Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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- One night there was a persistent rain. (Mt m n, tri m-a dai dng)
- One day you'll be sorry you spoke highly of your neighbours.
(Mt ngy no , bn s n hn l ca ngi nhng ng-i lng ging ca mnh)
c bit l trong The rent is 400 a month (tin thu nh l 400 bng mt thng), khng th thay a bng
one.
HINH THUC CUA MAO TU XAC DINH
The dng cho c danh t m -c (s t ln s nhiu) v danh t khng m -c.
V d:
- The truth (s tht)
- The time (thi gian)
- The bicycle (mt chic xe p)
- The bicycles (nhng chic xe p)
DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH
The dng cho c danh t m -c (s t ln s nhiu) v danh t khng m -c.
V d:
- The truth (s tht)
- The time (thi gian)
- The bicycle (mt chic xe p)
- The bicycles (nhng chic xe p)
KHONG DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH
1/ Tr-c tn quc gia, tn chu lc, tn ni, tn h, tn -ng.
V d:
Europe (Chu u), South America (Nam M), France (Php quc), Downing Street (Ph Downing)
2/ Khi danh t khng m -c hoc danh t s nhiu dng theo ngha chung nht, ch khng ch ring
tr-ng hp no.
V d:
- I don't like French beer (Ti chng thch bia ca Php)
- I don't like Mondays (Ti chng thch ngy th hai)
3/ Tr-c danh t tru t-ng, tr phi danh t ch mt tr-ng hp c bit.
V d:
- Men fear death (Con ng-i s ci cht)
Nh-ng:
- The death of the President made his country acephalous (ci cht ca v tng thng khin cho t
n-c ng khng c ng-i lnh o).
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4/ Saus hu tnh t (possessive adjective) hoc sau danh t s hu cch (possessive case) .
V d:
- My friend, ch khng ni My the friend
- The girl's mother = the mother of the girl (M ca c gi)
5/ Tr-c tn gi cc ba n.
V d:
-They invited some friends to dinner.
(H mi vi ng-i bn n n ti)
Nh-ng:
- The wedding breakfast was held in a beautiful garden
(Ba tic c-i -c t chc trong mt khu v-n xinh p)
6/ Tr-c cc t-c hiu.
V d:
- President Roosevelt (Tng thng Roosevelt)
- King Louis XIV of France (Vua Louis XIV ca Php)
7/ Trong cc tr-ng hp sau y:
- Women are always fond of music (Ph n lun thch m nhc)
- Come by car/by bus (n bng xe t/xe byt)
- In spring/in autumn (Vo ma xun/ma thu), last night (m qua), next year (nm ti), from beginning
to end (t u ti cui), from left to right (t tri sang phi).
- To play golf/chess/cards (chi gn/ nh c/nh bi)
L-u
Nature mang ngha "T nhin , thin nhin " th khng dng the.
V d:
- According to the laws of nature (Theo quy lut t nhin)
- They couldn't tolerate city life anymore and went back to nature (H khng chu ni i sng thnh
th na v tr v vi thin nhin)
He listened to the radio (Anh ta nghe rai), nh-ng He watched television (Anh ta xem TV) ; hoc He
heard it on the radio (Anh ta nghe -c vic trn rai), nh-ng He saw it on TV (Anh ta thy vic
trn TV).
Go home/get home (i v nh), be at home ( nh), nh-ng They returned to the bridegroom's home
(H tr li nh ch r). Go to bed/hospital/church/school/ work/prison (i ng/i nm bnh vin/i l/i
hc/i lm/ i t), nh-ng They went to the school to see their children's teacher (H n tr-ng gp
thy ca con h) & The priest goes to the jail to pray for the two dying prisoners (Linh mc n nh t
cu nguyn cho hai ng-i t ang hp hi) & She will get a bus at the church (C ta s n xe byt
ch nh th). Ni chung, khng th thiu The nu n tr-ng khng phi hc, n nh t khng phi
t hoc n nh th khng phi d l.
DANH TU
1/ Ting Anh c 4 loi danh t :
Danh t chung (Common nouns) : Bird (chim), Policeman (cnh st vin), Pen (bt).
Danh t ring (Proper nouns) : Vietnam (Vit Nam), London (Lun n), Mrs Hoa (B Hoa),
Peter (Peter).
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Danh t tru t-ng (Abstract nouns) : Talent (ti nng), Mercy (lng nhn i), Joy (nim vui),
Sadness (ni bun).
Danh t tp hp (Collective nouns) : Crowd (m ng), Flock (n, by), Group (nhm), Swarm
(by, n), Team (i) ...
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giu c), savings (tin tit kim); spirits (r-u mnh), stairs (cu thang); surroundings (vng ph cn),
valuables ( qu gi).
- Mt vi danh t tn cng bng ics nh- Acoustics (m hc), athletics (in kinh), ethics (o c),
hysterics (cn kch ng), mathematics (ton hc), physics (vt l), linguistics (ngn ng hc), phonetics
(ng m hc), logistics (ngnh hu cn), technics (thut ng k thut), politics (chnh tr) .... lun c hnh
thc s nhiu v dng vi ng t s nhiu. Tuy nhin, i khi tn gi ca cc mn khoa hc -c xem
nh- s t. Chng hn, Mathematics is the science of pure quantity (Ton hc l khoa hc v l-ng thun
ty).
9/ Cc danh t sau y c hnh thc s nhiu, nh-ng li mang ngha s t:
News (tin tc), mumps (bnh quai b), measles (bnh si), rickets (bnh ci x-ng), shingles (bnh zona),
billiards (bi-da), darts (mn nm phi tiu), draughts (mn c vua), bowls (mn nm bng g),
dominoes (min), the United States (Hip chng quc Hoa K). Chng hn, The news is bad (Tin tc
chng lnh) hoc The United States is a very big country (Hip chng quc Hoa K l mt n-c rt ln).
10/ Cc danh t sau y khng thay i khi s nhiu:
Fish (c), sheep (cu), deer (nai), salmon (c hi), cod (c thu), carp (c chp), plaice (c bn sao), squid
(c mc), turbot (c bn), aircraft (my bay), series (chui, dy), species (loi), offspring (con ci).
11/ Cc danh t tp hp nh- Group (nhm), team (i), gang (bng ng), band (ton, tp), pack (by), staff
(tp th nhn vin), community (cng ng), committee (y ban), crowd (m ng), crew (thy th on),
family (gia nh) .... c th dng ng t s t hay s nhiu. Chng hn, The government has made up its
mind / have made up their minds (Chnh ph quyt nh dt khot), hoc Do / does your family still live
there? (Gia nh bn vn sng ch?)
12/ Mt vi danh t gc Hy Lp hoc La Tinh vn c s nhiu theo quy lut ca ting Hy Lp hay La Tinh,
chng hn nh- Crisis, crises (s khng hong); analysis, analyses (s phn tch); thesis, theses (lun c-ng);
oasis, oases (c o); basis, bases (nn tng); axis, axes (trc); appendix, appendices (phn ph lc); genesis,
geneses (ci ngun); erratum, errata (li in); memorandum, memoranda (bn ghi nh); phenomenon,
phenomena (hin t-ng); radius, radii (bn knh); terminus, termini (ga cui). Nh-ng cng c tr-ng hp theo
quy lut ting Anh, chng hn nh- Dogma, dogmas (gio iu); gymnasium, gymnasiums (phng tp th
dc); formula, formulas (th thc) (cng c th dng formulae ). c bit, s nhiu ca Maximum c th l
Maximums hoc Maxima, ca Minimum c th l Minimums hoc Minima, ca Medium c th l Mediums
hoc Media.
L-u Khi danh t ch thi khong, s tin v khong cch theo sau mt s m, ng t s ngi th ba s
t. Chng hn, Three weeks is a long time for a holiday (Ba tun l mt thi gian di i vi mt k ngh),
Five miles is too far to walk (Nm dm th qu xa nu i b) hoc Three quarters of the theatre was full (Ba
phn t- rp y khch).
B S nhiu ca danh t kp
1/ Cu to ca danh t kp
Danh t + danh t
V d: Balance sheet (Bng quyt ton)
Business card (Danh thip)
Street market (Ch tri)
Winter clothes (qun o ma ng)
Police station (n cng an)
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Danh ng t + danh t
V d: Living-room (Phng khch)
Waiting-woman (Ng-i hu gi)
Diving-rod (Que d mch n-c)
Landing craft (Xung b)
Driving-test (cuc thi ly bng li xe)
Swimming-match (cuc bi thi)
Phn bit
A coffee cup (Tch dng ng c ph) v a cup of coffee (tch c ph, tch ang ng c ph)
2/ Th-ng th s nhiu ca danh t kp hnh thnh bng cch thm s vo t sau cng:
Boy-friends (bn trai); grown-ups (ng-i tr-ng thnh); Easter eggs (trng Phc sinh); express trains
(tu ho tc hnh). c bit,
Men drivers (ti x nam); women drivers (ti x n); women doctors (n bc s); menservants (y t
trai).
3/ Nu cu to ca danh t kp l danh t + ph t, danh t + gii t + danh t, chng ta s thm s vo t
ng u, chng hn nh- hangers-on (k b t), lookers-on (khn gi), runners-up (ng-i ot hng nh),
passers-by (khch qua -ng), ladies-in-waiting (t n), fathers-in-law (b v, b chng), sisters-in-law (ch
em du, ch em v, ch em chng), commanders-in-chief (tng t- lnh), ambassadors-at-large (i s l-u
ng).
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He raises chickens in his garden (Anh ta nui g trong v-n nh mnh), nh-ng I like to eat chicken
(Ti thch n tht g).
My house has six rooms (Nh ti c su phng), nh-ng There's no room in the car for the dog (Xe
's dng cho danh t s t, danh t s nhiu khng tn cng bng 's, t sau cng trong danh t kp, hoc
sau t vit tt:
V d:
The chemist's (shop) (ca hng d-c phm)
Children's toys ( chi ca tr em)
My sister's friend (bn ca ch ti)
Peter's suitcase (va li ca Peter)
Her father-in-law's house (nh ca b chng c ta)
The PM's bodyguards (v s ca th t-ng)
The VIP's briefcase (cp ti liu ca yu nhn)
' dng cho danh t s nhiu tn cng bng s, k c danh t s t tn cng bng s
V d:
My sisters' friend (bn ca cc ch ti)
The workers' wages (l-ng ca cc cng nhn)
Socrates' philosophy (trit l ca Socrates)
L-u
Khi s dng s hu cch, phi b mo t ng tr-c ng-i hoc vt s hu.
V d:
- The villa of the senator = The senator's villa (Bit th ca th-ng ngh s)
- The wife of the shoemaker = The shoemaker's wife (V ca ng-i th giy)
- The toys of Jack = Jack's toys
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Khuynh h-ng chung l dng Of + danh t, khi "s hu ch" l vt ch khng phi ng-i.
V d:
- The gate of the villa (cng ca bit th)
- The front of the house (mt tin ca cn nh)
- The legs of the chair (chn ca ci gh)
Phn bit: My aunt's paintings (Nhng bc tranh thuc quyn s hu ca d ti hoc do d ti v) v The
paintings of my aunt (Nhng bc tranh t d ti)
TINH TU CHI PHAM CHAT
1/ Tnh t ch phm cht khng thay i theo ging v s ca danh t .
V d:
- An old woman (Mt b lo) & Old women (Cc b lo)
- An old man (Mt ng lo) & Old men (Cc ng lo)
2/ V tr ca tnh t ch phm cht
Tr-c danh t.
V d:
- A poor family (Mt gia nh ngho)
- An unhappy teacher (Mt ng-i thy bt hnh)
- Difficult problems (Nhng bi ton kh)
- Sau danh t, nu tnh t c b ng km theo.
V d:
- Burgundy is a region famous for its wines
(Burgundy l mt vng ni ting v cc loi r-u vang)
- A shelf full of crockery (Mt ngn cha y snh s)
Sau cc ng t Be, Become, Seem, Appear, Feel, Get/Grow, Keep, Look, Make, Smell, Sound, Taste,
Turn.
V d:
- He looks world-weary (Anh ta c v chn i)
- This event made them more optimistic
(S kin ny khin h lc quan hn)
- After a persistent rain, everyone felt cold
(Sau mt cn m-a dai dng, mi ng-i u cm thy lnh)
- That music sounds beautiful (Khc nhc y nghe tht hay)
- The weather will keep fine (Thi tit s vn c p)
- This milk smells sour (Sa ny c mi chua)
Phn bit
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- This waiter looks very curious (Ng-i hu bn ny trng rt t m) v He looks curiously at his boss
(Anh ta nhn ch mnh vi v t m)
3/ Tnh t dng nh- danh t
- Cc tnh t Old (gi), Young (tr), Elderly (cao tui), Aged (cao tui), Blind (m), Deaf (ic),
Disabled (tn tt), Handicapped (tn tt), Healthy (mnh kho), Sick (au m), Living (sng), Dead
(cht), Wounded (b th-ng), Injured (b th-ng), Rich (giu), Poor (ngho), Needy (tng thiu),
Unemployed (tht nghip), Jobless (tht nghip), Wicked (xu xa) c th theo sau The ch loi
ng-i c mt trong nhng c tr-ng va ni. By gi, cc tnh t ny tr thnh danh t v nn nh l
ng t theo sau chng phi ngi th ba s nhiu.
V d:
- The handicapped deserve our help
(Nhng k tt nguyn rt ng cho chng ta gip )
- Special recreational programs for the elderly
(Cc ch-ng trnh gii tr c bit dnh cho ng-i cao tui)
Cc tnh t ch quc gia cng do cch ny m tr thnh danh t. Chng hn, The Scotch (Ng-i Xct-len),
the Dutch (Ng-i H Lan), the French (Ng-i Php), the British (Ng-i Anh), the Swiss (Ng-i Thy S), the
Taiwanese (Ng-i i Loan), the Vietnamese (Ng-i Vit Nam)...
4/ Phn t dng nh- tnh t
Hin ti phn t (...ING) v qu kh phn t (...ED) cng c th dng nh- tnh t. By gi, hin ti
phn t mang ngha ch ng, cn qu kh phn t mang ngha th ng.
V d:
- A confusing question (Mt cu hi khin ng-i nghe bi ri) & The boy looks confused when he
sees his parents at the door of his classroom (Cu b c v bi ri khi thy b m ca lp).
- A touching story (Mt cu chuyn khin ng-i nghe xc ng) & I was very touched to hear from
my bosom friends (Ti rt xc ng khi nhn -c tin nhng ng-i bn ch ct ca ti).
5/ Th t sp xp cc tnh t ch phm cht
Thng th-ng, khi nhiu tnh t cng nh tnh cho mt danh t, chng s -c sp xp theo th t sau
y: Tnh t ch kch th-c - Tnh t ch c tnh v cm xc - Tnh t ch tui tc - Tnh t ch hnh dng Tnh t ch mu sc - Tnh t ch cht liu - Tnh t ch ngun gc - Tnh t ch cng dng [th-ng l
danh ng t trong danh t kp, chng hn nh- Leading question (cu hi khn ngoan dn n cu tr
li ng ca ng-i hi), Waiting room (phng ch i),Riding breeches (qun mc khi c-i nga)].
V d:
- A long double-edged sword (Mt thanh g-m hai l-i di)
- A small square box (Mt ci hp vung nh)
- Merciful black policemen (Nhng vin cnh st da en nhn t)
- Red velvet gloves (Nhng chic gng nhung )
- An elegant Italian restaurant (Mt nh hng thanh lch)
6/ Cc tr-ng hp c bit ca tnh t ch phm cht
6/1 Tnh t ch phm cht dng vi cc i t one/ones, khi one/ones ch mt danh t -c cp tr-c .
V d:
- Gather ripe plums instead of the unripe ones.
(Hy hi mn chn thay v mn cn xanh)
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L-u
- I find that it is impossible to tame this bear = I find it impossible to tame this bear (Ti thy l khng th
thun ho con gu ny)
- It is very kind of you to help him
(Bn tht l t t mi gip hn)
- It is ungracious of him not to acknowledge your help
(Hn tht l khim nh mi khng cm n s gip ca bn)
- It is boring to tell lies all day long
(Tht l chn ngt khi phi ni di sut ngy)
- It is necessary to seize this golden opportunity
(iu cn thit l nm ly c hi ngn vng ny)
- It is not necessary for you to be in such a hurry
(Bn khng cn phi hp tp nh- vy)
- It is lucky that we have a correction pen
(May l chng ti c bt xo)
- It is lucky for us that he has a correction pen
(May cho chng ti l anh ta c bt xo)
- I am afraid of naughty words
(Ti s nhng li l tc tu)
- I am afraid of hearing naughty words
(Ti s nghe nhng li l tc tu)
- I am afraid to hear naughty words
(Ti s nghe nhng li l tc tu)
- I am afraid (that) they will be late for school
(Ti e rng chng s i hc tr)
- This lesson is easy to understand
(Bi hc ny d hiu)
- It is strange that they haven't remembered the way to the airport
(L mt iu l h qun hn -ng ra sn bay)
- Students are ready to accept task assignment after graduation
(Cc sinh vin sn sng chu s phn cng sau khi tt nghip)
- I am very happy to see you again
(Ti rt vui mng gp li cc bn)
SO SANH
1/ C 3 cp so snh:
Cp nguyn
So snh hn
Cc cp
Taller
More honest
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Tallest
Most honest
2/ Quy tc
C hai cch to hnh thc so snh hn v cc cp cho tnh t.
a) Thm er (so snh hn) v est (cc cp) sau:
Mi tnh t mt vn. Chng hn, Fast (nhanh) - Faster (nhanh hn) - Fastest (nhanh nht); Strong
(mnh) - Stronger (mnh hn) - Strongest (mnh nht).
Mt vi tnh t hai vn (ch yu l tn cng bng y, le v ow). Chng hn, Quiet (yn tnh) - Quieter
(yn tnh hn) - Quietest (yn tnh nht); Dirty (bn) - Dirtier (bn hn) - Dirtiest (bn nht); Simple
(n gin) - Simpler (n gin hn) - Simplest (n gin nht); Narrow (hp) - Narrower (hp hn) Narrowest (hp nht).
Tnh t bt u bng Un v theo sau l hai vn. Chng hn, Unhappy (khn kh) - Unhappier (khn
kh hn) - Unhappiest (khn kh nht).
L-u
- Big (ln) - Bigger (ln hn) - Biggest (ln nht); Fat (bo) - Fatter (bo hn) - Fattest (bo nht).
- Silly (di dt) - Sillier (di dt hn) - Silliest (di dt nht);
Floppy (mm) - Floppier (mm hn) - Floppiest (mm nht).
- Little (nh) - Littler (nh hn) - Littlest (nh nht);
- Rude (khim nh) - Ruder (khim nh hn) - Rudest (khim nh nht).
b) Thm More (so snh hn) v Most (cc cp) tr-c:
Mi tnh t ba vn (tr tr-ng hp ni trn y). Chng hn, Attractive (hp dn) - More attractive
(hp dn hn) - Most attractive (hp dn nht).
Phn ln cc tnh t hai vn (tn cng bng ful, less, al, ant, ent, ic, ive, ous, hoc bt u bng a).
Chng hn, Distant (xa) - More distant (xa hn) - Most distant (xa nht); Graceful (duyn dng) More graceful (duyn dng hn) - Most graceful (duyn dng nht).
Mi phn t dng nh- tnh t. Chng hn, Boring (t nht) - More boring (t nht hn), Most boring
(t nht nht); Spoilt (h- hng) - More spoilt (h- hng hn) - Most spoilt (h- hng nht).
L-u
C nhng tnh t hai vn p dng c hai cch ni trn. Chng hn, Common (ph bin) Commoner/More common( ph bin hn) - Commonest/Most common (ph bin nht); Clever (khn
ngoan) - Cleverer/More clever (khn ngoan hn) - Cleverest/Most clever (khn ngoan nht).
Nu nghi ng th nn dng More v Most.
3/ So snh bt quy tc
Good (tt), better , best
Bad (xu), worse , worst
Far (xa), farther / further , furthest / farthest
Little (t), less , least
Few (t), fewer / less , fewest / least
Many, Much (nhiu), more , most
Old (gi, c), elder / older , eldest / oldest
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4/ Cu trc
4/1 So snh hn
C th dng Much, Far, A little, A bit tr-c tnh t cp so snh hn.
V d:
- Tom is much stronger than his rival
(Tom kho hn i th ca mnh nhiu)
- Are you feeling a little (a bit) better today?
(Hm nay bn thy trong ng-i kho hn khng?)
Sau than c th l mt danh t, i t hoc mnh .
V d:
- London is bigger than Paris
(Lun n to hn Pari).
- Peter appeared more confused than his friends.
(Peter c v lng tng hn cc bn anh ta)
- My dad's older than yours
(B ti gi hn b bn)
- The exam is easier than I thought
(Cuc thi d hn ti ngh).
L-u
It's getting colder and colder (Tri cng lc cng lnh hn)
He became more and more anxious with every passing minute (Mi pht tri qua, anh ta cng thm lo
lng)
The more I miss my family, the more I miss my children (Cng nh gia nh, ti cng nh cc con ti)
The more he thought about it, the worse the situation seemed (Anh ta cng ngh n iu , tnh hnh
cng c v t hn)
The more interesting it is, the more attention they pay (iu cng l th, h cng thm ch )
You are taller than I (am) , nh-ng ng-i ta th-ng ni You are taller than me .
He makes fewer spelling mistakes than you (do) , nh-ng ng-i ta th-ng ni He makes fewer spelling
mistakes than you .
I have a faster car than he (does) , nh-ng ng-i ta th-ng ni I have a faster car than him.
4/2 Cc cp
V d:
- Henry is the best child in his family
(Henry l a con tt nht trong gia nh)
- It was the happiest day of my life
( l ngy vui nht i ti)
- Her worst subject is chemistry
(Mn m c ta d nht l ho hc)
- My parents have two sons. I am the eldest
(B m ti c hai ng-i con trai. Ti l con trai tr-ng)
- All the boys are noisy, but Long is the noisiest
(Tt c cc b trai u lm n, nh-ng Long lm n nhiu nht)
- It is the strongest coffee (that) I have ever drunk
(y l c ph c nht m ti tng ung)
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Ph t l t b sung thng tin v thi gian, ni chn, mc , cch thc... cho mt ng t, mt tnh t, mt
cm t hoc mt ph t khc .
Ph t ch cch thc (Adverbs of manner): Slowly (chm chp), quickly (mt cch nhanh nhn),
joyfully (mt cch vui v), sadly (mt cch bun b), well (tt, gii), badly (ti, d) ...
Ph t ch mc (Adverbs of degree): Enough (), absolutely (tuyt i), strictly (trit ), fairly
(kh, hon ton), completely (hon ton), entirely (hon ton), quite (hon ton), just (va), nearly
(gn nh-), almost (gn nh-), only (ch ring), too (qu), very (rt), extremely (cc ), really (thc
s)...
Ph t ch ni chn (Adverbs of place): Here (y), there (), near (gn), everywhere (mi ni),
nowhere (khng ni no), northwards (v pha bc), forwards (v pha tr-c), backwards (v pha
sau), clockwise (theo chiu kim ng h) ...
Ph t ch thi gian (Adverbs of time): Now (by gi), today (hm nay), tomorrow (ngy mai),
yesterday (hm qua), soon (ngay), still (vn cn), then (sau ), yet (cn, cn na), afterwards (sau
ny), before (tr-c ), at once (lp tc), lately (gn y), recently (gn y) ...
Ph t ch s th-ng xuyn (Adverbs of frequency): Frequently (th-ng xuyn), always (lun lun),
never (khng bao gi), occasionally (thnh thong), usually (th-ng), often (th-ng), regularly (u
n), seldom (t khi, him khi), rarely (t khi, him khi)...
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Ph t nghi vn (Interrogative adverbs): When? (lc no), where?( u), why? (ti sao), how (nhth no? bng cch no?). Chng hn, When did he die? (Anh ta cht lc no?), Where does she come
from? (C ta t u n?), Why were you late? (Ti sao anh n mun?), How is this word spelt? (T
ny nh vn nh- th no?).
Ph t quan h (Relative adverbs): When (khi m), where (ni m), why (v sao, ti sao). Chng hn,
Sunday is the day when very few people go to work (Ch nht l ngy m rt t ng-i i lm vic),
One of the countries where people drive on the left (Mt trong nhng n-c ni ng-i ta li xe v bn
tri), That is the reason why I come here ( l l do v sao ti n y).
Ngoi ra, cn c Ph t b ngha cu (Sentence adverbs) nh- Certainly (chc chn), Evidently (hin
nhin), Obviously (hin nhin), Naturally (tt nhin), Clearly (r rng), Probably (c l), Undoubtedly
(khng nghi ng g na), Fortunately (may thay), Unfortunately (ri thay) ... Chng hn, Fortunately,
everyone returned home safe and sound (May thay, mi ng-i u tr v nh bnh an v s).
SU THANH LAP PHO TU
Th-ng th ph t hnh thnh bng cch thm ly vo tnh t t-ng xng.
V d:
Large (rng ri) - Largely
Extreme (cc ) - Extremely
Brief (ngn gn) - Briefly
Boring (bun t) - Boringly
Repeated (lp i lp li) - Repeatedly
Quick (nhanh nhn) - Quickly
Happy (sung s-ng) - Happily
Greedy (tham lam) - Greedily
Useful (hu ch) - Usefully
Beautiful (p) - Beautifully
Normal (thng th-ng) - normally
Actual (thc s) - actually
Reliable (xc thc) - Reliably
Pitiable (ng th-ng) - Pitiably
Tangible (hin nhin) - tangibly
Credible (ng tin cy) - Credibly
Ngoi l
True (tht, ng), truly
Due (ng, ng), duly
Whole (ton b), wholly
Good (tt, gii), well
Other (khc), otherwise
Cng c tr-ng hp tnh t v ph t ging nhau v hnh thc . Chng hn, Back seat (Gh sau) - It takes
me an hour to walk there and back (Ti phi mt mt ting ng h i t y n ri quay v), A
pretty girl (Mt c gi xinh xn) - The situation seems pretty hopeless (Tnh th c v kh tuyt vng), In
the near future (Trong t-ng lai gn y) - Sit near enough to see the screen (Hy ngi gn nhn
thy mn nh), Still water (N-c phng lng) - She is still unconscious (C ta vn cn bt tnh), A little
garden (Mt khu v-n nh) - I slept very little last night (m qua ti ng rt t), A late marriage (Mt
cuc hn nhn mun mn) - She married late (C ta ly chng mun), A nation-wide advertising
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campaign (Mt chin dch qung co trn ton quc) - Police are looking for him nation-wide (Cnh st
ang truy lng hn trn ton quc), Bodily organs (Cc b phn ca c th) - The audience rose bodily to
salute the colours (Ton th c to ng dy cho c)...
Nhng tnh t tn cng bng ly, chng hn nh- Friendly (thn thin), Likely (c th, chc), Lonely (c
n)..., khng -c dng nh- ph t. din t chng d-i dng ph t, ta phi lp nhng cm t nh- In
a friendly manner/way (mt cch thn thin) chng hn.
Better
Best
Worse
Worst
Less
Least
More
Most
Farther Farthest
Further Furthest
Earlier Earliest
Harder Hardest
Faster
Fastest
Louder Loudest
2/ V d minh ho
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ng tr-c gii t hoc sau tc t khi ng t + gii t + tc t (nh-ng phi ng tr-c gii t nu tc t
di). Chng hn, She glances shyly at him hoc She glances at him shyly (C ta e thn lic nhn anh ta),
nh-ng She glances shyly at everyone who attends her wedding ceremony (C ta e thn nhn nhng ng-i
n d l c-i ca c ta).
ng tr-c ng t nu tc t di. Chng hn, The teacher carefully marked all the incorrect sentences
on the blackboard (Thy gio cn thn nh du mi cu sai trn bng en), He furiously declares that
any latecomer will be blacklisted (Anh ta in tit tuyn b rng ai n tr s b ghi vo s en).
2/ Ph t ch mc (Adverbs of degree)
ng tr-c mt ph t hoc mt tnh t b ngha cho ph t hoc tnh t y. Chng hn, It is absolutely
impossible (iu hon ton khng th -c), She sings very well (C ta ca rt hay).
c bit
- They have only two children
(H c vn vn hai a con)
- Only five people were hurt in the accident
(Ch c nm ng-i b th-ng trong v tai nn)
- For external use only
(Dng ngoi da m thi)
- I only waited a few minutes, but it seemed like hours
(Ti ch i vi pht thi, m c nh- my gi ng h)
- I hardly know this telephone number
(Ti va mi bit s in thoi ny m thi)
- I can hardly lift this bag
(Ti kh m nhc ni ci bao ny)
- Hardly anybody came
(Hu nh- chng ai n)
-There's hardly any milk left
(Hu nh- chng cn cht sa no)
-He has hardly any money
(Anh ta hu nh- chng c tin)
- They hardly ever go to bed before midnight
(Hu nh- h chng bao gi i ng tr-c na m)
- He can scarcely have said so
(Chc l anh y khng ni nh- th)
- There were scarcely fifty strikers there
( ch c vn vn nm m-i ng-i nh cng)
- This river isn't deep enough for swimming
(Dng sng ny ch-a su bi li)
- Write clearly enough for us to read it
(Hy vit r cho chng ti c -c)
3/ Ph t ch s th-ng xuyn (Adverbs of frequency)
ng sau th n gin ca To be. Chng hn, Your hands are still dirty (Tay anh vn cn bn), He is
always modest about his achievements (Anh ta lun khim tn v nhng thnh tu ca mnh).
Tr-c th n gin ca tt c cc ng t khc. Chng hn, I continually have to remind him of his family
(Ti phi lin tc nhc hn nh n gia nh hn), He sometimes writes to me (Thnh thong anh ta c
vit th- cho ti), My father never eats meat (Cha ti chng bao gi n tht).
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Sau tr ng t trong th kp. Chng hn, I have never been abroad (Ti ch-a bao gi ra n-c ngoi), You
should always check your oil before starting (Bn nn lun lun kim tra du nht tr-c khi khi hnh),
We have often been there (Chng ti tng n lun).
V d minh ho
a) Who
- Who told him the news? (Ai bo tin cho anh ta?)
- Do you know who damaged my car?
(Bn c bit ai lm hng xe ti hay khng?)
- I wonder who phoned this morning
(Ti chng bit ai gi in thoi sng nay)
- Who ate my bread? (Ai n bnh m ca ti?)
- Who is that bespectacled girl? (C gi eo knh l ai?)
b) Whom
- Thay v Whom did they invite? (H mi nhng ai?), ng-i ta th-ng ni Who did they invite?
- Thay v Whom did you see at church? (Bn gp ai nh th?), ng-i ta th-ng ni Who did you see
at church?
- Thay v With whom did you go? (Bn i vi ai?), ng-i ta th-ng ni Who did you go with?
- Thay v To whom are you speaking? (Bn ang ni chuyn vi ai?), ng-i ta th-ng ni Who are you
speaking to?
c) Whose
Whose l tnh t.
- Whose house was broken into? (Nh ca ai b bn trm vo?)
- Whose book are they reading? (H ang c sch ca ai?)
Whose l i t.
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Which l i t.
- Which is her hat? (M ca c ta l m no?)
- Which of them is the tallest? (Ng-i no trong s h l cao nht?)
- Which of these two photos do you like best?
(Bn thch bc no nht trong hai bc nh ny?)
e) What
What l i t.
- What happens? (C chuyn g xy ra vy?)
- What made him so furious? (iu g khin hn in tit ln vy?)
- What are you thinking? (Bn ang ngh g vy?)
- What's the date? (Hm nay ngy bao nhiu?)
- What does he say? (Anh ta ni g vy?)
- What did you do that for? = Why did you do that?
(Bn lm iu nhm mc ch g?)
- What is this bag for? (Ci bao ny dng lm g?)
- What does this word mean? (T ny ngha l g?)
- What does she do? = What is she? = What is her profession?
(C ta lm ngh g?)
- What's your name? (Tn bn l g?)
- What was the weather like? (Thi tit nh- th no?)
- What does she look like? (C ta trng th no?)
L-u
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- Thay v What age are you?/What is your age?, ng-i ta th-ng ni How old are you? (Bn bao nhiu
tui?)
- Thay v What height is he?/ What is his height?, ng-i ta th-ng ni How tall is he? (Anh ta cao bao
nhiu?)
DAI TU NHAN XUNG
1/ Hnh thc
Ch t Tc t
S t
Ngi th nht I
Me
Ngi th hai You
You
Ngi th ba
He/She/It
Him/Her/It
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S nhiu
Ngi th nht We
Us
Ngi th hai You
You
Ngi th ba
They
Them
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-Thay v He doesn't know as much as she does (anh ta khng bit nhiu bng c ta), ng-i ta th-ng
ni He doesn't know as much as her .
- Khng ni It was him who told me the news (chnh anh ta bo tin cho ti), m phi ni It was he
who told me the news .
- C th ni Turn off the fan hoc Turn the fan off (Hy tt qut !), nh-ng nu dng i t nhn
x-ng th phi ni Turn it off.
- Vi vai tr ch t, You v One c th -c dng nh- nhau. Chng hn, You cannot live on water
(Bn khng th sng bng n-c l) hoc One cannot live on water (Ng-i ta khng th sng bng
n-c l) . Tuy nhin, You vn thn mt v thng dng hn One.
- They cng c ngha l Ng-i ta . Chng hn, They say (that) he behaves very badly towards his
mother (Ng-i ta ni rng hn i x vi m hn rt t).
3/ Ni ring v It
It th-ng dng cho mt vt, mt em b, hoc mt con vt m ta khng bit thuc ging g.
V d:
- Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.
(Khu sng ca bn u? - N trong ngn ko)
- Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily.
(Bn c thy con chim kia khng? N ang ht rt vui)
- Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos.
(a con mi sinh ca c ta rt mm mm. N nng hn bn k)
It dng trong cc thnh ng ch thi gian, khong cch, thi tit, nhit , thy triu
V d:
- What time is it? - It is six (My gi ri? - Su gi ri)
- How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles.
(n Lun n bao xa? - Khong 100 dm)
- It is raining/snowing (Tri ang m-a/ang tuyt ri)
- It's a fine night (Tri m p)
- It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto
(Tht l nng/lnh/mt trong hang ny)
Thay v She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C ta thy ngi nh tht l chn), ta c th ni She
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Ngi th nht I
Me
Ngi th hai You
You
Ngi th ba
He/She/It
Him/Her/It
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S nhiu
Ngi th nht We
Us
Ngi th hai You
You
Ngi th ba
They
Them
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It dng trong cc thnh ng ch thi gian, khong cch, thi tit, nhit , thy triu
V d:
- What time is it? - It is six (My gi ri? - Su gi ri)
- How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles.
(n Lun n bao xa? - Khong 100 dm)
- It is raining/snowing (Tri ang m-a/ang tuyt ri)
- It's a fine night (Tri m p)
- It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto
(Tht l nng/lnh/mt trong hang ny)
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Thay v She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C ta thy ngi nh tht l chn), ta c th ni She
V d:
- This is his handkerchief. Where is ours?
(y l khn tay ca anh ta. Ci ca chng ti u?)
- Your do your work and I do mine
(Bn lm vic ca bn, ti lm vic ca ti)
L-u : ng nhm tnh t s hu Its v cm t It's (vit tt ca It is)
1/ c im
Tnh t s hu ty thuc s hu ch, ch khng ty thuc vt s hu. Do vy, nh ca anh ta l His
house, nh ca c ta l Her house. M ca anh ta l His mother, m ca c ta l Her mother.
Tnh t s hu khng ty thuc s ca vt s hu. Chng hn, my friend (bn ca ti), my friends (cc
bn cu ti), their room (phng ca h), their rooms (cc phng ca h).
... ca con vt hoc s vt th dng Its. Chng hn, The dog wags its tail (con ch vy ui), Depraved
culture and its evils (vn ho i try v nhng tc hi ca n), The table and its legs (ci bn v cc chn
ca n).
Own cng -c thm vo nhn mnh s s hu. Chng hn, Does that car belong to the company, or is
it your own? (chic xe t y ca cng ty, hay ca ring anh?), Their own garden (mnh v-n ring ca
h).
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Tnh t s hu cng -c dng tr-c cc b phn c th. Chng hn, My legs hurt (ti au chn), Her
head is aching (c ta ang nhc u).
i t bt nh
- This problem is one of great difficulty (Vn ny l vn rt kh khn)
- We both want to go hunting (C hai chng ti u mun i sn)
- He gave the boys five dollars each (ng ta cho mi a b 5 la)
- I've bought two cakes - you can have either
(Ti mua hai ci bnh - anh c th ly mt trong hai ci )
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S hu
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Cho ng-i
Who
Whom/Who
Whose
That
That
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cho vt Which
Which
Whose/Of which
That
That
Trong ting Anh chnh thc, Whom thay cho Who khi Who khng phi l ch t ca mnh quan
h. Chng hn, Are you the witness whom/that the police are looking for? (Anh c phi l nhn chng
m cnh st ang tm hay khng?)
Trong vn ni, ng-i ta th-ng l-c b i t quan h khi i t ny l tc t. Chng hn, Isn't that the
shirt (which/that) you wore? ( khng phi ci o s mi m bn mc ch?), That's the stone (that)
he broke the window with ( chnh l hn m nh hn p v ca s). Tuy nhin, khng th
l-c b i t quan h nu i t ny l ch t ca mnh quan h. Chng hn, The mason who
stands with arms akimbo is closely related to my driver (Ng-i th n ng chng nnh c quan h h
hng gn vi ti x ca ti), She's the girl who/that broke my heart (C ta chnh l c gi lm ti au
kh), That's the stone which/that broke the window ( chnh l hn lm v ca s).
Whose l s hu cch ca Who v i khi ca c Which.
V d:
- This is the girl. Her father is a policeman (y l c gi. Cha c ta l cnh st vin) --> This
is the girl whose father is a policeman (y l c gi m cha l cnh st vin).
- This is the steel tube. Its inner walls are rusty (y l ng thp. Cc vch bn trong n b r)
--> This is the steel tube whose inner walls are rusty (y l ng thp m cc vch bn trong b
r).
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c bit
Thay v The first scientist who discovers/discovered this principle (Nh khoa hc u tin tm ra
nguyn l ny), ta c th ni The first scientist to discover this principle.
Thay v The only one who understands/understood this equation (Ng-i duy nht hiu -c
ph-ng trnh ny), ta c th ni The only one to understand this equation .
hay v Employees who work overtime will be entitled to extra pay (Nhn vin lm thm ngoi
gi s -c h-ng tin ph tri), ta c th ni Employees working overtime will be entitled to
extra pay .
Thay v A decision which enables investors to expand their business (Mt quyt nh
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The former = Ng-i th nht, vt th nht (trong hai ng-i, trong hai vt)
The latter = Ng-i th hai, vt th hai (trong hai ng-i, trong hai vt)
V d:
- I have two French friends, the former is an engineer and the latter is a lawyer
(Ti c hai ng-i bn Php, ng-i th nht l k s- v ng-i th hai l lut s-)
- If I had to choose between wealth and peacefulness, I'd prefer the latter
(Nu phi chn gia s giu sang v s thanh nhn, ti thch ci th hai hn)
GIOI TU
TONG QUAT
Gii t l mt t (At, Between, In, On, Under...) hoc nhm t (Apart from, In front of, Instead of, On
account of...) ng tr-c danh t hoc i t ch v tr, thi gian, cch thc... Cng c tr-ng hp hin ti
phn t -c dng lm gii t (Considering, Following, Regarding, Concerning...).
V d:
- The murderer is to be shot at dawn (K git ng-i s b x bn lc bnh minh)
- B comes between A and C in the English alphabet
(B ng gia A v C trong bng ch ci ting Anh)
- A country in Europe (Mt n-c chu u)
- Dirty marks on the ceiling (Vt bn trn trn nh)
- The water flows under the bridge (N-c chy d-i cu)
- We sometimes drink lemonade instead of coffee
(i khi chng ti ung n-c chanh thay cho c ph)
- Apart from her nose, this actress looks very glamorous
(Ngoi ci mi ra, n din vin ny trng rt quyn r)
- Decision concerning the export of timber (Quyt nh v vic xut khu g)
VI TRI CUA GIOI TU
a) Tr-c danh t. Chng hn, Our boat was rocked by the waves (Thuyn ca chng ti b sng nh lc
l-), The earth moves round the sun (Tri t chuyn ng quanh mt tri).
b) Tr-c i t. Chng hn, An obese man stood in front of her (Mt g bo ph ng tr-c mt c ta),
Your name comes after mine on the list (Tn bn ng sau tn ti trn danh sch), The policeman to
whom she was speaking (Vin cnh st m c ta ang ni chuyn), About whom are you thinking? (Bn
ang ngh n ai vy?) .
c) Tr-c danh ng t. Chng hn, Why don't you help me instead of just standing there? (Ti sao bn
khng gip ti thay v ng ngy ra ?), He is always forward in helping others (Anh ta lun st sng
gip ng-i khc).
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d) Sau ng t. Chng hn, The boy asked for more money (Cu b xin thm tin), I have thought about
this very carefully (Ti suy ngh rt k v vic ny).
e) Sau tnh t. Chng hn, He was very good to me when I was ill (Anh ta rt tt vi ti khi ti bnh),
New York is famous for its skyscrapers (New York ni ting nh nhng to nh chc tri).
f) Sau danh t. Chng hn, They attached very great importance to the program (H rt coi trng ch-ng
trnh ny), My teacher is known for excellence in all forms of sport (Thy ti ni ting v ti ngh iu
luyn trong mi loi hnh th thao).
g) Cui cu hi. Chng hn, Who are you thinking about? (Bn ang ngh n ai vy?), What are they
talking about? (H ang ni v iu g vy?).
h) Cui mnh quan h. Chng hn, The friend ( who ) I went with (Ng-i bn m ti i chung), The
photographs (that ) you are looking at were taken by my father (Nhng bc nh m bn ang xem l do
cha ti chp).
i) Cui mt cu dng th ng. Chng hn, The matter has not yet been dealt with (S vic ch-a -c
gii quyt), Why is your daughter crying? - She has just been shouted at (Ti sao con gi anh khc? - N
va mi b mng).
j) Cui nhng cu nh- What a terrible state she was in! (C ta trong mt tnh trng kinh khng tht!),
We have no merit to speak of (Chng ti chng c cng trng g ng ni n c), An article hard to get
rid of (Mn hng kh bn).
L-u
I relied on her being efficient (Ti tin vo vic c y c nng lc), ch khng ni I relied on that she
was efficient .
He left early to catch the last bus (Hn ra i sm kp chuyn xe byt cui cng), ch khng ni He
left early for to catch the last bus .
He moved towards me, ch khng ni He moved towards I .
Phn bit gii t v trng t
a) Please do not write below this line (Xin ng vit d-i dng ny) (gii t)
The passengers who felt seasick stayed below
(Hnh khch say sng th bn d-i) (trng t)
b) We left school after that event
(Chng ti ri gh nh tr-ng sau bin c y) (gii t)
The day after, he apologized (Ngy hm sau, anh ta xin li) (trng t)
c) They knelt before the throne (H qu tr-c ngai vng) (gii t)
You should have told me so before
(L ra bn phi cho ti bit tr-c chuyn y) (trng t)
d) Gold fish swimming round the bowl
(C vng bi quanh chu) (gii t)
Stop turning your head round to look at the girls
(ng quay li nhn cc c gi na) (trng t)
DONG TU
TONG QUAT
ng t l t ch mt hnh ng, mt s kin hoc mt trng thi . Cm ng t (Phrasal verb) l ng
t c gii t hoc ph t km theo mang mt ngha khc vi ngha thng th-ng .
V d :
- He translates a contract from Vietnamese into English
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Cch (Mood) cho bit rng hnh ng do ng t din t l chc chn, c tnh cch mnh lnh, phi ph
thuc mt iu kin no , ch-a chc chn hoc ch mi l mong -c m thi. Chng hn, Trc thuyt
cch (Indicative Mood) din t mt hnh ng , ang hoc s din ra trong hin thc. iu kin cch
(Conditional Mood) din t mt t-ng m vic thc hin cn phi ty thuc mt iu kin no . Gi
nh cch (Subjunctive Mood) din t hoc mt mong -c hoc mt tnh trng gi t-ng. Mnh lnh
cch (Imperative Mood) din t mt mnh lnh hoc mt li khuyn co.
V d :
- President Ho Chi Minh died in 1969 (Ch tch H Ch Minh t trn nm 1969)
- We are preparing for the university entrance examination (Chng ti ang chun b cho k thi
vo i hc)
- Tomorrow morning, he will not preside at the monthly meeting (Sng mai, ng ta s khng ch
tr cuc hp hng thng)
- Try hard to succeed and stop thinking about frivolities ! (Hy c gng ht mnh thnh cng
v ng ngh n nhng chuyn lng bng na !)
- She can stay at home if she likes (C ta c th nh nu c ta thch)
- If we had been there yesterday morning, he would have invited us to breakfast ( Nu sng
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Hnh thc
- Hnh thc khng nh (Affirmative Form) : Hoa is a programmer (Hoa l lp trnh vin), They go
shopping (H i mua sm), She smiled happily (C ta mm c-i sung s-ng).
- Hnh thc ph nh (Negative Form) : Hoa is not / isn't a programmer (Hoa khng phi l lp trnh
vin), They do not / don't go shopping (H khng i mua sm), She did not / didn't smile happily (C ta
khng mm c-i sung s-ng).
- Hnh thc nghi vn (Interrogative Form) : Is Hoa a programmer ? (Hoa c phi l lp trnh vin hay
khng?), Do they go shopping ? (H c i mua sm hay khng?), Did she smile happily ? (C ta c mm
c-i sung s-ng hay khng?).
- Hnh thc nghi vn ph nh (Negative Interrogative Form) : Thay v Is Hoa not a programmer ? (Hoa
khng phi l lp trnh vin hay sao?), Do they not go shopping ? (H khng i mua sm ch?) v Did
she not smile happily ? (C ta khng mm c-i sung s-ng sao?), ng-i ta th-ng vit Isn't Hoa a
programmer ?, Don't they go shopping ? v Didn't she smile happily ?
THI VA CACH CUA DONG TU
THI
THI HIEN TAI
Hnh thc
V d :
TO WORK
Xc nh
I work
You work
He/she/it works
We work
You work
They work
Ph nh
Nghi vn
Nghi vn ph nh
I don't work
Do I work?
Don't I work?
You don't work
Do you work
Don't you work?
He/she/it doesn't work Does he/she/it work? Doesn't he/she/it work?
We don't work
Do we work?
Don't we work?
You don't work
Do you work?
Don't you work?
They don't work
Do they work?
Don't they work?
Don't v Doesn't chnh l Do not v Does not. Chng hn, I do not work tnh l-c thnh I don't work,
hoc Do you not work? tnh l-c thnh Don't you work?
Th hin ti n gin c hnh thc ging nh- nguyn mu, ch khc mt iu l thm S ngi th ba s t
(He/She/It). Chng hn, To play --> She plays, To stand --> He stands, To smile --> She smiles.
Tuy nhin, phi thm ES nu ng t tn cng bng SS, CH, SH, X v O. Chng hn, To miss --> She
misses, To push --> He pushes, To clutch --> He clutches, To fix --> He fixes, To do --> She does, To go
--> It goes.
Cng ngi th ba s t, Y i thnh IES nu ng t tn cng bng ph m + Y. Chng hn, To bury -> It buries, To identify --> He identifies, To deny --> She denies. Tuy nhin, nu ng t tn cng bng
nguyn m + Y th thm S nh- bnh th-ng. Chng hn, To stay --> She stays, To pay --> He pays, To
obey --> He obeys.
Cng dng
Din t thi quen hoc n np.
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V d:
- I bath every night (Ti no ti cng tm)
- How often do the buses run? (Cch bao lu li c xe byt?)
- He always brushes his teeth after meals (Anh ta lun chi rng sau khi n)
- You never get up early (Chng bao gi cc anh dy sm c)
- We go to church twice a week (Chng ti i l hai ln mi tun)
- They often advise me to attend evening classes (H th-ng khuyn ti hc lp m)
Thay choHin ti lin tin ca cc ng t Like, Dislike, Detest, Fear, Respect, Loathe, Hate, Love,
Believe , Trust , Want , Wish , Desire , Know , Perceive, Notice , Understand , Forget , Remember ,
Recollect , Consist , Contain , Concern , Belong , Possess , Own , Owe , Concern , Matter , Appear (c
v), Look (c v), Seem (d-ng nh-), Smell (c mi), Taste (c v), Sound (c v), Mean (c ngha l),
Signify (c ngha l),See (hiu), Realize (hiu), Recognize (nhn thc), Hold (cha ng), Keep (tip
tc), Admire (khm phc)...
V d :
- I want to see him right now (Ti mun gp hn ngay by gi), ch khng ni I am wanting to see
Din t mt iu kin.
V d:
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TO WORK
Xc nh
I am working
You are working
He/she/it is working
We are working
You are working
They are working
Ph nh
I am not working
You are not working
He/she/it is not working
We are not working
You are not working
They are not working
Nghi vn
Nghi vn ph nh
Am I working?
Am I not working?
Are you working? Are you not working?
Is he/she/it working? Is he/she/it not working?
Are we working? Are we not working?
Are you working? Are you not working?
Are they working? Are they not working
I am working , He is working , They are working ... th-ng tnh l-c thnh I'm working , He's working,
They're working ...
I am not working , You are not working , He is not working ...th-ng tnh l-c thnh I'm not working ,
You're not working / You aren't working , He's not working / He isn't working ...
Am I not working? , Are you not working? , Is he not working? ... th-ng tnh l-c thnh Aren't I
working? , Aren't you working? , Isn't he working? ...
Cng dng
Din t mt t-ng lai tht gn. Chng hn, I am taking an oral examination tomorrow morning (Sng
mai, ti thi vn p), Are you doing anything this afternoon? (Anh c lm g chiu nay hay khng?)
Din t mt hnh ng lp i lp li theo thi quen. Chng hn, She is always wearing her jumper the
wrong way round (C ta lun mc o len nhm ng tr-c ra ng sau), You are always getting the
wrong number (Cc anh lun quay nhm s in thoi).
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I have worked , He has worked , They have worked ... th-ng tnh l-c thnh I've worked, He's worked,
They've worked.
I have not worked , He has not worked , They have not worked ... th-ng tnh l-c thnh I haven't
worked/I've not worked, He hasn't worked/He's not worked, They haven't worked/They've not worked ...
Have I not worked? , Has he not worked? , Have they not worked? (Nghi vn ph nh)... th-ng tnh
l-c thnh Haven't I worked?, Hasn't he worked?, Haven't they worked?
Cng dng
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- This tooth hasn't been filled for months (Rng ny my thng nay ch-a trm)
- I haven't seen my parents for ages/since January
(Lu qu/ T thng ging n nay, ti ch-a gp b m ti)
- Their youngest son joined up last year. They haven't heard from him since
(Con trai t ca h nhp ng nm ngoi. T n nay, h bt tin cu ta)
c bit
- I have never heard such nonsense (Ti ch-a bao gi nghe mt chuyn phi l nh- vy)
- Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense
(Sut i ti ch-a bao gi nghe mt chuyn phi l nh- vy)
- She has often invited me home (C ta vn th-ng mi ti n nh chi)
- This is the best film I have ever seen (y l b phim hay nht m ti tng xem)
- This is the first time they have visited the zoo
(y l ln u tin h tham quan v-n bch th)
- It is only the second time they have arrived in Hong Kong
(y ch l ln th hai h n Hng Kng)
- It is ten years since I have seen them (Ln sau cng ti gp h l cch y m-i nm)
THI HT HOAN THANH LIEN TIEN
Hnh thc
Hin ti hon thnh lin tin = Hin ti hon thnh ca TO BE + Hin ti phn t.
Xc nh: I have been working , He has been working ...
Ph nh: I have not / haven't been working, He has not / hasn't been working ...
Nghi vn: Have I been working? Has he been working? ...
Nghi vn ph nh: Have I not / Haven't I been working? , Has he not / Hasn't he been working? ...
Cng dng
Din t mt hnh ng xy ra v vn tip din n khi ta ni, hoc va mi hon tt khi ta ni.
V d :
- They have been waiting for hours and the policeman still hasn't opened the gate to let them out (H
ch my ting ng h v vin cnh st vn ch-a m cng cho h ra)
- I am too busy to make you a phone call. Have you been waiting long?
(Ti qu bn, nn khng in thoi cho anh -c. Anh i lu ch-a?)
- They have been working all week without a moment's leisure (H lm vic sut c tun, chng lc
no rnh ri)
i khi ng-i ta vn dng ng t Want v Wish Hin ti hon thnh lin tin. Chng hn, Thank you
very much for the gardening guide. I have been wanting it for ages (Rt cm n anh v quyn sch h-ng
dn lm v-n. Ti cn quyn y lu lm ri)
i vi ng t c qui tc, Qu kh n gin hnh thnh bng cch thm ed voNguyn mu khng c
To (hoc thm d nu nguyn mu tn cng bng e).
V d :
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Cng dng
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say r-u liu lnh phng xe ht tc lc gia dng xe c ng-c xui trong gi cao im. Kt qu l xe
hn tr-t bnh, lao ln va h v cn cht hai ng-i i b)
Trong cu iu kin loi 2.
V d :
- If you were expert in English and French, you would easily find a job as a translator in my company
(Nu anh thng tho ting Anh v ting Php, anh s d kim -c mt chn phin dch trong cng ty
ti)
- If someone volunteered to lend me money, I would try my best to become a billionaire
(Nu ai tnh nguyn cho ti m-n tin, ti s lm ht sc mnh tr thnh t ph)
I was not working , You were not working , He was not working ... th-ng tnh l-c thnh I wasn't
Cng dng
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- When I arrived, she was boiling eggs (Khi ti n, c ta ang luc trng)
- They burst out laughing while their father was speaking to me
(H c-i ph ln trong lc cha h ang ni chuyn vi ti)
Miu t qu kh.
V d :
- The girl was cooking in the kitchen. Her father was reading while her younger brother was revising
for the end-of-term test. Suddenly, there were shots and screams in the distance (C gi ang nu n
trong bp. Cha c ang c sch, trong khi em trai c ang n tp thi cui hc k. Bng c nhiu
ting sng v ting tht t xa vng li).
Thay choHin ti lin tin khi chuyn Li ni trc tip sang Li ni gin tip.
V d :
- He said, "I am writing to my siblings" (ng ta ni : "Ti ang vit th- cho anh ch em rut ca ti)
--> He said that he was writing to his siblings" (ng ta ni rng ng ta ang vit th- cho anh ch em
rut ca mnh).
- She said, "I am combing my hair" (C ta ni : "Ti ang chi tc") ---> She said that she
was combing her hair (C ta ni rng c ta ang chi tc)
Din t mt hnh ng lp i lp li trong qu kh.
V d :
- I was always working full-time (Ti lun lun lm vic trn ngy)
- He was always asking questions (N c hi hoi)
Cng dng
Khi hai hnh ng cng xy ra trong qu kh, ta dng Qu kh hon thnh cho hnh ng no xy ra
tr-c v Qu kh n gin cho hnh ng no xy ra sau.
V d :
- I met them after they had divorced each other (Ti gp h sau khi h ly d nhau)
- Lan said she had been chosen as a beauty queen two years before
(Lan ni rng tr-c hai nm, c ta tng -c chn lm hoa hu)
- I was anxious about these children's plight, because their mother had been consumptive for three
months (Ti i ngi cho hon cnh ng th-ng ca nhng a tr ny, v m chng mc bnh lao
phi ba thng ri)
- An idea occured to him that she herself had helped him very much in the everyday life
(Hn cht ngh ra rng chnh c ta gip hn rt nhiu trong cuc sng hng ngy)
- She wondered why you had referred to her unhappy childhood
(C ta khng hiu ti sao anh li nhc n thi th u bt hnh ca c ta)
- When I entered the dining-room, she had just finished washing the dishes
(Khi ti b-c vo phng n, c ta va mi ra bt a xong)
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- When the police reached the scene of the crime, the murderer had just killed himself with his own
high-powered rifle
(Khi cnh st n hin tr-ng, hung th va mi t st bng khu sng tr-ng cc mnh ca chnh
hn)
- No sooner had he returned from a long journey than he was ordered to pack his bags
(Anh ta mi i xa v th li -c lnh cun gi ra i)
Thay choHin ti hon thnh v Qu kh n gin khi chuynLi ni trc tip sangLi ni gin tip.
V d :
- He said, "I have worked in this company for years" (ng ta ni : "Ti lm vic cng ty ny
nhiu nm ri") ---> He said that he had worked in that company for years (ng ta ni rng ng ta
lm vic cng ty y nhiu nm ri)
- She said, "I left France five years ago" (C ta ni : "Ti ri n-c Php cch y nm nm") --->
She said that she had left France five years before (C ta ni rng c ta ri n-c Php tr-c nm
nm)
Trong cu iu kin loi 3. Chng hn, If I had met them early this morning, I would have given them a
lift to the town (Nu sng sm nay ti gp h, ti cho h i nh xe ra th trn)
Sau If only (th hin s hi tic) Chng hn, If only I had met them early this morning ! (Phi chi sng
sm nay ti gp h!).
Quan h gia Qu kh hon thnh lin tin v Qu kh hon thnh cng ging nh- quan h gia Hin
ti hon thnh lin tin vHin ti hon thnh .
V d :
- She was sluggish because she had been sitting up all night to watch the Olympics on TV
(C ta u oi v thc sut m xem i hi limpich th gii trn ti-vi)
- I had been trying hard not to laugh
(Ti c gng ht sc khng c-i to)
i khi ng-i ta vn dng ng t Want v Wish Qu kh hon thnh lin tin. Chng hn, I lent her
an encyclopedia of music. She had been wanting it for ages (Ti cho c ta m-n mt quyn t in bch
khoa v m nhc. C ta cn quyn y lu lm ri)
TUONG LAI
TUONG LAI DON GIAN
Hnh thc
T-ng lai n gin = Shall / Will + Nguyn mu khng c To
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Xc nh
Ph nh
I will/I'll work
I will not/I won't work
You will/You'll work
You will not/You won't work
He will/He'll work
He will not/He won't work
We will/We'll work
We will not/We won't work
You will/You'll work
You will not/You won't work
They will/They'll work
They will not/They won't work
Nghi vn
Shall I work?
Will you work?
Will he work?
Shall we work?
Will you work?
Will they work?
Nghi vn ph nh
Shall I not work?/Shan't I work?
Will you not work?/Won't you work?
Will he not work?/Won't he work?
Shall we not work?/Shan't we work?
Will you not work?/Won't you work?
Will they not work?/Won't they work?
Will thng dng hnShall , nh-ng khng trang trng bng Shall . Chng hn, I ensure that customers
shall receive a warm welcome from my company (Ti bo m khch hng s -c cng ty ti tip n
nng nhit), The coastal defences shall be personally inspected by Fleet Admiral (Cc tuyn phng th
b bin s do ch thn thy s- c kim tra), The private enterprises shall maintain their operations
until further notice (Cc doanh nghip t- nhn s duy tr hot ng ca mnh n khi c thng bo mi).
Shall I v Shall we dng m u li gi . Chng hn, Shall I come in? (Ti vo -c ch?), Shall
we go home? (Chng ta v nh nh?).
Cng dng
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TL LIEN TIEP
Hnh thc
T-ng lai lin tin = T-ng lai n gin ca To Be + Hin ti phn t.
Xc nh : I shall/will be working, We shall/will be working, He/she/it will be working ...
Ph nh : I shall not/shan't be working, I will not/won't be working, We shall not/shan't be working,
We will not/won't be working, He/she/it will not/won't be working ...
Nghi vn : Shall/will I be working?, Shall/will we be working?, Will he/she/it be working? ...
Nghi vn ph nh : Will you not be working?/Won't you be working?, Will they not be
working?/Won't they be working? ...
Cng dng
TL HOAN THANH
Hnh thc
T-ng lai hon thnh = Shall/Will + Nguyn mu hon thnh khng c To (i vi ngi 1) hoc Will +
Nguyn mu hon thnh khng c To (i vi ngi 2 v 3)
Xc nh : I will/I'll have worked (hoc I shall have worked), He will/He'll have worked, We will/We'll
have worked (hoc We shall have worked) ...
Ph nh : I will not/won't have worked (hoc I shall not/shan't have worked), He will not/won't have
worked, We will not/won't have worked (hoc We shall not/shan't have worked) ...
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Nghi vn : Shall I have worked? Will he have worked?Shall we have worked? ...
Nghi vn ph nh : Shall I not/Shan't I have worked? Will he not/Won't he have worked? Shall we
not/Shan't we have worked? ...
Cng dng
Din t mt hnh ng xy ra tr-c mt hnh ng khc trong t-ng lai. Th-ng th T-ng lai hon thnh i
km vi t ng ch thi gian nh- By then , By that time , By the end of the year ... chng hn.
V d :
- Early next week, we shall hold the marathon for the elderly. Regrettably, you will have left
Vietnam by then (u tun ti, chng ti s t chc cuc ua maratng cho ng-i cao tui. Tic l
n lc , cc anh ri khi Vit Nam ri)
- By the time this quotation reaches you, their company will have gone bankrupt (Lc anh nhn -c
bn bo gi ny cng l lc cng ty ca h b ph sn ri)
TL HOAN THANH LIEN TIEN
Hnh thc
T-ng lai hon thnh lin tin = Shall/Will have been + Hin ti phn t (i vi ngi 1) hoc Will have
been + Hin ti phn t (i vi ngi 2 v 3)
Cng dng
Quan h gia T-ng lai hon thnh lin tin v T-ng lai hon thnh cng ging nh- quan h gia Hin ti
hon thnh lin tin vHin ti hon thnh . T-ng lai hon thnh lin tin cng i km vi t ng ch thi
gian nh- By then , By that time , By the end of the year ... chng hn.
V d :
- By the end of this century, United Nations Organization will have been existing for 55 years (n
cui th k ny, T chc Lin hip quc tn ti -c 55 nm)
- They will move to Ho Chi Minh City next year. By that time, you will have been living in Ho Chi
Minh City for twenty-four years (Nm ti, h s dn v thnh ph H Ch Minh. n lc , anh
sng thnh ph H Ch Minh -c 24 nm)
DIEU KIEN CACH
HIEN TAI DIEU KIEN CACH
Hnh thc
Hin ti iu kin cch = Should/Would + Nguyn mu khng c To (i vi ngi 1) hoc Would + Nguyn
mu khng c To (i vi ngi 2 v 3)
Xc nh : I would/I'd work (hoc I should work), You would work/You'd work ...
Ph nh : I would not/wouldn't work (hoc I should not/shouldn't work), You would not/wouldn't work
...
Nghi vn : Would/Should I work? Would you work? ...
Nghi vn ph nh : Should I not/Shouldn't I work? Would you not/Wouldn't you work? ...
Cng dng
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Trong cu iu kin loi 2. Chng hn, If she turned up now, we would be very surprised (Nu by gi
c y xut hin, chng ti s rt ngc nhin).
Thay choT-ng lai n gin , khi ng t ca mnh chnh th qu kh.
V d :
- They assume that I shall/will applaud their audacious plan (H cho rng ti s tn thnh k hoch
to bo ca h) ---> They assumed that I should/would applaud their audacious plan.
- I expect that your business will get better results (Ti mong rng cng chuyn lm n ca anh s t
kt qu kh quan hn) ---> I expected that your business would get better results.
Trong cc cng dng c bit ca Should v Would .
V d :
- We should say our prayers before going to bed (Chng ta nn cu nguyn tr-c khi i ng)
- Children shouldn't imitate the adults' vices (Tr em khng nn bt ch-c thi h- tt xu ca ng-i
ln)
- You should have rised early to attend morning service (L ra anh phi dy sm d l sng)
- I should like to ask a favour of you (Ti mun nh anh mt vic)
- Why should he have the audacity to do it? (Sao n li c gan lm nh- vy nh?)
- Hoa was anxious that exam results should be announced as soon as possible (Hoa nng lng mong
cho kt qu thi -c cng b cng sm cng tt)
- He grown a beard in order that everyone should believe him to be old (ng ta ru mi ng-i
t-ng ng ta gi)
- Should you change your mind, please let us know at once (Nu c thay i kin, xin ng vui lng
bo cho chng ti bit ngay)
- Would you give this report a look-over to make suggestions? (Anh vui lng xem qua bn bo co
ny gp )
- Would you like some white coffee? (Anh dng t c ph sa nh?)
- That's just what he would say ( chnh l iu m c l anh ta s ni ra)
- He changed his password so that nobody would be able to access data on his computer (Anh ta i
mt khu khng ai truy cp -c d liu trn my ca anh ta)
QUA KHU DIEU KIEN CACH
Hnh thc
Hin ti iu kin cch = Should/Would + Nguyn mu hon thnh khng c To
Cng dng
Trong cc cng dng c bit ca Should v Would . Trong cu iu kin loi 3. Chng hn, If you had
arrived earlier, I would have introduced you to my director (Nu anh n sm hn, ti gii thiu anh
cho gim c ca ti).
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V d :
- I hope that he will have solved the problem before we get back (Ti hy vng anh ta s gii -c bi
ton tr-c khi chng ta tr li) ---> I hoped that he would have solved the problem
before we got back.
1/ V d v cu iu kin loi 1
c bit
- If he is poor, why does he own two adjacent houses?
(Nu anh ta ngho th ti sao anh ta c hai cn nh k nhau?)
- If it stops raining, I can drive faster
(Nu tri tnh m-a, ti c th li xe nhanh hn)
- If this staircase is slippery, she may take a false step
(Nu cu thang ny trn, c th b y s b tr-t chn)
- If you want to lose weight, eat less fat and take more exercise (Nu mun st cn, ch hy bt n cht
bo v tp th dc nhiu hn)
- If they are sleeping, I'll turn off the radio
(Nu h ang ng, ti s tt rai)
- If you have finished eating, I'll have the domestic clear the table (Nu anh n xong, ti s bo ng-i
gip vic dn bn)
2/ V d v cu iu kin loi 2
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- If I were their father, I would demand an apology from them (Nu ti l cha ca h, ti s bt h xin
li)
- If someone gave her a villa, she would use it as an orphanage (Nu ai cho c ta mt cn bit th, c
ta s dng cn bit th lm ni nui tr m ci)
c bit
- If you didn't love her, why did you pray for her speedy recovery from illness?
(Nu anh khng yu c ta th ti sao anh cu cho c ta mau khi bnh?)
- If someone knocked at the door, he said "Come in, please"
(Nu c ai g ca, ng ta th-ng ni "Mi vo")
- If I knew their address, I could correspond with them
(Nu ti bit a ch ca h, ti c th trao i th- t vi h)
3/ V d v cu iu kin loi 3
V hnh thc, mnh lnh cch ca ngi th hai ging nh- Nguyn mu khng c To.
V d :
- Hurry ! (Nhanh ln!)
- Shut up ! (Im i !)
- Wait for them ! (Hy i h!)
- Always clean your teeth before going to bed ! (Hy lun lun nh rng tr-c khi i ng)
- Never repeat it ! (ng bao gi nhc li iu !)
- Never tell lies (ng bao gi ni di)
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ngi th ba, mnh lnh cch = Let him / her / it / them + Nguyn mu khng c To . Tuy nhin, ph
nh, ta dng Is not / Are not to hoc Must not .
V d :
- Let him wait ! (Hy anh ta i y!)
- Let them come in ! (Hy h vo!)
- They must not come in / They are not to come in (H khng -c vo)
Do lm cho mnh lnh hoc li yu cu dt khot hn.
V d :
- Do shut up ! (Cm mm ngay!)
- Do stand aside ! (ng sang mt bn xem no!)
GIA DINH CACH
Hnh thc
Cng dng
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- It is important that he pay on time (iu quan trng l anh ta phi chi tr ng hn)
- He demands that he be told everything (Anh ta yu cu -c nghe k li mi chuyn)
Qu kh gi nh cch -c dng sau If , If only (th hin -c mun), As if / As though .
V d :
- If Ihad much money, I would make a round-the-world tour
(Nu ti c nhiu tin, ti s lm mt chuyn du lch vng quanh th gii)
- If only Iknew her phone number ! (Gi m ti bit s in thoi ca c y!)
- He shouted and jumped up and down as though he were crazy (N la ht v nhy cng ln nh- in
di)
Ph nh
I am not / I'm not
Nghi vn
Am I?
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Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are you?
Are they?
- Thay v You're not , We're not , He's not , They're not , ta c th vit You aren't, We aren't, He isn't, They
aren't
- Nghi vn ph nh l Am I not / Aren't I? Are you not / Aren't you? Is he not / Isn't he? ...
Th qu kh (Past Tense)
Xc nh
I was
You were
He/She/It was
We were
You were
They were
Ph nh
I was not/wasn't
You were not/weren't
He/She/It was not/wasn't
We were not/weren't
You were not/weren't
They were not/weren't
Nghi vn
Was I?
Were you?
Was he/she/it ?
Were we?
Were you?
Were they?
- Nghi vn ph nh l Was I not / Wasn't I? Were you not / Weren't you? Was he not /
Wasn't he? ...
Cng dng
Phi hp viHin ti phn t (Present Participle) to th lin tin. Chng hn, I am washing my face
(Ti ang ra mt), He was reading at that time (Lc y n ang c sch).
Phi hp vi Qu kh phn t (Past Participle) to dng th ng. Chng hn, That house was built
ten years ago (Ngi nh y -c xy cch y m-i nm), The victims are being taken to the emergency
ward (Cc nn nhn ang -c -a n khu cp cu), This experienced mechanic will be trained as a
mechanical engineer (Ng-i th my giu kinh nghim ny s -c o to thnh k s- c kh).
Th hin s cn thit. Chng hn, They are to stay here until further notice (H phi y n khi c
thng bo mi), You are to consult your lawyer before starting proceedings against your unreasonable
neighbour (Bn phi hi kin lut s- tr-c khi kin ng-i lng ging khng bit iu).
Th hin mt d nh, mt mc ch. Chng hn, Presidential candidates are to canvass the constituency
next week (Tun ti, cc ng c vin tng thng s i vn ng khu vc bu c), This testimonial is to
confirm that he has been chosen as dean of the faculty of law by common consent (Giy chng nhn ny
nhm xc nhn rng ng -c mi ng-i nht tr chn lm ch nhim khoa lut).
Th hin s gi nh. Chng hn, If I were to tell him that his parents deceived me, would he believe me
? (Nu ti ni vi hn rng b m hn la ti, liu hn c tin ti khng?).
HAVE
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Th hin ti (Present Tense)
Xc nh
I have/I've
You have/You've
He has/He's
She has/She's
It has/It's
We have/We've
You have/You've
They have/They've
Ph nh
I have not/haven't
You have not/haven't
He has not/hasn't
She has not/hasn't
It has not/hasn't
We have not/haven't
You have not/haven't
They have not/haven't
Nghi vn
Have I?
Have you?
Has he?
Has she?
Has it?
Have we?
Have you?
Have they?
- Thay v I haven't, You haven't, He hasn't, ta c th vit I've not, You've not, He's not ...
- Nghi vn ph nh l Have I not / Haven't I? Have you not / Haven't you? Has he not/Hasn't he? ...
- i vi th qu kh, Had / 'd l hnh thc khng nh cho tt c cc ngi & Had not / Hadn't l hnh
thc ph nh cho tt c cc ngi. Hnh thc nghi vn ph nh l Had I not / Hadn't I?, Had you not /
Hadn't you? ...
Cng dng
DO
Th hin ti (Present Tense)
Xc nh
I do
You do
He does
She does
It does
We do
You do
They do
Ph nh
I do not/don't
You do not/don't
He does not/doesn't
She does not/doesn't
It does not/doesn't
We do not/don't
You do not/don't
They do not/don't
Nghi vn
Do I?
Do you?
Does he?
Does she?
Does it?
Do we?
Do you?
Do they?
- Nghi vn ph nh l Do I not / Don't I? Do you not / Don't you? Does he not / Doesn't he? ...
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- i vi th qu kh, Did l hnh thc khng nh cho tt c cc ngi & Did not / Didn't l hnh thc ph
nh cho tt c cc ngi. Hnh thc nghi vn l Did he?, Did you?... , nghi vn ph nh l Did he not /
Didn't he?...
Cng dng
ng t khim khuyt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can &Could , May & Might , Must , Ought ,Shall &Should ,
Will & Would , Need , Dare , Used
DONH TU KHIEM KHUYET
ng t khim khuyt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can &Could , May & Might , Must , Ought ,Shall &Should ,
Will & Would , Need , Dare , Used
1/ c im :
- Khng c s ngi th ba s t. Chng hn, He must (Anh ta phi), She can (C ta c th).
- Khng c nguyn mu v phn t, nn cng khng dng th lin tin.
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- Theo sau ng t khim khuyt l Nguyn mu khng c To (ngoi tr Ought ). Chng hn, We should
/ must try our best (Chng ta nn/phi c gng ht sc mnh), nh-ng We ought to try our best (Chng ta
phi c gng ht sc mnh).
- Could, Might, Should v Would l cc hnh thc qu kh, nh-ng dng rt hn ch.
2/ V d minh ho :
- Can you speak Vietnamese ?
(Anh ni ting Vit Nam -c khng?)
- She cannot / can't swim faster
(C ta khng th bi nhanh hn)
- Can I smoke here?
(Ti ht thuc y -c khng ?)
- You can come with me, if you like
(Anh c th i vi ti, nu anh thch)
- We cannot / can't make a lot of noise at work
(Chng ta khng -c to ting ni lm vic)
- Can you help me with this door ?
(Anh c th gip ti m ca ny hay khng?)
- Hanoi can be rainy
( H Ni c th m-a nhiu)
- Couldn't we stand here for a moment ?
(Chng ta khng ng y chc lt -c sao?)
- Could I ask you a question?
(Ti hi anh mt cu -c khng ?)
- Don't worry - she could have just told you a joke
(ng lo - c l c y ch ni a vi anh thi)
- On arrival in France, I shall be in touch with your family
(Khi n Php, ti s lin lc vi gia nh anh)
- Shall we be there in time for the press conference?
(Chng ta s n kp bui hp bo hay khng?)
- Our company shall not / shan't be responsible for any damage caused by customers
(Cng ty chng ti s khng chu trch nhim v bt c thit hi no do khch hng gy ra)
- Tomorrow will be her birthday
(Ngy mai s l sinh nht ca c ta)
- She will never forget the horrific scenes after that flood
(C ta s khng bao gi qun -c nhng cnh t-ng hi hng sau trn lt y)
- Will you please come in ?
(Mi anh vo)
- Will you have a drink?
(Anh ung th g nh?)
- May I turn on the air-conditioner?
(Ti bt my lnh -c khng ?)
- You may turn on the air-conditioner if you wish
(Anh c th bt my lnh nu anh thch)
- Hoa may not cook today
(C th hm nay Hoa khng nu n)
- She may be cooking in the kitchen
(C th c y ang nu n trong bp)
- She may have forgotten to cook me my lunch
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- If he hadn't been somnolent, he would not / wouldn't have run over my dog
(Nu anh ta khng ng gt th khng cn phi con ch ca ti)
- Would you like some sugar in your tea? (Anh thch b t -ng vo tr hay khng?))
- We hoped that they would get better results
(Chng ti hy vng h s t -c kt qu kh quan hn)
- I dare say / daresay these students will fail in their law finals
(Ti dm chc rng cc sinh vin ny s tr-t k thi tt nghip ngnh lut)
- I dare not / daren't affirm it (Ti khng dm khng nh iu )
- Nobody dared sleep in a haunted house (Khng ai dm ng trong mt cn nh c ma)
- Daren't he appear in public? (ng ta khng dm xut hin gia cng chng hay sao?)
- How dare she leave the classroom without asking my permission !
(Sao c ta dm ra khi lp m khng xin php ti !)
- I wonder if they dare go home after midnight
(Ti khng r chng c dm v nh sau na m hay khng)
- Need you consult a doctor about your megrim?
(B c cn bc s khm v chng au na u hay khng?)
- You need not / needn't be in a hurry (Cc bn chng cn phi vi vng)
- You need not / needn't have been in such a hurry
(L ra cc bn khng cn phi vi vng nh- vy)
- Nobody need be anxious for me (Khng ai phi lo lng cho ti c)
- You used to drink beer, didn't you? (Tr-c kia anh th-ng ung bia, c phi khng?)
- I used to drink beer, now I prefer fresh pineapple juice
(Tr-c kia ti th-ng ung bia, nay ti li thch n-c da t-i hn)
- Used you to drink beer ?/ Did you use to drink beer ? (Tr-c kia anh c hay ung bia khng?)
- I used not / usedn't / didn't use to like alcoholic drinks (Ti vn khng -a thc ung c cn)
CAU HOI DUOI
- I'm short-listed, aren't I? (Ti -c vo danh sch vng trong, phi khng?)
- You were waiting outside at that time, weren't you?
(Lc y cc anh ang i bn ngoi, phi khng?)
- He was killed by a stray bullet, wasn't he?
(Hn cht v n lc, phi khng?)
- Hoa short-circuited the washing-machine, didn't she?
(Hoa lm cho my git b chp mch, phi khng?)
- You like American films, don't you?
(Anh thch phim M, phi khng?)
- We have lived here for more than five years, haven't we?
(Chng ta sng y hn nm nm, phi khng?)
- Lan was a typist, wasn't she?
(Lan l nhn vin nh my, phi khng?)
- You can speak Vietnamese, can't you?
(Anh ni -c ting Vit Nam, phi khng?)
- Everybody held him in high regard, didn't they?
(Mi ng-i u knh trng ng ta, phi khng?)
- Lan wasn't there, was she?
(Lan khng c , phi khng?)
- They didn't bid you good morning, did they?
(H khng cho anh, phi khng?)
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Cng dng
a) ng vai tr ch t. Chng hn, To go by plane is quicker and safer (i my bay th nhanh hn v an
ton hn), To obey the laws is everyone's duty (Tun th lut php l bn phn ca mi ng-i), To argue
with them appears useless (Tranh ci vi h c v v ch),To imitate them seemed unwise (Bt ch-c h l
di). Tuy nhin, It is quicker and safer to go by plane , It is everyone's duty to obey the laws , It appears
useless to argue with them v It seemed unwise to imitate them th thng dng hn.
b) ng vai tr b ng. Chng hn, Their mission was to destroy the enemy naval bases (Nhim v ca h
l ph hy cc cn c hi qun ca ch).
c) Sau cc ng t Agree , aim , appear , arrange , ask , attempt , bother , care (ph nh hoc nghi vn),
choose , claim , condescend , consent , decide , demand , determine, be determined , endeavour , fail ,
forget , guarantee , happen , hesitate, hope , know, learn , long , manage, neglect , offer , plan , be prepared,
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pretend , proceed , promise , prove , refuse, remember , resolve , seem , swear , tend , threaten , trouble ,
try , volunteer , vow , wonder .
V d :
- They arranged to meet at the riverside five-star hotel
(H tho thun gp nhau ti khch sn nm sao ven sng)
- She didn't bother/trouble to answer straightforwardly (B ta khng chu tr li thng thn)
- The boy asks to go swimming with his classmates (Cu b xin php i bi vi cc bn cng lp)
- Would you care to dance? (Anh thch khiu v hay khng?)
- The banker condescended to say hello to his poor neighbours yesterday morning
(Sng hm qua, ng ch ngn hng h mnh m cho nhng ng-i lng ging ngho kh)
- Soldiers were determined to fight till the last (Binh s quyt tm chin u n hi th cui cng)
- The strikers failed to reach a settlement with their employer
(Phe nh cng khng t -c mt tho thun vi ng ch)
- The employer threatened to dismiss anyone claiming a pay rise
(ng ch do sa thi bt c ng-i no i tng l-ng)
- They seem to be quarrelling about money matters
(D-ng nh- h ang ci nhau v chuyn tin nong)
- The girl pretended to be making herself up (C gi gi v ang trang trang im)
- I want to know how to use this device (Ti mun bit cch dng cch dng thit b ny)
- We are wondering whether to be angry with her or with her friends
(Chng ti phn vn khng bit nn gin c ta hay gin bn c ta)
d) Sau Assume , Believe , Consider , Deem , Know , Think (nht l dng th ng) .
V d :
- Everyone must assume her to be innocent until she is proved guilty of blackmail
(Mi ng-i phi xem c ta l v ti n khi no chng minh -c rng c ta phm ti tng tin)
- He is known to be a benevolent doctor (ng ta ni ting l mt bc s nhn hu)
- Smoking is known to be harmful (Ai cng bit ht thuc l c hi)
- The thieves were thought to be hiding in the wood-shed
(Bn trm b cho l ang trn trong kho ci)
- The four escapees are believed to have suffered shipwreck off Cape Horn
(Ng-i ta tin rng bn k v-t ngc b m tu ngoi khi mi Horn)
e) Sau Be about , be able, afford, do one's best , make an/every effort , make up one's mind , occur , set out,
take the trouble, turn out .
V d :
- They stayed at home because they couldn't afford to get tickets for the Cup Final
(H nh v khng tin mua v xem trn chung kt Cp v ch)
- They have made up their mind to join their family in Vietnam
(H quyt nh i on t vi gia nh ti Vit Nam)
- It never occurred to him to help anyone (Hn chng bao gi ny ra ngh gip ai)
- The director-general turned out to be one of my fellow countrymen
(Ho ra ng tng gim c l ng-i ng h-ng vi ti)
f) Sau Advise, allow , ask , beg , command , compel , enable, encourage , expect , forbid , force , implore ,
induce , instruct , invite , oblige , order , permit , persuade , remind , request , show , teach , tell , train , urge
, want , warn .
V d :
- I want you to go there with me (Ti mun anh i vi ti n )
- They asked Bill to finish his work as soon as possible
(H yu cu Bill hon thnh cng vic cng sm cng tt)
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- She always expects his husband to earn more and more money
(C ta lun mong chng mnh ngy cng kim -c nhiu tin hn)
- My parents taught me never to tell lies (B m ti dy ti khng bao gi -c ni di)
- Show us how to operate this machine-gun (Hy ch chng ti cch s dng khu sng my ny)
- Tell her to take medicine before bedtime (Hy bo b y ung thuc tr-c khi i ng)
g) Sau The first , the second , the last , the only hoc sau hnh thc so snh cc cp thay cho mnh
quan h.
V d :
- They are the first to leave all their money to charity
(H l nhng ng-i u tin li ton b tin bc cho cng cuc t thin)
- She was the only person in her village to study abroad
(C ta l ng-i duy nht trong lng i hc n-c ngoi)
- It is one of the best comedies to be performed last year
( l mt trong nhng hi kch hay nht -c din trong nm qua)
h) Sau cc tnh t Sorry, Anxious , Happy , Glad , Pleased , Ready , Proud , Ashamed , Afraid , Surprised ,
Sure , Reluctant , Unwilling ...
V d :
- The young soldier was reluctant to give us a lift to the provincial polyclinic
(Ng-i lnh tr min c-ng cho chng ti i nh xe n bnh vin a khoa tnh)
- We are very surprised to see such scoundrels in a so-called institution
(Chng ti rt ngc nhin khi thy nhng k cn nh- vy mt ni gi l c s t thin)
- He was proud to be a nobleman (Hn t ho l mnh thuc dng di qu tc)
- I am ashamed to criticize my colleagues (Ti ngi ph bnh bn ng nghip)
i) Sau Too + tnh t / ph t , Too + tnh t + a + danh t, Tnh t / Ph t + enough.
V d :
- He is too short to become a pilot (Hn qu thp, nn khng th lm phi cng)
- You speak too quickly for me to understand thoroughly
(Anh ni qu nhanh, nn ti khng hiu r)
- Bi was too numerate a pupil to succumb to such simple problems
(Bi l mt hc sinh qu gii ton, nn khng th chu thua nhng bi ton n gin nh- vy)
- This concrete bridge isn't strong enough to support heavy lorries
(Chic cu b tng ny khng vng chu -c xe ti nng)
- All athletes jumped high enough to reach the basket
(Tt c cc vn ng vin u nhy cao vi ti ci r)
j) Sau cc danh t Ability , ambition, anxiety , attempt , decision , demand , desire , determination ,
eagerness , effort , failure , offer , plan , promise , refusal , request , scheme , willingness , wish .
V d :
- Upstart officials often nurse their ambition to become the well-known statesmen
(Quan chc mi pht ln th-ng nui tham vng tr thnh chnh khch lng danh)
- I want to know the sanctions against the failure to comply with traffic regulations
(Ti mun bit bin php trng pht tr-ng hp khng tun th lut i -ng)
c bit
- Why did you take so much milk? - I had to [take so much milk]. I underwent an operation for
appendicitis five days ago (Sao anh ung sa nhiu vy? - Ti phi ung nhiu nh- vy. Ti m rut
tha cch y nm ngy).
- Would you like to join us for dinner? - Yes, I'd love to (join you for dinner) but I must go to school
right now (Ti rt mun, nh-ng ti phi i hc ngay by gi).
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- She wished to become a teacher but she wasn't able to (become a teacher)
(C y mun lm c gio, nh-ng khng thnh).
- I feel lonely and want someone to talk to (Ti cm thy c n v mun c ai ni chuyn)
- They need a cabinet to keep job applications in (H cn mt ci t ng h s xin vic)
- There wasn't a thing to eat (Chng c ci g n c)
- The main thing to remember is .... (iu ch yu cn nh l...)
- To be perfectly frank/ To be honest/ To tell the truth, you are no match for her in tae kwon do (Thc
tnh m ni, anh khng phi l i th ca c ta v Thi cc o)
- Thay v He intends to go to supermarket and to buy a dishwasher (Anh ta nh i siu th v nh
mua mt my ra bt a), ta vit He intends to go to supermarket and buy a dishwasher .
Nguyn mu khng c To
a) Sau Do & Do not , Did & Did not , Can & Cannot , Could & Could not , May & May not , Might &
Might not , Must & Must not, Shall &Shall not, Should & Should not , Will & Will not, Would & Would
not , Need & Need not , Dare & Dare not .
V d :
- Do say you'll help them ! (Hy ni rng anh s gip h!)
- They didn't go to church last week (Tun ri, h khng i l)
- She daren't answer my question (C ta khng dm tr li cu hi ca ti)
- You musn't interrupt me now (Anh khng -c ngt li ti lc ny)
b) Sau cc ng t Feel, See, Hear, Watch, Had better, Would rather, Would sooner, Let, Make, Have.
V d :
- I heard him knock at the door (Ti nghe hn g ca)
- Did you see her cross the road? (Anh c thy c ta bng qua -ng hay khng?)
- You'd better not tell lies (Anh ng ni di th hn)
- I'd rather work than sleep all day long
(Ti thch lm vic hn l ng sut ngy)
- He would sooner retire on a pension than take part in such scandalous business deals (ng ta nn v
ngh n l-ng h-u hn l tham gia vo nhng v lm n tai ting nh- vy)
- Let me know what you are doing (Hy cho ti bit cc anh ang lm g)
- Have your driver meet me at the airport
(Hy dn ti x ca anh n ti ti ti phi tr-ng)
- The delicious smell from the kitchen makes my mouth water
(Mi thm ngon t trong bp bay ra lm ti thm chy n-c di)
c bit
- The joiner helped me to unlock the bicycle (Bc th mc gip ti m kho chic xe p) = The
joiner helped me unlock the bicycle.
DANH DONG TU
Hnh thc
1/Danh ng t c hnh thc y ht nh- Hin ti phn t. Chng hn, When talking to this old man, you must
speak loudly (Khi ni chuyn vi ng lo ny, anh phi ni to).
2/Danh ng t hon thnh (Perfect Gerund) l danh ng t ch hnh ng trong qu kh. Chng hn,
"This lieutenant was suspected of having trafficked in drugs" (Vin trung y ny b nghi l bun ma ty).
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- What about having breakfast right now ? (Ta n sng ngay by gi ch?)
- Let's go to bed instead of watching TV (Chng ta hy i ng thay v xem TV)
- He stole bread without being caught red-handed
(Hn ly trm bnh m m khng h b bt qu tang)
2/Sau cc lin t When v While .
V d :
- When entering the bathroom, he caught a mouse nibbling the bar of soap
(Khi b-c vo bung tm, anh ta bt gp mt ch chut ang ra cc x phng)
- We ate while listening to the radio (Chng ti va n va nghe rai)
3/Sau cc cu trc It needs / requires / wants , It is worth, It's no use .
V d :
- This lock needs oiling ( kho ny cn -c tra du)
- Their tyres require inflating (Lp xe ca h cn -c bm phng)
- Garden plants want watering every morning (Cy king cn -c t-i mi bui sng)
- This dictionary is worth consulting (T in ny ng tham kho)
- It's no use crying over spilt milk (Ku ca cng chng -c g)
4/Sau Protest at , Care for, Give up, Leave off, Look forward to, Put off, Take to , Be used to, Be accustomed
to.
V d :
- She protested at sitting for a novice painter
(C ta phn i vic ngi lm mu cho mt ho s mi ra ngh)
- I don't care forworking as an unpaid servant (Ti chng mun lm y t khng cng).
- Let's try to give up smoking (Chng ta hy c gng b ht thuc)
- I look forward towinning a scholarship to the university (Ti rt mong -c cp hc bng vo i
hc)
- They are used tositting up for their drunken father (H quen thc khuya i ng b nt r-u)
5/Sau Can't help, Can't resist , Can't bear , Can't endure .
V d :
- I can't help laughing at the sight of the well-known comedians on stage
(Nhn thy cc danh hi trn sn khu, ti khng nhn c-i -c)
- They can't bear being short of money
(H khng chu -c cnh thiu tin)
- We can't resist thinking that she is your meal ticket
(Chng ti khng th khng ngh rng c ta nui anh)
- She can't endure seeing beggars wander about the streets
(C ta khng chu ni khi nhn thy nhng ng-i n xin lang thang ngoi ph)
6/Trong Accuse sb of doing sth (Kt ti ai lm iu g), Suspect sb of doing sth (Nghi ai lm iu g),
Dissuade sb from doing sth (Khuyn ai ng lm iu g), Stop sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g),
Keep sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g), Prevent sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g),
Discourage sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g), Restrain sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu
g), Deter sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g), Hinder sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g),
Save sb from doing sth (Cu cho ai khi b iu g), Bribe sb into doing sth (Hi l ai ng-i lm iu
g), Excuse sb for doing sth (Tha th cho ai lm iu g), Excuse oneself for doing sth (Xin li v lm
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iu g), Resign oneself to doing sth (nh phi lm iu g), Involve sb in doing sth (Li ko ai lm iu
g), Forgive sb for doing sth (Tha th cho ai lm iu g), Pardon sb for doing sth (Tha th cho ai lm
iu g), Reproach sb for doing sth (Trch ai lm iu g), Congratulate sb on doing sth (Khen ai lm
iu g), Praise sb for doing sth (Khen ai lm iu g), Reward sb for doing sth (Th-ng cho ai lm
iu g),Thank sb for doing sth (Cm n ai lm iu g) ...
V d :
- They accused me of inciting prisoners against the jailer (H kt ti ti l xi gic cc t nhn chng
li cai ngc).
- Who can dissuade him from smoking ? (Ai c th khuyn anh ta ng ht thuc?)
- The teacher reproaches some schoolgirls for neglecting their studies (Thy gio trch mt vi n
sinh l sao lng vic hc hnh).
- The police rewarded them fordiscovering the smugglers' shelter (Cnh st th-ng cng h tm ra
ni n nu ca bn bun lu).
- As everyone in the seminar spoke English, she resigned herself to speaking English
(V mi ng-i trong cuc hi tho u ni ting Anh, c ta nh ni ting Anh)
7/Sau cc ng t Admit (Tha nhn), Imagine (T-ng t-ng), Anticipate (D tnh), Avoid (Trnh),
Consider (Cn nhc), Defer (Hon), Delay (Tr hon), Deny (Ph nhn), Detest (Ght), Loathe (Ght),
Dislike (Khng thch), Dread (Kinh s), Enjoy (Thch), Escape (Trnh khi), Feel like (mun), Finish
(Hon tt), Keep (Tip tc), Mind (phn i), Postpone (Tr hon), Practise (Tp luyn), Propose (D
nh), Recollect (Nh li), Remember (Nh li), Risk (C nguy c), Stop (Ng-ng), Suggest ( ngh).
V d :
- The treasurer admits having embezzled the pension fund (Ng-i th qu th nhn l bin th qu
l-ng h-u)
- The boy imagined straying into the fairyland and talking to a fairy (Cu b t-ng t-ng mnh lc
vo chn thn tin v ni chuyn vi mt v tin)
- He was considering buying a car on hire-purchase (Hn ang cn nhc vic mua tr gp mt chic
xe hi)
- He feels like going to church (Anh ta mun i l)
- They practised driving lorries at night (H tp li xe ti ban m)
- The old man recollectedtaking medicine after dinner (ng lo nh l ung thuc sau ba n ti)
- I rememberwriting to them (Ti nh l vit th- cho h)
- Their dilapidated house risks collapsing in the rainy season (Ngi nh xiu vo ca h c nguy c b
sp trong ma m-a)
- Stoptalking nonsense ! (ng ni by na!)
- They suggested celebrating Christmas (H ngh n mng N-en)
- We enjoy reading ghost stories (Chng ti thch c truyn ma)
- I proposed congratulating them on their wedding anniversary (Ti nh chc mng h nhn k nim
ngy c-i ca h)
8/So snh hai cu "She insisted on opening the door " (C ta khng khng i m ca) v "She insisted on
me/my opening the door " (C ta khng khng i ti m ca), ta thy cu 2 khc vi cu 1 do c s hin
din ca i t nhn x-ng Me hoc tnh t s hu My . Cc ng t Contemplate , Dislike , Dread , Fancy ,
Involve , Like (ph nh), Mind , Object (to),Remember , Resent , Save , Stop , Tolerate , Understand ,
Approve (of), Disapprove (of) c th dng vi mt trong hai hoc c hai cu trc nh- vy.
V d :
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Hnh thc
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- As we believed that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the conversation
(V tin rng anh ta gii ting an Mch, c hai chng ti u ni ting an Mch trong bui chuyn
tr) = Believing that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the conversation
(Tin rng anh ta gii ting an Mch, c hai chng ti u ni ting an Mch trong bui chuyn tr).
c bit
Khng nht thit mnh chnh v mnh ph ch nguyn nhn phi thuc cng mt ch t. Chng
hn, Since the weather is nice, we decide to go shopping (Do thi tit tt, chng ti quyt nh i mua
sm) = The weather being nice, we decide to go shopping (Do thi tit tt, chng ti quyt nh i mua
sm).
QUA KHU PHAN TU
Hnh thc
i vi ng t c quy tc, Qu kh phn t hnh thnh bng cch thm ed vo nguyn mu (hoc thm d
nu nguyn mu tn cng bng e).
V d :
Start + ed ---> Started
Help + ed ---> Helped
Breathe + d ---> Breathed
Pledge + d ---> Pledged
i vi ng t bt quy tc, xin xem Ph lc .
Qu kh phn t c th theo sau Not ch mt ph nh. Chng hn, This is a subject not dealt with
in the recent discussions (y l mt ti khng -c cp trong cc cuc tho lun gn y).
Cng dng
1. ng vai tr Tnh t ch phm cht v th-ng mang ngha b ng.
V d:
- An injured leg (Mt ci chn b th-ng)
- Stolen money (Tin b nh cp)
- Lost property ( c b tht lc)
- Restricted development (S pht trin c gii hn)
2. To Th hon thnh (Perfect Tense).
V d:
- I have lived here for three years
(Ti sng y ba nm)
- He left home after his mother had turned off the lights
(N ra khi nh sau khi m n tt n)
- I should have invited them home
(L ra ti mi h n nh chi)
3. To Dng th ng (Passive Voice).
V d :
- Their trip was delayed by a traffic jam
(Chuyn i ca h b tr do mt v tc nghn giao thng)
- This bag is used to contain paddy
(Ci bao ny -c dng ng thc)
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My father bought these two houses in 1972 (Cha ti mua hai cn nh ny nm 1972) l mt cu thuc Dng
ch ng (Active voice), v chnh ch t My father thc hin hnh ng mua . Cu ny i sang Dng th
ng (Passive voice) thnh These two houses were bought by my father in 1972 (Hai cn nh ny -c cha
ti mua nm 1972). Ch t My father trong cu th nht th ch ng. ( Mua ), cn ch t These two
houses trong cu th hai th b ng (-c mua ). Trong cu th nht, My father l ch t, These two
houses l tc t. Do cu ny i sang Dng th ng, tc t These two houses tr thnh ch t, cn ch t
My father by gi tr thnh tc t (theo sau gii t By ). Bought trong cu th nht l ng t Buy ngi
th ba s t, Qu kh n gin. Were bought trong cu th hai l ng t Buy ngi th ba s nhiu (v ch
t by gi l These two houses ), Qu kh n gin v Dng th ng. Vy, cu trc ca cu thuc Dng th
ng l Ch t + ng t To Be + Qu kh phn t.
Chng hn,These trees are planted in South America (Cc cy ny -c trng ti Nam M) hoc The streets
will be swept every day (-ng ph s -c qut dn mi ngy).
L-u
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V d minh ho
1) You may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't park your car there (Anh -c php/c th
/phi/nn/nn/chng cn xe ) ---> Your car may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't be
parked there (Xe ca anh -c php/c th/phi/nn/ nn/chng cn ).
2) She should have / needn't have parked her car in the car-park (L ra c ta nn/chng cn xe
trong bi xe) ---> Her car should have / needn't have been parked in the car-park (L ra xe ca c
ta nn/chng cn trong bi xe)
3) Someone offered him a cigarettes (Ai mi hn mt iu thuc) ---> He was offered a
cigarette (Hn -c mi mt iu thuc).
4) The boy gave the girl a bouquet of roses hoc The boy gave a bouquet of roses to the girl (Ng-i
con trai tng ng-i con gi mt b hoa hng) ---> The girl was given a bouquet of roses by the boy
(Ng-i con gi -c ng-i con trai tng mt b hoa hng) hoc The bouquet of roses was given to
the girl by the boy (B hoa hng -c ng-i con trai tng ng-i con gi).
5) Thay v The pane of glass was broken ( ca knh b v), ta c th ni The pane of glass got
broken .
6) Thay v One sells these English - Chinese dictionaries everywhere (Ng-i ta bn nhng t in
Anh - Hoa ny khp ni), ta nn ni These English - Chinese dictionaries are sold everywhere
(Nhng t in Anh - Hoa ny -c bn khp ni).
7) Thay v People use English all over the world (Ng-i ta s dng ting Anh trn khp th gii), ta
nn ni English is used all over the world (Ting Anh -c s dng trn khp th gii).
8) My secretary will deal with this application (Ng-i th- k ca ti s gii quyt n ny) ---> This
application will be dealt with by my secretary (n ny s -c ng-i th- k ca ti gii quyt).
9) Last night, a lorry ran over a street-sweeper (m qua, mt chic xe ti cn mt ng-i qut
-ng) ---> Last night, a street-sweeper was run over by a lorry (m qua, mt ng-i qut -ng
b mt chic xe ti cn phi).
10) They told me that.... (Ng-i ta ni vi ti rng ...) ---> I was told that ... (Ti nghe ni rng ...).
11) His answer is acknowledged to be true (Cu tr li ca anh ta -c tha nhn l ng)
12) She is presumed to be innocent until she is proved guilty
(C ta -c suy on l v ti n khi no ng-i ta chng minh -c rng c ta c ti)
13) This fortune-teller was believed to be a swindler (G thy bi ny b cho l la o)
14) His age is estimated to be about 50 (Tui ca ng ta -c -c tnh l khong 50)
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15) This billionaire was thought to be one of the richest men in Africa (Nh t ph ny -c cho l
mt trong nhng ng-i giu nht chu Phi)
16) Visitors are kindly requested not to smoke in the pagoda ( ngh khch tham quan khng ht
thuc trong cha)
17) You're supposed to keep it carefully (Bn phi gi ci tht k 18) It was widely supposed to
have been lost during the tempest (Ci b mi ng-i cho l tht lc trong cn bo)
19) Their family is supposed to be living abroad (Gia nh h -c cho l ang sng n-c ngoi)
20) It was said that he was crazy about football (Ng-i ta ni rng hn si m bng ) hoc He was
said to be crazy about football (Hn b ni l si m bng ).
LOI NOI GIAN TIEP
Li ni trc tip (Direct Speech) l nguyn vn li pht biu ca mt ng-i. Chng hn, He says : " I shall
be a programmer." (Anh ta ni : "Ti s l lp trnh vin"). Ri mt ng-i khc nghe -c li ni ny v
thut li; li thut li chnh l Li ni gin tip (Indirect Speech hoc Reported Speech). By gi, cu trn y
i thnhHe says that he will be a programmer (Anh ta ni rng anh ta s l lp trnh vin). ng t says
trong cu He says that he will be a programmer gi l ng t t-ng thut (Reporting verb); mnh chnh
trong cu ny l He says v mnh ph l that he will be a programmer . Li ni trc tip lun nm gia
hai du ngoc kp, nh-ng i sang li ni gin tip th hai du ngoc kp khng cn na. Ngoi ra, cn xc
nh xem li ni trc tip l cu k, cu hi hoc cu mnh lnh.
NHUNG DIEU LUU Y
Nu ng t t-ng thut Th hin ti n gin (Simple Present), Th hin ti hon thnh (Present
Perfect) hoc Th t-ng lai n gin (Simple Future), ng t trong li ni trc tip Th no t ng t
ca mnh ph Th ny.
V d :
- She says : "They are waiting outside" (C ta ni : "H ang i bn ngoi") ---> She says that they
are waiting outside (C ta ni rng h ang i bn ngoi).
- She has just said : "They are waiting outside" (C ta va mi ni : "H ang i bn ngoi") ---> She
has just said that they are waiting outside (C ta va mi ni rng h ang i bn ngoi).
- She will say : "They are waiting outside" (C ta s ni : "H ang i bn ngoi") --->She will say
that they are waiting outside (C ta s ni rng h ang i bn ngoi).
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c bit
i vi s tht hin nhin khng bao gi thay i, ng t trong li ni trc tip Th no t ng t ca
mnh ph Th ny. Chng hn, He said, "The earth revolves round the sun" (Anh ta ni : "Qu t
quay quanh mt tri") ---> He said that the earth revolves round the sun (Anh ta ni rng qu t quay
quanh mt tri).
3/ Bin i t ng khi chuyn sang Li ni gin tip
Trc tip
Gin tip
Today (Hm nay)
That day (Hm )
Yesterday (Hm qua)
The day before (Hm tr-c )
The day before yesterday (Hm kia) Two days before (Hai hm tr-c )
Tomorrow (Ngy mai)
The next day / The following day (Hm sau)
The day after tomorrow (Ngy mt) Two days later (Hai hm sau)
This morning (Sng nay)
That morning (Sng hm y)
This afternoon (Chiu nay)
That afternoon (Chiu hm y)
Tonight (m nay)
That night (m y)
Yesterday morning (Sng hm qua) The morning before / The previous morning (Sng hm tr-c )
Yesterday afternoon (Chiu hm qua)
The afternoon before / The previous afternoon (Chiu hm tr-c
)
Last night (m hm qua)
The night before / The previous night (m tr-c )
Last Saturday (Th by va qua)
The Saturday before / The previous Saturday (Th by tr-c )
Next Saturday (Th by ti)
The next Saturday (Th by sau )
Last week (Tun ri)
The previous week (Tun tr-c)
Last year (Nm ri)
The previous year (Nm tr-c)
A year ago (Cch y mt nm)
A year before (Tr-c mt nm)
Next week (Tun ti)
The following week (Tun sau )
Next year (Nm ti)
The following year (Nm sau )
Nowadays (Thi nay)
In those days (Thi y)
Now (By gi)
Then (Khi y), At that time (Khi y)
Ago (Tr-c y)
Before, earlier (Tr-c )
Here ( y)
There ( )
This (...ny)
That (... y)
These (Nhng...ny)
Those (Nhng ... y)
I (Ti)
He / She (Anh ta/c ta)
We (Chng ti)
They (H)
My (... ca ti)
His / Her (...ca anh ta/... ca c ta)
Our (... ca chng ti)
Their (... ca h)
Shall
Should (nu ng t t-ng thut Th qu kh)
Will
Would (ng t Th qu kh)
Can (C th)
Could
May (C th)
Might
Must (Phi)
Must, Had to
V d :
- " Many Italian tourists will come here tomorrow ", said the hotel manager (Gim c khch sn ni
: "Ngy mai, nhiu du khch s n y") ---> The hotel manager said that many Italian tourists
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would come there the following day (Gim c khch sn ni rng hm sau, nhiu du khch s n
).
- "I finished reading this story-book the day before yesterday", he said (Anh ta ni : "Hm kia, ti
c xong quyn truyn ny ") ---> He said that he had finished reading that story-book two days
before (Anh ta ni rng anh ta c xong quyn truyn y hai hm tr-c ).
c bit
- My vn l My v I vn l I , nu ng-i ni t thut li ca mnh. Chng hn, I said : "I lost
my key yesterday" (Ti ni : "Hm qua ti mt cha kho") ---> I said that I had lost my key the
day before (Ti ni rng hm tr-c ti mt cha kho). T-ng t, Our vn l Our v We vn
l We , nu ng-i ni t thut li ca mnh. Chng hn, We said : "We shall meet our family at
the airport " (Chng ti ni : "Chng ti s n gia nh chng ti ti sn bay") ---> We said that
we should meet our family at the airport (Chng ti ni rng chng ti s n gia nh chng ti
ti sn bay).
- Nu li ni trc tip v li thut li -c pht ra cng mt ngy th khi cn i t ng v thi
gian nh- trn. Chng hn, This morning, she said : "I'll go to church today" (Sng nay, c ta ni :
"Hm nay, ti s i nh th ")---> This morning, she said that she would go to church today (Sng
nay, c ta ni rng hm nay c ta s i l)
TUONG THUAT CAU HOI CAU MENH LENH
Chuyn t cu hi trc tip sang cu hi gin tip
Thng th-ng, cu hi bt u bng cc t Who , What , How , When , Where hocWhy , ng thi c s
o ng-c ch t (tr phiWho v What l ch t ca cu hi). Nu chuyn sang cu hi gin tip th
khng o ng-c ch t na v cng khng cn du hi na. Ngoi ra, phi l-u nhng im cn thay
i cho ph hp.
V d :
- " Who are they speaking to?", she asked (C ta hi : "H ang ni chuyn vi ai vy?") ----> She
asked who they were speaking to (C ta hi h ang ni chuyn vi ai).
- " Who phoned me up yesterday morning?", he inquired (Hn hi : " Ai gi in thoi cho ti sng
hm qua?") ---> He inquired who had phoned him up the previous morning (Hn hi ai gi in
thoi cho hn sng hm tr-c ).
- " What happened last night?", he wondered (Hn thc mc : "iu g xy ra m qua?") ---> He
wondered what had happened the night before (Hn thc mc khng bit iu g xy ra m tr-c
).
ng t t-ng thut l Say th phi i thnh Ask , Inquire , Wonder hoc Want to know ...
V d :
- " What is the weather like?", she said to me (C ta bo ti : "Thi tit th no?") ---> She asked
me what the weather was like (C ta hi ti thi tit th no)
- " What shall I do first, mother?", he said (Hn ni : "M i, con s lm g tr-c tin?") ---> He asked
his mother what he should do first (Hn hi m hn xem s lm g tr-c tin).
- " When will they help me?", she said (C ta ni : "Khi no h s gip ti?") ---> She inquired
when they would help her (C ta hi khi no h s gip c ta).
Nu cu hi trc tip khng bt u bng Who , What , How , When , Where hocWhy , cu hi gin
tip s bt u bng If hoc Whether .
V d :
- " Are you Hoa?", I said to her (Ti bo c ta : "C l Hoa phi khng?") ---> I asked her if she was
Hoa (Ti hi c ta xem c ta c phi l Hoa hay khng).
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- "Can you speak French?", she said to me (C ta bo ti : "Anh ni -c ting Php hay khng?") --> She asked me if / whether I could speak French (C ta hi ti ni -c ting Php hay khng).
- "Did anybody see me?", he said to me (Hn bo ti : "C ai nhn thy ti hay khng?") ---> He
asked me if / whether anybody had seen him (Hn hi ti c ai nhn thy hn hay khng).
- "Mary, are there many people in this room?", they said (H bo : "Mary, c nhiu ng-i trong phng
ny hay khng?") ---> They asked Mary if / whether there were many people in that room (H hi
Mary xem c nhiu ng-i trong phng hay khng).
c bit
T-ng t, ta cng i -c cu cm thn trc tip thnh cu cm thn gin tip.
V d :
- "How well she sings!", they said (H ni : "C ta ht hay qu ! ") ---> They exclaimed that she sang
very well (H tht ln rng c ta ht hay qu).
- "What a picturesque garden! ", she said (C ta ni : "Khu v-n tht th mng! ") ---> She exclaimed
that it was a picturesque garden (C ta tht ln rng ng l mt khu v-n th mng).
Chuyn t cu mnh lnh trc tip sangcu mnh lnh gin tip
ng t t-ng thut th-ng dng l Tell (bo) , Ask (yu cu) , Advise (khuyn), Warn (cn dn),
Order (Ra lnh), Remind (Nhc) ...
V d :
- "Open the door! ", he said to the doorkeeper (ng ta bo ng-i gc ca : "M ca ra !") ---> He told /
ordered the doorkeeper to open the door (ng ta bo/ra lnh cho ng-i gc ca m ca ra).
- "Don't make any spelling mistake!", they said to the examinees (H bo cc th sinh : "ng vit sai
chnh t! ") ---> They asked / advised the examinees not to make any spelling mistake (H yu
cu/khuyn cc th sinh ng vit sai chnh t).
- "Don't forget to feed the dogs! ", Ann said to the servant (Ann bo ng-i gip vic : "ng qun cho
ch n nh!") ---> Ann reminded the servant to feed the dogs (Ann nhc ng-i gip vic cho ch n).
- "Lan, drive carefully! ", I said (Ti ni : "Lan, hy li xe cn thn!") ---> I told / warned Lan to drive
carefully (Ti bo/cn dn Lan li xe cn thn).
LIEN TU
TONG QUAN E LT
L mt loi t khng bin i, Lin t c cng dng :
a) Ni hai t cng mt chc nng trong mt mnh
b) Ni hai mnh cng mt chc nng trong mt cu, hoc hai cu ring bit nhau
c) Ni mnh ph (Subordinate Clause) vi mnh chnh (Main Clause) trong mt cu
Lin t trong tr-ng hp a v b l Lin t kt hp (Co-ordinating Conjunction), chng hn nh- And , Or
, But , Yet , Still , However , Therefore , Nevertheless , Neither ... nor , Not only... but also , Both ... and ,
So , Otherwise ... Lin t trong tr-ng hpc l Lin t ph thuc (Subordinating Conjunction), chng hn
nh- That , Because , For , So that , If , When , After , Unless , Provided that , Though ...
VD VE LIEN TU KET HOP
1) I live with my brothers and sisters
(Ti sng vi anh ti v ch ti)
2) She came in and sat down
(C ta i vo v ngi xung)
3) This restaurant serves cheap but excellent food
(Nh hng ny phc v thc n r nh-ng ngon tuyt)
4) My father likes traditional music, but my mother doesn't
(Cha ti thch m nhc c truyn, nh-ng m ti th khng)
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V d:
Step + ing = Stepping
Split + ing = Splitting
Run + er = Runner
Gun + er = Gunner
Shop + ing = Shopping
Tuy nhin, nu ph m cui l w, x hoc y th khng gp i ph m nh- trn.
V d:
Bow + ed = Bowed
Bay + ing = Baying
Box + ing = Boxing
b) i vi t hai hoc ba m tit m m tit cui l mt ph m + mt nguyn m + mt ph m (nht l khi
trng m ri vo m tit cui), ta cng gp i ph m cui.
V d:
Admit + ed = Admitted
Begin + er = Beginner
Recur + ing = Recurring
Refer + ed = Referred
Occur +ed = Occurred
Handicap + ed = Handicapped
Worship + ed = Worshipped
Nh-ng
Murmur --->Murmuring , Murmured
Shelter ---> Sheltered , Sheltering
Utter ---> Uttered , Uttering
Answer + ing = Answered , Answering
Limit ---> Limited, Limiting
Budget ---> Budgeting
Focus + ed ---> Focussed hoc Focused
Bias + ed ---> Biassed hoc Biased
c) i vi t tn cng bng mt nguyn m (hoc hai nguyn m c ri nhau) + l, ta cng gp i l.
V d:
Appal + ed = Appalled
Cruel + ly = Cruelly
Fuel + ing = Fuelling
Signal + er = Signaller
i khi ng-i M vit Modeler , Labeling , Traveler , Funneling , Signaler , Duelist , Fueling ... Tuy nhin,
h vn gp i l khi trng m ri vo m tit cui, chng hn nh- Repel + ed = Repelled , Rebel + ing =
Rebelling .
2) T tn cng bng e
a) i vi t tn cng bng mt ph m + e, ta b e khi thm hu t vo.
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V d:
Use +able = Usable
Move + able = Movable
Remove + er = Remover
Love + er = Lover
Strike + er = Striker
Thrive +ing = Thriving
Nh-ng
Dye + ing = Dyeing
Singe + ing = Singeing
Age + ing = Ageing hoc Aging
b) E khng mt i khi hu t bt u bng mt ph m.
V d:
Manage + ment = Management
Infringe + ment = Infringement
Deliberate + ly = Deliberately
Polite + ly = Politely
Spite + ful = Spiteful
Peace + ful = Peaceful
Forgive + ness = Forgiveness
Nh-ng
Probable + ly = Probably
Visible + ly = Visibly
Argue + ment = Argument
Due + ly = Duly
True + ly = Truly
Whole + ly = Wholly
Judge + ment = Judgement hoc Judgment
c) i vi t tn cng bng ee, ta cng khng b ee khi thm hu t.
V d:
Disagree ---> Disagreed , Disagreeing , Disagreement , Disagreeable
Free ---> Freed , Freeing , Freedom , Freeman
d) i vi t tn cng bng ge, ta cng khng b e khi thm hu t ous.
V d:
Courage + ous = Courageous
Outrage + ous = Outrageous
e) i vi t tn cng bng ge hoc ce, ta cng khng b e khi thm hu t able.
V d:
Enforce + able = Enforceable
Service + able = Serviceable
Knowledge + able = Knowledgeable
Manage + able = Manageable
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3) T tn cng bng y
a) i vi t tn cng bng mt ph m + y , ta i y thnh i khi thm hu t vo (ngoi tr hu t ing).
V d:
Carry + er = Carrier , nh-ng Carry + ing = Carrying
Hurry + ed = Hurried , nh-ng Hurry + ing = Hurrying
Lucky + ly = Luckily
Worthy + ly = Worthily
b) i vi t tn cng bng mt nguyn m + y, y vn l y.
V d:
Grey + ed = Greyed , Grey + ish = Greyish
Pay + able = Payable , Pay + ment = Payment
4) S khc bit v chnh t gia ting Anh v ting M
a) Our ca Anh tr thnh or ca M.
Chng hn,
Neighbour ---> Neighbor, Favour ---> Favor,
Labour ---> Labor, Colour ---> Color.
b) Gue tr thnh g.
Chng hn:
Dialogue ---> Dialog, Catalogue ---> Catalog,
Monologue ---> Monolog, Epilogue ---> Epilog.
c) Re tr thnh er.
Chng hn:
Theatre ---> Theater, Centre ---> Center.
Calibre ---> Caliber.
d) Vi tr-ng hp ce tr thnh se.
Chng hn:
Defence ---> Defense, Offence ---> Offense,
Licence ---> License.
T y, suy ra nhng tr-ng hp nh-:
Tyre ---> Tire, Cheque ---> Check,
Aluminium ---> Aluminum, Aeroplane ---> Airplane.
e) i khi mt s vt -c din t bng hai t khc nhau.
Anh
M
Autumn
Fall
Bonnet
Hood
Current account
Checking account
Flat
Apartment
Full stop
Period
Lift
Elevator
Pavement
Sidewalk
Saloon
Sedan
Timetable
Schedule
Toilet
Bathroom, Rest-room
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Subway
Ngoi ra, phi k n nhng t d b ln ln nh-: Affect - Effect , Except - Accept , Fare - Fair ,For - Four ,
Formally - Formerly , Passed - Past , Peace - Piece , Principal - Principle ,Stationary - Stationery ...
5) Thn t (Interjection)
Thn t l t hoc cm t dng nh- mt t cm thn. Chng hn, Oh ! (!), Hurray ! (Hoan h!), Alas
! (Than i !), For goodness sake ! (V Cha!), Cheers ! (Chc sc kho ! & Tm bit nh !), Sorry ! (Xin
li !), Please ... (Xin vui lng ...), Nonsense ! (By no!) ...
CAU VA MENH DE PHU
Cu (Sentence)
Theo ngha th c 4 loi cu :
1) Cu k (Declarative Sentence). Chng hn, I'm this girl's elder brother (Ti l anh ca c gi ny), She
doesn't know how to use microcomputers (C ta khng bit cch s dng my vi tnh).
2) Cu hi (Interrogative Sentence). Chng hn, Who are you ? (Anh l ai?), Does he like martial arts ?
(Anh ta c thch v thut hay khng?), What time is it ? (My gi ri?).
3) Cu mnh lnh (Imperative Sentence). Chng hn, Go away ! (Hy ct i !), Don't forget to lock the
door ! (ng qun kho ca nh !).
4) Cu cm thn (Exclamatory Sentence). Chng hn, What a good idea ! (Tht l mt kin hay !), What
beautiful flowers he has ! (Anh ta c nhng bng hoa p bit bao !) How lovely she is ! (C y c duyn
lm sao !), How he snores ! (N ngy sao m to th !), How fast he runs ! (N chy nhanh tht !).
Theo hnh thc th c 3 loi cu :
1) Cu n (Simple Sentence) l cu c vn vn mt mnh . Chng hn, I tell them to stand up (Ti bo
h ng dy), He was late for school (N i hc tr), How old are you ? (Anh bao nhiu tui?), Never go out
in the rain ! (ng bao gi i ra ngoi m-a), How chubby the child is ! (a b sao m mm mm th !).
2) Cu kp (Compound Sentence) l cu gm hai hoc nhiu mnh c lp ni vi nhau bng lin t And,
Or, But ... Chng hn, He went to the movies, but his younger sister didn't (N i xem chiu bng, nh-ng em
gi n th khng); She doesn't like John and neither do I (C ta khng thch John v ti cng vy).
3) Cu phc (Complex sentence) l cu c mt mnh chnh v mt hoc nhiu mnh ph. Chng hn,
I want to know with whom he comes here and why he has no money (Ti mun bit hn n y vi ai v ti
sao hn khng c tin). y mnh chnh l I want to know , hai mnh ph l With whom he comes
here v Why he has no money (hai mnh ph ny ni vi nhau bng lin t And).
Mnh (Clause)
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Mnh kt hp (Co-ordinate clause) l mt trong hai hoc mt trong nhiu mnh c lp vi nhau;
cc mnh ny ni vi nhau bng lin t kt hp (Co-ordinating Conjunction). Chng hn, He ate bread
and drank orangeade (Anh ta n bnh m v ung n-c cam).
Mnh chnh (Main Clause) l mnh m cc mnh khc trong cu phi ph thuc vo.
Mnh ph (Subordinate Clause) l mnh ph thuc mnh chnh v th-ng bt u bng mt lin
t hoc mt i t quan h. Chng hn, trong cu If it rains, we shall stay at home (Nu tri m-a, chng
ti s nh), Mnh chnh l We shall stay at home , Mnh ph l If it rains. Trong cu I want to
meet the girl who spoke to you this morning (Ti mun gp c gi ni chuyn vi anh sng nay), Mnh
chnh l I want to meet the girl , Mnh ph l Who spoke to you this morning
Mnh c tnh cht danh t (Noun Clause). Chng hn, That they are married is known to very few
people (Vic h ly nhau rt t ng-i bit), Tom said that he would become a world-famous lawyer (Tom
ni rng anh ta s tr thnh mt lut s- ni ting khp th gii), They were anxious that you hadn't
phoned (H lo lng v vic anh khng gi in thoi), I didn' t know whether I should laugh or cry (Ti
chng bit nn c-i hay khc), I want to know why you behaved towards them in this way (Ti mun
bit ti sao anh i x vi h nh- vy), Let me know where you lived last year (Hy cho ti bit nm
ngoi anh sng u).
Mnh c tnh cht ph t (Adverbial Clause). Chng hn, I like Hoa because she is always sincere
(Ti thch Hoa v c ta lun chn tht), I've known him since he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel (Ti
bit ng ta t khi ng ta -c thng ln trung t), War breaks out easily wherever there is hunger and
poverty (Chin tranh d bng n ni no c cnh i ngho), Do it exactly as I've shown you (Hy
lm ng nh- ti ch ), I'll shoot if you don't step backwards (Nu anh khng li li, ti s bn).
Mnh c tnh cht tnh t (Adjectival Clause). Chng hn, I don't like the restaurant where they will
throw a house-warming party (Ti chng thch nh hng ni h s t chc tic mng tn gia), I have
some recollection of the first day when my son went to school (Ti cn nh li i cht v ngy u
tin con trai ti i hc).
Mnh quan h (Relative Clause). Chng hn, The woman who phoned me last night wants to buy
my house (Ng-i n b gi in thoi cho ti m qua mun mua cn nh ca ti), The boy whose
father is on the phone has a very beautiful toy (Cu b m b ang ni chuyn in thoi c mt mn
chi rt p), Here are the newspapers that I read last week (y l nhng t bo m tun ri ti c).
Hin ti v
nguyn mu
Abide
Arise
Awake
Be
Bear
Beat
Become
Befall
Beget
Begin
Behold
Bend
Qu kh n
Abode
Arose
Qu kh
phn t
Ngha
Abode
Tn ti ; Tr ng
Arisen
Xut hin, pht sinh
Awoke/Awaked
Awoken/Awaked
Thc dy
Was/Were
Been
Th ; L
Bore
Born/borne
Mang ; Chu ng ; Sinh ra
Beat
Beaten
nh p; nh bi
Became
Become
Tr nn
Befell
Befallen
Xy n, xy ra
Begot
Begotten
Sinh ra, gy ra
Began
Begun
Bt u
Beheld
Beheld
Ngm nhn
Bent
Bent
Ci gp; B cong
Bereaved
Besought
Betted/Bet
Bade
Bid
Bound
Bit
Bled
Blew
Broke
Bred
Brought
Broadcast
Built
Burned/burnt
Burst
Bought
Cast
Caught
Chid
Chose
Clove/Cleft
Clung
Clothed/Clad
Came
Cost
Crept
Crowed/Crew
Cut
Dealt
Dug
Did
Drew
Dreamed/Dreamt
Drank
Drove
Dwelled/Dwelt
Ate
Fell
Fed
Felt
Fought
Found
Fled
Flung
Flew
Forbore
Forbade
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Bereaved/Bereft
Besought
Betted/Bet
Bidden
Bid
Bound
Bitten
Bled
Blown
Broken
Bred
Brought
Broadcast
Built
Burned/burnt
Burst
Bought
Cast
Caught
Chidden
Chosen
Cloven/Cleft
Clung
Clothed/Clad
Come
Cost
Crept
Crowed
Cut
Dealt
Dug
Done
Drawn
Dreamed/Dreamt
Drunk
Driven
Dwelled/Dwelt
Eaten
Fallen
Fed
Felt
Fought
Found
Fled
Flung
Flown
Forborne
Forbidden
Lm mt, ly i
Cu khn, ni xin
C, c-c
t gi; Ra lnh
Cng b
Tri, buc
Cn, cu x
Chy mu
m; Thi
Lm v
Nui; Nhn ging; Dy d
Mang
Pht thanh; Gieo rc
Xy dng
t chy
Bng chy ; N tung
Mua
Ling, nm
Bt -c
La mng
Chn la
Ch
Bm vo
Mc qun o cho
n, ti
Tr gi
B
G, gy
Ct
X l; Giao thip
o
Lm
V; Ko
M mng
Ung
Li xe
C- tr
n
Ri, t xung
Cho n, cung cp
Cm thy
nh nhau
Tm thy
Chy trn
Nm; Lao nhanh
Bay
Nhn; Chu ng
Cm on
Forgot
Forgave
Forsook
Froze
Got
Gilded/Gilt
Girded/Girt
Gave
Went
Ground
Grew
Hanged/Hung
Had
Heard
Hewed
Hid
Hit
Held
Hurt
Kept
Knelt
Knitted/Knit
Knew
Laid
Led
Leaned/Leant
Leaped/Leapt
Learned/Learnt
Left
Lent
Let
Lay
Lighted/Lit
Lost
Made
Meant
Met
Mowed
Paid
Put
Read
Rent
Rid
Rode
Rang
Rose
Ran
Sawed
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Forgotten
Forgiven
Forsaken
Frozen
Got/Gotten
Gilded/Gilt
Girded/Girt
Given
Gone
Ground
Grown
Hanged/Hung
Had
Heard
Hewed/Hewn
Hidden
Hit
Held
Hurt
Kept
Knelt
Knitted/Knit
Known
Laid
Led
Leaned/Leant
Leaped/Leapt
Learned/Learnt
Left
Lent
Let
Lain
Lighted/Lit
Lost
Made
Meant
Met
Mowed/Mown
Paid
Put
Read
Rent
Rid
Ridden
Rung
Risen
Run
Sawed/Sawn
Qun
Tha th
B ri; T b
ng lnh
t -c
M vng
eo, tht
Cho
i
Nghin, xay
Trng; Ln ln
Treo; Treo c
C
Nghe
Cht, gt, o
Che giu; n np
Thc ; ng
Cm gi
Lm au
Gi
Qu gi
an; Kt cht
Bit
t ,
Dn dt
Da, ta
Nhy
Hc
Ri khi
Cho m-n
cho
Nm
Thp sng
nh mt
Lm, to nn
C ngha l
Gp
Ct, xn
Tr tin
t,
c
X
Tng i, vt b
C-i (nga, xe)
Reo (chung)
ng ln; Mc ln
Chy
C-a
Said
Saw
Sought
Sold
Sent
Set
Sewed
Shook
Sheared
Shed
Shone
Shoed/Shod
Shot
Showed
Shrank
Shut
Sang
Sank
Sat
Slew
Slept
Slid
Slung
Slunk
Slit
Smelled/Smelt
Smote
Sowed
Spoke
Speeded/Sped
Spelled/Spelt
Spent
Spilled/Spilt
Spun
Spat
Split
Spoiled/Spoilt
Spread
Sprang
Stood
Stole
Stuck
Stung
Stank/Stunk
Strewed
Strode
Struck
Strung
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Said
Seen
Sought
Sold
Sent
Set
Sewed/Sewn
Shaken
Sheared/Shorn
Shed
Shone
Shoed/Shod
Shot
Showed/Shown
Shrunk
Shut
Sung
Sunk
Sat
Slain
Slept
Slid
Slung
Slunk
Slit
Smelled/Smelt
Smitten
Sowed/Sown
Spoken
Speeded/Sped
Spelled/Spelt
Spent
Spilled/Spilt
Spun
Spat
Split
Spoiled/Spoilt
Spread
Sprung
Stood
Stolen
Stuck
Stung
Stunk
Strewed/Strewn
Stridden
Struck
Strung
Ni
Thy
Tm kim
Bn
Gi i
Xp t
May, khu
Lc, lay ng
Ct, gt
trn, chy
Chiu sng
Bt st
Bn
Ch cho thy
Co li, rt li
ng li
Ht
Chm, m (tu)
Ngi
Git
Ng
Tr-t i, l-t i
Nm, ling
i ln
Ch, rc
Ngi
p v
Gieo ht
Ni
Tng tc
nh vn
Tiu xi
Trn ra,
Ko si
Khc nh
Ch
Lm h- hng
Lan truyn
Pht ra, ny ln
ng
n cp
Gn, dn
Chm, t
Xng mi thi
Vi, rc
Si b-c
nh
Ct, buc
Strove
Swore
Swept
Swelled
Swam
Swung
Took
Taught
Tore
Told
Thought
Thrived/Throve
Threw
Thrust
Trod
Understood
Undertook
Wore
Wove
Wept
Wetted/Wet
Won
Wound
Wrung
Wrote
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Striven
Sworn
Swept
Swelled/Swollen
Swum
Swung
Taken
Taught
Torn
Told
Thought
Thrived/Thriven
Thrown
Thrust
Trodden/Trod
Understood
Undertaken
Worn
Woven
Wept
Wetted/Wet
Won
Wound
Wrung
Written
C gng, phn u
Th
Qut
S-ng ln, phng ln
Bi li
nh u
Ly
Dy
X rch
K, ni
Suy ngh
Thnh v-ng, pht trin
Nm, ling
y, n mnh
B-c ln, gim ln
Hiu
Cam kt
Mc, bn, eo
Dt
Khc
Lm -t
Thng; t -c
Vn
Vt, bp
Vit