Vol 11 MHP Design-Final-05!12!13

RenewableEnergyGuidelines
Volume11
Micro/MiniHydropowerDesignAspects
PakistanPovertyAlleviationFund,Islamabad
TheRenewableEnergyGuidelineSerieshasbeendevelopedbytheGermanPakistanprojectDevelopmentof
Hydropower and Renewable Energy (HRE) in KhyberPakhtunkhwa, funded by German Development Bank
(KfW)onbehalfofMinistryforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(BMZ).
PakistanPovertyAlleviationFund(PPAF)
Projectteam:
Mr.ZaarPervezSabri
SeniorGroupHead,PublicGoodsandServices
Mr.KamalAfridi
GeneralManager,Water,Energy&ClimateChange
Mr.ShaukatAli
RenewableEnergySpecialist
Contactaddress:
1HillViewRoad,Banigalla,Islamabad
PAKISTAN
Email:zaar@ppaf.org.pk
Phone:(+9251)261393550
NameofConsultants:
INTEGRATION
Team:
Dr.UlrichFringsTeamLeader
Mr.SherKhanDeputyTeamLeader
www.integration.org
Authors:
CarlosMartins
AjoyKarki
UlrichFrings
Date:November2013
CopyrightPakistanPovertyAlleviationFund2013
Reproductionisauthorizedprovidedthesourceisacknowledgedandprovidedareferencecopyisbeingsentto
PPAFandthereproductionisnotsold.
Forfurtherinformation:PakistanPovertyAlleviationFund,www.ppaf.org.pk
Note:Theinformationcontainedwithinthisdocumenthasbeendevelopedwithinaspecificscopeandmightbe
updatedinthefuture.
Volume11
Guidelines&Manuals
Volume1:LifeCycleCostAnalysisinMHPPlanning
Volume2:CommunityContributionAspectsinRuralPowerSupplySystems
Volume3:GeneralDesignCriteriaonMHPs
Volume4:DesignAspectsofCommunityPVSystems
Volume5:Operation&MaintenanceAspectsofMHPs
Volume6:QualityAssurance&ControlofCivilWorks
Volume7:Health,Safety&EnvironmentalAspectsinCivilWorks
Volume8:Transmission&DistributioninRuralPowerSupplySystems
DesignSpecificationInstallation
Volume9:ElectroMechanicalEquipmentforMHPs
DesignSpecificationInstallation
Volume10:CommissioningGuidelinesPVMHP
Volume11:Micro/MiniHydropowerDesignAspects
Volume12:CivilWorksinRuralPowerSupplySystems
Nov.2013
Volume11
TableofContents
1
2
5
6
7
Introduction................................................................................................................................1
Inputbasedata...........................................................................................................................2
2.1 Hydrologicaldata................................................................................................................2
2.2 Topographicsurvey.............................................................................................................4
DesignProcedure........................................................................................................................5
3.1 Generallayoutofthetemplate..........................................................................................5
3.2 Executionofthedesignprocess.........................................................................................6
3.3 Guidelinesforpowerhouselayout....................................................................................15
Designprinciples.......................................................................................................................16
4.1 DischargeandwaterdepthoverspillwaysWeirEquation.............................................16
4.2 FlowthroughorificesSubmergedintake........................................................................17
4.3 UniformflowinopenchannelsManningStricklerformula...........................................17
4.4 SettlingofsedimentsSettlingbasintheory...................................................................21
4.5 ContinuousheadlossinpressureflowColebrookWhiteformula.................................22
Recommendations....................................................................................................................24
References................................................................................................................................24
Annexes....................................................................................................................................25
Listoftables
Table4.1:Mannigcoefficient..............................................................................................................18
Table4.2:Waterkinematicviscosity...................................................................................................22
Table4.3:Absoluteequivalentroughness..........................................................................................22
Listoffigures
Figure3.1:Headlossesindependencyonpenstockdiameteranddischarge...................................13
Figure4.1:Dischargecoefficients.......................................................................................................16
Figure4.2:Submergedintake............................................................................................................17
Figure4.3:Schematicillustrationofparticlessettling........................................................................21
Figure4.4:Fallvelocityofquartzspheresinstillwater......................................................................21
Acronymsandabbreviations
A
AC
AKRSP
ACSR
CDM
CO
DC
EC
ELC
E&M
FDC
GI
GIS
GIZ
GOs
GPS
Ampere
AlternatingCurrent
AgaKhanRuralSupportprogram
AluminiumConductorSteelreinforced
CleanDevelopmentMechanism
CommunityOrganizations
DirectCurrent
EuropeanCommission
ElectronicLoadController
Electromechanic
FlowDurationCurve
GalvanizedIron
GeographicInformationSystem
GermanTechnicalCooperation
GovernmentOrganization
GlobalPositioningSystem
ii RenewableEnergyGuidelines
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HDPE
H&S
hrs
HV
Hz
INGOs
KfW
kW
kWh
kV
LED
Lit
LSOs
LT
LV
MCB
MCCB
MDPE
MHP
MSDS
NGOs
O&M
PF
PCD
PPAF
POs
PPIB
PURE
PPE
PV
PVC
SM
SRSP
RCBO
SSLS
Rs.
T&D
TOP
V
WOs
XLPE
HighDensityPolyethylene
Health&Safety
hours
HighVoltage
Hertz(frequencyunit)
InternationalNonGovernmentalOrganization
GermanDevelopmentBank
KiloWatt
KiloWattHour
KiloVolt
LightEmittingDiode
Liter
LocalSupportOrganizations
LowTension
LowVoltage
MouldedCircuitBreaker
MouldedCaseCircuitBreaker
MediumDensityPolyethylene
Mini/microHydropowerPlant
MaterialSafetyDataSheets
NonGovernmentalOrganizations
OperationandMaintenance
PowerFactor
PitchCircleDiameter
PakistanPovertyAlleviationFund
PartnerOrganizations(COs)
PrivatePowerInfrastructureBoard
ProductiveUseofRenewableEnergy
PersonalProtectiveEquipment
Photovoltaics
Polyvenylchloride
SocialMobilizer
SarhadRuralSupportProgram
ResidualCurrentBreakerwithOverloadProtection
SolarStreet/homeLightingSystem
PakistaniRupees
TransmissionandDistribution
TermsofPartnership
Volt
WomenOrganizations
Crosslinkedpolyethylene
LegalInformation
Allindications,dataandresultsofthisstudyhavebeencompiledandcrosscheckedmostcarefullyby
the author(s). However, mistakes with regard to the contents cannot be precluded. Consequently,
neitherKfWnortheauthor(s)shallbeliableforanyclaim,loss,ordamagedirectlyorindirectlyresulting
from the use of or reliance upon the information in this study, or directly or indirectly resulting from
errors,inaccuraciesoromissionsintheinformationinthisstudy.
Nov.2013
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1 Introduction
This document was elaborated under the program Development and Usage of Hydropower and
RenewableEnergiesinKhyberPakhtunkhwaanditisanoutputofthefirstassignmentofthemission
CapacityBuildingforPPAFWECCUnitandPOs,whichtookplaceinthePPAFHeadOfficeinIslamabad
from18.09.2013to30.09.2013.
ThisdocumentisacomplementtothespreadsheetHydroDesignPPAFanditsaimistoprovidethe
usersofthedesigntemplatewithaguidancedocumentthatcanmakethedesignprocessclear.
It covers step by step all the sheets in the template giving instructions on the workflow of the design
process and on which cells should be changed by using input values, and on which ones an iterative
processshouldbecarriedout.
AdditionallysomeguidelinesonthePowerhouselayoutandtheoreticaldesignconceptsarealsobriefly
presented.
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2 Inputbasedata
2.1 Hydrologicaldata
Thehydrologicaldataisthemostimportantdatainahydropowerprojectandallofthedesigndepends
onit.Thedatasetsshouldhaveasmanyyearsofregistriesaspossible.Thelongerthedataperiod,the
moreaccuratewillbetheresults.
Inidealconditionstherearetwomaindatasetsthatmustbeobtainedbeforethedesignphaseofthe
project:
Dailyflows:Usedtocomputetheflowdurationcurve(FDC)fromwhichtheprojectsdesignflowis
derived.
Maximumfloodflows:Usedtopredictthemaximumfloodflowforagivenreturnperiod.
Usuallythehydrologicaldataisobtainedfromagaugingstation.However,inminiormicrohydropower
projects, as they are located in remote areas and have small catchment areas (watershed), often no
gaugingstationsareavailable.Intheabsenceofhydrologicaldataatthesite,twoproceduresshouldbe
considered:
Adaptingdatafromthenearestwatershedwithsimilarhydrologicalcharacteristicswhereagauging
station has been established and long term hydrological data is available. The watershed with the
gauging station considered should have similar average annual temperature and rainfall, geology,
andlandcover
The second procedure is to measure the river flows during various seasons and specifically during
lowflowseasons.Themorethemeasurementsthemorereliablethedatawillbe.
Daily Flows
To adapt a data set from a selected gauging station to the watershed of the project the procedure is
basedontranspositionmethodthatusestheratiobetweentheareasofthewatersheds.Thus,being
AgsAreaofthewatershedoftheselectedgaugingstation
QgsFlowmeasurementoftheselectedgaugingstation
ApAreaofthewatershedoftheproject
QpCalculatedflowforthewatershedoftheproject
(1)
Thismethodiswidelyusedandcanproduceresultsthatcanbeconsideredaccurate.Therearehowever
othermethods.ForfurtherreferencesthebookMicroHydroDesignManualfromAdamHarveyshould
beconsulted.
Dependingontheaimoftheprojectandsiteconditionslocalmeasurementsshouldalsobecarriedout.
Iftheaimoftheprojectistooptimizeitaccordingtotheavailableflows,thendailyflowsareneededin
order to get data that will allow to calibrate the flow duration curve obtained from the transposition
method. However, if the aim of the project is to guarantee a constant supply of energy to a small
community, then the main hydrological input will be the minimum flow and the project should be
designedforthat.Thelocalmeasurementsofminimumflowshouldbecarriedoutduringthelowflow
season.
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There are several methods to measure the flows at a site. For further information on this subject the
bookMicroHydroDesignManualfromAdamHarveyshouldbeconsulted.
Maximum flood flows
Theavailabilityofmaximumfloodflowsmeasurementsislowerthanofdailyflowsandthisisoftenthe
caseinremoteareasliketheoneswhereusuallyminiormicrohydroprojectsareimplemented.
To come up with an estimation of the maximum flood flow, the nearest gauged river data should be
used to estimate the flood factor. The ratio of the maximum flood value recorded by least daily flow
measuredforvariousyearscanbecomputedandtheaverageofsuchratioscanbeusedasfloodfactor.
Flow and flood flow data make a time series which means they can undergo through a frequency
analysis. This will allow to determine the recurrence interval of the hydrologic event of a given
magnitudex.Theaverageintervaloftimewithinwhichthemagnitudeyoftheeventwillbeequalledor
exceededonceisknownasreturnperiod,andisdesignatedbyT.
IfahydrologiceventequaltoorgreaterthanxoccursonceinTyears,theprobabilityP(Xx)isequalto1
inTcases,or
(2)
Thismeansthatareturnperiodwillbetheaveragetimeintervalinwhichagivenfloodflowisequalor
exceeded.Forexample,ifthefloodflowatariverstation,fora100yearsreturnperiod,is200m3/s,this
meansthatonaveragetherewillbeatthatriverstationafloodwithaflowof200m3/sormoreatevery
100years.
Thustheconceptofreturnperiodcanbeusedasariskmanagementprocedure.Thehigherthereturn
periodoftheadopteddesignfloodflow,thelowertheriskofafloodwithahigherflowthanthedesign
one,andhencethelowertheriskofdamagingthehydraulicstructuresattheintakearea.
In order to compute the flows for a given or several return periods statistical methods have to be
applied to the flow data series so that the frequency analysis can be computed. The most common
methodsarethefollowingstatisticaldistributions:
Normal
Galton
Gumbel
PearsonIII
LogPearsonIII
Goodrich
Each distribution will produce different results so the designer will have to make a decision on which
designfloodflowtousebasedonallthecomputedflowshegets.Forfurtherreferenceonthissubject
pleasecheckthebookHandbookofAppliedHydrologyfromVanTeChow.
Typicallythereturnperiodtoadoptforthedesignofahydropowerschemewilldependontheriskof
human and material losses in its surroundings if the design flood flow is exceeded. As micro hydro
schemesareoftenlocatedinremoteareas,thustheriskislow,therecommendedreturnperiodforthe
designoffloodstructuresis100years.
As these methods are estimations, during visits to the site the engineers should look in the area for
marks of former floods and also ask the local residents about former floods. After getting an
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approximate cross section, the corresponding water level during the flood considered, and the rivers
longitudinalslopeatthisstretch,thefloodflowforthatcrosssectioncanbecomputed.Thecomputed
valueshouldthenbecomparedwiththeestimatedvalues.Ithastobenotedthatgiventhatfloodswith
higherreturnperiodsarenotfrequentitwillbedifficulttofindmarksofthosefloods,thustheidentified
floodlevelswilllikelycorrespondtofloodflowswithreturnperiodsofabout1to5years.Thisshouldbe
takenintoaccountwhencomparingtheseinsituestimationvalueswiththefloodflowvaluesobtained
fromthestatisticalmethods.
Ifthereareanyhydrologicalstudiesforotherprojectsintheareatheyshouldalsobeused.Asstated
earlier,themorehydrologicaldatathatcanbegatheredandused,themoreaccuratewillbetheresults.
2.2 Topographicsurvey
Topography of the project area should be obtained. It should include the areas predicted for the
following structures: weir and intake, canal, forebay, penstock and powerhouse. Areas around this
structuresshouldalsobeincludedsothatduringthedevelopmentoftheprojectthedesignercanalso
have available information when designing for example the flushing channel for the gravel trap or
settling basin. It has to be noted that the area around the intake and weir should be detailed so that
thereisenoughinformationforcomputingfloodlevelsupstreamanddownstreamoftheweirsection.
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3 DesignProcedure
3.1 Generallayoutofthetemplate
ThedesigntemplatespreadsheetHydroDesignPPAFcontainsthefollowingsheets:
Weir&stillingbasin
WaterlevelsU/S&D/S
Intake
IntakeCanal
Graveltrap
GraveltrapFlushingpipe
SideSpillway
Approachcanal
SettlingBasin
SettlingBasinFlushingpipe
HeadraceCanal
Forebay
ForebayFlushingpipe
Penstockdesign
Headlossescalculation
Powercalculations
Anchorblocks
WeirStability
Inallofthesesheetsthehydraulicdesignofthestructurethatgivesthenametothesheetisperformed.
Theexceptionsarethelasttwosheets:AnchorblocksandWeirStabilitywhereasimplifiedstructural
designismade.
Tomakethedesignprocessclearersomecellsarehighlightedaccordingtoastandardclassificationof
theMSExcelwhichmeansthat:
Input
Cellswhereinputvaluesshouldbeinserted
Linkedcell Cellswherethevaluesarelinkedtoothercellsinthesamesheetorinanothersheetof
thespreadsheet
Checkcell Cellsusedforiterativecalculations.Usuallytheirvalueshouldbezeroafterrunningthe
iterationprocesscalculation.
Output
Cellsthathavevaluesthatarefinaloutputs
Calculation Cellsthathavevaluesthatresultfromacalculation
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3.2 Executionofthedesignprocess
3.2.1
Hydrodesign
Thedesignprocessshouldbecarriedoutaccordinglytothefollowinginstructions:
1. Intake:
Set the design discharge (Qd).The intake design discharge (Qdin) will then be 1.15 Qd. This is for
safetyandtoaccountfortheseepagelossesonthecanal,fromtheintaketotheforebay.TheQdin
willbetheflowvalueusedforthedesignoftheupstreamstructureslikethecanals.
ChoosethepositionoftheintakeandsettheriverbedlevelBLu/s,thensettheclearancefromriver
bedlevel(ClRBL)whichshouldbeatleast0.30m.Thisvalueistoaccountforbedloadsuchasdebris
andboulderscarriedbytheriverduringthefloodperiod.Ifaccordingtolocalconditionsthereisa
high risk of the intake being blocked during flood season then increase the clearance to a level
considered safe. However it has to be noted that the higher the clearance the higher the
constructioncostswiththeintakeandtheweir.
Set the flow velocity through the intake. This value should be between 1.0 and 1.5 m/s for stone
masonryandnotmorethan3.0m/sforconcreteintakes.Ithastobenotedthatahighervelocitywill
leadtosmallerintakesbutmakethemmorepronetoattractdebris.
Setthewidth(w)oftheintake.Theheightoftheintakewillbeautomaticallycalculatedaccordingly
totheareathatresultedfromthevelocityassumedfortheflowattheintake.
Fromthegoverningequationofflowthroughsubmergedintakes,thedifferencebetweenthewater
levelsupstreamanddownstreamtheintake,(h)requiredtoallowthedesignflowtopassthrough
the intake orifice is computed. Note that the downstream water level will be based on the intake
canalgeometry(orotherstructuressuchasgraveltrap).Thus,thedesignandcalculationprocesswill
beiterative.
2. IntakeCanal:
SettheManningcoefficientaccordinglytothesurfacematerialofthecanal.
Set slope of the vertical canal walls (m) to zero. Set a slope for the canal. Compute goal seek by
settingdifQtozerobychangingh.Ifthewaterdepthinthecanalisnotatleast5cmhigherthanthe
heightoftheintakeorificethensetanewslopeanddogoalseekagain.Repeattheprocessasmany
timesasnecessaryuntilthewaterdepthinthecanalisatleast5cmhigherthantheheightofthe
intakeorifice.Thisistoassuretheorificeissubmerged.
Checkifthemaximumsizeofparticlestobetransportedinthecanalishigherthantheminimumsize
ofparticlestobesettledinthegraveltrap.Ifnotincreasetheslopeandcheckifthesubmergence
conditionoftheorificeisstillverified.
3. Intake:
Thewaterleveldownstreamoftheintake,hD/S,orificeisnowthelevelsetpreviouslyintheintake
canal. From this level it is calculated the water level upstream the intake, hU/S. which will set the
normalwaterlevel,NWL.Ifthelevelsobtainedarenotsuitedforsiteconditions,trydifferentcanal
widths.
4. Weir&Stillingbasin:
Setthemaximumflooddischarge(Qmaxflood)andthenormalflooddischarge(Qnormflood)accordinglyto
thevaluesobtainedfromahydrologicalstudy.
Setthelengthoftheweircrest,L.Thisvalueshouldbesetaccordinglytothelocalconditionsonthe
areaweretheweirwillbeplaced,whichusuallyisafewmetersdownstreamtheintake.
Settheweirdischargecoefficient.Thisvalueisdependentontheshapeoftheweir.
Afterthereferredvariablesareset,thewaterdepthovertheweircrestforbothofthefloodflows
(hpfandhnf)iscalculatedbyusingtheequationfordischargeoveraweir.Thesevaluesareoutputs
thatwillbeusedasinputsforthecalculationoftheflowgoingthroughtheintakeinfloodconditions.
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Setthefreeboardforthefloodwalls.Thisvalueshouldbeatleast0.3manditschoicewilldependon
thequalityofthehydrologicalstudy.Ifthedesignerisnotconfidentaboutthemaximumpeakflood
dischargethenheshouldincreasethefreeboard.Afterthefreeboardissettheheightoftheflood
wallsiscalculated.
5. Intake:
Proceedtothecalculationsoftheflowgoingthroughtheorificefortheconsideredfloodconditions.
First for the high flood level. The upstream water level, hU/S, was set after the calculations for the
waterdepthabovetheweircrest.UsegoalseekincellDifQandsetittozerobychangingthewater
depthintheintakecanaldownstreamtheorifice,hD/S.Thefloodwaterlevelinsidetheintakecanal
isnowsetandthecorrespondingfloodflowisknown.
Repeatthesameprocessfornormalfloodconditionsinordertogetthewaterdepthintheintake
canalfornormalfloodconditions.
6. Waterleveldownstream
Chooseacrosssectiondownstreamoftheintake(about20to30m)
SettheManningcoefficientaccordinglytotheriverbedcharacteristics
Picka point somemetersupstreamtheselectedcrosssectionandotherafewmeterdownstream
andcomputethelongitudinalslopeoftheriver.InputthevalueincellSlope.
Fromthecrosssectionprofilegettheslopefromtheriverbanks(mleftbankandmrightbank)
Setthewidthoftherivercanalonthatcrosssection,b.
RungoalseekbysettingcelldifQtozerobychangingh.Thiswillcomputetheuniformwaterdepth
fortheapproximatecrosssectionoftheriver.
7. Weir&Stillingbasin
Go to the line River regime downstream. If the critical depth is greater than the uniform depth
(hc>hu)thentheriverregimeissupercriticalandnohydraulicjumpwilloccur.Inthiscasegotostep
XX. If (hc<hu) then the regime in the river for flood conditions is subcritical hence there will be a
hydraulicjumpdownstreamtheweirandastillingbasinmustbeprovided.
Setthedepthofstillingbasinbedlevelfromdownstreambedlevel,,tozero.Thismeansthatfor
the calculations of the hydraulic jump it is considered that the bed level of the stilling basin is the
sameasthatoftheriverinthesectionimmediatelydownstream.
Forthecalculationofthehydraulicjump,thefirststepistoconsiderthatbetweentheweircrestand
thebottomoftheweirthetotalenergyoftheflowwillremainconstantbecauserapidlyvariedflow
willoccur.Thewaterdepthattheendoftheweiriscomputedinaccordancetothisprinciple.For
thisinthetablenamedEnergyconservationatweirthecelldifE,usinggoalseek,mustbesetto
zerobychangingD1whichisthewaterdepthattheendoftheweir.
AfterthecalculationofD1allofthecalculationsofthehydraulicjumpareautomaticandthedesigner
cangodirectlytocheckifthewaterlevelattheriver,TWL,iscompatiblewiththewaterlevelinthe
stiling basin downstream the hydraulic jump, TWLsb. The criteria TWLTWLsb< 0.01D2 must be
verified. If this condition is not satisfied, then the hydraulic jump will move downstream and thus
outsideofthestillingbasin.Thisisasituationtobeavoidedbecauseoutsidethestillingbasinsevere
damagetotheriverbedwilloccur(scouring)whichcanunderminethestillingbasin.Toavoidthis,
thesolutionistosetthebedlevelofthestillingbasinatalowerlevelthantheriverbedlevel.Go
backtothecelldepthofstillingbasinbedlevelfromdownstreambedlevel,,andsetonvalue(try
startingforexamplewith0.5).
RepeattheiterativeprocessatthetableEnergyconservationatweirandcheckagainthecondition
TWLTWLsb< 0.01D2. If it is still not being verified, change again the value of and repeat the
process.DoasmanyiterationsasnecessaryuntiltheconditionTWLTWLsb<0.01D2issatisfied.
ThelengthofthestillingbasinwillbecomputedaccordingtothevaluesinthetableNaturalJump
Length.
Theheightofthewallsofthestillingbasinwillalsobecomputedautomaticallyafterthevalueofthe
waterdepthafterthehydraulicjump,D2,iscalculated.Theequationconsidersafreeboardof25%
D2.
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8. Graveltrap
Thedesigndischargeforthegraveltrapistheflowintheintakecanalthatresultsfromafloodwitha
return period of 5 years. This will ensure that the gravel trap is oversized for normal operation
conditions, which will help to prevent malfunction during regular flood periods due to the lack of
flushingaccordingtothetimeintervalconsideredduringthedesign.
Settheminimumsizeofparticlestobesettledinthegraveltrap(usually2mmsizeisconsidered)
AccordingtotheRousegraph(whichisinthespreadsheet)setthefallvelocityoftheparticlesforthe
selectedsize.
Setthewidthofthegraveltrap.Thisvalueshouldbe2to5timesthewidthoftheintakecanal.
Set the safety factor, SF. This is an oversizing factor for the design of the gravel trap and its main
purposeistoaccountfortheturbulenceintheflowwhichwilldecreasetheefficiencyofthesettling
process.Incomparisontoasettlingbasinagraveltrapisusuallyasmallerstructureinlengthbecause
the settling velocity of particles is higher, thus they need a shorter distance from the beginning of
structuretosettle.Asaresultofthis,forthesamevolumeofparticlestostorebetweenflushing,a
gravel trap will need a bigger collection depth. However this value should be kept in a reasonable
rangetopreventanexcessofexcavation.Increasingthesafetyfactorisawaytosolvethisproblem
becauseasthesizeofthegraveltrapincreasesthecollectiondepthdecreases.
CheckiftheratioL\Wisok.Thisratioshouldbebetween1.5and2.0,howeveritisnotaproblemifit
gets a little higher or smaller than the range. If the gravel trap is made smaller than the flushing
frequencywillbehigherandifitismadelargerthantheflushingfrequencycanbedecreased.
Checkifthehorizontalflowvelocity,vp,islessorequaltothelimitvelocity,vlimit,ifnotincreasethe
widthofthegraveltrap.
Settheangleofthewallsattheentranceandexittransitions.Theentranceshouldbesmoother,thus
with a smaller angle (around 20 degrees), in order to avoid turbulence in the flow. At the exit this
criteriaisnotsostrictanddecisionwillalsodependonthealignmentofthecanalifthereisroomfor
asmootherandlongertransitionornot).
Set the river carrying load of gravel. This kind of data is very rare, so usually depending on the
characteristicsoftheriverthedesignercanassumeavaluebetween0.5and2.0kg/m3.
Settheflushingtime.Inidealconditionsthistimeshouldbeequaltotheflushingfrequencyofthe
settlingbasininordertomakeeasierandsimplertheoperationofthescheme.Howeverthisisnot
always possible because it would lead to a high collection depth. It has also to be noted that the
designflushingfrequencyisforfloodseasonwhichmeansthatduringtheremainingyearwhenthe
rivercarryingloadismuchlowertheflushingfrequencywilldecrease.
Setthedensityofgravel.Usuallythevalueof2600kg/m3isconsidered.
From the previous inputs the dimensions and depths of the gravel trap are defined. The settling
depthisconsideredequaltothedepthoftheflowintheintakecanal.Thefreeboardisconsideredto
bethesameusedintheintakecanal(0.30m).
9. GraveltrapFlushingpipe
Setthedepthofflushing(verticaldistancebetweenthebottomofthegraveltrapandtheendofthe
flushingpipe).Ifthereisnoflushingpipeandtheflushingsystemisagateanddownstreamaflushing
canal,thensetthisvaluetozero.
Settheorificecoefficient(usually1.9).
Equation1accountsforthesituationwhenthebasinisfullanditsvolumeandtheincomingflowwill
betotallyflushed.Equation2accountsforthesituationwhenthebasinisalreadyemptyandonlythe
incomingflowwillbeflushed.
Thediameterofthepipeisautomaticallycomputed.Ifhflushwassettozerothenonlyequation1will
havearesult.
Iftheflushingsystemtoadopthasapipethenitsdiameterwillbedflushing.Ifthesystemisagateand
adownstreamflushingcanalthenthegatewillbesizedbasedontheareaoftheorifice.Forthis,set
thewidthandtheheightwillbeautomaticallycalculated.
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10. Sidespillway
Thedesigndischarge,Qd,islinkedtothespreadsheetoftheintake
Theminorflooddischarge,Qminorflood,iscomputedconsideringthatitisequalto1.15Qd.Thiswillbe
theflowusedtodesignthespillwayasitisconsideredtobeanunfavorablesituationforthedesign
of the intake. This happens because a small excess to the design flow will produce a low head of
wateroverthespillwaycrestleadingtoahigherlengthofthecrestthaninamajorexcessoverthe
designflowwheretheheadoverthecrestwillbehigherandrequireashortercrestlengthrequired.
The height of the spillway crest is considered to be equal to the normal water depth in the canal,
whichmeanthatanyexcessofflowwillbespilled.
Setthedischargingcoefficient,C,accordinglytotheprofileoftheweircresttobeused.
Set the safety factor, SF. This is to account for the approximations considered in the design of the
spillway.Usuallyitisused1.5butthisvaluecangoupto2.Thedesignermusthaveinmindthatthe
higherthesafetyfactorthehigherthelengthofthecrest.
11. Approachcanal
TheManningcoefficientislinkedtothetotheintakecanalsheetbecauseitisassumedthatallofthe
canalsarebuiltwiththesamematerial.
Theflowisthedesignflowandislinkedtotheintakesheet
Settheslopeofthecanal.Ifpossiblemakeitequaltotheoneoftheintakecanal(thisisforeasyof
construction).
Setthewidthofthecanal.Theapproachcanalwillnothavetoconveyfloodflow(sincefloodflows
are spilled from the side spillway upstream), but only the design flows and thus the canal can be
narrowed. Choose a width, b, which makes the height of the canal walls (including the freeboard),
hwalls,aboutdoubleitssize.
UsegoalseektosetthecelldifQtozerobychangingh.Iftheheightofthecanalwalls(includingthe
freeboard),hwalls,isnotabouttwotimesthesizeofthewidthofthecanal,b,changethewidthofthe
canalandrepeatthegoalseek.
Checkifthemaximumsizeofparticlestobetransportedinthecanalisgreaterthantheminimum
sizeofparticlesthatweresettledinthegraveltrap.Thisistoassurethattherewillnotbesettlingof
sedimentsbeforethesettlingbasin.Ifthisisnotverifiedincreasetheslopeofthecanalandrepeat
theprevioussteps.
12. SettlingBasin
The settling basin is designed for the intake design discharge and this value is linked to the intake
sheet.
Settheminimumsizeofparticlestobesettledinthesettlingbasin(usuallyitisconsideredthissize
tobe0.2mm)
AccordingtotheRousegraph(whichisinthespreadsheet)setthefallvelocityoftheparticlesforthe
selectedsize.
Setthewidthofthesettlingbasin.Thisvalueshouldbe2to5timesthewidthoftheapproachcanal.
Setthesafetyfactor,SF.Thisisanoversizingfactorforthedesignofthesettlingbasinanditsmain
purposeistoaccountfortheturbulenceintheflowwhichwilldecreasetheefficiencyofthesettling
process.Usuallythesafetyfactor,SF,rangesbetween1and2.
CheckiftheratioL\Wisok.Thisratioshouldbebetween4and10,howeveritisnotaproblemifit
getsalittlehigherorsmallerthantherange.Asinthecaseofgraveltraponlytheflushingfrequency
willhavetobechanged.
Checkifthehorizontalflowvelocity,vp,islessorequaltothelimitvelocity,vlimit,ifnotincreasethe
widthofthesettlingbasin.
Set theangleofthewalls attheentranceandexit transitions.Thesetransitionsshouldbesmooth
andhaveananglethatmakesthelengthofthetransitionatleastequaltothewidthofthesettling
basin.
Set the river carrying load of sand. This kind of data is usually hard to get, so depending on the
characteristicsoftheriverthedesignercanassumeavaluebetween0,5and2,0kg/m3.
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Settheflushingtime.Inidealconditionsthistimeshouldbeequaltotheflushingfrequencyofthe
gravel trap in order to make easier and simpler the operation of the scheme. However this is not
alwayspossiblebecausethesmallerdimensionsofthegraveltrapreduceitsstoragecapacity,thus
leadingtohigherflushingfrequencies.Ithasalsotobenotedthatthedesignflushingfrequencyisfor
flood season, when the river carries a high sediment load, which means that during the remaining
yearwhenthesedimentloadismuchlower,theemptyingfrequencywilldecrease.
Setthedensityofsand.Usuallythevalueof2600kg/m3isconsidered.
Fromthepreviousinputs thedimensionsanddepthsofthesettlingbasinare defined.The settling
depthisconsideredequaltothedepthoftheflowintheapproachcanal.Thefreeboardisconsidered
tobethesameusedintheapproachcanal(0.30m).
NotethatifthecollectiontankhasslopedsidewallsthecomputedDcollectionisnottherealdepthto
beused.Inthiscasethedesignershoulddecideonthelongitudinalslopeofthesettlingbasinbottom
andthensetthecollectiondepthsatthebeginningandendofthesettling/collectionareainaway
thatthevolumeforsedimentstorageisatleastequaltoVolsand.
13. SettlingbasinFlushingpipe
havearesult.
14. Headracecanal
Theflowisthedesigndischargeandislinkedtotheintakesheet
Settheslopeofthecanal.Ifpossiblemakeitequaltotheoneoftheintakecanal(thisisforeasyof
construction).
Setthewidthofthecanal.Chooseawidth,b,whichmaketheheightofthecanalwalls(includingthe
freeboard),hwalls,aboutdoubleitssize.
UsegoalseektosetthecelldifQtozerobychangingh.Iftheheightofthecanalwalls(includingthe
freeboard),hwalls,isnotabouttwotimesthesizeofthewidthofthecanal,b,changethewidthofthe
canalandrepeatthegoalseek.
Checkifthemaximumsizeofparticlestobetransportedinthecanalisgreaterthantheminimum
size of particles that were settled in the settling. This is to assure that the particles that failed to
settleinthe settlingbasinwillnotsettlein thebed ofthe canal. Ifthisis not verifiedincreasethe
slope of the canal and repeat the previous steps. Note that sometimes this will not be possible
because of topography or location of forebay and in such cases the particles deposited along the
headracecanalwillhavetobemanuallycleanedafterthefloodseasons.
15. Penstockdesign
Thedesigndischargeofthepenstockisthedesigndischargeofthehydropowerscheme.Thiscellis
linkedtotheintakesheet.
Setthelengthofthepenstock,Lp.
Setthedesignheadforthepenstock,Hp,whichisequaltothegrossheadofthescheme.
Settheultimatetensilestrengthofthepenstockmaterial.Themostcommonmaterialismildsteel
andthevalueforsteelis3.5x108N/m2.Notethatsteelswithhigherultimatetensilestrengtharealso
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availableinthemarketbutarenotgenerallyusedinmicro/minihydropowerplants.However,ifthe
gradeofthesteelisknown(e.g.,testcertificatesareavailable)thenthisvalueshouldbeusedinthe
calculations.
Setadiameterforthepenstock(inmm).
Checktheflowvelocityinthepenstockforthechosendiameter.Thisvalueshouldbeinthefollowing
ranges:23m/sforlowhead,34m/sformediumheadand45m/sforhighheadschemes(head
(H):lowH<50m;medium50H250,highH>250).Ithasalsotobenotedthatthesmallerthe
diameterofthepenstockthehigherwillbethecontinuousheadlossesandthelowerthenethead.
Iftheheadlossisexcessivelyhigh,thenrepeatthecalculationsusinglargerpipediameter.Thehead
lossshouldbegenerallybetween5%10%ofthegrosshead.Notethatafullfinancialanalysiscan
alsobeperformedtocomeupwithdesiredheadlossvalue.
Theminimumthickness,tmin,isautomaticallycalculatedaccordingtothematerialofthepenstock.
Theeffectivethickness,teff,isassumedtobeequaltotheminimumthickness.
Setthethicknesstoallowforcorrosion(typically1mm).
Set the surge head factor. This will depend on the selected turbine. For Pelton and CrossFlow 10
20%,andforFrancisturbines3040%.
Checkthesafetyfactor,SF.Ifthevalueislessthan3.5thenincreasetheeffectivethickness,teff,until
ittheSFisatleast3.5.
16. Forebay
Thedesigndischargeforpowergenerationislinkedtotheintakesheetandthediameterofthepipe
andthevelocityoftheflowinthepenstocklinkedtothepenstockdesignsheet.
Setthewidthoftheforebay.Asathumbrule,tostartthedesign,itcanbeassumedthatthelength
oftheforebaywillbe2to2.5timesthissize.Howeveraccordingtotherequiredvolumeofwater
abovethepenstockandtomeetthesiteconditionsthedesignermayhavetochangethisratio.
Settheclearanceofthepenstockfromthebottomoftheforebay.Thisistoavoidthatparticlesand
sedimentssettledintheforebaygetinthepenstock.Theminimumclearanceis0.30m.0.50misa
commonandreasonablevaluetouse.
Theminimumsubmergenceofthepenstockisautomaticallycalculatedbecauseitdependsonlyon
thediameterofthepipeandflowvelocity.
For the design of the forebay it is considered that it should be available (to cope with the flow
variations in the turbine during normal operation conditions) a buffer volume equivalent to 15
secondsofsupplyatthedesignflow.Thisisalsoautomaticallycalculatedaswellasitscorresponding
depthofwater.
Setthedischargercoefficientofthespillway.Thisdependsontheshapeofthecrestandspillway.
Setthedepthofwateroverthecrestofthespillway.Haveinmindthatthehigherthewaterdepth
thesmallerwillbethecrestlengthofthespillway.Thespillwayisdesignedtospillallthedesignflow
incasethepowerhouseisshutdownandnoflowisgoingthroughthepenstock.
Setthefreeboardforthespillway.Thisisasafetymarginincasehigherflowsthanthedesignflow
arrive to the forebay. Consider a value that is half the water depth over the weir crest. This will
increase,ifnecessary,in50%ofthedischargecapacityofthespillway.
The length of the spillway is automatically calculated using the previous input data and the weir
equation.Ithastobenotedthatthisvaluemustbesmallerthanthelengthoftheforebay.
Settheangleofthetransitionwallsattheentranceofthepenstock.Thistransitionmustbesmooth
so mild angles are recommended (around 20%). However to fit site conditions the values can be
adjusted.
Forthefinalplacingoftheforebaythedesignerhastosetthenormalwaterlevel(NWL)inmeters
abovesealevel.Ifthereisnoneedtogainextraheadwiththis,thentheNWLcanbesetatthesame
levelofthewaterlevelintheheadracecanaljustbeforetheforebay.Thismeansthatthebedlevel
oftheforebaywillbesetbysubtractingthenormaldepth(hnorm)totheNWL.So,Fbl=NWLhnormand
accordingtothissettheforebaybedlevel.
Notethatthecrestofthespillwaywillbeplaced0.05mabovetheNWLsothatsmallchangesinthe
floworfluctuationsorturbulenceinthewatersurface(likewind)donotcauseanimmediatespilling.
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Afterinputtingallthepreviousmentionedvaluesthewaterlevelsintheforebayanditsdimensions
areautomaticallycalculated.
17. ForebayFlushingpipe
havearesult.
18. Headlosscalculation
Theinputdataforpenstockandflowcharacteristicsislinkedtoothersheets.
Accordingtothematerialofthepenstocksettheroughness,k.(forsteelk=1.5x104m).
Use goal seek to set the cell ColebrookWhite, CW, to zero by changing the cell f. With this the
continuousheadlossisautomaticallycalculated.
Setthethicknessofthetrashrackbars,t(typically1to2cm).
Set the distance between bars, s (this value will depend on the selected turbine and the
specificationsofthemanufacturer.Inapreliminarydesignconsiderthisvaluearound2or3cm.Note
thatthesmallerthespacingbetweenbarsthemoreprotectedtheturbinewillbe,buttheheadloss
willincreaseaswellasthecloggingandtheconsequentlythecleaningfrequency).
Set the angle of the trash rack with the horizontal, , typically it is used 72 degrees which is
equivalenttoaslopeof1:3(H:V).
Setthecrosssectionshapefactor,,accordinglytotheshapeofthebarcrosssection.
Afterallthementionedinputstheheadlossinthetrashrackiscalculated
Settheentrancefactor,ke,factoraccordinglytotheshapeofthetransitionbetweentheforebayand
thepenstock.Theheadlossiscalculatedafterthisvaluesisset.
Fortheheadlossinabend,settheangleofthebend,,andthebendfactor,(usethetablefor
bendsontherightasreference),theheadlossisthencomputed.Addasmanybendsasnecessary.If
thebendhastwocomponents(horizontalandvertical)thencalculatethemseparatelyaccordinglyto
thebendingangles.
Forthe headlossdueto contraction (reductionof the pipesizeatthejoint betweenthepenstock
and the turbine) set the diameter of the smaller pipe, D2 (usually this value depends on the
dimensionsoftheturbine,butinapreliminaryphasecanbeconsidered0.4mforlowpowerFrancis
turbines.
Setthelossfactor,ke.Forthistypeoftransitionke=0.05.Theheadlossisthencalculated.
Allofthelossesareresumedinpoint3andthetotalheadlossiscalculated.
Thenethead,Hnetisthencalculated:Hnet=Hgrosshtot.
Asstatedearlier,iftheheadlossistoohighrepeatthecalculationsassumingalargerpipediameter.
Note: For a preliminary estimation of head losses the following figure can be used for estimation of
continuousheadlosses,whilefortheremaininglossesavalueof0.5mcanbeassumed.
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Figure3.1:
Headlossesin
dependencyonpenstock
diameteranddischarge
Source:Owncompilation
19. Tailracecanal
TheflowisthedesigndischargeandislinkedtothePenstockDesignsheet.
Settheslopeofthecanal.Ifthetailracecanalissteppedthensettheslopetozero.
Ifthecanalismadeofstepsthenitisassumedthattheflowwillbecritical,hencethewaterdepth
willbeequaltothecriticaldepth.
Setthewidthofthecanal.Chooseawidth,b,whichmaketheheightofthecanalwalls(includingthe
freeboard),hwalls,aboutdoubleitssize.
IfthecanalhasaslopethenusegoalseektosetthecelldifQtozerobychangingh.Iftheheightof
thecanalwalls(includingthefreeboard),hwalls,isnotabouttwotimesthesizeofthewidthofthe
canal,b,changethewidthofthecanalandrepeatthegoalseek.
Notethatforsafetyiftheflowregimeinthetailracecanalissupercriticalthefirst50metersofthe
tailracecanalshouldalwayshavetheheightoftheverticalwallsdeterminedbythecriticaldepth.
20. Riverwaterlevelattailrace
Defineacrosssectionontheriverattheendofthetailrace.
SettheManningcoefficientaccordinglytotheriverbedcharacteristics
Picka point somemetersupstreamtheselectedcrosssectionandotherafewmeterdownstream
andcomputethelongitudinalslopeoftheriver.InputthevalueincellSlope.
Fromthecrosssectionprofilegettheslopefromtheriverbanks(mleftbankandmrightbank)
Setthewidthoftherivercanalonthatcrosssection,b.
RungoalseekbysettingcelldifQtozerobychangingh.Thiswillcomputetheuniformwaterdepth
fortheapproximatecrosssectionoftheriver.
Thecomputedriverwaterlevelwillbeusedtodecidethelocationoftheendofthetailracecanal.
21. Powercalculations
Setthebasicdatainputs:densityofwaterandgravityacceleration.
The design discharge and net head are linked to respectively the penstock design and head loss
calculationssheets.
Set the efficiency of the turbine. For a preliminary phase of the study (before the turbine
manufacturerisselectedandthecharacteristicsoftheturbinedefined)use0.85forFrancis0.75for
Peltonturbinesand0.65forCrossflow.
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Set the efficiency of the generator. For a preliminary phase of the study (before the generator
manufacturerisselectedandthecharacteristicsofthegeneratordefined)use0.94.
Withthegiveninputsthepoweroutputcanbecomputedbyusingthepowerequation.
Inordertogettherealfinaloutput(powertoconsumers)transmissionlossesneedtobetakeninto
account.Inapreliminaryphasewhentherearenospecificationsaboutthetransmissionlineconsider
thelossesequalto10%.
3.2.2
Simplifiedstructuraldesign
The simplified structural design includes two procedures: verifying the stability of the weir and of the
anchorblocks.
Ithastobenotedthatanchorblocksshouldbeplacedat:
Connectionsofthepenstocktootherstructures(Forebay)
Expansionjoints
Bends(verticalinplanand/orprofile)
Changesinthediameterofthepenstock
1. Anchorblocks
Inputthebasicdata:densityofwater,specificweightofwater,specificweightofconcrete,specific
weightofsoilandsoilfrictionangle.Thesoilfrictionangle,,shouldbeobtainedfromsamplesat
thesite,howeverwhenthisdataisnotavailableavaluebetween25and30degreescanbeassumed.
Thefrictionanglebetweensoilandconcreteisconsideredtobe2/3ofthesoilfrictionangle.
Set the dimensions of each of the anchor blocks. Add as many columns corresponding to anchor
blocksasnecessary.Thevolumeandweightoftheanchorblocksareautomaticallycomputed.
Inputthehydraulicdata:setthewaterheadinthepenstockforeachoftheanchorblocks(thesurge
head will be automatically computed accordingly to the type of turbine that was set in the sheet
Penstock Design; set the upstream diameter of the penstock, D1, (this can be understood as the
diameter of the penstock that goes in the anchor block); set the plan and profile angles of the
upstream penstock (1h and 1v), set the downstream diameter of the penstock, D2, (this can be
understood as the diameter of the penstock that goes out of the anchor block); set the plan and
profileanglesofthedownstreampenstock(2hand2v).
After inputting the previous data all of the hydraulic forces are automatically computed using the
EulerTheorem.
Checkthesafetyfactorsforslidingandoverturning.Thesefactorsmustbeatleastequalto3.Note
also that the resultant force should be in the middle third of the base for stability against
overturning.Iftheseconditionsarenotverifiedthengobacktothedimensionsoftheanchorblocks
and change them. Usually the solution will be to increase the anchor block dimensions, and if this
doesnotworkorthefinaldimensionsoftheanchorblockare toobig,then considerchanging the
alignmentofthepenstock(inplanand/orprofile).
For the bearing capacity: set the depth of the base of the foundation (this depth is measured in
relationtothefinalgroundlevelabovetheanchorblockfoundation).Inaccordancetothefriction
angleofthesoil,,inputthebearingcapacityfactorsNqandN(obtainthesevaluesfromthetable
thatisinthespreadsheettemplateontherightofthecalculationforbearingcapacity).
Checkthesafetyfactorforthebearingcapacity.Thisvaluemustbeequalorgreaterthan 3.Ifnot
thenchangededimensionsoftheanchorblockinawaythatthemaximumbearingloadisreduced
(increasethelengthandwidth,anddecreasetheheight).
2. Weir
Set the specific weights of water, soil, saturated soil, and weir. Set also the friction angle of the
soil,.Thesoilcharacteristicsshouldbeobtainedfromsamplescollectedatthesite,howeverifthis
dataisnotavailablevaluesof17kN/m3forthespecificweightofthesoil,19kN/m3forthesaturated
specific weight of the soil, and between 25 and 30 degrees for the friction angle should be
considered.
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Accordingtotheshapeoftheweirdivideitscrosssectioninsimplegeometricfiguresandinputthe
areasofeachoneofthemaswellasthelengthoftheirbase.
Set thefactorforcalculatingthe horizontalcoordinateofthe centerofgravity,CGfactor,foreachof
theinternalshapesoftheweir.
Setthedepthforthehighfloodlevel(hf).Thisdepthismeasuredfromthepointwheretheupstream
weirapronintersectsthegroundlevel.
Settheheightbetweentheturningpoint(thepointinthedownstreamextremityoftheweirbody
thatisincontactwiththefoundation)andtheupstreamriverbedlevel.
Afterthepreviousinputdataalloftheloadsareautomaticallycalculated.
Checkthesafetyfactorsforslidingandoverturning.Thesefactorsmustbeatleastequalto3.Note
also that the resultant force should be in the middle third of the base for stability against
overturning. If these conditions are not verified then go back to the dimensions of the weir and
change them. If the problem is safety against sliding then increase the weight of the weir and
increasethecontactsurfacebetweentheweirandthefoundationsoil.Iftheproblemisinthesafety
againsttheoverturningthenincreasethelengthoftheweir,B,andparticularlyincreasethelength
andcrosssectionareaoftheupstreamsectionoftheweir(byupstreamsectionoftheweirshallbe
understoodthesectionoftheweirupstreamthecrest).
For the bearing capacity: set the depth of the base of the foundation (this depth is measured in
relationtothefinalriverbedlevelabovetheweirfoundation;iftheriverslopeistoohighandthe
depth of the foundation cannot be considered the same upstream and downstream the use an
averagevalue).Inaccordancetothefrictionangleofthesoil,,inputthebearingcapacityfactorsNq
and N (obtain these values from the table that is in the spreadsheet template on the right of the
calculationforbearingcapacity).
Checkthesafetyfactorforthebearingcapacity.Thisvaluemustbeequalorgreaterthan 3.Ifnot
thenchangededimensionsoftheweirinawaythatthemaximumbearingloadisreduced(increase
thelength).
3.3 Guidelinesforpowerhouselayout
Thedesignofthepowerhouselayoutshouldtakeintoaccountthefollowing:
Thepowerhouseshouldbesafefromnotonlyannualfloodsbutalsorarefloodevents.Discussions
shouldbeheldwiththelocalcommunitymemberstoensurethatfloodwatershavenotreachedthe
proposedpowerhousesitewithinatleastthepast20years.
Ifpossiblethepowerhouseshouldbelocatedonthegroundleveltominimizeexcavationworks.
Theproposedlocationshouldbeaccessiblethroughouttheyear.
Thepowerhouseshouldbelocatedclosetothecommunitythatitserves,providedthatthepenstock
alignmentandotherparametersarefeasibleandeconomical.Thiswillreducethetransmissionline
cost,andifagroprocessingunitsarealsoinstalledinthepowerhouse,thecommunitywillnothave
tocarrytheirgrainforalongdistance.
Foreachturbineaplanareaof10mx8misrequired.
Theclearheightofthebuildingshouldbeatleast3m.
Acontrolroomisrequired.Itshouldhaveanareathatisenoughtoaccommodatethecontrolpanels
(typicaldimensionsare1mwidthby0.6mdepthandrequiringaminimumbackspaceof0.8m,also
notethatforeachturbinearerequiredabout3to4controlpanels),andadeskfortheoperatoras
wellasastorageareafordocumentsandoperationmanuals.Thecontrolroomshouldalsohavea
windowthatallowstheoperatoradirectviewtothemachinery.
Atoiletroomisrequired.
Thereshouldbeaclearspacingofatleast1maroundeachitemofequipmentthathasmovingparts
(suchasthegenerator,turbineandthebeltdrive)
Adequatewindowsshouldbeprovidedforlightingandventilation.Notethatthedoorandwindows
need to be located such that they do not obstruct access to the equipment. This requires
coordinatingthelocationsoftheequipment,windowsandthedoor.
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4 Designprinciples
4.1 DischargeandwaterdepthoverspillwaysWeirEquation
Aspillwayisastructurethatisdesignedtoensurethatagivendischargecanbespilledwithoutputting
atriskorcausinganydamagetothesurroundingstructures.Examplesofspillwaysareaweiratariver
oraspillwayinacanalorareservoir.
Aspillwayisgovernedbythefollowingequationwhichisusuallycalledtheweirequation,
(3)
Where,
QSpilledflow(m3/s)
CwDischargecoefficient
LLengthofthedischarger
hWaterdepthabovetheweircrest
ThedischargecoefficientCwdependsontheshapeoftheweirascanbeseeninthefigurebellow.
Figure4.1:
Dischargecoefficients
Source:BPCHydroconsult,2012.
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4.2 FlowthroughorificesSubmergedintake
Asubmergedorificeisaverycommonsolutionforanintake.Thisisduetothefactthatusingcontrol
structures,likeforexampleaweir,thedesignercancontrolthewaterlevelsontheintakeandsetits
dimensionsaccordinglytotherequiredflow.
Asubmergedintakefollowstheequationbellow,
2
(4)
Where,
QFlowthroughtheintakeorifice(m3/s)
CDischargecoefficient(0.6forasharpedgeand0.8forasmoothedge)
gGravityacceleration
hrwaterlevelupstreamtheorifice
hhwaterleveldownstreamtheorifice
Figure4.2showsaschematicsubmergedintake.
Figure4.2:
Submergedintake
Source:BPCHydroconsult,2012
4.3 UniformflowinopenchannelsManningStricklerformula
The ManningStrickler formula is an empirical formula for uniform flow regime. It is given by the
followingequation:

(5)
Where,
QDischarge(m3/s).
nManningcoefficient(unitless);
ACrosssectionareaoftheflow(m2).
RhHydraulicradius(m),whereRh=A/PandPisthewettedperimeterofthecrosssection.
SSlopeofthecanal(m/m).
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Table4.1showsalistoftheManningcoefficientforseveralnaturalandartificialsurfaces.
Table4.1:Mannigcoefficient.
TypeofChannelandDescription
Minimum
Normal
Maximum
Naturalstreamsminorstreams(topwidthatfloodstage<30m)
1.MainChannels
a.clean,straight,fullstage,noriftsordeeppools
0.025
0.030
0.033
b.sameasabove,butmorestonesandweeds
0.030
0.035
0.040
c.clean,winding,somepoolsandshoals
0.033
0.040
0.045
d.sameasabove,butsomeweedsandstones
0.035
0.045
0.050
e.sameasabove,lowerstages,moreineffective
slopesandsections
0.040
0.048
0.055
f.sameas"d"withmorestones
0.045
0.050
0.060
g.sluggishreaches,weedy,deeppools
0.050
0.070
0.080
h.veryweedyreaches,deeppools,orfloodways
withheavystandoftimberandunderbrush
0.075
0.100
0.150
2.Mountainstreams,novegetationinchannel,banksusuallysteep,treesandbrushalongbankssubmergedathigh
stages
a.bottom:gravels,cobbles,andfewboulders
0.030
0.040
0.050
b.bottom:cobbleswithlargeboulders
0.040
0.050
0.070
3.Floodplains
a.Pasture,nobrush
1.shortgrass
0.025
0.030
0.035
2.highgrass
0.030
0.035
0.050
1.nocrop
0.020
0.030
0.040
2.maturerowcrops
0.025
0.035
0.045
3.maturefieldcrops
0.030
0.040
0.050
1.scatteredbrush,heavyweeds
0.035
0.050
0.070
2.lightbrushandtrees,inwinter
0.035
0.050
0.060
3.lightbrushandtrees,insummer
0.040
0.060
0.080
4.mediumtodensebrush,inwinter
0.045
0.070
0.110
5.mediumtodensebrush,insummer
0.070
0.100
0.160
1.densewillows,summer,straight
0.110
0.150
0.200
2.clearedlandwithtreestumps,nosprouts
0.030
0.040
0.050
3.sameasabove,butwithheavygrowthofsprouts
0.050
0.060
0.080
4.heavystandoftimber,afewdowntrees,little
undergrowth,floodstagebelowbranches
0.080
0.100
0.120
5.sameas4.withfloodstagereachingbranches
0.100
0.120
0.160
b.Cultivatedareas
c.Brush
d.Trees
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Minimum
Normal
Maximum
4.ExcavatedorDredgedChannels
a.Earth,straight,anduniform
1.clean,recentlycompleted
0.016
0.018
0.020
2.clean,afterweathering
0.018
0.022
0.025
3.gravel,uniformsection,clean
0.022
0.025
0.030
4.withshortgrass,fewweeds
0.022
0.027
0.033
1.novegetation
0.023
0.025
0.030
2.grass,someweeds
0.025
0.030
0.033
3.denseweedsoraquaticplantsindeepchannels
0.030
0.035
0.040
4.earthbottomandrubblesides
0.028
0.030
0.035
5.stonybottomandweedybanks
0.025
0.035
0.040
6.cobblebottomandcleansides
0.030
0.040
0.050
1.novegetation
0.025
0.028
0.033
2.lightbrushonbanks
0.035
0.050
0.060
1.smoothanduniform
0.025
0.035
0.040
2.jaggedandirregular
0.035
0.040
0.050
1.denseweeds,highasflowdepth
0.050
0.080
0.120
2.cleanbottom,brushonsides
0.040
0.050
0.080
3.sameasabove,higheststageofflow
0.045
0.070
0.110
4.densebrush,highstage
0.080
0.100
0.140
1.neatsurface
0.010
0.011
0.013
2.mortar
0.011
0.013
0.015
1.planed,untreated
0.010
0.012
0.014
2.planed,creosoted
0.011
0.012
0.015
3.unplaned
0.011
0.013
0.015
4.plankwithbattens
0.012
0.015
0.018
5.linedwithroofingpaper
0.010
0.014
0.017
1.trowelfinish
0.011
0.013
0.015
2.floatfinish
0.013
0.015
0.016
3.finished,withgravelonbottom
0.015
0.017
0.020
4.unfinished
0.014
0.017
0.020
b.Earthwindingandsluggish
c.Draglineexcavatedordredged
d.Rockcuts
e.Channelsnotmaintained,weedsandbrushuncut
5.LinedorConstructedChannels
a.Cement
b.Wood
c.Concrete
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Minimum
Normal
Maximum
5.gunite,goodsection
0.016
0.019
0.023
6.gunite,wavysection
0.018
0.022
0.025
7.ongoodexcavatedrock
0.017
0.020
8.onirregularexcavatedrock
0.022
0.027
1.dressedstoneinmortar
0.015
0.017
0.020
2.randomstoneinmortar
0.017
0.020
0.024
3.cementrubblemasonry,plastered
0.016
0.020
0.024
4.cementrubblemasonry
0.020
0.025
0.030
5.dryrubbleorriprap
0.020
0.030
0.035
1.formedconcrete
0.017
0.020
0.025
2.randomstonemortar
0.020
0.023
0.026
3.dryrubbleorriprap
0.023
0.033
0.036
1.glazed
0.011
0.013
0.015
2.incementmortar
0.012
0.015
0.018
1.cementedrubble
0.017
0.025
0.030
2.dryrubble
0.023
0.032
0.035
h.Dressedashlar/stonepaving
0.013
0.015
0.017
i.Asphalt
1.smooth
0.013
0.013
2.rough
0.016
0.016
j.Vegetallining
0.030
0.500
Source:Chow,1959
d.Concretebottomfloatfinishwithsidesof:
e.Gravelbottomwithsidesof:
f.Brick
g.Masonry
TheManningStricklerformulaistypicallyusedforcomputingfloworwaterdepthinanopencanal.
Ithastobenotedthatthisformulacanalsobeappliedforpressurizedflow,iftheflowisturbulent,for
computing the continuous head loss which will be given by S. However there are other formulas for
computingthecontinuousheadlosswhicharemoreaccurate.
Nov.2013
Volume11
4.4 SettlingofsedimentsSettlingbasintheory
Thetheorythatisusedforthedesignofsettlingstructuresisbasedonthefollowingequation,
(6)
Where,
Bwidthofthesettlingstructure(m)
Llengthofsettling(m)
wverticalfallvelocityofsediments(m/s)
Figure4.3illustratestheprincipleofthesettlingofparticlesintheflow.
Figure4.3:
Schematicillustrationofparticlessettling
Source:BPCHydroconsult,2012
Several studies have been carried out to determine the vertical fall velocity of sediments. The figure
bellowshowstheresultsofexperimentsforquartzspheres.
Figure4.4:
Fallvelocityofquartzspheresin
stillwater.
Source:Rouse1937
Nov.2013
21
Volume11
4.5 ContinuousheadlossinpressureflowColebrookWhiteformula
TheColebrookWhiteformulaisanempiricalformulaforturbulentuniformflowregime.Itisgivenby
thefollowingequation:
1
2 log
2.51
3.7
(7)
Where,
fresistancefactor().
Ddiameterofthepipe(m).
kabsoluteequivalentroughness(m).
ReReynoldsnumber.
TheReynoldsnumberisgivenby:
R
VD

(8)
Where,
Vflowvelocity(m/s).
Ddiameterofthepipe(m).
waterkinematicviscosity(m2s1)
Thewaterkinematicviscosity,dependingontemperaturecanhavethefollowingvalues:
Table4.2:Waterkinematicviscosity.
Temperature(C)
6
2 1
Kinematicviscosity(10 m s )
10
20
30
1.57
1.31
1.01
0.80
Source:A.C.Quintela,Hidraulica
The absolute equivalent roughness is a property of the material, thus in the following table there are
shownseveralvaluesfordifferentpipematerials.
Table4.3:Absoluteequivalentroughness
Material
DrawnTubing,Glass,Plastic
Roughness(mm)
0.00150.01
DrawnBrass,Copper,StainlessSteel(New) >0.00150.01
FlexibleRubberTubingSmooth
0.0060.07
FlexibleRubberTubingWireReinforced
0.34
StainlessSteel
0.03
WroughtIron(New)
0.045
CarbonSteel(New)
0.020.05
CarbonSteel(SlightlyCorroded)
0.050.15
Nov.2013
Volume11
Material
Roughness(mm)
CarbonSteel(ModeratelyCorroded)
0.151
CarbonSteel(BadlyCorroded)
13
AsphaltedCastIron
0.11
CastIron(new)
0.25
CastIron(old,sandblasted)
SheetMetalDucts(withsmoothjoints)
0.020.1
GalvanizedIron
0.0250.15
WoodStave
0.180.91
WoodStave,used
0.251
SmoothCement
0.5
ConcreteVerySmooth
0.0250.2
ConcreteFine(Floated,Brushed)
0.20.8
ConcreteRough,FormMarks
0.83
RivetedSteel
0.919.1
WaterMainswithTuberculations
1.2
Brickwork,MatureFoulSewers
Source:http://neutrium.net/fluid_flow/absoluteroughness/
Theresistancefactor,f,iscomputedbyusingatrialanderrorprocessandthecontinuousheadlossis
computedbyusingthefollowingformula,
(9)
2
Where,
fresistancefactor().
Jcontinuousheadloss(m/m).
Vflowvelocity(m/s).
ggravityacceleration(m/s2).
Nov.2013
23
Volume11
5 Recommendations
Forfurtherreferencethefollowingbooksarerecommended:
MicrohydroDesignManualAdamHarvey
CivilWorksGuidelinesforMicroHydropowerBPCHydroconsult
GuidelinesforDesignofSmallHydropowerPlantsHelenaRamos(editor)
OpenChannelHydraulicsVanTeChow
HandbookofAppliedHydrologyVanTeChow
HydraulicStructuresP.Novak,A.I.B.Moffat,C.NalluriandR.Narayanan
6 References
BPC Hydroconsult. (2012). Civil Works Guidelines for Micro-Hydropower in Nepal.
Chow, V. T. (1959). Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill.
Harvey, A. (1993). Mirco-Hydro Design Manual. Intermediate Technology Publications.
Quintela, A. C. (2005). Hidrulica (9th ed.). Lisboa: Fundao Calouste Gulbenkian.
Nov.2013
Volume11
7 Annexes
Annex1: Hydrauliccalculations....................................................................................................26
Annex2: Drawings........................................................................................................................49
Nov.2013
25
Volume11
Annex1: Hydrauliccalculations
Annex1.1
Designofdiversionweiralongriver
Nov.2013
Volume11
Annex1.2
Waterleveldownstreamweirsection
Cross section data

ManningCoeffcicient
StrickcleCoefficient(1/n)
Discharge
Slope
Slopeleftbank
Sloperightbank
Flowcrosssectionarea
Wetedperimeter
HydraulicRadius
Canalbasewidth
n
ks
Q
s
ml(H:V)
mr(H:V)
A
P
Rh
b
0,033
30,30
120,00
0,125
0
0
15,75
26,26
0,600
25,00
()
1/3
(m /s )
3
(m /s )
(m)
()
()
2
(m )
(m)
(m)
(m)
Hydraulic calculations
Criticaldepth
Uniformdepth
Iteration
Discharge
Flowvelocity
hc
h
difQ
Qs
v
1,33
0,63
0,00
120,00
7,62
(m)
(m)
3
(m /s )
3
(m /s )
(m/s )
Nov.2013
27
Volume11
Annex1.3
DesignofIntake
Design data
Design Discharge
Intake Design Discharge
Head Water Level
Tail Water Level
Qd
Qdin
HWL
TWL
River Bed Level
BLu/s
masl
Clearence from river bed level
ClRBL
0,50
Base of intake level
Bld/s
2775,50
masl
1,20
m/s
0,46
w
h
0,75
0,61
m
m
Maximum Velocity
Sizing Intake
width
height
Water levels
Dischargecoef.oforifice
Diferencenbetweenwaterlevels
Waterdepthupstreamintakeorifice
Waterdepthdownstreamintakeorifice
NormalWaterLevelU/S
NormalWaterLevelD/S
m3 /s
m3 /s
masl
masl
0,48
0,55
2776,33
2776,18
2775,00
C
0,6
h
0,15
hU/S
0,83
hD/S
0,68
NWLU/S 2776,33
NWLD/S 2776,18
m
m
m
masl
masl
Flood conditions
HighFloodConditions(100yearsreturnperiod)
C
hU/S
hD/S
HFLU/S
HFLD/S
Qorifice
Qcanal
ncanal
slopecanal
DifQ
0,6
2,47
1,38
2777,97
2776,88
1,28
1,28
0,016
0,0020
0,00
m
m
masl
masl
m3/s
m3/s
(m/m)
NormalFloodConditions(5yearsreturnperiod)
C
hU/S
hD/S
NFL
Qorifice
Qcanal
ncanal
slopecanal
DifQ
0,6
1,83
1,13
2776,83
1,02
1,02
0,016
0,0020
0,00
m
m
masl
m3/s
m3/s
(m/m)
Nov.2013
Volume11
Annex1.4
n
()
1/3
(m /s )
ks
3
Discharge (m /s )
Slope
(m)
Slope (m/m)
m(V:H)
()
2
(m )
A
P
(m)
Rh
(m)
b
(m)
(m)
bside
hc
(m)
h
(m)
3
difQ (m /s )
3
(m /s )
Qs
v
(m/s )
DesignofIntakeCanal
0,016
62,5
0,55
0,002
500
0
0,51
2,11
0,242
0,75
0,00
0,38
0,68
0,00
0,55
1,08
CrosssectionDimensionstoaccommodateflowfromhighfloodconditions
b
(m)
0,75
0,68
waterde (m)
1,38
waterde (m)
freeboa (m)
0,3
hwalls (m)
1,68
Say
1,70
Checkmaximumsizeofparticlestobetransportedinthecanal
D
mm
5,31
RatingCurveforPowerCanal
#
n
S
B
()
(m/m)
(m)
1
0,016 0,0020
0,75
2
0,016 0,0020
0,75
3
0,016 0,0020
0,75
4
0,016 0,0020
0,75
5
0,016 0,0020
0,75
6
0,016 0,0020
0,75
7
0,016 0,0020
0,75
8
0,016 0,0020
0,75
9
0,016 0,0020
0,75
10
0,016 0,0020
0,75
11
0,016 0,0020
0,75
12
0,016 0,0020
0,75
13
0,016 0,0020
0,75
14
0,016 0,0020
0,75
15
0,016 0,0020
0,75
16
0,016 0,0020
0,75
17
0,016 0,0020
0,75
18
0,016 0,0020
0,75
19
0,016 0,0020
0,75
20
0,016 0,0020
0,75
21
0,016 0,0020
0,75
22
0,016 0,0020
0,75
23
0,016 0,0020
0,75
24
0,016 0,0020
0,75
25
0,016 0,0020
0,75
26
0,016 0,0020
0,75
27
0,016 0,0020
0,75
28
0,016 0,0020
0,75
29
0,016 0,0020
0,75
30
0,016 0,0020
0,75
A
(m2)
0,08
0,11
0,15
0,19
0,23
0,26
0,30
0,34
0,38
0,41
0,45
0,49
0,53
0,56
0,60
0,64
0,68
0,71
0,75
0,79
0,83
0,86
0,90
0,94
0,98
1,01
1,05
1,09
1,13
1,16
P
(m)
0,95
1,05
1,15
1,25
1,35
1,45
1,55
1,65
1,75
1,85
1,95
2,05
2,15
2,25
2,35
2,45
2,55
2,65
2,75
2,85
2,95
3,05
3,15
3,25
3,35
3,45
3,55
3,65
3,75
3,85
R=A/P
(m)
0,08
0,11
0,13
0,15
0,17
0,18
0,19
0,20
0,21
0,22
0,23
0,24
0,24
0,25
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,27
0,27
0,28
0,28
0,28
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30
V
(m/s)
0,51
0,63
0,72
0,79
0,85
0,89
0,94
0,97
1,00
1,03
1,05
1,07
1,09
1,11
1,12
1,14
1,15
1,16
1,18
1,19
1,20
1,20
1,21
1,22
1,23
1,23
1,24
1,25
1,25
1,26
Q
(m3/s)
0,04
0,07
0,11
0,15
0,19
0,23
0,28
0,33
0,38
0,42
0,47
0,52
0,57
0,62
0,67
0,73
0,78
0,83
0,88
0,93
0,99
1,04
1,09
1,14
1,20
1,25
1,30
1,36
1,41
1,46
h
(m)
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,95
1,00
1,05
1,10
1,15
1,20
1,25
1,30
1,35
1,40
1,45
1,50
1,55
Nov.2013
29
Volume11
Annex1.5
A
Designofgraveltrap
SettlingLength
DesignDischarge
Intakecanalwidth
Approachcanalwidth
Minimumparticlesizetobesettled
VerticalSettlingVelocity
WidthofGraveltrap
SafetyFactor
SettlingLength,Lsetttling=(Qgross*safetyfactor)/(Wsettling*Vvert)factorofsafety=1to2
Ratiobetweenlengthandwidth
Maximumhorizontalvelocity
Flowvelocity(Horizontal)
Angleofwallsattransitionentrance
Angleofwallsattransitionexit
EntranceLenght
ExitLength
GravelLoad
RiverCarringLoad
FlushingFrequency
GravelLoad
VolumeofGravel
DensityofGravel
Packingfactorsedimentssubmergedinwater=0.5(50%)
VolumeofGravel=Capacityoftank
CollectionTankDepth
DepthofCollection,Dcollection=ReqCapacity/(Wsettling*Lsettling)
FinalDimensions
EntryLength
ExitLength
DepthofSettling
DepthofCollection
Freeboard
Lengthofbasin
Widthofbasin
TotalDepthofbasin
CapacityofGraveltrap
Qgross
1,02
m3/s
Wintakecanal
0,75
Wapproachcanal
0,60
dlimit
vs
Wsettling
SF
Lsettling
Say
L/W
vlimit
vp
in
out
Lin'=(WW')/(2*tan)
Lout'=(WW')/(2*tan)
2,00
0,19
2,50
2,5
5,37
5,40
2,2
0,62
0,30
20
35
2,4
1,2
m/s
m/s
degrees
degrees
m
m
C
T
SL=Q*T*C
0,98
4
14406
kg/m
Hours
kg
Sdensity
2600
kg/m
Pfactor
0,5
Vol grav=Sload/(Sdensity*Pfactor)
11,08
Dcollection
Use
0,82
0,80
m
m
L1'
L2'
Dsettling
2,40
1,20
1,38
m
m
m
Dcollecting
fboard
Lsetttling
Wsettling
D(Dcollect+Dsettling)
0,80
0,30
5,40
2,50
2,48
Vol=Lsetttling*Wsettling*D
33,41
m
m
m
m
m
3
m
mm
m/s
m
m
m
Nov.2013
Volume11
Annex1.6
Designofgraveltrapflushingpipe
Annex1.7
Designofsidespillway
Nov.2013
31
Volume11
Annex1.8
n
()
1/3
(m /s )
ks
3
Discharge (m /s )
Slope
(m)
Slope
(m/m)
m(V:H)
()
2
(m )
A
P
(m)
Rh
(m)
b
(m)
bside
(m)
hc
(m)
h
(m)
3
(m /s )
difQ
3
(m /s )
Qs
v
(m/s )
Designofapproachcanal
0,016
62,5
0,55
0,002
500
0
0,53
2,38
0,224
0,6
0,00
0,44
0,89
0,00
0,55
1,03
CrosssectionDimensions
b
(m)
0,60
0,89
waterdep(m)
freeboard (m)
0,3
hwalls (m)
1,19
Say
1,20
Checkmaximumsizeofparticle
D
4,94 mm
Nov.2013
Volume11
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
n
()
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
S
(m/m)
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
0,0020
B
(m)
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
A
(m2)
0,06
0,09
0,12
0,15
0,18
0,21
0,24
0,27
0,30
0,33
0,36
0,39
0,42
0,45
0,48
0,51
0,54
0,57
0,60
0,63
0,66
0,69
0,72
0,75
0,78
0,81
0,84
0,87
0,90
0,93
0,96
0,99
1,02
1,05
1,08
1,11
1,14
1,17
1,20
1,23
1,26
1,29
P
(m)
0,80
0,90
1,00
1,10
1,20
1,30
1,40
1,50
1,60
1,70
1,80
1,90
2,00
2,10
2,20
2,30
2,40
2,50
2,60
2,70
2,80
2,90
3,00
3,10
3,20
3,30
3,40
3,50
3,60
3,70
3,80
3,90
4,00
4,10
4,20
4,30
4,40
4,50
4,60
4,70
4,80
4,90
R=A/P
(m)
0,08
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
0,19
0,19
0,20
0,21
0,21
0,21
0,22
0,22
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,26
0,26
V
(m/s)
0,50
0,60
0,68
0,74
0,79
0,83
0,86
0,89
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,97
0,99
1,00
1,01
1,02
1,03
1,04
1,05
1,06
1,07
1,07
1,08
1,09
1,09
1,10
1,10
1,11
1,11
1,11
1,12
1,12
1,12
1,13
1,13
1,13
1,14
1,14
1,14
1,14
1,15
1,15
Q
(m3/s)
0,03
0,05
0,08
0,11
0,14
0,17
0,21
0,24
0,27
0,31
0,34
0,38
0,41
0,45
0,49
0,52
0,56
0,59
0,63
0,67
0,70
0,74
0,78
0,81
0,85
0,89
0,92
0,96
1,00
1,04
1,07
1,11
1,15
1,18
1,22
1,26
1,29
1,33
1,37
1,41
1,44
1,48
h
(m)
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,95
1,00
1,05
1,10
1,15
1,20
1,25
1,30
1,35
1,40
1,45
1,50
1,55
1,60
1,65
1,70
1,75
1,80
1,85
1,90
1,95
2,00
2,05
2,10
2,15
Nov.2013
33
Volume11
Annex1.9
A
Designofsettlingbasin
SettlingLength
GrossDischarge
Qgross
0,55
Approachcanalwidth
Wapproachcanal
0,60
Headracecanalwidth
Wheadrace canal
0,55
dlimit
vs
Wsettling
SF
Lsetttling
Say
L/W
vlimit
vp
in
out
Lin'=(WW')/(2*tan)
Lout'=(WW')/(2*tan)
0,20
0,027
3,2
2,0
12,78
12,80
4,0
0,20
0,19
22
23
3,2
3,2
m/s
m/s
degrees
degrees
m
m
C
T
SL=Q*T*C
0,98
8
15580
kg/m
Hours
kg
Sdensity
2600
kg/m
Pfactor
0,5
Vol sand=Sload/(Sdensity*Pfactor)
11,98
Dcollection
Use
0,29
0,30
m
m
FinalDimensions
EntryLength
ExitLength
DepthofSettling
Lin'
Lout'
Dsettling
3,20
3,20
0,89
m
m
m
DepthofCollection
Dcollection
0,30
Freeboard
Lengthofbasin
Widthofbasin
TotalDepthofbasin
fboard
Lsetttling
Wsettling
D(Dcollect+Dsettling)
0,30
12,80
3,20
1,49
m
m
m
m
Vol=Lsetttling*Wsettling*D
61,08
Minimumparticlesizetobesettled
VerticalSettlingVelocity
WidthofSettlingBasin
SafetyFactor
SettlingLength,Lsetttling=(Qgross*safetyfactor)/(Wsettling*Vvert)factorofsafety=1to2
Ratiobetweenlengthandwidth
Maximumhorizontalvelocity
Flowvelocity(Horizontal)
Angleofwallsattransitionentrance
Angleofwallsattransitionexit
EntranceLenght
ExitLength
SandLoad
RiverCarringLoad
EmptyingFrequency
SandLoad
VolumeofSand
DensityofSand
Packingfactorsedimentssubmergedinwater=0.5(50%)
VolumeofSand=Capacityoftank
CollectionTankDepth
DepthofCollection,Dcollection=ReqCapacity/(Wsettling*Lsettling)
TotalVolumeofSettlingBasin
m3/s
mm
m/s
m
m
m
Nov.2013
Volume11
Annex1.10 Designofsettlingbasinflushingpipe
Nov.2013
35
Volume11
Annex1.11 Designofheadracecanal
n
()
1/3
(m
/s )
ks
3
Discharge (m /s )
Slope
(m)
Slope
(m/m)
m(V:H)
()
2
(m )
A
P
(m)
Rh
(m)
b
(m)
bside
(m)
hc
(m)
h
(m)
3
(m /s )
difQ
3
(m /s )
Qs
v
(m/s )
0,016
62,5
0,55
0,003
350
0
0,47
2,26
0,208
0,55
0,00
0,47
0,86
0,00
0,55
1,17
b
(m)
0,55
0,86
waterdep(m)
freeboard (m)
0,3
hwalls (m)
1,16
Say
1,20
D
6,54 mm
Nov.2013
Volume11
RatingCurveforHeadraceCanal
#
n
S
()
(m/m)
1
0,016
0,0029
2
0,016
0,0029
3
0,016
0,0029
4
0,016
0,0029
5
0,016
0,0029
6
0,016
0,0029
7
0,016
0,0029
8
0,016
0,0029
9
0,016
0,0029
10
0,016
0,0029
11
0,016
0,0029
12
0,016
0,0029
13
0,016
0,0029
14
0,016
0,0029
15
0,016
0,0029
16
0,016
0,0029
17
0,016
0,0029
18
0,016
0,0029
19
0,016
0,0029
20
0,016
0,0029
21
0,016
0,0029
22
0,016
0,0029
23
0,016
0,0029
24
0,016
0,0029
25
0,016
0,0029
26
0,016
0,0029
27
0,016
0,0029
28
0,016
0,0029
29
0,016
0,0029
30
0,016
0,0029
1,80
B
(m)
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
A
(m2)
0,06
0,08
0,11
0,14
0,17
0,19
0,22
0,25
0,28
0,30
0,33
0,36
0,39
0,41
0,44
0,47
0,50
0,52
0,55
0,58
0,61
0,63
0,66
0,69
0,72
0,74
0,77
0,80
0,83
0,85
P
(m)
0,75
0,85
0,95
1,05
1,15
1,25
1,35
1,45
1,55
1,65
1,75
1,85
1,95
2,05
2,15
2,25
2,35
2,45
2,55
2,65
2,75
2,85
2,95
3,05
3,15
3,25
3,35
3,45
3,55
3,65
R=A/P
(m)
0,07
0,10
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
0,18
0,19
0,19
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,21
0,21
0,21
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,80
1,00
V
(m/s)
0,59
0,71
0,79
0,86
0,92
0,96
1,00
1,03
1,05
1,08
1,10
1,12
1,13
1,15
1,16
1,17
1,18
1,19
1,20
1,21
1,22
1,22
1,23
1,24
1,24
1,25
1,25
1,26
1,26
1,27
Q
(m3/s)
0,03
0,06
0,09
0,12
0,15
0,18
0,22
0,25
0,29
0,33
0,36
0,40
0,44
0,47
0,51
0,55
0,59
0,62
0,66
0,70
0,74
0,77
0,81
0,85
0,89
0,93
0,97
1,00
1,04
1,08
h
(m)
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,95
1,00
1,05
1,10
1,15
1,20
1,25
1,30
1,35
1,40
1,45
1,50
1,55
RatingCurve
1,60
1,40
h(m)
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
1,20
Q(m3/s)
Nov.2013
37
Volume11
Annex1.12 Forebaydesign
1 Base data
Dischargerequiredforpowergeneration
Diameterofpipe
Flowvelocityinpenstock
Bedlevelatendofheadracecanal
ForebayBedLevel
Q
d
V
hrcbl
Fbl
0,48
0,50
2,44
2773,44
2771,71
m3/s
m
m/s
masl
masl
lenght
width
L
W
6,00
3,00
m
m
planarea
18,00
cl
S
hmin
0,50
0,94
1,94
m
m
m
V15s
h15s
hnorm
hspill
fboard
MinWL
NWL
7,20
0,40
2,59
0,20
0,2
2773,65
2774,30
m
m
m
m
m
masl
masl
Qspill
c
h
fboard
L
0,48
1,6
0,2
0,10
3,4
m /s
W'
Lin'=(WW')/(2*tan)
W
L
H
0,55
20
3,4
3,00
6,00
2,99
Vol
46,6
2 Plan dimensions
3 Depths and Water Levels

Clearenceforpenstockatbottom
Submergence
MinimumDepth
Volumefor15ssupply
Depthfor15ssupply
NormalDepth
SpillDepth
Freeboard
MinimumWaterLevel
NormalWaterLevel
4 Spillway
Dischargetospill
Dischargecoefficient
Depthovercrest
Freeboard
Lengthofspillway
m
m
m
5 Dimensions
WidthofHeadracecanal
Angleofwallsattransition
EntranceLenght
WidthofForebay
LengthofForebay
HeightofForebay
VolumeofStorageinForebay
degrees
m
m
m
m
3
m
Nov.2013
Volume11
Annex1.13 Designofforebayflushingpipe
Annex1.14 Hydraulicdesignofpenstock
1 Design Data Input
3
Design Discharge for Penstock
Qd
0,48
m /s
Length of Penstock
Lp
193,00
Design Head for Penstock

Ultimate tensile tension of penstock material
Hp
37,00
3,50E+08
N/m
500
mm
2,44
tmin
teff
corr
t
4
4
1
5
mm
mm
mm
mm
shf
hsurge
hmax
Francis
0,40
14,8
51,8
m
m
m
SF
11,35
Maximum air flow
Qa
0,48
m /s
Young modulus
Penstock diameter
Effective thickness
Safety factor
Diameter of air vent
E
D
teff
F
d
200000
500
4
5
125
N/mm
mm
mm
(-)
mm
(valueforsteel)
2 Diameter of Penstock
Diameter of penstock
3 Flow Velocity
Flow velocity
4 Penstock Thickness
Minimum thickness
Effective thickness
Corrosion
Final thickness
5 Surge and Total Head

Turbine
Surge Head factor
Surge Head
Maximum Head (Design Head+Surge Head)
6 Check of safety factor

Safety Factor
7 Air vent pipe
5 for buried pipe or 10 for exposed pipe
Nov.2013
39
Volume11
Annex1.15 HeadLossesEstimationinPenstock
Nov.2013
Volume11
2.3 HeadLossesDuetoEntrance
EntranceType
Ke
0,8
0,5
0,2
0,04
a
b
c
d
2
he=Ke*(V /2g)
Headlossfactor
Headlossinentrance
2.4 HeadLossesDuetoBends
ke
He
hb=Kb*(V /2g)
Bend1
Bend2
Bend3
Bend4horizontal
Bend4vertical
TotalLosses
2.5 HeadLossesDuetoContraction(Confuser)
9
5
15
0,5
0,15
()
m
0,060
0,030
0,100
Hb
0,018
0,009
0,030
0,058
Diameterofsmallerpipe
D2
0,4
Areaofsmallerpipe
A2
0,126
Flowvleocityinsmallerpipe
v2
3,8
ke
0,05
Hc
0,037
kv
Hv
0,2
0,15
i) FrictionLosses
1,51
ii) HeadLossesDuetoTrashrack
Ht
0,28
iii) HeadLossesDuetoEntrance
He
0,15
v) HeadLossesDuetoBends
Hb
0,06
iv) HeadLossesDuetoContraction(Confuser)
Hc
0,04
vi) HeadLossesDuetoValves
Hv
0,15
htot
2,18
GrossHead
Hgross
37,00
TotalHeadLoss
htot
2,18
Hnet
34,82
hc=Ke(V2 /2g)
Headlossfactor
Headlossincontraction
2.6 HeadLossesDuetoValves
TypeofValve
GateValve
Butterfly
Globe
CheckValve
Kv
0,2
0,6
0,1
1,0
hv =Kv *(V /2g)

Valveheadlossfactor
Headlossinvalve
3 TotalLosses
TotalHeadLoss
4 NetHead
NetHead
Nov.2013
41
Volume11
Annex1.16 Designoftailracecanal
n
()
1/3
(m
/s )
ks
3
Discharge (m /s )
Slope
(m)
Slope
(m/m)
m(V:H)
()
2
(m )
A
P
(m)
Rh
(m)
b
(m)
bside
(m)
hc
(m)
h
(m)
3
(m /s )
difQ
3
(m /s )
Qs
v
0,016
62,5
0,48
0
0
0,47
2,26
0,208
0,55
0,00
0,43
0,86
(m/s )
b
(m)
0,55
waterdep(m)
0,37
freeboard (m)
0,3
hwalls (m)
0,67
Say
0,70
D
mm
Nov.2013
Volume11
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
n
()
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
S
(m/m)
1,80
B
(m)
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
A
(m2)
0,06
0,08
0,11
0,14
0,17
0,19
0,22
0,25
0,28
0,30
0,33
0,36
0,39
0,41
0,44
0,47
0,50
0,52
0,55
0,58
0,61
0,63
0,66
0,69
0,72
0,74
0,77
0,80
0,83
0,85
P
(m)
0,75
0,85
0,95
1,05
1,15
1,25
1,35
1,45
1,55
1,65
1,75
1,85
1,95
2,05
2,15
2,25
2,35
2,45
2,55
2,65
2,75
2,85
2,95
3,05
3,15
3,25
3,35
3,45
3,55
3,65
R=A/P
(m)
0,07
0,10
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
0,18
0,19
0,19
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,21
0,21
0,21
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,22
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,23
0,23
V
Q
(m/s) (m3/s)
h
(m)
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,95
1,00
1,05
1,10
1,15
1,20
1,25
1,30
1,35
1,40
1,45
1,50
1,55
RatingCurve
1,60
1,40
h(m)
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
Q(m3/s)
Nov.2013
43
Volume11
Annex1.17 WaterlevelDownstreamWeirSection
Cross section data

ManningCoeffcicient
StrickcleCoefficient(1/n)
Discharge
Slope
Slopeleftbank
Sloperightbank
Flowcrosssectionarea
Wetedperimeter
HydraulicRadius
Canalbasewidth
n
ks
Q
s
ml(H:V)
mr(H:V)
A
P
Rh
b
0,033
30,30
120,00
0,097
0,3
0,035
15,55
26,27
0,592
25,00
hc
h
difQ
Qs
v
1,20
0,62
16,52
103,48
6,66
()
1/3
(m /s )
3
(m /s )
(m)
()
()
2
(m )
(m)
(m)
(m)
Hydraulic calculations
Criticaldepth
Uniformdepth
Iteration
Discharge
Flowvelocity
(m)
(m)
3
(m /s )
3
(m /s )
(m/s )
Annex1.18 PowerCalculations
1 InputData
Densityofwater
Gravityacceleration
DesignDischarge
NetHead
EfficiencyofTurbine
EfficiencyofGenerator
OverallEfficiency
g
Q
hnet
t
g
1000
9,80
0,48
34,82
0,86
0,94
0,81
kg/m3
m/s2
m3/s
m
()
()
()
P
TL
Pnet
132
0,10
119
kW
()
kW
2 Poweroutput
Poweratgenerator
TransmissionLosses
PowertoConsumers
Nov.2013
Volume11
Annex1.19 Designandstabilityofanchorblocks
1 Basicinputdata
Densityofwater
1000
(kg/m )
3
Specificweightofwater
9800
(N/m )
Specificweightofconcrete
25000
(N/m )
Specificweightofsoil
Soilfrictionangle
Frictionanglebetweensoilandconcrete
'
17000
30
20
(N/m )
degrees
degrees
w
h
l
V
W
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3)
(N)
AB1
1,5
1,5
1,5
3,4
84375
AB2
1,5
1,5
1,5
3,4
84375
AB3
1,5
1,5
1,5
3,4
84375
AB4
2
2
3,75
15,0
375000
H
Hsurge
Q
D1
A1
V1
1h
1v
D2
A2
V2
2h
2v
(m)
(m)
(m3/s)
(m)
(m2)
(m/s)
(degrees)
(degrees)
(m)
(m2)
(m/s)
(degrees)
(degrees)
2
2,8
0,48
0,5
0,20
2,44
0
0
0,5
0,20
2,44
0
13
5,8
8,12
0,48
0,5
0,20
2,44
0
13,1
0,5
0,20
2,44
0
9,5
26,3
36,82
0,48
0,5
0,20
2,44
0
9,5
0,5
0,20
2,44
0
15,3
38,5
53,9
0,48
0,5
0,20
2,44
21
15,28
0,4
0,13
3,82
0
0
1
2
M1
M2
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)
5388
5388
1173
1173
15625
15625
1173
1173
70850
70850
1173
1173
103716
66378
1173
1833
l1
l2
Ww1
Ww2
Wwt
(m)
(m)
(N)
(N)
(N)
0,75
0,77
1443
1481
2924
0,77
0,76
1482
1463
2945
0,76
0,78
1463
1496
2959
1,94
1,88
3740
2309
6049
3
3
2 Anchorblocksinputdata
2.1 Dimensions
Widthoftheanchorblock
Heightoftheanchorblock
Lengthoftheanchorblock
Volumeoftheanchorblock
Weightoftheanchorblock
2.2 HydraulicData
Waterheadinanchorblocksection
Surgewaterheadinanchorblocksection
Flow
Upstreamdiameterofpenstock
Upstreamareaofpenstock
Upstreamflowvelocityofpenstock
Planangleofupstreampenstock
Profileangleofupstreampenstock
Downstreamdiameterofpenstock
Downstreamareaofpenstock
Downstreamflowvelocityofpenstock
PlanangleofDownstreampenstock
ProfileangleofDownstreampenstock
3 Forces
3.1 EulerTheorem
Upstreamimpulsion
Downstreamimpulsion
Upstreamquantityofmovement
Downstreamquantityofmovement
3.2 WeightofWater
Lengthofupstreampenstockinsideanchorblock
Lengthofdownstreampenstockinsideanchorblock
Weightofwaterinupstreampenstockinsideanchorblock
Weightofwaterindownstreampenstockinsideanchorblock
Totalweightofwaterinsideanchorblock
Nov.2013
45
Volume11
4 Stability
4.1 Sliding
Forcesduetoflow
Forcesduetoweightofanchorblock
Stabilitycheck
Slidingforce
Resistantforce
SafetyFactor
4.2 Overturning
Forcesduetoflow
Momentarms
Stabilitycheck
Unstabilizingmoment
Resistantmoment
SafetyFactor
4.3 Bearingcapacity
Forcesduetoflow
Totalverticalforces
Momentonthefoundation
M/Fz
eccentricityoftheload
B/6
Effectivelengthoffoundation
Maximumbearingload
Depthofbaseoffoundation
Surchargeatleveloffoundation
Shapefactor
Shapefactor
Bearingcapacityfactor
Ultimatesoilbearingcapacity
SafetyFactor
Fx
Fy
Fz
Fz
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)
168
0
1448
84375
207
0
3980
84375
1565
0
4158
84375
32970
37589
33691
375000
Fs
Fr
SF
(N)
(N)
()
168
31237
186
207
32159
156
1565
29196
19
49999
148751
3,0
Fx
Fy
Fz
Fz
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)
168
0
1448
84375
207
0
3980
84375
1565
0
4158
84375
32970
37589
33691
375000
Fx
Fy
Fz
(N)
(N)
(N)
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
1,875
Mu
Mr
SF
(Nm)
(Nm)
()
126
64368
510
155
66266
427
1174
60163
51
32970
766296
23
Fz
Fz
Fz
M
x
e
(N)
(N)
(N)
(Nm)
1448
84375
85823
64241
0,7
0,00
0,25
1,50
57553
0,5
8500
1,6
0,6
18,4
22,4
417722
7,3
3980
84375
88355
66111
0,7
0,00
0,25
1,50
59318
0,5
8500
1,6
0,6
18,4
22,4
417657
7,0
0
84375
84375
58989
0,7
0,05
0,25
1,40
68529
0,5
8500
1,6
0,6
18,4
22,4
406434
5,9
33691
375000
408691
733326
1,8
0,08
0,63
3,59
123684
0,5
8500
2,1
0,3
18,4
22,4
496528
4,0
B'
qmax
df
q
Fqs
Fs
Nq
N
qu
SF
(N/m2)
(m)
(N/m2)
()
()
()
()
(N/m2)
()
Nov.2013
Volume11
Annex1.20 Weirstability
BASEDATA
water
Soilfrictionangle,
soil
soilsaturated
weir
9,8
30
17
19
24
kN/m3
kN/m3
kN/m3
kN/m3
kN/m3
Geometry,Dimensions,Weight
CrossSectionDimensions
Baselength
HorizontalCenterofGravityfactor
CenterofGravity
DistanceofCGtoturningpoint
Weight
Ai
Li
CGfactor
CG
xCG
W
Loads
depthforhighfloodlevel
hf
depthforuplifting
hu
heightbetweenturningpointandupstreamriverbed hstep
StaticmaximumPressurehorizontal
psh
Totalstaticpressurehorizontal
Psh
Totalstaticpressurevertical
Psv
Upliftmaximumpressure
pu
Totalupliftpressure
Pu
STABILITY
SLIDING
frictionanglebetweenfoundationandsoil
Totalhorizontalforce
TotalDamWeight
TotalUplift
Totalverticalforce
Forceactingforsliding
Forceresistingtosliding
Safetyfactor
Fh
Wt
Ut
Fv
Fs
Fr
SF
A1
8,80
3,01
A2
4,43
1,00
A3
19,30
5,49
m2
m
2/3
2,01
2,01
211,2
1/2
0,50
3,51
106,3
1/3
1,83
5,84
463,2
()
m
m
kN
3,47
3,47
2,6
34,0
59,0
93,3
34,0
161,5
m
m
m
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
20
59
781
162
619
59
225
3,8
degrees
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
OK
Nov.2013
47
Volume11
OVERTURNING
TotallengthofdamB=B1+B2+B3
DistanceofCGtoturningpoint
VerticalForce
HorizontalForce
StabilizingMoment
UnstabilizingMoment
Safetyfactor
BEARINGCAPACITY
Soilfrictionangle
Widthoftheweir
WeirWeight
Upstreamwaterweight
Totalverticalforces
Momentonthefoundation
Distancefromcenteroffoundationtopointwhere
lineofactionofresultantforcesintersectthe
eccentricityoftheload
B/6
Effectivelengthoffoundation
Maximumbearingload
Depthofbaseoffoundation
Surchargeatleveloffoundation
Shapefactor
Shapefactor
Ultimatesoilbearingcapacity
SafetyFactor
xCG
Fv
Fh
Mr
Mo
SF
L
Wt
Wwup
Fz
M
9,50
A1
2,01
211,2
0,0
423,8
0,0
A3
5,84
463,2
0,0
2705,1
0,0
Pu
6,33
161,5
0,0
0,0
1023,0
Psh
3,76
0,0
59,0
0,0
221,6
Psv
7,67
93,3
0,0
716,0
0,0
Total
4218,0
1244,7
3,39
OK
30
(degrees)
25,00
(m)
780,72
(kN)
93,35
(kN)
874
(kN)
2973
(kNm)
3,40
1,35
1,58
6,80
170
2
18,4
1,2
0,8
18,4
22,4
1007
5,9
B'
qmax
df
q
Fqs
Fs
Nq
N
qu
SF
A2
3,51
106,3
0,0
373,2
0,0
(m)
(m)
OK
(kN/m2)
(m)
(kN/m2)
()
()
(kN/m2)
OK
Nov.2013
Volume11
Annex2: Drawings
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
DWGNO
GAC01C01
GAC02C01
GAC02C02
GAC03C01
GAC03C02
GAC04C01
GAC04C01
GAC05C01
GAC06C01
GAC06C02
GAC07C01
GAC07C02
GAC08C01
GAC08C02
GAC09C01
GAC09C02
GAC10C01
GAC10C02
GAC10C03
GAC10C04
GAC10C05
GAC11C01
GAC12C01
GAC13C01
GAC13C02
GAC13C03
GAC13C04
GAC13C05
GAC13C06
DRAWINGTITLE
Generalprojectlayout
Weirandintake,Plansectionanddetails,Sheet1of2
Weirandintake,Plansectionanddetails,Sheet2of2
Graveltrap&sidespillway,PlanSectionanddetail,Sheet1of2
Graveltrap&sidespillway,Sidespillwayandflushingcanal,Sheet2of2
Settlingbasin,Plansectionanddetail,Sheet1of2
Settlingbasin,Plansectionanddetail,Sheet2of2
Channels,Sections
Forebay,Plansectionanddetail,Sheet1of2
Forebay,Plansectionanddetail,Sheet2of2
Spillwaycanal,Plansectionanddetail,Sheet1of2
Spillwaycanal,Plansectionanddetail,Sheet2of2
Penstock,Planprofileanddetail,Sheet1of2
Penstock,Planandprofile,Sheet2of2
Anchorblocks,Planandsection,Sheet1of2
Anchorblocks,Planandsection,Sheet2of2
Powerhouse,Plan,elevationanddetail,Sheet1of5
Powerhouse,Sectionanddetails,Sheet2of5
Powerhouseroof,Sectionanddetails,Sheet3of5
Powerhouse,Sectionanddetails,Sheet4of5
Powerhouse,Elevations,Sheet4of5
Supportwalls,Plan,elevationsanddetails
Tailracecanal,Planprofileanddetail
GatesandtrashracksIntake,Sectionsanddetails,Sheet1of6
GatesandtrashracksGraveltrapflushing,Sectionsanddetails,Sheet2of6
GatesandtrashracksSettlingbasininlet,Sectionsanddetails,Sheet3of6
GatesandtrashracksSettlingbasinoutlet,Sectionsanddetails,Sheet4of6
GatesandtrashracksSettlingbasinflushing,Sectionsanddetails,Sheet5of6
GatesandtrashracksTrashracks,Sectionsanddetails,Sheet6of6
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Vol 11 MHP Design-Final-05!12!13

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RenewableEnergyGuidelines

Cross section data

River Bed Level

Clearence from river bed level

Base of intake level

3 Depths and Water Levels

Design Discharge for Penstock

Design Head for Penstock

Maximum air flow

5 Surge and Total Head

6 Check of safety factor

7 Air vent pipe

5 for buried pipe or 10 for exposed pipe

hv =Kv *(V /2g)

Cross section data

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