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Exercise 2.1 (Solutions)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.1

Question # 1 (i)
Let y = 2 x 2 + 1
y + d y = 2( x + d x) +1
2

d y = 2( x + d x) + 1 - y
2

Q y = 2x2 + 1

d y = 2 x 2 + 2 x d x + d x2 + 1 - 2 x 2 - 1

d y = 2 x 2 + 4 x d x + 2d x 2 - 2 x 2 d y = 2 x 2 + 4 x d x + 2d x 2 - 2 x 2
d y = 4 x d x + 2d x 2
= d x ( 4 x + 2d x )
Dividing by d x
dy
= 4 x + 2d x
dx
Taking limit when d x 0
dy
lim
= lim ( 4 x + 2d x )
d x0 d x
d x0
dy

= 4 x + 2(0)
dx
dy
d

= 4 x i.e.
2 x 2 + 1) = 4 x
(
dx
dx
Question # 1 (ii)
Let y = 2 - x

y +d y = 2 - x +d x

d y = 2 - x +d x - y

d y = 2 - x +d x - 2+ x

1
2

d x 2
d y = x - x 1 +

2
1
1

1 d x 12 ( 12 - 1) d x
2
2
d y = x - x 1 +
+
+
...

2 x
2! x

1
1
1
d x 12 ( - 12 ) d x 2

2
2
2
=x -x -x
+
+
....

2
2x
2
x

1
1 1dx

= - x 2d x
+ ....
2
2x 6 x

Dividing by d x , we have
1
dy
1 1dx

= -x2
+ ....
2
dx
2x 6 x

Taking limit as
1
dy
1 1dx

lim
= - x 2 lim
+ ....
2
d x0 d x
d x 0 2 x
6x

1
dy
1

= x2
- 0 + 0 - ....
dx
2x

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
1
1 2 -1
=x
= x
2x
2

d y = x - ( x + d x)2

dy 1 - 12
= x
dx 2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 2

Question # 1 (iii)
1
1
Let y =
y = (x) 2
x
Now do yourself
Question # 1 (iv)
1
Let y = 3
y = x -3
x
-3
y + d y = ( x + d x)
d y = ( x + d x ) - x -3
-3

d x -3
d y = x 1 +
- 1
x

3d x -3(-3 - 1) d x 2

-3
= x 1 +
+
....
- 1

x
2!
x

3d x -3(-4) d x 2

-3
= x 1 +
+
.....
1

x
2 x

-3

3d x -3(-4) d x 2

= x +
+
.....

2 x
x

dx

d x
= x -3
-3 + 6 - .....

x
x

Dividing both sides by d x , we get

-3

dy

d x
= x -3-1 -3 + 6 - .....
dx
x

Taking limit on both sided, we get

dy

dx
lim
= lim x -4 -3 + 6 - .....
d x0 d x
d x 0
x

dy

= x -4 [ -3 + 0 - 0 + .....]
dx
dy
dy
3

= -3 x -4 or
=- 4
dx
dx
x
Question # 1 (vi)
1
Let y =
x-a
-1
y = ( x - a)

*Correction

y + d y = ( x + d x - a)

-1

d y = ( x - a + d x) - y
-1

d y = ( x - a + d x) - ( x - a)
-1

-1

-1

dx
= ( x - a ) 1 +
- 1
x-a

-1( -1 - 1) d x
dx
-1
= ( x - a ) 1 +
+
....
- 1

x
a
2!
x
a

-1

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 3

d y = ( x - a)

-1

= ( x - a)

-1( -1 - 1) d x
dx
1
+
+
....
1

2!
x-a
x - a

-1

2
dx

- 1( - 2 ) d x
+
+
....

x
a
2
x
a

dx

dx
-1 +
- ....

x-a
x-a

= ( x - a)
-1

Dividing by d x
dy

-1-1
dx
= ( x - a ) -1 +
- ....
dx
x-a

Taking limit when d x 0 , we have

dy

-1-1
dx
= lim ( x - a ) -1 +
- ....
lim

d x0 d x
d x 0
x-a

dy
-1
dy
-2

= ( x - a ) [ -1 + 0 - 0 + ....]
dx
dx ( x - a )2
Question # 1 (vi)
Let y = x ( x - 3)

= x 2 - 3x
Do yourself
Question # 1 (vii)
2
Let y = 4 = 2x - 4
x
y + d y = 2( x + d x)- 4
Do yourself
Question # 1(viii)
1
Let y = x 2 + 2 = x 2 + x -2
x
2
-2
y + d y = ( x + d x) + ( x + d x)
dy =
=

( x + d x ) + ( x + d x ) - x 2 - x -2
2
-2
( x + d x ) - x 2 + ( x + d x ) - x-2
-2

d x -2
= x + 2 xd x + d x - x + x 1 +
- 1
x

2d x -2(-2 - 1) d x 2

2
-2
= 2 xd x + d x + x 1 +
+
....
- 1

2!
x
x

2d x -2(-3) d x 2

2
-2
= 2 xd x + d x + x +
+
....

2 x
x

= d x ( 2 x + d x ) + x -2

-2

dx

d x
-2 + 3 + ....

x
x

Dividing by d x
dy

d x
= ( 2 x + d x ) + x -3 -2 + 3 + ....
dx
x

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 4

Taking limit when d x 0 , we have

dy

d x
= lim ( 2 x + d x ) + lim x -3 -2 + 3 + ....
lim
d x0 d x
d x 0
d x 0
x

dy

= ( 2 x + 0 ) + x -3 [ -2 + 0 - 0....]
dx
dy
2

= 2x - 3
dx
x
Question # 1(ix)
Let y =

( x + 4 )3
1

y + d y = ( x + d x + 4)3
1
3

d y = ( x + d x + 4) - y
1

= ( x + 4 + d x )3 - ( x + 4)3
1

3
d
x

= ( x + 4 ) 1 +
- 1

x+4

2
1 1 -1
1

(
)
1
d
x
d
x

3
3
- 1
= ( x + 4 ) 3 1 +
+
+
....

x
x
3
+
4
2!
+
4

2
1 -2
1

(
)
d
d
x
x

3
3
= ( x + 4)3
+
+
....

2 x+4
3( x + 4)

1
d x 1 1 d x

= ( x + 4)3
-
+ ....

x + 4 3 9 x + 4

Dividing by d x
1
dy
1 dx

-1 1
= ( x + 4)3 -
+ ....
dx
3 9 x + 4

Taking limit when d x 0

2
dy
1 dx

- 1
lim
= lim ( x + 4 ) 3 -
+ ....

d x0 d x
d x0
3 9 x + 4

2
2
dy 1
dy
- 1

= ( x + 4 ) 3 - 0 + 0 - ....

= ( x + 4) 3
dx
dx 3
3

1
3

Question # 1 (x)
Let y = x

3
2
3

y + d y = ( x + d x)2
3
2

d y = (x + d x) - x

3
2

d x 2

= x 1 +
- 1

2
3 3
3

3 d x 2 ( 2 - 1) d x
2

= x 1+
+
+ .... - 1

2
x
2!
x

3
2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 5

3d x 32 ( 12 ) d x 2

=x
+
+ ....
2 x
2 x

3
d x 3 3 d x

= x2
+ + ....

x 2 8 x

Dividing by d x
3
-1 3
dy

3d x
= x 2 + + ....
dx
2 8 x

Taking limit when d x 0

1
dy
3 3 d x

= lim x 2 + + ....
lim
d x0 d x
d x0
2 8 x

3
2

dy
3

= x 2 - 0 + 0 - ....
dx
2

dy 3 12
= x
dx 2

Question # 1 (xi)
Let y = x 5 2
Do yourself as above.
Question # 1 (xii)
Let y = x m

(x + d x)
m
( x + d x ) - xm

y +d y =
dy =
=
=
=
=

d x m
x 1 +
- 1
x

d x m ( m - 1) d x
m
x 1 + m
+
+
....
- 1

x
2! x

m ( m - 1) d x
m md x
x
+
+
....

2
x
x

m ( m - 1) d x

dx
xm
m+
+ ....

x
2
x

Dividing by d x

m ( m - 1) d x

dy
= x m -1 m +
+
....

dx
2
x

Taking limit when d x 0

m ( m - 1) d x

dy
lim
= lim x m -1 m +
+ ....

d x0 d x
d x 0
2
x

dy
= x m -1 [ m + 0 + 0....]
dx

dy
= m x m -1
dx

Question # 1 (xii)
1
Let y = m = x - m
x
Do yourself as above, just change the m by - m in above question.

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 6

Question # 1 (xvi)
Let y = x 40

( x + d x)
40
( x + d x ) - x 40

y +d y =
dy =

40

40

40
40
40
= x 40 + x39d x + x 38d x 2 + .... + d x 40 - x 40
1
2
40
0

40
40
40
= (1) x 40 + x 39d x + x 38d x 2 + .... + d x 40 - x 40
1
2
40
40
40
40
= x 39d x + x 38d x 2 + .... + d x 40
1
2
40
Dividing by d x
dy
40
40
40
= x 39 + x38d x + .... + d x 39
dx
1
2
40
Taking limit as d x 0
dy
40

40
40
lim
= lim x39 + x 38d x + .... + d x39
d x0 d x
d x 0 1
2
40

dy
40

= x 39 + 0 + 0 + .... + 0
dx
1

dy
40
= x 39
dx
1

or

dy
= 40 x 39
dx

Question # 1 (xiii)
Let y = x -100
Do yourself Question # 1(xii), Replace m by -100 .
Question # 2 (i)
Let y =

x + 2 = ( x + 2) 2
Now do yourself as Question # 1(ix)

Question # 2 (ii)
1
1
Let y =
= ( x + a) 2
x+a
Now do yourself as Question # 1 (ix)
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com), http://www.mathcity.org

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