Bai Giang BTCT 8 2013

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Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013
KT CU B TNG CT THP
( THEO TIU CHUN 22TCN272-05)
Mc lc
1
KHI NIM CHUNG V KT CU B TNG CT THP .......................................... 4

1.1 C IM CHUNG CA KT CU B TNG CT THP .................................. 4
1.1.1 B tng ct thp...................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2 B tng ct thp d ng lc (DL) ....................................................................... 5
1.2 C IM CHUNG V CU TO V CH TO KT CU B TNG CT

THP 7
1.2.1 c im cu to : .................................................................................................. 7
1.2.2 c im ch to: ................................................................................................... 9
2 VT LIU DNG TRONG B TNG CT THP ........................................................ 14
2.1 B TNG .................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.1. Phn loi b tng .................................................................................................. 14
2.1.2. Cc thuc tnh ngn hn ca b tng cng........................................................... 15
2.1.3. Cc thuc tnh di hn ca b tng cng ............................................................. 22
2.2 CT THP .................................................................................................................. 29
2.2.1. Ct thp thng .................................................................................................... 29
2.2.2. Ct thp d ng lc .............................................................................................. 31
2.3 B TNG CT THP ................................................................................................ 36
2.3.1. Khi nim v dnh bm gia b tng v ct thp ................................................. 36
2.3.2. Chiu di pht trin lc ........................................................................................ 37
2.3.3. Cc dng ph hoi v h hng ca b tng ct thp ............................................ 38
3 NGUYN L THIT K THEO TIU CHUN 22TCN272-05 ................................... 40
3.1 QUAN IM CHUNG V THIT K ...................................................................... 40
3.2 S PHT TRIN CA QU TRNH THIT K .................................................... 40
3.2.1. Thit k theo ng sut cho php (ASD)-Allowable Stress Design ...................... 40
3.2.2. Thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng (LRFD-Load and Resistance Factors
Design) 41
3.3 NGUYN TC C BN CA TIU CHUN 22TCN 272-05 ............................... 42
3.3.1. Tng qut.............................................................................................................. 42
3.3.2. Khi nim v tnh do, tnh d v tm quan trng trong khai thc ...................... 43
3.3.3. Cc trng thi gii hn ......................................................................................... 44
3.4 TI TRNG V H S TI TRONG THEO 22TCN 272-01 ................................ 46
4.4.1. Ti trng v tn ti trng- Cc t hp ti trng .................................................... 47
4 CU KIN CHU UN .................................................................................................... 51
B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

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4.1 C IM CU TO ............................................................................................... 51
4.1.1 Cu to ca bn v dm........................................................................................ 51
4.1.2 Tiu chun la chn t l chiu di chiu cao nhp .......................................... 54
4.1.3 Chiu dy lp b tng bo v ............................................................................... 54
4.1.4 C li ct thp ........................................................................................................ 55
4.1.5 Trin khai ct thp chu un................................................................................. 57
4.2 C IM CHU LC , CC GI THIT C BN .............................................. 58
4.2.1 c im lm vic ................................................................................................ 58
4.2.2 Cc gi thit c bn .............................................................................................. 61
4.2.3 Gi thit phn b ng sut khi ch nht............................................................. 62
4.3 TNH TON TIT DIN BTCT THNG THEO TTGH CNG ................ 62
4.3.1 Tnh ton tit din ch nht ct thp n ............................................................. 62
4.3.2 Tnh ton tit din ch nht ct thp kp: ............................................................ 68
4.3.3 Tnh ton tit din ch T ...................................................................................... 73
4.4 TNH TON THIT K CHU CT ......................................................................... 80
4.4.1 M hnh chng v ging ( Strut And Tie Models) ............................................... 80
4.4.1.1
Nguyn l chung v phm vi p dng : ......................................................... 81
4.4.1.2
Phn chia kt cu thnh cc vng B v D: .................................................... 82
4.4.1.3
Mt s m hnh tiu biu. .............................................................................. 85
4.4.2 Cc b phn ca m hnh chng v ging :.......................................................... 89
4.4.3 Cc phng php thit k, cc yu cu chung ..................................................... 91
4.4.3.1
Cc phng php thit k .............................................................................. 91
4.4.3.2
Cc yu cu chung ......................................................................................... 91
4.4.4 M hnh thit k mt ct....................................................................................... 94
4.4.4.1
Sc khng ct danh nh ................................................................................ 94
4.4.4.2
Thit k chu lc ct cu kin BTCT thng................................................ 95
4.5 TNH TON KT CU BTCT THEO TRNG THI GII HN S DNG V
TRNG THI GII HN MI ............................................................................................. 102
4.5.1 Trng thi gii hn s dng ............................................................................... 102
4.5.1.1
Nt v Qu trnh hnh thnh v m rng vt nt ......................................... 102
4.5.1.2
Kim sot nt ca dm BTCT thng chu un (A5.7.3.4) ....................... 103
4.5.1.3
Khng ch bin dng (A5.7.3.6) .................................................................. 105
4.5.1.4
Phn tch ng sut trong BT, CT ca dm BTCT thng chu un ............ 106
5 CU KIN CHU LC DC TRC ............................................................................. 115
5.1 C IM CU TO ............................................................................................. 115
5.1.1 Hnh dng mt ct: ............................................................................................. 115
5.1.2 Vt liu: .............................................................................................................. 115
5.2 C IM CHU LC V GI THIT TNH TON ......................................... 118
5.2.1 Phn loi ct- theo tnh cht chu lc: ................................................................ 118
5.2.2 Cc gi thit tnh ton: ....................................................................................... 122

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5.3 TNH TON CC LOI CT ................................................................................. 123
5.3.1 Kh nng chu lc ca ct ngn: ........................................................................ 123
5.3.2 Tnh ton ct mnh............................................................................................. 135
5.3.3 Tnh ton ct chu nn lch tm theo hai phng .............................................. 138
6 KT CU B TNG CT THP D NG LC ........................................................ 145
6.1 KHI NIM CHUNG ............................................................................................... 145
6.1.1 Gii thiu............................................................................................................ 145
6.1.2 Trng thi ng sut dm b tng d ng lc...................................................... 145
6.2 PHN LOI B TNG CT THP D NG LC ............................................. 146
6.2.1 Theo v tr ca lc cng ...................................................................................... 146
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
Theo thi im cng ........................................................................................... 147

Theo hnh dng cp d ng lc .......................................................................... 148
Theo mc hn ch ng sut ko trong trong b tng .................................... 148
Theo mc dnh bm ca thp d ng lc v b tng .................................... 148
6.3 CC CH DN V CU TO ................................................................................ 148

6.3.1 Thit b cho cu kin BTCT DL ..................................................................... 148
6.3.2 Vt liu dng trong BTCT DL ........................................................................ 151
6.3.3 B tr ct thp ..................................................................................................... 153
6.4 CC CH DN V TNH TON ............................................................................ 153
6.4.1 Tr s ng sut trc trong ct thp v b tng ................................................. 154
6.4.2 Mt mt ng sut trc trong ct thp ............................................................... 154
6.4.2.1
Tng mt mt ng sut trc ...................................................................... 154
6.4.2.2
Cc mt mt ng sut tc thi ..................................................................... 154
6.4.2.3
Cc mt mt ng sut theo thi gian............................................................ 157
6.4.3 Ch dn tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn s dng ............................................ 158
6.4.3.1
Gii hn ng sut i vi b tng ti thi im truyn lc cng - cc cu kin
d ng lc ton phn ........................................................................................................... 159
6.4.3.2
Gii hn ng sut i vi b tng giai on s dng - cc cu kin d ng
lc ton phn 160
6.4.3.3
Cc gii hn ng sut i vi ct thp d ng lc ...................................... 162
6.4.4 Ch dn tnh ton chu un theo trng thi gii hn cng ........................... 163
6.4.4.1
Chiu cao trc trung ho ca dm c ct thp dnh bm ............................. 163
6.4.4.2
V tr trc trung ho i vi dm c ct thp khng dnh bmh .................. 166
6.4.4.3
Sc khng un.............................................................................................. 169
6.4.4.4
Cc gii hn v ct thp............................................................................... 169
6.4.5 Thit k chu lc ct cu kin BTCT D ng lc ............................................. 174
TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................................... 178
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1 KHI NIM CHUNG V KT CU B TNG CT THP

1.1 C IM CHUNG CA KT CU B TNG CT THP
1.1.1 B tng ct thp
B tng ct thp l mt loi vt liu xy dng hn hp do hai vt liu thnh phn c tnh cht
c hc khc nhau l b tng v thp cng cng tc chu lc vi nhau mt cch hp l v kinh t.
B tng l mt loi nhn to thnh phn bao gm ct liu (ct, ) v cht kt dnh ( xi
mng, nc...). B tng c kh nng chu nn tt, kh nng chu ko rt km .
Thp l vt liu chu ko hoc chu nn u tt. Do vy ngi ta thng t ct thp vo trong
b tng tng cng kh nng chu lc cho kt cu t sn sinh ra b tng ct thp.
thy c s cng tc chu lc gia b tng v ct thp ta xem cc th nghim sau:
Un mt dm b tng nh trn hnh 1.1a, trn dm chia thnh hai vng r rt l vng ko v
vng nn. Khi ng sut ko trong b tng fct vt qu cng chu ko ca b tng th vt nt
s xut hin, vt nt di nhanh ln pha trn v dm b gy t ngt, khi ng sut trong b tng
vng nn cn kh nh so vi cng chu nn ca b tng. Dm b tng cha khai thc ht
c kh nng chu nn tt ca b tng, kh nng chu m men ca dm nh.
Vi mt dm nh trn c t mt lng ct thp hp l vo vng b tng chu ko hnh
1.1b, khi ng sut ko fct vt qu cng chu ko ca b tng th vt nt cng s xut hin.
Nhng lc ny dm cha b ph hoi, ti tit din c vt nt lc ko hon ton do ct thp chu,
chnh v vy ta c th tng ti trng cho ti khi ng sut trong ct thp t ti gii hn chy hoc
b tng vng nn b nn v.
(a)
f cc
f ct
(b)
f cc
fs
As
Hnh 1.1 Dm b tng v b tng ct thp

Dm BTCT khai thc ht kh nng chu nn tt ca b tng v kh nng chu ko tt ca thp.
Nh vy kh nng chu m men hay sc khng un ln hn hng chc ln so vi dm b tng c
cng kch thc.

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Ct thp chu chu ko v nn u tt nn n cn c t vo trong cc cu kin chu ko,
chu nn, cu kin chu un xon tng kh nng chu lc gim kch thc tit din v chu lc
ko xut hin do ngu nhin.
B tng v thp c th cng cng tc chu lc l do:
Trn b mt tip xc gia b tng v thp c Lc dnh bm kh ln nn lc c th

truyn t b tng sang thp v ngc li. Lc dnh bm c tm rt quan trng i vi
BTCT. Nh c lc dnh bm m cng ca ct thp mi c khai thc, b rng
vt nt trong vng ko mi c hn ch. Do vy ngi ta pho tm mi cch tng
cng lc dnh bm gia b tng v ct thp.
Gia b tng v ct thp khng xy ra phn ng ho hc, b tng cn bo v cho ct

thp chng li tc dng n mn ca mi trng.
H s gin n di v nhit ca b tng v ct thp l xp x bng nhau ( b tng

c=10,8.10-6/oC , thp s=12.10-6/oC ). Do khi nghit thay i trong phm vi
thng thng (di 100oC) ni ng sut xut hin khng ng k, khng lm ph hoi
lc dnh bm gia b tng v ct thp.
u nhc im ca b tng ct thp:
u im:
C kh nng s dng cc vt liu a phng .
C kh nng chu lc ln hn so vi kt cu gch v g .BTCT chu cc ti trng

ng tt ,k c ti trng ng t. BTCT chu la tt.
Gi thnh h hn, chi ph duy tu bo dng t.
C th c thnh hnh dng kt cu khc nhau dp ng cc yu cu cu to, kin

trc v yu cu s dng.
Khuyt im:
C trng lng bn thn ln.
Kim tra cht lng kh khn, tn thi gian thi cng. Sa cha thay th kh khn.
Thng hay xut hin khe nt nh hng n cht lng s dng v tui th ca kt
cu.
1.1.2 B tng ct thp d ng lc (DL)

Khi s dng BTCT ngi ta thy xut hin cc nhc im:
Nt sm gii hn chng nt thp
Khng cho php s dng hp l ct thp cng cao. Khi ng sut trong ct thp
chu ko fs=20-30 MPa cc khe nt u tin trong b tng s xut hin. Khi dng thp
cng cao ng sut trong ct thp chu ko c th t 1000-1200 MPa hoc ln hn
iu lm xut hin cc khe nt rt ln vt qu tr s gii hn cho php.
khc phc hai nhc im trn ngi ta a ra kt cu BTCT d ng lc (BTCTDL).
Hai nhc im trn u xut pht t kh nng chu ko km ca b tng. Trc khi chu lc nh
hnh 1.1b ngi ta to ra trong cu kin mt trng thi ng sut ban u ngc vi trng thi ng

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sut khi chu ti, ta s c biu ng sut nh hnh 1.2 v s c kt cu nt nh ( fct nh )
hoc khng nt ( fct=0).
Khi nim kt cu d ng lc: kt cu d ng lc l loi kt cu m khi ch to chng ngi
ta to ra mt trng thi ng sut ban u ngc vi trng thi ng sut do ti trng khi s dng,
nhm mc ch hn ch cc yu t c hi n tnh hnh chu lc ca kt cu do tnh cht chu lc
km ca vt liu.
Hnh 1.2 ng sut trong cu kin BTCT d ng lc

Vi b tng ct thp, ch yu ngi ta to ra ng sut nn trc cho nhng vng ca tit din
m sau ny di tc dng ca ti trng khi s dng s pht sinh ng sut ko. ng sut nn trc
ny c tc dng lm gim hoc trit tiu ng sut ko do ti trng s dng sinh ra. Nh vy m
cu kin nt c th nh hoc khng nt.
Ta c th to ra cc trng thi ng sut ban u khc nhau bng hai cch: Thay i v tr lc
nn trc, thay i tr s lc nn trc. Nh vy c th to ra cc kt cu ti u v mt chu lc
cng nh gi thnh.
u im ca kt cu BTCTDL so vi BTCT hay tc dng chnh ca d ng lc:
Nng cao gii hn chng nt do c tnh chng thm cao.
Cho php s dng hp l ct thp cng cao, b tng cng cao
cng tng ln nn vng gim ,vt c nhp ln hn so vi BTCT thng.
Chu ti i du tt hn nn sc khng mi tt.
Nh c ng sut trc m phm vi s dng ca kt cu b tng ct thp lp ghp, phn

on m rng ra nhiu. Ngi ta c th s dng bin php ng lc ni cc cu kin
c sn li vi nhau thnh mt kt cu.
Nhc im ca kt cu BTCTDL so vi BTCT thng:
ng lc trc khng nhng gy ra ng sut nn m cn c th gy ra ng sut ko

pha i din lm cho b tng c th b nt.
Ch to phc tp hn yu cu kim sot cht ch v k thut c th t cht lng

nh thit k ra.
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1.2 C IM CHUNG V CU TO V CH TO KT CU B
TNG CT THP
1.2.1 c im cu to :
Trong b tng ct thp vn gii quyt cu to sao cho hp l l rt quan trng. Hp l v
mt chon vt liu (Mc b tng hay cp b tng, nhm thp hay loi thp ), hp l v chon dng
tit din v kch thc tit din, hp l v vic b tr ct thp. Gii quyt cc lin kt gia cc b
phn, chn gii php bo v kt cu chng xm thc ,tnh c th thi cng c ( tnh kh thi).
Dng tit din v s b tr ct thp ph thuc vo trng thi ng sut trn tit din. Trong
cu kin chu un trng thi ng sut trn tit din c vng ko c vng nn th tit din thng
c m rng vng nn( nh ch T). Vi cu kin ch chu lc dc trc trn tit din ng sut
gn nh phn b u dng tit din thng c chon l i xng nh vung, trn, ch nht.
a/-B tng ct thp thng:
Ct thp c t vo trong cu kin b tng ct thp : chu ng sut ko, chu ng sut
nn, nh v cc ct thp khc. S lng do tnh ton nh ra nhng cng phi tho mn cc
yu cu cu to.
Ct thp chu ng sut ko do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra: M men un, lc ct, lc dc trc,
m men xon, ti cc b.
Ct thp chu ko mmen un gy ra l cc ct thp dc ch t vng chu ko ca cu
kin, t theo s xut hin ca biu m men hnh 1.3, t cng xa trc trung ho cng tt.
Ct thp chu ko do lc ct gy ra d l cc ct thp ai (ct ngang ) c t theo s xut
hin ca biu lc ct hnh 1.4
Ct thp chu ng sut nn: l cc ct dc chu nn trong dm, ct, cc ct thp ny cng
tham gia chu nn vi b tng.
Ct thp nh v cc ct thp khc trong thi cng.
Ct thp kim sot nt b mt phn b gn b mt cu kin lm nhim v chu ng sut d co
ngt , thay i nhit , cc ct dc v ct thp ngang l mt phn ca ct thp kim sot nt b
mt.
Hnh 1.3 Biu m men v cch t ct thp
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A-A
A
Hnh 1.4 Biu lc ct v b tr ct ai

Trong cu kin chu un khi ch c ct dc chu ko th c gi l tit din t ct thp n,
cn khi c c ct thp dc chu ko v ct dc chu nn th c gi l tit din t ct kp.
S b tr ct thp trong cu kin chu nn lch tm ln, chu ko lch tm ln gn ging
nh trong cu kin chu un.
Trong cu kin ch chu lc dc trc trn tit din cc ct thp dc thng c bt tr i
xng.
Kch thc tit din do tnh ton nh ra nhng phi tho mn cc yu cu cu to, kin trc,
kh nng b tr ct thp v k thut thi cng.
Ngoi ra cn phi ch n quy nh v b dy lp b tng bo v ct thp, khong cch
trng gia cc ct thp. Cc quy nh ny c quy nh trong cc tiu chun ngnh.
b-B tng ct thp d ng lc .
Trong cu kin BTCTDL gm hai loi ct thp: Ct thp thng ( hay ct thp khng ko
cng) v ct thp D ng lc ( ct thp ko cng ). Ct thp thng lm nhim v v c b tr
ging nh cu kin b tng ct thp thng.
Ct thp DL c nhim v to ra ng sut nn trc trong b tng. Ct thp d ng lc c
th t theo ng thng hoc ng cong hoc thng v cong, hnh 1.5.
Hnh 1.5 S b tr ct thp DL

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Ti ch un cong thng c ni lc tip tuyn ln nn cn gia cng cho b tng ti bng
cc li ct thp gia cng.
Ti u neo lin kt s xut hin lc tp trung ln cng cn phi gia cng cho b tng ti cc
v tr ny bng cc ct thp gia cng hoc bn phn b.
1.2.2 c im ch to:
a-Phn loi theo phng php thi cng : 3 loi
ti ch ( kt cu ton khi )
Lp ghp
Bn lp ghp
b-Phn loi theo trng thi ng sut khi ch to v s dng :
B tng ct thp thng
B tng ct thp d ng lc ( b tng ng sut trc )
c-Phn loi BTCTDL theo phng php to d ng lc :

Cu kin thi cng ko trc ( phng php cng ct thp trn b) : Hnh 1.5
Ct thp d ng lc c neo mt u c nh vo b cn u kia c ko ra vi lc ko N.
Di tc dng ca lc ko N ct thp c ko trong gii hn n hi s gin di ra mt on l
tng ng vi ng sut ko thit k xut hin trong ct thp. Sau ngi ta c nh u ny ca
ct thp vo b. Tip theo ta t ct thp thng v b tng cu kin. Khi b tng cu kin
cng cn thit, ngi ta tin hnh bung ct thp. Lc ny ct thp d ng lc c xu hng
co li khi phc chiu di ban u v sinh ra nn b tng .
Hnh 1.5 S phng php thi cng ko trc

tng thm dnh bm gia b tng v ct thp DL ngi ta thng dng ct thp DL l
ct thp c g, hoc ct thp trn c xon li, hoc to mu neo c bit hai u .
Phm vi p dng: Dng cho cc cu kin thng c nhp ngn v va, c bit hiu qu vi cc
cu kin sn xut hng lot xng.
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Cu kin thi cng ko sau: Hnh 1.6

Trc tin ngi ta lp dng vn khun, ct thp thng v t cc ng to rnh (trong c
th t trc ct thp DL hoc lun sau) bng tn , km hoc vt liu khc .Sau b tng
cu kin, khi b tng cu kin cng ta tin hnh lun ct thp v ko cng n ng sut
thit k. Sau khi cng xong ct thp DL c neo cht vo u cu kin.Thng qua cc neo cu
kin s b nn bng lc ko cng trong ct thp. Tip ngi ta bm va xi mng vo trong ng
rnh bo v ct thp khi b n mn v to ra lc dnh bm gia b tng vi ct thp. Nhng
cng c trng hp ct thp c bo v trong ng rnh bng m chng g, trng hp ny c
gi l cu kin DL khng dnh bm.
Phng php ny lun phi c neo, khi ko t mt u th u kia l neo cht ( neo sn mt
u nh : neo mc cu, neo kiu mi bi, kiu thng lng ).
Phm vi p dng ca phng php ny: dng ko cng cc b si hoc dy cp t theo
ng thng hoc cong, dng cho cc cu kin chu lc ln nh kt cu cu. Phng php ny
thng oc thc hin ti cng trng.
Hnh 1.6 S phng php thi cng ko sau
10
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11
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12
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13
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2 VT LIU DNG TRONG B TNG CT THP

2.1 B TNG
2.1.1. Phn loi b tng
1. Theo thnh phn ca b tng ti (hn hp b tng)
B tng l mt loi nhn to c to thnh t cc vt liu thnh phn, bao gm: dm,
si (ct liu ln); ct (ct liu nh); xi mng (cht kt dnh), nc v ph gia (nu c). Cc vt
liu ny sau khi nho trn u vi nhau s ng cng v c hnh dng theo khun c. T l ca
cc vt liu thnh phn trong hn hp s c nh hng n thuc tnh ca b tng sau khi ng
cng (b tng). Trong phn ln cc trng hp, ngi k s cu s chn cp b tng c th t
mt lot hn hp thit k th, trn c s cng chu nn mong mun tui 28 ngy
f .
'
c
c trng tiu biu i vi cc cp b tng khc nhau c cho trong bng 2.1 nh sau:
Bng 2.1 - Cc c trng trn ca b tng theo cp
Lng
T
l
cha
Kch
thc
Cng
xi
mng nc/xi mng kh
ct liu theo chu nn 28
Cp
b ti thiu
ln nht
AASHTO M43
ngy tui
tng
%
Kch thc l
kg/m3
kg/kg
vung sng (mm)
MPa
A
362
0.49
25 n 4.75
28
A (AE)
362
0.45
25 n 4.75
28
6.0 1.5
B
307
0.58
50 n 4.75
17
5.0 1.5
B (AE)
307
0.55
50 n 4.75
17
C
390
0.49
12.5 n 4.75
28
7.0 1.5
C (AE)
390
0.45
12.5 n 4.75
28
P
334
0.49
Nh quy
25 n 4.75
Nh
quy
nh ch hoc 19 n 4.75 nh ch khc
khc
S
390
0.58
25 n 4.75
T
trng
334
Nh quy nh trong h s hp ng
thp
Cp b tng A ni chung c s dng i vi tt c cc cu kin ca kt cu v c

bit i vi b tng lm vic trong mi trng nc mn.
Cp b tng B c s dng trong mng, b mng, thn tr v tng chu lc.
Cp b tng C c s dng trong cc chi tit c b dy di 100 mm nh tay vn cu

thang v cc bn sn t li thp.
Cp b tng P c s dng khi cng c yu cu ln hn 28 MPa. i vi b

tng d ng lc, phi ch rng, kch thc ct liu khng c ln hn 20 mm.
B tng loi S c dng cho b tng di nc bt y chng thm nc trong cc

khung vy.
T l nc/xi mng (W/C) theo trng lng l thng s quan trng nht nh hng n cng
b tng. T l W/C cng gn mc ti thiu th cng cng ln. Hin nhin l, i vi mt
14

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lng nc cho trong hn hp, vic tng hm lng xi mng s lm tng cng b tng.
i vi mi cp b tng u c quy nh r lng xi mng ti thiu tnh bng kG/m3. Khi tng
lng xi mng trn mc ti thiu ny, c th tng lng nc v vn gi nguyn t l W/C. S
tng lng nc c th khng tt v lng nc tha, khng cn thit cho phn ng ho hc vi
xi mng v v lm t b mt ct liu, khi bc hi s gy ra hin tng co ngt, lm b tng km
c chc. Do vy, Tiu chun quy nh lng xi mng ti a l 475 kG/m3 hn ch lng
nc ca hn hp.
B tng AE (b tng bt) pht huy c bn lu di khi lm vic trong cc mi trng
lnh. B tng bt c ch to bng cch thm vo hn hp mt ph gia do to ra s phn b
u cc l rng rt nh. S phn b u cc l rng nh ny trong b tng trnh hnh thnh cc l
rng ln v ct t ng mao dn t mt ngoi vo ct thp.
t c cht lng ca b tng l bn lu di v chu lc tt, cn phi hn ch hm
lng nc. Nhng nc lm tng lu ng ca hn hp b tng, c bit lm cho b tng
c trong khun. ci thin tnh cng tc ca hn hp b tng m khng phi tng lng nc,
ngi ta a vo cc ph gia ho hc. Cc ph gia ny c gi l ph gia gim nc mnh (ph
gia siu do), rt c hiu qu trong vic ci thin thuc tnh ca c b tng t v b tng
ng rn. Cc ph gia ny phi c s dng rt thn trng v nht thit phi c ch dn ca nh
sn xut v chng c th c nhng nh hng khng mong mun nh lm rt ngn thi gian
ng kt. V vy trc khi s dng cn lm cc th nghim xc minh cht lng ca c b
tng t ln b tng cng.
Trong vi nm gn y, ngi ta ch to c b tng c cng rt cao, cng chu
nn c th ti 200MPa. Mu cht ca vic t cng ny cng nh chc chn l m bo
cp phi tt nht, sao cho tt c cc l rng u c lp y bng cc ht mn cho n khi
khng cn l rng na. Trc y ngi ta ch ch ti cp phi tt nht ca ct liu ln v ct
liu nh l v ct. Vic lp y cc khe h gia cc ht nh c th l cc ht xi mng Poc
lng, m sau ny phn ng vi nc s to lc dnh v gn kt thnh khi. Trong b tng CC
v rt cao, ngi ta cn tin thm mt bc na l chn thm vo khe h gia cc ht xi mng
Poc lng. Cc loi vt liu mn chn ny c th l t Puzolan ht nh, tro bay, mui silc,...
Chng c th thay th mt phn cho XM v vn gi nguyn lng XM ti thiu v t l W/C.
2. Theo t trng ca b tng:
Theo t trng, b tng c phn thnh
B tng t trng thng: L BT c t trng trong khong 2150 2500kG/m3.
B tng t trng thp: L BT c cha cp phi nh v c t trng khi kh khng vt

qu 1925kG/m3.
2.1.2. Cc thuc tnh ngn hn ca b tng cng

Cc thuc tnh ca b tng c xc nh t mt chng trnh th nghim phn nh s lm
vic chu lc ngn hn v cc th nghim ny thng c thc hin trong vng vi pht, trong
khi thi gian ti trng tc dng ln b tng trong kt cu l nhiu thng, thm ch nhiu nm. Cc
thuc tnh ngn hn ny rt hu dng trong nh gi cht lng ca b tng v s lm vic chu
lc ngn hn nh di hot ti xe c. Tuy nhin, nhng thuc tnh ny phi c iu chnh khi
15

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chng c s dng nh gi s lm vic di ti trng tc dng lu di nh trng lng bn
thn ca dm, ca bn v lan can.
1/Cng chu nn
Cng chu nn ca b tng
f tui 28 ngy thng c xc nh bng th nghim

'
c
ph hoi mu th hnh tr ng knh 150 mm, chiu cao 300 mm di tc dng ca lc dc

trc.
Pmax
P
max
A
d 2 / 4
Hnh 2.1 biu din ng cong ng sut-bin dng in hnh ca mu th hnh tr khi chu
f 'c
nn dc trc khng c kim ch (khng c cn tr bin dng ngang). Bin dng ti nh ng sut
nn
f xp x bng 0,002 v bin dng c th ln nht vo khong 0,003. Mt quan h n

'
c
gin i vi b tng c cng nh hn 40 MPa c a ra di mt hm bc hai nh sau:
2
f c f 2 c' c'
c c
'
c
(2.1)
f l cng chu nn tng ng vi bin dng , f l nh ng sut

t th nghim khi tr v l bin dng ng vi ng sut f . Quy c du y l ng
Trong
'
c
'
c
'
c
'
c
'
c
sut nn v bin dng nn mang gi tr m.
Hnh 2.1
ng cong ng sut-bin dng parabol in hnh i vi b tng chu nn khng
c kim ch
M un n hi (Ec):
M un n hi c cho i vi b tng trong AASHTO c nh gi bng dc ca
'
ng thng i t gc to qua im ca ng cong c ng sut bng 0,4 f c . M un ct

tuyn Ec (tnh bng MPa) ny c biu din trn hnh 2.1 v c tnh bi hm s m sau:
Ec 0,043. c
1, 5
f c'
(2.2)
16
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trong c l khi lng ring ca b tng tnh bng kg/m3 v f c l gi tr tuyt i ca

'
cng chu nn danh nh ca b tng tnh bng MPa. i vi c = 2300 kg/m3 v
f c' 28MPa
1,5
Ec 0, 043. 2300 . f c' 4800. f c' 4800. 28 25 GPa
Trong AASHTO, cng chu nn tui 28 ngy ti thiu l 16 MPa c khuyn co i

vi tt c cc b phn ca kt cu v cng chu nn ti a c quy nh l 70 MPa, tr khi
c nhng th nghim b sung. Cc bn trong cu phi c cng chu nn tui 28 ngy ti
thiu l 28 MPa t c bn thch hp.
Gi tr trung bnh v gi tr c trng ca cng :
Tin hnh th nghim n mu th ca cng mt loi b tng, ta thu c cc gi tr cng
'
ca cc mu th l: f c'1 , f c' 2 , . . ., f cn
. Cc gi tr cng ca cc mu th thu c l mt i
lng ngu nhin phn b chun. Gi tr trung bnh cng ca cc mu th k hiu l
'
f cm
hay cn gi l cng trung bnh ( gi tr trung bnh ca phn b) c tnh nh sau:
'
f cm
'
f ci
i 1
(2.3)
lch tiu chun ca cng k hiu l ( khi n30):tnh theo cng thc (2.4)
'
ci
f cm'
n 1
(MPa)
'
i vi cng mt gi tr trung bnh f cm
gi tr
tng cng tt (hnh 2.1a).
(2.4)
cng nh th kim sot cht lng ca b
H s bin ng ca cng k hiu l v : tnh theo cng thc (2.5)
'
f cm
100 %
(2.5)
Gi tr c trng ca cng ( hay cn gi l cng dc trng) k hiu f c' : tnh theo

cng thc (2.6)
'
f c' f cm
k
(2.6)
Trong k l xc xut m bo, khi xc sut m bo 95% th k=1,64, cc gi tr khc ca k

tham kho bng ca ACI 214R-02 nh sau:
17
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Hnh 2.1a Cc ng cong tun sut chun i vi 3 phn phi khc nhau c gi tr trung
bnh ging nhau nhng bin thin khc nhau.
Cng chu nn trung bnh yu cu nh nht k hiu l f cr' c tnh theo cng thc
(2.7) nh sau:
f cr' f c' k
(2.7)
Theo ACI-318R-08, cng nn trung bnh yu cu c s dng lm c s la chn ca

cc t l pha trn b tng c xc nh t bng 2.2 v 2.3.
18
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Bng 2.2: Cng trung bnh yu cu khi c cc d liu th nghim xc nh

Cng chu nn c trng
Cng chu nn trung bnh yu cu
(MPa)
(MPa)
f c' 35 MPa
f cr' max f c' 1,34 ; f c' 2,33 3,5
f c' 35 MPa
f cr' max f c' 1,34 ; 0,9 f c' 2,33
Bng 2.3: Gi tr cng trung bnh yu cu nh nht khi khng cc d liu thng k
Cng chu nn c trng
Cng chu nn trung bnh yu cu
(MPa)
(MPa)
f c' 21MPa
f cr' f c' 6,9 MPa
21MPa f c' 35 MPa
f cr' f c' 8,3 MPa
f c' 35 MPa
f cr' 1,1 f c' 4,8 MPa
Theo ACI-318R-08 h s iu chnh lch tiu chun khi s mu th nh hn 30 nh

sau:
S mu th
H s iu chnh
<15
Theo bn 2.3
15
1.16
20
1.08
25
1.03
30
1.00
2/ Cng chu ko
Cng chu ko ca b tng c th c o trc tip hoc gin tip. Th nghim ko trc
tip [hnh 2.2(a)] c s dng xc nh cng nt ca b tng, i hi phi c thit b c
bit (chuyn dng). Thng thng, ngi ta tin hnh cc th nghim gin tip nh th nghim
ph hoi dm v th nghim ch khi tr. Cc th nghim ny c m t trn hnh 2.2.
Th nghim ph hoi dm [hnh 2.2(b)] o cng chu ko khi un ca b tng vi mt
dm b tng gin n chu lc nh trn hnh v. ng sut ko un ny c k hiu l f r . i
vi b tng c t trng thng thng, AASHTO a ra biu thc sau i vi f r (MPa):
f r 0,6. f c'
(2.8)
'
trong , f c l gi tr tuyt i ca cng chu nn khi tr ca b tng (Mpa).

19

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Trong th nghim ch khi tr [hnh 2.2(c)], khi tr tiu chun c t nm v chu ti trng
ng phn b u. ng sut ko gn nh u xut hin vung gc vi ng sut nn sinh ra bi
ti trng ng. Khi cc ng sut ko ny t ti gii hn cng , khi tr b ch lm i dc
theo mt chu ti. Theo mt l thuyt v s lm vic n hi (Timoshenko v Goodier, 1951),
cng thc tnh ng sut ko ch f sp c a ra nh sau:
f sp
2.Pcr / L
D
(2.9)
trong Pcr l ton b ti trng gy ch khi tr, L l chiu di ca khi tr v D l ng

knh ca khi tr.
C hai gi tr ng sut ko un f r v ng sut ko ch f sp u c xc nh ln hn so

vi ng sut ko dc trc f cr c xc nh trong th nghim ko trc tip [hnh 2.2(a)]. Cc
tc gi Collins v Mitchell (1991) v Hsu (1993) a ra cng thc xc nh cng chu ko
trc tip f cr nh sau:
f cr 0,33. f c'
(2.10)
Hnh 2.2
Th nghim ko b tng trc tip v gin tip

a)Th nghim ko trc tip
b)Th nghim ph hoi dm
c)Th nghim ch khi tr
ng cong ng sut bin dng ko trc tip ( hnh 2.3)gi thuyt tuyn tnh cho n ng sut
fcr c cng dc Ec nh trong phng trnh (2.2).Sau khi nt , nu c ct thp , ng sut ko
gim nhng khng v khng, ni lin kt ga cc ht cn tn ti v c th truyn lc ko qua vt
20

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nt. Hin tng ny rt quan trng khi d tnh ng sut ko trong ct thp v sc khng ct ca
dm BTCT.
Collins v Mitchell (1991) cho biu thc sau y v ng cong ng sut bin dng ko
trc tip trn hnh 2.3
( 1 cr = fcr/Ec)
Nhnh i ln:
f1 Ec 1
Trong f1 l ng sut ko trung bnh v 1 l bin dng ko trung bnh ca b tng .

(1>cr)
Nhnh xung :
f1
1 2 f cr
1 500 1
Trong : 1 L h s xt n c trung dnh kt ca ct thp :

1=1,0 cho ct thp c g
1=0,70 cho ct thp trn trn , si v tao thp c dnh bm
1=0 cho ct thp khng dnh bm
2 -H s xt n ti trng thng xuyn hay lp
2 =1,0 i vi ti ngn hn
2 =0,70 vi ti thng xuyn hoc ti trng lp.
f cr=0,33
ng sut trung bnh , f 1
f cr
f'c
1
2
f1 =
f cr
1,0 +
Ec
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
Bin dng trung bnh , 1

Hnh 2.3 : ng sut trung bnh theo bin dng trung bnh ca b tng chu ko
Nu khng c ct thp s khng c nhnh xung , v ng sut ko ca b tng sau nt bng
khng . Tuy nhin nu b tng c dnh bm vi ct thp , ng sut ko ca b tng cn tn ti
.Mt ln na cho thy r tnh cht ca BTCT khc b tng .
M un n hi ca b tng khi chu ko c th c ly nh khi chu nn.
3. H s gin n nhit
H s gin n nhit nn xc nh bng th nghim trong phng theo loi b tng c cp phi
c em dng.
Trong trng hp thiu cc s liu chnh xc, h s gin n nhit c th ly nh sau :
21
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o
B tng c t trng thng thng: 10,8 x 10-6/ C , v
B tng c t trng thp :
9,0 x 10-6/ oC
4. H s Poisson
Tr trng hp c xc nh bng th nghim vt l, h s Poisson c th ly bng 0.2. i vi
cu kin cho php xut hin nt, c th khng xt n hiu ng Poisson .
2.1.3. Cc thuc tnh di hn ca b tng cng

1/Cng chu nn ca b tng theo thi gian
Ni chung, cng chu nn ca b tng tng theo tui ca n. C cc phng php khng
ph hu xc nh cng chu nn, thng bng con ng gin tip thng qua vic xc
nh trc ht m un n hi ri tnh ngc tr li tm cng chu nn. Theo mt phng
php khc, ngi ta o ny ln ca mt vin bi bng thp, vin bi ny c nh kch thc
da vo ny trn b tng bit cng chu nn.y chnh l nguyn l ch to sng bn
b tng xc nh cng .

'
Tnh cht ca BT c c trng bi cng chu nn c trng tui 28 ngy f c . Tuy

nhin trong mt s trng hp, nh i vi BTCT DUL th ta cn phi bit cng chu nn
f v E
'
ci
ci
ca b tng thi im cng ct thp DUL, cng nh cc thi im khc trong
lch s chu ti ca kt cu.

Thng thng, cng chu nn ca BT c xu hng tng theo thi gian v ph thuc vo
nhiu tham s nh loi XM, iu kin bo dng,... C cc phng php khng ph hu xc
nh cng chu nn, thng bng con ng gin tip thng qua vic xc nh trc ht m
un n hi ri tnh ngc tr li tm cng chu nn. Theo mt phng php khc, ngi
ta o ny ln ca mt vin bi bng thp, vin bi ny c nh kch thc da vo ny
trn b tng bit cng chu nn. Hip hi quc t BTCT DUL (FIP) kin ngh xc nh
cng chu nn ca BT theo thi gian theo biu c dng nh sau:
fc /f'c
BTXM PL thng
BTXM PL ng cng nhanh
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
3
14
28
56
90
180
360
t (ngy)
+ Theo Branson (1977) th biu thc xc nh cng chu nn ca BT theo thi gian c
dng nh sau:
f ci
t
. f c,
.t
Trong :
t = thi gian tnh theo ngy;
22
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, = l h s ph thuc vo loi XM v iu kin bo dng. i vi XM loi I, iu kin

bo dng m th = 4,0; = 0,85. Khi :
f ci
t
. f c,
4,0 0,85.t
Tiu chun ASTM (C150) quy nh c 5 lai XM c bn c sn xut nh sau:

XM loi I: L loi chun, c s dng trong cc cng trnh bnh thng, ni khng cn phi
c cc thuc tnh c bit.
Loi II: L loi c bin i, nhit thy ha thp hn lai I, loi ny thng c s
dng ni chu nh hng va phi ca s n mn do sunfat hoc ni mong mun c nhit
thy ha va phi.
Loi III: L loi c CC sm, c s dng khi mong mun BT t CC sm, nhit thy
ha cao hn nhiu so vi lai I.
loi IV: L loi ta nhit thp, c s dng trong cc p BT khi ln v cc kt cu khc
m nhit thy ha gim chm.
Loi V: l loi chu c sunfat, thng c s dng trong cc mng, tng hm, cng
rnh,..., ni tip xc vi t cha sunfat.
2/Co ngt ca b tng
Co ngt ca b tng l s gim th tch di nhit khng i do mt m sau khi b tng
ng cng.
Co ngt c c im l y l loi bin dng th tch, bin dng theo mi phng.
Cc yu t nh hng n co ngt:
-
Lng xi mng v hot tnh ca xi mng nh hng ti co ngt, dng nhiu xi

mng co ngt s ln
Co ngt ph thuc vo t l nc trn xi mng (W/C), vi W/C ln th co ngt ln.
Co ngt ph thuc vo m ca mi trng (H), H cao th co ngt sh s nh
- Co ngt ph thuc vo t s th tch trn din tch b mt ca cu kin (V/A)

nh hng ca co ngt n s lm vic ca kt cu:
-
Co ngt gy ra cc bin dng trong kt cu, c th sinh ra cc vt nt do co ngt khng

u.
Trong cu kin BTCTDUL co ngt sinh ra hin tng mt mt ng sut trc trong
ct thp ko cng, do lm gim ng sut nn trc trong b tng.
Bin php lm gim co ngt v khc phc tc hi:
-
Chn thnh phn cp phi b tng thch hp, hn ch lng nc trn, m cht b
tng v gi cho b tng thng xuyn m t trong giai on u.
khc phc tc hi ca co ngt ta c th dng cc bin php cu to nh lm khe co

trong kt cu, t ct thp nhng ni cn thit.
23

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Trong AASHTO, mt biu thc thc nghim c xy dng bi Collins v Mitchell (1991)
c s dng nh gi bin dng co ngt sh da trn thi gian kh, m tng i v t s
gia th tch v din tch b mt. (shrinkage)
t
3
.0,51.10
35 t
sh k s .k h .
(2.11)
Trong t l thi gian kh tnh bng ngy, k s l mt h s kch thc c tra t hnh 2.4
hoc tnh theo cng thc 2.12 v k h l h s m c ly theo bng 2.2.
ks
26e 0.0142(V / S )
45 t
t 1064 - 3.70(V/S)

923
(2.12)
Thi gian kh (ngy)
Hnh 2.4
H s k s i vi t s th tch/din tch b mt
Bng 2.4
H s k h i vi m tng i H
m tng i
trung bnh ca mi
trng H (%)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
kh
1,43
1,29
1,14
1,00
0,86
0,43
0,00
24
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V d 2.1
Hy xc nh bin dng co ngt trong mt bn b tng cu dy 200 mm vi mt trn v mt
di c lm kh trong khng kh c m tng i 70%. T s gia th tch v din tch b
mt i vi 1 mm2 din tch bn l
th tch
200(1)(1)
100 mm
din tch b mt
2(1)(1)
T hnh 2.4 i vi thi gian t = 5 nm ( 2000 ngy), ks = 0,73, v t bng 2.2 i vi H =

70% ta c kh = 1,0. T , biu thc 2.11 c vit nh sau:
2000
3
.0,51.10 0, 00037
35 2000
trong , du m biu th s co ngn li.
S ph thuc ca bin dng co ngt vo thi gian kh i vi cc iu kin ny c biu
din trn hnh 2.5. V cng thc thc nghim ny khng bao gm tt c cc yu t nh hng n
sh 0, 73 . 1, 0 .
co ngt, AASHTO ch thch rng, cc kt qu c th tng gim khong 50% v co ngt thc
t c th ln hn -0,0008. Ngay c khi cc gi tr ny khng chnh xc th khuynh hng tc
co ngt gim khi thi gian kh tng ln vn ng. Khi khng c cc thng s c trng v b
tng v cc iu kin ni khai thc, AASHTO khuyn co s dng cc gi tr bin dng co ngt
l 0,0002 sau 28 ngy v 0,0005 sau 1 nm ng cng.
Hnh 2.5
Bin dng co ngt theo thi gian. V d 2.1.
3/T bin ca b tng

Di tc dng ca ti trng di hn bin dng ca b tng tng theo thi gian. T bin l hin
tng bin dng tng theo thi gian trong khi ng sut khng i.
T bin trong b tng c gn vi s thay i bin dng theo thi gian ti nhng vng ca
dm v ct chu ng sut nn thng xuyn.
Cc yu t nh hng n t bin:
-
T bin ph thuc vo tr s ca ng sut v thi gian tc dng ca ng sut.
25
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-
T bin ph thuc vo t l nc trn xi mng (W/C), vi W/C ln th bin dng do t

bin ln.
T bin ph thuc vo m ca mi trng (H), H cao th
cao th
T bin ph thuc vo cng ca b tng, f
'
c
s nh
cR
cR
s nh
- T bin ph thuc vo t s th tch trn din tch b mt ca cu kin (V/A)

nh hng ca t bin n s lm vic ca kt cu:
-
T bin l cho vng dn tng v vt nt ngy mt m rng.
Vi cc cu kin chu nn lch tm c mnh ln, t bin lm tng un dc.
Trong cu kin BTCTDUL t bin sinh ra hin tng mt mt ng sut trc trong ct
thp ko cng, do lm gim ng sut nn trc trong b tng.
Trong cc kt cu siu tnh, t bin lm phn phi li ni lc.
Bin dng t bin

thng xuyn
cR c tnh bng tch s ca bin dng nn n hi tc thi do ti trng
ci v h s t bin :
CR t ,ti t ,ti . ci
(2.13)
trong t l tui ca b tng tnh bng ngy k t thi im b tng v ti l tui ca b

tng tnh bng ngy k t khi ti trng thng xuyn tc dng. AASHTO s dng mt cng thc
thc nghim xc nh h s t bin, c xy dng bi Collins v Mitchell (1991), nh sau:
0,6
H 0 ,118 t t i
t ,ti 3,5.k c .k f 1,58

t
0,6
120
10 t ti
(2.14)
Trong H l m tng i (%), kc l mt h s iu chnh i vi nh hng ca t s

gia th tch v din tch b mt, c ly theo hnh 2.6 hoc tnh theo biu thc 2.15 v
kf
62
42 f c'
(2.15)
y, fc l gi tr tuyt i ca cng chu nn c trng tui 28 ngy ca b tng

(MPa).
0.0142(V/S
)
26e
45 t
-0.0213(V/S )
t 1.80 + 1.77e

2.587
(2.16)
26
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Hnh 2.6- H s kc i vi t s th tch/din tch b mt

V d 2.2
Hy xc nh bin dng t bin trong bn b tng cu v d 2.1 sau mt nm nu ng sut
nn do ti trng di hn l 10 MPa, cng chu nn c trng tui 28 ngy l 31 MPa v ti =
15 ngy. M un n hi theo cng thc 2.2 l
1,5
Ec 0, 043 2300
31 26, 4 GPa
v bin dng nn tc thi c tnh nh sau
ci
fcu
10
0, 00038
Ec 26400
i vi mt t s th tch/ din tch b mt bng 100 mm v (t - ti) = (365 - 15) = 350 ngy,
hnh 2.6 cho mt h s iu chnh kc = 0,68. H s cng ca b tng kf c tnh theo biu
thc 2.15 nh sau:
62 42
0,85
31
H s t bin trong mt mi trng c m H = 70% c tnh theo biu thc 2.14:
kf
70 0,118 350 0,6
365;15 3, 5 0, 68 0,85 1,58

15
1,13
120
10 350 0,6
T , bin dng t bin sau mt nm c xc nh theo biu thc 2.13 nh sau:
CR 365;15 1,13 0, 00038 0, 00043

Bin dng ny cng c ln tng ng so vi bin dng co ngt. y, vic xc nh ny
cng c th sai lch ti 50%. i vi cng cc iu kin nh v d ny, s thay i ca tng
bin dng nn theo thi gian sau khi t ti trng di hn c biu din trn hnh 2.7. Bin dng
nn ton phn c(t,ti) l tng ca bin dng n hi tc thi v bin dng t bin, ng thi mc
tng bin dng gim dn theo thi gian. Bin dng tng cng c th c tnh nh sau:
c t ,ti ci CR t ,ti 1 t ,ti ci
(2.17)
i vi v d ny, bin dng nn tng cng sau mt nm l
c 365;15 1 1,13 0, 00038 0, 00081

bng hai ln so vi bin dng n hi.
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Hnh 2.7 - Bin dng t bin theo thi gian. V d 2.2.

Cng c th lm gim bin dng t bin bng cc bin php nh lm gim co ngt, tc l
gim thnh phn nc trong hn hp b tng v gi cho nhit tng i thp. Bin dng t
bin cng c th c gim bt nh vic b tr ct thp vng chu nn v phn ni lc nn m
ct thp chu khng lin quan n t bin. Trng hp ti trng di hn tc dng tui b tng
ln, bin dng t bin s gim i do b tng tr nn kh hn v bin dng t hn. iu ny c
phn nh trong biu thc 2.9, y gi tr ln hn ti i vi tui b tng cho t lm gim h s
t bin (t,ti).
Cui cng, khng phi tt c cc nh hng ca bin dng t bin u l c hi. Khi c s ln
khc nhau xy ra trong mt cu BTCT, c tnh t bin ca b tng lm cho ng sut trong cc
cu kin gim r rt so vi gi tr d on bng phn tch n hi.
4/M un n hi i vi ti trng di hn
tnh ton i vi s tng bin dng do t bin di ti trng di hn, mt m un n hi
di hn c chit gim Ec,LT c th c nh ngha nh sau:
Ec, LT
fci
Eci
1 t, ti i 1 t, ti
trong , Eci l m un n hi ti thi im ti. Gi thit rng Eci c th c biu din bng
m un n hi Ec t biu thc 2 .2 th ta c:
E c , LT
Ec
1 t ,t i
(2.18)
Khi tnh i cc c trng mt ct ca thp thnh cc c trng tng ng ca b tng i

vi cc TTGH s dng, ngi ta dng t s m un n, c nh ngha nh sau:
Es
Ec
(2.19)
T s m un di hn nLT i vi ti trng thng xuyn c th c nh ngha tng t, gi

thit rng ct thp khng c t bin:
n LT
ES
n1 t ,ti
Ec , LT
(2.20)
28

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V d 2.3
i vi cc d kin ca v d 2.2, hy xc nh h s m un di hn nLT vi t = 5 nm.
T hnh 2.6, i vi (t - ti) = 5.(365) 15 = 1810 ngy, ta c kc = 0,75. T :
70 0,118 1810 0,6
1825;15 3,5 0, 75 0,85 1,58

15
1, 45
120
10 1810 0,6
v
nLT 2, 45n
Cht ti khng i
D ti
elastic(Phc hi n hi)
T
bin
(Phc
hi t
bin)
Bin dng d
Bin dng n
hi elastic
Thi gian
Bin dng ca b tng theo thi gian di ng sut nn khng i:
2.2 CT THP
Ct thp c t trong cu kin nhng ni c th pht huy tc dng ln nht. Ct thp
thng c tnh n chu lc ko, tuy nhin n cng c b tr chu lc nn. TTGH v
ct trong dm, phi b tr ct thp dc v ct thp ngang chu ng sut ko xin.
S lm vic ca ct thp khng d ng lc thng c c trng bi quan h ng sut bin
dng i vi cc thanh ct thp trn. S lm vic ca ct thp d ng lc l khc nhau i vi b
cp c dnh bm v khng c dnh bm, iu ny khin chng ta phi xem xt li s lm vic ca
ct thp khng d ng lc c bao bc bi b tng.
2.2.1. Ct thp thng

Theo ASTM A615 v A706 Ct thp thng phn thnh 3 loi chnh: Grade 40 (cp 40);
Grade 60 (cp 60) ; Grade 75 (cp 75)
Cc ng cong ng sut bin dng in hnh i vi ct thp trn c biu din trn
hnh 2.8 i vi cp ct thp 280, 420 v 520. S lm vic ca ct thp trn c th c chia
thnh ba giai on, n hi, do v cng ho bin dng. on n hi AB ca biu gn ging
nh mt on thng vi m un n hi khng i Es = 200 000 MPa cho ti gii hn bin dng
n hi
f
Es
. on chy BC c c trng bi thm chy ti ng sut khng i fy cho
29

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ti lc bt u cng ho. di ca thm chy l thc o tnh do v c phn bit vi cc
cp thp khc nhau. on cng ho bin dng CDE bt u bin dng
ln nht f u ti bin dng
h v t ti ng sut
u trc khi gim nh bin dng ph hoi b . Ba on ca ng
cong ng sut - bin dng i vi ct thp trn c th c m t c trng bng nhng quan h
sau
on n hi AB
fs = s . Es
vi 0 s y
(2.21)
vi y s h
(2.22)
on chy BC
fs = fy
on cng ho bin dng CDE

fs f y 1 s h u 1 exp 1- s h
u h
u h fy
Bng 2.5
h s b
(2.23)
Cc gi tr gii hn danh nh i vi cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng ca ct

thp thanh
Cp thp
Cp 40
Cp 60
Cp 75
fymin
(MPa)
fu
(MPa)
280
420
520
550
730
900
0,00138
0,00207
0,00259
0,0230
0,0060
0,0027
0,140
0,087
0,073
0,200
0,136
0,115
Hnh 2.8- Cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng ca ct thp trn dng thanh

Khi cc thanh ct thp c t trong b tng, s lm vic ca chng khc vi cc thanh ct
thp trn. S khc bit ny l do b tng c mt cng chu ko nht nh d kh nh. iu
30

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ny c tha nhn sm, ngay t khi pht trin c hc BTCT nh trong kin sau y ca
Morsch (1908):
Do lc ma st i vi ct thp v do cng chu ko ca b tng tn ti trong nhng on
cu kin nm gia cc vt nt, b tng ngay c khi nt vn lm gim mt phn gin ca ct
thp.
Phn b tng dnh bm vi ct thp v khng b nt lm gim bin dng ko trong ct
thp.Hin tng ny gi l tng cng ko .
Hiu ng tng cng ko ny xut hin khi ng sut trung bnh ca thp tng i nh . Vi
bin dng ln hn , s tham gia ca b tng chu ko gim v ng x ca ct thp chn trong b
tng theo on ho cng ca ng cong US-BD ca thp trn .
2.2.2. Ct thp d ng lc
Thp d ng lc c th di dng si , tao v thanh .Tao gm mt s si xon li vi nhau gi
l tao cp .Theo AASHTO thng dng ba loi thp cng cao :
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Thp si khng bc kh ng sut d hoc t chng thp;
Tao cp khng bc kh ng sut d hoc chng thp;
Thp thanh cng cao khng bc;
Thp d ng lc thng thng nht l tao thp by si, loi ny c kh ng sut v c
chng thp. Khi ch to cc tao thp, thanh thp cc-bon cao c ko lin tc qua cc khun
ko si c ng knh nh lin tc nhm sp xp cc phn t thp theo mt hng v lm tng
cng ca si thp ti trn 1700 MPa. Ri 6 si c t bao quanh mt si gia theo kiu
xon c. S ko ngui v xon cc si to ra ng sut d trong tao thp. Cc ng sut d ny l
nguyn nhn khin cho biu ng sut bin dng trn hn v gii hn chy thp hn. Gii
hn chy ny c th c nng cao bng cch lm nng cc tao thp ti 350oC v chng ngui
dn. Bin php ci thin hn na i vi s chng ca thp c thc hin bng cch ko cc tao
thp trong chu trnh nng, lnh. Qu trnh ny c gi l s ti thp v a ra sn phm l cc
tao thp c chng thp. Hnh 2.9 so snh quan h ng sut bin dng ca tao thp 7 si c
sn xut theo cc qu trnh khc nhau.
Cc thanh ct thp do cng cao cng c s dng lm ct thp d ng lc. Cng
chu ko ln nht ca cc thanh ct thp ny vo khong 1000 MPa.
c trng tiu biu i vi cc thuc tnh ca cc tao cp v thanh thp d ng lc c cho
trong bng 2.4. Cc gi tr khuyn co i vi m un n hi ca thp d ng lc, E p , l
197 000 MPa i vi tao cp v 207 000 MPa i vi thanh thp.
Bin dng trong ct thp d ng lc ps c th c xc nh mt mc ti trng no t
bin dng trong b tng bao quanh cp nh sau
ps cp pe
(2.24)
trong cp l bin dng ca b tng cng mt v tr vi ct thp d ng lc v pe

thng c tnh gn ng nh sau:
pe f pe / E p
Trong trng hp ct thp khng dnh bm, s trt xy ra gia ct thp v b tng xung
quanh v bin dng trong ct thp tr nn u n trong on nm gia cc im neo. Bin dng
di tng cng ca ct thp lc ny phi bng bin dng di tng cng ca b tng trong on ni
trn, tc l
ps cp pe
y,
(2.25)
cp l bin dng trung bnh ca b tng ti v tr ct thp d ng lc, c tnh trung
bnh trong khong cch gia cc neo ca ct thp khng c dnh bm.
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Hnh 2.9
Quan h ng sut-bin dng ca tao thp 7 si c sn xut theo cc qu trnh

khc nhau
Bng 2.4
Cc thuc tnh ca tao thp v thanh thp d ng lc
Vt liu
Cp hoc kiu
ng knh
(mm)
Tao cp
1725 MPa (cp 250)

1860 MPa (cp 270)
6,35-15,24
10,53-15,24
Cng
chu ko fpu
(MPa)
1725
1860
Thp
thanh
Kiu 1, trn
Kiu 2, c g
19-25
15-36
1035
1035
Gii hn chy fpy

(MPa)
80% ca fpu hay 90%
ca
fpu i vi tao thp t
chng
85% ca fpu
80% ca fpu
Cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng in hnh i vi thp d ng lc c cho trn hnh

2.10. Cc ng cong ny c th c tnh gn ng bng cc cng thc sau:
i vi cp 250:
197000 ps
f ps
0, 4
1710 0, 006 < 0,98f pu
ps
i vi ps 0,008
i vi ps 0,008
(2.26)
i vi cp 270:
197000 ps
f ps
0, 517
1848 0, 0065 < 0,98f pu
ps
i vi ps 0,008
i vi ps 0,008
(2.27)
i vi thp thanh
207000 ps
f ps
0,192
1020 0, 003 < 0,98f pu
ps
i vi ps 0,004
i vi ps 0,004
(2.28)
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Hnh 2.10 Cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng in hnh i vi thp d ng lc

Cc loi tao cp d ng lc, 7 si khng sn ph, c kh ng sut, hoc c t chng
thp, hoc cc thanh thp khng sn ph cng cao, trn hay c g, phi ph hp vi tiu
chun vt liu quy nh trong Tiu chun thi cng cu:
AASHTO M203M (ASTM A416M) - Tao thp 7 si d ng lc khng sn ph, c kh ng
sut cho b tng d ng lc hoc
AASHTO M275M (ASTM A722) - Thp thanh cng cao khng sn ph dng cho b
tng d ng lc.
Nu trong h s thu c cc chi tit v d ng lc th phi ch r kch thc v mc hoc loi
thp. Nu trong h s ch quy nh lc ko d ng lc v v tr t th vic chn kch c thp v
loi thp do nh thu la chn v k s gim st duyt.
1/ M un n hi
Nu khng c cc s liu chnh xc hn, m un n hi ca thp d ng lc, da trn
din tch mt ct ngang danh nh ca thp, c th ly nh sau :
i vi tao thp : Ep = 197 000 MPa v
i vi thanh
: Ep = 207 000 MPa
2/Neo d ng lc ko sau v ni cp
Neo v mi ni cp phi c cu to theo cc yu cu ca cc Tiu chun tng ng.
Phi tin hnh bo v chng g cho cp, neo, cc u neo v cc mi ni cp.
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3/ ng bc cp
ng bc cho cp phi l loi cng hoc loi na cng bng thp m km hoc bng nha hoc
to l trong b tng bng li ly ra c.
Bn knh cong ca ng bc khng c nh hn 6000 mm, tr vng neo c th cho
php nh ti 3600 mm.
Khng c dng ng bc bng nha khi bn knh cong nh hn 9000 mm.
Khi dng ng bc bng nha cho loi cp c dnh bm th phi xem xt c tnh dnh bm
ca ng nha vi b tng v va.
Hiu qu p lc ca va ln ng bc v vng b tng xung quanh phi c kim tra.
C ly ln nht gia cc im k c nh ng bc trong khi thi cng phi c quy nh trong
h s thu.
4/Kch thc ca ng bc cp
ng knh trong ca ng bc t nht phi ln hn ng knh ca thanh thp d ng lc
n hay b cp d ng lc 6 mm. i vi loi thp d ng lc nhiu thanh v b cp d ng lc
th din tch mt ct ca ng bc t nht phi ln hn 2 ln din tch tnh ca mt ct b thp d
ng lc, khi lp t b cp bng phng php ko sau th din tch mt ct ca ng bc phi gp
2,5 ln din tch mt ct ca b cp.
Kch thc ca ng bc khng c vt qu 0,4 ln b dy b tng nguyn nh nht ti v tr
t
ng bc.
ng bc ti v tr neo chuyn hng
ng bc v tr chuyn hng phi l ng thp m ph hp vi tiu chun ca ASTM
A53, loi E, cp B. dy danh nh ca thnh ng khng c nh hn 3 mm.
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2.3 B TNG CT THP

2.3.1. Khi nim v dnh bm gia b tng v ct thp
2.3.1.1. Khi nim
Lc dnh bm gia b tng v ct thp l yu t c bn m bo s lm vic chung ca
hai loi vt liu, lm cho b tng v ct thp c cng bin dng vi nhau v c s truyn lc qua
li gia chng.
2.3.1.2. Th nghim xc nh lc dnh bm
Ch to mu bng cch b tng m ly on ct thp. Th nghim bng cch ko hoc
nn cho cho ct thp tt khi b tng (hnh 2.10). Cng trung bnh ca lc dnh c xc
nh theo cng thc:
Trong :
(2-24)
P Lc ko (hoc nn) lm ct thp tt khi b tng

- ng knh ct thp
l Chiu di on ct thp chon trong b tng
Hnh 2.10: Th nghim xc nh lc dnh

th nghim lm ct thp tt khi b tng th chiu di on l phi c hn ch trong
mt phm vi no . Nu l qu ln th khi th nghim ct thp c th b ko hoc nn qu gii
hn chy (thm ch c th b ko t) m khng b tt. Kt qu th nghim cho thy s phn b
lc dnh dc theo on ct thp l khng u, n bng khng ti hai u mt v t gi tr max
ni cch tit din u tin mt khong C
P
1 1
C l v max hoc max
l
4 3
(2-25)
Trong : - h s hon chnh biu lc dnh, < 1
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2.3.1.2. Cc yu t to nn lc dnh bm
Lc dnh bm c to ra nh cc yu t chnh sau :
-
S dnh bm ho hc,
Ma st,
- S tng tc c hc gia ct thp v b tng.

c c thanh ct thp trn trn, hai yu t u tin ng vai tr quan trng nht trong vic to
ra lc dnh bm. Trong khi , ct thp c g th s tng tc ci kho gia b tng vi cc g
ct thp li ng vai tr quyt nh. V vy, cc yu t chnh c nh hng n s dnh bm gia
ct thp v b tng l :
-
Din tch g tnh i ca ct thp,
Cng v thnh phn ca b tng,
B dy lp b tng bo v,
ng knh ct thp,
V tr ct thp khi b tng.
2.3.2. Chiu di pht trin lc

Lc cn thit ko mt thanh ct thp ra khi mt khi b tng s tng ln khi chiu di
chn ca thanh ny tng ln (Hnh 2.11). Khi chiu di chn tr nn ln, thanh thp s b chy
do trc khi b ko ra khi k hi b tng. Chiu di chn ti thiu cn thit pht trin lc
chy do ca thanh ct thp c gi l chiu di pht trin lc. Chiu di pht trin lc l d , c
s dng nh l mt gi tr ch th v c trng dnh bm ca cc thanh ct thp.
Tiu chun ACI gi thit rng, chiu di pht trin lc c s cn thit phng nga s v
ch (split), db,sp , l hm ca din tch thanh ct thp trong khi chiu di cn thit phng nga s
ko tut (pull out) db,po l hm ca ng knh thanh thp. Cng thc tnh chiu di pht
trin lc c s ny nh sau: i vi thanh s hiu 35 v cc thanh nh hn:
db,sp 0,02Ab fy
fc mm, MPa
(2.29)
db,sp 0,375db fy
fc mm, MPa
(2.30)
Cc cng thc (2.29) v (2.30) ch ra rng, khi cng ca b tng tng, chiu di pht trin
lc s nh i. Tuy nhin, khng cho php chiu di pht trin lc gim hn na khi cng b
tng ln hn 70 MPa v v vy, thnh phn
fc khng c ly ln hn 8,37 MPa.
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Gi tr ti a ca lc

P A b fy
Chiu di chn
Chiu di chn=Chiu
di pht trin lc
Chiu di chn
Hnh 2.11 Khi nim v chiu di pht trin lc
Hnh 2.12Vng ng sut ko trong b tng cn bng vi thnh phn ly tm ca lc nn

nghing
2.3.3. Cc dng ph hoi v h hng ca b tng ct thp

2.3.3.1. Ph hoi do chu lc
B tng v ct thp lm vic vi nhau cho n khi b ph hoi. Vi thanh chu ko, sau
kho b tng b nt ct thp chu ton b lc ko v n b xem l bt u ph hoi khi ng sut
trong ct thp t n gii hn chy. Vi ct chu nn s ph hoi bt u khi ng sut nn trong
b tng t n gii hn cng chu nn, b tng b nn v. S ph hoi ca cu kin chu
un c th bt u t vng chu ko hoc chu nn. Khi ct thp chu ko l va phi th s ph
hoi l bt u t vng chu ko vi vic ct thp t n gii hn chy, c bin dng ln, vt
nt m rng. Khi ct thp kh nhiu th s ph hoi bt u t vng nn vi vic ng sut trong
b tng t n gii hn cng , vng nn b nn v.
2.3.3.2. Ph hoi do bin dng cng bc
Bin dng cng bc gy ra do chuyn v ca cc lin kt, do thay i nhit , do co
ngt ca b tngTrong kt cu tnh nh bin dng cng bc khng gy ra ni lc. Trong kt
cu siu tnh bin dng cng bc thng b ngn cn, lm pht sinh ni lc v c th lm kt
cu b h hng hoc ph hoi. S h hng th hin ch b tng b nt, v. S ph hoi xy ra
ging nh khi ph hoi do chu lc.
2.3.3.2. H hng do tc dng ca mi trng
Di tc ng ca mi trng b tng ct thp c th b h hng do tc dng c, l, ha,
sinh vt.
V c hc v vt l, b tng c th b bo mn do ma, dng chy, b hun nng do mt
tri hoc cc ngun nhit. i vi cc cng trnh chu lnh, ng v tan bng c th gy h hng
cu trc ca b tng.
38

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V ha hc, b tng b xm thc do cc cht ha hc (axit, baz, mui) c trong mi
trng. Cc cht ny c phn ng ha hc vi cc thnh phn ca xi mng to ra cc cht ha
tan hoc lm gim cng , ph hng s lin kt (b tng b mn).
Ct thp c th b xm thc do tc dng ha hc v in phn ca mi trng. Khi ct
thp b g th tch lp g tng ln nhiu ln so vi th tch kim loi ban u chn p vo b tng
lm cho lp b tng bn ngoi b nt, v. S m rng vt nt trong b tng lm cho ct thp d
b g hn. Trong mi trng c hi nc mn, mi trng c nhit v m cao ct thp b
g nhiu hn. ng sut trong ct thp cng cao v s gia cng ngui ct thp cng lm cho ct
thp d b g hn.
V sinh vt, cc loi rong ru, h, nhng vi khun sng bin cng gy tc dng lm h
hng b mt b tng do tc dng ca nhng cht ha hc chng tit ra.
V tc dng thi gian, trong vi nm u b tng c tng cng (trong mi trng
thun li). Tuy vy sau vi chc nm b tng s b gi lo v cng c th b gim dn.
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3 NGUYN L THIT K THEO TIU CHUN 22TCN272-05

3.1 QUAN IM CHUNG V THIT K
Trong thit k cc k s phi kim tra an ton v n nh ca phng n kh thi c
chn .Cng tc thit k bao gm vic tnh ton nhm chng minh cho nhng ngi c trch
nhim thy rng mi tiu chun tnh ton v cu to u c tho mn .
iu kin m bo an ton ca mt cng trnh l :
Sc khng ca vt liu Hiu ng ca ti trng
R Q
(3.1)
iu kin trn phi c xt trn tt c cc b phn ca kt cu .

Khi ni v sc khng ca vt liu ta xt kh nng lm vic ti a ca vt liu m ta gi l
trng thi gii hn(TTGH).
Mt trng thi gii hn l mt trng thi m vt qua n th kt cu hay mt b phn no
khng hon thnh mc tiu thit k ra .
Mc tiu l khng vt qu TTGH, tuy nhin khng phi l mc tiu duy nht , m cn xt
n cc mc ch quan trng khc , nh chc nng , m quan , tc ng n mi trng v yu t
kinh t.S l khng kinh t nu thit k mt cu m chng c b phn no, chng bao gi b h
hng.Do cn phi xc nh u l gii hn chp nhn c trong ri ro ca xc sut ph hu .
Vic xc nh mt min an ton chp nhn c ( cng ln hn bao nhiu so vi hiu ng
ca ti trng )khng da trn kin ch quan ca mt c nhn no m da trn kinh nghim ca
mt tp th.Tiu chun 22TCN272-05 c th p ng c .
3.2 S PHT TRIN CA QU TRNH THIT K

3.2.1. Thit k theo ng sut cho php (ASD)-Allowable Stress Design
an ton c xc nh bng cch cho rng hiu ng ca ti trng s gy ra ng sut
ch bng mt phn ca ng sut gy ph hoi (ng sut ph hoi l cng gii hn ca b
tng hoc gii hn chy ca thp) ,
H s an ton (F)= Cng ca vt liu(R) / hiu ng ti trng(Q)
F
f
sc khng, R
y 2
hiu ng ti trng, Q 0, 5 fy
V phng php thit k ny t ra gii hn v ng sut nn c bit n vi tn gi thit

k theo ng sut cho php (Allowable Stress Design, ASD).
Phng php ny c nhiu nhc im nh :
-
Quan im v bn da trn s lm vic n hi ca vt liu ng hng,ng

nht .
Khng biu hin c mt cch hp l v cng gii hn l ch tiu c bn v

kh nng chu lc hn l ng sut cho php
H s an ton ch p dng ring cho cng , cha xt n s bin i ca ti

trng
40
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-
Vic chn h s an ton da trn kin ch quan v khng c c s tin cy v xc

sut h hng.
khc phc thiu st ny cn mt phng php thit k c th :
-
Da trn c s cng gii hn ca vt liu
Xt n s thay i tnh cht c hc ca vt liu v s bin i ca ti trng
- nh gi an ton lin quan n xc sut ph hoi .

Phng php khc phc cc thiu st trn l AASHTO-LRFD 1998 v n c chn lm
c s bin son tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05.
3.2.2. Thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng (LRFD-Load and Resistance Factors
Design)
xt n s thay i c hai pha ca bt ng thc trong phng trnh 3.1 .Pha sc
khng c nhn vi mt h s sc khng da trn c s thng k (Pha ti trng c
nhn ln vi h s ti trng da trn c s thng k ti trng, thng ln hn 1.V hiu ng
ti trong trng thi gii hn bao gm mt t hp ca nhiu loi ti trng (Qi) nhiu mc
khc nhau ca s d tnh nn pha ti trng c biu hin l tng ca cc gi tr i Qi .Nu sc
khng danh nh l Rn , tiu chun an ton s l :
Rn Hiu ng ca i Qi
(3.2)
V phng trnh 3.2 cha c h s ti trng v h s sc khng nn phng php thit k c

gi l thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng ( LRFD).
H s sc khng cho trng thi gii hn cn xt ti tnh phn tn ca :
-
Tnh cht vt liu
Phng trnh d tnh cng
Tay ngh cng nhn
Kim sot cht lng
Tnh hung h hng

H s ti trng i dng cho cc ti trng cn xt ti phn tn ca :
ln ca ti trng
S sp xp ca ti trng
- T hp ti trng c th xy ra
u im ca LRFD:
-
C xt n s bin i c v sc khng v ti trng
t c mc an ton ng u cho cc TTGH khc nhau v cc loi cu m

khng cn phn tch xc sut v thng k phc tp.
- Phng php thit k thch hp

Nhc im ca LRFD:
-
Yu cu thay i t duy thit k ( so vi tiu chun c )
Yu cu hiu bit c bn v l thuyt xc sut v thng k
41
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-
Yu cu c cc s liu y v thng k v thut ton tnh xc sut chnh l h s

sc khng trong trng hp c bit.
3.3 NGUYN TC C BN CA TIU CHUN 22TCN 272-05

Bn Tiu chun thit k cu mi 22 TCN 272-05 (lc ra i, nm 2001, mang k hiu 22 TCN
272-01) c bin son nh mt phn cng vic ca d n ca B giao thng vn ti mang
tn D n pht trin cc Tiu chun cu v ng b .
Kt qu ca vic nghin cu tham kho a n kt lun rng, h thng Tiu chun
AASHTO ca Hip hi cu ng M l thch hp nht c chp thun p dng Vit nam.
l mt h thng Tiu chun hon thin v thng nht, c th c ci bin ph hp vi cc
iu kin thc t nc ta. Ngn ng ca ti liu ny cng nh cc ti liu tham chiu ca n
u l ting Anh, l ngn ng k thut thng dng nht trn th gii v cng l ngn ng th hai
ph bin nht Vit nam. Hn na, h thng Tiu chun AASHTO c nh hng rt ln trong
cc nc thuc khi ASEAN m Vit nam l mt thnh vin.
Tiu chun thit k cu mi c da trn Tiu chun thit k cu AASHTO LRFD, ln xut
bn th hai (1998), theo h n v o quc t SI. Tiu chun LRFD ra i nm 1994, c sa
i v xut bn ln th hai nm 1998. Tiu chun ny c son tho da trn nhng kin
thc phong ph tch ly t nhiu ngun khc nhau trn khp th gii nn c th c coi l i
din cho trnh hin i trong hu ht cc lnh vc thit k cu vo thi im hin nay.
Cc ti liu Vit nam c lit k di y c tham kho hoc l ngun gc ca cc d
liu th hin cc iu kin thc t Vit nam:
-
Tiu chun v thit k cu
22 TCN 181979
Tiu chun v ti trng gi
TCVN 2737 1995
Tiu chun v ti trng do nhit
TCVN 4088 1985
Tiu chun v thit k chng ng t
22 TCN 221 1995
- Tiu chun v giao thng ng thy

TCVN 5664 1992
Cc quy nh ca b Tiu chun thit k cu mi ny nhm s dng cho cc cng tc thit k,
nh gi v khi phc cc cu c nh v cu di ng trn tuyn ng b. Cc iu khon s
khng lin quan n cu ng st, xe in hoc cc phng tin cng cng khc. Cc yu cu
thit k i vi cu ng st d kin s c ban hnh nh mt ph bn trong tng lai.
3.3.1. Tng qut

Cu phi c thit k t c cc mc tiu: thi cng c, an ton v s dng c, c
xt n cc yu t: kh nng d kim tra, tnh kinh t, m quan. Khi thit k cu, t c
nhng mc tiu ny, cn phi tha mn cc trng thi gii hn. Kt cu thit k phi c
do, phi c nhiu ng truyn lc (c tnh d) v tm quan trng ca n trong khai thc phi
c xt n.
Mi cu kin v lin kt phi tha mn phng trnh 3.3 i vi tt c trng thi gii hn.
Q
i
Rn Rr
(3.3)
Trong :
42

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Qi Hiu ng ti trng (ni lc do ti hoc cc tc ng bn ngoi sinh ra)
i
h s ti trng: h s nhn da trn thng k dng cho cc lc
Rn sc khng danh nh
h s sc khng: h s nhn da trn thng k dng cho sc khng danh nh
i vi cc trng thi gii hn s dng v trng thi gii hn c bit, h s sc khng c

ly bng 1,0
Rr sc khng tnh ton, Rr = . Rn
i h s iu chnh ti trng, xt n tnh do, tnh d v tm quan trng trong khai thc
i D R I 0, 95
i
R D l
1, 0
i vi ti trng dng gi tr max

i vi ti trng dng gi tr min
= h s lin quan n tnh do
= h s lin quan n tnh d
= h s lin quan n tm quan trng trong khai thc
Hai h s u c lin quan n cng ca cu, h s th ba xt n s lm vic ca

cu trng thi s dng.
Tr trng thi gii hn cng , i vi tt c cc TTGH khc , D = R = 1,0.
3.3.2. Khi nim v tnh do, tnh d v tm quan trng trong khai thc
1/ H s xt n tnh do D
Tnh do l mt yu t quan trng i vi s an ton ca cu. Nh tnh do, cc b phn chu
lc ln ca kt cu c th phn phi li ti trng sang nhng b phn khc c d tr v cng .
S phn phi li ny ph thuc vo kh nng bin dng ca b phn chu lc ln v lin quan
n s pht trin bin dng do m khng xy ra ph hoi.
H kt cu ca cu phi c nh kch thc v cu to m bo s pht trin ng k v
c th nhn thy c ca cc bin dng khng n hi trng thi gii hn cng v trng
thi gii hn c bit trc khi ph hoi.
Nu mt cu kin ca cu c thit k sao cho bin dng do c th xut hin th s c d
bo khi cu kin b qu ti. Nu l kt cu BTCT th vt nt s pht trin v cu kin c xem l
vo tnh trng nguy him. Phi trnh s lm vic gin v n dn n s mt kh nng chu lc
t ngt khi vt qu gii hn n hi. Cc cu kin v lin kt trong BTCT c th lm vic do
khi hn ch hm lng ct thp chu un v khi b tr ct ai kim ch bin dng. Ct thp c
th c b tr i xng chu un, iu ny cho php xy ra s lm vic do. Ni tm li, nu
trong thit k, cc quy nh ca Tiu chun c tun theo th thc nghim cho thy rng, cc
cu kin s c tnh do cn thit.
i vi trng thi gii hn cng , h s lin quan n tnh do c quy nh nh sau:
D 1,05 i vi cc cu kin v lin kt khng do

D = 1,0
D 0,95
i vi cc thit k thng thng v cc chi tit theo ng Tiu chun ny

i vi cc cu kin v lin kt c cc bin php tng thm tnh do vt
qu nhng yu cu ca Tiu chun ny

43
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2/ H s xt n tnh d R
Tnh d c tm quan trng c bit to ln i vi khong an ton ca kt cu cu. Mt kt cu
siu tnh l d v n c nhiu lin kt hn s lin kt cn thit m bo khng bin dng hnh
hc. V d, mt dm cu lin tc ba nhp l kt cu siu tnh bc hai. Mt t hp hai lin kt n,
hoc hai lin kt chng quay, hoc mt lin kt n v mt lin kt chng quay c th b mt i
m khng dn ti hnh thnh khp do ngay lp tc v ti trng tc dng c th tm c cc con
ng khc truyn xung t. Khi nim nhiu ng truyn lc l tng ng vi tnh d.
Cc ng truyn lc n hay cc kt cu cu khng d c khuyn co khng nn s dng.
Tnh d trong kt cu cu lm tng khong an ton ca chng v iu ny c phn nh
trng thi gii hn cng qua h s xt n tnh d R, c quy nh trong Tiu chun 22
TCN 272-05 nh sau:
R 1,05
R = 1,0
R 0,95
i vi cc cu kin khng d
i vi cc cu kin c mc d thng thng
i vi cc cu kin c mc d c bit
3/ H s xt n tm quan trng trong khai thc I

Cc cu c th c xem l c tm quan trng trong khai thc nu chng nm trn con ng
ni gia cc khu dn c v bnh vin hoc trng hc, hay l con ng dnh cho lc lng
cng an, cu ha v cc phng tin gii cu i vi nh , c quan v cc khu cng nghip.
Cu cng c th c coi l quan trng nu chng gip gii quyt tnh trng i vng do tc
ng, gip tit kim thi gian v xng du cho ngi lao ng khi i lm v tr v nh. Ni tm
li, kh c th tm thy tnh hung m cu khng c coi l quan trng trong khai thc. Mt v
d v cu khng quan trng l cu trn ng ph dn ti mt vng ho lnh c s dng
khng phi quanh nm.
Khi c s c ng t, iu quan trng l tt c cc con ng huyt mch, nh cc cng trnh
cu, vn phi thng. V vy, cc yu cu sau y c t ra i vi trng thi gii hn c bit
cng nh i vi trng thi gii hn cng :
I 1,05
I = 1,0
i vi cc cu quan trng
i vi cc cu in hnh
I 0,95 i vi cc cu t quan trng

i vi cc trng thi gii hn khc:
I = 1,0
3.3.3. Cc trng thi gii hn

1 .Trng thi gii hn s dng
Trng thi gii hn s dng phi xt n nh mt bin php nhm hn ch i vi ng sut,
bin dng v vt nt di iu kin s dng bnh thng.
2. Trng thi gii hn mi v ph hoi gin
Trng thi gii hn mi phi c xt n trong tnh ton nh mt bin php nhm hn ch
v bin ng sut do mt xe ti thit k gy ra vi s chu k bin ng sut d kin.
44
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Trng thi gii hn ph hoi gin phi c xt n nh mt s yu cu v tnh bn ca vt

liu theo Tiu chun vt liu.
3. Trng thi gii hn cng
Trng thi gii hn cng phi c xt n m bo cng v s n nh cc b v
n nh tng th c d phng chu c cc t hp ti trng quan trng theo thng k c
nh ra cu chu c trong phm vi tui th thit k ca n.
Trng thi gii hn cng I: T hp ti trng c bn lin quan n vic s dng cho xe tiu
chun ca cu khng xt n gi
Trng thi gii hn cng II: T hp ti trng lin quan n cu chu gi vi vn tc vt
qu 25m/s
Trng thi gii hn cng III: T hp ti trng lin quan n vic s dng xe tiu chun
ca cu vi gi c vn tc 25m/s
TTGH cng l mt TTGH c quyt nh bi cng tnh ca vt liu ti mt mt ct
c vt nt cho. C 3 t hp ti trng cng khc nhau c quy nh trong bng 1.1. i
vi mt b phn ring bit ca kt cu cu, ch mt hoc c th hai trong s cc t hp ti trng
ny cn c xt n. S khc bit trong cc t hp ti trng cng ch yu lin quan n cc
h s ti trng c quy nh i vi hot ti. T hp ti trng sinh ra hiu ng lc ln nht c
so snh vi cng hoc sc khng ca mt ct ngang ca cu kin.
Trong tnh ton sc khng i vi hiu ng ti trng nhn h s nh lc dc trc, lc un,
lc ct hoc xon, s khng chc chn c biu th qua h s gim cng hay h s sc
khng .. H s l h s nhn ca sc khng danh nh Rn v iu kin an ton l tho mn
phng trnh tng qut 3.3.
Trong cc cu kin BTCT, c nhng yu t khng m bo c chnh xc nh cht lng
vt liu, kch thc mt ct ngang, vic t ct thp v nhng cng thc c dng tnh sc
khng.
Mt s m hnh ph hoi c th c a ra vi chnh xc cao hn cc m hnh khc v
hu qu do s c ca chng l t nguy him. Chng hn, dm chu un thng c thit k
tng i t ct thp, do ph hoi xy ra do s chy t t ca ct thp chu ko, trong khi cc
ct chu nn thng b ph hoi t ngt khng c bo trc. M hnh ph hoi do ct thng t
c hiu bit v n l s kt hp ca m hnh ph hoi do ko v do nn. Do vy, h s trong
trng hp ny phi nm trong khong gia h s ca dm chu un v ca ct chu nn. Hu
qu s ph hoi ca ct l nghim trng hn ca dm v mt ct b ph hoi s ko theo s sp
ca mt s dm, do , d tr trong thit k ct cn phi ln hn. Tt c cc l do trn cng
nh cc nguyn nhn khc c phn nh trong h s sc khng, c quy nh bi AASHTO
v c gii thiu trong bng sau
i vi trng hp un v nn kt hp, h s trong trng hp nn c th c ly tng ln
tuyn tnh t gi tr 0,75 lc dc trc nh cho ti h s i vi un thun tu lc dc bng
khng. Mt lc dc nh c nh ngha l 0,10.fc.Ag vi fc l cng chu nn 28 ngy ca
b tng v Ag l din tch mt ct ngang nguyn ca cu kin chu nn.
45

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i vi cc dm chu ko hoc khng chu ko c t ct thp thng v ct thp d ng
lc hn hp, h s ph thuc vo t l d ng lc b phn (PPR) v c tnh bng cng thc
sau:
= 0,90 + 0,10.(PPR)
trong :
( PPR )
Aps f py
Aps f py As f y
vi
Aps = din tch ct thp d ng lc,
fpy = gii hn chy ca ct thp d ng lc,
As = din tch ct thp thng,
fy = gii hn chy ca ct thp thng.
Bng 3.1-H s sc khng i vi cc kt cu thng thng
Trng thi gii hn cng
i vi un v ko
B tng ct thp
B tng ct thp d ng lc
i vi ct v xon
B tng c trng lng trung bnh
B tng nh
i vi nn dc trc c ct thp xon, tr trng hp ng
t vng 3 v 4
i vi b phn ta trn b tng
i vi nn trong m hnh chng v ging
i vi nn ti vng neo
B tng c trng lng trung bnh
B tng nh
i vi ko trong ct thp ti vng neo
H s
0,90
1,00
0,90
0,70
0,75
0,70
0,70
0,80
0,65
1,00
4. Trng thi gii hn c bit

Trng thi gii hn c bit phi c xt n m bo s tn ti ca cu khi ng t
hoc l ln hoc khi b tu thu, xe c va, c th c trong iu kin b xi l.
Trong tiu chun chu u v tiu chun Vit nam TCXDVN356-2005 ngi ta xp thnh 2
nhm trng thi gii hn l trng thi gii hn s dng (SLS) v trng thi gii hn cc hn
(ULS)
3.4 TI TRNG V H S TI TRONG THEO 22TCN 272-01

Ti trng c phn loi theo nhiu cch. Theo tnh cht ca ti ngi ta chia ra thnh hai
loi:
Ti trng thng xuyn (Tnh ti): l ti trng khng thay i phng chiu, tr s trong sut
qu trnh s dng nh trng lng bn thn kt cu, trng lng lp ph mt ng
Ti trng tm thi ( Hot ti): l ti trng thay i phng chiu tr s trong qu trnh s dng
nh hot ti xe c, hot ti ngi i b, hot ti gi
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4.4.1. Ti trng v tn ti trng- Cc t hp ti trng

Ti trng thng xuyn
DD =
ti trng ko xung (xt hin tng ma st m)
DC =
ti trng bn thn ca cc b phn kt cu v thit b ph phi kt cu
DW =
ti trng bn thn ca lp ph mt v cc tin ch cng cng
EH
EL
ES
EV
=
=
=
=
ti trng p lc t nm ngang
cc hiu ng b hm tch lu do phng php thi cng.
ti trng t cht thm
p lc thng ng do t trng t p.
Ti trng tm thi
BR
CE
CR
CT
CV
EQ
FR
IM
LL
= lc hm xe
= lc ly tm
= t bin
= lc va xe
=lc va tu
= ng t
= ma st
= lc xung kch (lc ng ) ca xe
= hot ti xe
LS
PL
SE
SH
TG
TU
WA
WL
WS
= hot ti cht thm

= ti trng ngi i
= ln
= co ngt
= gradien nhit
= nhit u
= ti trng nc v p lc dng chy
= gi trn hot ti
= ti trng gi trn kt cu
Tiu chun AASHTO LRFD quy nh xt 11 t hp ti trng.

Trong Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05, vic t hp ti trng c n gin ha ph hp vi
iu kin Vit nam. C 6 t hp ti trng c quy nh nh trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2
DC
T hp ti DD
trng
DW
Trng thi EH
gii hn
EV
ES
Cng I
Cng II
Cng III
c bit
S dng
Mi ch c
LL, IM &
CE
Cc t hp ti trng theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
EL
WA
p
p
p
p
1.0
1,75
1,35
0,50
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,75
WS WL
FR
TU
CR
SH
1,00 0,5/1.20
1,40
1,00 0,5/1.20
0.4 1,00 1,00 0,5/1.20
1,00
0,30 1,00 1,00 1,0/1,20
-
Cng mt lc
ch dng mt
trong cc ti
trng
TG
SE
EQ CT
TG
TG
TG
TG
-
CV
SE
SE
SE
- 1,00 1,00 1,00
SE
-
1. Khi phi kim tra cu dng cho xe c bit do Ch u t quy nh hoc xe c giy php
thng qua cu th h s ti trng ca hot ti trong t hp cng I c th gim xung
cn 1,35.
47

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2. Cc cu c t l tnh ti trn hot ti rt cao (tc l cu nhp ln) cn kim tra t hp
khng c hot ti, nhng vi h s ti trng bng 1,50 cho tt c cc kin chu ti trng
thng xuyn.
3. i vi cu vt sng cc trng thi gii hn cng v trng thi s dng phi xt
n hu qu ca nhng thay i v mng do l thit k xi cu.
4. i vi cc cu vt sng, khi kim tra cc hiu ng ti EQ, CT v CV trng thi gii
hn c bit th ti trng nc (WA) v chiu su xi c th da trn l trung bnh hng
nm. Tuy nhin kt cu phi c kim tra v v nhng hu qu do cc thay i do l,
phi kim tra xi nhng trng thi gii hn c bit vi ti trng nc tng ng (WA)
nhng khng c cc ti trng EQ, CT hoc CV tc dng.
5. kim tra chiu rng vt nt trong kt cu b tng ct thp d ng lc trng thi gii
hn s dng, c th gim h s ti trng ca hot ti xung 0,08.
6. kim tra kt cu thp trng thi gii hn s dng th h s ti trng ca hot ti phi
tng ln 1,30.
H s ti trng tnh cho gradien nhit TG v ln SE cn c xc nh trn c s mt
n c th ring. Nu khng c thng tin ring c th ly TG bng:
0,0 cc trng thi gii hn cng v c bit
1,0 trng thi gii hn s dng khi khng xt hot ti, v
0,50 trng thi gii hn s dng khi xt hot ti
Bng 3.3 H s ti trng dng cho ti trng thng xuyn, p
H s ti trng
Loi ti trng
Ln nht
Nh nht
DC: Cu kin v cc thit b ph
1,25
0,90
DW: Lp ph mt cu v cc tin ch
1,50
0,65
2/ Hot ti xe thit k
a/ S ln xe thit k
B rng ln xe c ly bng 3500 mm ph hp vi quy nh ca Tiu chun thit
k ng t. S ln xe thit k c xc nh bi phn nguyn ca t s w/3500, trong w l
b rng khong trng ca lng ng gia hai va hoc hai ro chn, tnh bng mm.
b/ H s ln xe
H s ln xe c quy nh trong bng 3.4
Bng 3.4
S ln cht ti
H s ln xe m
H s ln
1,20
1,00
0,85
>3
0,65
c/ Hot ti xe t thit k
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Hot ti xe t trn mt cu hay cc kt cu ph tr c k hiu l HL-93, l mt t hp
ca xe ti thit k hoc xe hai trc thit k v ti trng ln thit k (hnh 1.2).
Xe ti thit k
Trng lng, khong cch cc trc v khong cch cc bnh xe ca xe ti thit k c
cho trn hnh 1.1. Lc xung kch c ly theo bng 1.4.
C ly gia hai trc sau ca xe phi c thay i gia 4300 mm v 9000 mm gy ra
ng lc ln nht.
i vi cc cu trn cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, ch u t c th xc nh ti
trng trc thp hn ti trng cho trn hnh 1.1 bi cc h s chit gim 0,50 hoc 0,65.
Xe hai trc thit k

Xe hai trc gm mt cp trc 110.000 N cch nhau 1200 mm. Khong cch theo chiu
ngang ca cc bnh xe bng 1800 mm.
Lc xung kch c ly theo bng 1.4.
i vi cc cu trn cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, ch u t c th xc nh ti
trng hai trc thp hn ti trng ni trn bi cc h s chit gim 0,50 hoc 0,65.
Ti trng ln thit k
Ti trng ln thit k l ti trng c cng 9,3 N/mm phn b u theo chiu dc
cu. Theo chiu ngang cu, ti trng c gi thit l phn b u trn b rng 3000 mm. Khi
tnh ni lc do ti trng ln thit k, khng xt tc ng xung kch. ng thi, khi gim ti trng
thit k cho cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, ti trng ln vn gi nguyn gi tr 9,3 N/mm,
khng nhn vi cc h s (0,50 hay 0,65).
Lc xung kch
Tc ng tnh hc ca xe ti thit k hoc xe hai trc thit k phi c ly tng thm
mt t l phn trm cho tc ng xung kch IM, c quy nh trong bng 3.5.
Hnh 3.1
c trng ca xe ti thit k
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Hnh 3.2
Hot ti thit k theo Tiu chun 22 TCN 272-05 v AASHTO LRFD
Bng 3.5
Lc xung kch IM
(1998)
Cu kin
IM
Mi ni bn mt cu, i vi tt c cc trng thi

gii hn
75%
Tt c cc cu kin khc
Trng thi gii hn mi
Cc trng thi gii hn khc
15%
25%
3/ Ti trng mi
35 KN
145 KN
4300 mm
Hnh 3.2a
145 KN
9000 mm
Xe t i thit k mi
Lc xung kch l 15% v h s ti trng l 0,75.

V sc khng mi ph thuc vo chu k ng sut , do vy cn bit chu k ca ti trng
mi .
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4 CU KIN CHU UN
4.1
C IM CU TO
4.1.1 Cu to ca bn v dm
1/ Cu to ca bn
Bn l mt kt cu phng c chiu dy kh nh so vi chiu di v chiu rng. Chiu dy ca
bn thng t 60-200 mm tu theo loi kt cu. Vi bn mt cu yu cu b tng c fc28MPa.
Ct thp trong bn gm ct thp chu lc v ct thp phn b .Ct thp chu lc c t
trong vng chu ko do m men gy ra. S lng ct thp chu lc do tnh ton nh ra. Ct thp
phn b t thng gc vi ct thp chu lc v gn trc trung ho hn so vi ct thp chu lc.
Hnh 4.1 Cu to ca bn
Theo s lm vic ca bn c cc loi bn : Bn kiu dm ( k trn hai cnh song song ) ,
bn k bn cnh, bn hng, bn kiu dm hai u ngm, bn 4 cnh ngm .
Theo 22TCN272-05: Ct thp phi t cng gn cc mt ngoi cng tt nhng phi tho mn
cc i hi v lp bo v cho php. Ct thp phi c t trong mi mt ca bn vi lp ngoi
cng t theo phng ca chiu di hu hiu. S lng ct thp ti thiu bng 0,570 mm2/mm
thp cho mi lp y v 0,380 mm2/mm thp cho mi lp nh. C ly ct thp khng c vt
qu 450 mm. Ct thp cp 400 hoc hn. Ton b ct thp l cc thanh thng, tr cc mc cc
ch c yu cu. Ch c dng mi ni chp u.
Ct thp phi c b tr hng ph di y bn bng t l phn trm ca ct thp
hng chnh chu m men dng di y:
cho ct thp hng chnh song song vi ln xe: 1750 / S 50%
cho ct thp chnh vung gc vi ln xe: 3840 S 67%
y:
S =
chiu di nhp hu hiu ly bng chiu di hu hiu iu 9.7.2.3 (mm)
Kch thc tit din ph thuc vo tnh ton , t s chiu cao vi chiu rng ca tit din (
h/b) thng t 2-4.
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Hnh 4.2: Cc loi bn

(Bn cngxxon; bn k hai cnh; bn ngm hai cnh; bn k 4 cnh; bn ngm 4 cnh)
Hnh 4.3: S tnh v neo ct thp

Tnh ton bn c th theo m hnh n hi hoc m hnh ng chy do ( Theo 4.4 ca
22TCN272-05 Cc phng php phn tch kt cu c chp nhn).
Tnh ton bn mt cu khi s dng cc phng php phn tch gn ng cn tun th iu
4.6.2.1 ca 22TCN272-05. Tnh ton bn theo tit din ch nht.
2/ Cu to ca dm
Dng tit din :
Ch nht , ch T, ch I , hnh thang , hp .Hay gp nht vi dm nhp gin n l tit din
ch T, I .Trong cc cu nhp lin tc , kt cu cu khung tit din thng c dng hp.
Kch thc tit din :
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Chiu cao h thng c chn trong khong 1/8 n 1/20 chiu di nhp dm.
Khi chn kch thc tit din cn phi xem xt n yu cu kin trc v vic nh hnh ho
vn khun.
Hnh 4.4: Cc loi mt ct dm
Hnh 4.5: Cc loi ct thp trong dm

Ct thp trong dm :
Ct thp ch yu trong dm gm ct thp dc chu lc, ct dc phn b, ct thp ai v ct
thp xin.
Ct thp dc chu lc t vng chu ko ca dm, s lng do tnh ton nh ra. Ct thp t
cng xa trc trung ho cng tt. Ct dc chu lc c th t ri, t chng, hoc b, cn phi tun
th yu cu cu to ca quy trnh v c li, chiu dy lp b tng bo v.
Ct thp dc phn b (hay ct dc cu to) nh v tr ct ai, cng vi cc ct thp khc to
nn khung cng trong khi thi cng .N c nhim v chu cc ng sut do co ngt, v thay i
nhit. N cng l b phn ca ct thp chu xon .
Ct thp ai: Bao ct thp dc nh v ct thp dc to nn khung cng trong thi cng .Ct
ai cng vi b tng vng snv ct thp xin lm nhim v chu lc ct V. Ct ai kn v t
thng gc vi trc dm cng vi cc ct dc phn b c tc dng khng xon.
Ct thp xin: thng do ct thp dc un ln, gc un thng l 45o ph hp vi phng
ca ng sut ko chnh. Trong dm thp v bn gc nghing c th bng 30o, dm cao gc
nghing c th l 60o.
i vi dm BTCTDL ko sau nh v cc ng to rnh cn c cc li ct thp nh
v.
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4.1.2 Tiu chun la chn t l chiu di chiu cao nhp

Nu ch u t yu cu kim tra t l chiu di - chiu cao nhp, c th xem xt dng cc gii
hn Bng 1 khi thiu cc tiu chun khc, trong S l chiu di ca bn v L l chiu di ca
nhp, n v u l mm. Nu dng, cc gii hn trong Bng 1 phi tnh cho ton chiu cao, tr
khi c ghi ch.
Bng 4-1 - Chiu cao ti thiu thng thng dng cho cc kt cu phn trn c chiu cao
khng i
Kt cu phn trn
Chiu cao ti thiu (gm c mt cu)

(khi dng cc cu kin c chiu cao thay i
th phi hiu chnh cc gi tr c tnh n nhng
thay i v cng tng i ca cc mt ct
m men dng v m)
Vt
liu
Loi hnh
B
tng
ct thp
B
tng d
ng lc
Bn c ct thp ch song song

vi phng xe chy
Dm gin n
1.2 (S + 3000)
30
Dm lin tc
S + 3000 165
mm
30
Dm T
0,070L
0,065L
Dm hp
0,060L
0,055L
Dm kt cu cho ngi i b
0,035L
0,033L
Bn
0,030L165mm
0,027L 165mm
Dm hp c ti ch
0,045L
0,04L
Dm I c sn
0.045L
0,04L
Dm kt cu cho ngi i b
0,033L
0,030L
Dm hp lin k
0,030L
0,025L
4.1.3 Chiu dy lp b tng bo v

Chiu dy lp b tng bo v c ngha quan trng trong to nn dnh bm v nh hng ti
tui th s dng ca kt cu b tng ct thp nn cn cn nhc hp l.
Lp bo v i vi ct thp d ng lc v ct thp thng khng bc khng c nh hn
cc quy nh trong bng 4.2 v c iu chnh theo t l N/X.
Lp b tng bo v i vi ng bc kim loi ca b cp DL khng c nh hn :
Quy nh i vi thp ch
1/2 ng knh ng bc
Quy nh trong bng 4..2
Cc h s iu chnh theo t l N/X ly nh sau :
Vi N/X 0,40 ly bng 0,8
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Vi N/X 0,50 ly bng 1,2
i vi mt cu b tng trn chu mi mn lp xe hoc bnh xch phi c lp ph chng hao

mn dy 10mm.
Lp bo v nh nht cho cc thanh chnh , bao gm c cc thanh c bc pxy khong nh
hn 25mm
Lp b tng bo v cho cc thanh ging , ct ai c th nh hn 12mm so vi quy nh trong
bng 4.2 nhng khng nh hn 25mm.
Bng 4.2: Lp b tng bo v
Trng thi
L trc tip trong nc mui
c p vo t
Vng b bin
B mt cu chu vu lp xe hoc xch mi
mn
Mt ngoi khc cc iu trn
L bn trong, khc cc iu trn
Vi thanh ti No36
Thanh No43 v No57
y bn c ti ch
thanh ti No36
cc thanh No43 v No57
y vn khun panen c sn
Cc b tng ct thp c sn
Mi trng khng n mn
Mi trng n mn
Cc d ng lc c sn
Cc c ti ch
Mi trng khng n mn
Mi trng n mn
- Chung
- c bo v
Ging ng
c trong l khoan bng ng b
tng trong nc hoc va st
Lp BT bo v
(mm)
100
75
75
60
50
40
50
25
50
20
50
75
50
50
75
75
50
75
4.1.4 C li ct thp
1. B tng c ti ch
i vi b tng c ti ch, c ly tnh gia cc thanh song song trong mt lp khng c
nh hn :
1,5 ln ng knh danh nh ca thanh,
1,5 ln kch thc ti a ca cp phi th, hoc
38 mm
2. B tng c sn
i vi b tng c sn c sn xut trong iu kin khng ch ca nh my, c ly tnh gia
cc thanh song song trong mt lp khng c nh hn:
ng knh danh nh ca thanh,
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1,33 ln kch thc ti a ca cp phi th, hoc
25 mm.
3. Nhiu lp ct thp
Tr trong cc bn mt cu, c ct thp song song c t thnh hai hoc nhiu lp, vi c ly
tnh gia cc lp khng vt qu 150mm, cc thanh cc lp trn phi c t trc tip trn
nhng thanh lp di, v c ly gia cc lp khng c nh hn hoc 25 mm hoc ng kinh
danh nh ca thanh.
4. C ly ti thiu ca cc b cp thp v ng bc cp d ng lc
a/ Tao thp d ng lc ko trc
Khong trng gia cc tao thp d ng lc ko trc. bao gm c cc b c ng bc,
u cu kin v trong p hm vi chiu di khai trin, c quy nh trong iu 5.11.4.2,
khng c ly nh hn 1,33 ln kch c ln nht ca ct liu cp phi v cng khng c
nh hn c ly tim n tim c quy nh trong Bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3: C li t tim n tim
Kch c tao thp (mm)
15,24
14,29 c bit
14,29
12,70 c bit
12,70
11,11
9,53
C ly (mm
51
44
38
Khong trng ti thiu gia cc nhm b khng c nh hn hoc 1,33 ln kch thc ti a
ca cp phi hoc 25mm.
Cc b thp ko trc c th t thnh chm, min l c ly gia cc b quy nh y c
duy tr. Quy nh ny p dng cho c b c bc hoc khng bc.
Cc nhm tm tao ng knh 15,24 mm hoc nh hn c th b li chng ln nhau trong
mt phng ng. S lng cc tao c b li bng bt k cch no khc khng c vt qu
bn.
b/. Cc ng bc ko sau khng cong trong mt phng nm ngang
Khong trng gia cc ng bc thng ko sau khng c nh hn 38 mm hoc 1,33 ln kch
thc ln nht ca cp phi th.
Cc ng bc c th c b li trong cc nhm khng vt qu ba, min l c ly c quy
nh gia cc ng ring r c duy tr gia mi ng ni trong vng 900 mm ca neo.
Vi cc nhm b ng bc thi cng khng phi l phn on, khong trng ngang gia cc b
lin k khng c nh hn 100 mm. Vi cc nhm ng c t trong hai hoc nhiu hn mt
phng ngang, mi b khng c nhiu hn hai ng trong cng mt phng ngang.
Khong trng ng ti thiu gia cc b khng c nh hn 38 mm hoc 1,33 ln kch
thc ln nht ca cp phi th.
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Vi thi cng c trc, khong trng ngang ti thiu gia cc nhm ng c th gim xung
75 mm.
4.1.5 Trin khai ct thp chu un

1. Tng qut
Cc mt ct nguy him i vi vic trin khai ct thp chu un trong cc cu kin chu un
phi c ly ti cc im c ng sut ln nht v ti cc im nm bn trong khu m
ct thp k bn kt thc hoc c un ln.
Ngoi tr ti cc im gi ca cc nhp n gin v ti cc nt u dm hng, ct thp phi
c ko di ra xa im m ti khng c yu cu ct thp di hn chng li s un, vi
mt chiu di khng nh hn :
Chiu cao hu hiu ca cu kin
15 ln ng knh thanh danh nh, hoc
1/20 ln nhp tnh.
Ct thp phi tip tc ko di mt chiu di khng nh hn chiu di trin khai, d , c quy

nh trong iu 5.11.2, ra xa im m ct thp chu un c un ln hoc kt thc do
khng cn thit di hn na chu un.
Khng c kt thc nhiu hn 50% s ct thp ti bt k mt ct no, v cc thanh k nhau
khng c kt thc trong cng mt ct.
Ct thp chu ko cng c th khai trin bng cch un qua thn dm m trong ct thp
nm v kt thc trong vng chu nn bng b tr chiu di trin khai d ti mt ct thit k, hoc
bng cch lm n lin tc vi ct thp trn mt i din ca cu kin.
2. Ct thp chu m men dng
t nht mt phn ba ct thp chu mmen dng trong cc thnh phn nhp gin n v 1/4 ct
thp chu mmen dng trong cc b phn lin tc phi ko di dc theo cng mt mt ca b
phn qua ng tim gi. cc dm, ct thp ny phi ko di xa gi t nht 150 mm.
3. Ct thp chu mmen m
t nht 1/3 tng ct thp chu ko c b tr chu mmen m ti gi phi c chiu di
ngm cch xa im un khng nh hn :
Chiu cao hu hiu ca cu kin
12 ln ng knh thanh danh nh, v
0,0625 ln chiu di nhp tnh.
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4.2 C IM CHU LC , CC GI THIT C BN

4.2.1 c im lm vic
Lm th nghim un mt dm BTCT mt ct ch nht chu hai ti trng tp trung i xng (
hnh 4.6), o bin dng di tnh cong tng ng v v biu m men- cong.
Khi P cn nh dm cn nguyn vn, khi P ln ln xut hin hai loi vt nt, vt nt thng gc
vi trc dm ti v tr m men ni lc ln, v vt nt nghing ti v tr lc ct ln.
Kho st tit din nm gia hai lc P, l cc tit din chu un thun ty. V biu quan h
m men v cong ta c c nh hnh 4.8.
Hnh 4.6 : Th nghim un dm BTCT

cong c nh ngha l s thay i gc trn mt chiu di bit nh trn hnh 4.7
(4.1)
l cong , l bin dng ti khong cch y t trc trung ho
Trc trung ho
Hnh 4.7- cong ca dm
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M men
Mul
Giai on III
My
fs =fy
dm gy
Giai on II
Mcr
Bt u nt
Giai on I
Hnh 4.8 : biu mmen - cong

Khi bt u nt m men trn tit din nt l Mcr ; khi ct thp chu ko trn tit din bt u
t ti gii hn chy m mem trn tit din l My; khi dm gy bin dng nn trong b tng t
gi tr cc hn m men ti tit din ngay trc ph hoi l Mul. M men nt Mcr cho bi cng
thc
Mcr fr
Ig
(4.2)
yt
Hnh 4.9 : S tnh My; k 2 n n
;n
Es
A
; s ; fs = fy.
Ec
Ac
Mul s c tnh trong phn tip (bng sc khng un ca tit din trng thi gii hn).
Tnh do k hiu l u v c nh ngha nh sau:
u
y
(4.3)
y , u l cong ca dm khi ct thp chu ko bt u chy (My) v khi dm gy (Mul)

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Tnh do l rt quan trng i vi kt cu b tng ct thp theo tiu chun 22TCN272-05 th
u phi ln hn 1
Trng thi ng sut bin dng trn tit din thng gc ca dm :
Theo s pht trin ca ng sut v bin dng trn tit din thng gc ca dm trong qu trnh
th nghim, k t khi bt u chu lc cho ti khi ph hoi ngi ta chia n thnh cc giai on :
Giai on I: c trng ca giai on ny l cha xut hin vt nt trong vng b tng
chu ko .Khi m men cn nh ( M<Mcr) c th xem BTCT nh vt liu n hi , quan h ng
sut bin dng l tuyn tnh s ng sut php theo hnh 4.10, pha di trc trung ho c b
tng v thp u tham gia chu ko v cha c vt liu no t n cng gii hn .Khi m
men tng ln, bin dng khng n hi trong b tng vng ko pht trin mnh lm s ng
sut trong b tng vng ko b cong i .Khi ng sut th b tng chu ko ngoi cng xp x
cng chu ko ca b tng (fr) ,tit din sp sa nt m men trn tit din l Mcr ,ta gi trng
thi ng sut bin dng ny l trng thi Ia. dm khng nt th ng sut php trn tit din
khng vt qu trng thi Ia, hay (M<Mcr) .
Giai on II: c trng l nt ti tit din c vt nt lc ko hon ton do ct thp
chu . Khi m men dn tng ln , khe nt pht trin dn ln pha trn . Trong vng nn ngi ta
vn xem quan h ng sut bin dng l tuyn tnh. Nu lng ct thp khng qu nhiu th khi
m men tng ln ti gi tr My, ng sut trong ct thp t n gii hn chy fy, ta gi trng thi
ny l trng thi IIa.Giai on II dng tnh ton BTCT theo trng thi gii hn s dng.
Giai on III :Giai on ph hoi .Khi m men tip tc tng ln , khe nt tip tc pht
trin ln pha trn , vng b tng chu nn b thu hp li , ng sut trong vng b tng chu nn
tng ln trong khi ng sut trong ct thp khng tng na ( v ct thp chy ) . Khi ng sut
trong b tng vng nn t tr s cng chu nn gii hn , b tng chu nn b nn v v dm
b ph hoi( M=Mul) .Ngi ta gi trng hp ph hoi ny l ph hoi do , s ph hoi c th
bt u t trong ct thp chu ko hoc ng thi t trong ct thp chu ko v b tng chu nn .
Khi thit k cu to nn sao cho tit din vo ph hoi do v nh th tn dng ht s chu
lc ca b tng v thp , s ph hoi t t vi bin dng ln iu ny l rt c ngha .
Nu lng ct thp chu ko qu nhiu ng sut trong ct thp cha t n gii hn chy
m b tng vng nn b nn v th dm cng b ph hoi . S ph hoi bt u t vng b tng
chu nn ,khi khng xy ra trng thi IIa. y l s ph hoi gin , ph hoi t ngt vi vt
nt cha tht rng ( do ct thp cha chy ), vng khng ln . Ta xem trng hp ph hoi
ny l nguy him , khi thit k cn trnh cho tit din ri vo trng hp ph hoi ny .
Giai on III dng tnh ton kt cu BTCT theo trng thi gii hn cng .
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fc
Ia
fc
c
c
c
c
I
M
M cr
f s<fy
f s<f y
fct
fct =fr
II
IIa
c
cmax
My
f s<fy
f s=fy
s
0,85f'c
III
c
cmax
0,85f'c
c
cmax
c
III
s
y
M ul
Mul
f s<fy
f s=fy
s
y
Ph hoi do
s
y
Ph hoi gin ,nhiu ct thp
Hnh 4.10- Cc giai on ca trng thi ng sut bin dng trn tit din thng gc
4.2.2 Cc gi thit c bn
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc cu kin BTCT c xc nh da trn cc iu kin cn bng v
ni lc, tng thch v bin dng v quy nh v h s sc khng theo quy trnh . i vi trng
thi gii hn cng ca cu kin chu un, cc gi thit c bn c a ra nh sau:
i vi cc cu kin c ct thp dnh bm, ng bin ti mt th trn mt ct ngang t l thun
vi khong cch t th ti trc trung ha.
i vi cc cu kin c cc b tao cp d ng lckhng dnh bm hon ton hay khng dnh
bm mt phn ngha l cc tao thp trong ng bc hay mt dnh bm, s chnh lch v ng bin
gia b thp v mt ct b tng cng nh nh hng ca vng i vi yu t hnh hc ca b
thp phi a vo tnh ton ng sut trong b thp.
Nu b tng khng b kim ch, ng bin ln nht c th t c th chu nn ngoi cng
l 0,003.
Nu b tng b kim ch, c th s dng gi tr ng bin ln hn 0,003 nu c s chng minh.
Khng xt n sc khng ko ca b tng.
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Gi thit biu ng sut - ng bin ca b tng chu nn l hnh ch nht, parabn hay bt
c hnh dng no khc u phi dn n s d tnh v sc khng vt liu ph hp v c bn vi
cc kt qu th nghim.
4.2.3 Gi thit phn b ng sut khi ch nht

Quan h gia ng sut v ng bin ca b tng chu nn trong cu kin chu un c th c
coi l mt khi ch nht vi tung bng 0,85fc v chiu cao phn b bng a, vi fc l cng
chu nn ca b tng v a c tnh bng:
a = 1.c
trong :
c Khong cch t th chu nn ngoi cng ti trc trung ha
1 h s ph thuc vo cp ca b tng, c ly nh sau

1 = 0,85
i vi fc 28 MPa
1 = 0,65
i vi fc 56 MPa
(4.4)
,
c
( f 28)
i vi 28 MPa fc 56 MPa
7
Cn lu rng, cc gi thit ni trn ch p dng cho cc cu kin c mt ct c.
1 0,85 0, 05
4.3 TNH TON TIT DIN BTCT THNG THEO TTGH CNG
4.3.1 Tnh ton tit din ch nht ct thp n
1-S ng sut, s bin dng
Hnh 4.11- MCN, s bin dng, s ng sut ca tit din ch nht t ct thp n
2-Phng trnh c bn
Phng trnh cn bng ni lc phng trc dm:
0.85 f c, ba As f y
(4.5)
Phng trnh cn bng mmen ly vi trc i qua trng tm ct thp chu ko:
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a
M n 0,85 f c'ba (d s )
2
Trong :
Mn: Sc khng un danh nh.
(4.6)
fc : cng chu nn c trng ca btng.

fy : cng chu ko ca ct thp.
c : chiu cao vng nn.
a : chiu cao vng nn tng ng.
3-iu kin hn ch:
c hai phng trnh cn bng trn, ta xem nh tit din ri vo ph hoi do, khi
hm lng ct thp chu ko khng c qu ln, v theo 22TCN272-05 th:
c
0, 42
ds
(4.7)
trnh ph hoi t ngt xy ra, ta yu cu cn phi cung cp mt lng ct thp ti thiu

nhm c sc khng un khng nh hn m men nt (Mcr). Theo 22TCN272-05:
As
f'
min 0, 03 c
bd s
fy
(4.8)
Cc gii hn v ct thp
a/ Tnh do v lng ct thp ti a
Tnh do trong dm BTCT l mt yu t quan trng trong thit k v n cho php dm bin
dng v xoay m khng b ph hoi. Tnh do cng cho php phn phi li ti trng v m men
un trong cc kt cu bn nhiu nhp v trong cc dm lin tc. y cng l yu t quan trng
trong thit k ng t i vi s tiu hao nng lng di ti trng mnh.
S ph hoi do trong dm BTCT c m bo bi vic hn ch hm lng ct thp chu
ko. Tuy nhin, vic s dng trc tip hm lng ct thp kim tra ph hoi gin ca vng
nn bt li ch chng phi lun lun c iu chnh ph hp vi s thay i ca ni lc
nn do cc nguyn nhn khc nhau nh s c mt ca cnh nn, ct thp chu nn v s phi hp
chu lc ca ct thp chu ko thng v d ng lc. Mt cch tip cn tt hn l kim tra ni
lc nn ca b tng bng cch gii hn khong cch c t th chu nn ln nht ti trc trung ho.
i vi dm BTCT d ng lc:
c
0, 42
de
(4.9)
Trong , de l chiu cao hu hiu ca mt ct, c tnh bng cng thc sau
de
Aps f ps d p As f y ds
Aps f ps As f y
(4.10)
trong , fps c tnh theo cc cng thc chng 6, hoc trong thit k s b c th gi thit
bng fpy.
b/ Lng ct thp ti thiu
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Ct thp chu ko ti thiu c yu cu nhm m bo cho ct thp khng b ph hoi t
ngt. S ph hoi t ngt ca ct thp chu ko c th xy ra nu kh nng chu m men (sc
khng un) c quyt nh bi ct thp chu ko nh hn so vi m men nt (sc khng nt)
ca mt ct b tng nguyn. tnh ton thin v an ton, sc khng un Mn c quyt nh bi
ct thp thng v d ng lc c th ly gim i, trong khi , sc khng nt Mcr c tnh da
trn cng chu ko ca b tng c th c ly tng ln, AASHTO a ra iu kin sau:
M n 1,2M cr
(4.11)
vi
Mcr
fr I g
(4.12)
yt
trong
fr = cng chu ko khi un b tng,
Ig = m men qun tnh nguyn ca mt ct ngang,
yt = khong cch t trc trung ho ti th chu ko ln nht.
H s sc khng .
Xt mt dm ch nht c b rng b v chiu cao ton b h, ch t ct thp chu ko thng
As. Nu gi thit cnh tay n ni lc jd bng 0,9h th sc khng un c h s c tnh nh sau:
M n As f y ( jd ) 0,9 As f y (0,9h) 0,8 As f y h

Vi gi thit fr = 0,12 fc th sc khng nt c th c xc nh:
1
fr bh 2 0, 02 fcbh2
6
Khi thay cc biu thc ny vo cng thc 4.11, s rt ra c din tch ct thp chu ko ti
Mcr
thiu:
As 0, 03bh
fc
fy
(4.13)
Hay ta rt ra c cng thc 4.8 nh trn
min 0, 03
fc
fy
vi fc l cng chu nn c trng ca b tng tui 28 ngy v fy l gii hn chy ca ct

thp chu ko. Biu thc 4.13 c th c s dng xc nh ct thp chu ko ti thiu i vi
dm ch nht khng c ct thp d ng lc. y, AASHTO cho php s dng biu thc 4.8
i vi cc mt ct BTCT thng khng phi l ch nht khi thay gi tr bh bng din tch
nguyn ca mt ct thc t.
22TCN272-05 quy nh:
Tr khi c cc quy nh khc, cn bt k mt mt ct no ca cu kin chu un,
lng ct thp thng v ct thp d ng lc chu ko phi pht trin sc khng un
tnh ton, Mr, t nht bng 1 trong 2 gi tr sau, ly gi tr nh hn:
64
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1,2 ln sc khng nt c xc nh trn c s phn b ng sut n hi v cng chu

ko khi un, fr, ca b tng theo quy nh .
1,33 ln mmen tnh ton cn thit di t hp ti trng - cng thch hp quy nh .
i vi cc cu kin khng c thp d ng lc th lng ct thp ti thiu quy nh y c
th coi l tho mn nu:
f
min 0, 03 c
fy
trong :
min
t l gia thp chu ko v din tch nguyn
fc =
cng chu nn c trng ca b tng (MPa)
fy =
cng chy do ca thp chu ko (MPa)
i vi cc dm ch T c bn bng dm chu ko, vic xc nh t l ct thp thng

thc t, , so snh vi yu cu ca Phng trnh 4.8, phi cn c vo chiu rng ca bn
bng dm.
4-iu kin Cng :
tit din khng b ph hoi th :
M u M r f M n
Mu M mn un tnh ton ( m mn un c h s)
Mr Sc khng un tnh ton
f H s sc khng un
5-Cc bi ton :
a/ Bi ton tnh duyt
Bit kch thc tit din b,h, cp b tng, loi ct thp, din tch ct thp As, cch b tr, m
men Mu. Yu cu tnh duyt cng tit din, cc yu cu ct thp hp l hay khng?.
Bit: b,h,fc,fy, As,ds, ,Mu.
As f y
0.85 f c,b
T kim tra iu kin:
c
0, 42
ds
As
f'
min 0, 03 c
bd s
fy
Kim tra iu kin cng :
a
M u M r f M n f 0,85f c' ba(d s )
2
65
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b/Bi ton thit k:
Dng 1: Bit: b,h,fc,fy ,Mu. Yu cu tnh As v b tr
Ta bin i phng trnh 4.5 v 4.6 bng cch t
a
; m (1 0, 5) ta c
ds
A s f y 0,85f c' bd s
M n m 0,85f c' bd s2
iu kin hn ch : gh 0, 421 ; m gh gh (1 0,5gh )
As
f'
min 0, 03 c
bd s
fy
iu kin cng : M u M r f M n
Li gii nh sau:
Gi nh ds=(0,85-0,9)h
Tnh m
Mu
f 0,85f c' bd s2
S c th xy ra 2 trng hp :
+ Nu mgh , ta s i tra bng hoc tnh c 1 1 2 m , t tnh c:
As
0,85f c' bd s
t y i chn thp, b tr, tnh li ds , kim tra li tit din va thit k theo
fy
bi ton tnh duyt.

+ Nu m >gh ta phi gia cng vng nn bng mt trong ba cch sau: Tng kch thc
tit din, tng cng b tng, t ct thp vo vng b tng chu nn.
Dng 2: Bit: fc,fy , nhp tnh ton L, Mu. Yu cu xc nh kch thc tit din b,h, tnh As
v b tr.
1 1
Trc tin ta chn h: h ( )L , h cn tha mn cc yu cu cu to, kin trc.
10 20
Chn b: Da vo kinh nghim, cu to , yu cu kin trc( thng thng
b=160,180,200,220,250 mm)
Sau khi c b v h bi ton quay v dng 1.

V d 4.1: Xc nh kch thc mt ct, tnh ton v b tr ct thp dc chu lc trn mt ct
ch nht ca dm BTCT thng, bit:
+ Dm gin n, chiu di nhp L = 5 (m)
+ Vt liu fc= 32 MPa; fy = 420 MPa
+ Momen tnh ton trng thi gii hn cng : Mu = 105 kNm
Bi gii:
Ta c:
1 1
+ Chiu cao ca dm: h = l
8 20
66

Chn h = 400 (mm)
+ B rng b = 0.5h = 200 (mm)
www.bmketcau.net
0.05 * f c' 28
0.05 * (32 28)
0.85
0.82
7
7
+ Gi thit ds = 350 (mm)
+ 1 0.85
105*106
0,175 gh 0, 285
0,9*0,85*32* 200*3502
1 1 2 m 0,194
0,194*0,85*32* 200*350
879mm 2
420
Chn As = 2 # 25 = 1020 (mm2)
B tr nh sau:
A syc
Tnh duyt:
Hnh 4.12 -B tr ct thp ca v d 4.1
+ Tnh li a:
a
1020* 420
78, 75(mm)
0,85*32* 200
=> c = c
=>
a
92, 65(mm)
1
c 92, 65
0, 265 0, 42 t (lng ct thp khng qu nhiu)

ds
350
As
1020
0.0146
b * d s 200*350
+ min 0.03 *
f c'
32
0.03 *
2.286 * 10 3
fy
420
Vy min => Lng ct thp m bo khng qu t

Vy:
Mr = 0.9*0.85*fc*a*b*(ds-a/2)= 0,9*0,85*32*78,75*200*(350- 0,5*78,75)=119.764.575
(Nmm) = 119,76 (kN.m)>Mu=105 (kN.m)
Tit din m bo cng .
67
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4.3.2 Tnh ton tit din ch nht ct thp kp:

L do t ct kp: + Trong bi ton tnh ct thp n m
Mu
gh ta c th phi
f 0,85f c' bd s2
i t ct thp vo vng b tng chu nn.

+ Ct thp A s' c sn trn tit din, ta cn tn dng n vo kh nng chu
lc ca tit din.
1-S ng sut, s bin dng
f s' s' E s v f s' f y'
(4.14)
T s bin dng ta c:
'
'
s
cu
'
s
c d 's
c d s'
0,003
c
c
'
y
Khi
f y'
Es
(4.15)
th ct thp chu nn chy khi f s' f y'
Hnh 4.13- MCN, s bin dng, s ng sut ca tit din ch nht t ct thp kp
2-Phng trnh c bn.
Phng trnh cn bng lc dc :
As f y 0,85 f c' ba As' f s'
(4.16)
Phng trnh cn bng mmen ly vi trc i qua trng tm ct thp chu ko:
M n 0.85 f c' ba (d s 0,5a ) As' f s' (d s d s' )
(4.17)
Trng hp ct thp chu nn chy ta thay f s' f y' vo cc phng trnh trn.
3-iu kin hn ch:
c hai phng trnh cn bng trn, ta xem nh tit din ri vo ph hoi do, khi
hm lng ct thp chu ko khng c qu ln, v theo 22TCN272-05 th:
68
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c
0, 42
ds
trnh ph hoi t ngt xy ra, ta yu cu cn phi cung cp mt lng ct thp ti thiu

nhm c sc khng un khng nh hn m men nt (Mcr). Theo 22TCN272-05:
As
f'
min 0, 03 c
bd s
fy
4-iu kin Cng :

M u M r f M n
Mu M mn un tnh ton ( m mn un c h s)
Mr Sc khng un tnh ton
f H s sc khng un
5-Cc bi ton :
a/ Bi ton 1: Bi tnh duyt
Bit kch thc tit din b,h, cp b tng, loi ct thp, din tch ct thp , cch b tr, m men
Mu. Yu cu tnh duyt cng tit din, cc yu cu ct thp hp l hay khng?.
Tm tt: Bit: b, h, f c' , f y , f y' , E s , As , As' , d s , d s' , M u yu cu duyt tit din
Bi gii:
Gi s ct thp chu nn chy, ta c
a
As f y As' f y'
0,85 f c'b
t y tnh c c
suy ra s' 0,003
f'
c d s'
so snh vi y' y
c
Es
+Nu s' y' th gi s ng th a v c tnh c l ng

Ta kim tra iu kin:
c
0, 42 t
ds
As
f'
min 0, 03 c
bd s
fy
iu kin cng :
M r M n 0.85 f c'ba (d s 0,5a ) As' f y' (d s d s' ) M u t
+Nu s' y' th gi s ct thp chu nn l sai, ta c hai cch gii quyt trong trng hp
ny.
Cch 1: Gii chnh xc ra c:
Ta thay a 1c v f s' Es s' Es * 0,003
As f y 0,85 f c'b1c As' Es 0,003
c d s'
vo phng trnh 5.6
c
c d s'
c
69
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Gii phng trnh bc hai vi n l c,sau khi c c ta tnh c a, s' , f s' t i kim tra hm
lng ct thp v kim tra cng .
M r M n 0.85 f c'ba (d s 0,5a ) As' f s' ( d s d s' ) M u t
Cch 2: Tnh n gin bng cch b qua ct thp chu nn tnh nh ct n

b/ Bi ton 2: Tnh v b tr ct thp
Bit kch thc tit din b,h, cp b tng, loi ct thp, m men Mu. Yu cu tnh v b tr ct
thp dc.
Tm tt: Bit: b, h, f c' , f y , f y' , Es , M u yu cu tnh As , As' v b tr
Bi gii:
Gi nh ds=(0,85-0,90)h
Kim tra xem c phi t ct thp kp hay khng?
Nu m
Mu
gh th phi t ct thp kp
0,85 f c'bd s2
Khi c yu cu t ct thp kp ta gi s ct thp chu nn chy v bin i phng trnh

4.16 v 4.17 bng cch t
a
; m (1 0, 5) v khi As chy ta c:
ds
As f y 0,85 f c'bd s As' f y'

M n m 0.85 f c'bd s2 As' f y' (d s d s' )
Nhn xt : khi tn dng ht chiu cao vng b tng chu nn ta c phng n b tr ct thp
kinh t nht. Vy khi gh v m gh ta c As As' min
Ta i gi nh d s' thng t 35-45mm v tnh c As' v As
Mu
As'
As
gh 0.85 f c'bd s2
f y' (d s d s' )
gh 0,85 f c'bd s As' f y'

fy
T y chn thp, b tr v kim tra li theo bi ton tnh duyt.

'
Nhng trong thc hnh, sau khi tnh c As' ta i chon thp Aschon
khc vi As' tnh c do
vy s nh hng ti din tch ct thp chu ko As v ta c bi ton di y

b/ Bi ton 3: Tnh v b tr ct thp As khi bit As'
Bit kch thc tit din b,h, cp b tng, loi ct thp, ct thp chu nn, m men Mu. Yu
cu tnh v b tr ct thp dc.
Tm tt: Bit: b, h, f c' , f y , f y' , Es , As' , d s' , M u yu cu tnh As v b tr
Bi gii:
Gi nh ds=(0,85-0,90)h
Gi s ct thp chu nn chy;
70

Mu
Ta tnh m
www.bmketcau.net
As' f y' (d s d s' )

0.85 f c'bd s2
Ta c hai trng hp ca m nhu sau

+ Trng hp m gh ta tra bng hoc tnh c 1 1 2 m v s c:
As
0,85 f c'bd s As' f y'

fy
i chn thp, b tr v tnh duyt li.

+ Trng hp m gh ta kt lun lng ct thp chu nn bit l qu t, cn xem nh
cha bit tnh li theo bi ton 2
V d 4.2: Xc nh kch thc mt ct, tnh ton v b tr ct thp dc chu ko trn mt dm
BTCT thng, bit:
+ Dm gin n, tit din ch nht: nhp l = 5m; fc = 28 MPa; fy = fy = 420 MPa; As = 2 #
13; ds = 40 mm
+ Mu = 120 KNm.
Bi gii:
- Xc nh kch thc mt ct:
1
1
+ Chn: h=400 mm ; h thng ly trong h ( )l 500 250(mm)
10 20
+ chn b = 220 (mm)
- Tnh ton v b tr ct thp dc chu ko:

+ fc = 28 MPa => 1 = 0.85
+ Gi thit ds = 350 (mm); As = 2 # 13 = 258 (mm2)
+ Gi thit ct thp chu nn chy:
T phng trnh:
Mn
Mu
m 0.85 f c'bd s2 As' f y' (d s d s' )
120 * 10 6
m 0.85 * 28 * 220 * 350 2 258 * 420(350 40)
0,90
m 0,155 gh 0,293
1 1 2 m 0,17 vy ta c a 0,17 * 350 59,48mm

ct
s
0.85 * f c' * b * a f y' * As'

fy
0.85 * 28 * 220 * 59,48 420 * 258

999,52(mm 2)
420
Chn As = 3 # 22 = 1161 (mm2)

B tr:
71
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2#13
3#22
Hnh 4.14 -B tr ct thp ca v d 4.2

+ Tnh duyt li tit din va thit k:
Gi s ct thp chu nn chy:
Ta c
=> c
As f y As' f y'
'
c
0,85 f b
1161 * 420 258 * 420

72,43mm
0,85 * 28 * 220
72,43
85,22mm
0,85
- Kim gi s ct thp chu nn chy ng hay khng?
y'
f y'
Es
420
2.1 * 10 3
2 * 10 5
s' 0,003 *
c d s'
85,22 40
0,003 *
1,59 * 10 3
c
85,22
Ta thy: y' s'
=> Ct thp chu nn khng chy do.Gi thit sai
Tnh c chnh xc:

T phng trnh cn bng lc dc:
As f y 0,85 f c'b1c As' Es 0,003
c d s'
c
1161* 420 0,85 * 28 * 220 * 0,85c 258 * 2 *105 * 0,003

Gii ra ta c:
c 40
c
c = 90,20mm
v c = -15,42 (loi)
Vy: a 76,67 mm ; s' 0,00167 v f s' 333,94 MPa

M n 0.85 f c'ba ( d s 0,5a ) As' f s' ( d s d s' ) 151,83 *106 Nmm 151,83kNm
=> Mr = *Mn = 0.9 * 151,83 = 133,65 (KNm)

Ta thy Mr = 136,65 (KNm) > Mu = 120 (KNm) => t.
72

- Kim tra lng ct thp ti a:
www.bmketcau.net
c 90,20
0,2577 0.42 => t.

ds
350
- Kim tra lng ct thp ti thiu:

+
1161
0,015 15 *10 3
220 * 350
+ min 0.03 *
f c'
28
0.03 *
2 * 10 3
fy
420
Vy min => Lng ct thp m bo.

Khi tnh n gin bng cch b qua ct thp chu nn tnh nh ct n ta c
Mr=133,165kNm
4.3.3 Tnh ton tit din ch T

1. c im cu to v tnh ton
Tit din ch T bao gm c cnh v sn. Cnh c th nm trong vng chu nn hoc vng
chu ko. Khi cnh nm trong vng nn din tch vng b tng chu nn c m rng. Khi cnh
nm trong vng ko, do khng xt ti sc khng ko ca b tng nn tit din ch c gi tr nh
tit din ch nht c kch thc bw x h. Vic b tr cnh trong vng nn l do yu cu cu to nh
b tr ct thp hoc kin trc.
Khi cnh nm trong vng nn ta cn xem xt hai trng hp v tr ca trc trung ha. Khi trc
trung ha i qua cnh (chf ) th tit din ch T c tnh nh tit din ch nht c kch thc b
x h. Khi trc trung ha i qua sn (c>hf) tit din ch T s c vng nn nm trong cnh v vng
nn nm trong sn, y ta ch xem xt trng hp ny.
bit trc trung ha qua cnh hay qua sn ta c hai cch: 1) Gi s trc trung ha qua
cnh hoc sn tnh ton v kim tra li xem gi s ng hay khng. 2) Tnh m men vi trng
hp ranh gii l khi trc trung ha qua mp di cnh (c=hf) thng k hiu l Mf v so snh vi
m men Mu.
Hnh 4.15 Mt ct ngang cu dm nhp gin n

Quy nh v vic a b rng cnh vo tnh ton:
Trong cc cu v cng trnh c nhiu dm ch (hnh 4.15) ta c cc dm bin (dm 1 v 5) v
cc dm trong hay dm gia ( dm 2,3,4).
73

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Cnh c th chu nn c l nh c ng sut ct truyn lc nn t sn ra cnh. Phn cnh
cch xa sn th ng sut dc trong cnh kh nh.V th, cc ng sut dc khng phn b u.
B rng cnh dm c ch l b rng c gim i v cc ng sut dc c gi thit l phn
b u t cng mt lc nh s phn b ng sut khng ng u c c bng cch ly tch
phn trn ton b rng.
Khi khng iu kin phn tch chnh xc hn c th ly nh quy nh ca tiu chun
22TCN272-05( iu 4.6.2.6)
B rng cnh tnh ton be ca dm gia khng ly qu tr s nh nht trong ba tr s sau:
1
L vi L l chiu di nhp
4
Khong cch tim gia hai dm
12hf b w
B rng cnh tnh ton ca dm bin ly bng 1/2 b rng hu hiu ca dm trong k bn,
cng thm tr s nh nht ca:
1/8 ln chiu di nhp hu hiu
1
6 h f bw
2
B rng ca phn hng

Khi tnh b rng bn cnh dm hu hiu, chiu di nhp hu hiu c th ly bng nhp thc t
i vi cc nhp gin n v bng khong cch gia cc im thay i mmen un (im un
ca biu mmen) ca ti trng thng xuyn i vi cc nhp lin tc, thch hp c mmen
m v dng.
2. Tnh ton tit din ch T t ct thp n.
a-S ng sut ( khi trc trung ha qua sn)
Cc trng hp tnh ton tit din ch T:
Khi c<hf th TTH qua cnh, tnh nh tit din ch nht.
Khi chf th TTH qua sn, tnh theo bi ton tit din ch T.
Hnh 4.16- MCN, s bin dng, s ng sut ca tit din ch T t ct thp n
74
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'
Cw = 0,85 f c bw a
Cf = 0,85 1 f c b bw h f
'
b-Phng trnh c bn ( khi c>hf hay TTH qua sn)

Phng trnh hnh chiu ca ni lc nn phng trc dm:
As f y 0,85 f c' bw a 0,851 b bw h f f c'
(4.18)
Phng trnh cn bng mmen:
M n 0,85 f c'bw a d s 0,851 f c' b bw h f d s f

2
2
(4.19)
a
; m (1 0,5 ) ta c:
ds
As f y 0,85 f c'bw d s 0,851 f c' b bw h f
M n m 0,85 f c'bw d s2 0,851 f c' b bw h f d s f

2
trong :
Mn :
sc khng danh nh (N.mm)
As :
din tch ct thp chu ko (mm2).
fy :
gii hn chy quy nh ca ct thp chu ko (MPa).
f'c :
b :
bw :
cng chu nn c trng ca b tng tui 28 ngy (MPa)

b rng ca mt chu nn ca cu kin (mm)
chiu dy ca bn bn bng hoc ng knh ca mt ct trn (mm)
h s chuyn i biu ng sut quy nh
hf
chiu dy bn cnh chu nn ca cu kin dm I hoc T (mm)
a 1c
; Chiu dy ca khi ng sut tng ng (mm)
c-iu kin hn ch:

iu kin hn ch :
c
ds
0,42 v 0,03
fc
A
vi s
bw d
fy
d-iu kin cng :

M u M r f M n
V d 4.3: Tnh ton v b tr ct thp dc chu lc trn mt ct ch T ca dm BTCT thng,
bit:
+ Kch thc mc: b = 800 mm; bw = 220 mm; hf = 120 mm; h = 550 mm.
+ Vt liu: fc = 28 MPa; fy = 420 Mpa
+ Momen tnh ton trng thi gii hn cng : Mu = 150 KNm.
75

Bi gii:
Theo bi ra ta c: fc = 28 MPa
www.bmketcau.net
=> 1 = 0.85
- Gi nh ds = 500 (mm)
- Gi thit trc trung ho i qua cnh v mt ct t ct thp n:
Mu
150 * 10 6
0,035
f 0,85 f c'bd s2 0,9 * 0,85 * 28 * 800 * 500 2
m 0,035 gh 0,293
1 1 2 m 0,0356 vy ta c a 0,0356 * 500 17,82mm
c
17,82
20,97mm h f 120mm
0.85
=> Gi s trc trung ha qua cnh l ng

=> Gi thit ng => Tnh nh mt ct ch nht t ct n.
ct
+ As
0,85 * f c' * a * b 0,85 * 28 * 17,82 * 800
808,067( mm 2 )
fy
420
Chn As = 3 # 22 = 1161 ( mm2)

B tr:
Hnh 4.17- B tr ct thp v d 4.3

+ Tnh li a:
a=
As * f y
'
c
0,85 * f * b f
1161 * 420
25,61( mm)
0,85 * 28 * 800
76
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a 25.61
30.129 h f 120
1 0.85
=> c =
c 30.129
0.060258 0.42 -> OK

ds
500
=>
Vy:
Mr = *Mn = 0.9*0.85*fc*a*bf*(ds- a/2) = 0.9*0.85*28*25.61*800*(500- 25.61/2)

= 213.806 (KNm)
=> Mr = 213.806 (KNm) > Mu = 150 (KNm)
=> t.
+
As
1161
0.01055
bw * d s 220 * 500
+ min 0.03 *
f c'
28
0.03 *
2 * 10 3
fy
420
Vy min => Lng ct thp m bo

3. Tnh ton tit din ch T t ct thp kp.
a-S ng sut , s bin dng( khi trc trung ha qua sn)
cu
d's
A's
0,85fc'
a= 1c
's
As
A s fy
s y
Mt ct ngang
Cf
Cw
Mn
ds
bw
Cs
S bin dng
S ng sut
Hnh 4.18- MCN, s bin dng, s ng sut ca tit din ch T t ct thp kp

f s' s' E s v f s' f y'
T s bin dng ta c:
'
'
s
cu
'
s
c d 's
c d s'
0,003
c
c
'
y
Khi
f y'
Es
th ct thp chu nn chy khi f s' f y'
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Cc hp lc nn:
Cs = As.fs
Cw = 0,85.fc.bw a
Cf = 0,85.1.fc.(b - bw). hf
b-Phng trnh c bn v tnh ton
Phng trnh hnh chiu ca ni lc nn phng trc dm:
As f y 0,85 f c'bw a 0,851 f c' b bw h f As' f s'
(4.20)
Phng trnh cn bng mmen:
M n 0,85 f c'bw a d s 0,851 f c' b bw h f d s f As' f s' d s d s'

2
2
(4.21)
trong : Cc k hiu gii thch phn trn.

Ch : Khi ct thp chu nn (As) chy ta thay fs=fy.
a
; m (1 0,5 ) v khi As'
ds
chy ta c:
As f y 0,85 f c' bw d s 0,851 f c' b bw h f As' f y'
M n m 0,85 f c'bw d s2 0,851 f c' b bw h f d s f As' f y' d s d s'

2
c-iu kin hn ch:
c
iu kin hn ch :
0,42 v 0,03
fc
A
vi s
bw d
fy
d-iu kin cng :

Mr f Mn Mu
V d 4.4: Tnh ton v b tr ct thp dc chu lc trn mt ct ch T ca dm BTCT thng,
bit:
+ Kch thc tit din: b = 800 mm; bw = 220 mm; hf = 120 mm; h = 550 mm.
+ Vt liu: fc = 28 MPa; fy = 420 MPa = fy
+ Ct thp chu nn: As = 2 # 16; ds = 40mm.
+ Momen tnh ton trng thi gii hn cng : Mu = 180 KNm.
Bi gii:
+ 1 0.85
+ Gi nh ds = 500 (mm).
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+ Gi s trc trung ho i qua cnh.
+ Gi s ct thp chu nn chy do.
Vi As = 2 # 16 = 398 (mm2)
Ta c:
Mu
As' * f y' * (d s d s' )

0.85 * f c' * b f d s2
180 * 10 6
398 * 420 * (500 35)
0
.
9
0,0259
0.85 * 28 * 800 * 500 2
m 0,0259 gh 0,293 ta c 1 1 2 m 0,0262

a d s 0,0262 * 500 13,1mm
c=
13,1
15,4mm h f 120mm
0,85
=> Gi thit trc trung ha qua cnh ng.

ct
s
0.85 * f c' * a * b f f y' * As'

fy
0.85 * 28 * 13,1 * 800 420 * 398

992( mm 2 )
420
Chn As = 3 # 22 = 1161 (mm2)

B tr:
Hnh 4.19- B tr ct thp cho v d 4.4

+ Tnh duyt:
Gi s trc trung ha qua cnh v gi s ct thp chu nn chy ta c :
a
=> c
As f y As' f y'
'
c
0,85 f b
1161 * 420 398 * 420

16,83mm
0,85 * 28 * 800
16,83
19,8mm h f 120mm
0,85
'
Vy trc trung ha qua cnh l ng.Ta cng nhn thy c 19,8mm d s 40mm vy ct
thp chu nn nm trong vng ko ta b qua ct thp chu nn ny tnh nh ct n:
79
a
c
As f y
'
c
0,85 f b
a
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1161 * 420
25,6mm
0,85 * 28 * 800
25,6
30,13mm h f 120mm vy trc trung ha qua cnh l vn ng
0,85
- Kim tra tnh do , hm lng ct thp ti a:
c 25,6
0,06 0,42 vy t yu cu.

d s 500
+
+ min
As
1161
0,0106 1,06 * 10 2
bw * d s 220 * 500
f c'
0.03 *
2 * 10 3
fy
Vy min => Lng ct thp m bo.

- Kim tra cng tit din:
M n 0,85 f c'ba d s 0,85 * 28 * 800 * (500 0,5 * 25,6) 237,566 *10 6 Nmm
2
Mn=237,566 kNm
M r f M n 0,9 * 237,566 213,81kNm M u 180kNm

Vy iu kin cng c m bo khng ph hoi.
4.4
TNH TON THIT K CHU CT
4.4.1 M hnh chng v ging ( Strut And Tie Models)

Thit k v cu to chi tit KCBTCT c nhim v l tnh ton ni lc , hiu ng ca ti
trng v tc ng a ra c: cch b tr ct thp, cc c trng mt ct, vt liu .Tuy nhin
nhim v ca cng vic thit k v cu to chi tit khng ch l gii quyt cho mt s mt ct
nht nh (nhng mt ct thc s c tnh ton v phn tch ) m n phi bao gm ton b
kt cu .
Nh chng ta bit trong s cc h hng n thng xy ra nhng vng khng lin tc v
tnh hc v hnh hc nh ni c ti trng tp trung ,v tr thay i t ngt ca mt ct ,trong cc
khu vc ny bin dng phn b phi tuyn , y chng ta khng th p dng cc phng php
thit k thng thng ,chng ta thng thit k v cu to nhng vng ny ch theo kinh nghim
m khng a ra c cc kim tra vi cc tiu chun v cng .Nu chng ta xem tm quan
trng ca cc vng ny cng l hn nh v an ton ca ton b kt cu,chng ta khng th i
x vi chng nhiu hn hay t hn vng lin tc.
gii thch cc kinh nghim cu to v trnh cc sai st trong thit k i vi cc vng
ni trn chng ta nn s dng m hnh h thanh .
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4.4.1.1 Nguyn l chung v phm vi p dng :

Cc ng sut v ni lc trong kt cu c th c v hay hnh nh ho di dng cc qu
o. Nhng s qu o gn ging cc ng dng, do vy chngta c th gi l dng ni
lc trong kt cu . Khi nim v cc dng qu o lc chy t bin chu ti qua kt cu ti cc
gi thc s l cc cng c hu hiu hiu ng qu trnh chu ti ca kt cu v l s tr gip
tin ch cho ngi thit k.
Hnh 4.20 : Qu o ng sut trong vng B v D

Tuy vy cc mu qu o tng qut l kh phc tp v ch c th xc nh ng nht i vi
vt liu lm vic n hi tuyn tnh, hn na trong BTCT cc ng chu ko chy dc theo ct
thp v c th gy ra nt v bin dng do, do vy tt hn ht l trong cc bi ton thc t, cn
n gin ho hnh qu o v lm cho ph hp vi nhng c im, tnh cht ring bit ca
kt cu b tng.
Vo u nm 1899, W.Rictter a ra m hnh dn thanh n hnh nh ho ni lc trong
cc dm chu nt. T E.Morsch s dng lm c s thit k dm b tng. Trong nhng
nhin cu gn y Cook v Collins u s dng phng php tm ra ni lc trong kt cu.
Vic tng qut ho m hnh dn thnh m hnh Strut-and-Tie to ra kh nng ng dng thc
s ca n i vi cc cu kin BTCT v ca ton b kt cu.
t c mc ch ny, cc qu o ng sut ca cc trng ng sut ring bit trong kt
cu v cc lc tng tc t ct thp chng c xem xt v cong ca chng c l tng
ho theo dng ca cc phn t ko hoc nn trong mt m hnh h thanh thng. Dng ca cc ni
lc c th c phc ho v c nh r bi phng php ng ti trng v c l tng ho
trong m hnh h thanh thch hp. Bi vy cc thanh chng v cc thanh ko ( hoc chnh xc l
cc trng ng sut b tng v ct thp ) c nh kch thc bi cc ni lc ca m hnh nh
thit lp, vi s cn nhc thch ng ca s lch v neo ca cc lc, ang c l tng ho
theo dng ca cc nt.
Nhiu khi ch c s pht trin ca mt m hnh h thanh s l nhn bit nhng im
yu trong mt kt cu v thc cht l cung cp thit k chi tit , bng cch minh ho nhn bit
yu cu ct thp ti im a ra ca kt cu.
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Phng php c a vo quy trnh CEB/FIP-Model code 90 v Euro code 2,
ACI,AASHTO.
Vi mc ch n gin nh mt qui lut chung, cc kt cu l c phn tch ring trong mt
vi mt trc giao. V vy chng ta hu ht dnh quan tm vi m hnh h thanh phng. Nh
quan h gia cc m hnh trong cc mt khc nhau s c tnh ton bng cc lc tng tc hoc
cc ng sut.
i khi n tr nn cn thit a ra mt ci nhn t m ti nhng vng no ca kt cu
bng nhng m hnh h thanh cc b. iu ny cho php chng ta s s dng cc m hnh h
thanh tr nn tinh t hn ca nhng vng c bit quan tm vi nhng iu kin bin nhn c
t mt m hnh tng th.
4.4.1.2 Phn chia kt cu thnh cc vng B v D:
V mt phng php thy rng rt hp l v thun tin khi phn chia mi mt phng kt cu
cn quan tm thnh hai loi vng khc nhau m s c gii quyt khc nhau gi l vng B c
th dng gi thuyt Becnuli hay gi thuyt un ,v vng D l vng khng lin tc .Chnh xc hn
vi cc vng B phi tho mn gi thuyt Becnuli v mt ct ngang vn phng sau khi un ,do
vy khi thit k vn c th p dng cc phng php thit k thng thng.Ngc li, cc vng
D l nhng vng ca kt cu m khng th p dng cc phng php tnh ton thng thng v
do vy cn phi tm hiu k hn.
1/ Vng B
Cc vng B c thy trong cc dm v bn c chiu cao hay b dy khng i ( hoc t thay
i ) trn ton kt cu v ti trng l phn b u. Trng thi ng sut ti mt mt ct bt k d
dng tnh ton t cc tc ng ti mt ct ( m men un, Mxon ,lc ct, lc dc trc ) bng cc
phng php thng thng.
Vi cc iu kin l vng ny khng b nt v tho mn nh lut Hc, cc ng sut s c
tnh ton theo l thuyt un s dng cc c trng mt ct ( nh l din tch mt ct, m men
qun tnh...).
Khi ng sut ko vt qu cng chu ko ca b tng , m hnh dn hoc mt trong
nhng phng php tnh ton thit k kt cu b tng ct thp c xy dng cho vng B s
c p dng thay cho l thuyt un .
2/ Vng D
Cc phng php chun trn khng th p dng cho cc vng m phn b bin dng phi
tuyn, l cc min c s thay i t ngt v hnh hc ( gin on hnh hc ) hoc c cc lc
tp trung ( gin on tnh hc ). Gin on hnh hc gp cc dng hc ( ch lm, li ) cc gc
khung, nhng on cong v nhng khe hoc l .
Gin on tnh hc pht sinh t cc lc tp trung hoc cc phn lc gi v cc neo ct thp d
ng lc. Cc kt cu c phn b bin dng phi tuyn trn ton b cc mt ct ca kt cu nh
trng hp cc dm cao, c xem l ton b vng D.
Khng ging nh vng B trng thi ng sut ca vng D khng th xc nh c t ni lc
ca mt ct bi v khng bit c s phn b ca bin dng. gii thch iu ny hy xem
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hnh 6.2 , hnh ny cho thy rng mc d xc nh c s phn b ni lc trong nhng dm
khc nhau nhng trng thi ng sut ti gi ta ca cc dm khng th phn tch c khi
thiu s gii thch ca cc kiu t ti .
V
M
Hnh 4.21: Cc kt cu c cng kiu phn b ni lc nhng cc vng D gn gi s khc nhau

nhiu.
Cc ni lc mt ct ca vng B v cc phn lc gi ca kt cu l c s cho vic thit k cc
vng B v D . Do bc u tin s l phn tch mt h thng tnh hc thch hp theo nh thc
hnh chung.ng nhin iu ny ch p dng vi cc kt cu gm cc vng B. Vi cc kt cu
ch c ton vng D nh cc dm cao vic phn tch ni lc mt ct c th b qua nhng phn lc
gi ta l thng xuyn cn thit .
3/ Xc nh ng bin ca vng D
Trong vng B qu o ng sut t thay i ,ngc li trong vng D n thay i hn lon
.Cng ng sut gim nhanh theo khong cch tnh t ni gc tp trung ng sut .c im
ny cho php phn bit vng B v D trong mt kt cu.
Vi mc ch tm phc tho ng phn chia gia vng B v D ,Trnh t c xut da
trn c s s lm vic n hi v c gii thch bi v d hnh 1.2 nh sau:
Nguyn l chung l chia nh trng thi ng sut thc ca kt cu (a) theo trng thi ca ng
sut (b) lm tho mn gi thuyt Bc nu li v trng thi b ca ng sut(c).
p dng nguyn l Saint Venant, n c xem rng ng sut phi tuyn xa l khng ng k
,nh ti khong cch xa nh xp x vi khong cch ln nht gia bn thn ca cc lc cn
bng. Khong cch ny nh phm vi ca vng D minh ho nh v d hnh 6.3. Nn ch rng
mi trng hp ca cc dm khong cch ny bng chiu cao ca mt ct ti v tr . N cng
cp rng cc b phn b tng nt c nhng kh khn khc nhau trong nhng phng din
khc nhau. iu ny c th nh hng n phm vi ca vng D nhng khng cn tho lun hn
83

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t nguyn Saint Venant. Bn thn cc ng phn chia vng B v D mc ch y ch phc v
ging nh s gip v mt nh tnh trong pht trin m hnh h thanh.
Khng ch l s phn chia ca kt cu thnh nhng vng B v D hiu bit ni lc trong kt
cu m n cn gii thch rng quy lut n gin l/h phn bit cc loi dm nh l dm cao,
cnh tay n ngn, di.
4/ Pht trin m hnh h thanh
Tri li yu cu thit k cho nhng vng B c th d dng tho mn bi mt vi m hnh tiu
chun , cc vng D thng xuyn yu cu mt m hnh h thanh ring pht trin ph hp vi
iu kin c trng ca vng ang xem xt.
Nhng trnh t sau y c nh a ra vi hng dn pht trin m hnh h thanh nh th
no cho ph hp nhng yu cu c trng ca bt k mt trng hp no, n phn nh mt bc
tranh ng ca cc dng ni lc vi mc ch :m hnh s p ng ging nh kt cu thc. Pht
trin m hnh h thanh l c th so snh c vi nhim v ca vic chn mt h tiu biu trn
c hai iu kin hiu bit v kinh nghim u c yu cu.
Cc bc chung
u tin nhng iu kin bin ca nhng vng c m hnh ho phi c nh r y .
t c kt qu ny chng ta c th lm nh sau :
1. nh r kch thc hnh hc, ti, nhng iu kin gi ta ca ton b kt cu. Ch
rng iu ny c th yu cu gi thit mt vi lng cha bit nh cc kch thc yu cu m s
c kim tra thm nu cn thit th hiu chnh.
2. Chia 3 kch thc kt cu bi nhng mt khc nhau d dng phn tch ring bi mt
trung bnh ca h thanh. Trong phn ln cc trng hp kt cu s c chia theo cc mt trc
giao ( vung gc ) hoc c th song song vi nhau. Mt dm T lm v d yu cu cnh dm v
sn dm c m hnh ho ring r. Nhng iu kin bin c nh r t giao nhau ca cc
mt, m vi dm T l ch tip gip cnh v sn.
3. Xc nh phn lc gi ta bng cc h thng tnh hc l tng ( nh khung, dm lin
tc ). Vi nhng kt cu siu tnh gi thit s lm vic l n hi tuyn tnh. Ch rng s phn
b li m men do nt, bin dng do v t bin c th c cn nhc.
4. Chia kt cu thnh nhng vng B v D
5. Xc inh ni ng sut ca nhng vng B v xc nh kch thc vng B bng nhng
m hnh h thanh hoc s dng nhng phng php tiu chun t quy trnh.
6. inh r nhng lc tc dng trn ring vng D phc v nh l ng i ca
chng.Ngoi ti trng ra iu ny cn bao gmnhng ng sut bin trong nhng mt ct phn
chia D v B, chng c ly t thit k vng B nh chng l kt qu ca cc gi nh v
m hnh ca B
7. Kim tra nhng vng D ring r theo s cn bng.
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F/h
d=h
A/
-F/h
a)
b)
D
c)
d)
B/
a)
h
c)
d=h
b)
+
d)
Hnh 4.22: A)Ct vi ti trng tp trung
B) Dm gin n ti phn b u
gi trc tip
4.4.1.3 Mt s m hnh tiu biu.

Cc m hnh tiu biu sau y u da trn c s ng sut khng i theo b dy ca kt cu
( phng thng gc vi mt phng un )
Cc ct thp thu c t m hnh h thanh thng thng phi thm vo cc ct thp phn b
trn b mt kim sot nt v chu cc ng sut ph do co ngt v thay i nhit .
1 M hnh tiu biuca vng B.
M hnh dn chun sau thch hp cho cc vng B b nt chu M,N,Q . Trong trng
hp ny cc thanh nn i din cho hp ca cc trng ng sut nn xin ,cc thanh ko i din
cho cc lc phn b trn chiu di Z.cotg .T s hnh hc ca m hnh ta thu c cc lc
trong thanh nn ,thanh ko v cc d liu lin quan i vi trng hp lc ct Q khng i nh
bng sau :
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lb
a)
M1
b)
M2> M1
B1
c)
Z(cotg+cotg)
d)
Aw
T1
Zcotg
S1
e)
Zcotg
T1
Aw
T1 = V
Hnh 4.23- M hnh tiu biu vng B1: a) Vng B v cc ni lc ;b) M hnh dn chun vi
cc thanh ko nghing ; c)Ct thp tng ng ; d) M hnh dn chun vi cc thanh ko thng
ng v m hnh vng B ngn ; e) ct thp tng ng
Bng 4.4 : Lc trong cc thanh v cc d liu nhn c t m hnh dn vi vng B c lc
ct khng i v khng c lc dc trc
Khong cch cc
thanh ko aT
Khong cch cc
thanh nn ac
Lc trong thanh
nn
Lc trong thanh
ko
cc
nswd =q
45o<=<=90o
Z(cotg+cotg.)sin
=90o
Z.cotg
Z(cotg+cotg).sin
Z.cos
C=M/Z-V*(cotg-cotg)/2
C=M/Z-V(cotg)/2
T=M/Z+ V*(cotg-cotg)/2
T=M/Z+V(cotg)/2
V/[bZ(cos+cotg)sin2]
V/Z[(cotgcotgsin2]
V/ [bZsincos
V/(Zcotg
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Vng gn gi vi ti trng phn b u
Vng B vi cc thanh ko nghing
Vng B vi ti trng tc dng cnh y
Dm lin tc vi ti trng tp trung
Hnh 4.24 Cc m hnh vng B

6.1.3.2 M hnh tiu biuca vng D.
Vng D1
p dng vi di bn chiu rng b chu mt lc tp trung F ga b rng bn. hnh 4.25
S phn b a lc thc t xy ra trong phm vi mt vng D1 chiu su ca n xp x bng b
rng b. S lch hng ca qu o ng sut nn sinh ra cc ng sut ko ngang , thng gi l
cc ng sut ko tch . ln ca cc ng sut ko ny ph thuc vo a/b ( a l b rng ca lc
F ). Ton b lc ko ngang T c xc nh nh sau:
T=0,25F(1- a/b)
(2.22)
Ngay bn di v tr ti trng tc dng xut hin ng sut nn ngang ,ton b lc nn C ny

bng vi lc ko T
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Hnh 4.25 : M hnh vng D1

Vng D2
Khi lc F di chuyn t ga ra gc tm th lc ko ngang T ngay di ti gim ln . Cng
lc lc ko ngang T1 hnh thnh trong cnh chu ti lin k im ti tc dng. Khi lc F tc
dng gc tm (vng D2) th lc ko ny c th t ti ln T1=F/3,vi mt chiu rng rt
hn ch nh ng sut cc i gc tm .Chng thng ln hn cng chu ko ca b tng
v l nguyn nhn gy nt gc.
Hnh 4.26: M hnh vng D2

a) Biu ng sut ; b) M hnh h thanh
88
nsw,d= Aswf ywd /sw =
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VA - q[0.5a1+(d1+z)cotg]
zcotg
Hnh 4.27 M hnh h thanh cho vng gi gn u dm
4.4.2 Cc b phn ca m hnh chng v ging :

-
Thanh nn b tng hoc b tng c ct thp chu nn.

Thanh ging ko thng l i din cho ct thp chu ko.
Nt gin, v cc vng D thng xuyn bao gm 2 nt: nt n v nt m. Nt n
thng nguy him cn kim tra, cn nt m c th khng cn kim tra. Tuy nhin nu
mt nt ko nn m l c gi nh vn cha nt, th phi kim tra ng sut ko ca
b tng .
Hnh 4.28 M hnh v d nt
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6.1.5 nh kch thc v tnh duyt cc thanh v nt

Sc khng tnh ton, Pr, ca cc thanh chu ko v nn s c coi nh cc cu kin chu
lc dc trc :
Pr = Pn
(4.23)
trong :
Pn = cng danh nh ca thanh chng nn hoc ging ko (N)
= h s sc khng cho trng hp chu ko hoc nn c quy nh trong iu
5.5.4.2 c ly mt cch tng ng.

1/ nh kch thc ca thanh chng chu nn
a) Cng ca thanh chu nn khng ct thp
Sc khng danh nh ca thanh chu nn khng ct thp ly nh sau :
Pn = fcu A cs
trong :
Pn
=
sc khng danh nh ca thanh chu nn (N).
fcu
=
ng sut chu nn gii hn nh quy nh trong iu 5.6.3.3.3 (MPa)
Acs
=
din tch mt ct ngang hu hiu ca thanh chu nn (mm2)
b) ng sut nn gii hn trong thanh chng. ng sut chu nn gii hn fcu phi ly nh sau :
f cu
f c
0,85f c
0,8 170 1
(4.24)
trong :
1 = (s + 0.002) cotg2s
y :
gc nh nht gia thanh chu nn v thanh chu ko lin k ()
bin dng ko trong b tng theo hng ca ging chu ko
cng chu nn quy nh (MPa)
(mm/mm)
f c
c) Thanh chng c ct thp

Nu thanh nn c ct thp b tr song song vi trc thanh v c cu to chu nn ti
gii hn chy th sc khng danh nh ca thanh nn c tnh nh sau :
Pn = fcuAcs+ fyAss
(4.25)
trong :
Ass = din tch mt ct ct thp trong thanh chng (mm2)
2/ nh kch thc thanh ging chu ko
a). Cng ca thanh ging
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Ct thp ko phi c neo vo vng nt vi chiu di neo quy nh bi nhng mc neo
hoc cc neo c hc. Lc ko phi c pht trin mt trong ca vng nt.
Sc khng danh nh ca thanh ging chu ko phi ly bng :
Pn = fyAst + Aps [fpe + fy]
(4.26)
y:
Ast
tng din tch ca ct thp dc thng trong thanh ging (mm2).
Aps
fy
fpe
din tch thp d ng lc(mm2)
cng chy ca ct thp dc thng (MPa)
ng sut trong thp d ng lc do to d ng lc, xt mt mt
(MPa)
3/. nh kch thc vng nt
Tr khi c b tr ct thp ai v tc dng ca n c chng minh qua tnh ton hay thc
nghim, ng sut nn trong b tng vng nt khng c vt qu tr s sau :
i vi vng nt bao bi thanh chu nn v mt gi :
0,85 fc
i vi vng nt neo thanh chu ko mt hng :
0,75 fc
i vi vng nt neo thanh chu ko nhiu hng :
0,65 fc
trong :
= h s sc khng chu lc p mt trn b tng nh quy nh iu 5.5.4.2.
4.4.3 Cc phng php thit k, cc yu cu chung

4.4.3.1 Cc phng php thit k
1/ Cc vng chu un
Cc vng ca mt cu kin, c th ph hp vi gi thit mt ct vn phng sau khi t ti, phi c
thit k chu lc ct v xon hoc l theo m hnh mt ct thng thng hoc l theo m hnh chng v
ging .
Cc cu kin m trong khong cch t im lc ct bng khng n mt gi nh hn 2h, hoc l
cc cu kin trong ti trng gy ra ln hn 1/2 lc ct gi gn hn 2h tnh t mt gi th c th coi
chng l loi dm cao v c thit k theo m hnh chng v ging .
2/ Cc vng gn v tr thay i kch thc t ngt

Ti cc vng m gi thit mt ct phng ca l thuyt un khng thch hp th khi thit k chng ct
v xon phi dng m hnh chng-v-ging (m hnh gin o) .
4.4.3.2 Cc yu cu chung
1/ Tiu chun thit k chung
Sc khng ct tnh ton Vr c xc nh :
Vr Vn
(4.27)
h s sc khng ct ( BT t trng bnh thng =0,9 ; BT t trng thp

=0,70)
91
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Vn Sc khng ct danh nh (N)
Sc khng xon tnh ton Tr c xc nh :

Tr Tn
(4.28)
h s sc khng ( BT t trng bnh thng =0,9 ; BT t trng thp =0,70)

Tn Sc khng xon danh nh (N.mm)
Vi b tng c t trng thng thng hiu ng xon phi c xem xt khi :
Tu > 0,25 Tcr
(4.29)
trong :
Tcr 0,328 f c
A 2cp
pc
f pc
0,328 fc
(4.30)
y :
Tu
= m men xon tnh ton (N.mm)
Tcr
= m men nt do xon (N.mm)
Acp
= ton b din tch bao bc bi chu vi ngoi ca mt ct b tng (mm2)
pc
= chiu di chu vi ngoi ca mt ct b tng (mm)

fpc
=
ng sut nn trong b tng sau khi cc tn tht d ng lc xy ra hoc
trng tm ca mt ct chu cc ti trng nht thi hoc ch ni gia bn bng v bn
cnh dm khi trng tm nm bn cnh dm (MPa).
= h s sc khng quy nh
2/ Vng i hi ct thp ai
Ct thp ai phi c t khi :
Vu 0,5 (Vc V p )
(4.31)
Hoc khi hiu ng xon phi c xem xt : Tu > 0,25 Tcr

trong :
Vu =
lc ct tnh ton (N)
Vc =
sc khng ct danh nh ca b tng (N)
Vp =
thnh phn lc d ng lctrong hng ca lc ct (N)
h s sc khng quy nh .
Ct thp ngang c th bao gm :

-
Ct ai hp thnh mt gc khng nh hn 45o vi ct thp dc chu ko.
92
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-
Ct theo chu xon phi bao gm c hai loi ct thp ai v dc. Ct thp ai phi l cc ct
ai kn vung gc vi trc dc ca cu kin.
3/ Ct thp ai ti thiu
Yu cu mt lng ct thp ngang ti thiu chu s tng ln ca nt cho v tng

tnh do ca mt ct. Yu cu mt lng ln hn ct thp ngang khng ch nt khi cng
b tng c tng ln.
Ti nhng ch yu cu c ct thp ai, nh quy nh, din tch ct thp khng c t hn
A v 0,083 f c
b vs
fy
(4.32)
y :
Av =
din tch ct thp ai trong c ly s (mm2)
bv =
chiu rng bn bng c xc nh t ng bc nh quy nh trong iu 5.8.2.7 (mm)
s =
c ly gia cc ct thp ai (mm)
fy =
gii hn chy quy nh ca ct thp ai (MPa)
4/ C ly ti a ca ct thp ngang
Nhng mt ct chu ct cao cn t ct thp dy hn khng ch nt.

Nhng ln xut bn trc ca tiu chun ny cho php dv i vi cc cu kin ng sut
trc c ly bng 0,8h. H s 0,72 bng 0,9 0.8.
ng bc ko sau tc ng nh mt im gin on do n gim cng chu nn ca
bn bng b tng. Quy nh ny p dng cho c mt ct ngang ch c mt ng bc. Vic gim
bng p dng cho c chiu cao dv.
C ly ct thp ai khng c vt qu tr s sau :
Nu Vu < 0,1 fc bv dv th :
s 0,8 dv 600mm
(4.33)
Nu Vu 0,1 fc bv dv th :
s 0,4 dv 300 mm
(4.34)
y :
bv
=
b rng bn bng hu hiu c ly bng b rng bn bng nh nht
trong phm vi chiu cao dv, c iu chnh bi s c mt ca ng bc khi thch hp.
dv
=
chiu cao chu ct hu hiu, c ly bng c ly o thng gc vi trc trung
ho gia hp lc ko v lc nn do un, nhng khng cn ly t hn tr s ln hn ca 0,9 de hoc
0.72h (mm)
s
c ly ct thp ai (mm)
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Khi xc nh bv mt cao c th, b rng bn bng phi tr bt mt ng knh ng bc khng p

va hoc mt na ng knh ng bc p va cao .
5/ Cc yu cu thit k v cu to
Ct thp ngang phi c neo hai u. i vi cc cu kin lin hp chu un, c th xt n
vic ko di ct thp chu ct ca dm vo trong bn mt cu .
Gii hn chy thit k ca ct thp ngang khng d ng lc khng c vt qu 420 MPa. Gii
hn chy thit k ca ct thp ngang d ng lcphi ly bng ng sut hu hiu sau khi tnh mi
mt mt ng sut cng thm 420 MPa, nhng khng ln hn fpy.
4.4.4
M hnh thit k mt ct
Sc khng ca cc cu kin chu ct hoc chu ct kt hp vi xon c xc nh trn c s

tho mn cc iu kin cn bng v tng thch v bin dng v bng cch s dng quan h ng sut
- ng bin c kim nghim bng th nghim i vi ct thp v b tng b nt cho.
Phng php ny p dng cho cc vng ca mt cu kin, c th ph hp vi gi thit mt ct vn
phng sau khi t ti.
Ti trng gn gi c truyn trc tip vo gi thng qua tc dng vm chu nn m khng
gy ra cc ng sut ph trong cc ct ai.
Khi phn lc trn hng lc ct tc dng gy nn lc nn vng u cu kin, v tr mt ct nguy
him do ct phi ly ln hn 0,5 dv cotg hoc dv tnh t mt trong ca gi.
4.4.4.1
Sc khng ct danh nh
Hnh 4.29 M hnh xc nh Vs
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Sc khng ct danh nh, Vn, phi c xc nh bng tr s nh hn ca :
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp
(4.35)
Vn = 0,25 fc bv dv+ Vp
(4.36)
Vc = 0,083 f c bv dv
(4.37)
trong :
Vs
A v fy d v (cotg cotg)sin
(4.38)
y :
bv =
b rng bn bng hu hiu ly bng b rng bn bng nh nht trong chiu
cao dv c xc nh trong iu 5.8.2.7 (mm)

dv =
chiu cao chu ct hu hiu c xc nh trong iu 5.8.2.7 (mm)
s =
c ly ct thp ai (mm)
h s ch kh nng ca b tng b nt cho truyn lc ko c quy nh
trong iu 5.8.3.4.
gc nghing ca ng sut nn cho c xc nh trong iu 5.8.3.4 ()
gc nghing ca ct thp ngang i vi trc dc ()
Av =
din tch ct thp chu ct trong c ly s (mm2).
Vp =
thnh phn lc d ng lc hu hiu trn hng lc ct tc dng, l dng
nu ngc chiu lc ct (N)
4.4.4.2 Thit k chu lc ct cu kin BTCT thng

Bc 1 : Xc nh biu bao lc ct Vu v biu bao m men Mu do t hp ti trng
cng I gy ra ( thng xc nh cc gi tr 10 im mi nhp ). Tnh ton chiu cao chu ct
hu hiu dv:
Chiu cao chu ct hu hiu c tnh l khong cch gia cc hp lc ko v hp
lc nn do un. Gi tr ny cn c ly khng nh hn 0,9de v 0,72h, vi de l chiu
cao hu hiu tnh t mp chu nn ln nht ti trng tm ct thp chu ko v h l chiu
cao ton b ca mt ct cu kin.
Bc 2
Tnh ton ng sut ct
Vu
bv dv
(4.39)
trong bv l b rng sn dm tng ng v Vu l ni lc ct c nhn h s

trng thi gii hn cng .
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Tnh /fc, nu t s ny ln hn 0,25 th cn s dng mt ct c sn dm ln

hn.
Bc 3
Gi nh gc nghing ca ng sut nn xin, , v tnh bin dng trong ct thp chu
ko un:
Mu
0,5 Vu cot
dv
0,002
x
Es As
(4.40)
Trong Mu l m men tnh ton c nhn h s. Thng thng, Mu c tnh t

trng thi gii hn cng xy ra ti mt ct hn l m men tng ng vi Vu.
Bc 4
S dng cc gi tr /fc v x tnh c xc nh t hnh 4.30 v so snh n
vi gi tr gi nh. Lp li qu trnh trn cho ti khi gi nh xp x vi gi tr tra t
hnh 4.30. Sau , xc nh gi tr , l h s biu th kh nng truyn lc ko ca b
tng b nt nghing.
Bc 5
Tnh ton sc khng ct cn thit ca cc ct thp ngang sn dm, Vs:
Vs
Vu
Vc
Vu
0, 083 fc bv dv
(4.41)
vi Vc l sc khng ct danh nh ca b tng.

Bc 6
Tnh ton khong cch cn thit gia cc ct thp ngang sn dm
s
Av f y dv cot
(4.42)
Vs
vi Av l din tch ct thp ngang sn dm trong phm vi khong cch s.

Kim tra i vi yu cu v lng ct thp ngang ti thiu sn dm
Av 0, 083 fc
bv s
fy
hay s
Av fy
0, 083 fc bv
(4.43)
Kim tra i vi yu cu v khong cch ti a gia cc ct thp ngang sn

dm
Nu Vu 0,1 fc bv dv ,
th
s 0,8 dv ; 600 mm
th
s 0, 4 dv ; 300 mm
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Bc 7
Kim tra iu kin m bo cho ct thp dc khng b chy di tc dng t hp ca

m men, lc dc trc v lc ct.
As f y
Mu Vu
0,5 Vs cot
dv
(4.44)
Nu biu thc trn khng c m bo, cn tng thm hoc ct thp dc ch hoc
tng din tch ct thp ngang sn dm.
97
Hnh 4.30 :
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Cc gi tr ca v i vi cc mt ct c ct thp ngang
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Hnh 4.31 :Cc gi tr ca v i vi cc mt ct khng c ct thp ngang
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V d 4.5
Xc nh khong cch cn thit i vi cc ct thp ai No. 10 i vi dm T b tng ct

thp thng trn hnh 4.32 ti mt mt ct chu m men dng vi Vu = 700 kN v Mu = 300
kNm. S dng fc = 30 MPa v fy= 400 MPa.
Bc 1
bit
Vu = 700 kN v Mu = 300 kNm

As = 2000 mm2
b = 400 mm
b = 2000 mm
Gi s trc trung ha i qua cnh dm

a
As f y
0,85 f cb
2000 400
16 mm h f 200 mm , tho mn
0,85 30 2000
de a / 2 1000 68 16 / 2 924 mm
d max 0, 9 de 0, 9 932 839 mm
0,72h 0, 72 1000 720 mm
Gi tr quyt nh l dv = 924 mm
Hnh 4.32:
Hnh cho v d 4.5. Xc nh bc ct ai
Bc 2
Tnh
fc
fc
= 0,9
Vu
700 000
2,10 N/mm2 2,10 MPa

b d 0, 9(400)(924)
2,10
0, 070 0, 25
30
100
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Bc 3 Tnh x
Gi nh = 40o
cot = 1,192
Mu / d 0,5 Vu cot 300 10 6 / 924 0,5(700 103 )1,192
Es As
200 103 (2000)
x 1, 85 10 3
Bc 4 Xc nh v t hnh 4.30:
41,5o;
cot = 1,130
300 10 6 / 924 0, 5(700 103 )1,130

200 10 3 (2000)
x 1,80 10 3
S dng = 41,5o v
= 1,75
Bc 5 Tnh Vs
Vs
Vu
0, 083 fcb d
700 103 / 0, 9 0, 083(1, 75) 30(400)924

778 000 294 000 484 000 N
Bc 6 Tnh khong cch yu cu gia cc ct ai , khi s dng A = 200 mm2

s
s
A fy d cot
Vs
A fy
0, 083 fc b
200(400)(924)
(1,130) 173 mm
484 000
200(400)
440 mm
0, 083 30 (400)
Vu 0,1 fcb d 0,1(30)(400)(924) 1,109 10 6 N

s 0,8d 0,8(924) 739 hoc 600 mm
Bc ct ai s = 173 mm l quyt nh.

Bc 7 Kim tra iu kin m bo cho ct thp dc khng b chy do ct:
As f y
Mu Vu
0,5 Vs cot
d f
2000(400)?
300 10 6 700 103 484 000
1,130
924(0, 9) 0, 9
2 s
800 000 361000 (778 000 242 000)1,130 967 000 N, khng m bo
Tng Vs tho mn bt ng thc
101

V
M
Vs 2 u As fy u
d f

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tan
Vs 2 778 000 (800 000 361 000) tan 41, 5o 779 000 N
Yu cu v khong cch ct ai l:
s
200(400)924
(1,130) 107 mm
779000
Gi tr ny c l khng kinh t. Tt hn l tng As tho mn bt ng thc, tc l:
As
967 000 967 000
2418 mm 2
fy
400
Dng hai thanh No.35 v mt thanh No.25 vi As = 2500 mm2 v ct ai No. 10 vi bc 170
mm.
4.5 TNH TON KT CU BTCT THEO TRNG THI GII HN S

DNG V TRNG THI GII HN MI
4.5.1
Trng thi gii hn s dng
Cc ni dung c xem xt TTGH s dng l s khng ch nt, bin dng v ng sut trong
b tng v trong ct thp d ng lc di cc iu kin s dng bnh thng. V d tr i vi
cc TTGH s dng khng c ngun gc thng k m ch yu da trn kinh nghim v s nh
gi v k thut, cc h s sc khng v h s ti trng thng c ly bng n v.
4.5.1.1 Nt v Qu trnh hnh thnh v m rng vt nt

Ni chung v l thuyt c ch gy nt trong b tng l khi ng sut ko trong b tng ln hn
cng chu ko ca n f ct f r . Nt ca kt cu b tng ct thp do nhiu nguyn nhn gy
ra: Do ti trng, do ln mng, do bin dng vn khun, do co ngt, do thay i nhit , do n
mn ct thp
Vt nt gy ra cc tc hi:
-
Lm tng tc n mn ct thp, gim bn v tui th ca kt cu.
Lm gim m quan cng trnh
- nh hng ti tm l ngi s dng

Do cc tc hi ny nn trong tt c cc tiu chun u a ra gii hn b rng vt nt khng
c qu ln.
Di tc dng ca ti trng vt nt hnh thnh v pht trin theo 3 giai on:
Giai on 1: Vt nt mi hnh thnh mt thng cha nhn thy c. Trong on cu kin
khng c s thay i ni lc v tit din,vt nt u tin c hnh thnh ti v tr cht lng b
tng l km nht. Khi ny b rng vt nt cn nh.
Giai on 2: Vt nt m rng mt thng nhn thy c.
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Giai on 3: Vt nt m rng ti tr s ti hn, lc ny cc vt nt c xu hng phn b u
trn cc on cu kin.
khng ch nt bn cnh vic tnh ton, cu to hp l cng rt cn thit phi ch trng
trong khu kim sot cht lng thi cng nh la chon cp phi trn, trn, , dm v bo
dng b tng.
4.5.1.2 Kim sot nt ca dm BTCT thng chu un (A5.7.3.4)

T c s l lun tnh b rng vt nt l: Tng gin di ca b tng vng chu ko trong
phm vi gia hai vt nt cng vi b rng vt nt bng gin di ca ct thp chu ko gia hai
vt nt. Hay:
ct Lcrack wcrack s Lcrack

ct ; s l bin dng trung bnh trong b tng vng ko v trong ct thp chu ko trong
phm vi gia hai vt nt lin k.
wcrack - B rng vt nt
Lcrack - Khong cch gia hai vt nt lin k
gin trong b tng chu ko l kh nh nn c th b qua v
fs
nn b rng vt nt
Es
ph thuc nhiu vo ng sut ko trong ct thp.
wcrack
fs
Lcrack
Es
hn ch b rng vt nt trong dm BTCT thng chu un, ta b tr ct tho dc chu

ko vo vng b tng chu ko ln nht ca dm. Chiu rng vt nt ph thuc vo ng sut ko
trong ct thp v cch b tr ct thp trong vng b tng chu ko.
Tiu chun quy nh, ng sut ko trong ct thp thng chu ko TTGHSD, fs da trn s
phn tch tit din nt, phi tha mn biu thc sau:
f s f sa
Z
0,6. f y
d c . A1 / 3
hay
Z
f s f sa min
;0,6 f y
1/ 3
d c . A
Trong :
fy :
(4.45)
cng chy ca ct thp thng chu ko (MPa).
Z :
thng s b rng vt nt (N/mm), n gin tip gii hn chiu rng vt nt
nh sau:
dc : b dy lp b tng bo v, c tnh t th chu ko ngoi cng ti tim hng ct thp
chu ko gn nht (mm). Nhm mc ch tnh ton, ta khng c ly ln hn 50 mm;
A : din tch ca vng b tng chu ko c cng trng tm vi m ct thp dc ch chu
ko, chia cho s lng ca cc thanh hoc cc si thp chu ko (mm2). Din tch vng b tng
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chu ko c cng trng tm vi m ct tho dc ch chu ko l din tch vng b tng c bao
bi cc ng bao ca tit din v ng thng song song vi trc trung ha. Nhm mc ch
tnh ton, ta phi ly dc 50mm.
Bng 4.5 - Thng s b rng vt nt Z
iu kin mi trng
Z (N/mm)
Bnh thng, n ha
Khc nghit
Kt cu vi di t
30000
23000
17500
Gii hn b rng vt
nt tng ng (mm)
0,41
0,30
0,23
Ti sao ta phi khng ch dc 50mm? V t biu thc (4.45) ta thy, nu dc ln th fsa nh, tc
l gii hn chng nt thp. Tuy nhin, m rng vt nt ln hn do dc ln hn khng c nh
hng bt li cho vic bo v ct thp chng g. Do vy, khi p dng biu thc (4.45) th ta ly
dc 50mm. Lp b tng bo h dy thm c coi l bo v ph thm.
Ta thy, biu thc (4.45) khuyn khch vic s dng nhiu thanh ct thp ng knh nh, b
tr vi khong cch va phi hn l dng t thanh ng knh ln vi mt din tch tng ng.
iu ny cho php phn b u ct thp trong vng b tng chu ko ln nht v ci thin tnh
trng nt.
Hnh 4.33 - S xc nh tr s A
m bo khong cch gia cc ct thp khng qu ln khi cnh ca dm ch T v dm
hnh hp vo vng chu ko (chu m men m), ct thp chu ko un phi c b tr trong
mt khong nh hn b rng cnh tham gia chu lc cng nh nh hn 1/10 chiu di nhp (chiu
di trung bnh ca cc nhp ln cn). Nu b rng cnh hu hiu ln hn 1/10 chiu di nhp th
phi b tr ct thp dc b sung vi din tch khng nh hn 0,4% din tch phn bn d ra trn
din tch ny.
i vi cc cu kin chu un c chiu cao ln, ct thp cng phi c b tr trn cc mt
thng ng iu khin vt nt trn sn dm. Nu chiu dy hu hiu ca dm de 900 mm,
phi b tr ct thp dc b mt trong mt khong d/2 gn ct thp chu ko un nht. Din tch
ct thp b mt Ask (tnh bng mm2/mm) theo chiu cao yu cu i vi mi mt c xc nh
nh sau:
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Ask 0,001.d e 760
As A ps
(4.46)
1200
Trong :
de :
khong cch t th chu nn ln nht ti trng tm ct thp chu ko (mm),
As :
din tch ct thp thng chu ko (mm2);
Aps :
din tch ct thp d ng lc chu ko (mm2).
Khong cch ti a gia cc ct thp b mt khng c ln hn d/6 v 300 mm.
4.5.1.3 Khng ch bin dng (A5.7.3.6)

Bin dng do ti trng TTGHSD (ti trng iu kin khai thc bnh thng) c th gy ra
s h hng trn b mt v vt nt cc b trong bn b tng mt cu. vng thng ng v
rung do chuyn ng ca cc phng tin giao thng c th nh hng xu ti tm l ngi s
dng, gy cm gic khng an ton cho li xe. hn ch nhng nh hng ny, tiu chun quy
nh vng gii hn khng bt buc nh sau:
i vi dm v bn gin n:
cp = L/800
i vi dm hng:
cp = L/300
Khi tnh ton vng do hot ti, vng phi c ly tr s ln hn ca kt qu tnh ton
vi ring xe ti thit k hoc ca kt qu tnh ton vi 25% xe ti thit k cng vi ti trng ln
thit k. Tt c cc ln thit k phi c t ti v tt c cc dm c gi thit l chu lc nh
nhau. iu ny tng ng vi vic h s phn b bin dng c tnh bng s ln chia cho s
dm.
vng ca cu c th xc nh theo hai giai on: (1) vng tc thi xy ra ti thi im
t ti v (2) vng di hn l vng c xt ti t bin ca b tng khi ti trng tc dng di
hn.
vng tc thi c th c tnh ton khi s dng cc cng thc ca l thuyt n hi vi
cc thng s tnh ton c ly nh sau:
M un n hi ca b tng Ec;
M men qun tnh ca mt ct c th c ly bng m men qun tnh nguyn (Ig) i vi cc
cu kin khng nt hoc bng m men qun tnh hu hiu (Ie) i vi cc cu kin nt. M
men qun tnh hu hiu c th c tnh bng cng thc sau ( Branson ngh 1977 v c
ACI a vo quy trnh nm 1989 ):
3
M 3
Mcr
cr
Ie
I g 1
Icr I g
M
M
a
a
(4.47)
Mcr fr
Ig
(4.48)
yt
Trong :
Mcr :
m men nt;
fr
yt
:
:
cng chu ko un ca b tng;

khong cch t trc trung ha ti th chu ko ngoi cng ca tit din nguyn;
105

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Icr :
m men qun tnh tnh i ca mt ct nt
Ma :
m men ln nht trong cu kin giai on tnh bin dng;
Nu khng tnh c chnh xc th vng di hn c th c tnh bng vng tc thi
nhn vi h s, c quy nh nh sau:
Nu vng tc thi c tnh theo Ig:
4,0
3,0 1,2. As' / As 1,6
Nu vng tc thi c tnh theo Ie:

Trong :
As :
l din tch ct thp thng chu nn;
As :
l din tch ct thp thng chu ko.
Cng thc tnh vng n hi ca mt s kt cu c bn:
1)
CL=
5 w.L
384 E.I
CL=
1 w.L
185 E.I
CL=
1 w.L
384 E.I
L
2)
L
3)
L
4)
5 P.L
CL=
684 E.I
L/2
5)
P
L/3
6)
L/2
P
L/3
1 P.L
CL=
192 E.I
L/3
Tip=
1
3
P.L
E.I
Tip=
1 w.L
8 E.I
L/3
7)
Hnh 4.34 - S tnh vng n hi ca mt s kt cu c bn
4.5.1.4 Phn tch ng sut trong BT, CT ca dm BTCT thng chu un

4.5.1.4.1 Trng hp mt ct cha nt
Khi ti trng tc dng TTGHSD nh, ng sut ti th b tng chu ko ngoi cng ca mt
ct nh hn 80% cng chu ko un ca b tng (fct 0,8 fr), th mt ct c coi l cha nt
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(A5.7.3.4). xc nh ng sut trong BT, CT ca mt ct cha nt, ta tha nhn mt s ga
thit nh sau:
Mt ct ca dm vn phng trc v sau khi bin dng (gi thit Becnuli);
Vt liu vn lm vic trong giai on n hi, bin dng v ng sut tun theo nh lut Hc
nh sau: f = .E
a) S us-bd v mt ct tnh i
p dng cc cng thc ca l thuyt n hi cho mt ct ng nht, th ta phi quy i mt
ct BTCT v cng mt loi vt liu ng nht l b tng hoc thp.
T iu kin tng thch bin dng, ta c:
s c
fs
f
E
c f s s . f c n. f c
Es Ec
Ec
(4.49)
Trong :
Es
= t s m un n hi ca thp v b tng. din tch ct thp khi quy i ra b
Ec
tng s c nhn thm h s bng n.

T nhng phn tch trn, ta c s us-bd v mt ct tnh i ca mt ct ch T cha nt nh
sau:
b
A's
d's
fcc
's
hf
cc
b
f's
d's
hf
(n-1).A's
TTH
ds
h
As
bw
MCN
s
d sc
ds
ct
SBD
(n-1).A s
fs
fct
SUS
d sc
bw
MCt
Hnh 4.35 - S us-bd v mt ct tnh i ca mt ct cha nt

b) Tnh ton cc c trng hnh hc ca mt ct tnh i
Xc nh TTH t iu kin: Tng m men tnh cc phn tit din i vi TTH bng khng
A .y
i
(4.50)
Trong :
Ai =
din tch phn tit din th i;
yi =
khong cch t trng tm phn tit din th i ti TTH.
i vi mt ct cha nt, ta c th xc nh c v tr TTH theo cng thc sau:
A .y
A
i
(4.51)
Trong :
yi =
khong cch t trng tm tit din th i n nh dm;
107
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Do , ta xc nh c x nh sau:
h
h
bw .h. b bw .h f . f n 1. As' .d s' n 1. As .d s
2
2
x
bw .h b bw .h f n 1. As' n 1. As
(4.52)
M men qun tnh ca mt ct tnh i i vi TTH:
hf
b bw .h f
b .h 3
h
w
bw .h. x
b bw .h f . x
12
2
12
2
I cg
n 1. As' . x d s'
n 1.A .x d
2
(4.53)
c) Tnh ton ng sut trong BT, CT

Theo cc cng thc ca l thuyt n hi, ta xc nh c:
f cc
Ma
.x
I cg
f ct
Ma
.h x
I cg
M
f n. a . x d s'
I cg
'
s
f s n.
(4.54)
Ma
.d s x
I cg
Ch : Trng hp vi mt ct hnh ch nht c kch thc (bxh) hoc khi x < hf, th cc cng
thc trn vn c p dng khi thay bw bi b.
4.5.1.4.2 Trng hp mt ct nt
Khi ti trng tc dng TTGHSD ln, ng sut ti th b tng chu ko ngoi cng ca mt
ct ln hn 80% cng chu ko un ca b tng (fct > 0,8 fr), th mt ct c coi l nt
(A5.7.3.4). xc nh ng sut trong BT, CT ca mt ct nt, ta tha nhn mt s ga thit
nh sau:
Mt ct ca dm vn phng trc v sau khi bin dng (gi thit Becnuli);
Vt liu vn lm vic trong giai on n hi bin dng v ng sut tun theo nh lut
Hooke nh sau: f = .E
B qua cng chu ko ca b tng hay coi vt nt vng b tng chu ko m rng n
trc trung ha.
a) S us-bd v mt ct tnh i
p dng cc cng thc ca l thuyt n hi cho mt ct ng nht, th ta phi quy i mt
ct BTCT v cng mt loi vt liu ng nht l b tng hoc thp.
T iu kin tng thch bin dng, ta c:
s c
fs
f
E
c f s s . f c n. f c
Es Ec
Ec
Trong :
108
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Es
= t s m un n hi ca thp v b tng. din tch ct thp khi quy i ra b
Ec
tng s c nhn thm h s bng n.

T T nhng phn tch trn, ta c s us-bd v mt ct tnh i ca mt ct ch T nt
nh sau:
b
A's
d's
fcc
's
hf
cc
b
f's
d's
hf
(n-1).A's
TTH
ds
h
As
s
d sc
bw
MCN
ds
h
n.A s
fs
ct
SBD
d sc
bw
SUS
MCt
Hnh 4.36 - S us-bd v mt ct tnh i ca mt ct nt

b) Tnh ton cc c trng hnh hc ca mt ct tnh i
A .y
i
Trong :
Ai =
yi =
Do , ta c biu thc xc nh x nh sau:
hf
x
bw .x. b bw .h f . x
2
2
n 1. As' . x d s n. As .d s x 0
(4.55)
M men qun tnh ca mt ct tnh i i vi TTH:

hf
b .x 3 b bw .h f
w
b bw .h f . x
3
12
2
I cr
n 1. As' . x d s'
n. As . x d s
(4.56)
( y ta b qua m men qun tnh ca ct thp i vi trng tm ca n)

c) Tnh ton ng sut trong BT, CT
Theo cc cng thc ca l thuyt n hi, ta xc nh c:
f cc
Ma
.x
I cr
f s' n.
Ma
. x d s'
I cr
f s n.
Ma
.d s x
I cr
(4.57)
109

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Ch :
- Trng hp vi mt ct hnh ch nht c kch thc (bxh) hoc khi x < hf, th cc cng thc
trn vn c p dng khi thay bw bi b;
- Trng hp t ct thp n th ta cho A's = 0.
4.5.1.4.3 Trng hp c bit ( mt hnh ch nht, ct thp n, nt)
Trng hp mt ct hnh ch nht, ct thp n, nt, ta c s us-bd v mt ct tnh i
nh sau:
b
b
fcc
x/3
C
TTH
ds -x/3
cc
ds
h
As
s
d sc
MCN
fs .A s
ds
h
n.A s
ct
SBD
d sc
SUS
MCt
Hnh 4.37 - S us-bd v mt ct tnh i ca mt ct nt (hnh ch nht, ct thp n)

A .y
i
Trong :
Ai =
yi =
Do , ta c biu thc xc nh x nh sau:

x
b.x. n. As .d s x 0
2
A
x
; s , suy ra:
ds
b.d s
t: k
b.
k.d s 2
2
(4.58)
n. .b.d s .d s k .d s 0
k 2 2.n. .k 2.n. 0
n. 2 2.n. n.
(4.59)
T iu kin cn bng m men , ta c:
Ma
Ma
x
0 M a f s . As . d s f s
x
3
As . d s As .d s 1
3
(4.60)
110
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V d 4.6:
Cho dm mt ct hnh ch nht, t ct thp kp, bit:
Kch thc mt ct bxh = 220x400mm2;
B tng c: f c' 35MPa; c 2400kG / m 3 ;
Ct
thp
'
s
theo
'
s
A615M,
c:
As
322;
ds
350mm;
'
y
A 216; d 40mm; f f y 420 MPa ;

Thng s b rng vt nt Z = 30000N/mm;
M men tnh ton TTGH s dng Ma = 80kN.m.
Hy kim tra iu kin hn ch b rng vt nt?
40
220
400
350
A's =
50
As =
Mt ct ngang
Hnh 4.38 Hnh v ca v d 4.6

Gii:
Tm tt bi ton:
As = 322 = 1161mm2; A's = 216 = 398mm2;
Kim tra xem mt ct c nt khng:
Cng thc kim tra: f ct 0,8. f r mt ct b nt
Cng chu ko khi un ca b tng
f r 0,63. f c' 0,63. 35 3,72MPa 0,8.fr = 2,98MPa

ng sut ko ti th ngoi cng ca mt ct nguyn
f ct
Ma
Ma
80.10 6
. yt
13,63MPa > 0,8.fr = 2,98MPa mt ct nt.

Ig
b.h 2 / 6 220.400 2 / 6
Kim tra iu kin hn ch b rng vt nt:
Z
Cng thc kim tra: f s f sa min
;0,6 f y
1/ 3
d c . A
+ Tnh fsa:
dc = dsc = 50mm;
A
220.(50 50)
7333,33mm 2 ;
3
111
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Z
30000
419,14 MPa ;
!/ 3
d c . A 50.7333,331 / 3
0,6.fy = 0,6.420 = 252MPa;

ng sut gii hn trong ct thp TTGH s dng fsa = 252MPa.
+ Tnh fs:
Xc nh v tr trc trung ha
x
b.x. n 1. As' . x d s n. As .d s x 0
2
Es
2.10 5
6,68 ly n = 7
Ec 0,043.24001,5. 35
Suy ra
x2
7 1.398. x 40 7.1161.350 x 0
2
110.x 2 10515.x 2939970 0
x 122,53mm
220.
Xc nh m men qun tnh ca tit din nt i vi TTH

2
b.x 3
2
n 1. As' . x d s' n. As x d s
3
220.122,533
2
2
7 1.398.122,53 40 7.1161.122,53 350 571682477mm 4

3
ng sut trong ct thp TTGH s dng
I cr
f s n.
Ma
80.10 6
.d s x 7.
.350 122,53 222,82 MPa
I cr
571682477
fs = 222,82MPa < fsa = 252MPa Dm tha mn iu kin hn ch b rng vt nt.

V d 4.7:
Cho dm mt ct hnh ch T, t ct thp kp, bit:
Kch thc mt ct b=800mm; bw=220mm; hf=100mm; h=600mm
'
B tng c: f c 28MPa; c 2400kG / m ;

Ct
thp
theo
A615M,
c:
As 3#22; d s 550mm; ;
As' 2#16; d s' 40mm; f y' f y 420MPa ; Thng s b rng vt nt Z = 30000N/mm;

M men tnh ton TTGH s dng Ma = 120kN.m. Hy kim tra iu kin hn ch b rng
vt nt?
112
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Hnh 4.39 hnh v cho v d 4.7

Gii:
Tm tt bi ton:
As = 322 = 1161mm2; A's = 216 = 398mm2;
Kim tra xem mt ct c nt khng:
Cng thc kim tra: f ct 0,8. f r mt ct b nt
Cng chu ko khi un ca b tng
f r 0,63. f c' 0,63. 28 3,33MPa 0,8 f r 2,67 MPa
Xc nh trc trung ha ca tit din b tng
(b bw )h f
hf
bw h
2
(b bw )h f bw h
h
2 223,68mm
Xc nh m men qun tnh ca tit din nguyn ca b tng

3
2
hf
b .h3
h b bw .h f
I g w bw .h. x
b bw .h f . x
12
2
12
2
I g 6.526,75.106 mm 4
Xc nh ng sut ko ln nht trong b tng
Ma
120.106
f ct
. yt
(600 223,68) 6,92MPa
Ig
6.526,75.106
f ct 6,92 MPa 0,80 f r 2,67 MPa mt ct nt.

Kim tra iu kin hn ch b rng vt nt:
Z
Cng thc kim tra: f s f sa min
;0,6 f y
1/ 3
d c . A
+ Tnh fsa:
dc = dsc = 50mm;
113
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A
220.(50 50)
7333,33mm 2 ;
3
Z
30000
419,14 MPa ;
!/ 3
d c . A 50.7333,331 / 3
0,60 f y 0,6 * 420 252MPa ;

ng sut gii hn trong ct thp TTGH s dng fsa = 252MPa.
+ Tnh fs:
Xc nh v tr trc trung ha: Gi s trc trung ha qua cnh, tnh nh tit din ch
nht:
x
b.x. n 1. As' . x d s n. As .d s x 0
2
Es
2.105
7,47 ly n = 7
Ec 0,043.24001,5. 28
Suy ra
x2
7 1.398. x 40 7.1161.550 x 0
2
x 94,5mm h f 100mm
800.
Vy trc trung ha qua cnh l ng

Xc nh m men qun tnh ca tit din nt i vi TTH
I cr
b.x3
n 1. As' . x d s'
3
n.A x d
2
19,183 *108 mm 4
ng sut trong ct thp TTGH s dng
Ma
120.106
f s n.
.d s x 7.
.550 94,5 199,46MPa
I cr
19,183 *108
fs = 199,46MPa < fsa = 252MPa Dm tha mn iu kin hn ch b rng vt nt.
114
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CU KIN CHU LC DC TRC
5.1 C IM CU TO
5.1.1 Hnh dng mt ct:
- Dng mt ct: c chn tho mn cc yu cu sau:
+ Yu cu chu lc: Nn chn mt ct m bo
- Tnh i xng.
- mnh theo hai phng xp x nhau
+ Yu cu v cu to, yu cu v kin trc, yu cu v ghp ni vi cc cu kin khc
Thng c cc dng mt ct sau: Hnh vung, hnh trn, hnh vnh khn, hnh hp vung,
hnh ch nht.
- Knh thc mt ct: c xc nh bng tnh ton nhng nn d thng nht vn khun,
khi kch thc mt ct nh hn 50cm nn ly l bi s ca 5cm v khi kch thc mt ct ln hn
50cm nn ly l bi s ca 10cm. m bo tnh n nh v d b tng (trnh hin tng b
tng b phn tng) nn chn kch thc mt ct khng nh hn 250250mm.
5.1.2 Vt liu:
B tng: Cng chu nn ca b tng fc dng cho ct thng c chn t 20 35 MPa
Ct thp:
a.Ct dc ch: Tc dng chu lc nn.
- S lng v loi ct thp c chn theo yu cu tnh ton.
- B tr ct thp: Ct thp c b tr i xng vi trc dc ca cu kin.
+ Khong cch gia cc ct thp dc khng vt qu 450mm.
+ S lng thanh ct thp dc ti thiu trong ct trn l 6, trong ct hnh ch nht l 4
+ B tr ct thp dc quanh chu vi tit din.
+ Khi khong cch trng gia hai thanh ct thp dc ln hn 150mm phi b tr ct ai
ph.
+ Theo ACI : Din tch ca ct thp dc ch trong cc ct BTCT c ct ai vung gc v cc
ct BTCT c ct ai xon : 1%
Ast
8%
Ag
- Din tch ct thp d ng lc v ct thp thng theo chiu dc ca cc cu kin chu nn

nhiu nht c ly nh sau nh sau :
A s A ps f pu
0,08
Ag
A g fy
A ps fpe
A g fc
0,30
(5.1)
(5.2)
- Din tch thp d ng lc v thp thng theo chiu dc ca cc cu kin chu nn ti thiu
c ly nh sau nh sau :
A s f y A ps f pu
0,135
A g fc A g f c
(5.3)
115

Trong :
As : Din tch ct thp thng chu ko (mm2)
Ag : Din tch mt ct nguyn (mm2)
Aps : Din tch mt ct thp d ng lc (mm2)
fpu : Cng chu ko quy nh ca thp d ng lc(MPa)
fy : Gii hn chy quy nh ca ct thp thng (MPa)
www.bmketcau.net
f 'c : Cng chu nn c trng ca b tng (MPa)

fpe : D ng sut hu hiu (MPa)
b.Ct thp ai:
- Tc dng:
+ Lin kt cc ct thp dc to thnh khung khi b tng v gi n nh cho ct thp dc.
+ Ngn cn cc thanh ct thp dc khi b cong on v pha b tng mt ngoi ct.
+ Lm vic nh ct thp chu ct ca ct.
Ct thp ai bao gm hai loi:
b.1.Ct thp ai ngang:
Trong cc b phn chu nn c ging, tt c cc thanh dc phi c bao quanh bi cc
ct ging ngang tng ng vi :
Thanh No. 10 cho cc thanh No. 32 hoc nh hn,
Thanh No. 15 cho cc thanh No. 36 hoc ln hn,
v thanh No. 13 cho cc b thanh.
C ly gia cc ct ging khng c vt qu hoc kch thc nh nht ca b phn chu
nn hoc 300mm. Khi hai hoc nhiu thanh No. 35 c b li, c ly ny khng c vt qu
hoc mt na kch thc nh nht ca b phn hoc 150 mm.
Cc ct ging phi c b tr sao cho mi gc v thanh dc t xen k c c im
ta ngang nh c phn b gc ca mt ct ging vi gc cong khng qu 135o. Tr khi c
quy nh khc y. mi pha dc theo ct ging khng c b tr bt c thanh no xa
qu (tnh t tim n tim) 610 mm tnh t thanh dc c gi chng chuyn dch ngang .
Trong trng hp thit k ct trn c s kh nng chu ti ca khp do th mi
pha dc theo ct ging khng c b tr bt c thanh no xa hn 150 mm (c ly tnh) tnh
t thanh dc c gi chng chuyn dch ngang . Nu b tr cc thanh theo chu vi ca
mt vng trn th c th dng mt ct ging trn kn nu cc mi ni trong cc ct ging
c b tr so le.
Cc ct ging phi c b tr theo chiu ng khng ln hn 1/2 c ly ca chng
pha trn b mng hoc b khc v khng ln hn 1/2 c ly ca chng pha di lp
ct thp nm ngang thp nht trong cu kin b .
b.2.Ct thp ai xon:
- Ct ai xon dng cho cc b phn chu nn khng phi l cc ,phi bao gm mt hoc
nhiu ct ai xon lin tc t u bng ct thp trn hoc ct thp c g, hoc dy thp vi
116

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ng knh ti thiu l 9,5 mm. Ct thp phi c t sao cho tt c cc ct thp chnh dc nm
bn trong v tip xc vi ct xon.
-
Khong trng gia cc thanh ct ai xon khng c nh hn hoc 25mm hoc 1,33 ln
kch thc ln nht ca cp phi. C ly tim n tim khng vt qu 6,0 ln ng knh ca
ct thp dc hoc 150 mm.
Neo ca ct ai xon phi c lm bng cch ko di thm mi u ct xon 1,5 vng thanh
hoc dy xon.
Cc u ni ca ct xon c th l mt trong cc cch sau :
Ni chng 48,0 ln ng knh thanh khng ph mt, 72,0 ln ng knh thanh

ph mt hoc 48,0 ln ng knh dy thp,
Cc lin kt c kh c chp nhn,
Hoc mi ni hn c chp nhn
- T l ca ct thp xon vi ton b khi lng ca li b tng tnh t bng cc mp ngoi

cu ct ai xon khng c nh hn :
Ag
f
smin 0,45
1 c
Ac
f yh
(5.4)
Trong
Ag : Din tch mt ct nguyn ca b tng (mm2)
Ac : Din tch ca li b tng tnh t ng knh mp ngoi ca ct ai xon (mm2)
f 'c : Cng chu nn c trng ca b tng (MPa)
fyh : Gii hn chy quy nh ca ct thp ai xon (MPa)
Hm lng ct ai xon : s
Asp Lsp
Ac Lc
4 Asp
sDc
(5.5)
Asp: Din tch ca thanh ct thp ai xon = d sp2 4

dsp: ng knh ct thp ai
Lsp: di mt vng ct ai xon = Dc
Dc: ng knh li, o ra ngoi cc ct ai xon
Ac: Din tch li = Dc2 4
Ls: Bc ct ai xon Ls=s
117
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Hnh 5.1. Cch b tr ct thp ai ngang
5.2
C IM CHU LC V GI THIT TNH TON
5.2.1
Phn loi ct- theo tnh cht chu lc:
Tu theo v tr t lc trn tit din, ct c phn thnh ct chu nn ng tm hoc lch tm.
Ct chu nn ng tm ch chu lc dc ti tm ct m khng c m men tc dng. Ct chu nn
lch tm chu tc dng ng thi ca m men un v lc dc theo trc ca cu kin.
Trng thi ng sut bin dng trn tit din c th mt du ( ch c nn), hoc hai du (c
vng nn v vng ko).S ph hng ca ct c th do vt liu (ct thp mp bin chu ko b
chy do hoc b tng min chu nn b nn v) hoc ct c th b mt n nh theo phng
ngang. Trng hp ct b ph hoi do vt liu c coi l ct ngn hoc ct khng thanh mnh.
118

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Khi chiu di ct tng ln, kh nng ph hoi do mt n nh tng ln. Gii hn chuyn t ct
ngn sang ct di c xc nh nh sau:
+i vi kt cu khng c ging lin kt, khi t s mnh
K .lu
22 th c coi l ct
r
ngn khng xt n hiu ng mnh.

+ i vi kt cu c ging chng bn, khi
M
K .lu
34 12 1 th c coi l ct ngn.
r
M2
y:
K: H s di hu hiu.
lu: Chiu di khng c thanh ging.
r: Bn knh qun tnh.
M1, M2 tng ng l m men nh v ln u v thnh phn M1/M2 l dng
i vi ng cong un n.
1. c im chu lc ca ct ngn
Ct ngn l ct c cng ln ( mnh nh) nn chuyn v ngang l nh v c th b qua,
do vy khng c hin tng tng lch tm cng nh tng un dc sau khi chu ti. Ct b ph
hoi l do ng sut trong b tng hoc trong ct thp hoc c hai t ti tr s cng ph
hoi.
Ty thuc lch tm e, v ct thp dc trn tit din m c ba kiu ph hoi trong cu kin
chu nn.
Ph hoi t vng nn
Ph hoi cn bng
Ph hoi t vng ko
2. c im chu lc ca ct mnh
Khi ct b tng ct thp c mnh ln hn gii hn tnh ton ct ngn, ct s b ph hoi do
mt n nh trc khi t gii hn ph hu do vt liu. Bin dng ca b tng vng chu nn trn
tit din ct s nh hn gi tr 0,003.
Trong ct lch tm vi lch tm ban u e, trong ct c m men, m men ny s gy
chuyn v ngang, do ct c cng nh ( mnh ln ) nn chuyn v ngang ny l khng th
b qua v n lm tng lch tm ln thnh e1> e.
i vi cu kin chu nn, li gii ca bi ton Euler cho ta gi tr ti trng gii hn gy
mt n nh nh sau:
Pe
2 EI
Klu
(5.6)
Trong :
119

Pe: Ti trng ti hn.
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E: M un n hi .
I: M men qun tnh ca tit din.
Klu: Chiu di tnh ton (chiu di hu hiu) ca cu kin.
K: H s chiu di tnh ton (h s chiu di hu hiu).
lu : Chiu di t do ca cu kin.
H s chiu di tnh ton:
Trong thit k, h s chiu di tnh ton oc xc nh tu theo iu kin lin kt ca ct,
a/. Ct lm vic c lp:
Cc gi tr ca K cho trong bng trn thng c p dng trong tnh ton kt cu tr

cu.
b/. Ct lm vic trong cc h khung:
n nh ca ct trong cc khung lin tc, khng c ging vo tng chu ct, ging
cho, hoc cc kt cu ln cn, ph thuc vo cng un ca cc dm lin kt cng. V th, h
s chiu di tnh ton, K, l hm s ca ngm chng un tng cng ca cc dm ti cc u
ct. Nu cng ca cc dm nh hn so vi cng ca ct th gi tr K c th vt qu 2.0
Gi s ch xy ra tc dng n hi v tt c cc ct u on ng thi trong khung khng
ging, c th c biu th nh sau:
GAGB ( ) 36
K
K 0
6(GA GB )
tan( )
K
120

Trong khung c ging, h s K c biu th theo cng thc:
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2 tan(
)
GAGB 2 GA GB
K
2
K
( )
1
1
4
K
2
tan( )
K
K
Trong ch s di A v B m ch 2 u ca ct
Vi :
Ec I c
Lc
G
E I
Lg g
g
Trong :
E I
lc : cng ca cc ct chu nn ti u ct (u A hoc B)
E I
lg : cng ca cc dm chu nn ti u ct (u A hoc B)
c c
g g
lc, lg: Chiu di t do ca ct v dm.

thun tin cho tnh ton, t cc cng thc tnh K trn, ngi ta lp ra th lin
h gia K, GA, v GB v c th c s dng tnh trc tip cc gi tr ca K
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i vi cc u ct c nhng khng lin kt cng vi chn hoc mng, G,

theo l thuyt c ly l v cng nhng c th ly bng 10 cho thit k thc t tr khi thc t
c thit k nh mt cht khng c ma st. Nu u ct c lin kt cng vi chn mng, G
c th c ly bng 1,0.
Khi tnh ton K cho cc lin kt khi, cc gi tr sau c th c s dng:
+ G = 1,5: Chn neo vo trong .
+ G = 3,0: Chn khng neo vo trong .
+ G = 5,0: Chn trn t.
+ G = 1,0: Chn neo vo nhiu hng cc chng.
5.2.2
Cc gi thit tnh ton:
Khi tnh ton cu kin chu nn ngi ta vn s dng cc gi thit nh khi tnh ton cu
kin chu un:
- Bin dng ti mt th im tit din t l thun vi khong cch t im n trc
trung ho.
- Khi chu nn, bin dng ln nht ca b tng c ly bng 0,003.
- B qua sc khng ko ca b tng.
- ng sut trong vng b tng chu nn phn b theo quy lut hnh ch nht.
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5.3
TNH TON CC LOI CT
5.3.1
Kh nng chu lc ca ct ngn:
5.3.1.1 Kh nng chu lc ca ct ngn chu nn ng tm:

Sc khng tnh ton ca cu kin b tng ct thp chu nn ng tm c xc nh nh
sau :
Pr Pn
(5.7)
Trong :
+ i vi cu kin c ct thp ai thng :
Pn 0,800,85 f c' ( Ag Ast ) f y Ast
(5.8)
+ i vi cu kin c ct thp ai xon :
Pn 0,850,85 f c' ( Ag Ast ) f y Ast
(5.9)
y:
Pr : Sc khng lc dc trc tnh ton c hoc khng c un (N).
Pn : Sc khng lc dc trc danh nh c hoc khng c un (N).
f 'c : Cng chu nn c trng ca b tng (Mpa) .
Ag : Din tch nguyn ca mt ct (mm2).
Ast : Tng din tch ca ct thp dc thng (mm2).
fy : Gii hn chy quy nh ca ct thp (MPa).
: H s sc khng (= 0,75).
5.3.1.2 Kh nng chu lc ca ct ngn chu nn lch tm, tit din ch nht:
a. S ng sut, s bin dng
Hnh 5.2. S ng sut ca cu kin chu nn lch tm.

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b. Cc phng trnh cn bng:

Cc phng trnh cn bng ca cu kin chu nn lch tm c thit lp t s ng
sut i vi cc ct ngn nh sau:
- Phng trnh cn bng lc dc:
Pn 0,85 f c' ba As' f s' As f s
(5.10)
Phng trnh cn bng m men vi trng tm tit din:
h
h a
M n Pn e 0,85 f c' ba As f s d s As' f s' d s'

2
2 2
(5.11)
Ch rng, lc dc Pn khng th c gi tr vt qu sc khng nn danh nh ca ct

chu nn ng tm c xc nh theo cc cng thc (5.7) v (5.8)
Tu thuc vo lch tm e
Mu
'
, ng sut trong ct thp chu nn As hoc ct thp
Pu
'
'
chu ko As s t ti gi tr gii hn chy f y v f y . Ct thp chu nn As t n gii hn

'
chy f y khi b tng vng chu nn b nn v, nu cu kin b ph hoi t vng chu ko, gi tr
f s s c thay bng f y . Trong trng hp f s' f y' v f s f y , ng sut thc t trong ct

thp c tnh t s bin dng nh sau:
'
s
'
s
0, 003 c d s'
f y'
c
0, 003 d s c
f s Es s Es
fy
c
f Es Es
(5.12)
c. iu kin cng :
Khi thit k cu kin chu nn lch tm theo TTGH cng , iu kin cng c
dng:
Mr Mn Mu
Pr Pn Pu
(5.13)
Trong :
: H s sc khng c ly nh sau
+ Theo 22TCN 272-05:
0,9 0,15
0, 75 Pn
Pn
0,9 0,1125
0, 75
'
0,1 f c Ag
0,1 f c' Ag
(5.14)
+ Theo ACI:
0.9 0, 65 50 s 0, 75
(5.15)
124

Trong :
Pn c xc nh t cng thc (5.10).
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s : Bin dng ca ct thp chu ko

s
0,003 ds c
c
fy
Es
d. Cc bi ton:
d.1.Bi ton duyt mt ct:
Cho trc kch thc tit din bh, cho cc s liu v ct thp v cch b tr ct thp
(cho As' , As , d s' , d s , Es , f y , f y' ), cho cng chu nn ca b tng fc' , cho gi tr ti trng
tc dng Mu v Pu.
Yu cu duyt mt ct theo TTGH cng .
Gii:
Vi cc gi tr ti trng cho Mu v Pu, tnh lch tm e
Mu
. Xt hai phng
Pu
trnh cn bng (5.10) v (5.11), cc thnh phn f s , f s' v a c th c biu din thng
qua thnh phn n s c. Do , t hai phng trnh cn bng (5.10) v (5.11) ta c th xc
nh c c, Mn, Pn. Tuy nhin vic kt hp hai phng trnh cn bng s dn n mt
phng trnh bc 3 theo n c ng thi trong qu trnh gii cng phi kim tra gi tr
f s v f s' so vi cc gi tr f y' v f y ( f s' f y' v f s f y ). Trong thc t, ngi ta thng
s dng phng php tnh ng dn tnh ton cc cu kin chu nn lch tm nh sau:
- Gi thit chiu cao vng b tng chu nn a, tnh chiu cao trc trung ho c
- Tnh Pn v Mn theo cc phng trnh cn bng (5.10) v (5.11).

- Tnh lch tm e
Mn
Pn
- So snh lch tm e tnh ton vi lch tm e cho, nu khng t tip tc tnh

li cho n khi hi t.
Qu trnh tnh lp nh trn cng ging nh vic xc nh biu tng tc m men
lc dc (Biu tng tc M P).
*)Khi nim v biu tng tc M P v cch xc nh:
Biu tng tc M P ca cu kin chu nn lch tm thc cht l hnh bao vt liu
ca n trn biu din cc gi tr m men v lc dc danh nh ca cu kin tng ng
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vi cc trng hp ph hoi trong lch tm thay i t 0 n . Cc im nm

trong biu tng tc xem nh an ton, cu kin kh nng chu lc.
xc nh biu tng tc ngi ta lm nh sau:
+ Tnh chiu cao trc trung ho cb trng hp ph hoi do ph hoi cn bng.
cb d s
cu
cu y
fy
Es
+ Ly mt vi gi c cb (xc nh min ph hoi do nn) v mt vi gi tr

c cb (xc nh min ph hoi do ko).
+ Vi mi gi tr c chn, tnh ton s' , s , f s' , f s .

+ Xc nh Pn ,Pr v Mn, Mr ng vi cc gi tr c chn.
+ Vi cc cp gi tr Pr v Mr c, v ng cong quan h M P.
Hnh 5.3. Cc phn b bin dng tng ng vi cc im trn biu tng tc.
d.2.Bi ton thit k mt ct:
Cho trc gi tr ti trng tc dng Mu v Pu, cho cc s liu v ct thp (cho Es , f y , f y' ),
cho cng chu nn c trng ca b tng f c' .
Yu cu chn kch thc mt ct, tnh v b tr ct thp dc chu lc.
Trnh t gii:
126

1. Tnh lch tm e
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Mn
Pn
2. La chn s b kch thc ct:

Kch thc ct c th c chn s b nh sau:
+ Khi lch tm e
Trong st
Pu
h
, din tch mt ct ct Ag
'
2
0, 45 f c f y st
(5.16)
Ast
l hm lng ct thp trong ct c ly s b bng t 1% 4%.
Ag
Nu s dng ct ai xon, s 0,45 trong cng thc (5.16) c thay bng 0,55.
+ Khi lch tm e
h
, s 0,45 trong cng thc (5.16) c thay bng 0,3 0,4.
2
T gi tr din tch mt ct ngang ct tnh theo cng thc (5.16) chn hnh dng v kch
thc tit din. Nu tit din ch nht, kch thc nh nht khng ly nh hn 250mm. Nu tit
din hnh trn, ng knh tit din khng ly nh hn 300mm.
3. B tr s b ct thp dc chu lc trong ct. Din tch ct thp trong ct Ast c ly s b
bng t 1% 4% din tch ton b tit din Ag
4. Duyt mt ct theo bi ton tnh duyt. Nu khng t phi thay i kch thc tit din hoc
tng ct thp.
V d 5.1: Tnh duyt kh nng chu lc ca ct ngn chu lc dc trc bit:
- Kch thc tit din: 300 350 mm
- B tng c fc = 28 MPa
- Ct thp ASTM A615M c: fy = 420 Mpa, m un n hi ca ct thp Es = 2.105 Mpa.
- S dng 4 19; ds = 290 mm; ds = 60 mm.
- Ti trng ln nht TTGH cng : Mu = 100 KN.m ; Pu = 1000 KN.
Gii: S dng biu tng tc M P tnh ton.
1. Trng hp chu nn ng tm:
H s sc khng = 0,75.
Ast = 1136 mm2.
p dng cng thc (7.8) ta c:
Pn(max) 0,8 0,85 f c' Ag Ast Ast f y
0,8 0,85 28 300 350 4 284 4 284 420 = 2359267 (N) = 2359,3 (KN)
Pr = Pn = 0,75 2359,3 = 1769,5 (KN)
2. Tnh trng hp ph hoi cn bng (ct thp chu ko b chy do v b tng vng chu nn
b nn v):
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Bin dng ln nht ca ct thp: y
fy
Es
cu
Chiu cao trc trung ho: cb d s
cu y
420
0, 0021
2 105
290
0, 003
170,59 (mm)
0, 003 0, 0021
Chiu cao vng b tng chu nn: a 1c 0,85 170,59 145 (mm)
ng sut trong ct thp chu nn:
'
s
'
s
f E s Es
0,003 c d s'
c
2 105
0, 003 (170,59 60)

388,97 (Mpa) < fy
170,59
p dng cc cng thc (7.10) v (7.11) ta c:

Pn 0,85 f c' ab As' f s' As f s 0,85 28 145 300 568 388, 97 568 420 1017672 (N)
1018 (KN).
h
h a
M n 0,85 f c' ab As f s d s As' f s' d s'

2
2
2
2
350
350 145
350
0,85 28 145 300
60
568 420 290
568 388, 97
2
2
2
158959877,6 (N.mm) 158,96 (KN.m)
Tnh h s sc khng :
+ Tnh theo 22TCN 272 05: p dng cng thc (5.14) ta c:
0,9 0,1125
Pn
1017672
0,9 0,1125
0,511 0, 75
'
0,1 f c Ag
0,1 28 300 350
0, 75
+ Tnh theo ACI: p dng cng thc (5.15) ta c:
0, 75
Sc khng tnh ton:
M r M n 0, 75 1598, 6 119, 22 (KN.m)

Pr Pn 0, 75 1018 763, 25 (KN)
3. Chn 1 vi gi tr c cb tm min ph hoi ko:
S dng cc cng thc (5.10), (5.11) v (5.12)
4. Chn 1 vi gi tr c cb tm min ph hoi nn:
S dng cc cng thc (5.10), (5.11 v (5.12)
c
fs
f's
Pn (KN)
Mn(KN.m)
Pr(KN)
Mr(KN.m)
30
25,5
420
0,00
56,98
0,9000
0,00
51,28
40
34
420
4,20
65,79
0,8984
3,77
59,11
50
42,5
420
64,89
74,09
0,8752
56,79
64,84
60
51
420
125,58
81,87
0,8519
106,99
69,75
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70
59,5
420
85,714
234,96
94,74
0,8101
190,34
76,75
80
68
420
150
332,16
105,69
0,7729
256,73
81,69
90
76,5
420
200
421,25
115,19
0,75
315,94
86,39
100
85
420
240
504,66
123,53
0,75
378,50
92,64
110
93,5
420
272,73
583,94
130,87
0,75
437,95
98,15
120
102
420
300
660,12
137,34
0,75
495,09
103,00
130
110,5
420
323,08
733,92
143,02
0,75
550,44
107,26
140
119
420
342,86
805,84
147,97
0,75
604,38
110,97
150
127,5
420
360
876,27
152,23
0,75
657,20
114,17
fs
f's
Pn (KN)
Mn(KN.m)
Pr(KN)
Mr(KN.m)
160
136
420
375
945,48
155,83
0,75
709,11
116,87
170
144,5
420
388,24
1013,69
158,80
0,75
760,27
119,10
170,59
145
420
388,97
1017,68
158,96
0,75
763,26
119,22
180
153
366,67
400
1111,35
157,68
0,75
833,52
118,26
190
161,5
315,79
410,53
1206,92
156,12
0,75
905,19
117,09
200
170
270
420
1299,00
154,31
0,75
974,25
115,73
210
178,5
228,57
420
1383,22
151,65
0,75
1037,42
113,74
220
187
190,91
420
1465,30
148,72
0,75
1098,98
111,54
230
195,5
156,52
420
1545,53
145,49
0,75
1159,14
109,12
240
204
125
420
1624,12
141,93
0,75
1218,09
106,45
250
212,5
96
420
1701,28
138,02
0,75
1275,96
103,51
260
221
69,231
420
1777,18
133,73
0,75
1332,88
100,30
270
229,5
44,444
420
1851,95
129,06
0,75
1388,96
96,80
280
238
21,429
420
1925,71
124,00
0,75
1444,28
93,00
290
246,5
420
1998,57
118,51
0,75
1498,93
88,89
300
255
-20
420
2070,62
112,61
0,75
1552,97
84,46
320
272
-56,25
420
2212,59
99,50
0,75
1659,44
74,63
330
280,5
-72,73
420
2282,64
92,28
0,75
1711,98
69,21
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340
289
-88,24
420
2352,14
84,61
0,75
1764,10
63,45
5. Trng hp chu un thun tu:

Khi ct thp b tr i xng (As = As), c th b qua As khi tnh ton
Chiu cao a
As f y
0,85 f c'b
33,41 (mm)
M men khng danh nh:

a
M n As f y d s 65,197 (KN.m)
2
M men khng tnh ton:
M r M n 0,9M n 58,677 (KN.m)

6. V biu tng tc M P ng vi cc cp gi tr Mr Pr va tm c
2000
1800
1600
1400
Pr (KN)
1200
1000
Series1
800
600
400
200
0
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00 120,00 140,00
Mr (KN.m)
T biu tng tc M P ta thy ct cho m bo kh nng chu lc.

Vn vi v d trn nhng nu tnh theo phng php tnh lp ta c:
- lch tm ban u do ti trng: e
Mu
0.1 (m)
Pu
- Gi nh c = 200 mm c:
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.
+ Chiu cao vng b tng chu nn a 1c 0,85 c 170 (mm)

+ ng sut trong ct thp chu ko:
f s Es s Es
0, 003 d s c
c
270 (Mpa) < fy = 420 (Mpa)
Ly fs = 270 (Mpa)
+ ng sut trong ct thp chu nn:
f s' Es s' Es
0, 003 c d s'
420 (Mpa)
c
+ p dng cc cng thc (5.10) v (5.11) ta c:
Pn 0,85 f c' ab As' f s' As f s 1213.8 (KN)
h
h a
M n 0,85 f c' ab As f s d s As' f s' d s' 199,9 (KN.m)

2
2 2
+ Tnh h s sc khng :
Tnh theo 22TCN 272 05: p dng cng thc (5.14) ta c:
0,9 0,1125
Pn
0,44 < 0,75
0,1 f c' Ag
0, 75
+ Sc khng tnh ton:
M r M n 149,92 (KN.m)
Pr Pn 910, 23(KN)
+ lch tm e
M
Mr
0,165 (m) > e u 0.1 (m). Tng c v lp ln tip theo
Pr
Pu
- Tin hnh tng t vi cc gi tr c gi nh, cui cng ta tnh c c = 279,935 mm.

ng vi gi tr c = 279,935 mm ta c:
+ Mn = 174,26 (KN.m)
+ Pn = 1742,62 (KN).
+ H s sc khng = 0,75
+ Sc khng tnh ton:
M r M n 130, 7 (KN.m)
Pr Pn 1306,96(KN)
+ lch tm e
M
Mr
0,1 (m) = e u 0.1 (m).
Pr
Pu
Vy sc khng tnh ton:
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M r M n 130, 7 M u 100 (KN.m)
Pr Pn 1306, 96>Pu 1000 (KN)
Do ct m bo kh nng chu lc.

V d 5.2: Chn kch thc tit din v b tr ct thp cho ct ngn chu lc nn un bit:
- B tng c fc = 28 MPa
- Ct thp ASTM A615M c: fy = 420 Mpa, m un n hi ca ct thp Es = 2.105 Mpa.
- Ti trng ln nht TTGH cng : Mu = 100 KN.m ; Pu = 1000 KN.
Gii:
lch tm ban u do ti trng: e
Mu
0.1 (m).
Pu
Gi nh hm lng ct thp: st = 2%.

Din tch cn thit ca tit din:
Ag
Pu
1000 103
= 61050 (mm2).
'
0,
45
28
420
0,
02
0, 45 f c f y st
Chn kch thc tit din ct: 300300 mm.

V lch tm ban u do ti trng: e
Mu
h
nn kch thc ct chn
0.1 (m) <
2
Pu
theo cng thc (5.15).

Din tch ct thp gi nh: Ast 0, 02 300 300 1800 (mm2).
Chn 425 c: As = As = 1020 mm2. B tr ct thp nh hnh
6 cm
6 cm
v bn.
Duyt mt ct ct:
.
- Gi nh c = 150 mm c:
+ Chiu cao vng b tng chu nn
30 cm
a 1c 0,85 c 127,5 (mm)
+ ng sut trong ct thp chu ko:

30 cm
f s Es s Es
0, 003 d s c
c
360 (Mpa) < fy =
420 (Mpa)
Ly fs = 360 (Mpa)
+ ng sut trong ct thp chu nn:
'
s
'
s
f Es Es
0, 003 c d s'
c
360 (Mpa) < fy = 420 (Mpa)
Ly fs = 360 (Mpa)
132

+ p dng cc cng thc (5.10) v (5.11) ta c:
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Pn 0,85 f c' ab As' f s' As f s 910,35 (KN)

h
h a
M n 0,85 f c' ab As f s d s As' f s' d s' 144,61 (KN.m)

2
2
2
2
+ lch tm e
Mn
M
0,1588 (m) > e u 0.1 (m). Tng c v lp ln tip theo
Pn
Pu
- Tin hnh tng t vi cc gi tr c gi nh, cui cng ta tnh c c = 183,8475 mm.

ng vi gi tr c = 183,8475 mm ta c:
+ Mn = 134,1119 (KN.m)
+ Pn = 1341,117 (KN).
+ H s sc khng = 0,75
+ Sc khng tnh ton:
M r M n 100, 58 (KN.m)
Pr Pn 1005,84(KN)
+ lch tm e
Mr
M
0,1 (m) = e u 0.1 (m).
Pr
Pu
Vy sc khng tnh ton:

M r M n 100,58 M u 100 (KN.m)
Pr Pn 1005,84>Pu 1000 (KN)
Do ct chn m bo kh nng chu lc.
5.3.1.3 Kh nng chu lc ca ct ngn chu nn lch tm, tit din hnh trn:
Tu theo cao ca vng b tng chu nn, ct tit din trn c chia lm hai trng
hp nh hnh 5.4
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Pn
0,85f c'
cu
A's3 fs'3
A s2 fs2
A s1 fs1
s
Bin dng
Din tch chu nn
ng sut
Trng tm
min nn
Trng tm
min nn
a
Y
Trung hp 1: a < h/2
Trung hp 2: a > h/2
Hnh 5. 4. Ct chu nn lch tm tit din hnh trn.

h
- Trng hp 1: a ; 900
2
h 2a
h2
arccos
(5.17)
h
- Trng hp 2: a ; 900
2
h 2a
ah 2
v arccos
h2
h2
arccos
(5.18)
Din tch vng b tng chu nn c ly nh sau:
sin cos
Ac h 2 rad
(5.19)
M men tnh ca vng b tng chu nn ly vi trng tm tit din hnh trn l:
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sin 3
AcY h3
12
Trong Y l khong cch t trng tm vng b tng chu nn n tm ca tit din hnh
trn.
Cc phng trnh cn bng c vit nh sau:
Pn 0,85 f c' Ac As' f s' As f s
(5.20)
M n Pn e 0,85 f c' AcY As f s di As' f s' d i'

2
(5.21)
Trong :
f s , f s' : ng sut trong ct thp chu ko v chu nn
'
s
'
s
f Es Es
0, 003 c di'
f s Es s Es
f y'
c
0, 003 di c
c
(5.22)
fy
di, di : Khong cch t trng tm ct thp chu ko v chu nn n th chu nn
ngoi cng.
5.3.2 Tnh ton ct mnh

5.3.2.1. Phng php khuych i m men:
i vi ct mnh, ti trng lch tm s gy ra mt vng ng k, vng ny lm
tng lch tm v do li lm tng m men un, kt qu l vng ca cu kin c tng dn.
Mt khc, khi chu ti trng di hn, trong b tng xut hin hin tng t bin lm gim
cng ca ct tng mnh.
Trong tnh ton, ngi ta xt n nh hng ca mnh v t bin bng cch nhn m
men tnh ton ban u vi h s khuych i m men. Phng php xt n nh hng nh trn
c gi l phng php khuych i m men.
a/ i vi h khung khng ging:
M men hoc ng sut tnh ton c th c tng ln phn nh tc dng ca bin dng
nh sau:
Mc = bM2b + sM2s
(5.23)
fc
(5.24)
= bf2b + sf2s
Trong :
135
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b
Cm
P
1 u
Pe
(5.25)
1.0
s
1
(5.26)
Pu
Pe
y:
Pu: Ti trng tnh ton ( nhn h s) dc trc (N)
Pe : Ti trng un dc ti hn Euler (N)
Pe
2 EI
Kl
: H s khng nn dc trc ly bng 0,75

M2b: M men trn thanh (cu kin ) chu nn do ti trng trng lc tnh ton (
nhn h s ) m khng dn n on ng k c tnh ton bng phng php khung n hi bc
nht quy c, lun lun dng ( N.mm)
f2b: ng sut tng ng vi M2b (MPa)
M2s : M men trn thanh chu nn do lc ngang tnh ton hoc ti trng trng lc
tnh ton ( nhn h s) m gy ra on, ln hn lu/500, c tnh bng phng
php phn tch khung n hi bc nht quy c, lun lun dng ( N.mm).
f2s: ng sut tng ng vi M2s (MPa)
Cm: H s c ly bng 1,0.
Gi tr EI dng xc nh Pe phi ly gi tr ln hn ca :
Ec Ig
EI
EsIs
5
1 d
(5.27)
EcIg
EI
2,5
1 d
(5.28)
Trong :
Ec: M un n hi ca b tng (MPa)
Ig: M men qun tnh mt ct nguyn ca b tng xung quanh trc chnh (mm4)
Es: M un n hi ca thp dc (MPa)
Is: M men qun tnh ca ct thp dc xung quanh trc chnh (mm4)
136
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d: T l gia m men tnh ton ln nht do ti trng thng xuyn vi m men tnh ton ln
nht do ton b ti trng, tr s lun lun dng.
b/. i vi h khung ging:
M men tnh ton c th c tng ln phn nh tc dng ca bin dng nh sau:
Mc = bM2b
(5.29)
Trong :
b
Cm
P
1 u
Pe
(5.30)
1.0
Cm c th ly nh sau:
Cm = 0.6 0.4
M 1b
0.4
M 2b
(5.31)
Trong :
M1b: M men b hn ti u mt.
M2b: M men ln hn ti u mt.
T s M1b/M2b c coi l dng nu cu kin b un theo cong mt chiu v m nu n b
un theo cong hai chiu.
5.3.2.2 Quy trnh tnh ton ct mnh:
1. Xc nh h s chiu di tnh ton K.
2. Xc nh ct thuc loi ct ngn hay mnh
- i vi kt cu khng c ging lin kt, khi t s mnh
K .lu
22 th c coi l ct
r
ngn khng xt n hiu ng mnh.

- i vi kt cu c ging chng bn, khi
M
K .lu
34 12 1 th c coi l ct ngn.
r
M2
y:
K: H s di hu hiu.
lu: Chiu di khng c thanh ging.
r: Bn knh qun tnh.
M1, M2 tng ng l m men nh v ln u v thnh phn M1/M2 l dng i vi
ng cong un n.
137

3. Nu ct cho thuc loi ct mnh v
www.bmketcau.net
K .lu
100 , tnh m men khuych i Mc.
r
4. Tnh ton ct bng cch s dng m men Mc v lc dc Pu.
5.3.3
Tnh ton ct chu nn lch tm theo hai phng
Thay cho vic tnh da trn c s cn bng v tng thch bin dng cho trng hp un
hai chiu, cc kt cu khng trn chu un hai chiu v chu nn c th tnh theo cc biu thc
gn ng sau :
- Nu lc tnh ton dc trc khng nh hn 0,1 f 'c Ag :
1
1
1
1
Prxy Prx Pry Po
(5.32)
Trong :
Po = 0,85 f 'c (Ag - Ast) + Ast fy
(5.33)
- Nu ti trng tnh ton dc trc nh hn 0,10 f 'c Ag :

M ux M uy
1,0
M rx M ry
(5.34)
y :
: H s sc khng i vi cc cu kin chu nn dc trc
Prxy: Sc khng dc trc tnh ton khi un theo hai phng (N)
Prx:Sc khng dc trc tnh ton c xc nh trn c s ch tn ti lch ey (N)
Pry:Sc khng dc trc tnh ton c xc nh trn c s ch tn ti lch ex (N)
Pu: Lc dc trc tnh ton (N)
Mux: M men tnh ton tc dng theo trc X (N.mm)
Muy: M men tnh ton tc dng theo trc Y (N.mm)
ex: lch tm ca lc dc trc tnh ton tc dng theo hng trc X ( = Muy/Pu (mm))
ey: lch tm ca lc dc trc tnh ton tc dng theo hng trc Y (= Mux/Pu (mm)).
Mrx: Sc khng un tnh ton n trc ca mt ct theo phng trc X (N.mm)
Mry: Sc khng un tnh ton n trc ca mt ct thoe phng trc Y (N.mm)
Sc khng dc trc tnh ton Prx v Pry khng c ly ln hn tch s ca h s sc
khng v sc khng nn danh nh ln nht tnh theo cc cng thc (7.7) hoc (7.8).
Khi tnh ton, nu ct l mnh, cc gi tr Mux, Muy phi c tnh theo phng php
khuych i m men.
138

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V d 5.3: Tnh duyt kh nng chu lc ca ct chu lc dc trc t ct ai thng bit:
- Ct c tit din hnh trn, D = 1000 mm
- B tng c fc = 28 Mpa; c = 2450 (KN/m3)
- Ct thp ASTM A615M c: fy = 420 Mpa,
m un n hi ca ct thp Es = 2.105 Mpa.
- S dng 16 25.
- Chiu dy lp b tng bo v dc = 60 mm.
- Chiu di t do ca ct lu = 5000 mm.
- Ti trng ln nht TTGH cng
+ Mu = 1000 (KN.m)
+ M men tnh ton do ti trng thng xuyn
Mup = 150 (KN.m)
+ Pu = 4500 KN.
880
5000
16
1000
Gii:
- H s mnh K = 2,1.
- T s mnh:
K .lu
r
Trong :
+ lu = 5000 mm.
+ r: Bn knh qun tnh quay ca mt ct nguyn
r
Do :
- Tnh Pe:
D
250 mm.
4
K .lu
5000
2,1
42 > 22 nn ct thuc loi ct mnh.
r
250
Pe
2 EI
Klu
Trong cng EI c ly bng gi tr ln hn trong hai gi tr sau:

EcIg
EI
EsIs
5
1 d
EcIg
EI
2,5
1 d
Ta c:
Ec 0, 043 c1,5 f c' 27592,85 (Mpa)

Es = 2.105 (MPa).
Ig
D4
49.062.500.000 (mm4)
64
Is = 308.211.200 (mm4)
139
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M up
Mu
0,15
Do :
Ec I g
Es I s
14
2
5
2,89.10 (N.mm ).
1 d
Ec I g
14
2
2,5
4,71.10 (N.mm )
1+ d
Vy: EI = 4,71.1014 (N.mm2).

Thay s c: Pe
2 EI
Klu
42110376.16 (N) = 42110,38 (KN).
- Tnh m men khuych i: M c b M 2b s M 2 s

Trong :
+ b
Cm
1
Pu
Pe
1.0
y Cm = 1 nn: b
+ s
1
Pu
Cm
P
1 u
Pe
1,17.
= 1,17.
Pe
Do m men khuych i:
M c b M 2b s M 2 s 1,17 M 2b M 2 s 1,17 M u = 1170 (KN.m)

- Duyt mt ct cho ng vi ti trng:
Mc =1170 (KN.m).
Pu = 4500 (KN).
Xy dng biu tng tc M P
1. Trng hp chu nn ng tm:
H s sc khng = 0,75.
Ast = 8160 mm2.
p dng cng thc (7.8) ta c:
Pn(max) 0,8 0,85 f c' Ag Ast Ast f y
3,14 10002
0,8 0,85 28
8160 8160 420 = 17540,4 (KN)
4
Pr = Pn = 0,75 17540,4 = 13155,3 (KN)
140

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2. Tnh trng hp ph hoi cn bng (ct thp chu ko ln nht b chy do v b tng vng
chu nn b nn v):
Bin dng ln nht ca ct thp: y
Chiu cao trc trung ho: cb d9
fy
Es
cu
cu y
420
0, 0021
2 105
940
0, 003
D
553(mm) >
500
0, 003 0,0021
2
mm
Bin dng v ng sut trong cc thanh ct thp c cho trong bng sau:
Hng thp
di (mm)
i (10-3)
fsi (Mpa)
60
-2.67
-420
93.49
-2.49
-420
188.87
-1.98
-395.1
331.62
-1.2
-240.2
500
-0.29
-57.45
668.38
0.63
125.26
811.13
1.4
280.16
906.51
1.92
383.66
940
2.1
420
Ghi ch: Cc gi tr ng sut ln hn 420 Mpa c ly bng 420 Mpa.

Cc thng s tnh ton ca vng b tng chu nn:
h 2a
0
+ Gc m arccos
= 96,078 = 1,677 (rad)
h
2
+ Din tch ca vng b tng chu nn:
sin cos
Ac h 2 rad
4
0
0
2 1, 677 sin(96, 078 )cos (96, 078 )
1000
445541 (mm 2 )
+ Khong cch t trng tm vng b tng chu nn n tm ca tit din hnh trn:
h3 sin 3 10003 sin 3 (96, 0780 )

Y
183,9 (mm)
Ac 12
44554112
Kh nng chu lc ca ct:
Pn 0,85 f c' Ac As' f s' As f s = 10786,8 (KN)
M n Pn e 0,85 f c' AcY As f s d i As' f s' di' = 22617,5 (KN.m)

2
Tnh h s sc khng :
+ Tnh theo 22TCN 272 05: p dng cng thc (5.14) ta c:
0,9 0,1125
Pn
4 10786800
0,9 0,1125
0,348 0, 75
'
0,1 f c Ag
0,1 28 1000 2
141
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0, 75
Sc khng tnh ton:
M r M n 0, 75 22617,5 16963,1 (KN.m)

Pr Pn 0, 75 10786,8 8090,1 (KN)
3. Ly 1 vi gi tr c, cc kt qu tnh ton cho trong bng sau:
c (mm)
s1
s2
s3
s4
-3
(10 )
-3
(10 )
-3
(10 )
940
-2.81
-2.70
880
-2.80
830
s5
-3
s6
s7
s8
(10 )
(10 )
-3
(10 )
(10 )
(10 )
(10-3)
-2.40
-1.94
-1.40
-0.87
-0.41
-0.11
0.00
-2.68
-2.36
-1.87
-1.30
-0.72
-0.23
0.09
0.20
-2.78
-2.66
-2.32
-1.80
-1.19
-0.58
-0.07
0.28
0.40
780
-2.77
-2.64
-2.27
-1.72
-1.08
-0.43
0.12
0.49
0.62
720
-2.75
-2.61
-2.21
-1.62
-0.92
-0.22
0.38
0.78
0.92
660
-2.73
-2.58
-2.14
-1.49
-0.73
0.04
0.69
1.12
1.27
600
-2.70
-2.53
-2.06
-1.34
-0.50
0.34
1.06
1.53
1.70
500
-2.64
-2.44
-1.87
-1.01
0.00
1.01
1.87
2.44
2.64
440
-2.59
-2.36
-1.71
-0.74
0.41
1.56
2.53
3.18
3.41
385
-2.53
-2.27
-1.53
-0.42
0.90
2.21
3.32
4.06
4.32
330
-2.45
-2.15
-1.28
0.01
1.55
3.08
4.37
5.24
5.55
280
-2.36
-2.00
-0.98
0.55
2.36
4.16
5.69
6.71
7.07
220
-2.18
-1.73
-0.42
1.52
3.82
6.11
8.06
9.36
9.82
165
-1.91
-1.30
0.43
3.03
6.09
9.15
11.75
13.48
14.09
140
-1.71
-1.00
1.05
4.11
7.71
11.32
14.38
16.43
17.14
-3
s9
-3
-3
142
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C
(mm)
fs1
(Mpa)
fs2
(Mpa)
fs3
(Mpa)
fs4
(Mpa)
fs5
(Mpa)
fs6
(Mpa)
fs7
(Mpa)
fs8
(Mpa)
fs9
(Mpa)
940
-420
-420
-420
-388.3
-280.9
-173.4
-82.26
-21.38
0.00
880
-420
-420
-420
-373.9
-259.1
-144.3
-46.96
18.07
40.91
830
-420
-420
-420
-360.3
-238.6
-116.8
-13.64
55.31
79.52
780
-420
-420
-420
-344.9
-215.4
-85.86
23.94
97.31
123.08
720
-420
-420
-420
-323.7
-183.3
-43.02
75.94
155.42
183.33
660
-420
-420
-420
-298.5
-145.5
7.62
137.39
224.1
254.55
600
-420
-420
-411.1
-268.4
-100
68.38
211.13
306.51
340
500
-420
-420
-373.4
-202.1
202.06
373.35
420
420
440
-420
-420
-342.4
-147.8
81.82
311.43
420
420
420
385
-420
-420
-305.7
-83.19
179.22
420
420
420
420
330
-420
-420
-256.6
2.94
309.09
420
420
420
420
280
-420
-399.7
-195.3
110.61
420
420
420
420
420
220
-420
-345
-84.89
304.42
420
420
420
420
420
165
-381.8
-260
86.81
420
420
420
420
420
420
140
-342.9
-199.3
209.46
420
420
420
420
420
420
o(rad Ac
C
(mm)
Y (mm)
Pn (KN)
Mn (KN.m)
Pr (KN)
Mr
(KN.m)
(mm )
940
2.65
766159
11.65
19105.2
3700.17
0.75
14328.9
2775.13
880
2.43
732013
31.25
18226.5
7172.93
0.75
13669.8
5379.70
830
2.29
696863
50.71
17327.6
10282.32
0.75
12995.7
7711.74
780
2.17
657284
72.10
16315.3
13314.58
0.75
12236.5
9985.93
720
2.03
605379
99.68
14982.7
16623.65
0.75
11237.1
12467.74
660
1.90
549925
128.87
13548
19394.39
0.75
10161
14545.79
600
1.77
492028
159.31
12028.7
21492.39
0.75
9021.51
16119.3
500
1.57
392699
212.21
9394.72
23123.32
0.75
7046.04
17342.49
440
1.45
332843
244.98
7833.55
22752.89
0.75
5875.16
17064.67
385
1.34
278721
275.58
6413.54
21610.88
0.75
4810.15
16208.16
330
1.22
226034
306.63
5041.31
19707.47
0.75
3780.98
14780.61
280
1.12
180020
335.22
3818.82
17393.06
0.75
2864.12
13044.8
220
0.98
128114
369.9
2433.67
13954.65
0.78
1887.31
10821.85
165
0.84
84801
402.03
1243.81
10328.98
0.84
1040.29
8638.86
140
0.77
66833
416.73
735.442
8559.32
0.86
634.23
7381.36
4. Trng hp chu un thun tu:

Bng cch th dn vi mt vi gi tr chiu cao vng b tng chu nn c ta c:
Vi trng hp un thun tu c = 102,9244 mm.
143
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Khi c:
+ M men khng danh nh: Mn = 5806,83 (KN.m)
+ M men khng tnh ton: M r M n 0,9 M n 5226,15(KN.m)
5. V biu tng tc M P:
P
r
(1170,4500)
Kt lun: Ct cho m bo kh nng chu lc.
144
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6 KT CU B TNG CT THP D NG LC
6.1
KHI NIM CHUNG
6.1.1 Gii thiu

Khi nim v d ng lc ra i trc khi xut hin vt liu b tng. ch to thng
ru, ngi ta s dng cc ai kim loi b quanh cc thanh g hoc lc cng trc trong vnh
bnh xe p. D ng lc ban u s to ra ng sut ngc chiu vi ng sut sinh ra so ti trng
s dng.
Trong cu kin b tng ct thp d ng lc, ct thp c ko mt lc nht nh ri gn
cht vo trong b tng thng qua lc dnh hoc neo. Nh tnh n hi tt, ct thp c xu hng
co li v sinh ra lc nn trong b tng. ng sut nn ny lm trit tiu hoc gim ng sut ko do
ti trng s dng gy ra, do vy lm tng kh nng chu ko ca b tng v lm gim s pht
trin vt nt.
6.1.2 Trng thi ng sut dm b tng d ng lc

6.1.2.1. Lc nn trc trng vi tm tit din
Hnh 6.1 : Phn b ng sut trong dm d ng lc ng tm

Lc nn trc ng tm gy ra ng sut u trn tit din :
fc
P
Ac
(6.1)
Trong : Ac : din tch phn b tng ; P : lc nn trc

Nu c ti trng tc dng ln dm, gi tr m men un ln nht ti tit din gia dm s
gy ra ng sut ti th ngoi cng ca tit din cch trng tm ca tit din mt on l c. Khi
ng sut tng cng s l :
f ct
P M
yt ;
Ac I g
Trong :
f cb
P M
yb
Ac I g
(6.2)
f ct ; f cb ln lt l ng sut ti th trn v di ca tit din
145
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yt ; yb : khong cch t im cn tnh ng sut n TTH

Ig : M men qun tnh nguyn ca tit din
Nh vy, nh c lc nn trc nn ng sut ko gim xung v ng sut nn trong tit
din tng ln di tc dng ca ti trng.
6.1.2.2. Lc nn trc khng trng vi tm tit din
Hnh 6.2 : Phn b ng sut trong dm d ng lc lch tm

Khi lc d ng trc t lch tm so vi tit din mt on l e th lc nn trc gy ra
mt m men un c gi tr l Pe. Lc ny ng sut tng cng ti mt tit din bt k c tnh
nh sau :
f ct
P Pe
M
yt
yt ;
Ac I g
Ig
f cb
P Pe
M
yb
yb
Ac I g
Ig
(6.4)
6.2 PHN LOI B TNG CT THP D NG LC

C nhiu cch phn loi b tng ct thp DUWL ty thuc vo c im thit k v
phng php thi cng.
6.2.1 Theo v tr ca lc cng

Theo v tr ca ct thp ko cng th BTCT DL c chia thnh
+ BTCT DL cng ngoi (hnh 6.3a)
+ BTCT DL cng trong (hnh 6.3b)
146
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Hnh 6.3 : Cu kin BTCT DL cng ngoi v cng trong
6.2.2
Theo thi im cng

Theo thi im cng, BTCT DL chia thnh :
+ BTCT DL cng trc (hnh 6.4)
+ BTCT DL cng sau (Hnh 6.5)
Cc bc thi cng:
1. Cng cp
2. b tng
3. Ct cp, truyn ng sut
cho b tng
Hnh 6.4 : Cc bc thi cng BTCT DL ko trc

Cc bc thi cng:
1. b tng
2. Cng cp
3. Neo cp vo cu
kin
147

Hnh 6.5 : Cc bc thi cng BTCT DL ko sau
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Hnh 6.6 : Sn b tng BTCT DL ko sau
6.2.3 Theo hnh dng cp d ng lc

Theo hnh dng ca cp d ng lc chia thnh :
+ BTCT DL c cp DL thng
+ BTCT DL c cp DL t theo ng cong
6.2.4
Theo mc hn ch ng sut ko trong trong b tng
Theo ln ca lc cng, BTCT DL c chia thnh :

+ BTCT DL cng ton phn : L cu kin c thit k sao cho khng xut hin ng
sut ko trong b tng di tc dng ca ti trng s dng.
+ BTCT DL cng mt phn : L cu kin c thit k c xut hin ng sut ko trong
b tng di tc dng ca ti trng s dng.
6.2.5 Theo mc dnh bm ca thp d ng lc v b tng

Theo mc dnh bm ca thp DL v b tng c chia thnh :
+ BTCT DL c ct thp dnh bm: L cu kin ct thp d ng lc c dnh bm vi b
tng, c s tng thch v bin dng ca ct thp d ng lc v b tng cc th lin k.
+ BTCT DL c ct thp khng dnh bm: L cu kin ct thp d ng lc khng dnh
bm vi b tng, s tng thch v bin dng ca ct thp d ng lc v b tng cc th lin k
l khng c.
6.3
CC CH DN V CU TO
6.3.1
Thit b cho cu kin BTCT DL
6.3.1.1. H thng to lc cho cu kin cng trc

Cc thit b dng cho BTCT DL cng trc :
148
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Hnh 6.7: B , b neo v khun b tng
Hnh 6.8: S b c hng lot
Hnh 6.8: H thng thit b cho cu kin cng trc

Trong cu kin cng trc, ct thp d ng lc c neo vo mt u c nh, u cn li
s c ko vi mt lc P. Tip cc loi ct thp thng c t vo v b tng. i cho
b tng ng cng v t n cng nht nh (thng l 70% gi tr cng chu nn thit
k ca b tng) ri tin hnh ct ct thp. Lc ny lc cng trc trong ct thp d ng lc c
truyn sang b tng thng qua lc dnh bm gia b tng v ct thp.
Thit b neo : Thit b neo da trn nguyn l nm v ma st
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Hnh 6.9: u neo cp d ng lc

6.3.1.2. H thng to lc cho cu kin cng sau
Hnh 6.10: H thng thit b cho cu kin cng sau

Thit b neo: Mt s thit b neo thng dng
Hnh 6.11: M neo Freyssinet dng T
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Hnh 6.12: Thit b neo
6.3.2
Vt liu dng trong BTCT DL
6.3.2.1. B tng
B tng dng trong cu kin BTCT DL thng l b tng nng v c cc c im sau :
- Cng cao c th chu c ng sut ti cc vng neo ; kh nng chu nn, ko v
ct tt ; cng cu kin ln nhm gim vng ca kt cu ; hn ch vt nt do co ngt ; hn
ch t bin.
- T s N/X nh.
- st nh.
- C tnh bin dng co ngt v t bin nh.
6.3.2.2. Ct thp
Trong cu kin BTCT DL cn dng thp c cng cao to ra lc cng ln v
thng dng loi thp sau :
- Si thp c cng cao c ng knh 2,5 8mm, b mt c th c g hoc khng.
- Si cp : Gm nhiu si thp bn xon vo nhau. Thng c 2 loi cp l cp 3 si v
cp 7 si. Cp 7 si (ng knh si t 3 5mm) s dng ph bin nht, c ch to t 6 si
thp xon quanh mt si thng t gia.
- B cp : gm nhiu si cp b chung vi nhau nhm to c lc cng ln.
- Thanh thp : cc si cp c th c thay th bng cc thanh thp cng cao c
ng knh t 10 32mm.
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Hnh 6.13 : Ct thp d ng lc (cp 7 si)
Hnh 6.14: Cc loi ct thp d ng lc

Cc gii hn ng sut trong ct thp d ng lc theo quy trnh 22TCN 272 05 c quy
nh nh bng 6.4.
6.3.2.3. Cc loi vt liu khc
Ngoi cc loi vt liu chnh l b tng v ct thp d ng lc cn c mt s vt liu ph
khc dng cho BTCT DL cng sau.
Vi thp d ng lc dnh bm, cn phi c ng gen to l t cp. ng gen c th c
ch to bng tn m km hoc bng cht do, ng c t sn trong cu kin trc khi b
tng, ng phi m bo bn, khng b h hi trong khi thi cng, m bo kn v khng c
phn ng vi thp v b tng. Sau khi hon thnh vic cng cp, va xi mng vi mt cp phi
quy nh c bm vo t u neo thng qua cc ng t sn vi p lc 0,3 0,5 MPa. Va bm
c tc dng to s dnh kt v chng n mn cho cp. Va phi d chy, t co ngt. Thnh phn
ca va bm bao gm xi mng Portland thng hoc xi mng ng kt nhanh, trn vi nc vi
t l trng lng l 0,33 v mt s ph gia nh flowcable, pozzolithtrong mt s trng hp
c bit c th dng thm ct mn cho va bm.
Vi cp d ng lc khng dnh bm, cp c bc bi v bc cht do tng hp hoc lp
giy c bit. Lp v bc phi m bo tnh nng c hc trong khong nhit t -20 n 700C,
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phi c bn cn thit khng b h hi trong khi chuyn ch, lp dng v ko cng, c
kh nng chng thm tt v khng gy n mn cho b tng, thp v cc vt liu chn khc. Vic
lng cp vo v bc, vic x l ti cc v tr ni phi c tin hnh cn thn, trnh cho cp tip
xc vi va b tng, gy n mn cp.
6.3.3 B tr ct thp
Trong cu kin BTCT DL, vic b tr ct thp DL ng mt vai tr rt quan trng.
Vi cu kin chu ko ng tm, thp DL nn b tr i xng vi trng tm ca tit din
c th to ra ng sut nn u cho b tng.
Vi cu kin chu un, hiu qu ca vic b tr ct thp DL ph thuc kh nhiu vo
qu o ca thp theo trc dm. Nu b tr ct thp tng t nh cu kin chu ko ng tm,
hn ch c ng sut ko th di ca tit din, cn to ra lc nn trc ln, nhng gy ra
th trn ti cc tit din c m men ln ng sut nn c th lm cho b tng b nn v hoc phi
s dng b tng c cng cao hn. Vic b tr thp nh vy l khng kinh t. Nu b tr ct
thp DL vi lch tm so vi trc cu kin c th to ra ng sut trc ph hp hn so vi s
lm vic ca cu kin.
to ra hiu qu tt nht, cn tm ra mi quan h gia vic b tr ct thp DL khng
ch vi ng sut php m cn vi c ng sut ko chnh do ti trng gy ra, c bit l cu kin
c nhp ln. iu c th thc hin c bng cch b tr thp DL theo nguyn l ca
phng php cn bng ti trng. Nh vy vi cu kin chu un, nn b tr ct thp DL theo
dng ca biu m men do ti trng gy ra.
Trong mt ct ngang, cn lu n vic b tr khong cch gia cc ct thp v lp b
tng bo v. Trong phng php cng trc, cu to tng t nh vi b tng ct thp thng.
Trong phng php cng sau, nu ct thp DL c t trong rnh th chiu dy lp b tng
bo v k t mt ngoi ca cu kin n mt trong rnh ly khng nh hn 20mm v khng nh
hn ng knh rnh, cn khi ng knh rnh ln hn 32mm th ly t nht bng ng knh
rnh. Khi trong rnh t mt s b hoc thanh ct thp th lp bo v ly khng nh hn 80mm
i vi thnh bn, khng nh hn 60mm v nh hn mt na chiu rng rnh i vi cc mt
y. Khong cch gia cc rnh khng c nh hn ng knh rnh v khng nh hn 50mm,
ng thi phi chn sao cho vic cng ct thp c d dng, trnh ph hoi cc b khi bung
ct thp.
6.4 CC CH DN V TNH TON

B tng ct thp DL c tnh theo 4 nhm trng thi gii hn nh trong chng 3 v n
c tnh trong cc giai on khc nhau: Tnh trong giai on ch to, tnh trong giai on s
dng.
ng sut trong b tng v ct thp ca cu kin DL trong thi gian s dng khng nhng
ph thuc vo tr s v tnh cht ca ti trng ngoi, c trng hnh hc ca tit din, tnh cht c
hc ca vt liu, m cn ph thuc vo lc cng ct thp v s nn b tng.
Khi xc nh tr s ng sut trc trong ct thp v b tng cn phi tnh n cc mt mt
ng sut do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra.
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6.4.1 Tr s ng sut trc trong ct thp v b tng

Tr s ng sut trc trong ct thp d ng lc s gy ra ng sut nn trc trong b tng v
ct thp thng. Cc tr s ng sut trc ny cn xc nh mt cch hp l hiu qu ca vic
to d ng lc c pht huy y . Cc tr s ny xem trong mc 6.4.3.
6.4.2 Mt mt ng sut trc trong ct thp

6.4.2.1 Tng mt mt ng sut trc
Thay v phn tch chi tit hn, cc mt mt d ng sut trong cc cu kin c xy dng v
c to d ng lc trong mt giai on duy nht c th ly bng :
Trong cc cu kin ko trc
fpT = fpES + fpSR + fpCR + fpR
(6.5)
Trong cc cu kin ko sau :

fpT = fpF + fpA + fpES + fpSR + fpCR + fpR
(6.6)
y :
fpT
tng mt mt (MPa)
fpF
mt mt do ma st (MPa)
fpA
mt mt do thit b neo (MPa)
fpES
mt mt do co ngn n hi (MPa)
fpSR
mt mt do co ngt (MPa)
fpCR
mt mt do t bin ca b tng (MPa)
fpR
mt mt do t chng (do) ca ct thp d ng lc (MPa)
i vi cc cu kin ko trc; khi dng iu 5.9.5.3 d tnh ton b cc mt mt cn

khu tr phn mt mt do t chng thp xy ra trc khi truyn lc, fpR1, ra khi ton b
phn t chng thp.
i vi cc cu kin ko sau, cn xt n mt mt ca lc b thp c ch r bng cc
s c p lc trn thit b cng ko.
6.4.2.2 Cc mt mt ng sut tc thi

1/ Mt mt ng sut do thit b neo
Trong kt cu ko sau, khng phi ton b ng sut sinh ra bi lc kch u c truyn vo
cu kin v cc b cp b trt nh do s x dch v tr ca nm hoc cc chi tit c hc khc
trong neo. Tng bin dng A ca cc neo c gi thit l gy ra bin dng u trn chiu di
ca mt b cp L, gy ra trong thit b neo mt mt mt ng sut:
f pA
A
Ep
L
(6.7)
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Trong Ep l m un n hi ca thp d ng lc. Gi tr A dao ng trong khong t 3

n 10 mm v thng c ly bng 6 mm. i vi cc b cp di, mt mt ng sut do thit b
neo l tng i nh, nhng i vi cc b cp ngn, gi tr ny c th tr nn rt c ngha.
Theo 22TCN272-05 quy nh
ln ca mt mt do thit b neo phi l tr s ln hn s yu cu khng ch ng sut
trong thp d ng lc khi truyn, hoc s kin ngh bi nh sn xut neo. ln ca mt mt do
thit b neo gi thit thit k v dng tnh mt mt ca thit b phi c ch ra trong h s
hp ng v kim chng trong khi thi cng.
2/ Mt mt ng sut do ma st
Khi thi cng bng phng php ko trc, i vi cc b thp d ng lc dt, phi xt ti
nhng mt mt c th xy ra cc thit b kp.
Khi thi cng bng phng php ko sau, mt mt do ma st gia b thp d ng lc v ng
bc c th c tnh nh sau:
f pF f pj 1 e
Kx
(6.8)
Trong :
fpj =
ng sut trong thp d ng lc khi kch (MPa)
x =
Chiu di b thp d ng lc o t u kch n im bt k ang xt (mm)
K
H s ma st lc (trn mm ca b thp)
H s ma st
Tng gi tr tuyt i ca thay i gc ca ng cp thp d ng lc t u kch
n im ang xt (rad)
e =
C s logarit t nhin
Cc gi tr K v cn c da trn s liu th nghim thc t. Khi thiu cc s liu ny, c
th dng cc gi tr cho trong bng 6.1
Bng 6.1 Tr s K v
Loi thp
Loi ng bc
ng thp m cng hay na cng
Si hay tao
Thanh
cng cao
Vt liu polyethylene
Cc ng chuyn hng bng thp
cng
ng thp m
6,6 x 10
-7
0,15- 0,25
6,6 x 10
-7
0,23
6,6 x 10
-7
0,25
6,6 x 10-7
0,30
3/Mt mt ng sut do co ngn n hi

Trong cu kin ko trc
Khi cc b cp ti u cu kin d ng lc b ct, d ng lc s c truyn sang v gy nn
i vi b tng. Lc nn i vi b tng lm cu kin bin dng co ngn. S tng thch bin
dng trong b tng v trong ct thp lm gim cng ca ct thp v do gy ra mt mt mt
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ng sut. Cn bng bin dng trong ct thp do s gia ng sut fpES v bin dng trong b tng
do ng sut ca b tng ti trng tm ct thp fcgp c vit nh sau:
f pES
Ep
fcgp
Eci
T rt ra cng thc tnh mt mt ng sut do co ngn n hi ca b tng trong cu kin

d ng lc ko trc:
f pES
Ep
Eci
(6.9)
fcgp
Trong cc cng thc trn:

fcgp Tng ng sut ca b tng trng tm ca cc b cp d ng lc do lc d ng lc khi
truyn v t trng ca cc b phn cu kin mt ct c m men ln nht (MPa)
Ep M un n hi ca thp d ng lc
Eci M un n hi ca b tng ti thi im truyn lc
Trong cu kin ko sau
S khng xy ra mt mt ng sut do co ngn n hi nu tt c cc b cp d ng lc c
ko cng mt lc. Nu cc b cp c ko ln lt, b cp u tin c neo s b mt mt
ng sut do co ngn n hi v gi tr ny c xc nh bng cng thc nh i vi cu kin
ko trc.
Theo 22TCN-272-05 :
Mt mt do co ngn n hi trong cc cu kin ko sau, ngoi h thng bn ra, c th ly bng
:
f PES
1 E p
f cgp
2 N E ci
(6.10) (5.9.5.2.3b-1)
trong :
N =
f cgp =
s lng cc b thp d ng lc ging nhau.

tng ng sut b tng trng tm cc b thp d ng lc do lc d ng
lc sau khi kch v t trng ca cu kin cc mt ct m men max (MPa).

Cc gi tr f cgp c th c tnh bng ng sut thp c gim tr s ban u bi mt lng
chnh lch ph thuc vo cc hiu ng co ngn n hi, t chng v ma st.
i vi kt cu ko sau vi cc b thp c dnh bm f cgp c th ly mt ct gia nhp,
hoc i vi kt cu lin tc mt ct c m men ln nht.
i vi kt cu ko sau vi cc b thp khng c dnh bm, gi tr f cgp c th c tnh
nh ng sut trng tm ca thp d ng lc ly bnh qun trn sut chiu di ca b phn.
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i vi h bn, gi tr ca fpES c th ly bng 25% ca gi tr tnh c t Phng trnh

5.9.5.2.3a-1.
6.4.2.3 Cc mt mt ng sut theo thi gian

1/ Mt mt ng sut do co ngt
Co ngt ca b tng gy ra mt mt ng sut ph thuc thi gian. Mt mt ng sut do co
ngt c th ly bng:
i vi cc cu kin ko trc:
fpSR = 117 1,03H
(MPa)
(6.11)
i vi cc cu kin ko sau
fpSR = 93 0,85H (MPa)
(6.12)
trong , H l m tng i bao quanh, tnh trung bnh hng nm (%)

2/Mt mt ng sut do t bin
Mt mt ng sut do t bin c th c tnh bng cng thc:
fpCR = 12,0 fcgp 7,0 fcdp 0
(6.13)
fcgp
ng sut ca b tng ti trng tm ct thp d ng lc lc truyn lc (MPa)
fcdp
Thay i ng sut trong b tng ti trng tm ct thp d ng lc do cc ti trng
thng xuyn tc dng (sau khi truyn lc) (MPa).

3/ Mt mt ng sut do chng ct thp
Mt mt ng sut do t chng ca ct thp l mt mt ph thuc thi gian, xy ra khi ct thp
c gi bin dng khng i. Mt mt ng sut tng cng do chng ct thp c xc nh t
hai thnh phn
f pR f pR1 f pR 2
(6.14)
Trong :
fpR1
Mt mt ng sut do chng ct thp ti thi im truyn lc
fpR2
Mt mt ng sut do chng ct thp sau khi truyn lc
Ti thi im truyn lc
i vi cu kin ko trc vi ng sut trc ban u ti thi im truyn lc ln hn 0,50fpu,
mt mt ng sut do chng ct thp c tnh nh sau:
i vi tao thp c kh ng sut:
f pR1
log(24t ) f pi
0, 55 f pi
10 f py
(6.15)
i vi tao thp c chng thp

f pR1
log(24t ) f pi
0, 55 f pi
40 f py
(6.16)
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Trong :
t
thi gian k t khi truyn lc nn (ngy)
fpy gii hn chy quy nh ca thp d ng lc (MPa)
fpi ng sut ban u trong b cp cui giai on ko d ng lc (MPa)
Sau khi truyn lc
Mt mt ng sut do chng ct thp sau khi truyn lc c gi tr gc l 138 MPa, gi tr ny
gim i lin tc theo thi gian do cc mt mt ng sut khc lm gim ng sut ca b cp. Mt
mt ng sut do co ngn n hi fpES xy ra hu nh lp tc sau khi truyn lc, do vy nh
hng ca n l ln nht. Mt mt ng sut do co ngt fpSR v t bin fpCR xy ra sau mt
khong thi gian v c nh hng t hn. Mt mt ng sut do ma st fpF c nh hng nm
trong khong gia cc mt mt ni trn. Theo AASHTO, c tnh mt mt ng sut do chng ct
thp c ly nh sau:
i vi tao thp c kh ng sut ko trc:
f pR 2 138 0, 4 f pES 0, 2(f pSR f pCR )
(6.17)
i vi tao thp c kh ng sut ko sau

f pR 2 138 0, 4 f pES 0,3f pF 0, 2( f pSR f pCR )
(6.18)
i vi tao thp c chng thp

Mt mt ng sut do chng ct thp c tnh bng 30% gi tr tnh theo cc cng thc 6.17
v 6.18.
6.4.3 Ch dn tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn s dng

Trng thi gii hn s dng cng c xem xt trong thit k cc cu kin b tng ct thp d
ng lc. Mt ct cu kin c nn trc sao cho ng sut ca b tng fc c th c xc nh t
cc thng s ca mt ct n hi, cha nt.
fc
P Pey My
Ag
Ig
Ig
Trong :
P =
Ag =
e =
M =
y =
(6.19)
lc nn trc;
din tch nguyn mt ct ngang;
lch tm ca lc nn trc;
m men do ti trng tc dng;
khong cch t trng tm mt ct ti th tnh ng sut;
Ig =
m men qun tnh ca mt ct.
Nu l tit in lin hp th phi phn m men M thnh m men do ti trng tc dng ln dm
ch Mg v m men do ti trng tc dng ln dm lin hp Mc v cc gi tr I v y l khc nhau.
Khi , ng sut trong b tng c xc nh nh sau:
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fc
P P.e. y M g . y M c . y c
Ag
Ig
Ig
Ic
(6.20)
Trong : Du + v - ch ng sut th trn v th di, vi quy c ko l +, nn l S xc nh ng sut n hi tuyn tnh trong b tng ca dm lin hp BTCT DUL nh
sau:
- Mg.c1
Ig
TTH (c)
+
-P
Ag
- P.e.c2
Ig
TTH (g)
c2c
- P + P.e.c1 - Mg.c1 - Mc.c1c

Ag
Ig
Ig
Ic
c1c
- Mc.c1c
Ic
c2
c1
+ P.e.c1
Ig
-P
Ag
+ Mg.c2
Ig
+ Mc.c2c
Ic
- P - P.e.c2 + Mg.c2 +Mc.c2c

Ag
Ig
Ig
Ic
Hnh 6.15 - S xc nh ng sut trong dm BTCT d ng lc lin hp

Cc gii hn ng sut trong b tng c quy nh ng vi hai giai on:
Giai on truyn lc cng: ngay sau khi truyn v cha c mt mt ng sut trc theo thi
gian;
Giai on s dng: sau khi xy ra tt c cc mt mt ng sut trc.
6.4.3.1 Gii hn ng sut i vi b tng ti thi im truyn lc cng - cc cu

kin d ng lc ton phn
a) ng sut nn
Gii hn ng sut nn i vi cc cu kin b tng ko trc v ko sau, k c cc cu xy
dng theo phn on, phi c ly bng 0,60.f'ci
b) ng sut ko
Gii hn ng sut ko c quy nh nh sau:
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Bng 6.2 - Cc gii hn ng sut ko i vi b tng ti thi im truyn lc cng
(A5.9.4.1.2-1)
Loi cu
V tr
Gii hn ng sut
Trong vng ko ca cu kin b nn trc, khng Khng p dng

c ct thp dnh bm
Trong cc vng khc vi cc vng chu ko ca 0,25 f ' 1,38 (MPa)
ci
cu kin b nn trc v khng c ct thp ph
dnh bm
'
Trong cc vng c ct thp dnh bm, chu 0,58 f ci (MPa)
120% lc ko khi b tng b nt c tnh ton
on
trn c s mt mt ct khng nt
0,415 f ci' (MPa)
tnh ng sut cu lp trong cc cc d ng lc.
ng sut dc thng qua cc mi ni trong vng ko
ca cu kin nn trc
Cc mi ni loi A vi lng ct thp ti thiu 0,25 f ' lc ko max (MPa)
ci
ct thp ph c dnh bm chy qua cc mi
Cc cu
ni , chu lc ko tnh ton ng sut
0,5.fy; vi cc b thp trong hoc ngoi
c xy
Cc mi ni loi A khng c lng ti thiu

dng
Khng cho ko
ct thp ph c dnh bm chy qua cc mi
phn
ni
Nn ti thiu 0,7 (MPa).
on
Cc mi ni loi B vi b thp ngoi.
ng sut theo phng ngang qua cc mi ni
0,25 f ci' (MPa)
i vi mi loi mi ni.
Cc cu
khng
xy
dng
phn
ng sut trong cc khu vc khc

i vi cc din tch khng c ct thp thng Khng cho ko
dnh bm
Ct thp dnh bm chu lc ko tnh ton 0,50 f ' (MPa)
ci
trong b tng c tnh theo gi thit mt ct
khng b nt vi ng sut bng 0,5.fsy.
6.4.3.2 Gii hn ng sut i vi b tng giai on s dng - cc cu kin d ng

lc ton phn
a) ng sut nn
Gii hn ng sut nn c quy nh nh sau:
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Bng 6.3 - Cc gii hn ng sut nn i vi b tng giai on s dng (A5.9.4.2.1-1)
V tr
i vi cc cu khng xy dng phn on v do tng ca lc

d ng lc hu hiu v cc ti trng thng xuyn gy ra
i vi cc cu xy dng phn on v do tng ca lc d
ng lc hu hiu v cc ti trng thng xuyn gy ra
i vi cc cu khng xy dng phn on v do hot ti
cng vi 1/2 tng ca lc d ng lc hu hiu v cc ti trng
thng xuyn gy ra
Do tng d ng lc hu hiu , ti trng thng xuyn, ti
trng tc thi v cc ti trng khi vn chuyn bc xp.
Gii hn ng sut
0,45. f c' (MPa)
0,45. f c' (MPa)
0,40. f c' (MPa)
0,60. w . f c' (MPa)
Trong :
H s trit gim w c ly nh sau:
Khi w 15, th w = 1,0
Khi 15 < w 25, th w = 1,0-0,025.(w - 15)
Khi 25 < w 35, th w = 0,75.
Vi, w l mnh ca vch hoc cnh, c xc nh nh sau:
Xu
(6.21)
t
Trong :
Xu =
chiu di tnh ca on c chiu dy khng i ca mt vch gia cc vch khc
hoc cc ng mp tng cng gia cc vch (mm)
t
=
chiu dy vch (mm).
b) ng sut ko
Gii hn ng sut ko c quy nh nh trong bng 6.4.
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Bng 6.4 - Cc gii hn ng sut ko i vi b tng giai on s dng (A5.9.4.2.2-1)
Loi cu
V tr
Gii hn ng sut
Cc cu
khng
xy
dng
phn
on
Lc ko trong min chu ko c nn trc ca cc

cu vi gi thit mt ct khng b nt.
i vi cc cu kin c cc b thp d ng lc 0,5 f ' (MPa)
c
hay ct thp c dnh bm trong iu kin khng
xu hn cc iu kin b n mn thng thng
'
i vi cc cu kin c cc b thp d ng lc 0,25 f c (MPa)
hay ct thp dnh bm chu cc iu kin n mn
nghim trng
i vi cc cu kin c cc b ct thp d ng lc Khng cho ko
khng dnh bm.
Cc cu Cc ng sut dc cc mi ni trong min chu ko
c xy c nn trc
dng
Cc mi ni loi A c lng ct thp ph dnh 0,25 f ' (MPa)
c
phn
bm ti thiu chy qua cc mi ni chu lc ko
on
dc vi ng sut 0,5.fy; d ng lc trong
Khng cho ko
Mi ni loi A khng c lng ct thp ph dnh
bm ti thiu chy qua cc mi ni
Cc mi ni loi B, d ng lc ngoi.
Nn ti thiu 0,7 (MPa).
ng sut theo phng ngang qua cc mi ni
Lc ko theo hng ngang trong vng chu ko c 0,25 f ' (MPa)
c
nn trc
ng sut trong cc khu vc khc
i vi cc din tch khng c ct thp thng Khng cho ko
dnh bm
Ct thp dnh bm chu lc ko tnh ton 0,50 f ' (MPa)
c
trong b tng c tnh theo gi thit mt ct
khng b nt vi ng sut bng 0,5.fsy.
6.4.3.3 Cc gii hn ng sut i vi ct thp d ng lc

ng sut ko, do tc dng d ng lc hoc TTGH s dng, phi khng c ln hn cc
gi tr quy nh trong bng 6.5 (A5.9.3-1) hoc c khuyn co bi cc nh sn xut ct thp v
neo. Cng chu ko fpu v gii hn chy fpy i vi tao v thanh thp d ng lc c th c
ly theo quy nh chng 2 hoc catalog ca nh sn sut.
162
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Bng 6.5 - Cc gii hn ng sut i vi ct thp d ng lc (A5.9.3-1)
Loi thp d ng lc
iu kin
Tao thp c Tao thp

kh ng sut d v c
cc thanh thp trn chng thp

cng cao
Cc
thanh
thp c g
cng
cao
Cng trc
0,70 fpu
Ngay trc khi truyn lc f pt f pES
trng thi gii hn s dng sau khi tnh
0,80 fpy
ton b mt mt f pe
Cng sau
Trc khi m neo - c th cho php dng fs
ngn hn
Ti cc neo v cc b phn ni cp ngay sau
b neo f pt f pES f pA
cui vng mt mt tm m neo ngay
sau khi ng neo f pt f pES f pA
trng thi gii hn s dng sau ton b mt
mt.
6.4.4
0,75 fpu
0,80 fpy
0,80 fpu
0,90 fpy
0,90 fpy
0,90 fpy
0,70 fpu
0,70 fpu
0,70 fpu
0,7 fpu
0,74 fpu
0,70 fpu
0,80 fpy
0,80 fpy
0,80 fpy
Ch dn tnh ton chu un theo trng thi gii hn cng
6.4.4.1 Chiu cao trc trung ho ca dm c ct thp dnh bm

Xt mt ct ngang ca mt dm b tng c t ct thp cho trn hnh 6.16 v biu bin
dng ng thng km theo. i vi cc thanh ko c dnh bm, iu kin tng thch cho bin
dng trong b tng bao quanh nh sau:
cp cu
dp c
c
cu p 1
c
(6.22)
trong
cu = bin dng gii hn ti th b tng chu nn ln nht,

dp = khong cch t th chu nn ln nht ti trng tm ca ct thp d ng lc,
c = khong cch t th chu nn ln nht ti trc trung ho.
Cn ch rng, bin dng ko c quy nh l dng v bin dng nn c quy nh l m.
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Hnh 6.16 Bin dng trong mt dm BTCT

T biu thc ps, bin dng trong ct thp d ng lc tr thnh:
ps =cp +pe
(6.23)
trong cp l bin dng ca b tng cng mt v tr vi ct thp d ng lc v pe thng

c tnh gn ng nh sau:
pe f pe / E p
dp
1 pe
c
ps cu
(6.24)
trong pe xp x bng fpe / Ep v l hng s i vi mi giai on ca dm (Collins v

Mitchell, 1991). TTGH cng , AASHTO quy nh cu = 0,003 nu b tng khng b kim
ch. i vi b tng b kim ch, cu c th ln hn nhiu so vi trong b tng khng b kim ch
(Mander v cc tc gi khc, 1988). Vi hai gi tr pe v cu l hng s ph thuc vo s khai
thc ng sut trc v lc nn cn tr ngang, tng ng, bin dng trong ct thp d ng lc ps
v ng sut tng ng fps l hm ch ca t s c/dp.
S cn bng lc trong hnh 5.16 c th c s dng xc nh cao ca trc trung ho c.
Tuy nhin, iu ny i hi vic xc nh fps l hm ca t s c/dp. Biu thc sau y c a ra
bi Loov (1988), c kim chng bi Naaman (1992) v c p dng bi AASHTO:
c
f ps f pu 1 k
dp
fpy
(6.25)
f
(6.26)
k 2 1, 04 py
f
pu
i vi nhng tao thp c chng thp vi fpu = 1860 MPa, bng 2.4 cho fpy / fpu = 0,90, t
dn n k = 0,28. Nu ly Ep = 197 GPa, b qua ce v gi thit rng cu = 0,003 v fpe =
0,56fpu, cc biu thc (6.24)v (6.26) c vit li nh sau
ps 0, 003
dp
c
0, 0023
164
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c
f ps 1860 1 0, 28
dp
fpy
S cn bng lc trong dm trn hnh 6.17 i hi hp lc nn bng hp lc ko, tc l

Cn = Tn
(6.27)
trong
Cn = Cw + Cf + Cs
Tn = Aps fps + As fy
vi
Cw =
ni lc nn ca b tng phn sn dm
Cf =
ni lc nn ca b tng phn cnh dm
Cs =
ni lc nn ca ct thp thng
(6.28)
(6.29)
Aps =
din tch ct thp d ng lc
fps = ng sut trung bnh trong ct thp d ng lc sc khng un danh nh ca dm cho
trong biu thc 6.26
As = din tch ct thp thng chu ko
fy = gii hn chy nh nht c trng ca ct thp chu ko
Cw = 0,85.fc. a.bw = 0,85.1.fc.c.bw
(6.30)
Cf = 0,85.1.fc.(b - bw). hf
(6.31)
Lc nn trong ct thp chu nn Cs, khi gi thit rng bin dng nn ca n s trn hnh 6.17
ln hn hoc bng gii hn bin dng n hi y, c tnh bng cng thc:
Cs = As.fy
(6.32)
vi As l din tch ca ct thp chu nn v fy l gi tr tuyt i ca gii hn chy c trng
ca ct thp chu nn. S chy ca ct thp chu nn c th c xc nh bng cch tnh ton s
t biu bin dng tam gic trong hnh 6.17 v so snh vi y = fy / Es:
s, cu
d'
c ds'
cu 1 s
c
c
(6.33)
trong ds l khong cch t th chu nn trn cng ti trc trng tm ca ct thp chu nn.
Nu thay fps t biu thc 6.25 vo biu thc 6.29 th ni lc ko tng cng tr thnh
c
(6.34)
Tn Aps f pu 1 k As f y
d p
Khi thay ni lc nn t cc biu thc 6.30,6.31 v 6.32 vo biu thc 6.28 th ni lc nn tng
cng bng:
Cn 0,85 1 fc, cbw 0,85 1 fc, b bw h f As, f y,
(6.35)
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0,85f'c
cu
y
ds
dp
hf
'
bw
Cs
Cf
Cw
a= 1c
d's
A's
Mn
A ps
A ps f ps
As
A s fy
ps
Hnh 6.17- S ng sut, s bin dng trong mt dm BTCTDL

Nu cn bng ni lc ko tng cng vi ni lc nn tng cng, c th tnh c c nh sau:
Aps f pu As fy As, fy, 0,851 fc, b bw h f

0,851 fc, bw kAps f pu / d p
hf
(6.36)
Nu c nh hn hf th trc trung ho i qua phn cnh v c phi c tnh li vi bw = b trong

cng thc 6.36. Cng thc tnh c ny l cng thc tng qut v c th s dng i vi cc dm
d ng lc khng c ct thp thng (As = As = 0) cng nh i vi dm BTCT thng khng
c ct thp d ng lc (Aps = 0).
Cng thc 6.36 gi thit rng ct thp chu nn As b chy. Nu ct thp ny cha b chy
th ng sut ca n s c tnh t fs = sEs, vi s c xc nh t biu thc
s' 0,003
c d s'
khi c > ds. Biu thc ny i vi fs thay th cho gi tr ca fy trong cng
c
thc 6.36 v dn n mt phng trnh bc hai i vi c. Mt cch khc, c th n gin ho

bng vic khng xt n s tham gia ca ct thp chu nn khi ct thp cha b chy v ly As =
0 trong biu thc 6.36.( khi c < ds th As s chu ko , v ta c th ly As = 0)
6.4.4.2 V tr trc trung ho i vi dm c ct thp khng dnh bmh

Khi ct thp chu ko khng dnh bm vi b tng, khng th s dng s tng thch bin
dng vi b tng xung quanh xc nh bin dng cng nh ng sut trong ct thp d ng lc.
thay th, tng bin dng di ca ct thp lc ny phi bng tng bin dng di ca b tng
trong phm vi gia cc im neo.
Kt qu l ng sut phn b u trong ct thp d ng lc gia cc im neo ph thuc vo
bin dng ca kt cu ton th. xc nh ng sut trong thanh ko khng dnh bm TTGH,
chp nhn phng trnh da trn s phn tch v cc kt qu thc nghim. Bt u bng biu
thc ps cp pe , gi thit rng bin dng trung bnh ca b tng cp c th c tnh nh
166
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i vi bin dng ca b tng c dnh bm c iu chnh bi h s gim dnh bm u v pe

c ly xp x bng fpe / Ep. Nh vy, i vi ct thp khng dnh bm:
ps u cp
f pe
(6.37)
Ep
trong u l h s gim dnh bm sc khng danh nh ln nht i vi ct thp khng

dnh bm, c cho bi AASHTO nh sau:
Hnh 6.18 H s gim dnh bm sc khng danh nh ln nht
3
L / dp
i vi ti trng phn b u v ti trng t trn 1/3 chiu di dm
1,5
L / dp
i vi ti trng t gn gia dm
gn gi
vi L l chiu di nhp trong cng mt on vi dp (xem hnh 6.18).

Nu thay biu thc 6.22 i vi cp vo v gi thit rng ng sut ko ca ct thp khng dnh
bm TTGH l gii hn n hi, th biu thc 6.37, khi nhn vi Ep, tr thnh:
f ps f pe u cu E p p 1 f py
c
(6.38)
Cng thc 6.38 c xy dng i vi nhp gin n v cn c iu chnh khi thanh ko l

lin tc nhiu nhp trn tng chiu di L2 gia cc neo khi mt hoc mt s nhp vi chiu di L1
c xp ti (xem hnh 6.19). S thay i bin dng do t ti trn L1 c tnh trung bnh trn
L2 bi t s L1/L2 xc nh fps i vi ct thp khng dnh bm:
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d
L
f ps f pe u cu E p p 1 1 f py
c
L2
(6.39)
Hnh 6.19 nh ngha chiu di thanh ko v chiu di chu ti
Biu thc trong AASHTO tng t biu thc ny nhng khng c du tr v y ngi ta
s dng gi tr tuyt i ca cu. Ngoi ra, gii hn trn trong cng thc ca AASHTO c ly
gim i, bng 0,94.fpy, a ra mt gii hn tng ln i vi s lm vic n hi, tc l i vi
mt ct thp khng dnh bm:
d
L
f ps f pe u cu E p p 1 1 0, 94 f py
c
L2
(6.40)
Trong tiu chun thit k AASHTO Standard Specifications [1996], s hng th hai trong cng
thc 6.39 c ly n gin bng hng s 100 MPa. S n gin ho ny c th c s dng
lm php xp x th nht i vi fps nu c c xc nh bng phng php tnh lp.
Tip theo, cng ging nh i vi ct thp c dnh bm trong thnh lp bt ng thc ni lc,
biu thc xc nh khong cch t mp chu nn ln nht ti trc trung ho i vi ct thp
khng dnh bm c a ra nh sau:
c
Aps f ps As fy As, f y, 0,85 1 fc, b bw h f

0,85 1 fc bw
hf
(6.41)
trong fps c xc nh t biu thc 6.40. Nu c nh hn hf th trc trung ho i qua cnh

dm v c phi c tnh li vi bw = b trong biu thc 6.41. Nu bin dng trong ct thp chu
nn c tnh ra nh hn so vi bin dng n hi gii hn y th fy trong cng thc 6.41 phi
c thay th bng fs nh phn tch phn trc.
168

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Thay biu thc 6.40 vo 6.41 s thu c mt phng trnh bc hai i vi c v kt qu c
a ra di dng cn thc nh sau:
B1 B12 4 A1C1
(6.42)
2 A1
trong :
A1 0,85 1 fc, bw
B1 Aps u cu Ep L1 / L2 f pe As, fy, As fy 0,85 1 fc, b bw h f

C1 Aps u cu Ep d p L1 / L2
Mt cch khc, c th s dng phng php tnh lp, bt u bng mt gi tr xut pht i
vi ng sut ca ct thp khng dnh bm
fps = fpe + 100 MPa
(6.43)
trong biu thc 6.41. Vi c bit, fps c tnh t cng thc 6.40, c so snh vi gi tr
trc, v mt gi tr mi c chn. Cc bc ny c lp li cho ti khi t c s hi t vi
sai khc chp nhn c.
6.4.4.3 Sc khng un
Vi c v fps bit i vi ct thp c dnh bm cng nh ct thp khng dnh bm, d dng
xc nh c sc khng un danh nh Mn i vi mt mt ct dm BTCT. Nu s dng hnh
5.8 v cn bng m men quanh Cw, ta c:
a
a
Mn Aps f ps d p As fy ds Cs ds C f
2
2
a hf

2 2
(6.44)
trong a = 1.c v c khng nh hn b dy cnh nn hf. Thay biu thc i vi Cf v Cs ta

thu c:
a h
a
a
Mn Aps f ps d p As fy ds As fy ds 0,851 fc b bw h f f
2
2
2 2
(6.45)
Nu c nh hn so vi b dy cnh nn hf hoc nu dm khng c cnh nn th sc khng un

danh nh Mn i vi mt ct dm c tnh t biu thc 5.39 vi bw c ly bng b.
Cng thc tnh duyt v cng chu un ca mt ct dm c dng sau:
Mu = i i M i M n
(6.46)
Trong :
Mu = i i Mi
m men tnh ton ti mt ct
Mn
sc khng un danh nh
h s sc khng
6.4.4.4 Cc gii hn v ct thp

1/ Tnh do v lng ct thp ti a
Tnh do trong dm BTCT l mt yu t quan trng trong thit k v n cho php dm bin
dng v xoay m khng b ph hoi. Tnh do cng cho php phn phi li ti trng v m men
169

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un trong cc kt cu bn nhiu nhp v trong cc dm lin tc. y cng l yu t quan trng
trong thit k ng t i vi s tiu hao nng lng di ti trng mnh.
S ph hoi do trong dm BTCT c m bo bi vic hn ch hm lng ct thp chu
ko. Tuy nhin, vic s dng trc tip hm lng ct thp kim tra ph hoi gin ca vng
nn bt li ch chng phi lun lun c iu chnh ph hp vi s thay i ca ni lc
nn do cc nguyn nhn khc nhau nh s c mt ca cnh nn, ct thp chu nn v s phi hp
chu lc ca ct thp chu ko thng v d ng lc. Mt cch tip cn tt hn l kim tra ni
lc nn ca b tng bng cch gii hn khong cch c t th chu nn ln nht ti trc trung ho.
i vi dm BTCT d ng lc:
c
0, 42
de
(6.47)
Trong , de l chiu cao hu hiu ca mt ct, c tnh bng cng thc sau
de
Aps f ps d p As f y ds
Aps f ps As f y
(6.48)
trong , fps c tnh theo cc cng thc 6.25 hoc 6.40 , hoc trong thit k s b c th gi
thit bng fpy.
2/ Lng ct thp ti thiu

Ct thp chu ko ti thiu c yu cu nhm m bo cho ct thp khng b ph hoi t
ngt. S ph hoi t ngt ca ct thp chu ko c th xy ra nu kh nng chu m men (sc
khng un) c quyt nh bi ct thp chu ko nh hn so vi m men nt (sc khng nt)
ca mt ct b tng nguyn. tnh ton thin v an ton, sc khng un Mn c quyt nh bi
ct thp thng v d ng lc c th ly gim i, trong khi , sc khng nt Mcr c tnh da
trn cng chu ko ca b tng c th c ly tng ln, AASHTO a ra iu kin sau:
M n 1,2M cr
(6.49)
vi
Mcr
fr I g
yt
(6.50)
trong
fr = cng chu ko khi un b tng,
Ig = m men qun tnh nguyn ca mt ct ngang,
yt = khong cch t trc trung ho ti th chu ko ln nht.
H s sc khng .
22TCN272-05 quy nh:
Tr khi c cc quy nh khc, cn bt k mt mt ct no ca cu kin chu un,
lng ct thp thng v ct thp d ng lc chu ko phi pht trin sc khng un
tnh ton, Mr, t nht bng 1 trong 2 gi tr sau, ly gi tr nh hn:
1,2 ln sc khng nt c xc nh trn c s phn b ng sut n hi v cng chu
ko khi un, fr, ca b tng theo quy nh .
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1,33 ln mmen tnh ton cn thit di t hp ti trng - cng thch hp quy nh.
V d 6.1
Tit din tnh ton quy i ca dm BTCT DL cng trc trong giai on khai thc TTGH
cng c dng ch T, cnh vng chu nn, bit:
Kch thc mt ct: h = 1200mm; bw 200mm; h f 200 mm; b = 1600 mm;
Btng cp 40 c f c' 40 MPa; T trng c 2400 kg/m3;
Ct thp thng ( ASTM A615M) Cp 40: As 625; d s 1098mm; As' 319; d s'
40 mm; f y 420 MPa; Es 2.105 MPa;
Tao thp DL, c dnh bm ( ASTM A416M) -Cp 250; f pe 0, 55 f pu ; f pu 1725 MPa;
Aps 35 tao thp DL ng knh 15.2; d p 1000 mm; Es 197000 MPa
Mmen un tnh ton TTGH cng M u 7500 KNm.
Hy kim tra xem dm c kh nng chu Mmen un khng? C nhng nh gi g t hm

lng ct thp s dng?
Li gii
B tng c
f c' 40 MPa 1 0.85 0.05
40 28
0.764
7
C thp thng:
As = 6#25 = 3060 mm2, b tr ds = 1098mm;
As = 3#19 = 852 mm2, b tr ds=40mm;
fy = fy = 420 MPa, Es = 2.105 MPa
Ct thp d ng lc:
Din tch 01 tao thp 15.2 = 139,4 mm2
Aps = 35*139,4 = 4879 mm2 ; dp = 1000mm
fpu = 1725 MPa, Ep = 197000 MPa
Theo 22TCN272-05, ta c:
c
f ps f pu 1 k
f py
d
p
Vi
k 2(1.04
f py
f pu
Vi fpu = 1725 MPa, c th ly fpy = (0.8-0.9)fpu

Ly fpy = 0.9*fpu, thay s tnh c k = 0.28. Vy
c
f ps f pu 1 0.28 f py
d p
Gi s ct thp chu nn chy, v trc trung ha i qua cnh dm (tc l c hf)
f s, f y,
,
,
s y
171
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0,85.1.fc.c.b + As.fy = Apsfps + Asfy
c
0,85 f c, . 1 .b.c As, f y, A ps f pu 1 0.28
dp
A ps f pu As f y As, f y,
0,85 f c, . 1 .b 0,28. A ps f pu
1
dp
As f y
4879 1725 3060 420 1704 420
0,85 40 0,764 1600 0,28 4879 1725
1
1000
c 204,53mm
c hf
Vy gi thit sai, trc trung ha i qua sn dm, tnh li c
A ps f pu As f y As, f y, 0,85 f c, . 1 .b bw h f
c
1
0,85 f c, . 1 .bw 0,28. A ps f pu
dp
4879 1725 3060 420 1704 420 0,85 40 0,764 (1600 200)
226,35mm
1
0,85 40 0,764 200 0,28 4879 1725
1000
a = 1xc = 173 (mm)
fps = 1615,67 MPa >fpy = 1552,25 Mpa nn fps = fpy = 1552,25 Mpa.
Kim tra s chy do ca ct thp chu nn:
f s,
c d s,
226,35 40
cu E s
0,003 2 10 5 493,97( MPa)
c
226,35
fs >fy. Vy ct thp chu nn chy, gi thit ng.

+ Kim tra iu kin cng :
a
a
a
a hf
M n A ps f ps (d p ) As f y (d s ) As, f y, ( d s ) 0,85 f c, 1 (b bw )h f ( )
2
2
2
2 2
173
173
173
M n 4879 1552,25 1000

40
3060 420 1098
1704 420
2
2
2
173 200
0,85 40 0,764 (1600 200) 200
8154,47kN .m
2
2
M n 8154,47(kN .m)
H s sc khng:
0,9 0,1( PPR) 0,9 0,1
Aps f py
Aps f py As f y
0,985
Sc khng un tnh ton c h s: Mr = Mn=0,985x8154,47 = 8036,19 (kN.m)

Vy Mr>Mu=7500kN.m, tit din m bo kh nng chu lc.
+ Kim tra iu kin hm lng ct thp
-
Hm lng ct thp ti a
c
0, 42
de
172
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Vi: de
Aps f ps d p As fy ds
Aps f ps As f y
Thay s tnh c de = 1014,22 (mm)

c
226,35
0,223 0,42
d e 1014,22
Vy tha mn iu kin hm lng ct thp ti a.
- Hm lng ct thp ti thiu
1,2M cr
M r min
1,33M u
Tnh Mcr: M men gy nt tit din

Thin v an ton, b qua ton b din tch ct thp thng v ct thp d ng lc trn mt ct
ngang
M cr
Ig
yt
fr
Ig: M men qun tnh ca tit din nguyn;

'
fr: Cng chu ko khi un ca b tng; f r 0.63 f c 3,98MPa
yt: Khong cnh t TTH n th ngoi cng chu ko yt = h x

Tnh x: khong cnh t nh dm n TTH
h
b bw h f f bw h h (1600 200)200 200 200 1200 1200
2
2
2
2 330mm
x
b bw h f bw h
(1600 200)200 200 1200
Ig
b bw h 3f
12
hf
b h3
w bw h x
b bw h f x
2
12
Ig
(1600 200)
200
200 12003
1200
2003 1600 200200 330

200 1200 330

12
2
12
2
Ig = 62041025641,0256 mm4
62041025641,0256
Vy: M cr
3,98 284,39kN .m
1200 330
min1,2M cr ;1,33M min341,28;9975 341,27kN .m Mr 8313,67kN .m
Vy tit din tha mn iu kin hm lng ct thp ti thiu.
Kt lun: Dm m bo kh nng chu lc v tha mn cc yu cu v hm lng ct
thp
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6.4.5 Thit k chu lc ct cu kin BTCT D ng lc

Bc 1 : Xc nh biu bao lc ct Vu v biu bao m men Mu do t hp ti trng
cng I gy ra ( thng xc nh cc gi tr 10im mi nhp ). Tnh ton chiu cao chu ct
hu hiu dv:
Chiu cao chu ct hu hiu c tnh l khong cch gia cc hp lc ko v hp
lc nn do un. Gi tr ny cn c ly khng nh hn 0,9de v 0,72h, vi de l chiu
cao hu hiu tnh t mp chu nn ln nht ti trng tm ct thp chu ko v h l chiu
cao ton b ca mt ct cu kin.
Bc 2
Tnh ton ng sut ct
v
Vn V p
bv d v
Vu V p
(6.51)
bv d v
trong bv l b rng sn dm tng ng v Vu l ni lc ct c nhn h s

trng thi gii hn cng .
Tnh /fc, nu t s ny ln hn 0,25 th cn s dng mt ct c sn dm ln
hn.
Bc 3
Gi nh gc nghing ca ng sut nn xin, , v tnh bin dng trong ct thp chu
ko un:
Mu
0,5 N u 0,5Vu cot g A ps f po
dv
x
0,002
E s As E p A ps
(6.52)
Nu gi tr ca x, tnh t Phng trnh trn l m th gi tr tuyt i ca n phi c gim i

bng cch nhn vi h s F, tnh bng :
F =
E s A s E p A ps
E c A c E s A s E p A ps
Trong Mu (N.mm) ,Nu (N) ,Vu (N)- l m men , lc dc trc , lc ct tnh ton
c nhn h s.
fpo - ng sut trong ct thp d ng lc khi ng sut trong b tng bao quanh bng
khng .fpo =fpe +fpcEp /Ec , trong fpe l ng sut trong CTDL sau cc mt mt , fpc l
ng sut trong b tng ti trng tm tit din sau cc mt mt .
174
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Bc 4
S dng cc gi tr /fc v x tnh c xc nh t hnh 6.9 v so snh n

vi gi tr gi nh. Lp li qu trnh trn cho ti khi gi nh xp x vi gi tr tra t
hnh 6.9. Sau , xc nh gi tr , l h s biu th kh nng truyn lc ko ca b tng
b nt nghing.
Bc 5
Tnh ton sc khng ct cn thit ca cc ct thp ngang sn dm, Vs:
Vs
Vu
(6.53)
Vc V p
vi Vc l sc khng ct danh nh ca b tng.Vp l thnh phn DL theo hng lc

ct .
Bc 6
Tnh ton khong cch cn thit gia cc ct thp ngang sn dm
Av fy dv cot
Vs
vi Av l din tch ct thp ngang sn dm trong phm vi khong cch s.

Kim tra i vi yu cu v lng ct thp ngang ti thiu sn dm
Av 0, 083 fc
bv s
fy
hay s
Av fy
0, 083 fc bv
Kim tra i vi yu cu v khong cch ti a gia cc ct thp ngang sn

dm
th
s 0,8 dv ; 600 mm
th
s 0, 4 dv ; 300 mm
Bc 7
Kim tra iu kin m bo cho ct thp dc khng b chy di tc dng t hp ca
m men, lc dc trc v lc ct.
As f y A ps f ps
Mu
N
V
0,5 u ( u 0,5Vs V p ) cot g
M d v
N
V
(6.54)
Nu biu thc trn khng c m bo, cn tng thm hoc ct thp dc ch hoc
tng din tch ct thp ngang sn dm.
175
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Hnh 6.21 Minh ha Ac
176
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Bng din tch ct thp theo AASHTO

ASTM A615M v A706M
s hiu
knh
,
mm
1m di ,Kg
No10
9,5
71
142
213
284
355
426
497
568
639
0,56
No13
12,7
129
258
387
516
645
774
903
1032
1161
0,994
No16
15,9
199
398
597
796
995
1194
1393
1592
1791
1,552
No19
19,1
284
568
852
1136
1420
1704
1988
2272
2556
2,235
No22
22,2
387
774
1161
1548
1935
2322
2709
3096
3483
3,042
No25
25,4
510
1020
1530
2040
2550
3060
3570
4080
4590
3,973
No29
28,7
645
1290
1935
2580
3225
3870
4515
5160
5805
5,06
No32
32,3
819
1638
2457
3276
4095
4914
5733
6552
7371
6,404
No36
35,8
1006
2012
3018
4024
5030
6036
7042
8048
9054
7,907
No43
43
1452
2904
4356
5808
7260
8712
10164
11616
13068
11,38
No57
57,3
2581
5162
7743
10324
12905
15486
18067
20648
23229
20,24
thanh
Din tch ngang ,mm2 ,ng vi s thanh
Trng lng
Bng 2: Cc gi tr gh V ,gh cho mt s cp btng (Theo tiu chun

thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05)
f'c
gh
gh
28
0,850
0,357
0,293
30
0,836
0,351
0,289
32
0,821
0,345
0,285
35
0,800
0,336
0,280
40
0,764
0,321
0,269
Ch thch: Cc gi tr gii hn tnh theo cng thc sau:
gh 0,42 1 ; gh gh (1
gh
2
) ; 1 0,85 0, 05
( fc 28)
Vi: 28 MPa fc 56 MPa
7
177
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05
[2] GS-TS Nguyn Vit Trung thit kt cu BTCT hin i theo tiu chun ACI
[3] Richard M. Barker; Jay A. Puckett. Design of highway bridges. NXB Wiley Interscience,
1997
[4] Unified Theory of Rienforced Concrete- Thomas T.C Hsu Professor of Civil Engineering
Universty of Houston, Texas.
178

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Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

KHI NIM CHUNG V KT CU B TNG CT THP .......................................... 4

1.2 C IM CHUNG V CU TO V CH TO KT CU B TNG CT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

Theo thi im cng ........................................................................................... 147

6.3 CC CH DN V CU TO ................................................................................ 148

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

1 KHI NIM CHUNG V KT CU B TNG CT THP

Hnh 1.1 Dm b tng v b tng ct thp

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

Trn b mt tip xc gia b tng v thp c Lc dnh bm kh ln nn lc c th

Gia b tng v ct thp khng xy ra phn ng ho hc, b tng cn bo v cho ct

H s gin n di v nhit ca b tng v ct thp l xp x bng nhau ( b tng

C kh nng s dng cc vt liu a phng .

C kh nng chu lc ln hn so vi kt cu gch v g .BTCT chu cc ti trng

Gi thnh h hn, chi ph duy tu bo dng t.

C th c thnh hnh dng kt cu khc nhau dp ng cc yu cu cu to, kin

C trng lng bn thn ln.

1.1.2 B tng ct thp d ng lc (DL)

Nt sm gii hn chng nt thp

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

Hnh 1.2 ng sut trong cu kin BTCT d ng lc

Nng cao gii hn chng nt do c tnh chng thm cao.

Cho php s dng hp l ct thp cng cao, b tng cng cao

cng tng ln nn vng gim ,vt c nhp ln hn so vi BTCT thng.

Chu ti i du tt hn nn sc khng mi tt.

Nh c ng sut trc m phm vi s dng ca kt cu b tng ct thp lp ghp, phn

ng lc trc khng nhng gy ra ng sut nn m cn c th gy ra ng sut ko

Ch to phc tp hn yu cu kim sot cht ch v k thut c th t cht lng

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

Hnh 1.3 Biu m men v cch t ct thp

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

Hnh 1.4 Biu lc ct v b tr ct ai

Hnh 1.5 S b tr ct thp DL

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

b-Phn loi theo trng thi ng sut khi ch to v s dng :

B tng ct thp thng

B tng ct thp d ng lc ( b tng ng sut trc )

c-Phn loi BTCTDL theo phng php to d ng lc :

Hnh 1.5 S phng php thi cng ko trc

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

Cu kin thi cng ko sau: Hnh 1.6

Hnh 1.6 S phng php thi cng ko sau

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

B mn Kt cu Khoa Cng trnh H GTVT

Bi ging kt cu b tng ct thp 08/2013

2 VT LIU DNG TRONG B TNG CT THP

Cp b tng A ni chung c s dng i vi tt c cc cu kin ca kt cu v c

Cp b tng B c s dng trong mng, b mng, thn tr v tng chu lc.

Cp b tng C c s dng trong cc chi tit c b dy di 100 mm nh tay vn cu

Cp b tng P c s dng khi cng c yu cu ln hn 28 MPa. i vi b