Exercise 2.

5 (Solutions)

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Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

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Some Important Derivative Formulas

d
c=0

where c is constant
dx
d
d

tan x = sec2 x
dx sin x = cos x
dx

d
d cos x = sin x

cot x = csc2 x
dx
dx
1
d
1
d
1

Tan 1 x =
dx Sin x =
2
1 x

dx
1 + x2

d
1
1
d Cos 1 x = 1

Cot
x
=
dx
dx
1 + x2
1 x2

d n
x = nx n 1
dx
d

csc x = csc x cot x

dx
d

sec x = sec x tan x

dx
d
1
Sec 1 x =
dx
x x2 1
d
1

Csc 1 x =
dx
x x2 1

Question # 1

Solution 1(i)
Suppose y = sin 2x
y + y = sin 2( x + x)
y = sin 2( x + x) y = sin 2( x + x) sin 2x
Dividing both sides by x
y sin(2 x + 2 x) sin 2 x
=
x
x
2 x + 2 x + 2 x
2 x + 2 x 2 x
2cos
sin

2
2

=
x
2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )
=
x
Taking limit as x 0
2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )
y
lim
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
sin ( x )
dy
= 2 lim cos ( 2 x + x )
x 0
dx
x
sin ( x )
= 2 lim cos ( 2 x + x ) lim
x 0
x 0
x

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 2

= 2 cos ( 2 x + 0 ) (1)

lim
0

sin

=1

dy
= 2cos 2 x
dx

y = tan3x
Solution 1(ii) Let
y + y = tan 3 ( x + x )
y = tan ( 3x + 3 x ) tan 3x
=

sin ( 3 x + 3 x ) sin 3 x

cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x

sin ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) sin 3 x

cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x

sin ( 3x + 3 x 3x )
sin ( 3 x )
=
cos ( 3x + 3 x ) cos3 x
cos ( 3x + 3 x ) cos3 x
Dividing by x
sin ( 3 x )
1
y
=

x
x cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x
Taking limit as x 0
sin ( 3 x )
y
lim
= lim
x 0 x
x0 x cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x
=

sin ( 3 x )
dy
1
3
= lim

x 0
dx
cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x 3
x

ing and ing 3 on R.H.S

sin ( 3 x )
1
lim
x 0
x 0 cos ( 3 x + 3 x ) cos3 x
3 x
1
= 3(1)
cos ( 3 x + 3(0) ) cos3 x
= 3 lim

3
cos3 x cos3 x

3
cos2 3x

dy
= 3sec2 3 x
dx

Solution 1(iii)
y = sin 2 x + cos2 x
Let
y + y = sin 2 ( x + x ) + cos 2 ( x + x )

y = sin 2 ( x + x ) + cos 2 ( x + x ) y
= sin 2 ( x + x ) + cos 2 ( x + x ) sin 2 x cos 2 x
= sin ( 2 x + 2 x ) sin 2 x + cos ( 2 x + 2 x ) cos 2 x

2 x + 2 x + 2 x 2 x + 2 x 2 x
= 2cos
sin

2
2

2 x + 2 x + 2 x 2 x + 2 x 2 x
+ 2sin
sin

2
2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 3

= 2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x ) 2sin ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )

Dividing by x
y
1
=
2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x ) 2sin ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )
x
x
Taking limit as x 0
y
1
= lim
2cos ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x ) 2sin ( 2 x + x ) sin ( x )
lim
x 0 x
x 0 x
sin ( x )
sin ( x )
dy
= 2 lim cos ( 2 x + x ) lim
2 lim sin ( 2 x + x ) lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
dx
x
x
sin
= 2cos ( 2 x + 0 ) (1) 2sin ( 2 x + 0 ) (1)
Since lim
=1
0

dy
= 2cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
dx

Solution 1(iv)
y = cos x 2
Let

y + y = cos( x + x)2
y = cos( x + y ) 2 cos x 2
( x + x) 2 + x 2
( x + x)2 x 2
= 2sin
sin

2
2

x 2 + 2 x x + x 2 + x 2
x 2 + 2 x x + x 2 x 2
= 2sin
sin

2
2

2
2
2
2 x + 2 x x + x
2 x x + x
= 2sin
sin

2
2

2
x2
x

= 2sin x + x x +
sin x +
x
2
2

Dividing by x
2
y
1
x2
x

=
2sin x + x x +
sin x +
x
x
x
2
2

ing and ing x +

on R.H.S
2

x+

y
x
x

= sin x 2 + x x +

sin
x
+
x

x
x
2
2

x
x+

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 4

sin x +
2
x

2
x
x
2

= 2sin x + x x +
x +

x
2
2

x+
x

Taking limit as x 0

sin x +
2
x

2
y
x
x
2

lim
= lim 2sin x + x x +

x +

x 0 x
x 0
x
2
2

x
+
x

sin x +
2
x
2
dy
x
x
2

= 2 lim sin x + x x +
lim
lim x +

x 0
x 0
x
dx
2 x 0
2

x
+
x

= 2sin x 2 + (0) + (0) (1) ( x + (0) )

dy
= 2 x sin x 2
dx

Solution 1(v)
Let y = tan 2 x

y + y = tan 2 ( x + x )
y = tan 2 ( x + x ) tan 2 x
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x ) ( tan ( x + x ) tan x )
sin ( x + x ) sin x
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )

cos
x
+
x
cos
x
(
)

sin ( x + x ) cos x sin x cos ( x + x )

= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )

cos
+
cos
x
x
x
(
)

sin ( x + x x )
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )

cos ( x + x ) cos x

sin x
= ( tan ( x + x ) + tan x )

cos ( x + x ) cos x
Dividing by x

y
1
sin x
=
tan ( x + x ) + tan x )
(

x
x
cos ( x + x ) cos x
Taking limit when x 0

y
1
sin x
lim
= lim
tan ( x + x ) + tan x )
(

x 0 x
x0 x
cos ( x + x ) cos x

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 5

tan ( x + x ) + tan x
dy
sin x
= lim
lim

x 0
x 0 x
dx
cos ( x + x ) cos x
tan ( x + 0 ) + tan x
2 tan x
tan x + tan x
=
=
(1) =
cos 2 x
cos x cos x
cos ( x + 0 ) cos x
dy

= 2 tan x sec 2 x
dx

Solution 1(vi)
y =
Let

y + y =
y =
=

=
=

tan x
tan ( x + x )

tan ( x + x ) tan x

tan ( x + x ) + tan x

tan ( x + x ) tan x
tan ( x + x ) + tan x

tan ( x + x ) tan x

tan ( x + x ) + tan x
sin ( x + x ) sin x

tan ( x + x ) + tan x cos ( x + x ) cos x

Now do yourself as above.
1

Solution 1(vii)
y = cos x
Let

y + y = cos x + x
y = cos x + x cos x
x +x + x
x +x x
= 2sin
sin

2
2

Dividing by x
x + x + x
x +x x
2sin
sin

2
2
y

=
x
x
Taking limit as x 0
x +x + x
x +x x
sin
sin

2
2
y

lim
= 2 lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
As x = ( x + x + x )( x + x x ) , putting in above

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 6

x + x + x
x +x x
sin
sin

2
2
dy

= 2 lim
x 0
dx
( x + x + x )( x + x x )
x + x + x
x + x x
sin
sin

2
2

lim

= lim
x 0

0
x + x x
( x+x + x)

x+0 + x
sin

sin x
2
dy

(1)
=

=
dx
( x +0 + x)
2 x

( )

Question # 2

Solution # 2(i)
Assume y = x 2 sec 4 x
Differentiating w.r.t x
dy
d 2
=
x sec 4 x
dx
dx
d
d
= x 2 sec 4 x + sec 4 x x 2
dx
dx
d
= x 2 sec 4 x tan 4 x (4 x) + sec 4 x (2 x)
dx
2
= x sec 4 x tan 4 x(4) + 2 x sec 4 x = 2 x sec 4 x ( 2 x tan 4 x + 1)
Solution # 2(ii)
Let y = tan 3 sec2
Diff. w.r.t
dy
d
=
tan 3 sec 2
d
d
d
d
= tan 3
sec 2 + sec 2
tan 3
d
d
d
d

= tan 3 2sec
sec + sec 2 3tan 2
tan
d
d

3
2
2
2
= tan ( 2sec sec tan ) + sec 3tan sec

= sec 2 tan 2 2 tan 2 + 3sec 2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 7

Solution # 2(iii)
2
Let y = ( sin 2 cos3 )
Diff. w.r.t
dy
d
2
=
( sin 2 cos3 )
d
d
d
= 2 ( sin 2 cos3 ) ( sin 2 cos3 )
d
d
d

= 2 ( sin 2 cos 3 ) cos 2

(2 ) + sin 3
(3 )
d
d

= 2 ( sin 2 cos3 )( cos 2 (2) + sin 3 (3) )

= 2 ( sin 2 cos3 )( 2cos 2 + 3sin 3 )

Solution # 2(iv)
y = cos x + sin x
Let
1

= cos( x ) 2 + ( sin x ) 2

Diff. w.r.t x
1
1
dy
d
2 + sin x 2
=
cos(
x
)
( )

dx
dx

1 d
1
1
1 d
= sin( x) 2
x 2 + ( sin x ) 2 ( sin x )
dx
2
dx
1 1 1
1

1
= sin( x ) 2 x 2 + ( sin x ) 2 ( cos x )
2
2
1 cos x sin x
=

2 sin x
x

Question # 3
dy
Find
if (i) y = x cos y (ii) x = y sin y
dx
Solution 3(i)
Since y = x cos y
dy
d
=
x cos y
dx
dx
d
dx
= x cos y + cos y
dx
dx
dy
= x ( sin y ) + cos y (1)
dx
dy
dy
dy

+ x sin y
= cos y ( 1 + x sin y )
= cos y
dx
dx
dx
dy
cos y

=
dx
1 + x sin y

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 8

Solution 3 (ii)
Since x = y sin y
dx
d
=
( y sin y )
dx
dx
d
dy
1 = y sin y + sin y
dx
dx
dy
dy
dy
= y cos y + sin y
= ( y cos y + sin y )
dx
dx
dx
dy
1

=
dx
y cos y + sin y
Question # 4
Find the derivative w.r.t. x
1+ x
1 + 2x
(i) cos
(ii) sin
1 + 2x
1+ x
Solution 4(i)
1+ x
Since y = cos
1 + 2x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
1+ x
cos
=
dx
dx
1 + 2x
1

1+ x d 1+ x
1+ x d 1 + x 2
= sin

= sin

1 + 2 x dx 1 + 2 x
1 + 2 x dx 1 + 2 x
1+ x 1 1+ x
= sin

1 + 2x 2 1 + 2x

d 1+ x

dx 1 + 2 x
1 1 + 2x d 1 + x 1 + x d 1 + 2x
) ( ) ( ) (
)
1 + x 1 1 + 2x 2 (
dx
dx
= sin

2
1 + 2x 2 1 + x
(1 + 2 x )

1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 (1 + 2 x )(1) (1 + x )( 2 )
= sin

1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12
1
+
2
x
(
)

1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 1 + 2 x 2 2 x
= sin

1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x )2
1

1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 1
= sin

1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x )2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 9

1

(1 + 2 x ) 2
1
1+ x
= sin

2
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x ) 2 12

dy
1
1+ x
=
3 sin
dx
1 + 2x
2 1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2

Solution 4(ii)
Do yourself as above.

Question # 5
Differential (i) sin x w.r.t cot x (ii) sin 2 x w.r.t cos 4 x .
Solution 5(i)
Let y = sin x and u = cot x
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy
d
=
sin x
dx
dx
= cos x
Now diff. u w.r.t x
du
d
=
cot x = csc2 x
dx
dx
dx
1

=
du
csc2 x
= sin 2 x
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=

du
dx du
= ( cos x ) sin 2 x = sin 2 x cos x

Solution 5(ii)
Let y = sin 2 x and u = cos 4 x
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy
d
=
sin 2 x
dx
dx
d
= 2sin x ( sin x ) = 2sin x cos x
dx
Now diff. u w.r.t x
du
d
=
cos 4 x
dx
dx
d
= 4cos3 x ( cos x ) = 4cos3 x ( sin x ) = 4sin x cos3 x
dx

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 10

dx
1
=
du
4sin x cos3 x
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=

du
dx du
1

= ( 2sin x cos x )
3
4sin x cos x
1
= sec 2 x
2

Question # 6
If tan y (1 + tan x ) = 1 tan x , show that

dy
= 1.
dx

Solution
Since tan y (1 + tan x ) = 1 tan x
1 tan x
tan y =
1 + tan x
tan 4 tan x
1 tan x
=
=
1 + 1 tan x
1 + tan 4 tan x

= tan x
4

y =

Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d

=
x
dx
dx 4

= 0 1

dy
= 1
dx

Question # 7
If y =

tan x + tan x + tan x + ... , prove that

Solution
Since y = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...
Taking square on both sides

y 2 = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...

= tan x + tan x + tan x + tan x + ...

y = tan x + y
Diff. w.r.t x
2

( 2 y 1)

dy
= sec 2 x .
dx

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 11

d 2
d
y =
( tan x + y )
dx
dx
dy
dy
dy dy
2y
= sec2 x +
2y
= sec 2 x
dx
dx
dx dx
dy
( 2 y 1)
= sec2 x
dx
Question # 8
If x = a cos3 ,

y = b sin 3 , show that a

dy
+ b tan = 0 .
dx

Solution
x = a cos3 , y = b sin 3
Diff. x w.r.t
dx
d
=
a cos3
d
d
d
= a 3cos 2
( cos )
d
= 3a cos 2 ( sin )
dx
d
1

= 3a sin cos 2
=
d
dx
3a sin cos 2
Now diff. y w.r.t
dy
d
=
b sin 3
d
d
d
= b 3sin 2
( sin ) = 3b sin 2 cos
d
Now by chain rule
dy
dy d
=

dx
d dx
1
= 3b sin 2 cos
3a sin cos 2
b
= tan
a
dy
dy
a
= b tan
a
+ b tan = 0
dx
dx

Question # 9

Do yourself

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 12

Derivative of inverse trigonometric formulas

(i)

d
1
Sin 1 x =
dx
1 x2

See proof on book page 76

(ii)

d
1
Cos 1 x =
dx
1 x2

Proof
Let y = cos 1 x
where x [ 0, ]
cos y = x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
dx
dy
cos y =
sin y
= 1
dx
dx
dx
dy
1
=
dx
sin y
1
=
Since sin y is positive for x [ 0, ]
2
1 cos y
1
=
1 x2
(iii)

d
1
Tan1x =
dx
1+ x2
See proof on book at page 77

(iv)

d
1
Cot 1x =
dx
1+ x2

Proof
cot y = x
Let y = cot 1 x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
dy
cot y =
x csc2 y
= 1
dx
dx
dx
dy
1

=
dx
csc 2 y
1
=
1 + cot 2 y = csc 2 y
2
1 + cot y
dy
1

=
dx
1 + x2
d
1
Sec 1 x =
dx
x x2 1
Proof
sec y = x
Let y = sec 1 x
Diff. w.r.t x

(v)

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 13

d
d
dy
sec y =
x
sec y tan y
= 1
dx
dx
dx
dy
1

=
dx
sec y tan y
1
1 + tan 2 y = sec 2 y
=
sec y sec2 y 1
d
1

Sec 1 x =
sec y = x
dx
x x2 1
(vi)

d
1
Csc 1 x =
dx
x x2 1
See on book at page 77

Question # 10

Solution 10(i)
Let y = Cos 1

x
a

Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
x
=
Cos 1
dx
dx
a
1
1 d
1
d x
=

x
=
2
2 dx a
a
dx

x
x
1 2
1
a
a
1
1
a
1
1
=
(1) =

=
a2 x2 a
a2 x2 a
a2 x2
a2

Solution 10(ii)
Let y = cot 1

x
a

Diff w.r.t x
dy
d
x
=
cot 1
dx
dx
a

Ans

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 14

d x
1
1 d
=

( x)

a 2 + x 2 a dx
dx a
a2

x
1+
a
a
a 2 1
.
= 2
(1) = 2
2
a +x a
a + x2

Solution 10(iii)
1
a
Let y = Sin 1
a
x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
1 d
a
=
Sin1
dx
a dx
x
1
1
d 1
1
1
d a
=
a
x
=

2
2
2 dx x
a
dx
a

a
a
1
x2
x
x
x
1
1
2 =
=
x 2 =
Ans

2
2
2
2
2
2
x

a
x a
x x a

( )

Solution 10(iv)
Let y = Sin 1 1 x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
=
Sin 1 1 x 2
dx
dx
1
d
1 x2 =
=

2 dx
1 1 x2

1
x2

1
1
2 1 x2

1
2

( 2 x )

1
1 1 + x2

1
x

x 1 x2

Solution 10(v)

x2 + 1
Let y = Sec 2

x 1
Diff. w.r.t x
x2 + 1
dy
d
Sec 1 2
=

dx
dx
x 1
1

1
2

x2 + 1 x2 + 1
2
2
1
x 1 x 1

d x2 + 1
2

dx x 1

1
1 x2
2

1
1 x2

d
1 x2
dx

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 15

=
x +1
2

x 1
2

(x

d 2
d 2
2
2
x 1 dx x + 1 x + 1 dx x 1

2
x2 1

1
2

) (

+1 x 1

( x 2 1) 2

) (

x2 + 1
2

1
x

) (

2x x2 1 x2 1
=

2
2
4
2
4
2
2
x + 1 x + 2x + 1 x + 2x 1
x

4x
2
1
=
=
( 2 x ( 2 ) ) =
x2 + 1 2x
x2 + 1
x2 + 1 4x2

(x

) (

x2 1 ( 2x ) x2 + 1 ( 2x )

x2 1
x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1

2
( x 1)
1

) (

Ans

Solution 10(vi)
Do yourself as above.
Solution 10(vii)
Do yourself as above.
Question # 11
dy
y
y
x
= Tan 1 .
Show that
=
if
x
y
dx
x
Solution
y
x
x
= Tan 1
y = x Tan 1
Since
x
y
y
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
x
=
x Tan 1

dx
dx
y

1
d x
x
d
x
x d
+ Tan 1 (1)
= x Tan1 + Tan1 ( x ) = x

2
dx y
dx
y
y dx
y
1+ x

dy

1 y (1) x
x
dy y
dx + Tan 1 x =
=x 2
yx +

2
2
2
2
y
y
y +x
dx x
y +x

y2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 16

dy
xy
x2
dy y
= 2
2
+
2
2
dx
y +x
y + x dx x
2
dy
x
dy
xy
y
+ 2

= 2
+
2
2
dx y + x dx
y +x
x
2
2

dy

x
y x

= 2
+ 1
1 + 2
2
2
y + x dx
x y +x

dy
y
=
Proved
dx
x

Question # 12
If y = tan pTan 1 x , show that 1 + x 2 y1 p 1 + y 2 = 0.

Solution
Since y = tan pTan 1 x

dy
(1 + x ) dx
2

(1 + x ) y p (1 + y ) = 0
2

Tan 1 y = pTan 1 x

Differentiating w.r.t x
d
d
Tan1 y = p Tan1 x
dx
dx
1 dy
1

= p

2
1 + y dx
1 + x2

= p 1 + y2

Since

dy
= y1
dx

Error Analyst
Muzammil Ahsan 2009-11
Govt. Post Graduate Collage Jauharabad Distt. Khushab
Nain Malik
2012-14
Muhammad Usman Saleem (2013-15)
DPS & IC Jauharabad Distt. Khushab
Abeer Butt (2013-15)
FCC

Book:

Exercise 2.5
Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Edition: May 2013.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (Atiq@MathCity.org)
Available online at http://www.MathCity.org in PDF Format (Picture format to
view online).
Page Setup used: A4.
Printed: September 25, 2014.