Αξελός Κωστας - Ο Ηράκλειτος Και η Φιλοσοφία

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E:!ANTAI:
Cl Les editions de Minuit, 1962

Cl E~civm~. 1974/1986
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K. Mlll?S. E+tiiu:eba. rov Pi)vou, 14-7-1842
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ANAZHTQNTAI TON HPAKAEITO
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Jtou bEV 0~ TTJ"V t6al;t: xm otTJ Otxfi tou J\oyu.:~ (3). 0 AtVL"V tov avayoQEilEL xattQa tou ba.aAt:xnxoU uAmoU (4).
0 KlQXYXWQ wtoxaAt:l tov t:aut6 tou a9t)Tfi tou HQO.xAt:LtOU, XL 0 Nitot: ltlm:E6EL 3tW~ 0 x6oo~. Ecfl6oov aLWvLw~ xeuCtl;t:tm TTJ"V aAfi0ua, mwvlw~ 6a xeuO:l;nm xm
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tj>tJ.oa&pov, liv6pa!>' elvm (D. 35).
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41U.0Aoyla xm HO..l.vd:fJEta wtmtloUv TTfV t1xoOofi 6vo
Tf)S lhxfii; ai; JtQOOJt6.0Elai; Jt0\.11] i:QEUV6: TIJS Elvm atQa.tvri JtQOS Tf)V xam'.10\JVCJT] TIJS 1PtJ..oaoqnxfg Ha('OIJO{am'J'
Xl Ep'fjviaq, Jtotl 0a yi:vouv tQ61t0 mw0Exnx6, TIJS
oxt~i; tov HQO.KAt:nov, Xl 6xl XQOS TI)" xatEU0vvOT) TIJS
AEJttO.EQt:laxfic; <!11.Ao).oylxfic; XQmxfic; twv xnivwv xm
twv aeniQlcinr (). To XElt:VO tOV HQO.xA.Enov JtOV txEl
(")Ito 61&.io lOI> Herachlus, lhe to<;m1c fr~gmcnls (Cambndge, 19~). o

G.S. Kirk, E<j>a.QOtov"toc; n; uinell{>m><i; wffMou; TIJ<; wt61.1>lTJ~ Ml au1,nxvumxojc; <111Aol.oy1oc;. wt<>wiirm WT{1 m 110 :fE(>illOI> UltOOluioJlom 1m
H~>6.>U.u1011 bt><O.ltfv<E "'"'' 'loo'>xtllm Y"' tu'"" "'IJlllV1l><6 lO 4 (yi.o 111.m>u~ l.6youc;) 10 II (ym 1.El;ll.oy1xo nino "'"'' oX1:ti~OV<o1 >ll JI' aiJ.o
fUIOOJIGoJl.010 EJIEIOI) 0 Kirk JllOlaiU mo; 0 He<<x1.u1o.; bE y1v61ov VO"'
OHPAKAEITOl:KAIH<l>IAOl:OM\
21
$t"Cton 0 m; (vm cutooitaoanx6 xm 'l CllQ6. nou

fyouv Ta cutomtCtoat"a OE'V dvm, yta ouotaatlxoiir; Myour;, ata0Qii: ni 01.ICJXhl.CJTI t"WV wtoonao{tt"wv nou
xcivou~. vtlt"Qbcou ato xa0tva va $0.rt(!;l t"O 6.:llo,
yla va 1tQCtoou~ n:6. CITI')V Q'lvda wur;. dE'V unCtQXEl
anCtll.axni xwlhxono('lClfl t"WV wtoonao{tt"wv, oewnxij wur; t"a!;lv6'1Clfl xm Otiit"a!;TJ. H aQl0'lml Tour; dvm
xl"Vfl xou bmvav Ol D1els-Kranz (Fragmente der Vosocratiker,
x0. 1956).
H Qflvla xou O(vou~ OE'V n:oQl nae6. va !;flt"6. va
6QL t"T]V E'V6"tff"ta, fo' cut' t"T]V 1toA.ubQlX6t"T]t"a t"WV V01J-
a.,,
'fla o.a xa.UlOTij1' t101oviav, 1n t~ E:mbi) autiti; 01 YQCl1111iti;

11016.!;ouv1&1lf{lil.1)VllllOU4'fu;ixtq11.W'l't0VA1110"<0"t0..1))"t037(n>;lla-
A~ou
l,l(lllayl\, llOU mutUov Oi:v t,:E m1&6a""8ei, tou cut00116op.aroi:; 13) to

49a (mubi) cmi ~ tou E(V<ll d.Qx"'1a aqxaixO 111 Oe ou~Ei 11"
6.UF.s 6ta6r6aW.wms mu H~11ou) 10 66(rtouOi:v~d1a1lla110vO:xct i,i.ta cut" to ll(lio11a 11.ai; xe101wv1><~!: EoXato).oy{ai;) to 71 ><Cll to 73
(ll~ ... TOU MQe><ou Auqi\Mou E11""UOl.lhE!: cut" to W'I \) TO 76
(0111111tltoooa ><00xiltou cut 36n:ou 61vuo.aet01)m:ovatea.oollo(os
OE 6ct EiXE xo.111 OlO ltOOjlO)J:iy1x6 oi><rni11ct lOU H~11ou) TO
(11"<Clyrvt0lf{l1) vid;f(IY(Wla lOU W'I 36) to 89 (mu6~ lO v61)1UJ lOU oUiravn. nou 1lllm1Eitm y.a ni ~'I KOO,.e. ea 1\tav abUvato va ullftext
TT)v mOJ:I\ 1tF.VT), 'flari 'I~ autl\ bt OT)p.aivu ax6jw n:aq(a tva oe'fm.LI
11tvo6i.o,poat'1;T))"to IOS(V1Etb1\'1~~0TJ11aivtLaotQO
v6~) TO \06 (E(llJ.TJVF.(a tOU 1lll 57 aV"f).T)jl.tvi] cut' TOV n),oirtaqxo) TO
112 (xolvOnoln] 1l<IQ6.WOTJ OE 111a 'llltxo)J:iy1><~ y).Wooo TOU Sou ctu.lrvct,
'" viwtov mubi) o 6eo<; 4'6m; 6 iuroed va t,:E axOi.ia to v61')11a tou
<j>oollW\iJtOOiwu)"tol13><Clltoli6(rto(>W'lo11)oE1S1lll il4)><CllT~
to125a(llouELVctL1lll~imwfli+">'ill"'ayeviO"tEQO) Hjd9obo<;au11\
Oi:vdvm1Uvoiie.a 11YQ).a11Lipnanii;aexm6tl')tai;(K!'.pvawt'tov '0llT){M> xo.1 to 9oultlbWlt, yecun6. wu n>..mwva ><m tou Ae10tott>.11J 8ao
efi&ipiav ~6" 11'1 au9rvux6. Yllol:w;ouv 15t6m.a ><illEVa 11'1 aullevtut6.,
ll(>btE 6flll>'i va xatayyt>.ovtm 11 llQOOOXI'). 01 ocuto6E~E1~, 6oo F.lllOtT)ll""'><h;, 9nuL.ts, ax{nlSeis ""' LOtOeuds"' av 96.ouv va dvm, 6i:v :-urraAfiyouv n:ott OE llLa ISF.6aif>nita, ><UL llE t1) otiqo:i toui; C<VCUQ06v'tm XL audi; Tct ,.Una QU1Wv T'-"" 11.).6).oy""' 151.brouv llavtoi> ll<l(IQXaq6.xTEi;, TO
v6tt11 611111<; TlllV XtLlltvlllV llOU xrun:<lvE 6no to ISl.bouv 'Et(ll., >ill( 11 n:ou
6FV ..atW..alSa(vouv, yLvFtm xmvOnon:o "' av<.90 ),.Oyou 1:10 6Q8QO TOu
A~. ammvia. ayWm;. 66) xa1 qi.wr1a urov HgdxM1ro (4'1Aoooq>iw~
11"16E"""'Oll I.' J. 1957, oEi. 289-299) o Kirk t,:Et xatct<l>fQEt vet xatcrvol\
OEI TOV HeQ..U.ELT<! 11" tvav 1.iy6tEQO ctvalvnx6 tQ{mo 0 A~. 'I a!j,'1110v(a, o ayti:lvai;. o 8t6:; ><ctl 'I .p.o-.16 avtLp"1111J1l!;ovm1 aav ..v' uvijxot>v a'
ha ><UL 110va61x6 6i.o, yuot( to OUt6 Oi:v EiVaL to <"taV16ol')jiO
22
KQ:ET Al: AE:EAOl:
6.twv To (blO wt6cmaoa ;toQOU. va to EQV'f)VEUOQU E buuf>oQTlxoU<; tQ6l'toui; xwgli; va KaTu$tgouE va

t!;avtAT')ooue m v&).6: 'totl ogu:mxo1Cou0vtai; m ta yw
l't6.vm to xci0E a:n6oJtuoa Ex,Et 'tO Ou1.6 'tOtl v&rja (av
xm to v6T]a aut6 0\' Elvm Jto'tt au"t6voo fin Xl E!;n-
butEutvo), nou lkv &ltlXQmE( l'taQCt .Ovo cno 6a06 nou
evtCtoon:m O'TIJV oA6rrrm TT)<; TJQtlElTnttii; oxt1f'Tli;. Ilgtnn Aout6v 'tO x6.0E wt6aJtaoa va auaxtlttm Ta l'taQE$tQ1'i
wtomt6.oa"ta xm
'tO
oUvoAo TWV a.n:ocma-
oCnwv. 'EXEl wcrt6ao T] EQT]Vtla l'tQ001t'UKt<; a.m:gi.6gt
crtE<; ywl oUn xm lJ EQT]vU.onxfi bou.leiir. dvm ogtcntxl}.

Iw wtoamioatu texovrm va 1tQOCJ'tE0oUv Ol OO!;oyga$txEi; agtug(E<; nou wtoTdoUv noAUnoui; a)J.' a6t6moui; 6.QTtlQE<; TT)<; EQT]VE(ai;.
'Etcn bwygCt$nm lJ f:0oboi; TT)<; JtQOOJtO..am]i; ai; xm

0a Af:tmuQ"'f1'1ot1. ( allQ xm 0a Omuaatd) o' 6ATJ TT) ygafi mu 6t6A(ou. H e0oMi; ai; dvm EQWLllanxfi 1u qygCupnm CJE xWtma 1CA.alola 61Cou 0a imoeoUoav va ylvovtm my6:-my6: !;nt6:0aga m 0EJ..wa xm m !;1Ctgaoa nic; $LAooO<f>ac; TJ oxttpTJ 1COu E'\j)uXWvEl aun] ni t0obo 0a EitAaxE( a' 64c; nc; bi..aouioEtc; nic; T]gax4lnxtjc; axttpTJc;, OTI') buicnaCJT] mu A6yov xm 'tOU K6oov,
nic; fl6At1) xm nic; 'Vv.vi), VW 'tau't6xeova 0a 1CQ001Ca0El
va T]V !;c,cv6:El xa0Wc; 0a XQOXWQE( n:wc; au'ttc; m bi..acnCr.CJEl!; bV SXwgLtouv OUCJTI]!Kmx6: T] la wt' niv Cr.ill] mpoU 64c; xouv nc; gltEc; muc; cno lblO xWa. TT]V EQT]vE(a 'tOU HgO:xA.tuou n]V xO:voue yla 'tOV Hg6.x41.m xm
yla ac; touc; (bl.OU!;' bE y(vnm va un:Ctg!;El a0T]anx6:
avtumV1.xtj EQYao(a 1COU aaxoAEhm .E 'tholO u4x6 'to
xaAUugo Aout6v Eivm va txH xavElc; OUVElbT]'tol'tou}oEl
n:wc; 01. t0obm 1Cou XQTIOlOl'tOlEl Elvm E1'1CAacnEc; . 0 cnoxaon)c; n:ou eA.noUe bV 1Cl'tQbtEt la 1CtCJTI].ovtxtj EQT]vE(a Alyo fi 1COAU 6n1.xun1.xfi. Au't6 bE CJT]a(vEl n:wc;
n:gbtEl v' avol!;ou.E nc; 1C6Q'tE!; ota 1Caga).T]Q1'iet'ta 1COtl
'tOV taXElQitovtm oav 1Cg6q>a.OT) . 0 cn6xoc; bEV Elvm va
!;avaOgoUe aut6 1COU E.Elc; txoue l'tgo&iAEl l'tir.vw otov
Hgir.:ilit'to, all6: n:gtl.na v' avaxaAU'\j)ou.E aut6 n:ou
n:gay.cmxCr. un:CtQXEl EXEl toa, yi..a va nogtoou.E nO:
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H <l>IAOIO<l>IA
23
va o0TJY'l00U wi; ni; tayViatQti; avwt.U!;ni; nou

xouv yi:vn XCtl ltOU yEVVoUv auvexWi; xalvOUQla EQWn\a
ta. fla va to x6.vout aut6, ai; tlvat wtaQaltr)tr) Tl tAni:ba: t6.v fi fi..Jtltal, O:vti..n:latOV oUx t!;ruefion, O:vt!;t
QtUVT)tov Urv xal lvtoQOv {wt. 18). nwi; crulloylt6tv0l
aut6v nou trclv&rJot tr) U!;ti 'lA.OOo'oi;, tov 6.v0QW1tO nou
EyQa'ljlt: Til JtilVTa 6t olaxi!;u KE1;mvv6i; (wt. 64), nWi; 0a
:rtOQfooue va !;avanoay6.yout to XQauvo66Ao Xt
XQT1Xttx6 at0txtlo atov x6oo tr)i; it.Aoooitxfii; oxbjrrJi;;
To axEOtciyi;iaci. ai;: 6Tav eAE'toUt ta xtleva tou
HQ6.xAnTOu, 6Abcoue va axlJcnltavtat bt6.$0Qa oUvoAa wt6 oxt'ljlni; nou X$Q6.toVtat wtoomioata nou
to Eva CJtT)QltE'tat n6.vw ato Qllo aut6. Ta f.lQtX6. oUvoAa VciwOVtat X6.QTJ CJtO 6a0U bto6 1t0U Ta XQOT6.t o'
1taqriJ t TO xtvtQO toui; 6vo ioa CJtT) ouvoAtxfi V6tr)ta un6.gxouv xat 6vov aun't ta x6:vtt va u:n:ciexouv. Mtoa ato 'Q).o, ).o1.11:6v, un6.gxouv O$ai:Qti;, auTii; 6wi;
0t O$ai:Qti; X$Q6.touv to 'O).o. H wt6Autr) V6tr)Ta tlvat Tl oAtxfi oxbjrrJ TOU HQ6.xAEUOU 1tOU, .toa CJtT)V 1t6ATJ
twv av0QW:n:wv, txci>Q6.tn, t tr) yMmoa, TO V y(yvto0m
tlvat TOu .I'V.iravtoi;. To 6t6Alo tx,n i:Qta fQlJ. :ETO n!?filTO (nou Exn Eva 6vo xt<j>6).at0), 1tQOOTCa0oUe v' avacmJooue tr)V ll>ta tr) OQ4ni tou HQ6.ilittou foa ata
nAalota tr)i; tatOQtxfii; E1tOX']i; TOui;. To OeVTE!;>O tpo,
wtoi:dtitat wt6 :n:tvtt i:fiata nou i:o xa0tva TOui;
JtQOOTCa0tl va }..eti)ott ta wt' ni; ty6.Ati; btaatCtotti;
(nou, E1taval.a66.vou, tlvat a!;exWQtcrtti; Tl ta wt' tr)V
O:.UlJ) tr)i; lJQCUtAetttxfii; oxbjrrJi;. To 1tQWTO Xt'6.Aat0 TOU
itQWTOu tftaTOi; aaxoAeltat tr) boft tr)i; TJQ<ttlttttXfti;
EKX(VT)OlJI;'., tr) 6tal.XttXft TO bdJtQO aVtXVUl tr)V
XlVT)OlJ TOU AOyou 1t0U yl'.VE'tat yvWOlJ XCtl ltOU OblJyt( CJtT)V
aylutlJ nii; ooilai; xm nii; al.ft0nai;. To 1tQW't'o xt$aAat0
TOu 6MQOU tftaTOi; xai:wtt6.vE'tat tr)V xoooAoy(a
aun't xa0eaun't, Xat to 6tU"CQO 6taatauQWV"Cat tr)
0t6tr)ta :n:ou ti:vm Tl '4JUxft i:ou xoolxoU ylyvto0m. To
"CQitO i:'fta 1tQvcil cm'JV t!;i:aOTJ tr)i; 0QlJOXEU"ClXi)i;, ;[0
Amxfti; xm TJ0txfii; at&OlJi; tou HQ6.:xAf:tTOu (nQWto, 6n\TQO Xat tQho xt<l>&ato). To thapto tfia Extt yta xt-
KOU Al: A:=:EAOl:
24
vtQo tou "tOV aveQwJto, TT) !;.wtj 'tOU, TT) o(Qa mu xm "to
0<iva't6 "tou, xm :rtEQli..a.66.vu Mo XEcj>al.ma. TO..Oi;, to
:rct:rcm tfia, EmbtWXEL va ouU.0.6EL nJV 1tOLT)'tL)l."i) btUCJtuCTf') TI!<; TJQX)J::Lnxfii; axbjn]i;. To Ti;>fro ipoi; (tva 6vov XEcjlaJ.mo) avvq:lt;u TT) bLEQE11vr}CTI} TI!<; o(Qm; 1t0u
dxE TJ oxbjn] tou HQitxkutou .foa oniv nayx6aLa LO"tO-
gia
TI]<; C!Xbpl]<;.
fm
JtOLOV
A&yo detoUt: tov Hxi.no; Tov .E).t-
toUE 1CELbtj 0 .Myoi; 'tOU !;.T]"tlt "tO buil.oyo, EJtubi) 0
bQO-
oi; Lou unfiQ!;E xm dvm ax6a bu1.6i; m; bQOoi;, rnELbfi

to $W<; tou E!;axoA.ou0u'. va m; q>roti!;,EL (). 6.V dvm
QYE JtoAV 1tEQlUQLO'tvq; OL 1tT)yt<; TI!<; tl.tnii;; Bu Eivm EitE 6xL, un(lqxouv xm a<; TCQO'tQbtouv va tu; E!;EQWvftoouia:. 6.E'V tov tx,ouvfibr) ClQX't0 tln')O'EL; 'QxL, ymT{
a' tva !;,toVTav6 builoyo ' tva crtax,aani nou TJ $Wvt'I tou
avipm E!;foou crto 1tClQEA.06v xm crto .tllov, OL buvat6TT)t<; La<; TCQayanxi)I;; mntowwvLai;; TCaQatvouv aVE-
!;O:VTATjtE<;. Aut6i;; Jtou EJtLXELQEi va mmpul, btacrtau{Kflvetm E TT) btbaoxW.ia EKEiVOU 1t0U OXtcjmptE. 6.E e&u wti..<il<; xm 6vov' avatqE;ou toqrila tou notaoU,
eUou v' axoA.ou0iJoou TT) QOfi tou, autfi TTJ QOfi nou
a<; na(QvEL al;,( TTJ<;. YnclqxottV cjiLAoaoiLE<; cjluaytvE<;
yLa TT) vL6TTJ. H oxbpf] tou HQOxAf:Ltou t.x,EL to xOQLaa
TT)<; VL6TT)<;, XL a1.l'tl') T] VL6TT) bLaL(l)V(!;,EtaL 1tEQVWvta<; fo'
wt' tTJ'Y W17vixij a{)Xauinrra. tov iov&nax1;mrnavtx6
x6aim xm TT) oiir.t{JOV7J maxij, xm 0a y(vEL (ow<; o rut6QO<;
M' 6nou ea 61..acrtfiaeL xm TJ CJKbpTj TTJ<; .da"'lm'ij~ JrEpW&Jv. 6.E ea Sq:O.oout: oUtE 6n to avtLXEin-o tou <noxaooU a<; Eivm tva<; aQXaix6<; <noXaatfi<; oiitE 6tL !;.oU TT) bLx'I} a<; rnaxiJ, m rnaxiJ nou Savo(yEtm <no V.l.ov.
(")no~JUTI'('llatmo.vo:n:Cl{>CIJftll~JUrovavcryvtiHmi111(1'1oeeeo
110; I'laii /lkrotie TOV>'. :n:~nHO!i>. :n:ou 11~U.0.116<rvnm cn:o th6~.o nfl0> 11JV.rt.l(n'J!m11j .,,.topq
nPQTO MEPOl:
KE<l>AAAIO MONAt.IKO
HPAKAEITO:!: 0 E<l>El:IO:!:
(0 l:KOTEINO:!:)
IlOla t1m}Q!;E l'J twti - l'J UnaeSiJ, l'J olea xm o 06:vawi;
- wu HQltXAf:l'tou; Ol aQTIJQlEi; Jtotl txouv cpTCi:on o'
Ecii; wtxouv noAU cut' 'to va elvm m.pEubeli;; cruxv<i e(vm
avwpanxti; xm 'ta 0tma mivw Cl'tct 011o(a xd!;.ovtm
avT)xouv Alyo-110AU ow xWeo wu U0ou. Oi..6xi.:r1el"J l'J ae-
xala 6l0yeaila, 100u YXCllVl0.!;.E'tm w; 6LOyeactilEi; rou

nueay6Qa xm Tou IwxelttTJ, naetxu wtol>El!;rn; ev6i; tvrovou evbmcpteovroi; yla tT) u0lx1] xm unobnyanxi)
Jti..EUQci wu av0Q11ot1 1tOtl e!;nld;.E'tm. Evto'frtou;, ax6a
fvai; li0o.; txn O)'.fol'J m 1tQctyanx6nrm, xm 'tO
mia(vov cruvbfrtm mivta, wv Eva Tj -cov 6.Uo TQ6Jto,
mJmv6.evo. 9ct neooJtctfh'JOOUE Vet Xct'tctJtlQ
oi:oil E 'tTjV 11eof5i..l"Janxl'j 6lOyQrupla Tou HeO:xM:nou
tou Ecptmou, wu 1Covoa!;,6VOu !xonwoU.
An6 'tTjV rnioi..oylxTj avciJ.:umi wu ov6m6i; wu aKl
"tO
0a(vour, av au"t6i; x6.n ai; a0a(vn, JtWi; He6.ililt0i;

tltu6~. au-c6<; fu)i..aOfi Jtou xeCl){J"'[a TIJ M!;a
'Hea.
AJt6 n<; l'tl'JYt<; -cwv 6loyemlmtWv a<; Jti..11eocj>oeuilv 11
mo Jti..crUma E(vm -ca Ex-cEVf) avfux-ca wu 6.wyivl'J wu
t\ate-cwu Jtou -cni..ocj>oQOUvtm Bio~ xm 6o;aofr~ vwpavWv t!JtAoa&pwv (l) xm ye6.iTIJxav wv 3o .X. mWva w
KE<j>6.i..mo yla -cov He6xlEtTO 6elOKe:tm aro IX 6l6Alo aunj<; TI]<; cruUoyfi<;. 0a ava-cet!;ou a' aunj TIJV ITTJYii EVW
-CaU-C6XQOVa 0a !;tQOU JtW<; Jtoi..\J Cll't' W VEe{> TI]<; Elvm
AoA.6.
ea nu 'Hpa
WU crtT]V
KQIT Al: AEEAOl:

0 HQUilittoi; i)tav ytoi; tou BA:Uo(l)'Ya iJ BA6o(l)'Ya yta
toui; EV, )(at yt' Ctll.oui; tOU HQ6.)(ovta (D.L., IX, I)().
!' illEi; m]Yti; (Ioulbai;, cno )(Eu:ll..mo Hp6xlEtT~ tou
AESt)(OV 0.A. IA) E4>Civ(tovtm ta ov6ata: BA6o(l)'Y,
BaUtwQ, B6:)(tWQ )(at HQa)((voi;. 'Qxwi; )(at va 'XEL, 6aotoUOE wt' TT)V 'E<jlEOO KL t<jltaOE mo 6.v0toa TT)S tUY!\s
tou CJTT) bt6:Q)(El.U TT)S 69fii; oAuJuitbai; (50413 - 501/0
TC.X.). AVTjKEt OE ta QtCTtOKQatt)(iJ otxoytvEl.U TCOU taxuQtt6rnv nwi; amyhrJ t1JS dXE tov 'AvbQOKA.o, yvf)oto yw
tOlJ K6bQOU, tOlJ 6aatAt6. TT)S A9ftvai;, TCOU i)tav aQX'llYOi;
t(l)'Y wto(Kwv TT)S l(l)'Y(ai; Kett tbQu'ti)i; TT)S E<jltaou. Au'ti)
'l Ot)(oyfvna dxE xAriQOvoi)on KWtoto 6aotAtx6 a;iwa
ot wt6yovo( t1JS btKcttoiivtav TT)V TCQWto)(a0EbQia moui;
briOmoui; ayWvEi;, o/OQOUaav TCOQ<jliiQa oav t6A11a tou
OaotAt)(OU yfvoui;, KQatoUoav axUtwva avti yta axi)mQO,
)(at 1tQOtbQE1JQV cnti; tEQti; ytOQtti; TT)S H.euo(vmi; 6.iJ11tQS (ItQ6:6(l)'Y, frwypmpia, XIV, 3- D. A2).0 HQ6:ilittoi; naQaxlilQl")OE cnov abEA.pt) tou to 6aot1t)(6 a;iwa
(Avtta0ivl]i;, fcnopia T1J' PMov, .1ta00xE,, F.H.G. lll
182 - D.L., IX., 6) o HQ6:xAmoi; Aout6v i)tav Evai; QtOtoKQciTT)i; wt6 yEVVl')OttoiJ tOlJ Kt wtt6aAf: E TT) 90..T]oi)
tou to 6aat1tK6 a;twa yta ta Ctll.11 6aol.A.E(a - TT) 6aotAda tl")S axt'i"IS
AnO ;i:mbt ax6a <jla(vtm .1tWS i)tav EK.1tAT])(tL)(6i;: Vlil
6tav i)tav vtoi; a)(611 O.E'(E nwi; bEV i);EQE tbtota, 6tav
E<jltaoe CJTT)V WQtT] l")At)(UJ., toXUQtt6rnv .1twi; i);EQE ta
.1t6:vta. 6.EV axoAoU0TjoE KavV6i; TT) btbaoxal.[a, be a9i)tEUOE OE Kavtva <jltMJooo/O Kt g,pa;E 6voi; tOU va 6QEL
tOV E1Jt6 tOlJ a0alvovtUi; ta 6/...a E TI] bt)(i) tOU 0il1]0Tj,
6E6mWvu o a<jlEAi)i; bo;oyQ6.toi; (D.L. IX., 5). Ito AEStx6 tou Ioulba tovltovtm 'I EU<jluta )(at 'l Emilncl tou,
EVW mo (bto o\ryyQaa bta6Cr.toui:: .1tWS cnJ<jl(l)'Ya ' OQt-
(') D L EIVUl 'l auvrooyeatia ltOV jl.MQXEl{ll~O,...ou ov,cvErol O"<a FralJmemc
'"" D1cls
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 4>1AOI04>1A
29
ovoV<; un:l]g!;E axgoan]o; tou 2evoq,6.VT] xm tou 'hmaoou tOU flu8ay6QElOU.

"Hrnv n:eir.yan autob[baxtoo; o Hg6.x1Enoo;; dcv ngt1m va x6.vouE niv EQWTI]OT] ' au"t6 tov Q6no. dcv Elvat
m8av6 6n m')QE OJIE1.18dao; "ta a9i)aa tou 2cvoq,6.VT] I]
l"OU nueayOQElOU 'lrutaoou t01J MtaJiovtlvou. Avt( yt'
aut6 6wo;, El..tTI]CJE xat otoX6.0T1JxE n6.vw otouo; Ey6.Aouo; JIOU"JtE.;, tov 'OfJQO, ov Haiobo, ov AexO..OXo. no;
8EWQiEo; l"WV Mti..11olwv, tWV nueayOQE(wv Xat tOU 2VoiO:VT], xa8Wo; xm oniv totOQtoyQa$txl] E.lttotiifJ l"OU
Exmaiou, a<j>oU ota OJiorutO.oatir. tou avaitgtat Q11t6.
a' auwU.;. 'Ewt, ElXE !;aVOl;(tE( OTI]V l'COtfJnxl], EIEOi..oytxl], EIEWQ11tlXI] Xat CUOTI]ovtxl] nmbEla tOU xaLQOU l"OU
xm tou "t6n:ou tou (2). A<j>ootWvovtao; 6i..Eo; autto; no; btbaoxai..lEo;, 8ti..f)CJE va no; !;EJIEQ6.oEt oulla66.vovtao; '
Cvav xatvoUew Q6n:o l"OV x6oo, oUllf)\jn] nou Ela "tOV
obf)yoiloE oto va oull6.6u "tOV lbw tov Eaut6 wu, foa
otov x6oo. 0 HQO.ilinoo; l]tav "tauOxeova xir.n 1tEQtOo6tEQO xm x6.n Aty6tEQO cuc6 iV..6ao<j>oo;: l]mv OToXaonl!> E1mbli bcv ElXE o Lbtoo; xat6. ubtx6tT)ta, 'l JIQOon0:8Et6. wu Ocv EfXE 6.iJ..o oxon6 cue' w va oxt<jrrtat w
cv y(yvEoBat Eivm nio; oi..6TI]tao; tou x6oou.
To 6i.6i..Lo n:ou trealjJE (a.; ti..O:u nO.vta o 6.LoytvTjo; o
Aai:gnoo;, IX, 5-6) x6.VEl i..6yo llE(!i 4'VoEwq Xat xweLtE"tat oE ela Q11 nou ta 8i:at6. touo; Elvm "to uV.nav, 'I
JtoA.tTt:1el'j :1em 'l 9ro).oy(a. Au6 6wo; to oleaoa ota
eia bcv Eivm xa86i..ou 11gax1Em:1e6. MEgxo( (:1eat6. tov
D.L) ni..o<l>oeoilv o oUyygaa MoVaat evW 6:llm ai..ALWo; naea:1e6.tw Ba E!;t6.oouE TI1 OT]ao(a nou i):El "to
YYOV6<; 6n tbtvav bt6.4>oeouo; "titi..ouo; oto (bto lh6i..io.
Iw AE~t:1e6 tou Iou(ba un:O:QXEL 'I bta6E6a(WOT] 6n -typm./JE JroUei JfottjTt:ICW?. :lel o 0E6igaotoo; AiEl (D.l. IX,
6) nwo; Tei iv ~m:AI}, Tei fJt illou illw!O fxovra ypti1./Jat. Ot lbL01 41umx6. m EQfJVEUti:o; ElVat nou bev :1eataitevouv va xa"tavol]oouv TI1 $wtuv6nita nio; oxtipT)o; xm
yt' aut6 tov ovo6.l;ouv !:1COtELv6.
0 Hg6.xi..Enoo; o E4>fotoo;, o rnovoat;6n-oo; Ixou1vli;, ng6o'EQE w tgyo tou av6.0T)a oto va6 TT)<; AQt1-
KQIT A:E A?:EAO:E
(;tOU cmJV ato;t;1') 'tOU 1')TUV tva Elboi; 6l6Alo0Jjxri;)

u4'ol :tgOna qig6vtlOE va TO ygcl'q!El o' tva Uqioi; y(ll$W0Ei;
cirrw; o{ bvv6cvoi 6voi irpouioir:v alirrjJ xa{ * ix roti
btjWbov; Elixarap6VJ7rott
(D.L., IX, 6). Aur6i; o
va6i; ltUQltoA1')lt"qxE rn(tT)bEi; aQYb'tEQa wt' rov HQOcrtQato xou ' aun] tTJV E!;mQE'tlK1') xgcll;rj 0tA110E va xEgclau
cmJV a8avaala. Elvm clgayE xoAU all-Oxow xou o va6i;
auT6i;, 6n:ou lowi; avaQn]lt"qxE tva oUrfQUa n:ou blvu
t'l]V 11'.QO'tEQUl.6t'l]ta cm] 4Jwt:ui, 11'.QOaO..xuOE TO 11'.UQ 11'.0U
TOV txavE ITTclxtTJ;
0 KlQXEYXWQ, 11'.0U 8EWQd 'tOV EUU't6 tou alt"qn] 'tOt
HQ6.KAElTOU, ' tvav 't{'On:o illwITTE n:ou Elvm yE6.TO~
avn8Eaui;, aqioU o iOlOi; Elval o $lMooqioi; tT)i; un:ag!;Lax1')i; EltavOJ..Tj'q!Tji; Kl 6xl wu ylyvw0m TOU El val, xclvEt w
WQala xagan'JQ1lOTJ ITTli; tEAruTalEi; agclbEi; Tou &lloyot
ITTO 4>66o; xm Tp6o;: "Aun] 1l avclyxTj 'tOU va m')ya(VEI
xavEli; ax6a 11'.lO n:tQa, Elval n:cV..lcl n:clvw OtT) Y'l 0 oxotEw6i; HQclxAEnoi;, n:ou xa"tt8EOE 'tti; CJX~Eli; TOU foa
(J"[U yQwttcl 'tOU XQl ta y(lwttcl TOU (J"[O va6 t'l]i; AgTtLboi;
- ylatl cmJ twii 'tou, Ol ITToxaool Tou l]"tav ri n:avon:Ala
tou, xm yl' au"t6 "toui; xgtaoE ITTO va6 - o CJXO'tElv6i;
HgCtxAuwi; ElXE 11'.Et: bV n:ogoUe va n:oUe Ouo cj>ogti;
ITTo lbw 11'.0t<ll. QITT6ao. 1l ygaEvri oxt1pri TOU EqitOlOU b'V tOU XQTjO(E'q!E yla xavrutAi'.a V<lvtlQ ITTli; au$OQEi; tT)i; twt]i; um')Q!;E 1l oxt1pri aun] TO 11'.lo (l]Wtilioanx6 6xl..o tT)i; twt]i; tou, Kl EOLal;E, tmwtvri 611'.Wi;
1')tav, e ni~o, tou oxolou btlCtoE tTJ $EUya.Ha ouola.
Kt o xaQaxn]Qai; wu HgclxAELwu bEV wtEqiuyE ni; atlbEQLxEi; xgiaEli;. 'H&Tj o 0E6$gaITToi; (xaT<l 'tOV D.L. IX,
6) LAoUoE yla tTJ eAanoA[a tou. 0 aya06i; .6.Loyv1'ji; 11'.EQlOQll;E'tm va tov ovoCtou ltEQ1')$avo xt axaTaOfxw (eya.1.6pwv 6t yfyottE nap' 6vnvaotiv xa{ Uirep61m]; - IX
1). 0 T(wv o It.iJ..oyQrupoi; tov elxe XQUXtT)Qion (D.L
IX, 6) xoxxuonj xt oxAoAoi6opo. Hl..oi;, o Iwi:lwv (o MoxaAoi; 'tOU IevExa) voltn xwi; 61..bm 'tOV HgclxAEltO va
xAalEl xm tov .6.Tj6KQltO vayEAci (DE IRA, wt' 'tO Av9o).6ym TOU ItoOalou, III 20, 53). Bgu:nt6aITTE n:QOITT<l
m:riv eJtleEOTJ t'l]i; ..puxoAoyLx1')i; av<lAuOTJi; n:ou 11'.UJTEilEL
t)O:
01 m.l 0... 911 ;i0ol!" ... oa~q,019"3 5nuo...Xp9 lul mx lwnX1;:119

lu ,im lwn~ "tu 1l~rf019 5DlAO~ '5911ty 5oi.oq90H
o 1x Sn09A.o~DA o ... noro91 Stu ;i10TIA.p9 i\Oll" SlwllAJXDl.
-3rl Stu li.:l09 "tu IA.Apxl lXp "39 .5m1l,V..lnO:nr 10 "DDl)Og
-DOl. ,\()l. r.3V ourAAJV ... LuD i\Ol. 1)0191~Dl. 59"3 DJDDX1l la
1D"J3 IAAD9J1' (~I 'XI '"TO) no1 90n4.uA. l.uD 1l~ D"
lDl).oTluoOu S91nn '1010113: 10 ...uoi;torluxli\'(Oll" .wi "39 u
-9...oyow "D"lffi'v' ... LuD lt'1.l9J~Dl. r.lq 'SilOJD"laeV 5noi ... Dl.
-9X39Dl.DX "39 ~1llt3 1X '3.ll,Lll" "39 DJOOlU ... tu:I smou
lD"Jl "3Q lth.lqJ~Dl. 50l.ll'(XJ?OH 0 119 Sutu9... n91u 1Q
-C:ia:s
'IIA DJ:lltyou) ... rounu 0 131' Dij S9X1l.Xl'{Inq 1D... Jl

"39 'pOoinl "39 n.ou 591n.D 1)( 'S9X1l.Xl'{Il1q 1D"Jl 'Ssixu~o ...
-n..o 1D"Jl u ... pOoinl nou S91n.y .. n.01lalf4xola1ux 1,Lx1,\(1))(
-IY( 'ClOl. DJi'.1TIO la 1D"Jl IJ.X1,\(l)XD'( .59)(1,\(l)XIY( Sm119 13~
-DODU "DJ.urJ01l IJ.XlWi\DX ... tu 1D13~J01lXDl.3Ti 9l.i\D 9uoxo
Ol. m.l 1DX '13DCf190019 tu n ... lax.1.;i... n IJ.Xll.XDl.11'"3 D1Ti
lO 1Dl.llq0l.D13TI DJlXIY(g IA.Arnipa9...D ... tu D1A. n.Dl. 50DJTI
01'{DDD<l'( O.l noi 1;lll91,Log tu n011fiooOll" Snoi '51touC!J(l9
_..,D 5noi ;iOl.uDitD 1] ...,ax ipr.3 1X .1lll" u ... 1]~ ClOll" J;llAD Hrt
1ux (DDD<;QYA 1ux /ufq'<D IAAoOX91n.n1 H"JDTllw nou) oA.9Y
010 1D13~J01.uD 591n.D Jl.D1J Stu J?l.DrloJ?...Xll. Dl. 1DX l,Lx
-10o1laa tu m111...0u 1x 1T191ou ... no l"J;l'(n.x n.ou Sll.A~gnox
S31Dl.J?"ri 51l. pM>Olfi10l1' 'SOl.13i'.XJ?0H Q "3J.J3yDy Sprl'} AJ
:301.uAi;iim 591n.n 3..,1nuipo Jl.D1.l wtuipa .wi nou ...01ou
-JJx lo 119 larl9xu 1Dl.JlA.la19 SDTI So11.01nv o Sl.i.A:JA.01v o
noi 91nrloi;iuoo100 01 Mo ...Xp9 01 .nouipa9...o noopl 1to1
Su:wug0A1tn Stu 1ux Snpxnyg SIA.Arnipa9 ... n 5tu A.OJlADo\3
Dl.DTllpmiX D1DJ9 1l011fiDl.DX SOl.13i'.XJ;>0H 0 uuTIA.;iau
5DJi'.OX.llY(lTi 1q"1?Tilw "DD "D19nl"laTi0l '.up11.aA9
"IP"l0X ...(l)l. 9rkmOgu... D .WW 5tu Dl.C)M Dl. 34J30101 i\01'
'lwlay9Xonr.31,Lxo10Laarol9mx1,Lx1XnA.OTI la 0Tl9xn n1tu9mX
-an ... tu 9llD 119 59.wA.3.l Ol. 1D"J3 3Tl1toolp.00x.l.M D... Dl.
-39J1AD 13iqau nou o... px:i: 11Apio1ao103u 9x1uam~l 10"
-p ( ...iprl0MD19 l,L) ... ipT101atuxDODX .upx1>..o-toX1tth. ...(l)l. "IPl.
-i\D DJ~D 11Api10x3x.l.M H n.oi 510nl'(1' 5lrlUXo;i 5u 1l'f(1A.
-A.OJ.DX 1DX ll~J]TIO.Wl.DX ... n19 O'{Dl&JlAD M)l. 13"1)Til'{01' Srou
1
Yl4'0'.IOVl41HIY)l'.I0l.I3V)IYdHO
"
KOIT AI A:::EAOI
wi:O>..uta ououi>be:i;, n:agt.we: ovyxVtgwfvoi; ato tgyo

mu xm bEV tcjniye: wt' tov 't6xo 'tOtl. All.WO'te:, o ataxaa-nji; nii; c5tae1.:Eia,, . ani pmj, nov 6vt(l)'V xm nov n:gay-
6.twv, noeoiloe: 9auQom wt6 xn ru>u 6gum6-rav v'

atEVlon au-r6 m ylyve:o6m: Ot aoxwcnti; mu KaUO'tQOtl umjg~av xatacrt~txti; t6oo ym niv n:6i..T) 600 xm
ym to te:Q6: o MA.too; o l'tOta6i; e:ixe: xm n:aAt6uea n:A.Tj~n
. tov Uno 6Qvaw TI') 6QTJaxe:urnti) xt EJtogunj twfi TI')<;
Ecj>taou. Mltrnm T) n:6AT) etawm~6'tav ym va yAmOon
alJ'tl') ni oLga (3).
wt'
0 Hgcix/..nt0i; ~oiioe: O'tlJ yeuov(a mu tEQOii. :::tgou.

Tjbl') 6n avr]xe: oe: w OaotAtxi) OLXO)'tvEL.a ltOlJ OL ngon{tweti; Tl'IS e:lxav t11" n:eoe:bgefo crrn; ytogtf:i; TrJS H.EVoLvta<; 6.TjT)-CQCti;. Eivm abtrvam A.out6v va xe:t Xl o (btoi;
tl1')9e:( crta uuti)gta; Ta e:A.wo(vm uanjgta tEAoiivtav
XQL O'tTjV 'Eq:,e:oo, oe: OW6:Qt1]0TJ . t1] A.a:rgEla t:TJS Agtt1uboi;. 'OAa 6wi; autO: bEV -rov e:n6lhoav xa96Aou v'
xtcm 1.ua ~eTi l'toAf:uni EV<lvtlov Tl')<; xa9u:gwtvfir;
9g'}GXElar; T] but~ TOV 9gT]OXEtrnx6nrra ~tav bta<j>ognx~. 0 AQl.O'tOTO.'lr; (IIeei 'Wwv Moviwv, A5, 645a, 17D A 9) ava<j>EQEt nwr; o Hg6.ilirtor; elxe, 6nwr; AEvE,
ngotgti.jiEt twl}gO. tour; !;Evour; - nov 1tt9uoiiaav va -rov
1ttOXEcj>TOUv a xovtom6.9T]xav 6tav tov dbav va tema(vnm tl6.t mo -rt6.xt - va neg6.aouv foa xwgl<; fomay6 yLati XL exe( ot 9eo( ~-rav nag6vtEr;. To 1tEQtCllanx6 au-r6 ar; bElXVEL xa9ag6. Tl')V avtl0ECJT) nov vnCtQxn
avcitaa mo btmaxnx6 xm cru"()U:xutvo nA~6or; xm CllL<;
1t0tT]nxt<; XEl{lOVO(E<; xm xou6Mtr; TOU HgO.xAEnou.
Aut6r; bt 60..tL va yuvU>an tov x6ao wt6 niv tEg6tT]-rci
tou oiitt xm TO lbw TOV TO an(n. 0Lnegltgyot 1tUJxbtur;
WtoYOT]ttiiovtm 6Abtovtl't<; tov va ttma(vnm cm:Ml b(nAa mo -rtxt aut6 to mxLax6 9foa tour; cuto9aggUvn,
XtlVO<; 6W<; TOU<; 1tUgUXLVt( VQ 1ttgl'tOOUV foa xwgir; btCllUyQ: -ro LtQ6 dvm navtoU nag6v, xm t0 fJdov JfV(J
."tOQEl va bLaLT]QEl avaEvo ax6a xm ttO.xL V6r; omnoii
:::Eeout enlOT)r; Ono HgcixAnTOr; cuto-rga6~XT11XE mov
ae-
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H <l>IAOl:O<l>IA
33
:nel5oi..o -mu vaoi.> TTJS AQ-ctlhoi; (D.L., IX, 3), O;cou xattflrn -ca 6t6Ala -cou. To va6 au-c6 dxav m tEQdi; TTJS AQ-ctlboi;. Ta txavE OA.a au-ca evW atT)AluuE ilyQta TTJV adCJT)TJ 0QTJOXla. Mfi1u11i; 00..TJO"E ' aul"fJ lTJV 1tQO:;"ri -cou va
1tQo<PuA.ax-c( cut6 w Eyxi.JJa lT)i; cwt6nai; wtoOnxvUovmi; Ewt On yta wui; 0oi>i; auJEIO:vecat tva c:pQOvqw xat
6oA.tx6 0"6ao6; Mta xa-ca4>anxfi wtO:vtT)CJT) a' aul"fJ TTJV
QWTTJCJT) ea btaaxE cut6 lJ1tEQ6oA.txfi MCJT) OQ00i..oytooi.>.
O HQililitwi; E xavtvav -cQ6Jto Oev x6tin -coui; 0ooi.>i;
wu E "tO 0Eio av Xt o Otx6i; -cou -CQ61t0i; 1tlXOtvwvlai; '
au-c6 axol..ou0E[ OQ6oui; Otaq>oQettxoi.>i; wt6 EXE[voui;
-cwv xmvWv av0Q<lm:wv.
nma dvm -ca latOQtXO: nl..alota foa ata onoia xi>l..TJO"E
'I i.>1taQ~ wu HQO:xi..mou, ta i.>1taQ;1] 1tOu auvOtlhjxE E
TTJV 1toA.mxfi; H axfi -mu -cono0ecd-cm O"TT)V 69tj oJ...umCtOa (504-3/501-0), t;oi>oE Or]A.aOfi crta foa axQtt>Wi; TTJS
6cwll.{ai; wu AaQElou -cou Ym6.01t0u. Ot UJ..T)vtxti;
cutOlXlEi; TTJS MlXQCW[ai; fi-cav U1tOboui..w.tvEi; moui; ntQ0" 1tOU ni; xu6QVOi.>oav E lTJ 0"0J...Ca611CJTJ -cwv UJ..T)vwv
OtotXTJ-CWv, ev0Xofvwi; 'tUQO:vvwv au-co( Ol Owtxl]di;
6aoli..ruav ato 6voa -cou ME"'{W..Ou BaotA.tO. xm cruyxtvtewvav -coui; lfx)QOui;. 0 KA.fiJJi; o AA.E;avOecii; (Itpwan:{~. I, 65-D. A3) ac:p11yd-cm 1twi; o He6.xi..moi; Oev
t0wa xaui CJT)cw(a mo 6aol.At0: .1.aedo 1tou -cov dXE
1tQOoxaAfot O"TT)V IlQO"(a. Kat OE volt;ou 1twi; 1] nxao(a cnJ!i4>00Va lTJV o1to[a o He6.ilit-coi; dx auvil~Et
axfoni; 11 lTJV auJ...fi "ftt1V Mfibwv xm w ME"y6).o BamAtO:
.1.aedo 1tQtv cut' lTJV voOo mo 9e6vo wu StQ~ (485)
dvm W.119o<Pavt]i;. "01twi; xm va 'Xt, -ca YQ6..a-ca 1tOU
o Heilxi..fuoi; avtO:llaSE E ro l!.aedo ym v' wtoeel~n
lTJV nQ6oxA.11m1 -cou (ye6.ma nou o D.L., IX, 13-14,
OtalT)Qd w xdV6 wui;) dvm xweli; xaui ac:pt6oAla
wt6xeu<Pa xm mEQOi>vrm x6.0 a;Cai; (4).
ot>a[vecm 1tW o HeilxA.nwi; fi-cav avtl-nteCJTJi;.
Ymlexn tva ac:pU..Ei; avtxbo-co nou EVlQ"Xi>n aunj TTJV
lm014JTJ" 0 aQtO"tOU1tx6i; 9E(attoi; !1VTJ!10V1.iEl (flEp{ apEn);. O"EA. 40-D. A36) 1tW Ol E<fli:O"tOl fi-cav CnJV"r]0lO"tvm
0
KQITAl: AEEAOI
vu l;ouv O't'T)V m)>0ovia xm TllV tQu<)>ti (*). 0tav 6rn;

tou; xt')Qu!;av tov x6Ao. fJ m':iAT') Tou; 1tEQlxAW0!]X xm
;co}.LOQXt')0tjx wt6 'TOU; niQOE). naQ' 6}.' au't6., !;axo/.ouflo\!oav va bwmtb6.l;ouv Mw; xm 1tQlV. Ta tQ6<)>La
6w; <iQXLOav va M:Utouv wt' TllV x6A!]. Xl Otav fJ xlva
tou; El;woE yw ta xai..6., Ol x<itolxol TllS OU'{XVTQW0tjxav
yta va 'V11'Loouv Ta .hQCJ. xou btQE1t va Jt<iQOUV ym va
avnnrnxloouv Tl1 tyaJ..1] crtEQ!]OlJ' xavLi; wm6oo boo
toAoUo va toui; 1tQOtlVt va l;tjoouv etQTjiva. T6t
Evai; <ivflQwm>i; xou tov O..tyav HQ<iililto 1tt')Q w6 XQl0<iQl, to oUmtElP mo VEQ6 xm to '<)>ayE xa0toivoi;
av6.o6. toui;. Aut6 t')tav Eva OllU1tl]A6 <i0tja yla 6Ao
to i..a6. H lcrtOQla AtEt xw; ot E<)>folOt xaTaJ..a6av atow;
TO <i0tja xm 0 XQtci0Tr')xav O:lll] !;t')Yl]arr OJJXWfll]xav
xt Eipuyav JtEn:noEvol xrn; btQEn:E va oipi!;ouv to 1;wv6.Ql
yta va TjV TOU) A.llfll to ipai. 'Otav 6.rn; Ol q0QOl TOU;
xAl]QOc)>oQtj0tjxav xwi; Lxav cl0Et va l;ouv ta taxnxtj
l;rntj xm xw; ouo{?()>Wvovtav t: n; outiouM; TOu
HQl'J.KA.EltoU, EAuoav TllV xoALOQX(a, Xl o-W lxav vtxtjOEl
t: ta 6xAa, to 'tia}.av cna x6bw :n:QOat6. ato rn6 XQt06.Ql tou HQ6.tlfuou. To v61]a aun]; TllS txQtji; lcrtO
Qia; lvm <)>avQ6: :n:Qocrtcl crtov nEQO'l, o Eipimo; 601]
06.t To Aa6 TOu bivovt6.i; TOu Eva CJ.0tja A1t6nirn::
0 OQlatOXQano6; Aout6v TOU HQCJ.tlntou b ipalvTat va tov Exav 1tEQ06q>i1o bcv btalf'E va xaQaxtvl tou;
ou:n:oAlui; toU va U1tQaoxll;ouv TllV EAEU0EQla tou;.
Ax6 TllV tcrtoQla a0alvout: xw; fJ wt61tEtQa avtaQola;
TlUV Eill]Vlx<ilv x6A.wv TllS MtxQl'z.; Aola; ev<ivtta O't'T)V
1tQC1lxtj xatoxil - avtaQo(a Jtou ipAoyt:Q6; TllS wt6ato/.o;
fytv o AQtcrtay6Qa; - xaTwtvlYl]XE E 6.yQlO tQ6xo. Lto
eta!;U 6w; Tl !;ouola 1tEQVOUoe wt' tou; aptaroxp<l-rE~
crtou; 611oxptire~.
0 HQ6bow; (IV, 4)Vl]ovEUEl TllV
eyxa0ibQUCJI] TllS bTjoXQCJ.tlai; crtlfi U'.OVlxE; x6Af:t; 1tOU
ytv TllV JtQOtQOmi toU MaQb6vwu. Km to bt]oxQa-
ea
(')A'fO 1110 KO.Tw

IJUV<rVtl\oou.e l'LQ lll]O'(f:Vfone11
ovl'x001ou itou niv a4n1YEim1 o m.miuaexoc;
or.boxiJ au1ou T<l"
0 HPAKAEITOI: KAI H <ZllAOI:O<l>IA
35
nxO xOa E!;6QlOE to eycU.o 10..0 tO\J He6.xAurov, tov

EeObweo. 0 E!;ocrteaxwOr; tou EeObwQOU l]tav buvarO va ylvn new xataQQEiion TJ TCEQOlKl] X\JQlaQxla; No(l;ouE nwr; l]tav Ol ntQOE<;, crta nAalaw tTJ<; eyAT]r; auroxeatoelar; tour;, :rcoeoiiaav 0au6.ma v all]oouv va
AElrouQYl]on crtlr; EMT]Vlxtr; n6Anr; to nmxvlbl twv xo6.twv O:ll.ov bV :rcoeoiiaav va to E:rcob(aouv. Exr6r;
arc tour; KU0EQvt]tE<;, TCOU fJtaV 'EQlwva tUJV nEQOWV,
6Aol a;(Eb6v, aQlCJtOK(l6.tE<; )(Ql bT]oXQc'i:tEr;, EJn0voUaav
v' arconv6.!;ouv tov EX0QlK6 l:;vy6. Ol nteoEr; bV E:rc6bloav tour; fu]oxeO:tE<; va E!;oeloouv tov EQ6bwQO ymtl
bEv Elxav bEoo\lr; E xaui arc' nr; naeat6.!;nr; nov noAEoUoav tautOxeova V<ivtw a' autoUr; xcu na!;V tovr;,
ax6a Kl av m t:Qlba twv aQlcrtOKQatWv ElXE va XEQb(OEl av b:ml;E to nmxvlbt twv nEQO'Wv yla va bwlvA6.!;u
ta TC(lOV6lQ tTJ<;.
Autfi tTJV taeaytvl] TCEQlobo neb:n va TI]V avnnwnloovE ' tvav noAvtrwno tQ6no xcu va T]V nCcQOuE
ta x6ata aav au:rcayEir; 6.tEr; nou bV xouv Q<oytr;
)(l avtayWVlCJtlKl:r; naeat6.:!;ur;. E!;O:llou TCaQOUOL.6.:l:;Etm
E!;atQEtlXO. 0oAfJ '1 LbmltEQ'l xat6.crtCWT) TI]<; Eq,taov. 0
Diels, CJtT] ovoyQOl(a tou yta tov Hp6.ilitto, 0EWQEl TI]V
'ElEOo aav tov C1Jto<f>aalCJtlX6 t{>6;to El;tyEQOT1r; Vavtlov
tW nEQOWv. Avd0Eta, 0 mx6.ey(l<i<f>u: To498, Ol A6T]va(Ol TCOU !;E:rc6.QKaQOV CJtl]V 'E<f>EOO ym va \JTCOCJtT]Ql!;ouv TI] MlAl)tO. lXQl] au:rcaQO:ITTCWT) 6vo OQl]xav CJtl]V
n6AT] TI]<; AetELbor; nou l]tav arco<f>aowtvTj va XQOti)OEl
ta <f>Q(>VLf] OlJbEtEQ6TI]ta ... ne6.yan, TCOIJ..oi l]taV Ol
xCctOLXOL TI]<; n6At]r; TI]<; AQttibor; TCOU bE VOl6.:l:;OVtaV xaA6Aou, Ono.1r; to avtEUu xavdr;, yw tovr; crm:i..EUBEQWUxoUr; noAiour; nou dxav aQXlou CJtl]V Iwvla ... Aut6 nou
..oed va OXE$tE( xavElr; dvm 6n Ol Eq,Eawt n6.vw-x6.tw
n1_16bwaav CJtl]V ux60EOIJ avn'j ta EM1jvlx6. au<f>t(>Ovta
Xl 6Tt xoAil)OCIV UAlITTa ITTO nAEvg6 tWV nEQOWv ... I'
mn) TO yE'{ov6r; o<f>dJ..Etm 'l Etlvom xov tbn!;av yw TI]V
:roi.11 01 E'{O:Aol Oam.Adr; 6.aedor; xm ::'.tQ!;TJr;, 6xwr; Kal
ro .in t'ltUTI')QTJOE arcOAuta tTJV crxEQm6tT]t0: tov to Aen11111w 6JtO\J bV OT)EL(ll0TjXE CJtOV Kalg6 tWV nEQOWV KQ-
KO:l:T Al: A:::EAOl:
ui l0oQ6:. 'Omoi; XL av E:xn w nQO:ya, o HQO:xAuro;

q,ulvHm ITTL 11:EQLVE avti-ntQOTli; to avtxboto wll
9ELatLOll Em6E6mWvn alltil tTfV llt1:6BECJ1'1. ELbE O:QayE
tTfV cutEArnBQWCJ1') tTf!; 11:61.11i; 'COll; Avt6 bE ai; tn:LtQEnouv va to OUJ.UtEQ6.vou Ol Mo IJEQOIJVlEi; nou noQoUE va XQIJOLOn:OLJioollE: o HQO:xi..ntoi; yfVVT]l:hjxE m0av6tam rUQW crtO 540 XL 0 Klwv EAEllB[QWOE ni; 11:aQ6:KtlE!; Eil1JVLxi; m':iAni; to 470.
0 HQO:XAf:L'CO<; naQLVE xm avtl-b1JOXQ6.'n}i;. 'Evai; A6yoi; naQWCO.vw va IJ auyx.wQfoEL wlli; aunmQLWni; -coll noll E;OQLoav to q,O.O 'COll, wv avbQdo EQMwQo, Jimv 6n EiXE yVV1]0El aQLO'toXQ6:tT)i;. H E;oQLa toll
EQ6bwQOV EVlaxvoE wv 1JQClx1Emx6 avrl-Aalxm6. xm
w looi; toll yLa wv 11:1.abCIQO xm bLt:$0aQvo OJio Ex$Q6:l;Hm Olma a' OQLOtva cutoontioam. H :rtLBnx6nrta toll HQ6:iliL'COV EVavti:ov tWV UV0Qc0:rtwv tT)!; XWQCii;
'COll n6: tTfV EX'C6mcrri tOU $LAoll toll, bE ai; $EQVEL O:QClYE crtO vou ni oMXIQ6tTfm nii; n:MitwvLxJii; XQmxJii; xa-cO:
nii; al:hjvalxJii; b11oxQmlai; tt6. niv xmablx'l wu I:wXQO:ni; .z>a(vnm n:wi; o HQO:iliL'CO!; bEV ExnoVoE toui;
Al:h]valoui; (t:;anlai; Jinwi; tou xa0t:crtc0wi; nou Eixav;).
0 61JJitQLO!; cut6 tTf MayYTJola Mn crta OWvv{i tou
(xa-cO: tov D.L. IX, 15) n:wi; o HQO:iliLwi; :rtEQL$QOVo1'oE
wlli; Al:h]vaiolli; OL on:olot -cov t:lxav OE n:oAli IL'{6:i..TJ ExtlIJOIJ.
0 UQLcrtOXQano6i; (l)(Jt6ao 'COll HQO:xi..tLtou bEV Jitav
xa0&oll O:vw 6QWV, :rtaQ 6i..oui; toui; brnolii; - OLXO"(EVELaxolii; XL EXAExnxolii; - 1l:Oll 'COV auvtbEEUV E tOll!;
aQLcrtOXQ6:tEi;. Elbat: Jib1111:wi; tl:aQaxWQTJOE 'CO 6am1Lx6
a;Lwa O'TOV abdcpO toll. 'En:ELOE xm tOV riiQavVO MEAayxOa va yXma4L"q.IEL tTfV aQXl] (KAJiTJi;, l:rpward~.
I, 65-D. A3). AaxEi XQLtLXit EVavtlov tTf!; bLa$00Q6:i; 'CT)!;
Eqlfooll a' 61.t:i; nii; ni; bmatO:oni;. l:xl-c'tm nwi; tl:QbtEL
va E$aQoatEl foa Otl}V m':iATJ o v6oi; nii; bLxmocn'iVJJi;,
a' 6i..o 'CO IL'{a4io tTf!; OLXOVE'YLx6tTf'C6:i; tOV, YL' Ull'C6 xm
crto 6voa autili; nii; otxovEVu'6niwi;, oL6:l;EL v' aQVLi-cm 6Af:i; 'CL!; EJtLQ0\1!; 11:o1.mxi; buv6:t!;: 'COV!; nQOEC:.
toui; b11oxQ6.ni;, ax6a xm tolli; UQLO'TOXQO:ni;.
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4>1AOl:04>1A
37
H 11:0Amx1] i..out6v Enm!;E tvav 'tEQciano Q6i..o ot1} twfi

rov HQ6.xALtov, t6ao Br:nxci 6ao XCIL aQVTjnxa. O xoAL'tLx6o;; f)loo;; tO\l XCILQ01'.i tO\l bLaatatiQ{i>&t}x tO bLX6 tO\l
0EWQf)OLax6 6lo. KL av ax6a tva noAU '(610 EQt)l; twv
b~oyQmf>LxWv XCIL 6LoyQmf>LxWv JtLO"l)6.vocwv noAmxoU xaQaxn)QO. Elvm 01JXV6. UBoo;; XCIL yE{tto avrnpaoELo;;. wt6 ao;; E!;aQ't6.'tm av Ba ;rtOQEootiE va O'tllllt6ovE Tr]V aA:r]BELa 1tO\l o UBoo;; Excf>QCltEL. H ltQVT]O"I) va 0\.1n6.ax,EL xavElo;; bQO.OTijQLa ot1}V xoAmx1] twfi, txu nltvta
to v6ria mo; xfutmao;; xohnxi)o;; t01toBhrjO"l)o;;, X\lQ(wo;;
yLa vav 'Ellriva. Mi)xwo;; 6wo;; avt6 O"l)alvEL xwo;; o
HQ6.ilinoo;; ta;rcovQ<il&t}xE x(ow wt6 La noAmxf) at6.0"I)
xaBaQCl aQV11nx1]; SEQotlE xwo;; 1tCIQO.Xl'.VTjoE tovo;; Pru;rtoMtEo;; tO\l va \l1tEQaoxloouv Tr]V n6Ari, all.Cr. aBahovc
XCIL xwo;; 6tav auto( 6L lbLOL O\l;rtoAluo;; tO\l tov EXQLvav
6.!;LO va ylvEL 0 vooBtn]o;; mvo;;, avtbo;; totio;; y\JQLOE Tr]V
xAlt'tf) yc6.too;; 1tEQuj>Q6vriO"I), yLatl ri n6Ari f)tav 1]6TJ x6.tw
wt' 'tf)V X\lQLagx(a EV6o;; bLE(j>BaQtvov xaBcatWtoo;;. Km
oav va riv Eq>tavE avt6, wtO'tQafulXtTJXE xm atov 1tQl6oAo tov vaoU 'tf)o;; AQtELboo;; xL b:mtE x6toLa Ill' ta xmbLlt XL 6xwo;; E(xav atrutEl y\JQW to\l OL E!pfoLOL - nltvta
1tEQlEQyOL - tovo;; EiJIE: Ti,
xci:xtcnot, 8avci:~ETE; 1j oV
X(!Eirrov roiiro JCOtEiv 1j 8' VWv JCO.l.tuVEa8at; (D.L,
IX, 2-3).
0a '0cAf: fowo;; o HQ6.tlutoo;; v' aax,oAriBEl E 'tfJ" noALnxf) vx6.QXEL o' avt6v m xoALnxT] VTjoLxaxla xm m
ayav6.X'tf)O"IJ yLa ta xmvwvufil 1tQ6.yata xov bEV xataq>Eqvovv xa06i..ov va XQ\l!f>toUv n(ow wt' ta axfiata xov
xa(QVEL 'l noAtLxi) ov. nWo;; 6wo;; v' aaxoAriBEl Ill' 't'l"
xohnxf), 'tfJ atLyfi noti, 6xwo;; bElxvouv a xQClyma,
f)tav tavt6xeova avtl-IlEQOllo;;, avtl-briox'tfJP xL
avtUtaAoo;; twv aQLatOXQatWv; Km nWo;; va bWoEL tovo;;
v6ovo;; atotio;; auvtonlEo;; 't01J - av vxoBEootiE nwo;; 1]0tl.
va w xltvEL - 6tav ri 11:0Amx1] tO\l axi.jn] xm 'l cnJUri~
wv 'tO\l OLxovn-LxoU v6ov xaeatvoov U'ljlLata mj>T1QT1lvo;; xm bn- xata!f>EQVOUV va 01JYXEXQLEV01tOLT10oUv;
H LatOQ(a Tr]o;; rnoxf)o;; tO\l HQ6.K1ELtO\l Elvm, 6nwo;; 6Ari
I] latOQla, 01taQayvti: ti1tltQXEL bLwt6:Ari avciEoa ano;;
38
t-y6J..ei; bvvOeli; (A0i)va - nEQOla), aVTaywvwOi; avOrna cna EUl')vtxO xe6.tTJ (A0i)va - l:miQtTJ), 01'.iyxgmJCJT)
avO:EOa crta x6aw (agunoxeOui; - Orj.oxgOui;).
l:itagayMJ e[vm XL 1'J ~wfi wu av0gcimou, ylatl xm o'
c.unlv vrrOexn aUyKgovCJJJ avO:eoa <rrov mtl..L6 \10o xa1

cn:ov xmvoUgw i..6yo. H mrrocruve[01]0'T] OEV fxet xclvn tTJ
E)'6lri nii; rnavacrta't"ntfj (av xm 0Hiltrnxfi) ecpQ.vlCJT]
xm yt' au't"6 6i..a ta ngo6i.:1)ata avnerom(~ovtm wt' tTJ
oxom6. wu ou1.ovEVntoU xm bn- xatatf>tevovv oe xa16.
l'tQUt't"WCJT) va 6eouv tTJ i..VCJJJ toui; cno rnUtebo wv 011)"KExg1tvou. 'QA.a b1abgaa't"Ll~ovtm xC:r.tw wt' tov a<rrQl
o6 tou 'Aeri tcu noi..eu:rt-fi. K1 tot o He6:xi..e1toi; l1t.m1.11-
no..liov.
0 llnoi; o He6.KAe1toi; fiwv 1'J ngay6.twCJJJ tTJCi EV6tTJ-rai;
eUaon VT)$6lta tTJ 6ao1i..ia WU
wvi; cro.n:ai:gLWtei;
tTJ 0LQ6: wui;, tOV ot6ovtav xm tOV 1tQLqigovoUoav. 6mx11gUaoovtai; tTJV avayxau)tT)ta tov llO
AEov, 00.l')OE va 6o1')6fiou tovi; Eipfowvi; va ~fioovv ~
ElQi)VI'). 0 m.oUtagxoi; cm6 tTJ XmgWvem (f1E('{ A60AE13Xia), 17-D. A 36) ai; aif>l')yeltm La LxQii lotogLa: 6tav
Ol aun:oAltei; tov x6.Aeoav tov Hg6.xAuto va EX!f>Q6.CJEL
xm xaL6. lhxfi tov oxbtnJ it6.vw OtTJV oOvom, avt6i;
avE61')XE oto Ofia, m)QE Eva xUmAo e bgoaee6 VEQ6, EglSe foa XQL06.Arugo, avax6.twCJE 6Ao avt6 to iya 'Eva
xMovL cm6 if>AwxoUVl, to fime XL Eif>vye. Tovi; EbELSE hat
xa0ag0 moi; I') CJ\JV1)0em v' agxoUacru a' avtO ll0\1 ai;
llQOCJ!f>r!QOvtm Xm va llEQvitE Xm XWQ{i; aXQl6Q llQ<iya
ta, x<iVEl ni; itoAnelei; va ~ovv ~ ElQfiVl'J xat oOvOla. L'
avt6 to 1lEQlotanx6 OJ..Eitov~ to aoip6 HgO:xi..Etto, to AaXWVLX6 xm ALt6, va b[VEl Eva 6:01')a crrnvi; ipAUagovi; xm
vAtcrdi; av0g0movi; tTJS: ayog<ii;, e oxoit6 va blOtTJQ1')0d
I') ELQiiVI') OtTJV 116A11. noAU aey6tEQO, 0 llEQi)if>avoi; Hgcixi..Eltoi; avaXl')QUXtTJXE wt6 tTJV it6A11 to\) figwai;, )l.Ql VO
laata e tTJ ogqrlJ tov fiewa Hg6.xAElto\1, x66ovtav
ax6a OtTJV 'Eipeao tTJ" rnoxfl tov Avtwv(vov tov EvoE6oUi; (BA. ntx6.e IBID . CJEA. 609)(5).
H b116am ~wfi xm I') itoArnxfi odlfrl tov Eipfowv cmoHAoUv Eva aUvoAo, Xl avt6 to m'.ivoAo ai; x6.vu v' ayy['t"WV avn0ttwv: aywtoUoe xm tooUoe
't"OU, 1tOU, t:
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H CZIIAOIO<l>IA
39
~ouE m :rtQayanx6nrta ltOtl O\JXVO. 'xotl'V EJtlXneflon
va xe\npow ov eaylx6 TIJt;; xaeaxniea VVoo6E TIJ

OulataOT) :rtot1 vnOexn avOrna O'tO 00$6 xm OTI}V :rt6A.lJ,
OlOataOT) :rtOtl EXbtJA.WvE'tm xm foa OTI} bUO'tUXtOivt\
O\JVEib'lOTJ tov 00$06. netnn va avaecutd OQlO'tlXCt o
\10ot;; o\i$WVa E 'tOV O:rto(o OTI}V Ull]VlXi) aexat6TI)tQ
vmleXE aeovla avO:t:oa OTI} Bt:WQIJOlaxiJ oxtlpl] xm TIJV
:rtoAmxi) l;wi). Ol nvBay6enot :rtQOxaAo\iv ta avn-:rtt16ay0Qtxi) t:Sf;yEQOT), o AvaSay6Qat;; xaTI)yoQEhm ym
aot6ua Xal 'tO 6l6/..o tOU nQurtay6Qa xa(yE'tat 01]6om,
'to :rtQW'tO 6t6Alo :rtOll, 6nwr;; :rtaQaTIJQd E n(xQa o Xfyxt:A
(6), xa(ya:m E TI)V xaBobiJYIJOTJ wu KQOtour;;. 0 IwXQ6:TI)t;; avayxCtl;a:al va $aQaxw0d Xt o nMhwv O'tma
aywvll;E'tm va Ot1$lAtWon TI) 4>tAooo$(a xat TI)V :rtoAmxi). BQ(l;ovtar;; o HQOxAuwr;; tour;; O\J.n:o/..Lnr;; 'tOtl 6y6:1;Et
OTI}V an$6:vt:ta TIJ Ot10'tUXtotvl] wv :rtoAmxi) O\JvEl01JOTJ
H OT)ao(a avnir;; TI)t;; teaytxi)r;; ITTCtOT)t;; Srnt:evCm 'ta O\J
)'XEXQtva yeyov6'ta :rtou TIJV 'tQtq>ow, Srnt:ev6.Et TIJV :rtaQax~ TIJt;; ytQtXlJt;; aQtO'tOXQa'tlar;;, to xCaoto TI)t;; avt:SaQTIJOLar;; twv EMlJvtxWv :rt6Arwv TI)t;; MtxeCtr;; Aolar;; xm TIJV
cutoo\ivBEOTJ wu aQxaot1 \IBou. Aut6 :rtou Ex4>e6.l;E'tm
E 'tO :rtoAmx6 0Q6:a wu HQ6.xi..Et'tOU Eivm 'l 'tQaylxi) avt(OTI}S'rJ wu :rtoAmxo\I xm wu atoxaOTil. 0 HQ6.xi..Et't0t;;
lpDXVEt va 6QEt TI)V, tatw xm aoV$WVT], Ot1$wv(a, a
0V TI) 6QLOXEl ltOU0EV6:. 0 :rtoAmx6r;; 0UOl6.l;u to ataxaarfi Xt o O'toxaarfir;; OEV xatoQBWvn va O\JVVVOl]0El E 'tov
:rtoAtnx6, Xt avt6 :rtaQOuol6.1;tm oav m aAi)Bna :rtou
:rtEQtAaOCavu toa TIJt;; t6oo to aQtatoxeanx6 600 xm to
OtJoxQanx6 xaBEITTWr;;. 0 :rtaAt6r;; x6oor;; xa'taQeEEt Xl o
xatvoUQtOt;; 0V Jtt60Mnm ax6,.t'l oA.oxA.lJQW'tlXCa. IE
OQO:OTJ 6QloxE'tat 'l aQVIJtlX6TI)ta Xl avaivovcm at vtEr;;
BE'tlxEr;; 01JlOt1QYLEt;;. QO't6oo, aut6t;; o avcaywvlo6r;; Mo
tO'tOQtxWv x6owv XQ66U m cnJyxeouOT) :rtoA\i mo Qll;txi)
xal QaylX"fJ: OEV avcaWvovv :rto'tt 'l :rtoAmx~ OeaOTil
Ql6TI)'ta - ltOU ELVat avayxaatlXCt O\J)'XEXQttvT] - Xl 0
moxao6r;; nov wnoBndtm :rttQa cutO x6.0E n nov un6.e
zn xat nou ylvnal.
'Etol o HQCtxAutor;; eyxa'tti..EtlpE TI)V :rt6AlJ xm nr;; arro-
40
KQITAl: AEEAOl:
yo11uUOELi; TT]i;; XL 6:QXl-O'E va Jta(l;El x6rnLa E ta itatb!Q.
IlEQLlQOVWvtai; -mui; EVTjAutoui; xm no; crtuyegti; wui;

bQO'tl]QL6TT]tEi;, crtQ0:lTJXE :rcgoi; ta nmbui nou na(i;ouv
IK "toui; nrnao6i; xm ouil;ow ti:oL E "to X1?6vo :rcou naii;;
EITTl, JfEOOEtiWV (wt. 52). l:t1xv6. '1 agxala axt'ljnJ 01.lCJXCT(-
l;El Ta nau'h6. xm i:oui;; ooipoUi;;: oL cmoglei; i:wv JtaLbLWv
obr)yo6v OTI') 0011'.a 'fWV yr)QnWv. nmbul XaL ooq>o( l;ouv

La l;W'i) .tatumxi) xm, OlO'tQl]A.aTT].n] xaL toui; xaQXTl]Qll;EL La axotvWvTJTIJ XOLVWVUU)Tijt. nalt;EL XL 0
Aval;Lavbeoi; IK ta :rcmbul (D.L.. II, 1) xm AivE nwi;; o

Aval;ay6gai; klyo :JtQLV m06:VEL elxe l;11Trj0t:L va blOQYvllivovtaL crtu; ."tCTEioui; tOU 0av6:'fOU LOU nmlmtto; YLOQtti;, )U atrnl 11 auvi)0na nQClyan btaTT]Qii!h}xE (D.L. II,
l). ftoQtti; ukt6.QXei; LXQ6: :rcmbui bLmWvLl;av TIJ
vfiTJ twv Y6l..wv crtoxacrtWv. Elvm Y6l..TJ mEkta va

mattiiEL xavE[i; wt6kuta a' 6koui; autoiii; toui; U0oui;.
E(vaL 6wi; xaL mOxna ovat'hxfi va toui; wtOQQiJttEL.
nebm va Jt6.QEL wtvavt[ tot1i; La tQ(tr) crt6.0'I"), ValtQOOJta0i)oEL bl}J...abT) va 01.JU6.6EL to v&r]U wui;. 'AUwcrtE,
TJ At~ irau5Eia ai; bELxvEL ' tvav oJ...6tE).a T)QaxJ...Emx6
tQ6Jto to oUvbEOo av6..Eoa Otr)V JtaLbtl.!tLxl} axoJ...1}, Otr)V
EXJta(bEt!O'l"J XQL Otr)V JtaLbE[a wt6 tr) La, E tr)V JtaLbL6.,
to JtaLxvlbL twv JtaLbuliv, wt6 tr)V UlllJ.
fLa trJV EQWtLxl} l;o.n'j tot1 HexAELtotJ bE yvweL!;ot1.E
( bt1cnvxWi;) tUtotE. 'Exot1E 6wi; JtoUti; Exb<>xti; tot! 0av6.tot1 tot!. XoJ...wtvoi; .E tot1i; av0g00Jtot1i;, wtOtQatii]XtrJXE crta 6ot1v6. xaL l;crUoE Exd Jt6.vw tgWyovtai; >\JUa
xaL x6gta, WoltOt! bca0E t1bewmxla, Olti>tE xatOOT]XE
Otr)V Jt6).l] xaL QWtoUoE ' nLVLyanxU ).6yLa tot1i; yLatgoiii; va 6.0EL av nogoUoav va x6.vot1v va YtJQ[CJEL La
:rt6Qa OE !;T)gaola. Ermbfi at!to( bEV tov xatai..6.timvav,
x4(0tr)XE o' tva otaUM> EArdl;ovtai; Jtwi; E tr) l;tOtl] tr)i;
XOltQL6.i; 6Jtot1 xWH1pi.L 0a E!;atLl;&rav to VEQ6. Ma oUtE
xaL ' autO tOV t~();m ElbE wtOtfAEoa xaL :rct0avE OE TJALx[a E!;l}vta XQOVWv (D.l. IX, 3). 0 'EQt:rc:rcoi; wt' tr) bLxi]
tou oxom6. a>TJYEltat (xat6. tov D.L.. IX, 4) 6tL QWtWvtai; toui; yLatgoiii; av i]tav xavdi; Lxav6i; va tiy6.J...n wt6
0 HPAKAEITOI: KAI H CZIIAOI:OCZIIA
41
foa tou "CO vtQ6 mtSovt6.i; 'tOU 'ta MEQa, xm l')v JialQ
vovtai; wt6.vtl')OT), !;wtMl>0T)xt crtov i)A.to XL tbroat VtoA.i)
ma Jimlhcl va 'tOV axucOaouv xaMi XOJtQt6.. 'Etat !;axMovoi; xt0avt TI]V 6.lll') i:QQ xm tov t0m.jJav OTIJV
ayoQ6.. 0 Nt6.v0T)i; 6wi; o KuStxl}V6i; btl')ytltm (xOvta
xatO tov D.L., IX, 4) xwi;, I') ~ai; va Ql!;tt wt6
mivw 'tOU TI]V XOJIQt6., ttv txd JtO\I i)'tav, xt 6Jiwi; aun]
11 na6Q<Pwmi 'tOV txavt ayv<l>Qtmo, 'tOV !;taxtaav "ta
axuA.t6.. TO.o~. wt' to AeSi.itO "too Ioulba (il[l0QO Hvax.l.eiwq) a0alvou Ott bta0 ubQWJttxla, all' avtl va
xamrUyt crroui; ymt(K:rUi; xou i)0eA.av va 'tOV ytatQt'410UV, JiaaaAf:L4mJxt oA.6tll')QOS XOJIQUi XCll x6.0tCJ
ITTOV i)ho yta va !;QQ0l. 'Otav !;MA.woe a' aun] TI]V xa'tclcrtaOT), 6Ql')!;av JI6.:vw tou ta axuA.i.6. xm tov xavav
xocltta.
Elvm oA.ocp6.:vQI') 'I JIQOO..rumi TIJS aQ"tUQLai; JIOU xaQaXnJQlStt ubQWmx[a niv OQQOOatta tou. 0 HQ<ixA.E:t'tOS
bV i)mv JIOU blbaaxt JIWS ipuxfl 86varov Vyeflai yevtofJm
(wt. 77); 0 -U0oi; auvVWVl a' tva aUvoA.o TI] Oo!;aa[a
xm TI] olQa, TI] Swii xm "CO 0civato tou mox;aon]. H X
boxii 'tOU 0av6.:wu tou xou xpoi)A.0e wt6 ubQWmxla, 'tat
Qt6.:!;t au6oA.tx6. TI]V l')Qatltmxi) txOoxfl ym to 06.va
"CO nii; 1.j!uxi)i;. 0 HQ<itlettoi; JtQocma0l v' avnma0(aL
niv ol.0Qta auvbma xou txouv o veQ6 xm 11 uyQQala,
TI] awn]Qta uclbQQOT) TIJS lwtt6.:i; xcn TIJS !;TiQaalai; bV
'tO xmoQ0WvL 6wi;. H m JIA.EUQci UJlOOTI)QLSt Jiwi; to
aWa 'tOU 06.1TIJXE OTIJV ayoQ<i, tO.xa yta va tQLacrttL
"CO Looi; TIJS ayoQcii; yt' an6v xat "CO btx6 tou [aoi; yta
TIJV ayoQci aut6i; dvcn o -U0oi; tou CJXttXci U"CUXtatvou
'tA.oui;. H Olli') JIA.UQ6. UJlOOTT)QL!;Et 6tt CJX1CO.CJvoi; E
XOJtQtci xata03'CO.Qcixnixe wt' 'ta axuA.tO. Aut6i; i)xwi; bV
i)mv xou 6t6alwv Ott: vbweq yc:iv 'H01re(wv i'H6A.t1T6TE(HJI
(wt. 96); Kataaxaeaytvoi; o HQO.tlttwi; wt' ta axuA.t6.
xcivtt TO vou ai; va m,yalvL crtoui; Kuvuw-Ui; xm tbtal
TEQU crto .6.toytvr], XWQli; ' auT6 va tmbtc0XOU TI] bl')
tuOUQyla beaoil auyyvttai; xou ea Evwve xateu0lav
wui; Kuvtxoili; TOV He6.xAeno. Km yta tov xuvtx6
KQ:ETAI AEEAOI
L\.LoyEvrj ai; txovv Jm (D.L. V2, 79) JtWi; mi0avEwt6b6.yxwa oxU).ou.
0 06.va"lO'; "lWV JtEQUJ06UQWV aQXautWv E)J..~vwv O'tOxamWv mlQE ni oQ41 U0wv JtO\J "aLQL6.l;ouv E ni l;wi)
"0\Jt;. 0 0a).~i; (D.L. I, 1, 39) nio).oyd"aL 6i:L Jtt0avE
wt6 bl"'a, av"t6i;, o maxaOTI]i; "0\J vEQOii o Biai; (D.L. I
R, 84), o ool6i; OutaOTI]i;, OTTJ 0L6.QKELa mi; OlxJJi;. O nu0ay6Qai; (D.L. III, 1, 39), JtO\J o' 6).TJ "00 TTJ l;ul l;TJwiloE
wt' "0Ui; a01Jdi; "lOU va T] 66.l;ouv crto crt6a "lOU'; laxti;, oxot"W01JxE, cvW "lOV xa"taOlwxE La ).ai:x~ ESt-\'EQOTJ,
EJtEL&j OE 6Q11xE "0 06.QQOi; va Omaxlou Eva xwQ6.lL
OJtaQtvO E lcxti;. r autoUi; "lOUi; \J0oui;. Mo O\JO"tatLxa O"tOLXEia JtQbtEL va "Qa6~Sovv TTJV JtQOOoX~ ai;. DL
Yilii; EUJJvLxti; lvoioyvwiEi; xouv La lavEQ11 "6.0T]
va olUQJJ).a"to\Jv to \J0o "toui; VW EivaL ax6a l;wvravti;:
Jto).iJ yYWO't6 dvm "lO JtaQ6.0Etya tO\J ErtEbox).~. H xa"lOJtLV?j JtaQ6.booT] Ot.oyKWvEL aun) TT) qitloOoSia xm toui;
0Ei;(VEL va fy_ouv 0av6."0vi; JtO\J ExlQ6.l;ouv "lO JtEJtQWEvo
to\Ji;' ill.otE axoM>v0Ei to JtQWtaQXLK6 v6T]a XL ill.otE
Jttqttu OE JtQQavoi)oELi;. M~Jtwi; Ocv fy_ouv JtEL Jtwi; o ETtEbox).~i; YKQEUrn)xE foa OTTJV Ai'tVa yLa va mmt"'ouv Jtwi; ~tav 0E6i;; H 6a0i6. a).~0ELa JtO\J ExhTJ).Wvn:aL
EQLKti; loQti; E "(0 yryov6i; 6i:L 0 6.v0QWJtO'; fl; >tiQO.l;EL E
"O 06.va"6 "00 "O v6T]a nii; l;u} tov, ovxvO. uthntoLEi"lm
Jt6.QCl Jtoi..U Eiixo).a. AtJ"6 t-\'LVE E ni; ExOaxti; tO\J 0av6."(QU "lOU HQ6.iliLtou. ASil;EL va Oo0EL La EQT]vE[a crtov
aQL06 "lWV XQ6"vWv J[Q\J tl;TJOE: ).EvE JtW'; Jtt0aVE OE TJ).Lxia
~vta xQOVWv. StQO\JE 6i:L yLa "(QV HQ6.XAfL"l0 tQL6.vta
XQ6vLa mi; av0Q6.IJtLVTji; l;u}i; xQvovv La yVL6., 6.QCl 0
mWv nii; 6Lx~i; "0\J l;w~i; xaA\JJttEL Ovo ycviti;: m yEVL6. JtO\J dvaL wtoxl.ELO'tLKO. Otx~ "0\J, xat La filTJ JtO\J
TT) OtaOfy_n:m xm JtQOOt"L0n:m o' aun]v (6).. D.A. 19).
Ot axtoELi; tou HQ6.iliL"lO\J E toui; yta"lQOiii;, yLa ni;
OJtO(Ei; V..6. o \!Soi;, dvm ESioou 0L6axnxti;. /:J,.V Eivm
~Jtwi; o yLa"Q6i; Evai; owt-fiQCti;, tmw XL av x6.vu KCtL xaM
xm xax6; 6E xwQ6.EL alt6o).(a 6tL Mo yQ6.a"a ful0cv
"lOU HQ<iilinov JtO\J L).6.vE ym TTJV aQQ<i.icrtLa xm "loui;
yLa"QOiii; dvat wt6xQtJla. AvtL0n:a, av0vtLK~ JJQax).u-
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4'1A0l:04'IA
43
nxii rnUiQOOT] OtaXQ(vot1 aw 1JIJI<1.Qanx6 a\ryyQao

ilE{!i eo4>'1!> 6Jiou avwttilaaEl:m TJ 6:n:O'l'TJ 6n TJ aQov(a
TT)i; qio:rn6.i; xm TO'll vEQOii l:aa crtov OQYUVta6 cruvtcrt6.
TTJV uyda, EVW TJ aQQWcrti.a OT]tWvt ta Qi)!;T) TT)i; CIQovtxTii; l.O'OQQOJI(ai; twv avn0ttwv. It1;i:v6. o HQCtilii.toi;
XQTIO'toJIOl.d La't'Ql.x.6. JiaQaOdyata ym va JICIQacmjO'EL
TT) axt"'1TJ 't'Otl, xm ot yta't'QO(, wtiiivouv Xt auto( va toui;
EmJQ6.at IJ axbp'I') 't'Otl. 0 H(Hiilii.toi; aaxd XQLnxTi
Vavtlov twv y1.Ut{lillv, at6taL 6wi; TTJV ta't'QtxTi. Ita
JIQ68t1QO tou 0av6.tou, a' at1toiii; wtEt18Uvtm !;l)tUJVtw;
toui; va JIQOCmafhiaouv va rnavruptQOUV TT)V tO'OQQOJt(a
JIOU 0LatctQ6.XTT)XE EJtm)YX6.vovmi; TT)V tlJIOXWQTJOT] tO'll
VEQOii JIOU UJIOCJX0..t0' JIQl0'0'6tQO wt' 6oo JIQbct TT)
qiwn6.. clltMoocpm xm ytatQO( dvaL cruxv6. 0QOJIt1tti;
JIOU txouv xm ot lb tot JIQ006Al)8( wt' to xax6. 0 IlQOl)0tw;: U..tu0QW61)XE wt' to 004>6 yLa't'Q6 XdQWVa Jiou dx
xt at1t6i; 1.a JIATJYii wt6 't'OV HQaKATi. 6V OdxvEL xa0aQ6.
at1t6i; o 60oi; TT)V JIOl..t1JIA.ox6njta avt-fii; TT)i; foal..Exuxiii;
V6nj't'w;: av6.aa Cl't'IJ OUvaT) xm TT)V aOuva(a, crtT)V
JIATJYii xm TT) yta't'Qi.6., crto 86.vato xm TT)V a0avaa(a;
To va E!;T)yTjaEL, ax6a xaL va EQl)vEiiaEL xavdi; tov
H(HiKAELtO Stxi.villvtw;: wt6 TTJV wtoaJiaaauxii OwyQaq,La 't'OU ii TT)V UJ'tOQtXii 't'Otl rnoX'], dvm x6.n JIO'll OEV txu
ot1a1.ru:rnxTi OT]aa(a. To al..ri0i.v6. MaxoAo tQYO dvm va
cruU6.tiEL TT) oQ1t>fi 't'OU (!1 ni; at10Qti; YQati; JIO'll xa(Kt!;ouv av't'ti; 01. wtrnmaaauxti; CIQTIJQ(Ei;). 4lt1atx6., 'I
c>Qfpii aunj tEi. a La UJ"tOQtxTi rnoxii- 6V JIQbtEL va w;:
01.aqiEiiyEL 't'O yeyov6i; 6n aun) TJ UJiaQ!;T) OEV tOJI00E't'dtm
OE xat6. JIEQ!Jrw.KJIJ x6.tw wt' tov acrtQta6 TT)i; avcOO"UvdOT)OT]i;. Aaqia>..Wi; XL ava!;T)ui tov Eat1t6 totl o Eqitawi;,
OEV 't'OV civa!;T)'t'6. 6wi; axoJ..ou8illvtai; 'lj!t1X0Aoyuwiii;
OQ6ot1i;. Av to SQOt1E aut6, Ba JIUQO'llO'LacrtEi :itQOcrt6.
ai; xa8CIQ1i xai. qiwttvi) IJ oQ4iii tou HQ6.ilinou, ta'
wt' 61..Ei; totl ni; avtuj>6.ati; Xivo Jiou dvm OiiaxoA.o
va cru}J.6.tiEL xavdi; dvm to 66.Boi; tou xt 6xt IJ Oi10V axotELV6't'TJt6. totl. H iiJiaQ!;T) tou HQO:ilittou Elvm JIQ6.yan
tQOytxTi yl.Utl'., auyxExQttvT] xi. a101.xTi 6Jiwi; Elvm, JiaAEiiEt v' avtaWan TT)v oi..6TT)ta JIOU TT)v JIEQttX,Et yLa crt6-
KQ:ITAI A:E:EAOI
xo tl)i; txEL to 01Jrmvnx6 Elvm. Y11:06illovrCti; totl axat<'.t:rtat1crta EQwn]oni;, 0a cruvavn)ootiE, av xm 0a :rtQOOxeolioot1E :rtCtvw crto a(vLya tl)i; L~Ho1t1lai;, ExElvov
UXQ1&0; lTOtl t]mv 1tQOLXLOvoi; E tl)V LbL01t1ia TOtl mvly~tmo.::: To Q>wi; xm ta oxotCtOm, l] oliyxQOt1cnl TOt1i; XL
'l UQoviu tot1i;, wtotdoUv TO 6<i.0oi; TOtl 4>wtELVO\l, 1t0tl
urrt]Ql;E o crtO;(acrn'Ji; tot1 :rtomoli xm tl)i; $<1.mO.i;, crul'tl..ixovrcti; b:OL tl)V OQLt6VtLa yQal] totl l'tOtao(l E TT]V
xCtami nii; Q>o.mO.i;. KL 6aol wt' toui; l'taltm'li; ii toui; Ol]EQLVo\li; rrou El'n0lw!;av va l'ttitoow 016J..oyo E TT] ox~
TOtl, bEV <iQ>l]OUV aQXEtCt tOY Eat1t6 TOt1i; va $<1.mcrtEL wt'
TO Q>wi; tOtl. JTUQrutOYt!hjxav 11:0/..V cruxvCt yLa ta oxotitbla
tOtl.
fmtl to :n:rnewivo totl HQ6:x41tot1 bLauuv(tEtm xm
Etit to 00.vat6 totl. To m'.7yyQCt TOtl yvWQlOE M!;a t6oo
ryaAIJ (D.L., IX, 6) WatE wt6xnioE o:rtaboiii; l'tOtl ovoQotT]xav HpmcAEm'>Co{. nol..t1CtQt8o1 Elvm ExElvot :rtOU
CJXO/..(aoav to fot))..(o tOU, l'tOAAit ta El'tLy('O:ata )"[Otl tOU
aQ>tEQW!hjxav, Xl o Ixua{voi; o La6oyeCtQ>oi; xCt0lOE XL
tyea\l'E TT] 0EwQ(a TOtl OE crtxoui; (D.L. IX, 15).
0 IO.ruxoi; o y('(l.anx6i; 6E6m6wn 6tl xfutowi;
KQl)twv, oto 6L61..lo TOtl E TOY dtl...o KoAv6'jnji; a4JyElTm 11:wi; vai; l'tou tOY E4yav KQO:ni E$EQE l'tQciitoi; t"O 6L6/..fo otT]V EU.Ctba, xm Mn :rtwi; brQEnE va Elvm xavELi;
.6.t]/..wi; xol..t161)n)i;, xatCt xci.:l'tol.OV TQl)l'to yta va TfV JtVlyEl foa o' am:6 (D.L. IX, 12). 6.tl)yoiwtm rnlO'l)i; 6n
6tav 0 Et1Qut''Ji;, :rtOtl ElxE xaeiou to 6L6/..L.o otOY Imxeni. TOY QcirnioE :n:OLa yv<iiI) oXIJO:noE yL' aur6, ExE(voi; tOtl wtitvtl)OE: 'Ooa xat{da6a, Elvm Ol'totibala, Xl
6oa OEV xat6Aa6a, Elvm rnlO'l)i; o:n:ouOaia, 6vo :n:ot1
xeuCttEtm CJ'iEMv va 'vm xavEli; xcM.u6l]n)i; wt6 TT] 6.i)-
M (D.L., II, 22).

ExEivoL 6wi; :n:ou utl)V 'Eq>Eoo t] otT]V A!h)va bul4!;.av
va y(vouv Ol'ta0oi tot1 He6:x4ttou, OE Q>aivEtm va t]mv
au0rruxof otO;(aotti;. O nMrwv xCtvEL /..6yo y1' at1T6
crtOY 0mlt11ro (179e-180c): ..
autti; ni; 'lQaxAEmxt;
0EwQ(Ei; t], 6:n:wi; Eoli ni; 4i;. oIJQLXti; XL ax6a l'ta110trQEi;, bEV Eivm OuvaT6 va cruvbLa4x0El xavEii; ' aurnl::
0 HPAKAEITm: KAI H <ZllAOl:ooi>IA
45
wur; Eq>foL.Our;, xou 1CQOOl'tOL.OUvtm wur; iltElQour;, xaAittQa mt' 6,n E xdvour; rcou tour; t):El TOlmjOEl ai.oy6uya. Ta au)i'Q{tat6. tour; wur; auvJtaievouv o>..oxAl]QWnxO., Xal OEV Ult6.QXEl Yl' auwUr; TUtota 1CL.O ribalV6 mt6 w va ataeoUv ato anxt[Qria, ato eta. xal
fiauxa va 1CQLvouv tTj OtlQ{t wur; yla v' mtavtfioouv ...
Av xWtOlOV mt' autoUr; tov (Ki:rnicmr; x6.n, tga66. oav
fo' mt6 q>aQttQCI Xl Extol;rim mvlyanxci AoyLOQm, Xl
av '116.l;tlr; va 5Qnr; n Tjet>.. va l'ttl ' aut6 rcou tGtt, o'
tXl Xl6Aar; xrom'Jon xfutoL.O 6.llo rcou txtl ttAlwr; cU..)..6.!;El niv ovoaola tou. Mt xavtvav mt' amoUr; oubbmtE ea xatcU..fi!;nr; xWtou, oJ.J..' oUtE Xl auto{ ol lblol ua!;U wur; to ltOQoUv, av xctl 1CQOOxouv rcoAU va Tjv aq>fioouv tGtota to 5t5aL.O va uxQ!;n oUtt ata JtlXlQTjatO.
tour; oUtt xm foa onr; 'l'uxEr; tour;, Jtnbfi mattUouv.
vol~w, 6tL aut6 ea bttq>tt ot ataotOtTjta aut6 to xatmtoAEoUv E x6.et tQOoo xctL, 6oo ltOQOUv, to blWxvouv mt6 rcavroV ... Kavdr; tour; Ot yivrrm a9rrrfir; tv6r;
6.llou, l;lUtQWvouv oA.o6v'axOl xa[QVovtw; o xaetvar;
niv trcveum') tou mt' 6oou niXEl Xl o xaetvar; eEWQEl l]Oalvi) tTj yvOOO"I} tou 6.llou. 'Hee>..a A.om6v va rcw 6n mt'
m1toUr; OE ea xilQelr; rcotE m E!;fi'f'l<Tfl oilTE eEATjam'J.
oVrE 6xv autoUr; rcQbttl xavdr; va tour; xilQn xal va tour;
E>..mjotl 6rcwr; tva xQMAria.
Aut6 to mt6oxaoa mt6 tov n>..6.wwa - 6xwr; xm t6oa 6.lla xou 5QioxouE atour; OmA6your; tou - OEV atQtqirrm t6oo EVavtiov aun')r; xaeeaun')r; tl]r; ox[lprir; tou
HQ{tililtou OOo EVavtiov nir; oxii!nlr; twv orcaOWv tou
rcou b.avav tov 1Jpax..ltmo6 va !;eatQUdOEl rcQor; ni ooq,10111'~ rfxvq. 0 at6xor; twv 5mwv xAatwvtxWv em.e0111v Fivm autfi axQt&i:ir; 'l TjQaiV..nt(~ouoa oon.onxfi
rco1 nvu:H1"xfl'lxt: atTjv 'E1Eoo xm atTjv A9fiva. EMQ6111n:i" n1: ninq; aun')r; 'l A9fiva ElXE tov KQUniA.o xou rca('tll'n1u::.,11<11 mtv HQUtlnnxOr;, EVW EiXE fib'l ltQoOWou
Tn 11uptoe n1: ."Tl_)IOTaQXLXfir; OXt\j.>Y}r; toll ElfololJ. :EUqiwvu !ll n11.1 :0111 va l"OU AQlatotiA'l (Mrri ra 4'to<111Cci. A6.
9H7n-~11'7o). O fll.cirwv, ;rou a;?' Ta vtcitn rou ri1r yil-11
,T{l(iiTCf cp(l.tJ:; TOV KvanlAov "' f;Ot1'tWlhj1' /ff Tr::: 1no-
46
KQIT AI: AE:Am:
ipetq rov HpcixAt:trov mJwpwva nq otwie' eqxfoov OJ.a

ra mo91]r6 Jt"pciyam 6pioxovrat aE ovvX'i xivriOT/ 6EV
;roV<JUV va ov.U.q.p6o6v wr6 P]V artonjq, itV xan5irtv mor~ o' avrrj TI1 8ewpla. Am5 TI'jV WJ.q, o .EwxpGTI'jq,
irov Ta a9*.arfi wv avmpipovrav wroxJ.w1mc& oniv
7161x*, itat )(a86A.ov o' o).6,U.qpq Pl .PVOTJ, Eixe, WOT6oo,

a' avrOv TO xWeo ava~11nloe1 ro ov.iravnx6 xai eixe
xafh/Mix1t Pl oxvnl .tnivw owvq op1ao6~. 0
llA.6twv a:wMVth]oe TI1 61&rcnmJ.ia rou, xai o6rryrjlh}x
uro va oxeljrrei 6n atrr6 ro ov;ravnx6 brpare va v;rd:pXt ioa 0 6vra ta~ nf$rg allqq wr6 1'iVJJ rwv ataBr/-
:rrpchr~
TWv 6vrwv ......

0 AQlCTtat0..T]i;, >0.0i; TIIS axel6nm;, btlJKQLVl!;,L q'
<illo CJl]do nwi; 6},.m exElvoL nov l.iyovrm T]Qaxl.mxol,
OTIJ.V JtQCI'(anx&rJira bEV Elven. 4>uou1.0., m 6a0ui xm
n:oA1'dlQu1.t') 0eweia &,u>tJQYl wt6 6vr) TT]; aav ouvJtLa tT] buva-r6tTrra va ;Em'Jbfi0L wt6 foa tTJS lCl ox'1j1TJ
n:ot.1 Til ttaoQCPliwL xm tTJV :n:aQooettiwL. 0 :ErnyLeltTJS yQ0.'L (Mmi ra 4>voocci, r5 1010a): A.If' avrrj TI}V
avrD.11t/111$Emj0.,,oe11 mo axeaia 8ewula wr' 6..le~, xov
dvm 11 8ewula rwv ~wv ;rov Uyovrai 11paxJ.emxoi, H.t 6irwq TI1 6iax~1.w$ o Kpan'.iA.oq avr6~ irao oro
ClfJeio va oxeri xwq 6ev xpbret rbrora va Ue H.at TO
Ovo irov heave ~rav va xovvofet TO 6UxroA6 rov Mfxutve rov HpofilitTO irov iX Jt"t 6rt 6ev naivet xavelq 61'.io
<f>opiq oro i6to ;roroft, ytari avr6q ;rioreve ;rwq 6ev nopel va net xavelq oVre ia.
'E'taL 61.btov.e: :n:w; T] ax~ wu HQciXh.ELTOU bmb69rtXE yQfrvoQa. KL ti'tao Laws ax6a xm OTilV hal.ia, O;tov
naitQ9rtX ni .e:aoi..6.6TJOTJ 'tou iL>..ou wu EQ6bwQOU l'lO'U m]y EX( 6-tav 'fOV ;6QLOQV wt' TI]V 'EiEO'O. 0
(bt0; o EQ6tJWQOS LxCtl;nm :rtWS m]QE iQOS 0TrJ O'UvtaE:l] T(IJV v6wv :rtou XQDxnixav mivw O'TLS 12 M:rtQOUvt!;Ln; ni.cixE;, Xl o nk(vw; 6E5aLciiVEL l'IWS (/) tva QyaJ..a
:nw rou Eixav crn'loEl Ol Pwa(Ol (4'votx~ loropia
\.XXIV, 2ID.A. 3a). '0).a 6w:;; au'tci :rtaQatvovv oX-
0 HPAKAEITm: KAI H Cl>IAm:oel>IA
47
b6v wtAEi;: Elxaolei;:. H cV.f)8ua el val Jtwi;: lJ OQ<Pfi xal rn

JteQLq6EVo "tTji;: lJQaxi..eLnxf)i;: oxbVrli;: JtagaoQ<l>W9r)xav,
xm "tO 66.8oi;: TIJS OEV tma~e &tl n:oQOUoe va eSeQEUVTJ8El aiJ..LWi;: JtaQCt 6vo wt6 tvav xaM 6ouTIJxnl - Eva
6.ftALo 6ou"tllxni. TlJ oxbVrl 6wi;: auni "tTjV JteglEVav XL
ill.Ei;: ou$OQEi;:, xaL L6Laltepa 'I ouct>oeO va ccatgwtd
o' ayoQO.Lo avnxdVo. 0 xuOa(os Ctv8QWrcoi;: 1CQOOXa8e(
va TI] Ocilu oto xtQL xaL va rcagaOWou moui;: ccayEVEateQOui;: TIJV JtaQO.oQ<PwM] it>umoyvwLa TI]i;:. 0 AouXlav6i;: o l:aooatriii;:, Ai>you xciQTi, (Biwv ll(Hi.cnq, 14 D.CS), ytloLOJtoLEl t: tQ6rco JtAa6aQ6 TIJV tpayLxf) 6u11Exnxfi yLa va eSuXTJeETI'loeL tu;; avCtyxa; tO\J oangLxoU tO\J
6lcV.6you. EOW xatgaxuAC.e ma ato xWQO tou En:oglou
twv L6eWv. To aAlJ8LV6 6g6.a Exel y(veL xa9r)t:QLvfj 8/..(-
~"
0 En:oeoi;:. - KaL ou, cjllM ou, ylatl xAaLi;:; 0agQW
JtWi;: e(val JtQOtl6tEQO va xou6tvnCtow
a~( OOlJ.
Nol~w. !;Eve, Jtwi;: ta av8{Kimlva rcg6.ya"ta elvaL Q8Ala XL aSw6Qxguta, xal

JtWi;: 6}.a E(Val JtaL;(V(6La ata XQla TI]i;:
rilXTJi;:. Autfi ElvaL lJ anla TI]i;: AU:rrJ]i;: Jtou
vni:J8w xal twv obugWv ou. Ta "tWQLV6:
ou $alvovtaL am}avta, xaL "tO lllov
e 8Al6u. l:t0xO:~oaL xug(wi;: TIJV xataatgocpft toU l:Un:avtoi;: wt' TI] twn6: xal
tov eSoA.o8ge6 rnu. Au"t6: 8QTJvW xm to
6n tUtota 6EV elvm ata8EQ6, 6n 6).a ElvaL tva Lya 6Jtwi;: &tav stagaoxtuO:~ou
E xfutoLO YLiltQLx6. 'IOw rcg6.ya elvm lJ
xagQ xaL 'I AUmi, 'I yvWm] xm lJ Ctyvom,
to eycilo xm to LxQ6, to nO:vw xm "f('
x6:tw, JtoU xuxAolpoQOUv Xl EVaiJ..0.ooov
till E to JtaL;(Vi6L tOU xQ6vou.
0 En:ogoi;:. - TL EiVal 0 xQOvoi;:;
HgO.xAEttoi;:. - 'Eva rcm6l nou na(~u ltEoooUi;:, ouvwtQLCt~0vtCti;: rnui;: xal oxognll;,ovt6:i;: toui;:
Hg6:xi..enoi;:. -
KCIT Al: AE:Et\Ol:
Ettoeo;.
HeCtxi..mo;.
O Ettoeo;.
HQitilil'to;.
0 En:oeo;.
Kl m Ctveewn:m;
9vqTo 0EoL
Km m 6eol;
'Av0Q<l)n:Ol a0Ctvatm.
4'0.E ou, t).6;; ' mvly11ma, ii fin:w;
ctinitxvw; YQ(4K>u; t: w; AEl;El;; fm'tl,
oav 'tOV Aol;i'.a, OE 11t.AO.; xa06Aou xaBa-
o"
Hg6:ilil't0. - .6.E t: vmitl;n.

0 trcoeoi;. - T6u xavdi; i..oyuWi; CtvBQ<ll:rto; OE 0' ayopQ.on 'to 6l6Ao oou.
HQitilil'toi;. - Kal.tli 6Aou; Tou; av0QW.:rtou;, ayoeao"tt;
,.
xal 1'), v' CIQXi.ocnrv va xi..a(vE.
0 tttoeo;. - OQknE xO.'tL n:ou l!OLitl;EL :rtoAU l!E ni E
Aarx.oAa.
nag' 6A' au'tit, fl ctiwvfi 'tOU HQii:iliL'tOU Oum1efi0T)xE
l;wV'tavi) xm xeouan) yla 6Aoti; txdvou; n:ou, oto :rttga011a wu xQOvou, fif;EQClV v' axoUoouv n Un. Km TJ $<i.Mj
aunj <j>t:Ctvn o' E!Jft; t: i.a xeu<Pfl Aarcg6-tT]'ta, 'ttl:ota
tiJOn 11 UT)OTJ OTf') ox~ 'tOU HQii:iliL'tOU v' wtott:Ad xaL
~n11t1YJ OTT) $tl.oooqnxfi ~- E$6oov o x6oo; XQt:t6.1;TaL ai.wv[w; niv cdfi0na, a1..WV[w; ea XQt:uil;nm 'tOV
HQCixi..t:L'tO, btaxT)QirOOfl 0 Vt:aQ{l; N[wt: OTT) rtvvri"'1
ni; rpr).oOOtj)ia; 111v EJ!'nxij 111!; Ell11vixij!; Tpaywliia) (*).
0 NirnF naJ.1, n:ou Bt:weoiloE 'tOV eaui:6 'tOU TJl,)Uxi..nnx6
(")0 Nm,. 110d.E VCI vein+ot tvCI pcyoil.o 6t6Mo YLCI tm1; :rQOJ1Afi"!t11VlKOUs
<j11).006<ji<wi;. otou; on:oum; mlni(1111v m ael'jCit6 mu oto navr.1uonj10
n'J> Bao11o.Eiu; TO 616Mo aut6, l'IOl' :milt; <jloQt; TO aexiYrJO lll TO (1UvtAfi6f 1" :fOl>l(lo.!'; 110(l4't;. >11 et.i:' TOOl'IOfo fxouiu 011a\'\'IH6 et.i:<Kln<i:o1mm brv yti<'<<l>n'J>< :rod To Die Phtlo.wph1c im TragiKhcn :Z,,.iw/1,r dcr
Gnccflen. :IOU 1'i <royy(1mjn\ TOU xpovoAfry>:(Tm et,[ TO i87J XCll i;UVU'/l><l<fmll<I: to 1876, tp111V abr)ooi..urn 01 :r{l6).oym tOl'. ri ovU.i:nl011 w1 o;.
llCIT<><;, TCI <JXEflU)Ol'CITCI Mll TO 1'TOY[Vf0tt(10 <JXdl.Ci'/ll<ll'llU l<ulh;,: ~I I
:ravrn otav nAcVTafo 4>~. TO\' 4>1A<lo"90 oav
"''flV.irm1mi".TI].!'t'J?<()Ot"'lt11>=11:mj11;xa1T71;~a;:.u.i:ouf.,,i""''"
nivni .... Bi f,Ti"'l H xataywyrj

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"I> rpaym6la; ti .U.qvuJ~ xm ni~"
To> Die Gcb11n dcr Tms<Jd1eam <km Gci.m dcr MllSlk 011uocll11'
49
XI avtutAa'tWVlX6, n:6QEOE va bm6Mqm 6n W..t)0Em xm

;cMVY}, bEV dvm JtaQil Mo ogcpti; - xm Mo ogcpaoo(
1fOV WJ.Tj).oavJt).T]Q<l>vovtm, tov lbwv a0Wov xm
1tAavWEVov yiyvEo9m n:ov '(XQE(l;n 'to Bvm toa ow
MTjbv, ylat( TJ W..t)0Em E(vm 1fMVY} xcu T] 1fMVY} W..t)0na
yw 'tO ilo'tQO ai; 1fOV dvm 1f).avrj'tT)i;, aloii to E(vm dvm
y(yvEo0m xm to v6T]a 'tOV 'OAov bEV dvm filo wt6 to
V6T]a EV6i; nmxvlbloii. Ma Xl o lbmi; o nMtwV, avt6i;
o avtiTJQaxAEmx6i; xm yEVCtQXTJi; t(l)V emlvolx<l.iv, dxE
tJbTJ 6ill.n 'to ~wxQCt'tT) va n:t:l, t: t:l[>WVE(a xm xCtQlV n:mblCti; (KpanJA.or;-, 421, 6 ) 1fwi; bEV E(vm 1faQil La IDTJ
0t:ia, bl]Aabt) w 0Eia n:Mvri.
Ht><r to 1872 111a vfo bcbomJ lfQ<lYl'a1rnrn11\8TJKe to ]886 11' out6v 1ov UJ,
titl.o Die Gebun der Tra$(Jdie, ader Gried1en1um und Pess1m1
'"''" m11dem VetsuchernerSelbsrkritik
i.uj'lofVO
.1.EYTEPO MEPOl:
nPQTOTMHMA
PYBMm: rm: HPAKAEITIKm:

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0 Aoror - H
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H li.IAAEKTIKH
Iwv HQ6.tlt:LtO, o A6yo) t:lvm aut6 xou crovLot6., q>w't6.!;l] '.Kat TI] pofi tOU x6oou. 0 ..Myo) -cou HQ6.xl..nou - o Myor; tou otox:aanl n:ou crtox6:l;nat -cov x6oo - bev n:oQ( va croiJ..l]$8( av bev avo(!;out: al;L tou 6tdl.oyo. 0 }..6yo) 8t:f.i..LWvn to i..6yo xm
to btW.oyo, xt dvm 'I 'PUxil nir; 6iakxnx~). Aut6 nou
- noU.fi ao6:$ta - ovoCtl;out: bt.aMxnxfi, - dvm
tll;L XL Xcj>Q6.l;L TflV
o QU86r; tou l]QO.XA.ErttxoU Myou, xcu ym va n:oQoou

va x6:voui;: builoyo t: wv HQ6.xAf:no n:QbcL v' axoMJu9tjoou aut6 to qu86. H btuAf:xnxfi npoiino8hn ro
Myo, nQWni 6wr; auTI] 8a MTI]oouc, yt.eu( auTI] ar;
betxvn to bQ6o n:ou axoi..ou8e( 'I ax~ tou Eq>fotou: 11
btaAex-nxtj e(vm I.Cl ob6r;, m t8o6o). H b1.aMx-ttxi)
6wr; bV dvat I.Cl wtl..1} 8oboAoytxtj Xx(VTjaT)" aunJ
btaQ8Q<i:lvt nr; bo.f:r; Tllt; btala9tJaTJr; nou crollaMvn TI]
botj -cou x6oou. To btx6 or; blxw ni crollaMvn 6vov 6tav x6.vou btx6 ai; w QU86 nir; aunj or; bdXVEt TI] tatQOni) tou tl8ou ae .Myo. Me TI] btcW:xnxi),
1] n:ol1]CJI) tou OQ6.ator; xm tou l")ator; avta@lt TI]
axitp1] tou ).byou xm TI]t; aUU.11'VTJr; tou x.6aou. 0 AQtatot0..1]r;, x0vtar; xat6: vou TI] Aoytxi) nou A.EttOUQYd
O'Uatl]a xat ' ivvoter;, 00.1Q( tl'>Qun] TI]t; 1'>1.abxnxl}r; to
Zi)vwva tov EA.OOTI] ("). 0 Xfyxd 6.wr; dvm aut6r; n:ou
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KQIT Al: A!EAOl:
54
xeJ.i-coi; xmav6TJOE 6n o HexMLwi; crov0.a6e TIJV i.Om

TIJ OuV.exnxi] oav aexfl (I). Mew X$cilmo :n:ov tyea'4JE
yLa WV H1;16.x4n:o O''ta Mafhjam navw OT7JV Iato('{a T1j'.
ct>iJ.oornpim;, o Xtyxtl agxLl;rL to OL<V.oyo. Mml<j>g6.l;EL
6wi; OTl'J yMl.iooa TIJt; 0Lxi]i; 'tOlJ 0LaAEX'tLXi]i; XL ovto)..oyLxi)i; AoyLxi]i; TT] oxtwTJ wv Hgililinou o Xtyxtl xat'avod cy(l).ocjn.1Wi; wv Hgilx).nto, aunj 6.wi; T] xatav6riOT)
EJtLnirx:UvnaL ata n:Mtima TI]t; bun'Ji;; 'tOlJ anleritv?]i;
tOeaAtcrttxfii; oxtwTJi;. rein 6n O HgO:V.Ht0i; aulla6ci:vn "tWga w U'Ho TO an:6Auto oav Ot.abumala, oav 0La).)fnxfi ... I' aut6v 6eloxour yta n:eWTTJ 4><>e OTl'J cpl.A.oaocpuu] TIJ'. .ogril TTJV tbfo nii; 4>11erJ.vl'Ji;: oxbjn]i;; ...
Atrt6i; an:on4L TT]V an:mdtl.woti TIJS l'tQOYViatEQ1]t; otl-
vd0T]OT)t;,
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wto-cdtlwCJJJ TIJt; IOfoi; :n:ou o011yrL cmiv
OMnrca (n:ov dvm xaL 11 aQ>tt11e(a TIJt; itlooocj>lm;), i] 11

ouaia TT]t; tbai; :n:ou E)Uj>g6.l;EL w wtEQL6QLO'tO, TO n dvm
w eutegi.Oguno ... To an:6ktrto dvm T] V&n)'ta WlJ dvm
xm "tOlJ T] dvm ... To al..t]0w6 dval -w y{yvEo9al Xl Oxl

Elvm ... H VOtjCJT] (Verstand) xwglt;EL "tO dvm wt6 "tO T]
dvm, o vov; (Vemuft) avayvwg(!;EL "tO Eva a-w ID.a ... XL
ttoL "tO 'Ol.o, "tO an:6klJ"tO, :n:ogd va OQU7td w; y(yvEo0m ... To wtEQL6QU7tO co dval xa0Eavc6 xal OL' Eavc6,
dvm T] n6uJca cwv avn0ttwv ... Icov Hg6.ilino, T] anyfi TT]; "ClQVT]"tLX6TT]"ta; dvaL EW:A:6.QX01JOa ... Q xQ6vo; dVaL "tO xa0ag6 ylyvo9m ... T] xa0aQ11 tvvom (2). H T]Qa
ilimxr] 0La1Dt"tLxfi 6.w; On (val evvoLO).oylxr]. ElvaL
m bLal..EXnxr] XOlJ nEQYOJtOLEI'. La 0Etllaxfi 0Lala0T]OT]
cwv avn0ttwv. Agy&tEga 9a otxo0ot]0d TJ 0La1Dtuxr'j
).oyLxr'j :n:ov Mtcovgyd n; avn0foEli; :n:ov v:n:O.gxovv
av6.aa atLi; tvvotEi; xm :n:ov ili(vu TT]V n.imxfi ).oylxr]
TT]; T] avtlcpaOT]; foa O'tT) ovv0mxfi ).oyLxr]. 0 OtO:Aoyo;
tOlJ Hg6.iliLt01J tov K6oo Exig6.t;nm ta' an:6 ).oyLaoUi; :wv dvm E)'Cr.M; El;lalOOEL;.
"tO
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T~" 1:
M1l.r'jatOL, ol.ov&n ov)J.a66.vovv OQLOEvE;

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;mt 11to xgiio :n:ov 1J1t6.Qxn atov Aval;(avOgo.
it\"T1ll1011: ."t<ll'
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0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H <t>IAOl:O<t>IA
SS
0ixvu tva mJ)J.oyL06 nou mJU.a66.vu ni; avn0four;

nou tm6.Qxouv OtT] Oofi tou x6oou, rtQ6XLtm 6wr; yw
tva ITTO;(aa6 nov bt lf>t6.vu O"to U'Jloi; rou gu0oil w
01.ClQOQWfvrii; oxhpr]i; l'tOV l'tQOOl'ta0( v' avtaWon w
QU06 tou x6aou. Ol fiu0ay6Qtl0l, mJvbuCr.Sovtai; w
VO'tlXla6 ~ ta a&rjatlx6., ITToX6.Sovtm 'tT)V aQov(a
xm tlr; avn0four;, all6. o\ln Xl autWv o O't0;tao6r; xatacpfevu va lf>t6.0El crtO OT\~(o va ogaatl.O'tE( tT)V agov(a
twv avn0h(l)V. 0 HQCr.tltL'tO!; x6.vL to cucocpamO'tlx6
5fia.
TO dvrlSovv oui(!OV xai ht t'WV 6taEp6vrwv xa.U.{OTJlV &poviav xa{ 11'<ivra xm:' lptv yivE08at. (To avd0to (dvm) cnJcj>wvo, cue' nr; Omcpogtr; (yVVlhm) T] mo
WQa(a agov(a xm ta 11:6.vm y(vovtm ~ tT) 0lx6vom (cue.
8). H 0ttllaxfi oxhpr] aQ0QW0T]x. 0 AOyos-tT)r; OlaA.EXtlxfii; dvm tvar; xm tvwnx6i; 6).a tov V.OVv, a' 6Aa avaxM'ttm xm Om-0A6.tm. Agovla xm tQL!; avnt(0EVtm xm
ouvt(0EVtm, 6ml)i; xm ta avt(0Eta tvagovlSovtm. Au'ri}
TJ nQ<lmi aAfi0La l!JlOQd va [xtl rtOlx(Af:r; txcpavoui;: cpuOLdi;, mtQLxtr;, oumxtr;, noAmxtr;. '04i; auttr; Ol mJyxtXQl)LE'VOrtolfiour; 't'l')r; rtQW't'l')i; aAfi0tmi; btv dvm tt'tOltr; rtC1Q6. Ovo l!koa mo tva xm ovabLx6 cpwr; nou tLr;
$wt(StL.
!'vvciiJnEi;- 6).a xa{ oVx 6Aa, ou<fJEf!OIJEVOV 6taEp6evov, ouvQ&iv 6i~&w, xal ht 11'<ivrwv fv xal ES lvOs- 11'civra. - OV Svvuicnv 6xws- 6taEp6Vov fwvrljJ OoAovyiEt 11'aA.lvrpo.1l'O!;' &('O'Vl'f/ 6xw01lEI? QSov xat AVe'f/!O
[(l:uvbtoui; 6).a Xl 6xl 6Aa), oOvom bLx6vola, mJ41wvia
amJlf>wvla cue' 6).a (yevviltm) w tva Xl cuc6 to tva 6).a
(cue. 10). dtv xataAa6alvouv nwr; to Omcf>oQEtLx6 auvoo).oyd ~ tov mut6 rou aQov(a avt(0Etwv EVt6.0E(l)V
6rtwi; wv t6!;ou xal 't'I')!; AilQar; (cue. 51)). To 6(al0 tt"Vtwa
wu no4Lxoii t6!;ou xm to tlwblx6 tivtwa 't'l')i; ouoLxfii; A\!Qai; cucnxov(Souv xm cpavtgWvouv tT) 0Amxfi
aAfi0na 't'l')r; tv&n]tai; twV avn0hwv, 6nwr; OtT]V WtQLXfi
'tO $iQaxo nou blvou~ oav avt(boto x6.vL xaA.6 ornv
OQYVL06. 0 pv66i;- dvm tvar; Oto6r;, \'a bfoLo nov
KQ:rT AI A~EAOI
XQatCm evwiva ta avt0na nQO:yata (). 0 Qu06;
TI); (J)(t"lpl]:; nQbtEt va btvu n:; axipu:; TI) La E TI)V WJ..f)
xal va tl:; ouvbtEL .E ta 1tQ{tyata, aq,oU 1tQityma xm
ox'l'El:; bev E(vm xa06Aou XWQlOiva.
Av 'l nmtx~ Aoytx~ bmxQlVEl Mo TI'.mou:; avr(0EOT):;
tWV EVVOltilv - avr(0n:E:; vvmE:; (001tQOa\IQo) )U avtl
q,anxt:; (OmtQO - f) itoxQO) - 0 HQO:xAElto:; l>E crtoXOl;nm toa CITa nAalota TI); tumx~:; Xl EVVotoxQanx~:; i..oytx~:; itou t"O Qrila TI);, :;ottvWvta:; cut' n:; aval;f)ti)oEL:;
tou Zftvwva, xataA~yEl CITfJ briwuQY(a a:;twOtwv Qlt.
tOV AQlITTO'ttAf) . .. H UQov(a t(J)V avtl0itwv: illov aut6
~tav itou yi)QtuE o HQOxAELw:; xt 6xl fJ mut"6TI)ta twv
avtl4'atlxWv, Jtou autO xa0mut0 tou ~tav ill.wotE
Uyvwcrta, tovil;EL o Leon Robin (3). rt' aut6 to A6yo
xQircEl va V..6.E yw TIJV ev6TI)ta twv avtl0itwv Y..l 6xt
yta TI)V mut6TI)ta ~ TI) oi'.tv0Em] wu:;. H 0EWQl]OT) itou
xitvEt o HQitxAuw:; Eivm oav wu yAil1tTIJ xal 6y6.l;El OTI)V
EJnq,OvEta avity>..uq,ou:; 6yxou:; ot bt6.4'0QE:; nAwQi; TI);
evWvovrm xm 'l taut6TI)t0 wu:; bev E(vm AoyLxO fJ ouotaCITtxO. El;axQl6wM]. H l>laAXn)(~ t"OU HQCr.xAElt"OU bev
Elvm o\lu fJ l>LaAExttx~ TI); taut6TI)m:; oirtE ExEiVTJ TI);
crU)'XuOl}:; Eivm ta l>laAExnx~ itou btWtA6.0El tvav ltEQt~Ovta i..oyto6. 4LaoQ4'WvEL m axtwrJ itou Of)toUQyEi i:vvmE:;, xat OE naxELQil;nat tvvotE:; ~bf) rnE!;EQyaoivE:; 0 tQ6no:; ltOU )(lVEitm (avO.Eoa CITO [l)(OVtX6
)(Ql CITO aVElXOVlX6 yEVVCr.Et )(Ql VOT)U)(~ mJllf)i.jJTJ ;mu
UQY6t"EQa 0a itEt CITo OQ6o TI); vof)awJtoil]OT):;. 0
HQOXAEno:; l>E OtaxQivEt ax6a oilt"E xal n:; Aoytxt:; avn0foEL:; a.."t6 tl:; ltQayanxt:; OwoAtxE:; avrt0fon:;: fJ Otx~
tou ltOQEia xetttu06vEtm axatWtauCITa QJ[6 ta ouyxEXQltva q,mv6.eva nou oulla66.vEl fJ ax'l'ri ltQo:; TI)V
aitimentx~ axtwrJ nou q,avEQWvnal E x0.0E n xou uitcl:QXEt - Xl avtiCITQoq,a. AutE:; Ol avrtAtm:L:; tou x<ivouv
(') Irov llfi'O/U/Ola .:1~"1 l<>V AtoXUl.oV. o n(>O'lllEa; t~cuvra; ym

11JV ><at1i0"1C10T) TOl' I.in (241 ). ,:,O" f(>(lti91oa1. Etrn mmltvo~. c'lttv<>=
ui.l'oobEIU""OC: a:r( ClUTOV TO (>~OpO
HPAl~.AEITOl:
KAI H <l>IAOl:O<l>IA
57
oM.'nt.AT]Qll niv llQyanx6nirn. x1 Oxt Ovo ni /.oytxi')

oQ4>fi, vu n:tt oto n:mxvlbt t\1 v l':tflQXEL au't6voo 6aoL>..no TI]r; Aoytxi')r;, xm l] nea11umxOTI]'tU btv dvm var;
an' t0ur; xWeour; nir; ol.6nirnr;.
Ta 'tQia wtoonOoU'ta nou axoAou9o-Uv ar; Otlxvouv
xa9aQfl nwr; '1 ox,jni 'tOU HQ<ix>..tt'tOU btv Elvm llQOOX.OAA.l]ivl] oii'tt CJTl]V u>..txi') ouo(a 'tWV l'tQayO'twv oii'tt ottr;
tbrn'ttr; noumWour; tour;, all6: CJTl]V ai..T)9na n:ou 9qu:>..tWvtt ni oi'.IU.l]lVTJ ano\J n:ou dvm.
Evv6v ylip d-pxrj "Kai n:t(!a; bri "KUx.lov Jrt(!tiJ'E(!Ei;. -
'066; 6vw "Klitw la xai WvnJ. - I'vaipEiq> 666; EVBEia

xai oxoAtl'j {a for:{ "Kat I) aVnj. (I:niv llQt$tQELU 'tOU xiJxAou Qxi') xm l'ttQar; cron:Unouv (wt. 103). 0 bQ6or;
n:ou avt6aivu xt o bQ6or; nov xau6alvn tlvm o ibtor;
0Q6or; (wt. 60). Eu91Jr; Kat A.o!;6r; bQ6or; oto 'f\'U4>UQL6
tivm var; xt o lbtor; (wt. 59).)
EbW btv xou.t va xO:vou.t t ta amoii.oytxi') Ti .t ta
XQOVoA.oytxi') Ti 'tol'toA.oytxi') llEQLYQ4>Ti .tovwtvwv <f>utvotvwv n:ou txouv rntAtytl oav n:aeabd'fa'ta. 0 HQOx>..tt TOr; ar; X<XQ0l;tl 'tO beQo TI]r; btxi')r; 'tOU .t66bdu n:ou
ouvtvWVtl O:vobo XUl KO:aobo XL K4>Q6.l;tt TO Qu96 'tOU
tv yl)'\'to9m tivm nir; oA.Oniar;. 0 beQor; ltou UKoAou6t(
xu 'tO btx6 'tOU llQOOQVQ'tOA.toO XUl ar; l;T]'tlttt vu 'tOV
bta'tQt!;out avotx O:na. Au't6 n:ou 6Abtouv 'ta ltna ar;, ar; xO:vtt T)bl] va oxt<f>TO"l'.i.t n:wr; l] aQXii xm TO
'ttA.or; tv6r; x-UKA.ou cron:UtTOuv. H bto.Atxnxi') ox,jni, nov
Elvm wt6 niv ouola nir; xuxAtxi'), crolJ.aMvu 'tOV xiixA.o
btai..tKnxlt. Eivm 41avtQ6r; o on:nx6r; xt OQaanx.6r; xaQmt.TI'JQar; nir; l]QUxAtmxi')r; btaloBl]OT)r;: TU ;rpliyatu
nou 61.tn:ou.t xm oxt4>'t6aa"tt txouv TI] btxtj TOur; AltlVTJ
nov 'tU obl]ytl wr; 'tO OT).t(o ni.;; ExAa\jlljr; TOur;. H wtOQla
JCQor; ota llQCtya'ta 'tOU x6oou a41un:vil;tt 'tO 9tWQl]'tlx6
l'tVtUa JlOU Eo wt' TIJV JlOLXtAla TOUr; crolJ.a6Ctvu TIJV
tvOni TOur;. tv6'tlJa l'tOU 'tU llQLtxL xm 'ta crovExtt.
Ta avtl9na, l] avtl9EOT) TOur; xm l] ivwml TOur;. txbl]hiivovrm E ta CJUVEX~ X(VT)OT), Xl au't6 JIOU 'tU KtVd dvm
10 yiyvto6m.
no-raoi; toi; aVroi; f6aivoiv TE "Kai oVx t6alvo-
KQIT AI A:='.EAOI
ev, dl:v TE xa{ 01ix elev. - nomoiar. roiar.v aVroiaiv

i6a{vovar.v luea xa{ luea Mam brt(!(!Ei' xai 1j!vxa{ 6t
Wr6 rWv Vy(!Wv dvaOviWvmt. - noracjJ rcie oVx lonv
i6rjvat 6iq rep aUrcjJ ... (Ovr/n't oVofo) ox{tJvrjui xai .ircUiv
crov6yEi ... xat 1r{!OUEtui xai Wmut. (:I:ta l6la l'tcrt6.m
n:alvovru XOl 0"Y n:alvovru, ei.aon xm 6"Y
(wt. 49a). :!:"ta ((Ila TCOt6:ta n:a(VO\l"Y O""UVX6:JS:
dacru
ID.a Xl
6)J..a VEQ6: Xl wt' ta vyQ6. 6ya(vovv Ol ')lvxti; oav ava0v-
u'Kmi; (wt. 12) . .6."Y n:oQO\J. vu n:oUE 6vo >oQti; crro

i.Ow l'tOt6.t. .. (K0.0 n 0vr)t6) cnt0Ql'tl!~"tat Xat l't6.i..l al;EUE"tat, l'tl..T]Ol6:1;Et Xl wtoaxQVvnm (wt. 91).
'01..' avt6. "ta 0t.ata exw!;EVovv ni; axti.vEi; wvi; !;EXl
vWvtai; wt6 "tO (Ow xtvtQo tTJS: T)Q<lxl..Emxfii; OmA.omxfii;.
Ta Ul'taQ!;mxO. ltQo61..fiata: ElacrrE xm b"Y e(acrre,
ta av0Qwl'tol..crytx6.: ot "lj1llXti; xm 'l uyQao(a, Ta '(VWolOMrytxW.: 'l K(VT)O"T] Xat 'l yvWO"T] tTJS: XlVT)O"T]), 0a EQEU
VT]0o\Jv TCaQaxchw. E6W, to 1CQ066.6ura txEt 'l allayfi,
'l x(VT)OTJ, to y(yvo6m 'l Omlo9T]nxfi etx6va aunji; nis:
QCriii; Eivm to notO.t. Qcrr6uo, 'l aiJ.ayfi, 'l xi.VT)OTJ, to yi.yvo0m xm T] Qofi - 61..o. 6oa ov6aoav on:ti..to6 tou
HQ6.tlEttov - 6la4'ui.6.ooouv tTJ 6l6.QXl0 tou (EV yi.yvr:.o6m) Elvm. To y(yveo0m tov e(vm be O""lJVi.crratm a' tva
wti.6 wtQ006t6QtotO x\11..lO"a - l'tOV xatw0l'.rv"tat ltQOS:
"t0 wtEQl6QtCJ"TO.
0 Burnet l'taQatTJQE( ltwi; aunj 'l 0EwQla cruV01.pi.l;nm
cruVTj0wi; .E tTJ 4'Q6.0"T] TC6.vta QEl, Xat TCQ<'>KEltat ym m
aQKt6. axet6oi..6ya aUv01T]' av Kat TIJXT] TCaQ0.00!;1"] bEV
ai; rnnQbtn v' wtobd!;ovru 6n avnj 'l 4'Q6.0TJ ei.vm tov
HQ6.xAf:ttOV (4). IlQO.yan, 'l 4'Q6.0TJ l't6.vta QEl b"Y
Vl't6.QXEl crra TCQWt6TIJl'ta xm owo.tva wtoom'wa"ta. Avt6 nou avti.0na Exov. Ei.vm Ol btaTIJTCci:loEli; tov XEl.Evov l'tOU TCaQa0itoa. TClO TC6.vw. 0 Ili.6.twv crrov Kean/A.a
(402a) yQ6.q,E:t: 0 HeaxAnroq A.fo xWrov 6n 6A.a HEf!
voVv xm riirom 6E l:vn, xm .iraeooia~ovraq m .iryam E TO (!Etia rov 1fDmoti, 1f(!008trn 6n 6E 8a ivroeotiaae va JrOtiE 6vo tf>oeiq OTO {6t0 ;rorli,t. A>o6
v6umv OtTJV aQXfi 6n cruvUa6av 61..T] tTJV ovo(a tTJS: T]Qa
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4>IAOl:04>IA

x~.ELnxi'Jc ~11/..000'1'.a<;
59
0m1e1llvtai; niv OJti..W<; xm 6vo

uuv La bol;ao(a rn1 uurmvnxoU oinf..LdoU, et6. 0tJ.11oav va U.niioouv tov He6.xkELto oav va l]v i)tav OLxfi tou 1] )'6:1.1] ELx6va Tl]<; x(VT)OT)<; (5), H ELX6va 6.wi;
tOU JtOtaoiJ lino lvm 6vo tva cnJ6of..o JtOU XaJ..XE1'tT)XE
rnELliiJ to XQELat;,6tav o nl.atwvLo6i; crtov ayWva nou tOLvE noavtlov tou oo'LcrtLxoU TJeaxAELnooU, xm yL' aut6
a'Lo6T]uhaL 'I al;la tou. H ELx6va aunl e(vm m XVtQLXI) lim(o6T]mi nii; aexEi'oVTJ<; oxtljll]; tou E'foLou. H
aJJ..ayf) xugLagxd <ITT] iUOTJ xm crtov x6oo xm JtQOO'tQE'taL oav to mo CJU'(XEXQLfvo 6gaa, EJtL6ciJ..J.tm CITT]V
avtiA1]1t"J. K6.n naga.Jtc:lvw: mo0av6acrre nc:lvw crto Otea a<; ta xmvoUgLa gclata tou notaoU xm to iOLo
a<; to oWa dvm yEc:lto a.Jt' ta miCalim toui;. H x(VT)OT)
elvm xLVT)OTJ tou x6oou E tov ono(o cruvtmgLc:lt;,E"tm 1]
xLvoUVT] axbprj. H axbprj lie liLEXliLxEl f..oy1xa tT)V xlVT)OTJ, yLatl liV unc:IQXEL xlVT)OTJ avel;CaenitTI OJt' tov K6oo
xaL ni Ixbprj . .6.n- unCtQXEL nae tvai; gu06i;, o ova0Lx6i; gu06i; JtOU n-agovlt;EL ni; xwi)OEL<; t(l)V Jt0lXLl.6og'wv nlil]MJoEWV, Xal to gu06 aut6 oxE1t"J xaL x6ooi; dvaL Oetva o gu06i; aut6<; ElvaL o gu06i; ni;
OlaJ..ext1xfii; nou cruUaOiivEL to V ylyvrn0a1 dvaL nii;
V6tl')tai; twv avt10ttwv. H 0Lo.AXt1xl) oxEljll], oav avmxnl axE1t"J JtOU EivaL, axE'tnm Tl] li1al.Exnxi) TIJ<; oJ.<hT]ta<;. To notir.L ELvaL La ix'QCIOTJ autoU nou EivaL: to
Ollioue aJJ..ii liV to xugLaQXoUe. Mnalvou.e xal 0V
rcalvoue crta lOLa JtOtir.La ... . EOW 0V UJtiiQXEl UJtEQOxl) tOU ElXOVlXOU xm tOU mo6T]toU (to JtOtc:lL) oUtE tOU
U$T]QTJEvou xaL tou avELXOVLxoU (1] ae:dl).Km ta Mo
cruyx.fovtal, bV ElvaL e xavtvav ti;i6no XWQLotva, xa1
cruvLcrtoUv cruvtgo'Lxii ni crtO.OT) tou crtoxacrnl nou crtoxO.t;,naL to JtOtCtL Mal !;EL tT) .na6g<jxooTJ. Ai; 1jV l;exvae 6n 0 OT)QLV6<; crtaxacrnli; Og(ax.naL OE La LcrtOQlxTj xm<lcrtami nou fxEL Eg0EL bmta OJt6 noJ.kts xonEgvlxn~ t;ruvacrt6.oEL<;: rnavO.crtami XQLcrtlaVLXT), xagtEoLa,.l]. xuvtLavi). XEYXEhavi), agl;LcrtLxfi. H xavtLavi) t0JtoHln1mi tov iteo6J.fiatoi; - UJtOXElo-o Tl]<; rvWmii; XL avnxEltvo TI!<; yvWmii;- 0Ev tx,EL rnumOoEL; <rnJV aQXmXI)
KQl:T AI: A~Ei\OI:
oxii.pTJ ro1 HQr'i.xAurnu To h1x6 TTJ!i yi~vrnHm bev Elvm

oUu to 6t6i..tx6 - xeumavtx6 ylyvrn9at, oUu to XYXEAtav6, oUu, n:oAU Aty6ueo, TJ oe9oAoyurrtxi) EStAt~ xm
naOOAi). O He6.xAEttoi; brv xataAUn TT)V OA6TT)ta. H
ouola tou Elvm mJVrnclynm TT)V ESmpclvtOl], xt aun'j TJ
ESmpclvtOl], avtl va xataAUnm xm va bmon:denm, Elvm to Eivm. ~toV HeclxAEtto, to ylyvE09at Vtcloonm
xt Exljlecl!;.nat E ta oxtljn') (n:ou ovocl!;.nm) btaAExnxiJ, n:ou n:illnat ax6a: wt6 6a9Eli; xm axgtvoU; u9oAoytxoUi; wt6TJxou;.
H uayE'.'fotEQTJ boSoyealjlla tou Atnou, n:ou TTJ!i
xewmclt: t6oEi; n:ATJeocpoglE; yta to teyo tou HeO.xAntou, wtAoumEU0vta; av6.lj>EQEL atO I'vWp.!> TWV 4'U.oa6<Pwv (1,23, 7-D. A6): .. o HerfxAm;O!> OT{>0Vl1 wr' 6).a
m Jrpriyp.ara T71V avWravori xa9W xat T71V ax1Vl'jola, JrOu
dvat p.ta xanicrra011 JlOV av1jxn OTOV!> Jr9ap.fvov!>. xat
u' 6.-la Jip6CT6tV p.ta XIVl'jO?j Jl"OU dvat atcbvta rm TOV!>
mWv1ov!> xm Jrpcioxmeq ym t"OV!> Jrp6oxmeov9>. Axeala
wtAon:olTJOTJ. wt6eema TT); n:eWTTJ; - AxabT)atxl); - btbaoxaAla; TTJ!i tatoelai; xm TTJ!i CTUCTtT)anxi); t:060ou
TWV boSacmiJv' Xat t:SatQEttxcl EJllQQrni); ITTO va OT)LOUQyEl oXT)anxt; Oll)'YtvEtE; XL avtt0fow;. 6.E naljltQEL
ma tUtota wt' to eu06, to 6vo aAT)90ljlavTj, TT); aextxl); oxtljn');.
Ta avtl0na, ion mo axatfutaumo ylyvE00at 6n:ou
Oeloxovtm, eivai Of uUyxgouOT). Ta avtl0na Elvm wtottAEoa m; CTUyxeouOT);, aut6. n:goxaAoUv TT) CTUyxgou'"l
n&ep.O!> JrtiVTWV p.f:v Jranjp fOTt, JrriVTWV 6f 6aCTtJ..n!!>,
xai rot)q tv fJeoV!> t6e1Se roti!> 6f dvOpWJrOV!>, roV!> p.l:v
6oti.l.ov!> broique roti!> 6t l).n!fJepov!>. - El61:vat 6i xl?11
T6v JI6Aep.ov t6vra Svv6v, xai 6{xtj fetv, xai yiv6eva
Jr6vra xar' tp1v xa{ weWv. (0 n:6kEo; Elvm xattea;
6Awv, 6Awv OaotAtO.; illou; avtbnSE 9wU; xt illou;
av9eWn:oui;, illoui; ExavE boUAou; xt 6.U.ou; dU9EQOui;
(wt. 53) nebm va SEeouE 6n 0 n:6AEo; EiVat xotv6;
xm TJ Otx6vom btxmouUVT), xt 6n ta n:O.vta ylv0vtat E
6I
TI] 6Lx6voLa Kl an6 avciyxl') ()(an. 80). 0 n6Af:oi;; Kt l'J

6Lx6volU em6WJ.ovtal crto oun:avnx6 KUL cno xotv6
rnUu6o. Autti 0Ee).LWvoov Km !;EJtEQVoUv xae it1ol
K~>>, KOlVWVlK~ Kl .. av0gWmVTj Ex6~AwCfl] ""l"OtJ avtaywVlCJo\J. H 6Lx6volU Ktivet avtl0na ta avtl0na KL dvm
6lKaLl'J. Autii I') avayxm6TI]""t"U 6V dvm EKElVTJ TI]li aKtVT]olai;;, allcl wu ylyvEo0m. H avayxm6-rJia 6ev elvm oE
KaLcl ltEQlrctWCfl] ov6tOVTJ, dvm acrUf.l.ioovrl, Km l'J aouiwvla dvm avayxala Km O;Atcna agovLK~. To veg6 wu
mnaoU, l'J il1.rnQ nii;; ik6yai;;, ox6Aeoi;; nii;; x6Al')i;;. dvm
mJyKEKelf1EV01tOL~CJEli;;, 61')A.a6~ aimiglei;; Kl anoA~!;ELi;;
nii;; 6LaAf:xnK~i;; oxbfnii;;. H l'JQaxAemK~ 0EWQl'JCfl], auAAa6avovtai;; niv a6txacrtl') xaL 6lUQK~ QOi) KUL ni 6tlre
XEta ltOU Vt11tclQXEL Cftl'JV avEJtlCTt{IEJtTT) goi), TI] 6tx6volU
xm TI] criJyxQOllCfl], 6ev eLvm oUu UlCJt6bo!;ii oUu anmot60o!;ii all.a t{layLx~. Mfo' an' 6Af:i;; ni;; allayti;;, o x6ooi;; nagaivEL KOOoi;;, l'J 6Lxau>CJUVT] dval dtxatOaiiVTJ,
6t}Aa6~ 6Eo6i;; avayxaloi;; E Tl')V Uxag!;ii xm TI] oxbfnl
""l"OU xa0ev6i;; ltOtJ ultcl{IXEL. 0 {ltJ06i;; VWvEL KL avtl0hEt
rn avtl0E"ta wi;; (JtJ86q. Autii l'J 6LcU..extLX~ 6V Elval ytvVT]a lili;; UJtOKELEVlx~i;; ruat.a61')olai;; ltOtJ i:xEL JtAf}yw0d
an6 TI]V x(VJ]Cfl] wu x6aou 6ev Elvm xa06Aoo La "l'UXL
x~ 6Lcl0tCfl] nou avayO{IE\JE"taL o' og0o).oylcnlx~ 0Ewgla.
H 6tcili:xnx~ Elval tva g6.a Xl tva 6ecla, tvai;; eu06i;;
e tov oxolo dvm 6E.tvoi;; o clv0gwxoi;; an6 to l6to totJ
"CO Elvm, nou anO't"U.El an6anaoa totJ ouv6Aot1 Elvm.
0 Hg6.xAf:Lwi;; txEL TI] ooila va auaxEl e TI] 6tx6
volU. 0 VEootu0ay6gELoi;; Noulvwi;; an' niv AncleLa TI]li
Iuelai;; (an. 16, THEDINGA, cnov XaJ.xi6to, C. 297
D.A. 22) axoAtit!;EL 0E"ttxti, av XQL CJE La yAWooa JtoAU
aUotwi:vl'), xt .. f'}'XwufCn rov Hp6.id.t:tro xov 1t(J006.-
OTOV 'OJj(JO 6n 1t(JO""C{fjUE ro Bavaro Xat f71V EXfj

6ivt0fj cvr' ni;;- 6vOTVXiEq f711i" Cw~i;;- 6t: ouvmu8av6rav 6rt
aur6 mjatvE xapa6oX'/ Tl'Jli" xaraOTpoqn'/i;;- rov x6aou
1tTEt
(')To X('I! d6tvot~""'f\'VU1tt rnioXoyn10. OTO 11~(1'l"V0.1' m "'fLv{i.ou

;mvta>1<1tO',f{JE<iw
KQl:TAl: AE:EAOl:
aoV l'J VA.q, ;rou cfvat l'J ;n1YJ11:wv Ol'W/JO(!tiJv, ea xaraurpctj>6rav, Ol Evxti; TOU Oiteou (IA.uiba, :I: 107): a-
xCtQl xav&rav va T) Olx&vola rut' TOui; 0Eo6i; Xl wt' tou;

av0eWxoui;, xataOLxcil;ovtm rnnOit dvm 11aillaeuilbEl;
Xl El;wxeayanxti;. 0 'OT)QOi; aywtoUoE TOV T)QWLXO
ay<i.lva crta 11/..a(OlU EV6i; oiJ.n:avtoi; 1tOU to EUX6taV ELQT)VlX6, EVW o HechAEltoi; bLwtLITTWvEL niv uxte-cani xuemexla nii; 0Lx6vmai; ML OEV .n:oed va OmvOT)0E( niv
xmfutaum] nii; rnnOit OEV .n:oed va OmvoTJ0El -cov ou11avtLx6 0Ctvato va 1tQOXaAd-cm wt6 crtamOni-ca. cl>umxCt, T) cj>QO.OT) TOU Nou(vLOu: T) UAT) dvm T) ITTJYit-rwv oucjloeWv, OEV Elvm T)QUXAELnxti aUU '(VWITTlXit. fLa TOV
Hec'r.tlELto, to :I:U.n:av dvm to -c611oi; TOU 110Atou, 1tOU
l;'tt)/..(y-cm o' 6Aa -ca 1tE0(a xm dvm 1tTJY"I toU xaAoU xm
tou xaxoii xou E(vm c'r.QQT)X-Ca OEtva.
0 eu06i; nii; ou.n:avtlXiti; X(VT)OT)i; 1tOU EVWVEL Xl Uvtlat-m m avti0ta, toa ITTT)V aeov(a tou y(yvE00m, aut6i; 0 eu06i; 1tOU ouUa66.vEL T) OmAfxnxit OXbj.tT), Elvm
o X(J6vo;-.
AlWv ;rai;- Eure 11a(Cwv, ;rcooctiwv 11atM;- 1) 6am).(17.
(Q XQ6voi; dVO.l va 1tUl0( 1tOU 11a(l;,EL, Q(X"ovtai; l;c'r.Qm
EV6t; xmbwU T) 6amAda (wt. 52).) H oA6Tr)-ca tou E(vm
6eloxttal oE xlVT)OTJ xL aunj TJ xlVTJOTJ Elvm o xe6voi;. 0
XQ6voi; wtO-CEAE( to y(yvE00m Tr)i; OA6Tr)-CO.t;, Xl 6-cav T)
oxbpl') toV ouUa6Ctvn, ou:ll;n .E TO xmxvllH 1t0u xall;n tva xmOL 0 XQ6voi; 6wi; Elvm TO xmxvlbL EV6i; 1tUlOloU xou ouvfX.Wi; x-cll;,EL xm l;t:x-rll;EL, xl au-c6 to xmxvlbL
11a(l;,tm XWQli; XLvbiJvoui;, XLVMvoui; 1tOU 0 ITToXacmli;
OEV .n:oed xm OEV xebtEL v' wtoxAEfon alJ..6. va TOui; OExuL 'Ewl, Ol crtLyti; toU xe6vou xouv Mo avtm0fEV(l 11e6ow11a: Elvm 6aoLAlxti; (rnnax-cLxti;) xm xmblxt;
(olITTQT)AUTI')tvEi;). Av o XQ6voi; E(vm vu 1tm0( 1tOU 1ta(l;,EL, -c6i:E T) blaAEX-ClXfi toU oocj>oU E(vm T) blaAEX-ClXfi EV6i;
1tULfooiJ JtOU [xEL XataA6.6EL to nmxv0L. 0 EVl')ALxoi; to1100-cE(-cm tau mo xe6vo xm E niv mCteaXTJ oocjlla tou
UvtltW1t1'.l;,EL ni; ITTLyti; toU XQ6VoU E ElQWVE(a XaL
0Al1.j11]. Av T) 6aOLAlxit OUvaT) toU xe6vou Elvm T) MvaT)
Ev6; xmOLOU, -c6-cE T) MvaT) xou EEl; t;{ou.e: 11Ctvw mo
63
x1.16vo dvm atLOTJo; Mva11 V6o; nmbwii. 0 xg6voo; e(vm

ElQWVLx6o; atELbi) ;rnegv6.EL t' av0g6"nva 1d.{toata xm
m axtbL6. touo;. Km 0ki:6ovtm Ol 6.v0gumoL '{Lat( bV Elval J'taQ{t ov6.xa La OtL'{i) tOU XQ6vou. 0 Xe<'>voo; Elvm
to EIEH.Lo nio; bmAExnxi)o; nou ou/J..a66.vnm wt' ni
oxEvrt Jtou mpuJtvl!;nm. M6ALo; '{VVLE1:m Tj wtagla,
O'tQE<j>ou.t to 6>..ia ao; ltQOo; no; O'tl'{io; tou xQ6vou, Kl
VW no; !;oiiE, avolyouE ' autto; buiAoyo. H wtagLa
nefan va ob11yEl O"to Jt6.0oo; nio; atagaSlao; ym va :cogEOEL va yEVVTj0El 11 oxt1VTJ. !tov Hg{txA.nto Jtagaxo>..ounio; oxbptio;, 6gLox6aO"tE O"to agxEyovo
0oiie ni
OT]Elo KQL bLaAE'{6aO'tE . La lblO<l>uiJ JtaLbLKi) TjAlK(a
- LLE t'T] YEvvrJOTJ V6; Jtmbwii
la biio avtL0ta mwvLOt'T]ta Km XQOVLK6t'T]ta, ta xwgl~n bLx6vom Km JtQOKaAoiiv na6oAto;, ouv{ta 6wo;
Vagovl!;ovtm. Q xQ6voo; E(Vm aU.iJvwo; KQL Tj QLWVLOt'T]ta q>avEgWvnm E to xe6vo. 8V :cogoi'.i.t v' avatgt;ouE nEga wt' to Xg6vo: aurfi E[vm Tl 0EdmKi) avaK{tAt1'4JTj t'T]o; blC14KnKi)o;. H o6volCI KL Tl bLx6vom, o n64oo; Kl Tj EL.Qi)VT], Tj bLKaLOcn'.JVT] KQL Tj igLo;, Tj Qoi) tOU 1tOtaoii KL Tl U..wb[a nio; Aiigao;, ou6aLvouv toa O'tO XgOvo.
0 XQ6voo; Elvm Vowatwhoo; oE K6.0E bLaAf:KnKi). 0
Jean Wahl (Av8{>Wmvq i\Jl'al?~ xai V1l'ip6aaq), 0ttovtao;
to JtQ66f..Tja: O xQ<'>voo; W'tOQQiEl wt' t'T] bLaAEKnKi) i) Tj
bLaAEKnKi) wt' to XQ6VO;, wtavt{tEl: O'tTjV 1tQayanx0
t'T]ta, Tj btaAf:KnKi) JtQOUno0hEL tO XQ6vO Kl 0 XQ6voo; y[VEtaL mo0Tjt6o; wt6 tva Elboo; bLaAf:KtLKi)o; (6). 0 Hg{tK4ltoo; outeEQLAaMvu O'tTj OlaAEKtLKi) tou oxbpti to
XciJQO KQL to xQ<'>vo, blvovtao; t'T]V U1tEQOxi) O'tO OditEQO.
H XQOVLKi) a/J..a'fli ao; <j>EQVEl Kovtc'r. OlTJV allayi) JtOU y[vEtm wt6 t'T] <1wmc'r., JtOU Elvm Tl KOQU<j>ala Oiiva11 tou
xooLKOii y[yvE00m. 0 Ahwo; (II 4,3, D.A.10) 0ewgE(
tov Eaut6 tou ESouowboniEvo va ao; bLb{t;eL 6n ym tov
Hg6:KAfLto O x6oo!; yt"l'Vtimi 1'.5xi 61tW!; opi~EI o xf'6vo!;
a.U.6 6.1l'W!; opi~Et 'I oxiipq. rm tov Hgc'r.xAEno 6wo; o
x6ooo; bV Eivm x6.n Jtou 'fVVLhm, xQ<'>voi; xm oxbpti
0EV Elvm xwemEva. H oxttV11 E(VQL La oxtip11 Jt{tvw O'tO
zgc 1VO, '{lat[ o XQ6voo; Elvm JtagciJv wt6 t'T]V 1tQillt'T] KL6kao;
rtvvrJ'"I
K!JIT Al: A!EAOl:
any'll xi wt6 't6tE Eivm xm xe6voi; 6LwEvoi; xa1 xe6vo;

Jtou fl axtwrJ ai; 'tOV axtqi'ttat. H axtwrJ elvm aut6 m~ga
wt6 to oitoio brv :rcogoUE va itclE xat to qiavtgw<i TT)i;
yivnm foa O'to xe6vo.
H flQatlEmxt'] buU.Exnx'll brv :rcogEi va at1U.fl$0Ei xwgii; TT) 0Ewgia tou A.6you itou TTJV x<ivn Aa:rcEQT]. H bmAExnx'll axt'l''I avwtriiaanal taa O'tOV ogitovca tou A6you
itou twoyoVEi TTJV avmxn) axtwrJ TT)<; oi..6TT)'tai;, axt'l'TI
JtOU yovLOJtotEi TT) yvWOT). Tiagoualir.aaE TT) blaAEXtLX'll
toU HgO.xAEnou JtQlV wt' TTJV 6.Jto'ini 'tOU yLa 'tO AOyo,
mnbfi aun) 'I blaA.Exnx'll Eivm Evai; bQ6oi; Jtou JtQbtEL
xavEii; va tov bta'tgt;n yta va :rcogtaEl va xataMi6EL 'tO
A6yo I' aut6v to bQ6o avmWvovtat fl aUyxgouari >tat
fl agovla twv avn0hwv, to Jtot6.L xt o it6AE:oi;. H JtoQEia ai; mivw o' aun) TTJV oM, 'I E0oblxfi ExxiVT)OT), ai;
xclvn va boUE 6n to 'Eva XaL to 'OAo EivaL all.flAtvbna
XL 6n fl Ev6n}'ta Xal TiolJ..wtA6TT)ta ;(ouv La oXtaJi btai..oylx'll. H blaAExnx'll brv avayogriin rov Eaut6 TT)i; wt6Aum xUgLO. Toito0nEitat O'to xtvtgo TT)i; 0A.6TT)tai; xaL
;tgn itwi; EivaL bLagxWi; wtoaitaaanx'll xaL itwi; JtEQLtxnal foa a' EXEivo itou TT) 0Edu!Jvn XOL TTJV ;mEgvcln.
EvumiQXEL xagaytvf] a' 6Aoui; toui; xWgoui;. H axtwrJ
tou HgWtAE:itou bf\' elvm oUu axt'l'TI fV6i; $LAoa6qiou TT)<;
qiUarii; fa cv6i; qiumxoU, oim fV6i; 0rnA.6you o{m EV6i; koyoxg6.TT) fl axtwrJ aun), ExqigUt;ovtai; to gu06 mu at1itavnxoU elvm, ai; obf]yEi JtQOS TTJV EV6TT)'ta, m fVOn}'ta
itou bEV Eivat Jtott oAoxl..flQWtL>t'll. H aEQlOTTJ b6va'll TT)<;
itou ta xaAUmEt 61..a, brv Eivm Eva boaEvo wto'ttAE:oa
all.cl oqiEiknat O'tOV JtQWtayWVLO'tLX6 Q6Ao JtO\J itaitn
O'tO bg6.a mu yiyvEo0at. H axt1PT1 aun) 'toi..6.n va xott~n mui; tgayLxoUi; aitagayoUi; itou xO.vouv xcl0E Jtagouaia wtooitaaanxfi, Xl mnbfi bE yugriin TTJV flatlXia
all.6. TTJV ataga;ia, wtobxnal ni; avrupUoEti; xm bEV
;qwgLtn to at1:rcavtLx6 wt' t0 atl'fXEXQtEvo.
0 builoyoi; itou o itgcii'toi; .eyCU..Oi; O'toxaon)i; agxitf:i
E tov x6oo - xO.vovtai; hm qiavEgfi TTJV itagouaia tou
taa O'tov x6ao - bEV Eivat oim Q1JtoQL>t6i; oUu au0aignoi;. 0 bLCU..Oyoi; itou ;(EL E 'tOV x6oo bEV mibulnm
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 1IA0l:Oll>IA
65
vu xu-tall]!;n Of LU cruvoAlxl] fQl)vda oiiu Of 1.ct wtoon:a'Janxl] boyUtl>ti) 80l): '1:UQUvl UVmXf6 Mal'TUtQ(n:ETUl TlJ OflQci tou Of 1.ct b.xl..lJOlJ. H lJQaxl..rmxiJ blaM:xnxl] ayxallcil;El TlJ cpUOT) xm to 1tVrila, wv 6.v8Qwn:o xm TOV x6oo, TlJ oxbvTJ xm TTJV oMTT)tU, avoi:yn
TO XQ6vo OTT) ox1'!'1 To n:Qocpl)wt6 tou 6ci8oi;; 6V rS,,rgWvf'tm ti.ito-ra, xal ai;; blbciOXl va !;rnQcioou TTJV
tfQOf!;ftUCJtlXl] fQtlmj<Jl] it TO l:va ... it TO d.Uo ... UJtfQ'"lbWVTai;;, 11:QlV tf8fl lutOQlxci xm CJUutl]anxci, TlJ /.oylxl]
QXiJ LOU wtoxl..nooU n:avt6i;; TQitou. 'Exour vu xir.vouf xol..U JtfQlOo6ngo to !;rntgaoa TTJ'i JtUQabeyMJi;;
uvticpaorii;; JtaQU r TlJ 6l6:1ucn] TlJ'i 0 4'i:l.wv o Al.r!;avbgrUi;; ai;; 6ivn bLxw n:ou 8WQoUe TlJ blaAfxnxiJ oav TlJ
8rEi..lax1] avax6:1U1.l'l] TOU HQciXAfltou: I16.v6' 6oa tv
xOocp axc60v tvavria clvm nEv"EV" otl TOtiTO tur{v, 6
amv ~EU1jVE!O niv fyav "a{ tio{6iov ;rap' atiLOi!O 'Hpci"AEt"tOV )t</><iAatov ri/!O aVmti 1f(>OOP106..cvov </>t).oooi'a; atixctv W!O it/>' cV(>ioct "atvrj; (-UIS RERUM
DIVINARUM HERES SIT, 43, 214) (7).
KE<l>AAAIO
~EYTEPO
oAorm:
0
A6yo~
lvm aut6 nou auvbtn Ta lmv6eva )U'taSU
"tom;. nou "ta ouvbtn wi; $mv6Va V65 xm 6vou l:U:n:avt~. Xl
aut6 nou auvbtn niv oilla 'ta q,mv6-
va. 0 Mym; dvm Evm; ailvbrnoi;. Aut6 nou y(vE"l:m cj>a-
$mv6evo (vm fibt] bmnonotvo wt' TO i.6yo,

yl' aut6 xm ;coed va aullIJ$0El. O i..6ym; lvm 'I "'1Jxrl
XaL TO ITTriia Tljt; TJemtl.. ltlX1]i; bla1xnx1]i; JtOU WV
K6oo wto"tdd va oWa. Aut6i; 6wi; o A.6yoi; 0V dvm
o A.6yoi; lCl<; Aoylxt'Ji;. Hvm au"t6 nou SQxr'Ji; ~wrryovd
x6.0 oxtiirr1 aut6i; o A6yo~ 9a yLvn Q'r'irtQa cndii>'rl A.oylxi), mounl. xM. xAn. H 0Vva1] wu dvm IJ OirvaT] TIJ'i
01Jnov1ut6nrms xm -co $wi; wu xa-cavyit~n ta oxcn:ci-
VQ6
wi;
lna.
1. 0 A6yo!O :icat '1 yvWOT/

xa~ crni .aQTIJQla wu AQlm:ITTtl.IJ (l'TjmeixrJ, rs,
14076, 11-0.A. 4) SEQoue nwi; to6l6A.kiwu HQO:tlmou
e ni; $QO:orn; nou a:nonAoUv -ca a:nooxo1mta 1
xm 2. Ta wtomtO.oa-ca 72 xm 108 m; V..OUv otLOTji;, e
0:QXL~
'to Uho Uios. YLO w A.6yo.

Toti bi A.6yov Toti6' t6vroq d:El
d:~Vvetot y{vovrm &v9ewirot xal iro(JEV q d:xotiom xai 6xoVuavreq r6 ireiiJrov ytvotvwv y<i{> ird:vrwv xard: rov Myov r6v6E Wreleoiow tolxaui, ireieWcvm xal bctwv xal leywv wwVTwv, Oxolwv fyW 6i71yEtiai xard: t!otv &atptwv lxaurov
xal <PCwv dxwq fxei. ToVq 6t d.Uovq d:v9pcfurovq A.av-
0 HPAKt\EITOl: KAI H 4>1t\Ol:04>1A
67
tMvf"I 1);1aWa fye9iVTq JrOWiimv, 6xwOJrf2 Ox6oa ii6ovrq bnAavl:lcivoVTm. - ~t6 lJEi bro9m np xomjr ~vv6q
ycie 0 xoiv6q mii ).6yov lJ' t6VToq ~vvoii {:Wovatv ol .mM).o{ Wq l6iav fxoVTEq l/'eOvr/atv. - gt ciA.tOTa &'f/vExWq
61Aoiim A6y<p {TfjJ Tei 6).a lJtotxotivn), mt/Tip lJiaipfeovmt, xa{ olq xa6' t;teav frxveotiut, miim at'rroiq ~Eva
a{vnm. - 'Ox6owv Myovq ~xovaa, o66(q titxvEfmt
tq TOiiro, WOT ytvciiaxtV On aoqx'w fOTt H6VTWV xexwetaivov. (Av Xat O ).6yoqavt6~ dvm mliwm () OL Qv9QWJt0L yLvovtaL aoUvnoL xm JtQLV TOV axoVoovv XL mpoV tov
ax0Voot1v ym JtQWTT] ~: ymT(, VW Ta ltclvta yLvovtat
oU$00va avT6v TO Myo, OL Ccv9QWltOL OL6:1;ovv WmQOL ax6a XL 6tav xatcmulvovtm xm t M}yta xm t iQya tb:ow aav avtcl nov YW buwoUm, btmQWvta~ to
xa0va xat6: TT] 4'1'01'J wv xat MyovtO.~ to &tw~ txL ot
allOL 6w~ Ccv9QWltOL ~QO'tO)'.OVv () 6oa x6::vouv ~UJIVLOL,
6nw~ AIJoovoVv 6oa x6::vouv crtov UHVo totl~ (cm. t). ft'
avt6 XQbtL v' axoA.ov9tjaot1t tov XOLv6 ).6yo yLad to
XOLv6 ivm avn:avttx6. EvW 6w~ o A6yoq dvm xotv6~.
OL no),),,oi ~ovv aav va Lxav ta btx~ tot1~ 4'Q6vri01'J (cm.
2). M to A6yo, avt6v nov ta xv6QV0.L 6Aa, tov ono(o
6:).Lcrt CJUVavacrttib!>ovtL abtO.xon:a. ' avt6v txovv
(") 0n lioi>iu 1110 >1oiTW (od

(Pl)TO(>'>I~,
~II)
fS, \40715, II) Y'" "l
O'lQ >LEi'.j.i{Va TOil H""1Wt'IO\I
1111>1; o AQIOTOTUT)' !')6T) ll"lt!WWVWiav

lT)V rutouoiaO'l~,.
\l(l no-
O'l~. (t)J..ov yto.
nu.; :rtQf.riEl >l(IVE(,vo btaMoE lU
4'e(i:ou lTJY 11eUmJ 4'e(i:<1T) TOil 11Qt'1r01l 111100..1<ioGTO!;: netrm va 1JVVbiOE1

TO laEi p TO t6vro> Ii E TO dS'lil'1'0< yfro\'fa" Avti6na -TOI>' DielsKranz. EllEi; b1aMtollllE Mvi~ UEI. :rtoll <1TJ11aivE1 etll'!; (1to11) Eimi 01!1.owa (a.l.1181~) 0 ilno; 6jlruc; o HQ(i>iM'll<>i;: txE1 TM06m')on TO dri blClAnr.u>1C. y1a va ""O{N!' va <Jm'6in ro .l6ro1tou Elm< Jfdvra a.l.118ivO;: (O'lo
yi'yvwtJa{ rou) f rot~ av8pu'.uro11, :1011, O'lO 6uW tOU>'. y(ywo6a1 avro{.
6v rov 1<ara.l.a6a{vo1v mivra (cfo' dS'liwrm y{Kl'Vl'at). Bio. Tl> 1..tu; a;
0 II<~ 8ct>.w "I> btaJ..ofn1<rl>'.. O'lO U{IO> m ll'lav!)Tlx4 CT>lbpfJ. Km
A,T6 roAOyo""IA.oy.0'1'1>14, O'lO l'raus, Z6yxeE,.,.,. ll(ll611 ), 1967. 1<a!IW;
xm TT) IJUV011''1 ta; aV<l>IOiv<ooT1' 11ou xUva~ O'lTJY ETal(IEln filTJV'"""'
o.'toub<Ov, E TOY titAo 0 AO~
wr rou; :fo4>1~. O'lT)V Revue des
<'/Ude.< grecqucs, T LXXI No 334-138, 1958, od. IX-X
( ) AllTO 1101 :;a01axovv (lav8.:ivE1) "' C.vflit!(W101 "I !Kea >tl etlJ'!O 1101 :;rl''Ouv (C,'t!..lnvfJcivol'fa) toa 01ov li1MI Tl); vlil(Tn;. UllYXWVrioovtm ~E Tl)
xt"i01J:tollyiv.-rmb60110Q4><;,vTm ibtollpoj11oto;
""'v
KOITAI: AEEAOI:
bw4><JQEi;, Xt 6aa auvavtoUv x6:0E EQa, 'toui; la(voVTat
!;Eva (wt. 72). Ax' 6aW'Y ta A6yta 6:xouaa, xavdi; bE ltO.'YEl OE toUto: ato va 'f'YWQ(l;Et 6tt to aoq,6 Elvat wt' 6Aa
XWQtaho (wt. 108).
EbW TJ AE~ A~ CJl]a(vEt to UyEtv 'tOU HQ6:xAEt'tOU
XO.t to V6T)a 'tOU :EUteaVToi;. 0 Myo~ Ei'Yat od1VT) Xat
ooq,La. Ot cptA6Aoyot JtQOcm6:0T)oav, XQT)m.oxotVTai;
vttxEtQi)ata xou 06.ouv va Eivat E~avtAT)ttX6:, v' wta"VTijoouv aw EQOrn]a l'tOtO dvat to Etbtx6 Xat ltQOfxov
v&qa autfii; tT)i; AE~i;. A4>t]vouE O"tT) >.E;T) A.6yo~ vq l'tEt
tt miavEl Q~CJI] XO.l Aoytx~. txlQCtC11] tou 'IOfiatoi; tT)i;
aAT)0tv/ii; ltQayattx&tT)tai; E i.a otAla o.otoyM"j ().
0 ~ Elvat tautOxQO'Ya 'tO auteaVTuW Aoytx6, Oxt
6wi; xm T) aQXT] tT)i; Aoytx~i;. o v6.oi; tov ylyvEa0at tou
xOO.ou xm to Ab{Etv 'tou HQ6:ilittov xou ExbrjMil'Ytat
&vo vtEt.&j wtotdd .fQOi; tou oAtxoU Myov xat tO'Y X4'Q6:1;n. 0 A.6yo~ Elvat to tva AoyuW, 'tO auteaVTuW Xat
VOl'tOlT)ttx6 (Vemunft) Xt Oxt T) Ratio tT)i; v6')mii; (Ver-
(") ria vu a11AM.6ouiu OOIO"l0 to A6yo nebm va 11<uw.66ouiu ~ yMOOoa

tOU He6;Wlto11 at( IU ~ ~ iou, llOU OI01"6oo li>:V n<; ~<.rVt).oino Ol
~lxti;, yi.u>oooWyi.x4, ypa.jUltlxt KC1l l.<Jylxt<; el"I\'"U.c; 8). L1dett and Scon A Greek-English Leiuoon. Revised by H S1uan Jones and
R. Mc Kenzie, 9rJ hili. ~~. l!MO, avat\iJt 1951 A Baylly, D1ctionnairc Orec-Fr1111Qi1S, rxli ava8Wl1flllih'TJ <:r116 tov L Scdian Kal tov P
Chantra1ne, Uaeltn, 1950 A.Meille1, Ape~ d" unc h11tone de la langue
greeque, 6q hili IlCl{IUIL, 1948 Em. BrnsaC<j Dictionnaire .!rymologique de
la langue grecque t1ud!t dans ses rappons 11.-ec /es autres langues 1ndo-europknnes. 4'1 txli., Xa\"lid6ter'l. 1950 E Hofrmann. DieSprllChe andgnff
ardlaisdie Logik, TiJbingen, 1925 B Snell, Die Ausdnkke fi!r den Besnffe
des W1Siens in der vorplaronr.;ehen Philosophic, Philarologisehe Untenuch
ungen, Fssc 29, BeeoMvo, 1924, Die Spnu:he Henk/its. Hermes. Fase 61,
1926 K Prantl, Geszchie der Logik im Abendlande. An-io.. 1855 vfo blboori oE 2 iO,.OUc;. An>t>ici. 1927 P Tannery,Htnwli1ee1/eoot1Q1prdeL:>gas, R.!vue Philarophique, No 9, 1883 Cll."5lrer, Die Begnlfsform 1m myrhr.;ehen Denken. A-ia. 1922 H Frakel. Dichrung und Philaroph1e des
FriJhen Gnechenrums. Nl:a Y6qx11. 1951 K V Fritz. The rerminu.s Nus 1n
rhe ~111ic philology, 011SS1Ca/ Philosophy, 1945. oE). 223 Ka f.lt Kal
1946, od. 12 l<Cll f.lt. L. S1efamn1, La n9SC'lra ck/ logos m El"lldlfO, G1om11le
cnm:o de/la fillosofia iraliana, Fa..c. I, 1951 M Heidegger, Logos (H~ra~li
te, fragment SO) ato Essais er oonfirences, ycU. n A Pro!au. Gallimard.
'"'
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 4'1AOI011A

~tand)
69
aut6; o A6yoq aulJ.a66:vtl "tT)V aATj0wij lieWoa

rreayartK6"tT)m ( Wirklichkeit)nou wro-rdEi w v6qa
av-roV nou Etfiavi~rrat iua O"n"/ booivr/ neayanxOl""Pj
ra ( Realitat ), av EitltQbtnm va naxtlQl~Oaatt 6Aou;
auroii; rou; 6Q<>u;.
'Ol'tw; 6tv n:oQ<>iit: v' avmeESout: crto l'tQlV wr' to
Xe6vo, ttol 6EV n:oQ<>iit: v' ava-reESout: Km ato JtQw
wt' to A6yo. 0 A6yoq 6l'tw; Kl o XQ6vo;, dvm XQOVlK6;
Km auJ.1vLO;. Ta Jtcivra ylvovtm aiicj>wva ' aut6v t0 A6yo. Aut6; wton:At( "tT)V oAlKij OT)ao{a tou :EUn:avro; Kl
t(vm aun:avrlK6;.
Q; v6Tja Km CJ<l)tQlKij xau:ii9uvOTJ TI]; OA6"tT)ta;, o
A6yoq dvm wt' "tT)V ouo(a tou KOlv6; at 6Aou;, 6EV KUl'itQ
v6. 6w; tO 6Ao wt' ESw. Q; :Eocj>la ovablKi), dvm XWQl
otvo; wt' to 6Ao, Kl aut6; OXWQLo6; 0a y{vn Ka-tVOTJ
t6; fo' wt6 "tT)V tStQt\IVTjOT] TI]; K(Vfjmj; tOU.
Ogtliw; o HQciKAtno; av0.6n - wt' "tTJ 41umO. tou aiin:avro; - "tTJ M6a tou A6you. 0 A6yoq t01J $wi:(~tl. 0
A6yoq dvm tKtlvo to SUl'tVTJa TI]; wtoela; TI]; 4>TJQTJEVTJ; ax\pfj; l'tOU x6.vn tov civ0Qwl'to va 6yn wt' to K6a.o
"t(l)V ovle(l)V ym va ov ob11yfiotl atov x6a.o tou ct>w6;.
H MA11o; txn Stt:(Vtl l't(ow. H ae0ewiVlj ax\pfj x6.vn
"tT)V avaTQE1t"tlKij t4icivlm] TI]; crtTJV lcrtoe(a "!OU K6oou.
0 A6yoq tlvm t6ao l'tQaymlK6; Kl wtcrttAtocmx6;
rnnful auvbEttm t: to y(yveo8m Km l'tOQt"Uttm l'tQo; L
yvW017. 0 6.v0eu.m:o; dvm o oiJ..drv 0tmocj>UAaK6.; wu,
av Elvm SU:rtVw;. H tQYT]yoQOTJ, l'tOU A.t!Jm wt' wu;
wte6oXtou; av0gtlil'tou; Km tou; KOlmtvou;, dvm
aXQL66.i; Katav6Tj011 Jtou K6.Vtl w A6yo l'taQ6vta.
0 A6yoq 6w;, av Km aun:avtlK6;, btv t(val to LlimltEQo yvWQLOa "tT); av0eWmVTJ; 6.~a;. 'OAm Ol 6.v0QWl'tOl
6t $wtl~ovrm wt' to A6yo, Kl Ol crtoXacrtE; aK6a ALy6tEQ<>. To JtAij0o; 6t axE$tttm: btv KataAaOO(vn atrt6
nou K6.0t Eea auvavrO., bEV SEQtl oUtt va lAl}otl oUn
va JtQO.SEL, wtOSX"Lttm foa crtov Um-o KOL 6tv avaAoyil;nm aut6 l'tOU Exn K6.Vtl &mv uno0fooue l'tw; Elvm
!;il:rtVLO. El'tutMov, to K6.0t O:too wt' autci Jtou wtcrtt
AoUv to JtAi)0cx;, 0aQQEL l'tW; fytl la Lbl.Cl(UQTJ v6TJOTJ l'tOU
70
KQIT AI: A:::EAOI:
btv to cnrvbEu xa86A.ov c to ou.n:avnxO. Eibac l"COlEt;

1]tuv Ol l'lQWw; ie6.oni; c nr; oito(E1; o Heclxl..utoi; ava8EO:n~ tovi; av8er.i:utovr; nov iavt0.~0Vtm On n:ogoiiv
v' cutoovWvovtai cut' to A6yo.. TWea noU.cutAaoui~L ta
0n1goxon~a"t6. tov.
0V ycip ippovtovot wmiira JrOUo{, 6x6001 iyxvpriio1v,
oVl>t a86vrei; yivc.OO>covotv, twvroiot M hoxtovo1. - 'A-
xoVoe oVx brtcncicvot oV6' ebreiv. - 'A;VvET01 cixoVoaVTei; 1'W4'0iotv tobmoi ipchti; aVwiotv apropi 1mpe6vrai; WrEivat. - f1ai6wv cl:8Vpam rd: 6v8pcbmva 6o;aoam. - BAO; Civ6pw;roi; be{ ;ravri A6yrp brroijo6m
U.Ei. - Tii; ycip avrciJv v6oi; ij ipprjv; 6rjwv ciou5oiot xi-
8ovmt xai 616aoxW.t cl:ya8o{, - KVvi; ylip xam6aVCovo1v Wv Civ rj ytvWoxwot. - Kaxoi ciprvpei; cl:v8pcimoto1v 06aAoi xai Wra 6ap66povi; 1fvxcir; tx6vrwv.
- Trjv TE o(1Jotv lepciv vOoov... xai njv dpaotv lpVliro0at.
- 'HOor; ylip cl:vOpW.1l'etov iv oVx fxet yvWar;. Oeiov 6t
lxet. - Kpiimetv cl:a0iv xptooov;; lr; r6 ioov tpipetv.
- M1J elxr) JCepi rWv eyi<T't'WV uv6aV.We0a. - 0V liFi
WoJCep xaOWliovrar; .1l'Oteiv xa{ Afyeiv yelp xai r6u hoxoVEV .1l'Oteiv xa{ Afyetv. (fiati OE oxtnovtm ttm Ol
ol ;rroUoi xaxo{,
noU.ol, 6ooL ta auvavwiiv, oiin XL 6tav ta a8m'.vouv

ta yvwel~ouv, allil TU qmvrO.~OVTm (rut, 17). 'Orav
axoiiv bev xataAa6aivouv xm y1' aut6 o16.~ovv E )(()Vq>oiii; aQTUQEi y1' avwiii; 11 naemla: nae6vw; wtoumil~ouv (rut. 34). nm'.(\'ibia nmbLWv OL av0eWmvEi; Oo!;aoiEi; (rut. 70). 0 6Mxai; aet(J)l.TUL OE xil8E Afyyo va
tQ06.~L (wt. 87). fLat[ nowi; Elvm o vom; tovi; rJ 1] $1?6VTJorJ tovi;; nEl00VTUL wt' wvi; /...UL)(()iii; tQayovburtti; xm
06.oxaMi; toui; Eivm o 6x>..oi; bev !;teovv 6n OL noU.o[
E[VUL xaxol MUL OI xaA.ol >..lyOL (rut. 104). fLatl TU oxv>..Lcl
yauy[~ouv 6no1oui; bE yvwei~ovv (rut. 97). Kaxo( CaewQEi; ta Cma xm t' avtLil y1a wvi; av0eWnovi;, 6tav Eivm
OL '\j)vxti; tovi; OOe6aQEi; (rut. 107). H btaQOl] Elvm v6ooi;
1EQT'j xm 1] 6Qa01] '\j)EiibEtm (rut. 46). To av8ptl>mvo ov Oev
txEL ooilEi;, w 8io 6wi; txn (rut. 78). Kai..Unea va
xeii6ELi; TTJV aCr.0ELa na1,16. va TTJ 6y6.~ni; OTT] $6ea ( cG1
0 HPAKAEITOI: KAI H >1AOI:O<l>IA
71
95) Ao; JJ 6ycil;OtJ OtTJV tUxTJ CJ'\JJtEQMata yta ta tytcna nQO.yata (we. 47). 6.EV neEnn va K6.vo1Jt: neci!;uo;
Kut va tA.oUt: 6nwo; 6tav xot6acrr y~at; Kat t6t voLl;ouE moo; Kcivout: neci!;uo; Kat tA.oUt: (we. 73))
To v6JJa autclw twv weoonao6.twv ao; q,a.LvLat K6.tt
JtQl006tQO we6 !;Ex6.0aQO: xotv6nmo. Mi)n:wo; 6wo; toa o' aut6. ta weoo.it6.oata btaK1J6Unat TJ LOta TJ Ka0riEQtviJ ao; Kotvoru.itla; H JtQt$Q6vli01] .JtOtJ Otaruitav(l;u Kt rnavaAa6Ctvu o HeCtxi..Ettoo;, .JtEQtA.oUl;u Klvouo;
.itou OEV XCltaAaOOLvow aut6 .itou x6.9 tQU m.rvavcoUv,
EKdvouo; .itou .JtCtQacn'iQOvtat we6 .itaea\!9ta Kat OEV dvat
!;UJtVtOl. Aexll;EL to !;mJAtya t1]o; aq,tofi'1t1]01Jo;. 0 OTOxaon]o; .JtQbtEt v' avol!;Et to OQOo t01J taeaxouvWvtao;
touo; xottoivouo; XCll touo; 1J.Jtvo6Ctno;, OtaoxoenLl;ovtao;
ta .itAi)0ri. 0 HeO.xi..moo; l;JJtCt we' to1Jo; av9e00n01Jo; va
!;teow v' axoirvE, va tAo\rv XCll va .itQCtTtouv - Kat
tbtalnea va !;teow va KataAafia(vow Kat v' avayvwell;ouv to ).6yo EKdvou nou, Eoa crro ylyvE00at, d"YClt. 0
Q1J06o; t1]o; oxt'l'TJo; tou HQCtKAElto1J 9a ao; .it6.Et we' a1Jtci
ta aX'lttK6. Kl aQ"YTJttK6.: weoq,0tyata oto1Jo; Kataq,attKoUo; a$0QtooUo;. H El'tttaKttKT) av6.yx1J a1Jtito; t1]o; $tAooo$tKi)o; natbaywytKT)o;, a1JTI'jo; t1]o; bEovtoAoylao; (6Et) Kt
a1Jnlo; tTJo; 1J0tKT)o; (lj8o~) t01J .\6yov, 0a $EQt tov HeciKAuto oto OT]t:Lo va tAT)ou Kat va KO.vu touo; c'U.Aouo;
\ICl XCltaA6.6ow.
OVx toV, dUci wV Myov () 01'0Vaavr~ OoAoyEiv
(I) ootjx'w iortv lv ncivra Elvai. - Elvat yae lv r6 ooq,Qv,
briOTao8at yvWl'JV, O.tq hv6tevrim: navra 6t6 mivrwv.
- Evv6v iOTt .1rlio1 r6 4JeovEetv. - 'A v8eWnotot nliot irecrrt ytvWmmv iwvroti~ xai Owt/JeOVEiv. - IoipewvEiv
d-eEt"lj cy{OTIJ, xai oo4Jil'J d-Al'J8Ea Aiye1v xat JrotEiv xaoa
q,601v bratovra~. - E"Vv v61<J<J6tQO kt wtO )').W<NH><l\) avaou mn

;.,>yo kOl TIJV ool.oy1a ll:IOj'{>0.1~(t TIJV (Jll<Puwiu TOii l6yol I'( TO Ev-
KQl:T Al: AEEAOl:
rivwr;. Tvttf>ovrat yciv .trcivrer; ol rivevWnetot v6m V.tr6

tv6r; roV Oeiov )(f)Ut'Ei yci{J roaoVrov 6"6aov tetJ.ei "a{
tgaf?)(i .trtiat )(a{ .trf)tyiverai, - lflvxfJr; tun J.6yor; fovr6v
aiigwv. - 'Af)ovi11 riaV1jr; att{Jf/!; )({?iTTwv. - 4'Vatr;
)(f)VmeaOat 1J.ei. - '00aJ.oi yciv rWv Wrwv ti)(v16tOT(,)Ot civrvver;. - ~Oawv 61J11r; riJ(ofJ cil111a1r;, raVra iyW
.1l'(,)Orttw. - El .trcivra rci 6vra J(aJnf6r; yivotro, Viver; av
61ayvoiV. ('Oxl Etva aJJ..cl rov A6yo 4>oii axoVutE, El-
vm a0$6 va ooA.oyf)aen 6n 'Eva ta n6.vta (M. 50).

flat( (a tlvm fJ 00411'.a: to va Y\'WQll;no; Tl') O'KE\jn) 1tol!
to' M' 61.a w xu6EQvclEL 6)..a (M. 41). H 4>Q6vTJaTJ Eivm
a' 6Aouo; J(OLvij (M. 113). 'OAoL OL 6.v0QW1tOL xouv QlbLO OTTIV au"t"oyvwala xm OTll aw$QOm'.iV1] (M. 116). Iw4>Qoo6V1], fJ iyLOTTI aQEn'J, "al oo4>la to va AEo; Tl')V aAJi0ua xm va 1tQ6.TIELo; o64>wva E Tl') 4>1'.imi - axoiiyovt6.o;
niv (M. 112). fLa va LME E v&ja (), 1tQfnEl v' avtAoii blrvari M' avt6 :rtou tlvm o' 61.a xoLv6 (1), 611wo;
fJ :rt6Ari avrl.t::l M' ro v6o, KL ax6a :rtEQLao61'EQO" yLat(
6AoL OL av0QWmvoL v6oL tQt4>ovtm M6 tov i.va v6o,
to 0EUr aut6o; KQm:clEL 600 0)..EL Tl')V eSoua{a totl, aexE(
YLa 6Aa XQL "ta U1tEQ6alvEL (M. 114), 0 J.6yor; nio; 'f!t1xiio;
auS6.vEL M' rov Eaut6 rou (M. 115). H a4>avfio; aQov(a
xaAiitEQfJ M6 ni 4>aVEQfi (M. 54), H 4>1'.imi ayM6. va
KQii6E1'm (M, 123). flm( ta 6.na (tlvm) axQL6tutEQOL
6.QnJQEo;M6' auwi(M. IO!a). EyW:rtQOnW au"t"ci:rtou
a0a(vw TI]V 6Qami xm TI]V axofi (M, 55), Av 6Aa ra
6vta ylvovtav xMv6o;, Ol iitEo; 0a Y"WQL!;av no; 6m4>oeto;
(M. 7).
0 Myor; 4>wtll;ovtao; ta ox6TI') Xl aut6 1tou Eivm XQt1i.vo, xcivEL 4>avEg6 to oALx6 v6f)a toll Iiircavroo;. v&ja Vwnx6. 0 .Myor; Elvm tvao; xm aurcavnx6o;, XL rnubft ylvnaL 4>avEQ6o; to 'Q)..o 1taQatvEL tvao; XL MOEIELxvUu 11wo; fJ oMTl')ra 6V Elvm oMnita 1taQci 6vo wo;
Ev6Tl')ta. OL civ0Qw1toL rcoeoUv va Y\'WQfoouv to Myo
(n 0
'IX'l""
lfUli(\'l<~h
.;vv ""'.~ . _;, .....~><UV" 4'U"VfLl<l (Ill 11 ""~"1 '"'~~I
hQlm<CTm 0 crup<jKllVlU (O;iv) ' UUTO J'IOU iva1 XOll'<> o" <Move (~lV<iv)
73
1tLbi) '1 axf:'lj.IT] ivm xcin xoLv6 CJ' 61..our; xm xatmx(a

Tl]<; [xL Tl'JV 'lj.IUXt'J tour;. Aut6 be CJT]alvL Jtwr; 6AoL axf:qrrovtm, 1tQciTTO!JV xm LAoUv GUqiwva Tl'JV al..t]0na.
bl]Aabt] Gliqiwva e Tl'JV aAT]0LVt] 4JUCJJJ. To av8eWmvo ov
rcoed va ylvn TO $<mCJivo 4Jeetqiwvo TO!J J.6yov, 6EV
etvm 6w) o ibf'unj~ mu o J.6yo)to :;emev(m. RCrt6CJo,
x6.0e civ0QW1tO<; bev dvm $oQfor; tou CJ'\JrcavnxoU J.6yov
XL, aut6r; o CJ'\J1tavtLx6r; J.6yo~ bv ivm TO Glivo/...o twv
J.6ywv twv !;qwQLCrtWv m6wv. H bmi..XtLxt] rcoQeL va
ar; bLbci!;n va xmavooUe xm va LAoUe ytatL ar; bd
xvu Cm JtQLV wt6 xci0e av0QWmvo bL<V..oyo, u1tciQXn o
A6yo) 1tOU xcivn buvan] Tl'J oUUT]ljlT] mr; al..t]Bnar;, ai..t]
0Lar; Jtou bev E.Jttvodrot aUQ avaxal61tTEWL. 0 Heel
xl..ntor; BE>..n va beL!;n TO bQOo Jtou 1tQitcu va 1tciQOU
xm cil..LCrta ar; 6oT]0cin va boU Ta 6QLa 1tOU CJT]abUouv aut6v TO bQOo. EvtoUtoLr;, bev ar; 1tQOO$EQL wtoT1..LWiver; nr; xaTT]yoQLr; TT]r; AoyLxt]r; xm ta AoyLxci XQL
n'IQLa Tl')r; al..t]0uar;. yLatL au-r6r; bEV dvm xafh]'(l1TI)r; aJJ..Q
xa0obl]YT]TI)r;. OUu xm ar; blvn - av ylvTm va bWan
xaveLr; - La yrvcaloy{a tou J.6yov. 0 J.6yo~ b 6eLaxETm
oUt CrtT)v aQxt] oUu Crto tEAor;: 6elax-rm foa Crto - bLx6 tou - yLyvo0m. Pwtcin xm bLxmo>..oyd to xcl0 tL
1tOU Lvm, xwetr; 0 LbLor; va ewnEtm QL~Lx6..
EvtoUtoLr;, U1tciQXL La ax['lj.IT] 1lO!J qrrcivn UTT] yvWCJT].
O HQcixALtor; b ETatQbcn CJ GliCl't"T)a w be6o xeor;
Tl'J yvWCJJJ. ovclxa bdxvu JtoLOr; dvm au-r6r; o b(l<'>or; .
.6.EV ebemtiivu La avti0CJJJ avcioa CrtL<; au:rfhjun) (6.na, aun: 1tLQLCJ6r;) xm CrtfJ /..oyLxt] p..6yor;. axf:ljlT]:
OQ00/..oyLo6r;) . M1lOQd ta wtOCJ1tclCJata 107 xm 46 va
bT]Ati:lvouv 6n Xaxo( ciQTIJQr; -ra cina xm t' aunci yLa
wur; av0eW1tour; 6tav dvm oL 'l'uxtr; tour; 6ciQ6aQr; XL
6t1 '1 6QaCJJJ 'lj.lUbetm, Ta wtOCJ1tcioa-ra 6wr; 101 xm
55 avtiBETa X$Qci~ouv tl]V EJHCJTOOUVTJ 1tQO<; rn 6.na
(1tou dvm) axe16ECrtQOL UQT1JQr; rut6 t" aun6. xm +<CJ'
au-rel 1tO!J a0a(vu (xavd:;) TT]V 6QaCJJJ xm TTJV axot].
0 QU06r; Tl')<; l]QUXAl nxt]r; btaAxnxt]:; bV dvm TQLabLx6r; - 0f:CJJJ. avtL0CJT], CJUv0CJJJ, t]. 0fCJJJ. ciQVTJCJJJ, 6.QVTJCJJJ
n1; <'tQVT)CJJJ<; - allci 6a0Urnrn buab1x6r;: aun] '1 axatci
KQ:ET A:E AEEAO:E
JTUOTTJ xiVT)OTJ TOu ;n]Ymvi/...u. 'Q:rrwi; Ol avn0toni; rnu

dvm avn0foeti; bt:rrol..txii;. avraywvtool O:rrou ta Mvari yivum btaboX_tx<i. taxu[Mlugoi; avraywvcmji; wt6 ta
ill!] bUvari. avrt0foni; MovEi;, tot xt 'l Eeoboi; tr)<;
oxi'V'l<; tou Elvm d;ioou avrt0uuu). A:rraQvttat o HQO:xl..ntoi; tTJ o1tv00f); Eivm al..i'J0na itwi; 61..ti; u0oUv at
biio 0foni;. x<i.vn tT)V Ecj>O.vun'J tT)<; ta :rrEQtixouoa ovt6tT)ta, m Mo 0f:oni; Owi; d;axol..ou0oUv v' aiJ..riAoo:rraQ6.l;ovrat, 'l oilyxQOUOfJ n:aQaivn oUyxQOUOfJ xt 'l <iQVT)OTI bE 6QimtEt tT)V 6.QVlloi) tT)t;. K6.t10 wt' aut6 tO cj>wi; JtOgoUe va xatal..<i6ouE ytati xm :rrwi; ot ata0i'Joni; Eivat
ouxvO. wtatT)Aii; xm .:rrogoUv va :rraQalvouv yta :rr6.vra
tftmei;, 6:rrwi; xm JtoQoUv ax6a, ocj>dl..ouv W..tota,
ytatl btxi'J t0ui; Elvat aun') 'l buvat6rr)ta, va obriyi)oouv
OTTj owcmj Wto""1, OTIJV xatav6riOTJ, OTTJV avayvWQtO'l'J tT)<;
al..i'J0etai;. Ato9iJoni; xat J\crytx6 lvat d;aQXfii; evw.tva.
Ta :rrgo6/...1)ata tai; xl..aotxi'Ji; 0EwQfoi; tT)t; yvWOTj<; - xataywyi) tT)<; yv<ilOTji;, avrtxElevo tT)<; yvWarii;. t0oboi; xm
tl1_11a tTJ<; yv<ilOTjt; - bev tl0vtm yta tov HQO.xl..e:tto :rraQ6.
tvav tQO:rro :rrgox/...amx6, briAabl) aQXmx6.
0 ~t~oi; 0 EJtELQtX6<; n:ou etArioe va E~EQUvr]on tT)V
l]QUXAEmxiJ 0EwQfo tTJ<; yv<ilOTji;, xm bev to txavE aut6
XWQ(i; va tT)V n:aQwtoti'Jon, YQ<icf>Et (oto ;rpo' Ma9rj/l(lrtxo6,, VII, 126-D.A. 16) 6n o Hp6:xJ..e1ro, ni<nEVE 6n o
<iv8pWJro, eivat :rrpOtKtutvo, . 660 6pyava yta va yvwplae1 P'/V a).1j8e1a: . n, mu81jon, Kat E ro A6yo wr'
avra ra 66o, 8ewpei
atu9rjaE1,... ava~16.irtorE' Kat
:rrapa6fxrat oav KptnJpto ro A6yo. Kara6tK<iCEt
u81juEt' Kat 6qA<ilVEI 6r1 0 /...Oyoi; EiVat xptnl~ '01~ a}.1j8Etu,, 6x1 o oJrornob~Jrore /...Oyoi; allQ o xotv6~ xat 8Eio~
n,
"'at-
i..6yot;. M' Ut'Tll Tl]\' fl_l!ll)\'~ia ilQf:rrn v' an:oxl..e:tcrtEi ta

yta :uivru 1111\ritl1 "'l 11v1't1n-ou OT<; ato0i'Joni; xm ro ..l6yo H ''-'!ll!\'1111 T''' !l."!lltowl '{HtTQOU bev OtTJQ(l;etal
OTO 111\oit1 T" , wr1 ".''"';,,. 1cwo:um<i.'twv :rrou avacj>EQO\'Tu1 t1n1 '\ "nl '" onoo1:11w11Cnu 107 xat 46 fxouv
u.'tn!l!"'"'ll11 Tlf\'111 01:111 HI 1111t:1A.rig101unx<i. toui;. ta
a.m1t1Hin1T1t nz1T1;.-11 u wn't u:iooitir.oua1u. O HQ6.xl..nro.:: n~'<t:HiH u1rtl ,"a1u .:rroQEi va bn, v' axoUon, va 6.-
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 4'1AOI0>1A
75
flu. necrnCt ni agwgia 'tWV anWv, ". auwl wu ipaLvovtaL mo Uxoma EJtELbl] b~ovrm 6i..E; n; naALE; agrugLE; ni; nai..Lwtvri; nagMomi;. H ae-roela 'tWV anWv dvm mo 6:.EOTJ xm 11 ne6:S11 ni; 6eami; elvm xou
obl]yEL OT1] 0EWQTJOT]. l:'tov Hgl'.ixAnw, 11 xogda ni; (l";(i'l'll!i e(vm nAacrtLxl], cruyxEXQlivl] xaL a!:L Wf>11e11ivl]:
W OJttLX6 avtLxdn-o, 1] bwfo0T)OT], W XQWa, 0011y0Uv
w crtoxacm] crtou; bLxoU; tou bgOou;. Ax6a xaL 't' aun6. Ow; twv av0gWnwv xou bEV elvm ma 66.geiagoL,
;togoUv va a; bLbcl~uv xcl'tL. 0 Hgl'.ixi..ELto; mcrtEUEL
axg6.bavta OTl]V xpWTij avrwr6"pl01j, crtll 9tlia"F)
cnlirrw01j wu ELvm xm ni; (l";(i'tpl];, xm to mcrteUn aut6
OE ti'tOLO OT].Eio 1t0U 6e6aubvEL 6n ea SEXweLt:aE 'ta
ngCtyata E ta gou0o{JVLa av 6Aa yLvovrav xmrv6; xm
uewbLCt. To 11eaxAEmx6 xcl0o; yLa niv al.110LVt') (l"i(bVrl
EXbl]MilVE'tal 6lma: !:11t6. TI) yvWmi xmi 0uoLa, TI) yvWOT]
Ea' wt' 6Aa, TI) yvWmi xou xeaya't<iwE'tm ' oJ..6xA11eo
to ELvm. Mt')xw; Eva; O.l.11va; ilewa;, aurii ni 1oecl
l]gwa; noAEou, o KuvtyELQO;, abtl.$6; 'tOU AwxUAou.
bev EJtLXElQl]OE va crtaaulon La X{IQLXt') 'tQLl]Ql] xeUn:a
E w beSL WU xEeL Xl 6'taV WU w 'xmjKlV. E w agLcrte6
xaL 'tEALxCt E ITTOa "tou; ().
'Oar; xeoonCt0nE; txouv ylvEL Eh y1a va rx}.roy1xrnTEL
11 11eaxAELtLxt') E0obo; ni; yvWO'l]; Eiu. uvnttua. yLu v
wtobELXtE( o EtJ.ltELQLx6; xaeaxulea; ni; xm v' avtmaea6A110d crtov OQ0oi..oyLo6 wu Oagn-('51], 6i..E; naeatvovv xi..ELOtyE; foa crto aJ..UyLcrtO xAaLOLO La; avt(0EOT]; xL dvm avaxeovLcrtLxE;. 0 o5Lxao6; wu oWaw;
xm ni; \jl\IX"J; tLvm iSw wt6 ni oxbVrl wu He6:xAEL'tou
ESioou Svo; tou ELvm 6:llwcrtE XL o llLxm16; ni; '!'uX'i;
xm tou Myov. l:'tov He6:xi..ELW bE uu6alvn w y~ov6;
ni; rumxt'); xm crtELQCJ.; mJyxeoumi; xou '!'uxoi..oyLooU
(") O H{l6b<rro;:; (6. 114) a; l.fo :1<"; o K1vu1yEl{>(>';. mo MaQUtlwVU. t
xaot 10 xfQ1 10u wtO I''" tot>!OUQUi tTl m<yfi ;mu rixt C<Q11~1tvu111.oio
u.-. tu oxol..lcrw;itu tTJ; 11QUpvri;~ To u110>.ouio xo<in tTJ; moeio; tn
f"Xfl uO!f>aAW;11poollfot1ri11uellbooT[
76
KQl:T Al: A?:EAOl:
TIJo; 'lj.IUXiJi;; auSO:vn wu) TOV

EUUT6 TOU (cut. 115). l:Wa, 'PUXti Kut nvrU.a obTjyoUvTut. ' 6ATJ muo; TIJV nA.TjeCml-rn. ngoi;; 'tTjV avayvWQl<Jl'I -cou
aA.ri0rvoU, .. cri)iwva t TIJ lU<J11, t TIJ butt] toui;; q>Ucni
n:ou tlvm EVWm'1].
Am'> TIJV 6.llTj tQUl, Tj oaitji;; avtlatori av6.t:aa crto
Xut TOU /..oylXlOOU. O A6yoi;;
lblalugo (xm -co EQUt6) xcu -co cru..n:avttx6 (xm TO cruvof..tx6) - Xl
6xt avcltoa Cl'tO U:JtOXEtEVlX6
Kut TO UVtlXEt-
e:vut6 - tlvm tSmernxO. cni.avnxt]. KatayyElloVTat

6.y1;1ta ot mrtwtO:m;; xou briwugyd To tbmlneo: '1 au0alQTI') iavmm'.a (cut. 17), '1 OJ..n'\jllJ xcuav6T]OJ}i;; (cut.
34), m tuxalti;; cru..n:tillow;; (wt. 47), TJ u0on:ouif:vri
yvWari (an. 104), T\ uJtVo6aa(a (an. 73). To aA.TJ0tv6 dvm
to cru..n:avnx6, Tj oA.6urm nov OJtooxaoCrnov TOU x6oou, Tj v611ari -mu cru..n:avnxo\1(I14). o crtoxao6i;; mivw
crto aiavEi;; (54), '1 mJU1114''1 nii;; e:v6nrmi;; TIJi;; oi..6nrcw;:
(50). H boxtao(a nii;; aAT]0rvr]i;; yvWorii;; (ieovriv), OE avd0EOJ} E ~ wtl.ti; boSaoiEi;; (boxElv), be:v tyxmm OTIJ
ouiwvla 'tTji;; .E ni;; XOlvii;; wtCrqmi;; nou -c6oo ouxv6: ni;
OTI]Al-cEUn wi;; nA.aCTtoUi;; U0oui;;, aiJ.6: O'tT] ourcavnxO'tTj-c6: 'tTIS H cruiwv(a E ni oxi14''1 JtOU -ca xu6EQV6:Et 6f..a
fo' wt' Oha, 6T]f..a6tj E 'tTjV e:v6ni-ca nou un6:QXEl ES
OTI]V notxtf..(a, auttj '1 cruiwvia, nou n6:vtotE Elvm 6miwv(a, cuto-cdEl -cov xmavayxacrnxO xm 6taiwnITTtX6
cnJv6Eoo. H XOQUiaia crurcavttxOni-ca E(vm o unQ-ca-coi;; XQtti]i;;. H af..T]0tvtj oxi14''1 avayvwQl!;,Et Xl ovo6:!;,Et
au-c6 1tOU Eivat, Elvat oOJ..oyoi;; nii;; MEyW..T]i;; 4>Uarii;;. Av-cleetOl cut' au-coUi;; JtOU xotoUvtm eivm ot SUltvtOl, avtl0etot cut' 10 nf..tj0oi;; Elvm ExEivot nou 6e:v Elvm noU.oi
aiJ.6: iwnoEv0l, xat O'tT] eovwEvl] xt tbtahEQT] oxt1Vf)
avtt-cleetat '1 oxbpl] nou aa 'nQEttE va elvm xotvtj acpoU
Ei.vat crurcavttxtj.
0 HQC.xlmoi;;, tjQwai; 1tQOT]0etxOi; nii; oxt1Vf)i;, iEQVEt
crtou; xmfunufvm:::: TT] iwn6. -cou A6you.
Toi; ly~t/yoQ6ow iva xa{ xotv6v x6oov elvm, <Wv OE
xm1wivwv ExaotO\' Ei; iOwv WroITT(!irpeo8at. - Toti~
;mHEVOovra; feycim; elvm xa[ cruvE(!yoV; <Wv fv n.U
x1iaqJ yivoivwv. (fta -cou; !;Ultvtoui;; umigxEt tvai;; xm
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H <ZllAOIO<l>IA
xolv6:; x6ao:;, x6:0E xotloivo:; 6w:; O"tQtit>E'tat neo; w

Otx6 'lOU t.bmhEQO x6oo (wt. 89). Ol XOlLoivot Elvm
EQY6:'lES xal CJlJVEQYOl a' 6oa ylvovtat O'tOV x6oo (wt.
75).) EvW o ).6yo~ t:lvaL CJ1J:n:avnx6:;, 'l' av0Q<i.imva nAO:oam EVEQYOUv oav va ELxav ta LbtahEQtl bLx'l'J wu v6rjOTJ TO xaetva. OL 6:v0ewnot nou ayeuxvoUv t):ouv tva
6vo x6oo XOLV6. Avd0E"ta, EXEiVOL 1tOU dvat 6u0t.atVOL O'tOV Uxvo, wto.ovWvovtat, 0 xa0tva:; ym 'tOV EaU'l6
'lOU, OE x6aou:; Lbtaht:QOu:;. To nA.1')0o:; 6e(oxE"tat OE xa'l6:0"taOT] Umrou xat oL xotvol 6:v0ewnoL bEV t):ouv naeO:
LXQi:; tbLwnxi:; wt614't:t:;. OL A.l'.yOL iptonotvot Eivm !;UX'VtOL xaL !;teouv nw:; 1J v6110TJ bEV Eivat v61JOT] nae6: 6vov 6mv t):EL an]etyQ ni:; TO ot1:n:avnx6. T'l}v Eu01lvr}
ni:; ot1:n:avnx6nrca:; bEV TIJV avai..a6CtvEL o 6xA.o:; all6:
OL neoq>uA.ctxE:;, ymtl fl ot1:n:avnx6njta Elvm x{m ivrovo
Xat 1tOt.0nx6 XL 6xL noaonx6 XL EXtanx6. H ai..Tj0LVT] ooqiwvla Elvm La EVYJEQWtvT] CJlJj.tEtoXt] O'tO CJ1J:n:avnx6.
0 aU1m:; x6oo:; ElVaL o x6oo:; TIJS ai..1')0ELa:; xaL TIJS U0frv'I}:;, EVW o Lbtmtx6:; x6oo:; Elvm o x6oo:; nou bEV
xatiXEL TIJV aA.Tj0tVT] neayanx6nita a<j>oil Elvm x6oo:;
TIJS au0aLQEola:; xaL TIJS wtoOvwOT]:;. M6vo "ta O:wa
nou 0uoL6:Souv TIJV LbLaL'lEQ6TIJ"t6: wu:; E!;aoq>ai..LSouv m
0EtA.La TIJS XOLV6Tij"ta:; XaL naLQVOUV nO:vw wu:; TIJV U6Uv11 aut<iw '((l)V BEEA.Lwv. OL XOLVOL 6:v0ewnoL bEV wtonl.oilv. oUn XL OLXObooUv, TIJV XOLV6Tij"ta, 1tOU E(vm La
oeit>ii TIJS CJ1J:n:avtlX6TIJ"ta:;. 00"t6ao, ax6a XL oL xolLotvOL bEV itoQOVv va !;Eq>ityouv wt6 TIJ em] tou xOoou
xL autol ot1n:t):ouv, a 6:0U..6: tou:;, na&r}nx6:. naeO:
tT') 6tA.11oii wu:;, 11 1tOV'l"JQl6: TIJS A.oyLxi):; wu:; oneWx,vEL
va 1t0.QOuv tQO:; O"to ltmxvLbv ttoL, TO oxotO.bt wu:; q>wTil;E"tat wt6 TO ).Oyo. Km 1tQCtyan, Ot XOLt.atvOL otlVEQyO.SovtaL O'ta YYOV6ta wu x6oou E$6oov Eivat O:TOa
Tou x6aou. 6QLa "tT')S XOLV6TIJ"ta:; yLa v' wtoovw0oUv
oJ.6tU..a, ea inQE11E va nCltjiouv va ultO.exouv. Iuvoxfi
tx.ouv 6vo OL oxE'lj!ELS EQLXWV 1tOU 6Ail'touv !;Ex0.0aea
:1mi o x6oo:; wu:; ElvaL xOLv6:; OL oxE'lj!EL:; TWv xOLL'"ll WW xal TWV unvo6a"tWV Elvat aot1V6:QtT')TE:; EtCEtbi) Ei14(1 ttY] au:n:nvnxt:;. KoLv6:; yta 01.ou:; 6vov tva; 11600;
KQ:rTAI AEEAOI
"t;1<iQXEt. OL x6om twv xmu1tvwv Elvm :n:oAl.wtl.oi. Xt

t:xdvm :rtotl xataipE\ryovv o' avroUc;
1:0t1c;
x6oot1c;, bV
.:togoUv oUu Eta.SU wuc; va ouvVVOl)0oUv, yta-ci touc;

At:UtEL x60E E(bouc; avacf>og6 crco crurcavnx6. M6vt] lJ
xO:tacrtCW'I} Tl]S YQ'iyogaric; bv Eivm agxrn'j yea va xaga
XTrJQioEL wuc; n:eol:IQ6ouc;, 1CELbtj u:n:Ciexouv Qv0gomot
n:ou, 600 SU:1tV1.m Xl av dvm, bv Stgouv n xO:vouv. H
E"{Qtjyoeari. 6vov 6"tav itiwll;etm wt6 to <!>we; tou A.6yov
xcJ.vEL tOV 6.v0ewn:o VIJ4"J}.1.0, wv x<ivEL va Qtl;Wo"Et crco
OQO.t6
XQl
OTO a6gaw xm tOV
XQtE\19UvEt
ltQOS 't0t1c; og(-
l;OVtES TTJS yvWaric;. To SU1M')a dvm ta tSoboc; wt' 'tO

OaoiAELo tou UJtVou, lJ oxbjn] liE <j>wtil;nm rutQCi 6vov
To cpwc; avayvwpiCEt
6-tav SatEQVO. to
6vEtQO.
nil;Et ta ox6TI].
H aQXaia M:StJ
x6a~ nou
XQL
oxoe-
xe11mo:n:mdtm ebW yta va
ariO.vEt TOV K6oo -cwv SU:itVtWV xm rov~ x6oov~ twv

xmtotvwv, bt: arialvEt, foa o' atrt6 to cnJvoi.o tWV
oucj>gat;otvwv, to IUrmv. nEQlYQliiEt ta xa:tO.crcaari.
La ocj>ai{la, La JtEQLxot1oa og'1, .foa CJTl')V ono(a o
6v0gw:rws Ogicnm ~ :itoQE( va 0QEL tCJV Eat1t6 totl. O ..l6yo~ Ecj>av(~ETQl 6tav OgioxETm foa crcous x6A:n:ot1s EV6s
n:EQLtX,ovtos. O l:tStos (crcLs ygats n:ou cnJVEXl~O\IV to
xdEVo n:ou avacj>tgaiu) 0EO.IQEl tCJV Eavt6 tov ESoumol:lotT)tvo va as l:lcOOu IUQLxts llLElJXQWicJELS nllvw o' aut6 n:ou as :rtEQLtX,EL:
Kat Tch(Ja 1f('brt va lm'Sove CTIJvroia n eivat o AO(o Hetitleiro~) apiaxETat va V1fO
onieil;et Jrw; ro 1fJtf:xov eivat ..loyul'6 xat rppcvrjpE~...
Pourpcbvra~ ..lour6v avr6v ro Beio ..l6yo t7JV avwrvoq,
61fw~ 1r10TEV1 o HeQ'JU..eir~. yiv6aOT voeeo{ xt evW
OTOV t!.lrVO 6vB1t;6aOT on/ AqthJ, milt 6TaV ~wrvti ytv6aOT ixavoi va uxerptoVe. lleQyan, OTOV Vmt0 Ot
.:r6po1 Twv awBqoewv x..lEivovv xi o vov~ ioa a~ xwei't:a1 a:r' mv ot"ivOeoo .ll"OV f:xei TO .:reeif:xov, o Ovo~
Oeo6~ .ll"OV wco11ivt eivm 'I avcmvoq ;rov hot ottil;et
.uf" xciJ?o1a eil;a. XI arpoV XW(Jtcrci, wco6ci.U.t t7J 'lxavt1aj lirva'I nov fl/f" neiv. Iro ~VJrV11a 6w~. Tf?l:xovra~
,T11i.1 mov~ .:r6pm: rmv ato8~oewv 6mu~ OE traeQBvea xi
yos. AvT6~ o rpvoix6~
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4'1A01:04'1A
79
avraWVOYraf; TO HEp1fxov, ~ava6picnm TI'j Aoy111:rj 111:av6TI'jTa. Kt 6HWf; Ta 11:cip6ovva a.UciCovv 11:m ;rvpWvovv
6rav ra HA1jo1ci~ovE UT1/ t/Jwmi 11:m o6rjvovv 6mv r' wroa11:(JVvove, trot 1'at TO ipof; TOV HE(Jl{xOVTOf; HOV
vmi(JXEt ioa OTa J<Opui af; y{vnm ro X<l)(JICJd o;(E66v W.oyo, TI'jV fvW01j 6wf; HOV HpayarOHOIEirat
TOVf; HEptoo6TEpoVf; H6poVf;, yivETat ooed;tf; ro 6Aov.
Avr6f; 6tdf; 0 1'01V6f; mt 8iof; .Wyof;, HOV TI'/ OVETOrov y1v6aOTE AoytJ<Oi, eewpeirat wr6 rov HpciMtTO
oav "f?lnj(JIO TI'jf; a.l.rj6taf;. IvvH~. avT6 HOV q,aveeUJvETat u' 6AOVf; yV111:a TOVf; av6pdJJTOVf;, am6 Elvat 1'at T'
a;t6HtOTO ytari ovlla6t1vnat rov 11:mv6 1'at Belo A6yo avr{8na, avr6 HOV ov6aivt OTO rci6 eov<vfvo
ciroo Elvat ava;t6JTtaro, yia rov avri8no A6yo... Irov
6a86 AOU1'6v HOV Ent1'0tVWVOti TI'/ vrj1j a~{ rov,
6ptaH6aOT OTO Xfbpo TI'/f; a.l.rj8e1af; (aATJ0iioV) avTi:-
0Ta, OTO 6a06 :itOU l0latTQO:ltOlOUaOT (va iOulooEV), 6('10"H6aOTE OTO X<dpo TOV lp000Vf; ('!'EU66.0a).
Kt tro1, ' avTci Ta A6y1a wroq,aivnat TOV mo 1'QTI'j}'O(J'1amc6 T(16Ho 611AWvovraf; HWf; o 1'0tV6f; i..6yoi; eivm ro
"(Jtnj(JtO 11:m H<~ Ta q,aiv6Va HOV q,avep<dvovrm u'
&ovf; eivat JTtOTtl UTl/V a.l.rj8E1a y1aT{ "(Jivovrat wr' rov
J<Otv6 i..6yo, EVW exeiva HOV q,avepWvovrat OTOV 11:a6fva
MT' 16lav Eivat lpn1Tt1'a... 0 HvtltltTOf; 611AWvt (J1jTci
HWf; 0 tlv6pWJTOf; 6V Eivat Aoyt1'6f; (T) (vat /.oyu)v TOV
O:v0QW:itOV) Mt HWf; TO Ovo Aoy111:6 HOV VHtl(JXEt Eivat TO
HEptfxOV.
AuT6 TO aQKETCi: murrtf!YacrtO aJJ..6. :itQlQY0 xdevo.

JtQtrm va TO 0Lafi<lol 1'avEii; JtQOOXTl1'6. yLa va xaTaA6.fil auL6 JtOu a1'Ql6Wi; AtEL. 0 EfUtlQl1'6i; yLaQ6i; avtutaQafiillEl T6oo oXTJanxa ni; mo9T')oLS 11:m TO A6yo WITTE,
art6 TT] la .EQlci .La66.llEl TOV HQciXAElTO 0 itMya
mo9T')owv Xl art6 TT]V QJJ..T) TOV 66.l;El va Ail JtWi;: o O:v0QWJtOS 0V lvru JtQOlXlotvo:;; A6yo, itw:;; TO ;(ci(HCHtu
auT6 TO txEL 6vo TO ;crg1txov . .6.EV fUtOQEL va riv(u 11~'"
xAf:nlxi) 'l E;iiY'lOTJ iTOI' tuve1 o It!;mi; E t'l'' mwn"'I
xal ni; aL00i)oEt~ To :r1~1izt1V 0V Eivm o :n"""
m'gai; JtOu i:oa rm ll\'(1tH11\01ur Em:.ii.tov. < 11..
KQ:IT Al: AEEAOl:
'": '"' ,. ;runtiiEL 6n o clv0Qw1toi; atEQEitm EX <f>6oEtv; ro

i.o:'n OA6yoi;btv dvm x6.tL E!;w wt' tov 6.v0Qwno. Avrith m. m btaxelow; OE !;fotvLO - V1J4'ai..L6TI]ta xm oE UJtVo
- ouox&nCIT). OE oun:avtLX6TI]ta - al:i't6ELa xm tbLmtE(l01t01flCITJ - autwtci"tT], Eivm nEea yta nEea '1Qax1Emx;
Xill tll; xout ijbf} OtlVavn'jOEl. Q Q6J...o; 1t0U 0 :E!;to; biVEl OTI') vi]I] toa OTI') 0twQla tou yvwelSovto; A6yov
Elvm noAU CIT)avttx6i;, xm mciStL au6Vttx6i;. H viJ'I
E!;aoipal.1StL OTI'J oxttinJ TI] a6IJ..1]"\j.11] TI]; ouvxELa; n:ou
EVtmciQXEl ato y1yvto0m, EV<ii Ylil toui; av0QW1toui; tou
nAi]6oui; nou btv xouv vi]l], 1tUQaivEL xeui:vo aut6 1tou x6.voJv !;ii:itvLOL, Mw; xm !;XvoUv aut6 1tou x6.vouv atov Umo tou;. H vrJq t1vm ta AEttOuQyU! tou
A6you. 0 HQclxA.ttto; ouvAa6E to 6a6ii v6l]a TI]; vi]l]i; xm tou Xe6vou, nou dvm ta 6Ei:Ata TI]; btclQXEta;
TI]i; oxi'\l'l]t;, btv ta 6Abm 6w; ax6a oav latoQLa. H
viJ'I OTI')V mo oA.ox1'1QWtlXi] TI]; AELtouey1a EitobLSEL
ax6a xaL to Va a; Q>alvnm !;tvo aut6 n:ou auvavrcit
x0.0E EQa to wtM a[o6ria n:ou vtW0ouE 6tav n:aea!;tvEu6aatE (to naea!;i:vEa aut6 nou EivaL i.a xovllQOEtbi]i; oeipi] TI]; 6EOJQ'ltLXi]i; wtoela;) X<lQilXTI]QiSEL
toui; av0eWnoui; nou tlvm wrArieo4>6e'ltOL axntxO. t
toui; llEooili; n:ou toui; tvWvouv E to Elvm Xill TI] oxEtl"l
TI]; oMTI]ta;, Ermbi] btv itoQOilV va aullir.6ouv to yiyvEo0m XL trmbi] x6.vouv ni; avavi]oELi; "toui;. M6vo lJ tyQi]YOQCITJ n:ou cj>w-rlSnm wt6 to ).6yo EJtLXOLvwvtl n:eayanx<i E TI] vi]l].
Ai; !;avayueloout ato 1tQ60Al]a tou x6oou, ato
1tQ66k'la tou x6oou "twv !;iin:vtwv xm twv x6owv twv
XOLLoivwv. Auto( m OtiittQOL x6om tlvm 1tEQLxouoEi;
oe4';. tlvm 1tEQLytiQOl, a6vol.a O'tO EOWtEQLX6 toll tyci),ou Ot1V6M1u n:ou tlvm o x6oo; twv !;UJtVLWV Yn6.QXEL
'I 0A0t11-ra tou !Wvm">Lxoil K6oou xm um'r.QXEL ta nollarri.lin1t11 xim!twv. liXL Eou. urov xoo1x6 xWeo all.Cr. w;
11'11111n <J<ll r.m lrrtJlfQ(l\l; x<loot cnou; x6Mou; tou ovui'nr."1 K<m,t0u To ytv1x6neo oUvoAo, txt(vo rr01 1 :TfQtEz1~ Tm_:: 1.iu1t1ot; - XCttUOH{m1;. fi\'at U.KQttJ(;>;; TO 0\l!!:TUVTDt6 alQtlxov. To Jrpu'xo1 dvm low; ux6a ;r10
81
11imQtx6 wt6 to uilnav (tov x6ao) E(vm icm:11; t) avmxnl OA&n)ta nou \'OJtOtEl 'tO Eivm xcu TIJ oxE'Pfl, cruvbf:Et
tl]V av8QW1t6'tl]ta E TIJ 0E6'tl]'ta xat toui;: negaotvoui;:
xg6voui;: E 'tOU<; EllovttxoUi;:. 0 ~toyivl]i;: 0 Aaf:Q'ttai;:,
nov t]rnv boSoyg6.ioi;: all6: xa86Aou u),.6ooioi;:, mietWvEt (IX, 9 6n o HgO.xAEtroi;: &v tl;qyt{ "t1/ "tl>VCIJ/ rov
.-rrteti)!"ovro9>. 0 Hg6:xl.Etroi;: bl':V eSiJyEi TIJ iUmi rou
JtEQli.xOYtoi;: EltEtbt], 0EwgWvtai;: TO oav TIJV mo avmxnl
oA&n)Ta, bEV mITTEVEt nwi;: t) oxi'Pfl JtOQE( va m'm mo
n6:vw wt' aut6 xm va ro crull6:6et E xa8ag6TI]'ta. H
l]QaxAErnxt] ovro.foy{a (o lOyo) rou 6vro)), yta va E'taXEtQlcrtOUE av6v TO oirrxQOVO 6go, Elvm ta .-rrtettxovroloy{a (o lOyo) rou .-rrtetfxovro)). IlEQtoo6TEQO xt
ClJt6 ta 4>mvon"OAoyia., 11 oxt-ljnj 'tou Hg6:xi..Et'tou ai;:
ngoo4>iQEl ta ytyvoiovoAoy(a. fta't( 61.a Ta tfJatvOeva
(ta JtQ6:yaTa b11Aabt] Jtou 4>avEQilivOYtm) dvm xugtoAExnxO. ytyv6eva (nQO.ya'ta b11Aabt] nou txouv ta yEvEmi). To Eivm xm TO yvwgil;etv biov un6.Qxouv XWQtofva,
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ro be6o TI]<;. E ngO.yam, nou uJtCtxoUouv crtov ibw
gu06, Elvm buvari) EJtEtbt] ro Eivm xm 1] oxiinl txouv
eSagxrii;: iovw8d, UJtOTU..oUv Eva ngO.ya. l:To x6Ano TI]<;
OA&n)Ta<;, o A6yoi;: axoAou8El 'tO q,uotx6 'tOU bg6o xctl
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xwgii;: 11 noU.wtA&n)TO. Toui;: va 'tOV SecrtQaTll;.El, cruJ.J..aMvet TIJ bot] roui;: nou dvm 11 bot] TIJ<; .-rraetil/XJ.JV71) aeovla). 0 A6yoi;: auT6<; e(vm agxET6: EtlxlVl]TO<; yta va
oull6:6El TO ;rr0Tti1 Xl [xEl agxE'tt] UvtQEia. yta va btUXl]gUSu TIJV aAt]8Eta rou ;rroliov.
2. 0 A6yO) xat TJ bup(Jamj
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TOU crtoXacrnJ t: tov K6oo XL avwm'.ioon:m fo' wt6 w
EJtlXOLvwv(a lllav8edmLVTJ. 0 HecitlELTO<; wtal'td wt6
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'tOU. IlQOELb01tOlE(:
'Eciv wl Vim,rat, OvihrtOTOV otix t~EVl?'/OEt, avc~cpcV

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oV r6 avr:ci6v ton r6 tv .1&l.oiq, otirc Uyci otirc xeti.1lTt d.U6 071a{vct. (Av bev cMl!;cq;, be Sa 6QEll; TO avO.mo-w, )'La-cl dvm aVE!;EQEUvY)To
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axallduucrta XL acpnaolbwi:a, .TI] q>wvij TI]i; bLaaxL!;EL
xLALO:bci; xe6vw, . TIJ 00Tj8cm i:ou ecoV {wt. 92). o exovtai;, JtOU t'ilx6 -COU dvm -W avtclo O'tOU<; 4cAio1}<;.
oirtc AEEl oUu xe66El allci O'l}alvEl {wt. 93).) 0 HeO.-
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avtk.Tct.a"to, "tavtll;ovrai; l"OV wu"t6 l"OU i;: TI] Il6uUa xm
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avolyEl T' aunci ai; Cl'tf)v naeci4ilOVTJ auqiwvla.
H irovTj Tou Hecixk.El"tou ai; neooxaAd va E!;EQEUvTjoout: "ta 6ci0r) xm ai; JtQOTQfoEl va EJUXEl.QTjooui;: TTJV
avaxOi..U'q!T) l"O\I a.-reoo;cEk.acrtou yLa"tL TJ 41\JO'I} aywui va
xeU6n:m. To qiwi; t'iV Eivm qiwi; ;cae<i Ovov Omv qiurtil;El m oxOTI] Xl 'I qicuvTj Tl)i; akTjflr1u:; ;t\1r1 vu fX'tit1::t1
TTJV a6eaTIJ aeovia. JtOU rlwu uv1;1nQTJ urcO TTJV "otictTTj aeovla. 0 kOyoi; 6u0i!;n Tt; gi::f; rnu om 0atvu
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AOyta n:ou JtQO$iQn Elvm xa8aQ6: - oxonw6: ytm( o Eva
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oQcpfi tayAWnuJT)i;;, ttou ELvat avayxacrrtx6: mxO:AwTrt
Trti; yQamtxfji; xm Aoytxiii;; boiii; Trti; 8wmofvtii;;
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wt6 xat6: >Qcl01] TOU bV Srnrtb6:v unoxdVo xm Xatl]
yoQoiiVo E TO otivb"ttX6 Qiia av6:.eo6: wui;;. ME trt btxii TOU 8EWQl}TtXij yAWoaa, 0 HQc'tXAnToi;; Atn 6xt aut6
1tOU Eivar ii bV ELVat TOUTO ii Xlvo TO tbtaiTEQO ii yVtx6
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nou Ol]alVl .1tpoofyyt01j. H i..iStJ ava>EQ'tat oto AE~tx6
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ltA.alola TI]S a$f..oUo; xm xuOalao; 6..Tco1Pl')o; Xl Xl')Otvltl
to 6aoiMlo twv aoUUl')lttWV u0oA.oylxWv oQCPWv.
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va TI]V X$Q6.on. "Otav o VE01tu0ay6QElOi; Aauatol'tm6o;
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"ta au0alQtta Mlyta ttou l;Ecrtoll;Et w x&0 &wo a>J.a
TI) yktilooa ttou ovvbtEl wuo; av0g6mou<; E""Cal;U "tOlJ<; ouvbtovr&<; wv<; E "tO 01Jf.Utavttx6.
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ttou wtox"t&"tm Eno; mo9i)oEl<;, 'l cnJU.t)tl'1'J wu ylyvo0m
tou lvm xou E):l 1tQayat01tOltjot o Myoo;. H t)QaXAEltlXtj OXE:i.j.it), okov6n agxai:xtj Xl oMJ"tda 1tQO'TJ"tlXtj, bEV
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xou E(val. Mai:; xu xt.6>..ai:; XEl o HQO.x4~wi; xwi:; av 6Aa
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6A.a yun( o xcurv6i; xeoxa1hm cm' TI] 1wuCt . .PwuCt xm
xarrv6i:; .'.val xal Ta OUo a1']0Lvi:; $aLVOVLX6TI]ni; Xal
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nEp(o&>>, 6.nw) yivnat ora "Eieva rov Hp<itletrov.
fl(Xiyan, avr6 HOV rt) JZ"Eptoo6TE(JE) opt) ra xtivEi
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01.El va tov "atal.a6a(vouv. Avt6t; .nov 0V "ata1a6alvEL 6wt; dvm o Klxf(lwv.
0 9e6cp11aowt; (tov o.nolo avalf(ll o D.L., IX 6) EloO:yEl TTJV "'Pvxoi..oytx~ E~'f'IOfJ: atrt6t; vo(l;,El 6n o xaQaxTi)(lat; "tWV f](laxAf:mxWv YQcuttWv EXlQCtl;.n m .EAayxoAlx~ tOLOavy>tQCto(a. 0 aya06t; tuoyE:vT)t; o Aaf:(ltL.Dt;
at; Olvn t(lElt; Exboxf:t; TT]t; CJXOTElV6"tlltat; TT]t; f](laXAElnx~t; yJ..Wooat;. H n:Q<lmi (IX. 6): ox6m.a fy(la"'PE ta XE(EVCt tov OE Vq:,ot; axonw6 ..ym va JtOQOitv va tov .nAT]oull;.ouv 6vov ot Uf]lvol xm yta va TtV tov xCtvn 11aLO tWV xvbal.wv la ~m(lE"tLX6. Mtix~ oQ4>fi tWV YQamWv tOV. H OME(lf] e"boxfl Elvat Evaavtxroro (II, 22):
J..tve l'twt; o Ev11uti'.fu}t;, 6tav xtiQtoE ro yQQITT6 wv H116.ilittov crtov IwxeCtTT], tov Q<imioE Jtola frtav fJ yvWf]
"tou. O Iwx116.TTJt; a.n:CtVTT]ot: Avt6 .nou xm:&6a dvm
ESaxo, Xl avT6 n:ov 0V xa"t&6a dvm S(aotr 6vo n:ov
0a x11nal;.&tav tvat; 6.~ALOt; xoJ..u6rir{it; yta va f] 6ovAl6.SEl. H TQ(TT] (IX, 7): .EQtxEt; 4>o11Et; EXl(l6.l;.E"tm mo
Y(lcutt6 tov ' tvav tQ6n:o t6oo Mtyae6 xm lwTElv6, Werre
ax6a xm To mo vw0e6 val.6 tov xatal.a6a(vn 6:vE"ta
xm avlla6Ctvn w Eyaldo TT]t; "'PVxilt; rov f] avvm(a
xm f] oo6ae6nJta twv E(lf]vEu&v n:ov Olvn Elvat ao\1'fXQltEt;. Kl Eva O(lXE"t6: (lf]X6 ady(laa n:ov avalEQEl o
6.lOyE:vT)i; o AaEQtlOt; (IX, 16) JtQOELOon:old: M1Jv ~Er/Jv},
),(,Et) ypijyopa TO th6Aio TOV HpcitlEtTOV cut' n]tt Erpeao,
I 6Vo6aro) Jro),V e{vai o 6pOo) Jrov fxEt) va xcivEt). I
I"6n] VH<i(JXOU\I EXEf iaa
<l>W> 6\1 ),Q.irn. av 6w)
Eva> UOTf/) I OE xaOo617yrjoei, r6TE ylvETat Jrto ).a.irpO
"t wr6 r:ov rj).1". HA.at;, mo Ioulba (0(l0QO HecitlE1To,,
"ai
"wt6
KfJl:T AI AE:EAOI
w Ae.;t"O), Ota6cil;ouE 6n lTo.Uci iypa1/}E "at o'
iva Vrpo~ HOLf'/'WC6.

ExEivot Jtou OEV xuwJit6mvav TIJ
oe4riJ TWV YQwt'tWv
mu HeO.ilinou, li. itwr;; Otv xutaA.lt6mvuv TO metq6cvo. Km Otv xutaA6.6mvav to \l<j>or;; EJIEtbfi OEV xmaA0:6mvav TIJ oxtijll]. 'Y<j>or;; xm oxi'ljnJ unaxoUow acov Ow
eu06. 'Yq>or;; xm oxbvTJ dvm Mlxwvtx6. xm noi.:uOtO:crrna - rnLTIJOEr;; ito}..u0t6.crtaw, 6l'twr;; to OEtxvouv T' arco01t6.oata yta TT] I:l6u/J.a xm wv mpvni tWV 6.tMpci:lv xm UllEQoxEkl!;ovtm axatWtauota xm ta Olio cut6 w;
toXUQir;; Otmofhlow; itou Yl'QE\louv va q>aVEQWOoiiv. Au't6
l'tOU EX$Q6.l;n XL
aut6 JlOU EX$Qltl;nm On: arcotei..oUv Mo
xWQOur;;. H txcpQaCJT] 1tOU JtQaya'tOJlOtdtm .to .00 TT]r;;

yA.Wooar;; EltcPeO.l;n auT6 Jtou btv EX$Q6.cmix xt aur6 itou
OEV Extf>elll;naL Av o Myor; oav oxbfnl dvm au0rvnx6r;;,

't6tt itQbcEt va elvm au0evnx6r;; xm oav yMOOoa ym-cl
oxbfnl xm yAWooa Otv dvm TbtotE 6:llo nae6. EltcPe6.onr;;
Tou A6yov. 'Ooot arc' tour;; aQxalour;; KQlvouv TO U<t>or;; tou
HQluU.n1:0u, OEV uno).oyll;ouv TIJ oxhjn] nou TO U<j>or;; aut6
EKIQ6.l;n Kt 6oot "(XWuil;ouv an6 to U<j>or;;, OE milla66.vouv TIJV 6.QQTJKTIJ Evwm) TOU E ta vot)ata E ta
oJtola ylvnm yi..Woc:m.
0 ni..6.twv Kat o AQtototti..T)r;;, Ol Ouo tlaolxoi llA.6ao<j>ol TIJr;; Ell6.0ar;;, aQxLl;ouv tov ayWva Vavt(ov tou
HQ6.xAEt1:0u ayWva t6oo EVavtfov TIJr;; oxhjn]r;; tou OOo Kl
EVavt(ov TIJr;; yi..Wooar;; tou. 0 ni..6.twv YQ6.4m otov K('an)).o ( 440 a Kat 6): A).lti otlu Kat yia yva'.1017 iOW) JropEI
va yivEL Myo), K('arV..le, av 6.la ETa6a.U.ovrat xai -ri.Jrom fJE ivEL crra8Ep6. I'La-ri, av t/ {(;ia t/ yvdlotj '5ev a.U.tiCEI
xw ;rapatvEL yvdlotj, -r6-rE t/ yva'.1017 Ba '5ta'ff/('Eb:at ntivro
xw Hu vaci('XEL yva'.1017. Av 6W) t/ ifJia J'/ o("/>i/ (EL0or;;)
n1; yvrUOlJ) ETalici.UETat, -r6rE Ba nti('Et ta opip~ ci.Ur,
an6 xdv11 'ff/) yva'.1017) Xat -r6-rE yvdlotj '5ev Ba Ult"li('XEL. XI
av ETalici.UETat aiwvlW), 6E Ba vna('.;EL no-rt yvW017, ovvmW)" 6E Ba vlt"ti('XEt xavd)" l'tOV va yvw('{Cu xai -rilron
6E Ba dvat yvwcrr6. Av 6w) 1J yvdlotj untipXEt ntivra, r6rE vnti('xEt Xt au-r6 lt"ov dvm yvwot6, 6nw)" vnci('XEt re
wpa{o, m aya80 xai xtiBE ov .;EXW('tot6 av-rd 6w)" yta
0 HPAK/\EITOl: KAI H 4'1AOl:04'1A
89
ro mro(o rWpa U.6, ov tPa{vlm :;rwq OEV :;rapovoi6Ct

xa1uU oot6l71ra ta /?01l xm ta q,opti.. 0 AQlatOri/..11i; mava/..a6Cr:vL avn'] Tl]V xgmxJi ato Mnti. ra 4>vmxU wv (r3, 10056, 23): I'ia o:;roiovmj:;rou dvm a06varo va ov.U6.6n 6n TO ivat.xat TO fj dvai, ivm ravr60fja (TaVT6v Elvm xm 1] Elvm), Jrpti.ya Jrov, 6:;rwq mOTEirovv E(Jtxo{, EiXE VJrocmj(JiSn 0 Hpti.xMtioq YtaT{
OEV dvm wrapaiT71ro xm va ov.Ua&ivt1 o xaetvaq avTti.
l'tOV J.iEi>>. 0 KpanJJ.oq, YQ6.lfm ax6a (f5 I010a, 12)
KaT11'(0l.>060E rov HpcixALro E.1l"nb1j avT6q EiXE 1m 6n
bEV Jropo6 va Jr06 bvo </JOpiq atO iOio ;ronii o
KpanJJ.oq 1liatEVE ;rwq avT6 bev Jropo6E va TO xcivovE
o6u ta </>O(Jri. E<f>Ouov 6).a Ta Jrpti.yaTa 6p{uxovrat
o' aOuixoJlfj x{VfjOfj, f/ E.1'l"toujfj bEV JrO(JEi va ra ov.Uci6t: aun'] Elvm 11 6m1Lxii avtlQQ1]0TJ :rcou xouv o nMTo.w
Xl 0 AQlO"tOTtJ..rii; )'Lil TOV T)Qax/..Emo6 (A6, 987a, 33). 0

AQLO"tOTt/..11i; yg6:qm ax6a (K5, 1062a, 31): Ki av {owq
pwToVoaE rov HpcixAtTO TOV ibto yt' avTO TO Jrpti.ya,
Ra TOV x6.va va ooJ.oy1joL :;rwq Oev E{vm :;rori bvvaT6
;rporrioetq avrttPanxiq va dvat TavT6xpova aJ.q8tviq yta
Ta {l>ia :;rpciyara xm :;rpti.yan, o HpcixAEtTOq Otax1jpvS avl1j Tf/V Wto1jlq Jrt01j bEV EiXE xaraJ.ci6Et avrO ;rov
1jBE.). va JrEt.
0 nMTwv, wt' 6/..1] Tl] oxbq1] toll Hg6:xMlTOU 6E 0/..n

va xean']on l'taQ6. 6vo m o.mJ...tattx'ii 0ewg(a Tl]i; ov.n:avttxJii; goJii;, EVW :rcaga6i.btn ro 'J...6yo :rcov Elvm tvwOTJ
TWV avn0hwv XUL ov.n:avtLx6i; 6rn6i;. 'OJ..11 1] XQLTLXJi
TOV xru:rc6.L to OO$lO"tLX6 xm Q1]TOQlX6141ru60-rieax/..EltL06 TOU KgatUAou, xa06Aov 6wi; TOV LblO TO Myo TOU
HgC:tx/..nrou. fLa TOV nMTwva, TO mo01]r6, Ewl 6l'twi;
6gloxnm o' axmOrcavato y(yvrn0m, bEV .n:ogd va ov/..J..1110El rut6 Tl] yv6>011 ylaT( TO y(yvrn0m tov mo0riroU
OTT]Ql!;nm :rc6.vw ato Elvm TWV LbeWv :rcov :rcagatvouv
XWQloEvei; (xwpto6q) av xm ovntxouv (i8ESiq) xm
ato mo01]t6 ylyvo0m. Av o nMto.w ayo.wl!;nm )'Lava
lt6.0El OTT] yvWOTJ tou x6oov, TJ lt/..o6o!;la tov AQlCJ"tOrfJ..ri ELvm TJ El'ncmlTJ tov x6oou. 0 ItayELQ(Tl]i; l'tal!;n
to QO/..o V6i; XiyxE/.. nii; aexalai; llAoo0$(ai;, 11 li.Aooo-
.,
KQrT AI A:E:EAOI
Qiun] t:!;tAL!;TJ xamb]yt:L OTO Ou1.6 TOU OlJOTI}a, Xl avWtaTO<; 0Lxaan')<; tou bLKOOTJ}Qlotl TOU t:lvm 'l OQXi) TI]<; 11 avtl$a0l)i;. !'tOV AQLCJ'tOtti-11 O'TI]QL!;ovtaL 'l OvtoAoy(a XUL
'l Aoytxfi, 'l rQaauxfi XQL 'l P11togtxfi.
'EJtt:LTa wt6 t60'!] 6u!;avnvoAoyla n:G.vw arov KgariiW,
TO on;LALo6 XQL TO JtO"t6.1u, n;ogoUi:: m'UJ.EQU v' wtOqiaveoUE . 0<igQOc; xaL va JtQOOJta9T)aoui:: va xatW.Ct-
Ooui::. 0 HQO.x).nto<; bt: XTl!;EL La ni..ooou'.a :rctivw OE

La t'iootvfi xat Ka6f]A.wh-TJ yA.Wooa all6. atoX,6.!;naL t:
TI] yAWooa xaL toa ITTl'l yAWooa. Ot M!;ni; EivaL t00Mva.<; xaL 0.vHJE<; OE axt0'11 . Ta TCQO.yaTa xaL o' aut6
fyxntaL o n1.16anx6<; xm bQaanx6c; touc; xaQaxn)Qai;.
AE:V EL vat TJQUxAELTUtf) '1 avt(0ECJJJ av6.rna OE 1ua yAci:iooa
ltOU 0a i)"taV EX 'iiOEW<; boovri XUl OE !J.lllV illT) JtOU 0a
t:lxt: noax0t:( . La 0"tun] lnat'itKaola. 0 Hg6.xkELTO<;,

rn:txotvwvUwrai; . TO\' x6oo, 66.!;n o' VtQYla ta oxt'ljlJJ nou dvm bu:ii..oyoi; avti) niv aQXfyOVI] EltlKOlvwvla
nablbEL TI] yAWooa. l:vMa66.vEL TI] butoAlKOTI)ta.
ni oUyxQOVO'T] KaL ni; avn0foELi;, 6Xl w; i..oylxti; avn1Cr.CJEli;. H oxm xa0Q$tl!;"tal CJ'tl'] yi..Wooa, Ka"tOvoCr.!;EL
avt6 l'tO\.I Elvm o i..6yoi; l'tO\.I ni !;woyovEl EK$Q6.!;El 'tOVi;
aMT)i..OCJl'tCJ.QayoUi; l'tO\.I Eivm CJl'taQayoL tov K6oou.
A.EV xatoQ0Wvou va yvweLoouE ta l'tQ6.yata 6tav l;EKlVO. wt6 ta ov6atCr. toui; to v6ruw, wi; KatEUlhNO'T]
Km O'T]aola, dvm aut6 l'tOu EV<OvEl tO O'T]alvov KaL to
O'T]mv6Vo. H tUoi..oylX~ av6:i..UO'T] bV wtottld La
6.CJXT)O'T] Uioui; aM6. Eva be6o l'tOU ai; l'tT)ya(VEl CJ'tl']V aextrovri l'tQOt1VO'T] l'tQOXElivou va q>avEQWon to l'tQWto
v61')a xm va ai; bdl;n ta xattii0UVO'T].
Olm: KaL TJ x(VJJO'T] l'talQVEL wt' tov He6.xi..lto ul't6CJ"taO'TJ. To Elba: ul't6.QXL tvai; Myoi; nii; -ivux~i;. 0 AQlotottAT)i; (flEpl ipVXJii;, A2, 405a, 25) ai; ).fo 6n ym tov
HeCr.iliLtO 1'J ipuxrj Eivm 1/ J.1y6TEpo awanxij - wr6 tl!O
ouoiEt; - xai 6pi~ETai a a6uixo1"1 poij ro XlVflt6 ...
}'\IWotOJl'OIEil'ai <Vl6 TO XlVf/1'6. 0 ).6yoi; nii; av6QWl'tlVTJS
'l!'ux~i; bt: ivEl aKLVT)toi; atrn'.!;ovtai; niv KlVTJO'T]. To Ul'tOXlVo )(Ql to UvtlXEiEVO nii; yvWO'T)i; bV Eivm XW(Jtotva ta KlvEL o lbtoi; eu66i;. H vmmj71 tou ota0EQ01'
0 HPAKAEITO:! KAI H Cl>IAO:!OCl>IA
91
n Exdvou Jtou bwnlvnm JtW<; dvm crra0EQ6 bEV EV0w>i;iu xa06J..ou wv Hi;i6.ilirm. 0 Myoi; TIJS av0QO.imvrii;
\j)UXtiS bEV aaxokEl'tm E TO :rtotclt oUn xav cuc6 xa0ai;i6.
yvwcrrtx6 EVbta>i;iov 6:rtwi; ku o HQ{txkEnoi;, ;ra{vovE crro :rtot6:t. Km TO :rtotclt, nou TQOipobouhm axaT6:Jtaucrra cuc6 TO OUVXW<; xmvoiii;iw VEQ6., tvu JtOQ' 6k'
au't6: w ibto. 0 Myoi; EX>Q6.!;'.et TIJV xlvriOTJ mu x6oou
xm TIJV avayvwi;iltu eyai..6>oova.
6.EV ELvm :rtai;icl .. a0rt'tii; EXELvot n:ou ExA.Etoav aun'J
TIJV xmQtxTj bml170tJOTJ foa oE ykwoooA.oytxEi; xm yvwmokoytxf:i; cp6i;ioukEi;. To kf:u o AQtcrtoTf:kT]i;: O Ki;iarilkoi; ExavE xi;imxTj crrov Hi;i6.tlum. 0 Ki;iariJJ..oi; n:ou, T]
.rcoQWvtai; ma TUtou va Ex>i;iclon, 'tOu >TOVE, >alvE'tOL, 6n xouvoiioE w 06.xrui..6 mu. Ot bl.IO ey6:Am 06:oxakoL nis E)J,T]vtxTji; O'Xf:'l"Ji; rnf:xi;itvav E ni oEtQ6: wui; auO'tT]QO. 'tOV Ki;iariJA.o xm toui; oo>tcrtf:i;. E.J'tlXQlvovtai;
6wi; wui; T]QOilimxoUi; txaoav cue' TO 6.na toui; TOV
Hi;i6:xAeno, xm n:oAeWvtai; niv \j)tubo-T]QOXi..EmxTj oo>tcrttxTj cucoaxi;iUv&qxav 'tQOf:Q6: cuc6 ni oxi\j)T] mu
Hi;iO.xkEnou. 0 IlMTwv e eya:AT] buO'XoAla ovMaOO.vu
to >wutv6 Jt6J..o xm TIJ ovvrnTj boTj aun')i; nii; O'll.\j!T]S'
buo aQTUQLEi; mu wot6oo ai; bdxvouv nwi; u:rt014't6:0'tT]xE Jtmoi; frcav o ai..T]0tv6i; bQOoi;: To f:va, Afr1 (o Hi;i6:xkuwi;), avrm9ievo OTOV Eavr6 wv ovipwvEi a!;i
rov, 6.1twi; Va('ovi!;ETa1 TO T~o TI] J.U(Ja (I'v;r6oio,
187a). Km crrov I'orj11onj (242d)ai; kin 6-tt yta 'tOV HQ6:xAuw ro ov iva1 f:va xai ;roll&, xm ro ovvQ'Et r6oo tj
x9(Kl 6oo xm t/ rpiJ.ia. 0 AQtcrtodkT]i; rnlOT)i;, l'IOU be
>t6:vEL crr' aun6. wu xa0aQ6. T] >wvi} 'tOU E>Emou, ookoyEL wor6oo ta iVoQ6. (Merci Ta 4'votx&, f7, 1012a, 24),
yw va TOV XOTIJyDQTjoEt afowi; ncl, 6n O J.6yoi; rov
HvcixJ.1rou, ;rou Utt ;rwi; 6J..a rivat xat 6V Eivai, xciv1
ra mivra va tivat W.179tvci. 0 Ilk6:'tWV XL o Ai;itorottkl]i;,
Ol ;tQWTm crtr)V XUQtokcl;la rpiJ.6oorjlot, be crtQEipouv 'ta
6/J:mO. wui; XUQLW<; JtQOS TIJV ai..Tj0ua TIJS oA6niwi;,
fl]V ai..Tj0na wu xti9 Tl l'IOu Eivat, all6. unoboukWvouv
n1v ok6ujrn mu Eivm or ta Ul'IEQ6anxTj, bT]kabTj Eta>umxTj, MvaT], 16ia Tj Brio Nov, l'IOU ylvnm itgo xm
KOITAI A:=:EAOI
u:rrEgtawi; XQl'nji; Tl]i; W..1]8nai;. 'EtOl, TJ <j>LAooo<j>(a 6AlJtL Jtwi; wt' Tl] crnyt] Tl]i; m'.iO"tacrt]i; Tl]i; XUL Tl]i; m6oAt]i;
i:rii;. dvm tlJtOXQEWivrt vu XUtwtOAEt]oEL xti8E n :rrou
-dvm Jt}..6.VTJ xm Jtagabgot] wt6 to cpwi; auTiji; Tl]i; na<j>uOlxt]i; W..1]8nai;.
Eivm aye<j>UQUJTO TO xtioa :rrou xwel"Sn Tl]V avcmieOTl]l:U tOU HgUxAntou wtO niv E:rrLXELQTjawAoyLa i:wv oo<j>Loi:tliv XUL l:UIV oxrnnxWv. 0 :EEStoi; 0 E;rtElQLx6i; (JlvppWvLat YJtoromboni;, B. 59) wvltn moi; 1J O'Xhp1J Toti
ropyia, JtOV 6LUX1Jptioon moi; 'Tiirom &v Eivat '. 6wrptpn
wr6 TTJ axii/J11 TOV HptixJ..nTov, JtoV 6LUx1JptiooE1 moi; 'm
mivra dvm', 6Lmpopcnxrj vri07Ji; Eivm 1J O'Xii/J'f/ xivwv
JlOV ).tv HWi;; totlTo ivm KOL 6ev Eivm '. Km JlQOO:rrCt8EL
va xagti!;L La OmxwQLO"tLxt] ygat] avtiEoa O"tov TJQUxAEnLx6 JlQOOUVUtOALoO XUL O'tOV :rrgooavatoAL06 tUIV
oxmnxWv lA, 210-212): Eivm rpavp6 :rrwi; avnj 'f/ rpU.ooorpia dvm &arpoprnxrj wr' To 6tx6 ai;; HpoaavaTo).106. naTi 0 HpcixALTOi; wtorpaivrrat 6oyanxci :rrcivw o'
tva drjBoi; HpciyaTa arpavrj yw ra OJroia, ii;, 6Jtwi;;
TO 'xovE Ht, bev mrorpmv6aon . .Qur6oo, o ALV1Joi6rioi;; xm OL OJraboi TOV 66au&vovv HWi;; 1J O'X.ITTLXJj xaTEVBvv01J Eivm tvai;; 6p6oi;; Hov oc51JYi OT'f/V rieatlcmxrj
rpilooorpia, E:lrt6i/ TO rpaivoBat TWV avrLBirwv HOV
v.7r<ipxovv O"to i&o Hpciya ai;; KciVEL va :rrapa6XBoV
TTJV avavriPP'f/TT/ VHap.;'f/ rwv avrLBhwv ioa TO ibLo
Hptiya XL ev<iJ Ot O'XEJfTLXO{ ).tv Jl~ bev VHd:pXt Hapci
6vo rpaivo.cvLxrj evavrt6TTJTa, ot 1JpaxJ..nnxoi HEpvoVv
wr' avnj TT/ 6twriarw01J C1TTJ 600t6TTJTa tai;; avavrlpp'f/
TTJi; evavrL6rrjmi;. Eii;; 6wi;; rovi; wtavtotl Hwi;; 1J
vH6BE01J 6n vHci(:lXEt ta oti)"'poV01J rwv avrtBhwv toa
uro i&o Jtpciya bev Eivat ta bol;aoia HOV avrjxt wrox}.turtxd: urovi;; O'Xvrnxotli; aU.d: xat urovi; d:Movi;; xat
o' 6).ovi;; TOvi; avBpWJtovi;. nar{ xavEii;; b Ba ro).otlo v'
apV1JBEi 6n TO ).t fxn yta TOvi; vytEii;;avBpWHovi;; y).vxtci
yFV01J xm mxprj ytlci1j yia Xivovi;; HOV fxovv ixrpo. 'Erat. Ot 1J(:laxA.tnxoi .;xtvotiv wr6 wr6lpti;; xotvii;; a
6).ovi;; TOVi; avBpWHovi;;, 6Jtwi;; axpt&bi; xat ti;, XL ioto(
6awi;; Xt 6).m Ot ci.U.oL rpil6oorpot. EvvvrWi;;, av 1J BEUl(Jia
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H >1AOI0>1A
93
rovr; y1a T7JV UJraf'S"'l rwv ovyxeoVoEwv ioa OTO i6to

Jrf'llya 1jrav rur6eeota V6r; OXEJrrtxoV yvwtxoV 6Jrw; w
ta .ircivra Efvat aot/.U.ljJftU 1j to 6V oelf;w rLJrora,
r6r {o~ fla Eixav xaraA.1jg1 OTO OVJri(J<loU wvr; Eq,6oov 6w; aq,ET7Jp{a wvr; 6ev Eivat o 61x6r; ar; JC(JOoavawA.w6; a.U.ci apxir; .irov dvai apxir; xat rwv WJ..wv <fnJ.oo&pwv xt apxir; TI/;' xotv1jr; Cw1jr;, yta now ,\6yo 8a 66a{wv xavd; 6n q 61x1j ar; xarn!9vv017 Eivat ivar; 6{)6or; nov oliqyd cmJ cptAooDfPia wv HpcixA.Etwv avri avr6r; o 6p6or; va Eivai 'l xauV8vv017 rwv riU.wv cp1A.oa6cpwv Xat TI/!> xo1v1jr; Cw1jr;; Ee{; ETUXEtp1C6aor 6A.a m
xmvci v,l,1xci.
Avr{8na, o .ireooavaw,l,106r; rwv OX1tT1xWv, avri va
m66atWv1 T7JV qpaxAmx1j cp1A.oaDfPia, TI/r; Eivat W.1ora avri8ao; y1ar{ 01 oxE.Jrr1xoi avaieoVv ra 66yara
wv Hf!(ix,\Etrov .irov m 8EwpoVv xov6ivrr; 1rair;: Eivat
avri9Wt cmJ 8EW(Jia rov TI/r; rcl1x1jr; <PA6yw017r; xat cmJ
fJEweia wv TI/r; (avavriee'lTI/r;) ovvVJraeS'lr; rwv avrtflirwv Eivat avri8Etot o' 6Ar; rov r1r; ~aoiEr;. 01 oxvrnxo{ xArociCovv TI/ 00yanx1j WV R(J<lot/T1jta Xat 6V JtaVovv va E.Jrava..l.a6civovv, 6.ir~ ELJraE xat mo .iretv, ro
tLJrora 6 ov.U.afJQvw Xat tLJrora 6'V Of'll;w frot,
JroAEoVv wvr; 'leaxAEtmwVr;. Eivat Aour6v JtaeaA.oyo va
v.irocmJeig1 xavEir; On o ax1Jrtx6r; Jr(JOOavaw,\106~
(rov oxm1x100V) E{vai ivar; 6(>6or; .irov Jt11ya{vt JC(JO~
ta ~aota T1JV oJrota O-xaai ovvE.JrWr; dvat JtafHiA.oyo
va VJCourf/elC1 .ir~ o 1tf?OGavaro..l106r; rwv oxJtt1xWv
olJ1jyi cmJV 'leaxAmx1j <fn).ooorpia.
H nQ<iiTT] a:n:' ni; buo llEQLXOllt<; nou llUQa0foae, bdxvn TTJV mEVii bm$oQ6. nou xwQll;u ta oxtlPTJ (TTJ axi'PTJ WV HQO.xAnwu) l'IOU OTox6.l;E""tat w 'Oko, to 'Q).o
OUVE11'.0.y""tat UQV11Ux6TT]ta xm to MT)lltv tOU, a:n:6
La axti.pT) (TTJ oxbvTJ twv ooq>LatWv) llOU bwtdvE""tm 6n
atoxO.l;E""tm to MT)biv. noAil bmq>wnattxii lvm xm TJ
0La$OQ0: 1tOV a:n:oxaAilmE""tm OTT] 61'.itEQll JfEQLXol'lii:
neOxEnm ym TTl llLaq>oeO. nou unO.exn av6.Eoa OE m
yAWooa llOU xmmj>O.cnm (HQO:xAntoi;) xat a' tva A6yo
;mu BO.EL ovO.xa v' axugcbvEt (axE1tnxol).
1tOV
94
KQl:T Al: AE:EAOl:
Qcrt6oo, o Iti'toi; o EJtELQUt6i; OE 6Abm 6n XL o blx6i;

wu JtQOoavawAuJ6i; dvm E!;loou boyaux6i;. Ma XL av
axOa migouE oav n:goi.in:o0fCJTt 6n 0V dvaL, atrr6 itou
00,EL dvm v' avwtAEUou to :rmr6.L '14'6.xvovtai; va Ei;'lyi}ym JtOLO A6yo 0 OXEJttlXL06i; bcv o'Jyd ITTOV 1]QilxAErno6 - JtQ6.ya aiJ.wurE n:ov W.1]0EUEl. Evtoirrou;,
vai; 1]QilxAEmo6i; n:ou 0V txEL xmavo110d owur6., ;coQd va xa-cai..Tj!;n ITTO mmttLXLo6 av on:QW!;ovE om
OEL
6.xea OQlOf\'Ei; WU 0LaLo0i)oELS" hot, aut6 !(OU faaVE 0
AL\"Tjolfuioi; bF:V Tj-cav n:aeO. Evai; cruvbuao6i; wv oxrnnXLooU XL EV6i; xfutmou T]QilxAEmooV. 0 HQ6.xi..Enoi;,
xovtai; MOOJtacrtd wt6 W tJ0o Xill nJV ilQXalxTj wtay6QEUCJTI, tdVEL ' 6AEi; tou ni; Ouvir.Ell; JtQoi; Tl} oxE'ljn'J
xm ni yvci:iCJTt. Miptwi; avolyEl w bgOo yLa 't1] qnloooiLxfi atciCJTt; 0 neunay6eai;, oocj>Lcmli; xL 6xL 4JlAoi; rqi; oocj>lai;>>, OE yvwel!;El itaQO. 6vo mv 6.v0Qwito, Etgo -cwv
n:O.vrwv, Xl o foQYiai; q>avr6.1;tal n:wi; SEQEl 6tl tl.:rtota
bV vn:6.exu. 0 :I:wxe6.nii;, n:ou 6eloxttal oto CJTlt:lo
6n:ov cruvavtloUvtal T) :I:ocj>lotlX~ xal T) <l:ilAoaocj>(a, EJtEl
b~ SEQEl 6n to 6vo :rtQ6.ya n:ov SEQu El Val On Oev SEQEl
tl.:rtota, SEQEl ~OT) n:oJJ.6.. 0 nUQQW\', 0 Al'VTjal011oi; Xl 0
:I:EStoi;, uatebtovrai; tTJ oxbp"r] aE oxrnnxla6, naayouv aav aex~ niv a$t6oACa xm 0V 0a '0EAav va 6QE
0oUv OTT) 0iOT1 va Ex$igouv yvtlil] yla to am'.iJJ.T)xtO. E(.
'Val la l..oylx~ ESH,li;T) avnj :rtou a1nll;El wt' tav HQCitln
to xm q,t(ivn OTT) :I:o$lotlX~, ato owxeana6 xm ato
oxmtlXla6 T) :rtQayattx~ El;EAli;T) cruvE611 Xl avnj a}.T)0lv6.. 'Oao yla to av atli; Etatgon:Ei; audi; obT)yE( la
ab~QltT] ESH,li;T), Elval ax6a :rtlo MoxoAo v' wtavaloovIJ.E o' aut6 to EQcirrqa ymt( fyouE CJU'VElbT)ton:Ol~OEl to
yE'{ov6i; 6tl T) lbta T) latOQlX~ ai; oxi'VT) dvm n:ou Xtll;n
autEi; ni; 0l6.boxES xataat6.ani;. 0 OQ6oi; n:ou 6i..ixouE
va XilQir.l;Etal El Val ivai; 0Q6oi; :rtOU fyEl :FtQayatlXcJ. Ola
vu0El xal 0V :rcogoU.E 6.JJ.o va xavou.E n:aQ6. v' axoAou0i)aouE ta 6~ata EXE(vwv n:ou tav bl6.vuoav.
H oxt'VT) tov HQ6.xf..ntou yVV6.El tov loXUQl06 6tl, E
r ct,""toan:Oaatci tou xat foa a' avtir., :rtOQOU.E v' ayxai.16.aouE tT)'V oMtT]ta. 0 ).6yoi; tou 0fhl va EX$Q6.an au-
0 HPAKt\EITOl: KAI H 1lt\Ol:Q11A
95
ni n:ot1 e(vm, cru>J.a66:vovra.; tat1t6XQ0Va nr; avn0EtlxEr; n:AwQtr; tov: 'Allot 6pfrnmvv mi).t y).vx6 xt ci.Um
:inx&W, ar; A.Eno If:;tor; (IBID., B, 63),, o .1116xeims
Ocv TO 6pirom oVu- yAvx6 oVrc mxp6, xt o HptixJ.uror;
ro 6p(oxct xm yA.vx6 xaixtxp6. 0 HQ6:0..ntor; Oe Omxw
Qlt;.n 0 xaL6: n:QUltWCJJJ at1t6 .rcov dvm 6EWQfltlX6. a1ri6Lv6 wt6 xELvo .rcot1 wtoblxviinm .TCQaxnx6: a1116w6. H
;roA.vc5tciCJTan] a1i)6na 0V dvm, oniv "V6n)t6: TI]r;, o\lu
6EWQT)tlxi) o\lu .TCQaxnxi) civat foa Oto y(yvEo6m xm
..rcoQEl va crulla66.vn ravrOxeova TI] yMxa xm TI]V .rc(xQa tou x<l6E n n:ou n:ou e(vm.
0 CJXUttlXlCJ6.; xn va x6.vn E to CJXEtlXlCJ6 (2) ital,
Ouicj>oQOl m'.iYXQOVOl tAETI]tf:r; f:Q>rnoav oto <JJJE{o va lAo\lv ym m 6wQ(a TI]r; CJXEtlx6TI]tar; n:ou o.rcf:Qat6: TI]r;
t 1.TC6.QXOUV otOV HQ6:xlnto. rm t( E(Oou.; CJXEtlx6TI]ta
.TCQ6xmm 6wr;; Ixnlx6TI]ta koyLxi); IxnlX6TI]ta 1J0lxij;
O EQ>fotor; Orv .TCQocrun:oyQ6:Q>n TI]v xoLv6tvx'l Omxi)Qu~
n:ou Ahl .rcwr; 6Aa dvm <JXEllX6..
Aut6r; Atn: e&aacm VOwp xa8apWram xai iaeWrnmv, lx8Vcn tv tr6nov xa( awrrjemv, dv8eWn:oir; c5t dlromv xai 6M8pwv. (H 061<lCJoa Elvm xa6aQ6tato xm mQ6tato vEQ6" y1.a ta 1.j)<iQla n:6CJLo xm own)QlO, yla tour;
av0Q00n:ovo; 6.moto Xl oAf0QlO (wt. 61 )J. Ta n:6.vta AoutOv
Elvm wt6At1ta: yLa ta 1.j)<iQm, to veQ6 TI]r; 66J..aooar; dval wt6Auta xa16, ym tou.; av0QWn:ovi;; wt6At1ta xax6.
Ixnlx6 Otv dvm to wt6Auto, to CJXEtlX6 E(vm wt6Auto. H OAaxeLa tWV av6Q<lmwv n:ou xouv 6aQ6aQTj i.vvxfi
Elvm wt6At1TI], 6n:wo; wt6AUTI] dvm Xl '1 XtlQ(aQX'l 0t<JJJ
tou cru..rcavtlxo\I Myou. H yMi.iooa Excj>Q6.t;.n ni;; 61.j)nr; n:ov dvm x6:6 cj>oQ6: Olacj>oQnlxtr; - totl wt6Amov aud.; Ol 61.jielr; ax6a Xl 6tav wtoxAlvouv - cruyx.A(vouv wo;
.rcoU.wtl.tr; xcj>6.vono; tou Ev6o;. Ta n:aQciOO!;a dvm n:aQciOo!;a totl wt6At1tou xl <}xl totl CJXftlxo\I, xm o' at1t6
ocj>eD.nm '1 Otl<JtllQi) tot1r; CJcj>Ql'f'lMTI]ta. H Excj>QaCJMj
od1*''1 tou HQ6:ililtotl ltQOCJJta0El v' avol!;n to OQOo TI]r;
foa wt6 tva oMxAIJQO Moo.; axfoEwv, xm o' aun) tl]V
ltOQEla OE CJXEtlXOJtOlE( oiiu ta t:ovwtva OtvrQa olm
oA6xA11Qo to b6.oor;. 0 oroxao6r; wv, JtQooxoM11Evo~
96
KQIT AI AE:EAOI
tOoo OTflV aveeWn:wr1 600 xm
OTT) 0da xwwbla, Eivm

xweli; va dvm eoavnx6i;: b 0Qf]VEl Tl'JV
an:WAELa tou an:6Auwu. 0 HexAnwi; Eivm :n:eooxoiJ..f].tvoi; ow teyo 'tl}<; 0L6.Q0QWOTJ<;. 'AiJ..oL n6. an:' aur6v,
0' avaACr.6ouv w teyo 'ti')<; Scie0ewOTJo;. 0 XEyxEA xamA6.6mv xaAU wv axeLv6 wu bltoxaAo. Eivm tvao;
Oeaanx6i;
wealoi; xm n:au)Lx6i; TQ6n:oi;, vea4>E, yLa va V..f)ou xa-
vEli; yLa Tl'JV aAl')BEm a111!hv6. Xl ELALXQLVil ... H GUvElbf]aq

btv dvm cruvE(fuiaq 'ti')<; alf)Bnao; itae6. 6vov wi; GUvElbT)aJ} tou IUJtavroo; ... H :n:k6.VT], :n:eoo0i:n, oovlcrtatm
ovltxa OTTJV an:o6vwmi (wv an:oxwew6) Tl'J<; oxttpf]<;
(3).
To GUnav xm to ounavnx6, 'l oA6TI)Ta n:ou JtQLx:El
tll; cry;tcm<; tOU Ev6o; to noUan:J..6, va JtolO E(vm W
XV'tQLX6 Bta Tl'J<; T)QUXAErnxf)o; BEWQf]OTJ<;- 0 allo<; 0 Otoxaonli; croxEQLAa66.vnm foa o' au't6 to JtEQLtxov mJnav, n:ou n:eoon:aBEl va TO crt<>xaon:( xm va 'tO EX4>gcicm. H 6EWQ1]aJ} aun'I E!;Ekloonm oE m xaUnXvlxr'I xm
ykunnxr'I Bfoaq. Dl 4x)gEo; bta'tl]goiiv wuo; 6yxouo; touo;,
>uvoiivrm nkacrnxCr., E!;lOOQQOJtoiivrm agovlxci. H
yA.Wooa itou nablbn atrn') 'ti] Bfoaq dvm ngo4n1nxr'1 xm
6>..n va OUJtEglACr.6n xm va !;ocEgCr.on no; avnvolEo;.
H ngocf>ogLxr'I xm yga:n:n'j Ex41gaaq tou Hg6.xAEltou aywvO;nm va cruUCr.6El to avEx41gacrto, Xl aut6o; o ayWvao;
Elvm tva itE1;6 tgayoiibl, la oxbpl] JtOll]TlXii.
TT) oxJtnxr'I EQl]vEla tou T)QUililnxoU ).6you 'ti] bla
btxnm 11 otwlxr'I. 0 Anoo; (!, 28, 1-D.A. 8) ygil41n: O
HecixJ..eiroq OrjAwve irwq.,, ovoia t7Jq e11me11tv.,,q efvm o

Myoq irov Otrureevci t71v ovoia TOV IU;ravroq n:pcix1Tat
yia tva m6ew 0W11a. irov ivai To rme11a t71q ytvea.,,q
TOU xOoov xat TO 11fr(JO t71q K(JOxa6optoivljq K(]100ou AuT6 Elvm E!;oxa OTWLX6 xm EkciXlcrtU l]QUXAEltL
x6. fm TOV Hg6.x1Elto, J..6yoo; xm x6ooo; Elvm ciQQf]xta
evwiva Xl aun'j T) tvwOI] Elvm I] un:EQTU'tl] Elagtvf]. ElaglvJJ, x6ooo; xm AOyoo; un:cigxovv foa OTT)V ev6t!]t<l.
0 A6yoo; Elvm o bEo6o; n:ou cruv[xEl to aUxav n:ou uvuyxaotlXCr. dvm tva. H f]QaxAElnxr'I blaAExnxr'I Elvm tQUyLxr'I mnbr'I o x6ooo; bev Exn ciUI] blxalwori cucO tov lbw
0 HPAKAEITO:E KAI H 4>1AO:E04>1A
97
rm tov wut6. rw touc; o-cwtxoitc; avti0ta, ELaevri,

i.oytx6 xm m'.i.nav wtotdoitv 6\jmc; tT)c; u:ntettT)c; :rtQy~tunx6tT)tc; :rtou 6QLmm tT) Ou:tlwcrr) TI'lS <mJV xQ6voLa.
QITT6ao, 6vo av o-caxao-coVe oi..6tl'1Q'l tT)V '1Qx>.unxi)
r.oao).oy(a, 0a ac; 4>VEQw8d '1 0Lact>oQ6. :nou tT)v !;qwoil;u wt' tT)V xooo).oy(a twv o-cwLxciiv.
~ 'E:nuta fie BE '1 oug6: twv vrnxAatwvLxibv. 0 XaAxLbLoc; (C. 237. P. 272 Wrombel) avaq>teu 6tL 0Ht;16.xA.Et
to!> 61156.0XEI On 11 EOWtTI] x{V'fJOJj, HOV E{vat 'I i:vTa.OJj q
11 J'l'(JOUOXq TIJ!> IJ.'VxJj!>', 6(;JiaxEt tva 6('6c ta' wr' r
avo{yara twv anWv xa1 hot arti~Et xa1 1J"IAaq,Ei ra
oeart:i JTj?ciyara. Kt o OQ6xl.oc; (o-cov OaeEVLOrj, VI,
12) >.tn 6n xewo-cae O'tJ1 axoAq rnv Ht;16.xA.t1rov t1JV
'fVoloy1xq EJr1arrj11 J'l'OV o611yEi OT1J yvWCJI'/ TIJ!> ~wq9>.
0 t6voc; 6A.wv auribv twv Qt'UQL<liv q>avEe<ilvu. OEOma.
tvav '1QX>.Ema6, :nQ6xutm 6wc; yL tvav t]QtlELtLa6 :no>.U allotwtvo wt' to vrn:n>.atwvto6. rw tov
E'taLO, umo6Tjo(a xaL ).oytxi), towtEQLX6 XL t!;WttQLX6,
J.i!;uc; xm imv6Va Lvm Vwtva, XL '1 aAi)0ua EX'Q6.~tm iaa wt6 tT)V :rtMVYJ. 'E:nnta wt' aut6v, o Myoc;
:nigaaE wt6 touc; o-cwuwitc; o-cov ct>O.wva tov EOQalo xm
a-co xat6. lw6.VVT) EuawV..w, !;XQLvovrac; 6>.o xm mo
:noAU wt' tov tva xm ovabuW x6ao. 0 6L6>.Lx6c; Xat
XQLO-CLvLx6c; A.6yoc; tyLvE to nvrila tou ltll.ou x6oou,
1tOU EX toV ~tf16EV6!> OrjLOUQYYIOE 61.a 6aa u:rt6.QXOUV. l'tOU
iom'.l;u tov x6ao blxwc; va taut(~tm ' aut6v xaL :nou
0a tov oOriY'iaEL we; tTJV tEALxi) A:nox6:Au'fl'l.
Mt XtVYJtiiQL Mvari tT)V ay6.m) mu yLa tT) ooq>La xat

tT)V aAi)0na, l;tX(VYJOE o He6.x4ttoc; va :no4i)au touc;
1tQOXat6xouc; tou. IlOLTjdc;, o-caxao-ctc;. LO"TOQlXOL Ql]toQEc;, EQEUVY)ttc; ylvovrm 61.oL touc; avttXELEVa tT)c; Oam>..1xi)c; tou 1tEQLq>g6vr]CJllc;.
noJ.va8(11 v6ov fxeiv oti 6tMaxtt 'Hoiol>ov y6e dv
t'Mtia~E xa1 nv8ay6"'1v aPt-1!> re Etvoq,6.vEti rt xai 'Exaraiov. - TOv tE ~011(.JOV d~wv ix tWv dyWvwv hc6illE-
KQl:TAI A3EAOI
oBai xa{ ~wril;o8ai xai 'Aexi..1.oxov Ooiw,. - 'Elg171rUT11VTm ol dvBpw.irot Hp6' n]v yvcdoiv rWv 41aveWv Ha(!UnArioi~ "OFjj?tp, 6; tytvm rWv "E.U.l'jvwv oO<jJWreo~
Jr(fvrwv. 'Exivov T y6e Hai6r; 41Biea; Karaxuivovr~
t~6.rrioav i1r6vr,. 6oa d6o1JEV xa{ ).6.6oV, raVra
dJro).i.itolJEV, OOa 6t otiT d6oV oVr' ).6.6oV, raVra
41teo1JEV. - {flvBay6ea,] xoHi6wv toriv dexrirO;. - flvBay6pri; M"Vr106exov lorO('{T/V 1JoxrioV dvBeclmwv 11d.ltora m:lvrwv xai W/g6.Vo; rat'.ira; r6.; ovyyeaqxi~
hroujoam tavroV f104>iriv, HoAvaBiriv, KOKOTXViriv. [H
n:oAuQ0na bE bLM.oxEL va oxt.pTEom av fitav ttm 0a
EiXE bLbll;n tov Holobo xm wv nv0ay6Qa, ax6a xm
TOV EevocpCtVT) xm WV Exatafo (cut. 40). 0 'OT]QOi; <#!;,El. cut' tovi; ayWvEi; va ""tOV buO;(vovv xm va tov Qcutl!;.ovv, XL o AQ"XO.Oxoi; to ibto (cut. 42). El;cutawUvtm oL
6.v0QWJWL wi; 1tQOi; tT) yvWari uov .pavEQWV 1tQayCnwv,
6nwi; o 'OT]QOi; nov Tj""tav o oo4>cJ.iTQoi; cut' 6Aovi; tovi;
'EllT]VEi; yLm( XL ExElvov, xlur:OLa nmbui nov ox6""twvav
'll'E~Ei;, tov El;cut6.tT)oav Atyovt6.i; tov: 6oa Elba xaL
n:u:waE, t' a4ri1vovE, XL 6oa oUTE Elba oUTE n:uioaE,
avt6. ta na(QVOVf.lE (cut. 56). (0 nv0ay6Qai;;) Eivm aexr1y6i; O'tOVi; ay\iQTEi; (cut. 81). 0 nv0ay6eai;, yLoi; ""tOV MVT)ociQxov, 6.mtT]CJE 1tEQLoa6tEQO wt' 6).ovi; tovi; av0eWn:ovi;
tT)V EQ\Jva XL 6tav cruyxtvTQWOE toVTEi; ni; YQCicf>Ei;,
E:q,nal;E ' avdi; La bLxi) wv oocp(a: noAvCt0Em xaxoTExvta (cut. 129, cut6onaoa m0av6v cut6xev.Po)].
'EtOL, EX0QOV(!;,t"m o 'OT]QOi;, o AQ"XCA.o;(oi;, o Exa""taCoi;, o nu0ay6eai; X<lL o Eevocp6.VT)i;. 0 HQ6.tlELtoi; noA6.EL tT) v0o).oyLxi) xm 1tOLT]UXi) ruptAua, tT)V iwAvJW(XtAT] xm Q""tmTJ noAv{t0Em, tTJV noi..v).oy(a iwv El;anm6. XL El;cutat6.tm. Aywvl!;,E"t'm EVavt(ov twv '{W.wv
aexai:xWv oQIP<irv, rnnbtj xovv ylvEL av0evtiEi; xaL '
avt6v ""tov ""tQ6no cutallCtooovv ""tovi; av0QWnovi; wt' tT)v
tJ0\rvT] i.ai; W..T]0Lvi)i; oxtiinli; xm TO 6vo 1tOV tovi; XQOT]01Jouv E(VaL yv<i.loni;. nebm va XCt'!'El. VO LoXiiEL TJ
avatoQ6. OE m av0evt(a, xm T] oo.pla twv E9vWv f.l ta
avtupa.nx6: ""toui; yvwLxCt nov noeoUv va. bWoovv o'
6i..ovi; blxt.0 1tQbm va. cpctvEQci:IOEL to W..T]0LV6 tT)i; n:g(low-
0 HPAKJ\EITOl: KAI H 4'1AOl:04'1A
99
1CO, 1C01J dvm lO 1CQ6CJW1Co lai; aaocj>lai; . .6.lhaKlU dval

"tO a(vLya lO 01to(o la 1Cmbul xoQ6lbtllav wv '011go. 0 'OTjQOi; bE crullaticlvn 01Jl6 1C01J (val cj>avQ6,
bEV acj>ooul>vEL TI]V 1CQyalLKi) W..i)9La amoii Jt01J Kalal.a6alvn, bEV Kmal.a6a(vL 01Jl6 ym lO 01toio Ll.6.EL,
yLml bEV ;rto(m"t'.! va KalW..6:6o1JE 1CQayanK6: 1taQ6:
6vov EKEivo 1C01J crulla66.vo1J. 'Elal, f.YXOlal.EUtn
01Jl6 1C01J tillrtn Km 1ta{evn 01Jl6 1C01J 1l CIT]aafo "t01J "t01J
bLacj>E"VyEL. 0 HQ6.x1Lwi;, avtCOna wt' lOV aolM, EJtlbul>KEL va bn Kill va 1t{iel al;( l01J, fu]l.abi) va m6:an
w 1JaJ..6 W1J, a1Jl6 1C01J Kalal.atia(vn. 0 L<nOQLx6i;
nol.Utiwi; axol.l6:1;n Katacj>anx6. (IV, 4Q..0.A. 23): .:1.EV
Ba rjrav awar6 va emxaA.caroiiE w, d:prvpc, ym :rrpd:y1mra Hov ayvoo6E rov, Jl'ou7rt, xat wv' vBoyp6.q,ovq,
H(Jd:ya Hov, uriq 1tptaa6tcpc' Hcpmnfxmq, txovv xdvct

xpoxUwxol aq, avaq,tQovraq, &rwq J..ict o Hp6.xktToq, axrnx6 w Ta al/lia6t1TOiiVa yE"'(Ov6w, &64Joecq
avfJEl't"{' Hov 6V a~(Covv va Tovq txnq xatd: cmuro-
oi
ot'.iV1J.
To EQYo TI]i; xalOO"TQonji; auvbtnm lO EQYo TI]i; Olxob6f\CIT]. 0 HQ6:xAmoi;, m1>0U 1CQWla tbEL!;E 1C6ao 1CilQ<i}..oya frcav Ta i..6yLa TWV all.wv, 1tQ001ta0d TWQa va
x6:VEL v' ilX01JCJtOUv la 6LK6: "t01J i..6ym, yLa va Xcj>Q6:CJEL
TI") oocj>(a xm TI]V W..i)0na.
'Ev I1p11'jvu B(aq fytvno 6 TroT6Ew, oV .irJ..ciwv J..6yoq
ii TWv &.U.wv. Xprj ycip cJ W.a Hollctiv COTopaq q,iJ.ooO.povq dvl>(Jaq cfvm. - Trjv ;rculidav hcpov ~J..wv clvat
Toiq ;fE1tatlicvtvotq. IITIJV nQLtiVIJ yE"VVljlhjxE 0 8ai;,
ywi; "t01J TEv-cci.ov, 1COV o i..6yoi; mu dvaL l.OX1JQ6TEQOi;
wt6 twv illwv (wt. 39). [Lat( 1CQbcEl m cj>Ll..6oo4>oL va
E(vcu EQEUVIJTfi; 1titQa 1Coll.Wv 1CQayci.-cwv (wt. 3S). H
;rmbria ym rnui; oeq,wtvoui; ELvm bEiiTEQOi; i)Moi; (wt.
134. avacj>i6oAa wt6KQu4>C1)).
M6vo cnoui; tgui; MLhtjawui; blvEl xciQti TO blxaan')QlO
nm HgitxAELtou, xa8Wi; xm cno 1COQQ!;Vo 11Q6aw110 l01J
Btu ;rou 1CQOXal.Ei W..Lcna xm TI] crux6.0EL6. l01J. H ooOugOTI")-ca "tOU "tQ61Cou 1;wtji; KaL TI]i; bcj>QOCIT]i; To1J ywu
rnu Tnri:O:ou yOT)niiEL lOV HQililiLw. 0 Blai;, a1Jl6i; o
KQ:ETAI AEEAOI
1gaxt1.; 600 Xt aexau<6.; oocp6.;, frmv xm blxaotj.; xal ElXE rm (0.L., I, 88): Ot nA.Eiorot xmcoi. 'Hmv rut' tou;
En:tCt Io<Po\i.; o mo oocp6.;.
H wd:r) n:o>..uCt0na bE a.; a0alvEt va mmfn:6aatE,
01 0.v0Qw1tol 6w.; n:ou aycutoUv t1] 0C14>La, 11:QbtEt va yvwQll;.ouv miQa n:olla :rtQCiyata. Ot buo autt; :rtQotO.on;
:n:Qi:rtEt v' allt]Aoaunlt]QWvovtm: T] la avmQEL Xl T] QA.
AT] xu"tai&axEv avt[ v' rutotEAoVv la avtlia01J, otiQOUV ta butATj :rtQOEtbono(t]O'T]. To rut6o:n:aoa 35 6y&l;,n
ym l'tQWTI] <PoQCi CJt'T]V E1Il'&vna t1] >..~ <PtA.6ocnPo~ 0
HQ<lxA.n"tO; dvm ;rrou o'UQT]Aatd autfi t1] vfo ovoaola
tou aroxctcml- Avtl0na wt' to ooq:,6 xa1 to ooitotj, o
'l>..6ooio; Elvm au"t6<; :n:ou ayan:& t1] ooila, {>xt t1] b1xtj
tou ooi(a. ExEivri n:ou txn al;.tlvEt, oV'tE ax6a xm t1]
ooi(a twv av0QW:rtlVWV l'tQay{r.'twv aUQ t1] ooila tou
Ioq,oV tl]V Lbta t1l Ioila n:ou a; 1IQOtQbtEt va VaQov1aro\iE E to A6yo, I.LE tl]V ooA.oy{a, v' avayvwQfoouE
6"tl ta nCtvta Elven 'Eva (cut. 50). 0 'ti..6oocpo<;bEVXatf:XEI t1] ooila, bV x<lvn axubax"tuAouQYLE<; ' auttjv, alA.ci 11:QOXWQEL ' ayWn} XCll 'lA(a yla va t1] auvavtfion.
"Etot, o HQciXAEl'tO<; Eivm o 1IQW't0; it>..6oocpo.;. Ito
6voa auttj; t1]<;" vfo.;- <jnAoooila.; xa"tabuil;,ovtm m
1IQOx6.i::ox.ol tou. xm ato 6voa t1]; alt]0lvtj<;" tQtuva.; yiVf"tm T] btaXTjQul;T] "tTJ; avayxm6'tr)a<; "tTJ; ouomonxJi.;yvW01].;-. 0 HQ<lxi..nto.;- !;tQEt nw; l'tQiJW va 19<l!;E1 11:0/..V
yta va 6Qn tl]V alt]0lvfJ oo<j>la. xm l;tQEl ax6a On 0 0a
0QEI l'tClQl ax0.6ouv
;wAV t1] yri xa1 /..Lya 6Qloxouv (wt. 22)). H aval;.finlO'T] OE
6cl0o; nQbtn va 1IQOXWQEl axa"tcut6vria. To XQUo6:qn 0V
Elvat n:aeO. ta naq,oQtXI) ix<l>eaO'TJ ;rrou OT)alvn 'tTJ oo<j>[a T] oJtola llvm 6ota E to XQUo<l<l>l 1tou 16.rm xm
1t n1 <JMn<i :n:ou xa(Et. Toxeuolt'1 Elvm 011:Ctvw :n:Qltya.
Km 1] m'ti0EO'T]: ~Ovov~ u!J(,)ar' iv iA.tofJat d}J..ov 1/
xu1111i1 ITa yalboVQICl ea 1tQot1o\ioav to <ixueo wt" Ttl
Z\.)l'OU<!Jt (cut. 9)]. Ta aya0Ct ;rrou aval;,t]w\iv ot xotvol clvOtitllJtOt avtutQOOW:rttilouv ta 6.EO'T] 6.vEO'T] xm xetiori. H
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 4>1AOI04>IA
101
uv8QWmVT) 6AaxEla lXavoitold'lal t: itkacrt6. 1Jl't0Xa'l<i0tuta. To 6.XUQO xn ro xQWa rot1 xe1100U. H a1T)8lvfi
ova!;finiCJTJ itou x6.vouv ol EQEUVTJ'lts nis oo1(as xu ta
OllTJ Ouoxokla xal dvm 'alvoevlx6. 6.xeTJO't'I
Avn] TJ axa'lfutavCJTT) teruva CJE 6ci8os. a11"tf) 'l ava!;fin]CJT) rou 8El:Awu xal 'lO\I 8t:Al.axoU, 0V ):l xat6.
avCtyxT) va cruvoOEVETm wt6 itauwA.oUs AtSwv. Aexd
:n:o11 o crtox.acm'ts 0ElXVEL 'lo OQ6o ito11 :n:ebm va :n:6.en
au"tf) 'I tef;UVa. 0 OA.oU'laQXOS wt' ni XmQWvEla ye6.4'n
(UEpi A6oAEo);-la!;, 17-D.A. 36): Mrl:n:w~ fJV a~ltovv EyxWm Xl t&airE(JO eavauD EXE{VDI, :ltOV, avr6 11"011
itphm va fl"OVV, ro A.EV e m)am xm
xov6Evres;.Av'l6 x6.VEL Xl 0 HeO.xM:nos l'tOtJ :ltlcrtEVEl 6u 'la
m')a'la, ot E"ta1oQtS xal 'la xo41'6. ).6yLa xouv m lXa
v6ni'la va :n:E(Souv t:ya1UueTJ wt6 wvs ).6-yovs xal ns
axgoaxdds ava1UCJElS. To itH18os ill.on: VTVitwol6.!;ETat wt' n]V EX4'QacrtlXfi CJ\Jvto(a '((l)V CJT)6.'lwv Xl Qllo.
u 0V wtoXQtJ:rn:oyea4'd 'lo v&J6. wvs xal tvEL aC1t1yx(VTJ"tO.
Oola E(Val av"tf) tJ l:o1la itotJ niv ava!;t)'l6. exdvos JtOV
tbETal JtQOS ro l:QOS nis; Ta wtoa:n:6.oa'la 41, SO xal
108 blaXTJQilooouv: Mia dval 'I 0041(a: ro va yvwQ(!;ns
ni axbj.rrJ itotJ fa' wt' 6Aa 'la xu6egv6.n 6Aa ... 'OxL etva
all6. w ).6-yo a1oU axoiicrtE, dval ooq,6 va ooA.oyf)oETE
6n 'Eva m 06.vta... To oo16 E(val wt' 61.a. XWQlOtvo.
O 'lk6ao1os e(val ilA.os nis oo1las, EXdVTJs itou VWvEL
ni oo4nJ axbj.rrJ rou av8Qtlmo11 t: ni l:o41(a wu K6oov.
0 1tk6ao1os 41i.A.oboSE( va 1'6.ou O'tTJ l:o1la, :n:ou bEV dvm 11 fJu,q 'lov :JtQOOwmxiJ 0041(a all6. CJ\JJ"Cavtlxi) CJT)aola nis OMni'las. H axbj.rrJ E"Xdvou itou dval ye6:ros
wt6 1U..(a yta ni 0041(a, xauu0irvETal JtQOS ni aUiJ..T)'VTJ
n]S OMnirns itotJ dval ro 'Eva. 'E'((Jl, aywt6.n niv a1iJ0ELa nis OA6n]'laS, niv a1fi8ua itotJ 1w'll!;EL 6Aa 'la wtoo:n:6.oa'la rou x6oou. 'O:n:ws o A6yos dvm A6yos 'lO\I
l:Un:avros, :JtO\I C1t1iJ..a66.VETQl XL EX$Q6.!;ETm wt6 '(QV
Sil:rrvlo 6.v0QWl'tO, hoL Xl TJ oo1(a dvaL l:o41(a n]S OM'lTJ
'laS :n:ou ltQOCJ$iQETal CTtTJV ava!;iJniCJTJ Exdvou JtO\I Savo(yETm a' au"tf)v. Au'l6s, A.oLlt6v, itou aywt6.EL ni oo1(a.
xwvts
KQIT AI A:::E/\OI
]02
bt:v oycut6.EL TIJ yvr.ilCJT) wi; yvWCJT) all.6. xuVT)y6:l Xl avaxa/..Ul'ttEL aui:6 n:ou ltQOO$EQ'CUl OTI] yvwQl!;.ouoa oxtivrl.
nwi;
JtOQd 1]
ooq,la
<<VQ
XWQUrtd cut6 -co 6i..o; Mt
toUto bev UXOOT'l}Ql'.1;.'Cal xWtoLOi; XWQlo6i; 'tOU mmxoU
a:n:6 to .ttaiumx6. H ooq,la dvm l:oi(a 'tOtl K6oou,

bV i:aull;ttm 6.wi; e -ra lbmli:t:Qa 1avtgWata n:ou
cru6a(vouv ioa atov x6oo, oUu: Kl !;avtAl-ral a' au't<l. 0 A.6yoq - -ro oo4'<)v - yla w on:olo V..6.n o Hpilililtoi; xatt)'.EL crrov un:Eg-rato Oa06 la t1ltg6anxtj VU:nag;ri. Au't6i; o ..l6yoq, nagWv iaa atov x6oo, 6oAlbooxonWvtai; tov Sinrvw 6.v0gwno, crovbt:6ttvoi; t: tt}V
-qiuxfi, t:x12a1;6nroi; an6 to crroxacml, amntl.d tTJV
a>..r}0na tTJli o)..6tr11ai; nou t(Val xO:n ntgloo6ueo wt6 to
mJvoAo -rwv t:Qiliv tt}<;. Atrr6i; o Myoi; - oo4'<)v, o OT6xoi;
TIJli JtOQdai; twv av0gr.ilnwv nou i..atgEVouv TT] ooi(a,
0611ytl OTI] crUU1Jljll] mu cruxavnxoU Kl 6'tav XWQil;ttm
cut' 6Ao 'tO tm:6l.oLJto, -ro x6.vn yla va 11 bwA.u0d foa
ato unigoui; xou bev wv t!;avd.d n:ott. H ooi(a e(vm
o A6yoc:; xm 6ev e(vm xa06Aou a$l]QlltvT], e(vm mpar,eE
nx~. H lJQaxi..Emxfi ayMTJ tl]c:; oocp(ac:; bEV dvat xal m
oocpla tl]c:; ayfutl]c:;; Ml.Cle:; ayCunJc:; ltOU dvat 4Jilia (Kl 6Xl
i(}W~). oucpwv(a e to EV y(yveo0at dvat to x6:0t: n n:ou
Elval Xat 6;(l MaCTJ vootal..ylKl].
H l:ocpla, n:ou dvat A6yoc:;, eivat o ounavnx6c:; v6oc:;.
To wt6oltaoa 114 ac:; tlxe 6lM~El: yla va V..6.e e
v61Ja, ltQbctl v' avtl.oUe MvalJ a:n:' aut6 ltOu dvat o'
61.a Kmv6, 6n:wc:; 1J lt6ATJ avtAEl a:n:' to v6o, Xl ax6a n:eQl006tEQo ytatl 6l.ol m av0QWmvm v6ol tQicf>ovtat a:n:6
tov Eva v6o, to 0tlo aut6c:; XQat6.tl 6oo 0llil llJV E!;ouo(a tOU, aQXE( YI.Cl 6Aa Kat ta UltEQt:ialVEl. Tl] bUva11
tou 0dou v6ou bev n:Qbttl va llJV EVVITT)ooue oav I.Cl
OlJVEtbl]Tij xat xwQtcmi bUva11, oav Eva A6yo ltOU otOX,6.l;ttat toV t:aut6 tou. AllAo\Jotata, o 0doc:; v6oc:; wd.Wvt:l
llJ 6Uvafi tou xal ouv[Xtl ta f:Qll tou oilJtavtoc:; . .6.E 0a
JtOQO\JOE va y(vtl all.tWc:;. H l:ocpla e(val aut6c:; o 0t:loc:;
v6oc:;. rm tOV HQ6.ililt0, lJ OA.6n)ta dvat ltOU wtotEA.d
tov un:EQtato OQ(l;ovm we:; 4JVCIJ/ ltOU dvm yt:O.tl] a:n:6
XQU4'1 aQovla. Aunj lJ OA6tl]tQ E(Vat ta acf>oU 0 ).6yoc:;
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 4>1AOicJA
103
dvm VOJtOlT]tLx0i;;. 0 av0gtiiJtlvoi;; /...Oyoi;; JtQOOJta0i: va

cwll.6.6L to Myo tou KOo.ou. Autij TJ ava!;fitTJCJJJ Jtou
!;woyovi'.tm cut6 tTfV xoautfi ay6:m], tOJto0ti'.tm ato
b(K'lo JtoU av6ai'.vL xm nou xat6ai'.vL, xwQi'.i;; va nm'.m
va dvm o i'.bi.oi;; b(K'l.oi;;. A<j>oU T] oAOt'T]ta 6Qi'.axtm 0
yi'.yvo0m, 0 bQO.oi;; JlOU ObT]yd cmi aUUT]\jli] tT]i;; bev jJJtOQEL JtaQCr. va Lvm XL atrt6i;; iva y(yvo0m.
KMoi.oi;; liLaXWQLo6i;; av6.oa ato ctiumx6 xm to ta4'umx0 xm av6.oa ato tatrtOCJl).o xm to avti'.9to ea
JtLXLQTJ0L va yi'.vu uii tov HQliiliLto. Aut6i;; o bmxwQL06i;; ea 6am.atd cmi y6:1T] aQXi) tT]i;; T] avti'.q.aCJl)i;;
JtOU OTIJQL!;tm 0 i.a ovtoAoyLxfi tactiumxfi. OQWtoi;; o
naeevi'.lil]i;; actil.06T]td ta nCr.vta yLa va ~XWQ{OL to
Elvm cut' to MT] E(vm, xm xatabLx6.tL XLvoui;; yLa toui;;
OJto(oui;; t6 .n"iAEtV TE 1'a( oti1' Elvat tmh6v vev61.orai "oV
rotit6v, Jt"<ivrwv 6t Jt"<Uivt(>OJ'l'6> tori 1'llv8o>. btvov>
( 1t"o6 9EW(>Oiiv t6 Elvat 1'ai t6 Mrj Elva1. Wq mvtOoqo
"a( ,,irj rovr6mjo, 1'a{ Jt"otl vo,,i(,ovv 6n y1.t:i 6A.a t'iJt"t:ie_tt
lva) 6(1do) Jt"otl hnoreb/m tv<ivr1.a or6v tavt6 TOV (D.
28 B 6, 6-- 7). MnCr. tov TiaeevLbrj, o Aval;ay6Qai;; e avann'.i~L tT] 0wQLa tou ym to Nou JtoU i1."m1. oV&v(
XIJ'lan 1'al no ii Jt"t:ivta 61.E1'6oqae, to (Nou nou ti'.Jtota liV 1'.vm avo..i.ytvoi;; ... 1'0L nou txL 66.Af:L ta
nCr.vta a m tCtl;!i (D. 59 B 12, 19 xaL 11).) It0 ~i;;, TJ
bunxfi uatpuoLxfi 0' mwA.outlr')OEL aut6v to bQO.o. 0
m.-O.twv ea ai;; t.AfioL ym tT] xwe1.onJ 1.!Jta XL 0 AQLotOtO..T]i;; yLa tT] xwpum] ova[a. OL XQLotmvoi'. ea nLott1'-'ovv
OTTfV )( TOU q6V6> brjt.OUQY(a tOU xOoou wt6 to 06,
(') 'Exn x~ei~ d.rn]9E( o lWlTiiMll6<; xwei.otW<;
cnmi 0
Qli,ILatoui.t~.
lCl. ho1 attt!Tixt: OTIJ

UatOoo. 0 Ael.OWl"U'ls Ye64'EI O"?Q Mnd TO <1>ooi-
xd .YLCJ lO')';t<>QLat61<L O>clVTJ"IOCJ\I ~~tiexEL ILIQ f.1lLO"tljl''l ('l ~"""'"" 4>Llooo4>in 'l l'Efatoo1ini 'l 9ro).oy{a) 6u:uf1oenl-ini WI' all"ffS l"i 6~o 1UOliil'ES
(1T) 41001in; KCJL lO lt09"l'O"ILK6.), UV (ivo.1 o).1j9no ~UIS ~~tiexu "'" O~Oi<I
al!Tl\i; TTJS '*'~' !VVOiii l'Kl 0001'.a xweum\ Kl WL(Vll1T), OnUIS 9a ~eoomo.-
9T]oou11E VO. lo Clllo6d~ou~ (K 7, 1064a,33-36) KmoroZI, 102lkl.3234 llJO'i6oo. 'l ouo!a Eivo.1 oMula. ~.Woo~ ~lj!OC; TO ).6yo:i KUL..,,
'J'V"''16ooKL~"QO'ilO)l(l6vo nQ<rnu:n:1,KU11uiW1"av1tSll.K<1nrfO(>Les
6Y,iva1xmel.OllhiJ,atm\"6voE!~
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KOIT AI AE:EAOI
iu o x6ooi; ea n:Cuj1t wt6 T6tE va ivm tvai;, aq>oU Tl}V
oAimjta tou elvm Til cruvuna fJ axtOTJ twv Mox6owv ...

H ay<im) tr)<; :Eoiiai; :rceooavat0Ai'.~Et to crtoXa<m'i :rceoi;
TIJV aAi)6na xm tov xCr.vn utav6 va tTJ crulJ..Ct6n. n Elvm
fJ aAi)0na YlCl wv HQO.xi..uw, crtoXaoni ClQxai:x6 xat xa06Aou n:arnou1.6 xt ovmA.oytx6; l:wiQ00UVT), fJ fytcmi aQE't1j, xm ooi(a to va Ati;; tTJV aAfi6na xm va n:QO:-cTEti;: cnJiwva tTJ iUOTJ - axoUyovnii;; TIJV, ai;: ElXE
Ot.OCd;u w CIJ[6on:aoa 112. H aAfi0ta Ei.vat avayvWQLOTJ
TIJ<; crun:avttxili; ooilw;, -mu A&you - oololi. H aAi)0ua
Elvm auTfi fJ wtoonao.aTnti) xm oAtxi) ali)0ua, fJ XOQUiala xm cruyxEXQtivTi, Elvm i..6yoi;; xm ooq,6, Xt auT6
txu
x6.Q11 OTI'jV LOt6tT)ta :rcou

va cru~txu ato ylyvto6<n
xat -cwv Olio. H aAfi0na 1on[~n -ca ox6TIJ xm neonci
Tl}V aia-.il aQovla tTJ<; <llUOT)i; (:rcou Tl}<; aQtoEt va xeU6tTat) am) TIJ iavEQii ctQov(a. 0 It!;m;; o E;tElQU1.6i;
(flpo~ Ma9qanxo6~. VIll,8) avaitQu :rcwi;; xata tov
ALVT)OLOT)o, o H(lcli<A.nrof; 6iii<(JtVE cna l/>mv6eva rJ/V

E~f; &mpo(lcl: illa Etpavgovrm o' 6Aouf; Cll'f6 i<otvoU
av.a 4iaVE(JWvovtm ~E;(W(Jtcn6 OE ro6ro OE i<Eivo t'O
clt'oo W.178rn:i Eivat ra tpaw6eva nou Ha(lovou:i,avtm
)(t
a' 6Aouf;, EVW ipVmta Eivat Ei<Eiva nov 6EV Ha(JOVot6,ovrat a' 6AOVf;' OVVEJ'l'cilf;, W.178tv6 ovo6,ETat XW('if; J'l'E(Jt
ITT(JOl/'tf; 0tdvo 11'0V 6EV i<(JV6ETat Cll'f6 Pl (J)(.bjrt/ J'l'OU Eivat
o' 6Aouf; i<ot"'1.
fLa tov HQitiliLtO T) aA~0na tlvm aut6 :rcou wtoxaAU:rctnm i<m 6yalvu cno iwi;: ryxataAtUtovmi;: ta ox6t1'). H
aA~0ua Lvm aut6 nou crolla6Ctvou 6tav L.acrt !;U:irvwL. H cnillT)'lpT) auTI] On- dvm '\lyaAta, utuO~ dacrt TCQOLi<Lo.tvoL vi]T). Aut6 Jtou crolla66.vou.
to A6yo .ai;:. oav aA~0ua, tlvm 0tALWtvo crtov ltQLixovra mL 0tl"6 A6yo, yL' aut6i<L1') aA~0La Lvm wt' tT)V
ouo(a tT)i;: cro:rcavni<~, a' 6Aoui;: )(QLvi]. Ocrt6oo, aut6
Ot Oljalvu 6tL otT)Qll;nm otTJ croyxat6.0t01J 6Mov. otTJV
XOLvi] yv<i.lT), 6nwi;: iavt6.l;nm 0 ALVT)OibT]oi;:. KOLV~ Or\
tlvaL 1') cro4lwvla nou i<O.vouv Eta!;U toui;: 6i..oL Ol CtvfflMltOL a.Ua 1') croiwvla Jtou yivnm Ola tou A6you tT)i;: o/i1t1')tai;: tou dva1. H xovbQOELbtcrtatT) ltMVTJ avi]i<tt orn
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H CZllAOIOCZllA
!fl."
ovta EXElva itou dvm 6u0wi:va inov Unvo xm i:ouo; AEl;tt 'I vi)rr aui:a rn SEovaxmotva 6vra OEV EJtlXOlVW"oUv JtaQO. cut6 itoAU E'(til.T] rut6u-mOT) E ni oun:avr1x6nito, JtOQaivovtao; AAEloi:va ioa ma cutaniAU 6Qm
tTJS ('f'Eubo-) lbmmQ6nii:6.o; 1:0uo;. H aH10Ela OE 6QlOXErm cut' 'tl] EQt6. 1:0\J OX3t1:6VOU UJtOXElivou "a1tj0Ela
Elvm a1tj0Ela 'tl]o; 0k6njl"ao; ltOu wroxa1UJt1:e:tm o
6JtOlOV aycut6. 'tl] oo'la xm JtQOOita0El va ni ouUci6El E
1:1] oxt\f'T] )(Ol VO 'tl]V EX$QltoEl E 'tl] yA.Wooa. H a1tj0Ela
Elvm a1tj0Ela au1:0U xou dvm ioa o' auTI)v, ao; 'avEQ<iivovtm l"O 'mv6EVa. Mal;[ E 1:0 A6yo xm i:o 00'6,
(l1(01:EAi 'tl]V OQovla nio; oMYn]wo;. AuTI) " OQovla Elvm 'u0txlt JtoAEim:Qw, bTjAabtj dvm blalomxtj. H
a1tj0ELa 6Qloxnm ioa o' oA6xATjQO i:o mmu:Umuino ylyvE00m mu Elvm. H JtAUVTj, 'I aui:wt<i'tl], Tl 'f'Wn<i Kl Tl
6AaKEla Eivat Xl aul"to; ESloou xm Elvm EJtloTjo; a).716tvir;.
Qin6oo. Elvm auAtjo; Tl oQ41 i:ou 01xoU 1:0uo; Elvm ym1:1'.
onto; bEV EX$Q6.!;ouv JtaQO. 6vo Lb1muQ6niuo; xm 1b1m1:E()OJt01tjoElo;: aui:to; arcoi:doUv no; all01:g1ti:i0Eu; nio; ~o
'lao;. Evti:i fl a1tj0Ela dvm ot1n:avt1xtj, Tl JtkclVTj dvm av0Q!limVTJ Xl 01:01xtj Orv dvm JtOQ6. m Jtut6AatTj oiiAATjtpTj nio; JtATjQ6tlJ1:ao; mu K6oou.
To KQLTi)QlO TTJS a1tj0ELao; OEV 1:0 Jl[lOO$iQEl " KOLvi)
yvWTj. Jtou 6:llo OEV Elvm arc6 1:0 6.0Q01oa i:wv 1bmluQillV yvwWv, all.Cr. o oun:avttK6o; ).6yoo;. EvtoU1:01o;, aui:6o; o oun:avnx6o; A6yoo;, itou ou:i!;n E ni 'wvi) mu
xQTlooU, OE llUEl xa9CtQCr. a oUu xm KQU6n bEiXVEl
xm avi)xEl ma 6vm xou oxtlj>i:ovtm va ot10Q41w80Uv
E no; rvOEiSElo; mu. 0 Hgir.KAEnoo; 00..n va X(KITI)on
UyQUJtvouo; i:ouo; av0QWJtouo; xm va bEL;El i:o OQOo, EKE[vov Jtou Eivm o OQi>oo; TTJS blxtjo; wu aYQUnv1ao;. M' aul"6
itou x6.vEt. Jt(Hl!tfvrt :t(l0$1]Tlx6; xm Orv itOlQVEl Jt01:t
1mfhr:i1nx("1 pqm: To 11.11nj!Ut ;'m ,Tow .1.0yo 11 yvriJm1 o
(i/,11 rou tl]V uvuAunxtj ogqi~. bV tl0nm ym i:ov H(l,'.tKAEl1:0. 0 on:l1106o;. Tl CJXEtlX6l"!]1:a. o ayv(l)(J'[lKto6;
xm o oxJtnxt06i;, 01:TJ Ooyanxtj tj 'tl] T]bVtITTLKtj 1:0ui;
tx'QOOTJ i:ou Elvm uAEiwo; Stvo1. Ao; 'uAuxroUE Aour6v
va Tjv i:aut"LoouE wv Heir.xAE11:0 t: i:ov KeaW>..o. 1:0v
106
KQIT Al: AEEAOl:
ngwTo:y6ga, -CCV foQ'Y(O:, TOV HUQQWVO:, WV AlVl')O(OT]o

tj TOV !E!;'lo TOV E.itELQlx6. 0 A6yas TOV ruto(o 0 M)yoi;
TOU t(lXETUl o' EltlXOlVOJVlo: Elvm tvai; 0Ei:x6i; M)yoi; JtOU
evWvu -ca avrl0f'to:. Ai; f]v JtQOOJta9T1oot1t: i..otJt6v v' avr).l]ooue a;i:' O:UT6v La axoMxl] AoyLxtj. Avt' o:vtoU, 0
H(lilxAEnoi; ;u:eut>QOVE( txElvotu; :n:ou ltEQl.(j>povo\rv -co
A&yo. H xLVY}CJJJ JtOU y(vEtm ltQOC; TT]V xlvt]CJJJ TT]i; oA6TI]-cai;

tlvm m xlvt]CJT] TW\' mo0Tjm:OJV, TT]\; axtinli; xm TT]S 1t'Uxfii;. Ta 6vta xm -ca :n:eO.yo:-ca cruiJ..a60.vovtm TI)V (01.U
anyi) wt' au-r6 :n:ou ovoO.l;out: llla(mh]CJJJ XL wt' auT6

:rou wroxai..oUe, nagaoe<j>Wvovto:i; TI)V ltQWWQXUttj ouom rm. /...oyLx6. Ai; T) OT]LOueyo\1 xO.oa-ca, yw-cl 6''0\' 111fi: x1vbuvUout: va "(XQEurto\lt: too: mui;. A:n:6
Tll' u 111 111 ~tci. o:i; n:eoot!;ouE va T) 0EwQOU u0oi..o-
yo-:n 11u''"c~u,1uurct (ll,o: 600: ai; !;VLl;ouv. 0 P.M. Schuh! ! \,1;-:11111 .111110 cm/ Ora6plf>wml 'OJ~ ll11vu'~~ mdv11;. 1111. '\. \ 111) 'f\_J("t$l t'I $0agMJ yAci:moa TI'JS $L).o;..oyi1t: .. H uvritlmJJ tOU An:oUWvlOU XQl tOU .1.LOVUowxol :rgmxuivovtm btLta wt6 xfutom JtCl{la6~0T)
- oto <1>1Aooo<1>1x6 Jt0lo On:ou 6AtJtouE m t(wri 0ETLX~
v avtrn'.0e:tm oE La tciOT) uatLXLO"tlX~- H n:QWni y~
v1ttm OTl"jV lwvla. ym va xatal~~u OE Oul$0Qa gtVata
n:ou EXfuiAWvovtaL xuglcui; o' OQLotvoui; ymtpo\ii; xm
OTl"jV Afhlva tOU IlEguU..~- 'I 0rirtEQ11 txn JtQWtaywvunEi;
t0ui; xu0ay6gnoui; xm t0ui; vuy6voui; t0ui;. 4ialvt"tm On
m thom avd0EOT) - y6v11J XL avayxa(a - dvm Eva
ara0EQ6 XC1Qa.XTI'JQU:rt1x6 nis av0QW:rt1VT)i; >iiOT)S" wt' niv
mil.JJ JtOU y(ve:tm avO:t:oa o' autEi; ni; Mo tO:oEu;, wt'
TI')V 11:QOOJt0:0ELa ym to n:Ola 0a XUQlClQX~OEl, YEVVT'iBTixav
ovxv6. 01 eyaliitEQES <t>ilooOIPlEi;. 'Otav btatpE va u:n:6.gxu au-al 'I avd0WJJ, 1J agxala rnLOTfiTJ :n:teavE E niv
avayvvrim'j tTJS ou:rcl.mEL to xO:gaa tau cn)yxgovou crtoxaoo\l ... now Elvm 'I 0tOT) nii; AoyLx~i; foa OE w tttow JtQOOn:nx~; AuTI} Elvm axg16Wi; :n:ou OJJLOugyEl tTJV
un:tg6aOT) nis avtl0EOT)S x6.Q11 o' Eva ElOoi; Aoy1xo\l xm
0e:t1xo\1 ucrtLXLoo\l: 'I 1bLOiuta tou OA6.twva Elvm Ott
TO El0E aut6, e:t6. tov HQO::xAEltO n:ou to 01ElbE.
H oxbpri tou Hg6.xAmou wtotEAEi niv JtQWni mJU.11-
0 HPAKJ\EITOI KAI H <t>l/\OIOCZllA
107
'I'll bLa tov Myou, tov V ylyva9m ivm nio; of..Onitao;.

H bLClMxtLxiJ evEQYonmdtm tTJ ox~11 tov He6.xALtou xm eueltL to Sbbti..w6. TIJ Aun] twoyovi ta xoeu.Pm'.a etata JtO\l x.Pe6.l;o\J\r no; UY,(Veio; otb1]i..00at<;
tO\J x6aou: tO\r Jt6i..o. tO Jt0t6.L, TI) .puJtL6., tTl'V aeov(a. naeaettovtao; i..aXW\rtx6. 0 He6.xi..LtDo; aut6 JtO\J
av6alvL crtov x6ao, auaxnitL ta Jtltvta xm ao; Em
60:ll.t ta 0tat6. tou nou lvm JtQOLxLatva ' tva vntetato "fai..lo, ta nagouala ai..1]0Lvlt beaunxi). 0 HeO.
xi..Ltoo; ivm o maxaoTfto; Jtou aexltL va JtLeaatltnm
to i..6yo, XL 11 oxii.p1] tou ao; neoaavat0A.LtL ngoo; t1'J
yvWUf]. rvweLtouiu: iu: ta fma ao;, t' aun6. ao;,
ta goveoUvLa ao;. iu: t0 btea ao;. 2rnQVWvtao; to mltbw nio; Lbtalte11o; yvW11o;. noeoUitt xt ocj>ilou va
.ptO.oouiu: mo rnbtEbo TI)<; tryLoUo; xm awan]o; axii.p1]o; xm
nio; yvweltouoao; axii.p1]o; nov av>J..a66.vL to ylyva9m
(), Wot ttl.tx6. va rntxoLvwvfiaoviu: iu: to avnavtut6
i..6yo - to ooq,6 JtO\l lvm tO eti..Lo x6.e ax~l]o;. H
oxii.p1] x4>etnm ni yi..Woaa, nou TI) Ol{l6. nio;
nebm va X4>e6.tL niv ai..11et"Vlj nagovoia tou xlte n
nov ivm toa mox[>6vo. 0 .pll.6aocj>oo; - xL Oxt o LbLx6o;
tr)<; .pLlooocj>lao; - dvm o naeLaatvo; xm V1J4>6l.t0o; .pii..oo; nio; oo.plao; JtO\l dvm oocpla nio; oi..Onjtao;. 'Oi..111] xl"'IUTJ t1') 11eatlmtxi)o; oxii.p1]o;. vnaxoUovtao; oto eu06
tr) XiV1]Uf] tr) Oi..6Tfjtao;, VciwL Tfj\r aeXT'J XClL tO tiloo;,
XClL ea .JtOQOfo v' a.JtLX0\1Lotd xUxi..ouo; o6XEVteouo;
Ti xai..Utea iu: an:Let0ata. 0 bgOoo; 6.wo; nov axoi..oued o maxaoTijo; bEV ea ~tav o ai..1]0tv6o; av bEV 0011y0Ua
OtTJV xag0L6. tou uU.navto;.
(') To
Q(~CI
)'lyVlilOXE"IV
KO.l w
yiyvE080<
>cuvnm
v'
U."!f>l!'l'fouv wtO OJY 1111
.1.EYTEPO TMHMA
KOIMOAOflA - 1YIIKH - 0EOAOrlA
KE<l>AAAIO CTP!lTO
0 KO:!:MO:!: H <l>!lTIA
H xoooWria 6aotCm, 0a ).tya.E, wt6
TOV
'Ol}QO
AOU 1tOQOXWQfi CJtOV !JXEQVQ tT) .yai..'tJtEQl} XOO!.UXi)
ExtaOTj (IA.tdba,::: 201 xm 246) xal q>avtli~nal TI] y1'J Jtimb1') va nllEL nO:vw a au"t6v. 0 0ai..i)<; axoAou0d lowi;
TIJ yeai) TO\J Of)QOU &tav bTjl..WvEL nwi; w vEQ6 dvm
UQxil
xm JtQ00.EUm} TWV 1tQay{tTWV. H limaQTIJQ(a
Vavtfov auti)<; tTJS "-XWQU,i)<; mt~<; tQxnm wt6 wv

Ava!;lavOQO nou E!;Ydgnm ato 6voa tT)<; oxbpT]<; t'O\J
wtQL.6QLmou - TOV wre{pov. 0 Ava!;l'.avliQoi; dvm Eva
yEQ6 uai..6 xm 1.ua .Ey6J..l} xaQ6LCi: CJUlla60vu tT)V atval} xiVflOTI nou foa TTJS "ta avtl0na, t'O !;ro"t6 1'Ul t'O
XQUo, w vyQ6 xm TO atEyV6, na~youv tu xoouui cj>a.Lv6Va. AuT6 TO y6J..o xoaLx6 yl'.yveo9m Oev Elvm TIJi>.6: 'Appj rWv 6vrwv TO Wrt~ ~ Wv 6 q yfvo{~
ioTt TOi~ 0Vo1. 'l<al njv t/JBoev El~ Taiiro ylyvoiku xani
rO Xf!EtiJv 6166vat yQe a&rQ 6lx1JV xa{ rlcnv a.Urj}.ot~ nj~
cModa~ xa.a njv wii x!?Ovov Tli~tv.> (D. 12 B I). Mi)nw<;
o Ava!;Lfvl}<; cn')tLW'vEL m wtAfJ omo9obQ6l}m} CJE
axfori .E WV 1tQOXcitoX6 too; To lin1.6 rou atOlXElo 1tOU
Exet tTJV 1fQOtEQ<lt6nrm elvm o aEeai;, xm oav aexr'I TIJS
EQl]vdai; tou 1talQVEl tTJV aealwcn') xm TIJV nUxvWOYJ rou
aEQa.
:EtT)v 6.U.1] JtAruQ 'tO\J EU.l]vtxoii xOOoo, 1tQOS tT) .6.U01], ovvavtoU.E 'tOV nu0ay6Qa xm 'tOV :::'.EVoipvq. 0 nuOay6eai; aiooul.ivnm OTIJV xoo1.ux~ aeovla, OTIJ dhr)
TtIV aQt06.iv xm 't(ll'V oeKl.iv, xm ro :rrvEUa 'tOU E(vm
1:tl~tata yEUJ.EtQtx6 xm a0rianx6. 0 :::'.EV<>4Hivqi; lim-
KOI'T AI A!EAOI
112
AyEl
to
Oe6.o tou OCtaxalou, OELXVEl Lu umgoitnx1]
ubu.upoe[a yt.a ni; ouyxEXQlivEi; tgruVES: xm OTQtcjlE'tat

JtQOS: t'I] YT! JtOU dvm 0 't6Jt~ t'l]S: lj0lxi)i; tOU
xm w 1tQ(l)'tOQXlX6 xoouID O'tOlXElo.
Vaax6A110TJs:
0 HelixAEnoi; Elvat to eycilo VoJtotrinx6 ltVEiio.

NEQ6 xat Yfl, ateas: xat cjlwnU, unaxoliouv OE kea Kl
wton>..oUv tov K6o.o. H aeovla Oev ;EXweltETat wt6
t'I] a{ryxQOUOTJ, e$6<Jov Tj VJtt(l'tOTIJ Ou1.awa6vri ipavEQW\'Etat foa wt6 TIJ Otx6vola. Hvat xEcjlaA.aLW&,i; 'I 011.aaia
twv avn0twv foa CJn}V atva'l x(VT)ot) tou x6oou.
I. H <fJvoixrj
xoaoAoyia
0 Atoyl:Vf!s: o Aatenos: as: AtEl (IX, 5) 6n to cn'.iyyeaa wu He6.x1Enou ElxE wv auvonnx6 d'tAo llEpi 4>Voew~ xm rrws: 6vov tva ieos: tou Tjtav a$tEQwvo mo
IV.teav, wtcrrEMiJvtai; tvav ).6yo nCtvw uto (xoo1ux6)
6Aov. AuTI') 'l OwlQEOTJ WU cnryyeCtatoi; OE l:QTI 0V
:rtOQEi va dvm TJeaxkEtnxi). Av tva tgoi; neayanu6av tTJV oMTIJta, 't6tE n neayo"tru6-tav to oUvo>..o wu
6d5Alou; H xooo).oyui;~ OulutaOT) Elvm la a:n:' w; OlautUaw; Tl'IS: oxt1fnls: tou HeUilit't"OU, m lhUutaOT) 61U'JS:
noll ayxaltU!;.n t'l'IV o>.&n]a. H lbw 'l ~ xoao).oyla,
:rtOll 'llCJlXU Elvm no>.U E'tayVtutEQTJ a:n:6 't"OV HQUx>.nto, OEiXVEl mo; 'l xoao).oy(a Elvm Tl oxEtjn] toU alinavro;. nou to OtwtEQVli xm to EQTjvEUn o A6yoi;. 0 K6ao; Eivm a1.1t6 :rtOll ovoli!;.ouE IUnav O'tl'JV mo o>.ox/..TjQWnx~ toll OT)aala. 0 x6aoi;, aav IUvo>.o :rtOll :rtEQt[:{n "CO alivo>.o YTJS: XOl ClutQWV, Eivm K6ao; xOOoi;
noeEl va OT)aivn EJtim]S: tva :rtEQtxov lxQ6tEQTJS: ExaOTJS:, tva :rtEQit5hTja, ta xaClutaOT): itolO; EiVal o x6ao; twv xotlatvwv nou, EJtElO~ Oeimtovtal foa utov
x601io. auEtxollv :rtc.tQCl Tl'I 90..Tjofi tollS: at~ xtvfian;
toll H 4'\JOT) ipavEQWvEl 't"TJV mo !;.wvravfi :rraeollala ro1.1
6Aoll x6aoll. MoAov6n Ol Qv9ewnot '\j)O.xvo1.1v va 6QollV
rn uanx{t tTj;, allTI') Oev a:n:oxai..U:rt't"E'tal :rrott o>.ox/..Y]QWnxir. 4'Voti;xeVJtTro6at 1/.Ei (a:n:. 123). Evro1J.m;. c.tllT'I I] ibtc.t TJ 4>1JOT) dvm 0 OQll;,ovtai; 6:rrou E)'YQ6.'nm Tj
113
xU0E wtoxO:Au'l.jlTJ. IlQO:yan, TO l;iJ'tf1u i]7twi; bEV ELvm

tO vu Mu xuvEl'.i; 'fl1V ai..i]0uu xctt vu l'tQlc't'tEt mJlwvu
E TI] qiUCJ'I') - axo6yovt6.i; TI]V (wt. 112); AUT6 JIOu xaAUin:um Elvm Xt au't6 l'tOU wtoxai..Umnm. Kat 'ta 660
Eivat .i>UOT).
0 K6aoi; ClJIO'tEAEhat wt6 TO oVvoAo 'tWV 6vtwv xat
'tUIV JIQay6.'tWV JIOU Ul'tlcQXOUV iou CJ'tO XtiJQO xctt 'tO
xQ6vo JIOU 'ta JIEQtfxouv. 0 XtiJ{JO!i' ai; JIEQttxEt a EE(i;
bEV nopoilE va 'tOV l'tEQtixOuE: EJIEtbij ai; wtOQQOl6.u.
T6'tE aulla6avEt T) ox~11 't0 wOvo xat 'tOV JIQOUJ0Ei O'tT)
OEtQci 'tOU JIQW'tUhtou 'tOU ylyvE00at 'tOU x6aou. 'E'tot,
aiinav 'tOU Myou xm Myoi; 'tOU aiinuVToi; EVWvovtat,
xt 11 btai..Exnxi] ytqiuQa EVWvu Tov x6oo xat TO /..6yo, Til
4JUOTJ xm TI]v JiatbE(u. 0 HQ6.xi..Enoi; atcx<il;nm lAl xooo/..oyla Jiou 0H..u vu !;EJIEQ6.0Et TO xoooyovutO atlcbto.
Au'f"ii T) xoooAoyia, El'tEtb'fJ ETaXEtQil;E'tUt aiiOoAa
yta va EX1Qlcou ui; qiuotxti; buvlcE:ti; Xt wtoblbu ta Mva11 a' au'tMly[a xm
yivnm 611toUQY6i; U0wv. H 11QUxi..EmxiJ lumxiJ Elvm
xooo/..oytxi]. lf>Vari xctt K6oo~ Elvm c'itlo 6taloQE'ttxlc
ovOa'tu 'tOu if>tov EV yiyvEo0m Efvm TI]i; OMS'tf1mi;. H
aatQo/..oy(a mlcl;u va txEt l'taQaEQtITTEi yta xlcQ'rJ TI]IO
CW'tQOVO(ai; xat TO xa'tE!;cxiJv aatiQt, o i]Atoi;, yivnat o
Qu0tcmji; 'tll'O E'tEUIQO/..oyiai;.
Ot 6Eao( au'f"iii; Til'O xoao/..oyiui; E TI] 0EO/..oy(a Elvm
an:M>L xat JIEQLnl.oxot. O x600<; txu TI] btxi] 'tOU xoaobtxia, JIOU dvat l'tEQtOa6'tEQO xoao6txla JiaQci 0Eo6tx(a
ytaT[ TJ T6.!;TJ 'tOU x6aou bEV iXEt 6T)touQyTJ0EL K6.0E
0royova Eivat wt6 Ta JIQtv xmabtxaotvq. To :EUnav
El'.vat tvu. &EV uJIClQXouv Mo x6oot, 'toil'toi; EbW xt vai;
iilloi;. Ot EVWoui; JIOU xA11QovoiJ6Jjxav att' TI] u0oi.oyla bta'tllQOilv Til u0txi] wui; bUva.11. 6EOo( auToxiJ:; auvbtouv 'ta iQTJ 'tOU x6aou ua!;U 'toui; Kat E: 'tO
01.o nag' 6>.: auTlc. 11 0Ull11'i'T1 'tou xoatxoil Jtatxvtbtoil
rivm mu l'tQ6:!;T) wt A.oy1ao6. Mm>QEl ciQayE ta EoX;a'tOAoyia vu E\'TU)'.lfri o uu'f"ii TI] OUCJTTlnxiJ E0oo5oAoylu
:10u bE xcll;u ivu ulonnm 'tou x6oou; K6.0E rnxmoAoyiu
O'tT)Qil;nat CJTTl 0EUJQ11'ttXi] 0EOTJ TI]i; 6T)l0l'Qyiui; XUt, Xl-
114
KQIT Al: AEEt\Ol:
elwi;, tOl' di..oui; 'tO\J x6oou. Ei00ov mrrti; Ol Ouo otty~n'; a:n:oumO.!;ouv wt' ni GUOTIJanxll 0o0oA.oy(a wu
He6.ilinou. ElacrtE UJtoXQEWivot v' aevri0oU va tou
a:n:o0Woou m xoooA.oyuu'J iJ 0eoi..oyut'1 rnxm:oi..oy(a.

acv JtQbtl, 't0.oi;, va JiEXV0 itwi; x0:0t: iteoon6.0na nou
y(vetm ym v' MOKTi)OEl itaeouofo aurfi TJ xoooi..oyia,
fxu va i..fou TO oo6ag6 xm Mcni.oi..o ng66A.Tja nii; xv-
tltx6nrrai;.
Tt c11;; UEt ym w l:ll1mv o HQO:xMtwi;;
K6oov r6v6e, T6v aVr6v WrciVTwv, oVu ni; 8EWv ofrt
dU' T}v Q-E{ xa{ lanv xa{ furat .ll'ti('
d'ei,wov, Wrr6EVOv hpa xa{ d:noo6evvVEVov trpa. flvpOq t 6vraot6~ ni ;rcivm Kat JtiJ(! Wr6vrwv 6xwmtE(!
QvBpWJrwv bro{1JOE,
xevuoV xf?'iara xa{ Xl!'ltwv wvo6i;. - !TvpOi; rpo;ra{

n-i;1Wt"ov 86Aaoua, 8W.clu01ji; M r6 iv ~uro yjj, r6 bi ~t
ov nf?110Tlie... ecUaooa litaxtcr:m, xa( crptcr:m Eli; r6v
mh6v A6yov, Oxotoi; np6oeev T}v fl yevfo8at yjj. - Zflm"ip
T6v yiji; 8civarov xa{ dvrjp 'ii r6v .nvpOi; 86varov, Vliwp
~ii T6v dtpoi; Bcivarov, Y1i r6v tibaroi;. - TU 1J!vx(Xi 8i(JE-
tat, 8Ee0v 1J!VXETat, Vy(!Ov aVa{vam, 1'aeiaUov vor{~ETm. !Atrr6v wv K6oo nou e(vm yta 61..oui;, oUn xaveli;
0e6i; mJte 6.v0QW1t0<; tov Kave, all' T)tav wt6 n6:vta Km
dvm Kat ea e(vm al<iwta iwwi, nou av6:6t e ttQO Kat
o6tJvet e t?Qo (wt. 30). Ta mivta avtall6.000vtm e
tTJ iwttif xat E m n6:vta TJ iwtt6., 6nwi; ta nQO:yata e
ro XQUo6.it Kat to xQUo6.it ta 1tQ6.yata (wt. 90). MetatQ01tE<; tTJS iwn6.i;: neWta 0Cdaooa, Km to w6 nii;
0Cdaooai; YTJ, to illo to6 o(iouvai; ... Lltaxfrtm TJ 06:Aaooa Km it6.vn crto (Ow treo nii; avcU..oylai; nou taxuE
1tQlV ytvu )'Tl (wt. 31). H iww:i !;.et ro 06:varo nii; YTJS Kt
o aEeai; l;.n 'tO 06:vato tr)<; iwn6:i;, ro vee6 l;.u 'to 06.vmo
'tOU atQa Kat Tl )'Tl 'tOU VEQOU (wt. 76). To 'l!ux:e6 0Qa(vn:m, o 0ee6 tj!Uxn:m. o uye6 ;r~:::i"n:m, o !;EQ6 voll;.et (wt. 126)j.
0 K6ooi; 6V txu aexfi Ol ~1l'Ao}.O'(lKi; xoooyovtei;.
0 'OTjQO<; Kl 0 Holobo-;. ud-lgovi~mtctt. nugaxoAol'0oilE to rcieamm urr TTJV xnmm-yovict OHi\' i-!.00~10-Ao
y(a. 0 KOao; bl OT)1ouQyT]0T)K l]rnv u;c6 ;uivm. lvm
115
xm 8u dvm. 0 x6ooi;: dvm 'tO ~Uxuv, bt]Aabij T) 'tX'tO:rmriEvri of.Oni'ta. Oi.i>"rT]'ta xal ouxavux&rrj'ta lit: $a(V'tl va Jtl'tQE1tOUV 'tO lilaxwQW6 't0U. Au'tEi;: Elval 0
oQO;ovtai;: TI]\'.: xoolxCmj'tai;: 'tOU x6oou. 0 xOOoi;: Exn
'tO A6yo wu 6xl 'tO J..iryo iixagl;ili;: 'tOu, yla't( x6.8E dOoui;:
nAoAoy(u Eivm SEvri yla 'tOV HQ6.ilino. 0 A.6yoi;: xa(QVEl
"tciiea TI] ariao(a 'tou t"tQOu, TIJ\'.: axEorii; avcieoa crui;:
blaO't6.0El 'tOU ylyvEo8m. 0 x6ooi; Elvm Evai;: Xal ouxavtlx6i; dvm bo~. T( aria(vn 't&rE aU"t6 'tO unahEQa
oxo'tElv6 wt6oxaoa: ~!2oxee ocii;>:1ea el:1eij :1eqvivwv 0
xd.Uiaro~ :1e6oo~. [~av owe6i; oxouxlbta xu!'h'a OTIJV
'tiiXTJ 0 wgal6t"EQO x6ooi;: (wt. 124);). 6.uoro;t;Wi;:, bev StQOUE OE xouw x6oo avaciiEettm Ebcii o Hg6.ilinoi;:.
MxogoiiE va uxo8fooue xwi;: 8ilil va bElStl &rl weal6TI]ta TI]\'.: 'tci~i; xal ow{ll)i;: xu!'h'oi;: OTIJV rilXTJ dval buo
ouxArigwanxEi;: x4ueti;: "tou Uiwu xeO.ya"toi;:, Mo avtl8t'ta xou EVWvovtal. 'Ewl, o :1e6aoi; 8a xoQOUOE va
dval T] 't6.~ TI]\'.: a"taSlai;.
K6ooi; auiwwi; xm auiJVLa <Jlw'tlci uxaxo{iouv 'tO Eva
crto 6.llo. 0a tl'tlXElQ~oouE va lilaxglvoue xowi; dvm
o 6to6i;: wui;:. H <fKo'tlCi dval wi;: XQO\'.: 'tOV x6oo au't6
xou wi;: XQO\'.: TI]V av8eciimvq t,w~ dval 'tO xO't6.t. Mtta66.U.ovtal xal 'ta bUo axa'tWtaucrta foa OTil ovtOTI]'ta
'tOU ylyvw8al 'tOU eivai. H iwn6. t:lvm ax6a mo E)'aAoxgm~i;: wt' 'tO xo't0.l. H $wn6. uxaxoUt:l OE ttpa..
Kal 'tO XQU00:$l AO.:rttl, i),tl 'tO XQWa Ml 'tT]V Sla TI]\'.:
$wn6.i;:, an6ill.El Eva hQO xal E'ta6all.tl 'ta JtQ6.ya'ta. H iportl6. :rtOQEl va ou'(XQt8El E 'tO xQuo0.$l. H <Jlw'tlci
Eival ouola ~ crtotxElo; Elval aevi. E TIJV Mola 'tot.I
xgayanxoU aQXlvioa'toi;: ~ TIJ ).oyl:1e~i;: ElMolai;:; Ai;
riv !;t:(VO.E xwi;: Ol xooLxEi;: buv6.ui;: xou E TI] bl:1t~
'tOui;: 6oft8tm 0:1e[$"t0vtal Ol xgcii'tOl EU.T)Vti; owxacrtEi;
'tOV x6oo, bEV Elvm uALxEi;:. H avtl8t:OT) uAw6i; 1tVEU'tU'6TI]'tQ, QEai.w6i;: - lliEaAw6i;. btv wui;: wtaaxoAd m86Aou. Ax6a xal 'tO vt:g6 'tOu 0aA~ btv lvm
1tae6. m flEt:Ala:1t~ o\n6TI]'ta, oiiu t1Alx~ oln Lhtuni
0 atgai;: 'tO\I Ava!;lEvr) :1eal 'tO cin'Etpov 'toll Ava!;i1utvbgot1 wttxovv xoAii wt' 'tO va tlvm ouoiti;:. H T]ga:1eAunx~
KOITA:E AEEAO:E
1um6. Elval ax6a Alyc'rtEQO ot10Lu, JtQ<iy.a JtOl.I bE OT)aLvEl 6n OEV [xEl xfutota 1t1olxfi xm O\l"fXXQli:vri 16.VlOT)' Oi;v Elvm 6wi; oii'tE xal Aoylxfi aQxfJ. Ol JtQciJTOl
EAATJvEi; crtoxacrtti; Ot1Ua66.vow ni; 8E.tllaxEi; mvi;
blmofhloEli; allO. 6;(l oav ouolEi; (n:vruanxti; fJ owanxti;). Ibrn't6TI]'ta xal JtQayanx6TI]m Elval a!;XWQlO'tEi;,
OE ThOlO 6.llcrta OT)Elo Won ax6a xal yla TO Wrtf;>OV
mu Ava!;lavbQOl.I Ol aQxaLm avaQwnOvrav av fi'taV wt6
iiATJ. H EQWTI]OT) Jtol.I x<ivovv O'tT)V JtQ0-004HcrtlxfJ 8UlQla,
av bTJAabfJ m avxti; TIJi; Elvm JtQayanxti; fJ t.brndi;, Oi;v
.JtOQEl va Jt0.QEl rutO.VtT)OT) yla'tl 0"/ UJt0.QXEl wtO.VtT)OT)
yl avTii TIJV EQWTI]OTJ. 'ETOl, TJ TJQaxAEmxfJ <jlurnQa'tUlV <jlal votvwv.
::ETIJ OuV.E!;ti Jtol.I tbwo cno Cerisy - La Salle t: 8ta
Tt dvm 'I tj11Aooo4J{a, o XO.lvtYYEQ AEEl: TI]V EAATJVlxfJ
At!;ti avX'i JtQt1tEl va TIJV xamvm]oot1 t: m n:AfJQEi; V6TJ6. Tiji;. H At!;Ti at1Tii ovo<i!;El at1't6 JtOl.I n:alQVovt<ii; 'tO
x.6.:n:mo JtQ6.ya oav a<jlETTJQ(a rutox'tc.'t Oul!;obo. Au't6
6wi; 'tO JtaLQVOvtO.i; 'tO oav a<jlETTjQla, jJ.E TIJV rut6XTIJOT)
tT]i; bl!;6bot1 bEV a<jlfivttal n:low. H al?X'i fxEl va xO.vEl
Ullov ' au't6 Jtot1 AEEl 'tO Qfia li1?XW- ' at1't6 bTjA.abfJ
JtO\J OEV Jtaiin va Xl.IQlaQXEl (I). nQOx,El'taL bTJAabfi Yla
ta M!;ti-xAf:t.bi.
Ai; axoiiooue 'ta ax6Aw Mo aQxalwv yw TIJV xoooAoyla 'tOU HQ6.xA..Ernlt1.
0 b.loytvr]i;o AatQnoi; (IX, 7, 8, 9- 0. A. I) ava<jltQn:
Avrd: n:ov (o HQd:tluroi;) n:iatl.1 OE yEVuc:ti; y()aii;
e{vat: ra n:d:vra O\lv{oruvrat an:6 tjlwnO. xai ioa o' avnjv
avaAWvovrm ra n:O.vra (JIJ6aivovv oVqiwva T1jV 1a()ivq xat 'I 0\1Va()o).6y1i01J rwv 6vrwv Jt()ayaro.n:atirai e niv EVavrtOCif;>O{a . . 'Ooo y1a n; Aeirro11i()fl~
avrWv rwv 8w1;>1Wv rov, tCioV irWi; fxovv ra ;1p1t;'11<tr<1 H
ipwrui Eivat uroixeio xai ra n<ivra avnU.A.cim1en rm rrr rri
tj11lJnO. xm y!vovrm !1 T1jV a()aiwari xm n11 .Tl;%11 ""/ / 1
,701a 1i1ulJ; brv rxfJir1 e oatjli/v1a. Ta ,7uv1"" j'll'o1rw
0 HPAKAEITm:: KAI H <l>IAOIO<l>IA
117
11 DIV evavr16D1ra xat xv..1.oVv uav :rrorcl1 H o..1.6D1ta

dvat xcht ro :rrE:rrEpauivo x1 o x6uoq ivaq. Avr6q o x6uoq yevv1hat cm' T1/ q,wwi xat ~avcma{pvn xarci :rrEpt60ovq q,rurrci, xi avr6 yivflat eva.Ua~. urov aiWva rov
Mavra. Avr6 uv6aivEt crU!jJwva E 'f1/V Etapfvrj. A:rr6
ta avriOFra, EXEivo :rrov oOrjyEi UT1] yivEU1J ovocil;flat
.TioAEoq xm ipt), x1 ExEivo ;rrov oOrjyE{ UTJ]V avci!jJ..1.E~'/.
ocivota xm ft,;njVFj Xt 'I Fra6o..1.~ Eivat tvaq Op6ciq ;rrov
avWalvE1 xm xau6alvEt Xt o K6oD !/Jttcil\'flat crU!/JWva ' avnj T1/ Ta6o..1.rj. I'iari, 6tav 'I !/JWnci ;rrvxvWvn,
yivnat pevcmj x1 6tav al;Verm, yiverat vEp6. To vEp6
6tav mj/;Et FraOd.U.erat uE YJ1 - avr6q Eivat o Op6oq
:rrov xau6afvEt. H YJ1 ~avayivflat pevcmj Xt cm' avnjv
yivflm TO VE{O Xt cm' ro vEp6 6..1.a ta v;rr6..1.oma. I'iari
ava!jJipfl !1~1 ci.1.a oXE66v ;rreotpxovrai cm' 'f1/V ava0via0"1J ;rrov 6yuivf/ a.;T T1/ OciA.auua - x1 avr6q Eivat o Op6oq
;rrov avE6aivfl. Ot avaOv1ciCTE1q :rrpotpxovrai r6uo cm' TI]
Y11 Quo x1 cm' DI 8W.auua, ci.Ueq .1.a1tEpfq xm xa8apf)
XI illfq O"XOTEtvtq. ME Ti) .1.a1tEptq av~civn 'I q,wnci Xat
E nq illEq 'I vypaula. 'Duo yta TO HEp1xov Oev aq
cmoxa.1.VJITEt n Eivat.
0 vw:rc),.mwvLx6i; ILnl.lxwi; (:rcau :rca(QvL ni; :rcAT)QOcl>oQiEi; tOlJ CIJ[. ro 0E6cpQUotO) ai; avacpQEL avn) TT)
aQTIJQla (4>vu1xrj, 23, 33 - D. A. 5): 0 'I:rr:rrauoq o METcmovrivoq x1 o Hpcix.A.E1ro) o E!jJfowq bavav apX'i rovq
T1/ q,wnci, ;rrov v:rr00T7Jpil;ovv :rrwq Eivat ia, XtvoVEVFj
xat :rrEptOptutvq. A;rr' T1/ 4Jwnci ;rr).Q8ovv ra 6vra E DIV
:rrVxvWOJ/ xai 'f1/V apalwmi xm ta ~avaOta.1.Vovv 6).a foa
UT1] !jJwnci, twt :rrov avnj 'I 4JVmi cmordei ro civa0ix6
v;rr66a8eo. fiari 6..1.a, ).E1 o HpciilitTO), avra.Uciuuovrat E T1/ ipwnci. 'Eru1, 611wvpyEi xWrota rci~ .10 tvav
xa8optutvo xp6vo yta T1/ Ta6o).rj rov .!'V,wravroq crUq,wva t: xWrota avciyxri :rrov E:rrt6ci.UE1 'I napfvrj.
To O"lJYMEltQti:vo vOT)a avtWv rwv bm6E6auiiCJEWV.

autWv rwv CJXT)anxWv ea A.tyat: :rct:QLl.fp.j.1Ewv, t:Lvat biiCJ1Wl.o va "[O 0"1JU0.6n XUVEli; ta yvi]CJLU CIJ[OCT:rcO.uata,
XL ax6a 1CEQW0"0rEQO OL boSoyea'Lxi; aQ"tUQl'.t:i;, a;
aqriivovv O"E aT)xavla MF ;roJ...U x6:rco Eam0aQl~ovtm OL
118
KOITA:E AEEAO:E
q>vmxii; xm xoo.oM>yu~ii; 0icmi;. fi.cul o HeCtxAEHoi;

oxiq>'fnm wv K6ao OE CJlJVCtQtT)CJT] .E 'tO A6yo, crullo.6civE1. TI] crurtivELU JtOtl txEl E n]V n6At) xm tOV cruvbiEl
xWtwi;; TCEQl.CI06tEpo a::n:6 ouv6. .E tOV 'Av0QWJtO. 0 Mryoogq>1.06i;; 6wi;;, o xo1.vwvlOoQcf>1.C16i; xm o av0gwxo-
ogq>w6i; bcv itogoilv va ai; obttYT]oouv OTIJ crUU.tp.jlfJ

aun]i; TI')<; oAOnrmi; :rcou elvm o x6ooi;;.
To l:ilitav Elvm OE 6Aoui; x0lv6, mWvta xm u:rtaxoilEl
OE t'tQa, JtEQltxEl bT)AaOt] La ktea tWV U>i.wv tOll "tWV
eta6oMJV e(vm lo.ru0: (wt. 30). ~wn6. xm l:\JJtav bev
elvm XWQLOtva xm oUn xm tautl~ovtm. H q>wn6. evWvn:m .E tOV x6vo ' tvav o>..6-reA.a 0LaA.exnx6 1{16:rco Xl
a::n:oteMl niv XlV1]n)Qta MvaT] -wu l:U.n:avtoi;. 0 x6aoi;

elvm au6 :rcou elvm fJ q>wtui, TJ ipwna ylvn:m x6a.oi;. H
iwtui ym -wv HgO:xJ..nto elvm 1.Ct EVEQYEmxi) bltvat).
na(Q\'EL oQqiiJ auyxExQLtvr) XWQli; va xmaAi)yEl OTT]
lA.Oya. Yn6atgwa, oto1.xdo xm av6.rtatT) a.QXii, navlCJXUQT] nacpoQCt, TJ cpwn6. elvm 6A.a autO: xm bev e(vm.
'OAol auto!'. Ol xaeaxtT)QLo.ol, ax6a Xl 6tav avfprouv

OtTJV aexau)rr1ta, :rtQOmta9oirv Va 01J>J..6.6ouv TI] Kotui: t:
La yMl>ooo :rtou bev tr)<; tai.eultEl. l:tTJ o:rtaQaXtlXtj EQciltT)O'I}: n e(vm o x.6o.o<;; o HQ6.d.EltO<; wtavt6.El: mcilvm
tWvtavt] cpwn6.. H briitEQT] EQciltT)O'I}: xaL tL e(vm T] <j>om6.;
0a :rt6.QEl wtavtf)oet<; :rtOll 0a )'Q6.\J'OllV x\ltlou<; y\lQW wt'
to xtvteo alltt]<; tr)<; eeclmiO'llS To 0ta TIJS oilyxQouO'I}<;
t(J.IV avtL0tt(J.lV 0' aQXl'.OEl va :rtEQlotQlnm oto eoWtEQLX6
toll xilxAoll toll xooLxoil y(yveo6m. K6o.o<; xm cpwn6.
bev dvm avtl0na, e4><)oov T] cpwn6. wtottl.d tl]V XLVTJtfiQm bUvaT] toll xooLxoil y(yveo0m.
Ta tOOoeea otOlXEia e(vm Ol :rtQwtay(J.lVLott<; tou xooLxoil beO:ato<;. 0 HQO:xAf:Lto<;, :rtQLV wc6 tov Eiteboxl..t], ouvO.atiE to Q6Ao :rtOll :rtal'.touv ta t000EQa otOLXda.
Ta wtoo:rtO:oata 30. 31, 76, 90 xal 126 a<; LAoilv ytu tT]
lwn6. XaL tTJ YT], )'La tO V(>6 Ml tOV a[Qa. naea0Et0llE
Mo ax6T] aQTllQiE; Jtou betxvouv JtaQaotanxci to Q6W
toll atQa 0 Afnn::: (!. J. 11, - D. A 5): .. o HpciiU.etro~
xat 0 'I:rr.-rmm;: Cl MHll.TO\'T(\'O~ V!TOOTI/PiCovv On apx~
6.l.tov rwv Hpay<lnriv r(vm t/ wwi. /\iv :rrw; 6).a yivo-
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4>1AOl:O.PIA
119
vrat IVl' T7J tpwwi xat OTT/ wr1ci rdtWvovv. '(hav avnj
c161jvEt, ra ncivra .iraivovv 0 ta rci~ xat yivovtw x6oo~. fl(Xilra ta mo naxtci ip'I ovOTlU.ovrat xat "XT/ari,ovv T7J YJ1' bmta, 6tav 'I YJ1 ~ctpWyct IVl' T7J tpwrtci,
61/tovpydrat ro ve(KS xt 6iav ro vc(KS ~ati,Tat, yivrat o aipa~. Kat milt 1Vl6 TIJV al?X"l o x6oo~ xt 6A.a ra
oWata avW.Wvovrat IVl' T7J tpwrici ioa OE ta yevtxlj
nvpxayui. Kl o ymrg6r; raA11v6c; (flepi l."rotxc(wv xatci
rov Imroxp6.TIJV, I, 4 - D. A 5): Exc(vot nov 9EW(!OVV
OTotxeio T7J tJximci, xarW.ljyovv xm OTo ovJrtpaoa nw~
6tav avnj a,n!Wt xat JWxvWvct, yiverat atpa~ xat
nw~ 6rav ro na9a{vct avt6 ax6a otpo6p6tcpa, r6t yiVTat ve(16 xi 6tav trivet OTT/ eyW.VrEf?'I nVxvwmj TIJ~,
r6tc OTO rtA.o~ y(vcrat Y'I"
Ta tEoaEga OtolXEia, E 'lYE6va to Eva wt' autO., t'I]
cpon:ui, OtatQE):ovv hta Og6o xou av6aivn xm xarE6a(vEL 0 Ol]l)oc; xov av6a(vn (wt6 to 6ag1'tEQo ow
avWtato) o01jyE( wt6 t'I] )'T) O'tO VEl}6. Xl wt6 tOV atQaOTI)
Y'l H )'T) 6gfoxtm OTIJV agxfl xm oro dloc;, xm !;tgovE
6n ClQxTi xm tD.oc; 1ru;tUttouv. H r11 Elvm o rOJro~ wv
xoo1uxm'.i Og6:atoc;.
To l;EOT6 Xal to xgilo, to uyg6 xm to orcyv6 (xou
wtoggtow wt6 ta ttooEga ormxEia) avntl0Vtm ta!;U
rove; xm avvrmguil;ovtm ioa orov x6xAo l'l'OU gu01J.ll;Etm a:n:6 t'l]V vCOOTJ t'l]c; oi'.lyxQOucnJc; xm t'l]c; UQIJ.OV(a<;. H
agalUW1] Mal 'l ru'.ixvwcni xou E t'l]V VaU.ayii touc; yVvoilv 6Aa ta xgtl:yata, 6xwc; IJ.ar; liEl o t..wytvT]c; o Aatgnoc; (IX, 8), 0V vx&gxouv ora yvf)ma a:n:oomlo.ata
i.ut0Q01'E Aout6v va vxoetoouE xwc; 0V a:n:otEi.oilv xag6: EJtutg6o9nEc; EQIJ.1]VEiEc; tWV axoMaorWv. Avtallayii,
trQO Xl ava9uuionc; XQOIJ.TJ0EUouv tov Hg&xAfuo E
VtClQXElc; tQMovc; EQIJ.1]VELar; Ol avtaUaytr; t'l]r; $wtuic;,
ta i'tga twv natQOXOOv t'l]c;, to VEQ6 xm 'l 06.Aaooa xou
xagO.youv ava0uuioElc;, wtElXovll;ouv E tg6xo EilyAwtto niv XOOIJ.lX~ btablxaoia. To a:n:6oxaoa 31 OELxvl tu
orcibta tou xvxAlxoU OQ6ou: 0&Aaooa, 'fll, 0UeiJ..a, $tiJtui $wn0.. 0UEUa, 'fll, 06.Aaooa. To a:n:6oxaoa 76 0(vt
ax~a o' auttr; n; avtl9f:ot; $Wtlci- )'T), aEgar; - $wn{t.
120
KQ:rTAI A~El\OI
ve<'1 - aEea:;, Y'I - vg6. 0 .6.i.oyEvri:; o AaEeno:; (IX, 9)

xaTagTlt,Et TI] Otabtxaola w:; EM:;: Y'J, VEQ6. >wn6: >wrni, Y'J, vg6. TEko:;, o AETto:; (I, 3, 11) a:; O(vn TI] oneCt:
m~ea:;. vEg6, Y'J, 'ontCt >wnci, Y'J, vEQ6. atea:;. 1001'.i TEoOEQt:; ExOoxt:; TOU crovOuaooU TWV uoocigwv crtotxdwv.
fta TI"J (a (D. L), TJ Y'I 6eloxnm OTTJV aexti xm crto TtA.o:; yta TI]V cillT] (wt. 31), Exd Oeloxnm T] 0CtJ..aooa yta
TI"JV tQlUJ (Atno:;). o atea:; xm yta TI"JV tETaeTI"J (faAT]v6:;, flEei Iro1xdwv, I, 4), 6itou au6alvouv xm ta ttooEga crtotxEla, T] >wnci. IE 6A.E:; n:; wt6tpn:;, T] >wnCt dvm aexti xm ttA.o:;. EltA.ouE 6w:; va OtwxetvloouE n:;
Ota>oet:; JtOU xouv CJXE'ttXci E TI"JV aexti xm TO tEAo:; TOU
crtOtXElou Jtou avntl0nm OTT) 'ontci. ialvnm itw:; avCtA.oya E TO rnUtEOo wt6 TO OJtolo ;ExtvciE xm tOJt00EtoUE TO axatfutaucrto y(yvo0m, itoeoUE va 0EwetioouE aexti xm ttko:; TI") Y'J, TO vEQ6 ti tov atea, va ta
0EWQtiOOUE xath]A.wtvE:; oe>t:; TI]S aexti:; xm TOU ttkou:; twv ctatgoitWv TI"JS >wnCt:;. Av yt' a>miela itCteouE TI] Y'J, t6t ri Y'I dvm ri aexti tou Og6ou Jtou av6alvn JtQtv xau6EL Av 0wei]oou oav itaeaywyoU:;
ava0utcioEwv to vEQ6 xm TI] 06.A.aooa, t6tE TO vEQ6 dvm
aut6 Jtou cmouAf:( to aexlvtoa.
0 .6.i.oyfvri:; o Aateno:; itCtJ..t a:; A.En (IX, 8) itw:; Tinom t5cv Ex8tm E oaqnjvEia o Hecb:AEtf"09>. 0 HeCtxAnto:; CtgayE Eivm Jtou 0V x0ttt tUtota E oan'lvna,
ti tiitw:; Elvm 01 bo;oyeCt>ot Jtou 0V xmaA.a6alvouv E
omptivna autci Jtou Ota6cit,ouv; 0 HgcixA.nto:; txn 0Wot
tvav itAtieTJ xoooA.oytx6 Jt(vaxa; .6.E vo(t,ouE. ME UJV
xoookoytxti TOU oxltpri iteooitCtthjoE va ESwue1xEV0Et
aut6 JtOU 0EWQOUOE JtWS titav to EOWTEeixevEvo v6ria
tou oeatoU xootxoU ylyvw0m. Elvm Moxoko va croA.Ari>0oUv Ol AEJttoigEtE:; tOU JtQo6A.tiato:;. To uit6A.otJIO
to6 TOU 0aA.cioot0u VEQOU JtOU EtatQEJtEtat OE >wn6..
mj:noi: llfTUT('f;rrrm ur Tl] QWlTftviJ E;ciT~ttOT]; Km n nvw
n qii1,;111111n1: 111qH't'vn;. o ;reqorlje. Elvm lOto:; Tm'
i ~"' \1111\111 '' Hl_lcixAEt10:; va E;riyoUoE JtQayanxCt to
11~.'Utl'tu u:i:1i Tl] t:IU.A.aooa OTT) Qiwn6. E TI") Eooi..6.61]011
TOI\' Ql~otEtVci>V t:;atloEwv. M' aut6v tov tQ6Jto, 0 QlWTEl-
121
v6i; at6i; ea E'avt1;6tav E Tl] og'ft OKOtEtvWv Kat l'tllgaKtwivwv aiivvE'wv 0ilEUai;, 0a yt:vvoiloE Tl] 'wn6.
Xat ea EtatQEl't6tav !;av6, OE 06J...aooa. 0 l'tQTJcmlQ i..oll't6V ea .rcogoiJoE va Eivm Eva Elboi; xatatylbai; l'tou auvobEUnm wt6 Eva ii..oytotvo o('ouva (Burnet, Auyfj,
ae).. 168). 0 l'tQl]cmlQ bEv Elvm o atgai;. 0 atgai; Elvat
Eva bla'OQEttx6 crtOlXEio. 0 l'tQ'lcmlQ Eivat m nx6va
l'tOU l'taQlcrtO.vn Tl]V avn0nlKit EV6tl]ta l'tOU auvbtn tTJ
06.J..aooa Kat Tl] 'wn6., Tl] 'fll Kat tov atga. Al'tnKovil;Et
Kuglwi; to ntgaaa nii; 06.J..aooai; Kat nii; 'flli; O'tl] 'omlt,
Kl avtlcrtgo'a. rlvnat 'avEQ6 l'twi;, crto l'tatXvlbt twv
crtotXEiwv, 'I miao(a l'tOU Mvn crtov atga o HQciKf.ntoi;
E(Vat tKQi[.
Tl]V Kootxit btablxao(a - 'omci, atgai;. VEQ6, 'fll, VEg6, atgai;, 'omci - l'tQbtEt va Tl] auUMn xavELi; oav
Kim KUKf.tx6 Kl 6Xl oav 1.ua Eu0iiygaJJ l'tOQEla it aav ta
Kc't0ETIJ civobo Kat Kci0o00. H Koalxi[ KlVl](JT) Elvm xvxAixl], yt' aut6 to /..Oyo 'I agxft Kat to tO..oi; au.rcUnouv Kl
o bg6oi; 11ou avE6a.lvn Kat Kau6m'.vEt dvat o ibtoi;. H
l'tOQEia tou yiyvw0m bEV El vat oiJu ogtl;6vtta oiJu x6.0ETl]. 'Etot, .rcogoiJe va Katal..lt6ouE ytatl ittav buvat6
va ExAeyo\Jv wi; aexit xm ttf.oi; to VEQ6, 'I 'fll, o atgai; it
'I 'wnci. H 4><1.1ttll Eivm to crtotXElo l'tou Kllvn tov KilxMJ
va 'f\IQll;Et' auu') tov KQat6.n OE KlVl]m]. To IU.rcav Eivat
Eva l'tEl'tEQaOivo, ai; ElXE ava'EQEl 0 .6.toyvrii; 0 AaEgttoi; (IX, 8). 0 Koau<Oi; K1'xi..oi; l'tou xagLl;n Tl] boft O'tl]V
Ol..6nita. dval aKgt6Wi; l'tEl'tEQaoEvoi; Kat aEvaoi; (Wtngoi;;). Ai; aiftoouE to Xfyxt:J.. va l'tQoobtogloEt Tl]V xuxf.tKit og'ft Tl]i; btiliKnxfti; XiVl]mii;: "'I KiVl](JT) auti[ Elvat otiyxEKQtEva ta onglt wt6 E!;Ef.tKttxci crtltbta xm
bEv l'tQbtn va Tl]V l'tagacmloouE ta rn0da ygaft
l'tou l'tQOXWQEi a'JJQT]Eva crto Wmgo ctUci oav Eva xUKJ..o
;tou l'tEQlcrtQE'nm yilgw wt6 tov Eaut6 tou. 0 K1'Ki..oi;
Exn yta l'tEQt'Egna Eva yciMl agl06 xiJKJ..wv 'I o/..6TI]ta El vat ta E'(6J...TJ aKof.ou0(a naaxl]anoWv l'tOU !;aVU'(\IQll;n l'tQOi; tOV EilUt6 Tl]i;. ng6Xntat yta Tl]V Etx6Va
TOU 'tbtoU 1tOU bayx6.vn Tl]V ougci tOU.
'Eto1. ot bUo bg6ot yugll;ouv yi)gw-yi)gw. IE l'toto
122
KOI:T AI A:::EAOI
xWQo ioa; MxoQoU va 6e6mWoou 6n ato aUJtct\'

tou HQ6.x/.-fnou IJ XQOVLX6tl]ta i)'.EL tl]V l'tQOtEQaL6tl]tct Of
axtC11J TI] XWQLx6TI]ta. To VEQ6 xm IJ YIJ Elvm xat' e';oxil XWQLX6. atOL)'.E(a 0 atQai;: l'toAU Aq6tEQO' ElbaE 6./J..watE 6n o Q{>Aoi;: tou JICIQa.ivEL Alyo axotELv6i;:. To XWQLX6
Elvm auvbebe.ivo to EXtanx6. To xtvtQo twv, lowi;:
o6XEVTQWV, xUxAwv tl]S xooo/..oyLX~S <j>UOLX~S toU
HQ6.xAELtou cmoteMLtm wc6 TI] <1>wn6., to xQ6vo () xm
to EXtanx6. 0 bQ{>oi;: JIOU CM'J<l>oQit;,eL XQL Xatl]<!>oQltEL
bV ai;: E1ILtQbcEL va l'tEQLOQLoOU o' tvav T61Io tl]V IJQaxMtnx~ x(VIJC11J. o bQ6oi;: aut6i;: CJl)alvEL bQ6o Jiou
aVIJ<l>OQLtEL - xatl]<!>oQltEL, to xat MUtEL. :Itl] METeweoAoyia tou (I, 9, 347a) o AQLatot~AIJS xwQli;: va x6.vEL Q1Jt0:
A6yo yLa tov HQ6.xAELto, ai;: HEL xwi;: JIQbcEL va <1>avmatoU aun'J TI] bmbLxaa(a (tl]v xux4x~ bmbLxaa(a xou
qu:itm tov xUxAo tou 'H4ot1) oav tva Jiot6.L JtOtl xuA6.EL xvtluW. l'tQOS ta x6.vw xm l'tQOS Ta x6.TW. H IJQaxAf:rnx~ XlVIJCJI), br)Aabi) OL axatWtauoni;: .aa6oAti;: twv
atOL)'.Elwv. liV l'tEQLOQLtETm o' tvav t6l'tO' h'm, l'tQbcEL va
TI] au/J..6.6ot1 oav tva 1Iot6.L l'tOU xuA6.EL Xt1XALx6. l'tQOS
ta x6.vw xm 1IQOS Ta x6.Tw. Qat6oo, IJ QOfi aun'J ylvETm
Eoa ato y6.J.o xooLx6 XWQO.
nma E(vm 1J oQ<l>fl at1tOU toU xoaLxoU X0JQOtl l'tOtl to
l'tEQL;(6V6 tou oXIJatlt;.ETm wc6 TI] oilyxQOUCJI) xm tl]V
f:vwCJI) twv <j>uoLxWv avn0i:wv; 0 LlLoyM]i;: o AatQTtoi;:,
JtOtl QLxti;: <l>OQii;: au/J..aMvEL ni;: EQwn')oELS atLS OJiolEi;:
o HQ6.iliLtoi;: bV wcavt6.EL, ai;: Mn (IX, 8), :n:wi;: riJrora
6V ex6tm oaq:irjvmr xm Alyo mo x6.Tw ai;: 66mWVEL 6rL 0 HQ6.XAf:Lroi;: 6V ~ye{ Tl Eivat to l't1?tfxoV. 0
HQ6.iliLtoi;: xata<l>riiYEL ato y6.J.o JIEQLf;xov tou xooLxoU xWQOt1 ym va ro:n:o0EnjoEL EXEl Ta <j>uoLx6. <j>mv6EVa
:n:ot1 l'tEQLi)'.evtm. To xoouW l'tEQLi)'.ov :n:ou Elvm to :IU-
(") E1mb'li o HQCl;lll.mo; 6\' Eivcu uroxaariic; I'" aU17t1111C1. l'CID'1 1UJ.1 ea
'UD'1E =xvii UlloX(!EtO!'tvOL va ELOuy~u.e, 17tTJV av<urno~ llOU XO.vou.e
"'' mtfljtTJ<; tOU, OQLO!'tvouc; - tOU~ lluwli<; 10U 6Qou<;-lll.nlll<'i. llQtV bwOOU u1ll~un\1ou~ {.JIEl;Tiyq""
123
;cav, ClJlOTEAEl tTJV 1tQWTT) toll xatci4'a011 Xat xau:u0iivn

tTJV Tiix'l TWV l:;fii/..outwv XWQli; '1 ibta va f}:Et E1tE;ri'(TlflEL
nowi; Elvm 0 QOA.oi; Toti XeOvou, l'tOU Elvat 0 Qt1fl6i;
tOU Eycil.ou xci:iQOU; Ai; fhiT)floiiE TT) aQTtlQ(a TOU AEtlOtl (II 4. 3 D. A 10) 1tOt1 ai; 1lA'l{.>04'oeoiioE 6tt xat6.
tov HQ6.xknto O "6ao~ yVVthat 611 uVrf>wva E TO
Xv0vo a.UQ uiJipwva /JE tf/ m<t1pr/. Katir. tOV Hgcitlmo,
o x6aoi; bEV yEVVtEtat )(lo xQ6voi; bEV dvat XWQtaivoi;
ClJl' tTJ oxbpl'). 0 xQ6voi; Elvat bEtvoi; E tTJ oxtlvTJ, br)kabi) .E TO A6yo. 0 HQcixkEttoi; Ul'tOtciaoEt oMKAT)Q'l TT)V TO
mx~ xatO.crtClOT) crto E)'ciko l'tEQL[Xovta xci:ieo nou l'tEQtEXETat foa crto xp6vo. '01twi; o bgOoi; 1t0t1 aVT)<j>ogll;Et
"at "atT)ipog(l;El bE crvUa6civEtat E TT) o!JCP~ EV6i; xU)QOtl aUCl'tT)Qci El)(OVl)(Oii, Etot Xl O XQ0voi; liE auUa6civEtat naQci 6vo E tTJV 1tQOOnciflEta mi; oxbvTJi; nou Elvm
crvvtatQtaa.VT) E tov oku'> tou Qt106 xt a'("aktcil;n to
y(yvEo0m tow crttyci:iv. M~1lwi; '1 ipomci Elvat to 011abt
tOtl xQOvou l'tOtl "UQtaQXEl ncivw crtO xci:ieo; Katci tOV l:ES
to tov E;cngt"6 (ll('O~ Mathjan"oii~. X, 216), o Hecixhnoi; EiXE mutloEt to Ov "at to XpOvo. nebtEt va 00flEL ta aw<mj EQT)VE(a o autfi tTJ aQTtlQla. 0 h.6yoi; xt
o K6ooi;, o Xe6voi; xt TJ 1wn6., dvm 6a0tir. EVwtva to
E:va .E TO Cr.IJ,.o, 6wi; bE mryxE0vtal. 0 h.6yoi; EX'Qcil;Et
niv aeov(a xat niv avtl0ECJ11 tow avtt0f:rwv, ioa crtov
K6ao nou Elvm E:va ylyvEOflat, E tTJ bUvaT) TT)i; <l>wttcii;
61..a autci to' ClJl6 to XQ6vo. H T)QatlEtttxiJ btW.Exttxi)
btMoxn tTJV EV6tT)ta tT)i; EV6tT)tai; Xat tT)i; T) EV6TT)tai;
(bT)kabiJ nii; 1toUcutk6tT)tai;). 0 XQ6voi; Elvat E:vai; xm
1tOUClJlk6i; xir.vEt TOV mci:ivto W.T)0tv6 A6yo XQOvt"6,
EVaQovil;n tti; 6iatEi; xootxti; allayti; Xt EVffiVEtat E
tTJ ipwn6. bixwi; va tat1tll;ETat al;i tTJi;. 0 K6aoi; wi; tUS'l tT)i; ataSLai;, wi; Ok6TT)ta 1tOtl l'tEQtf}:Et ta crtOtXEia nou
tTJV ClJlOTEkoUv, unaxoliEt crto Qt1f16 TOU XQ6voU. H oSubtQXEta TOU Xiyxd avvEAa6E tTJV xeuEVTJ aQov(a. 0
XiyxEA avtt.EtW1til;n tTJV 'lQaxhtttxi) ipomir. oav ta
t'habtxao(a, aav tva ylyvE00at. H cpomci. ygci'Et, Elvm
o ipuot"6i; xQ6voi;,. (2).
To xootx6 y(yvEo0at yivEtat iavEg6 iaa crto xQ6vo
124
KOl:T AI
H cj>wnci 1.puxWvEt aun)
A~AOl:
Jiou uJtaxoUn o
Eva eu06 H cj>umO UJtaxoUEt crta tea 'tWV avtallayliJV
TI]i;
TI] OtaOtxao(a
xm tow na"CQrutWv TI]<;. rta'll, ot EyOJ.Ei; xoo1xt:;
buv6.w;: l'tOU Eivat TO VEQ6, '1 Y'J, o atgai;, JtOQEL var-
ctiavLl;ovi:at JIEQtOa6tEQO foa CJ'tO XWQO Xat Vil XUQlilQxoUv ITTOV JICivta 0Qat6 OQl\;.ovta tow 1t1iay{rtWV TOU x6oou, '1 cj>umO 6wi; 1'!uxWvn, cj>w-rll;n xm xegauvWvn
6i..o w xWQO. OivEt TI]V xauU0uvm) wu cn:o ylyveo0at,
JIQoxah( 6a0u!i; allayti;, yVV6.Et xm E'til'tQbcn OE crtciX'ttl TO xci0 u l'tOU rivm. H 1tOQE(a tOU xe6vou btv Elvm
w0Uygal'] aA.l.6. xuxA.unj, ta 1toQia ''ttayivt} cut6
tvalJ..ayti; xat JtQt6boui;. H axa"CCutauOTY} na6oA.~ rl-
vm ta ma8eplj 'tou IU;cavtoi;. 0 nA.ci'twv cn:ov 0ca{T11-
w (181d xat e) btaxglvEt Mo El.bl") xlVT]GJ}<;. niv allolwcni

xat TI]
4>oe0, xt cmob(bn wui; bUo 'lQ6Jtoui; n)'; XlVTJcni<;
or xdvorn;: Jtou UJIOOTI]Qit;ouv 6-n Ta nQvta XtvoUvral.

iuoLx6., 'l allayii ylvE"ral foa mo xWgo XL lval avayxacntx6. JIQLOQLofvl] o' tvav "6Jio Qm6oo, x6.0 JIQLOQLo.6i; o' tvav "6Jio btv ElvaL JiagO. ta ~cnLyiJ "tl]i;
XWQLxi)i; Exm01Ji; XL auri) 'l Exm01J (vaL umn:ayfvl] OTIJ
XQOVLXt') Exm01J. Ta hga "WV avralla.yWv Sao$aA.il;ouv "tl]V "6.S'l "OU x6oou xat JIQOO"tauUow "ta JIQ0yata Jiou 6gloxovral 0 ylyv00at wt6 to va 6oui..t6.Souv
mo xiloi;. EivaL ai..t')0La 6n "la $uotx0. JIQ6.ya"a naw;cLl;ovtaL. JIQLV wt' 6i..a. 6wi; yivovTm 6.:lla., toa mo
xvOvo, Jiagatvovtai; ouyxg6vwi; Lbla. H $W"lL0. lVaL JIOU
Xu6gv0L au"ti; ni; na6oi..ti; xaL uJiaxoUn ma hga.
DL oJtLi..LcrtLxti; Ql]vli; Jiou $ag61;ovtaL cnov
Hgcixi..Lto X$ui..Ll;ouv au"6 Jiou lX bLato0av0l xLvoi;
yLa to ylyv00m JIOu ivm 6amxci bLcigxna "OU LbLou to'
wt' 6i..i; "lli; bLaboXLxti; bmipogoJimt')oti; To ouvoi..Lx6
ylyv00m ivm 'l xti0 crtlyi) tou XL 6i..i; OL ITTLyii; toU
xg6vou dvm.
XciQ'l OTI] $wn6., to tva xaL JtJIgaoivo oU;cav ~TU
AlynaL foa mo XWQoXQ6vo. H cixo1jll] auri) b Ellyn "la
:r11o6A.t')a"la "tl]i; UA.l]i; XaL "tl]i; Vtgytai; xat bV txn xaLci
oxtori ni; OJ}gLvti; JtLotT)ovLxti; agxti; "tl]i; VQYT1nx1i:; xm "tl]i; StA.tS'li;. Ax6a Xl 'l 0rngla tou ALvcrtO.tv
0 HPAKAEITO:E KAI H 4>1AO:E04>1A
12'.'i
to 1tQ000lOQlOvo XL wtEQl6QlO't"O I:Unav, 1t0tl Eivm

tva xweoxeovuu) Continuum tEtQa0L6.ITTato, OEV Emtet:rn va to cn.iyxe(vot1t: E niv f]Qaxi..ELtLX~ xoaoi..oy(a.
Ta hen nic; <1>wtL6.c; tou x6aou, ym ta ol'to(a ac; Li..6.
o He6.xi..ELtoc;, w; Odxvouv niv neoamoi..oyLx~ E<1>6.vlITT) tWV v6WV. 0 QU06c; tWV ta6oi..Wv TIJS <j>wn6.c; EiVUl
o eu06c; tou x6aou xL aut6c; o eu0.6c; dvm aucmie6c;
xm O(xawc;. ME to eu06 twv avtaU.ayWv xm twv na6oi..Wv, 'I 1t006TI)ta aiJ..6.tEL xm yivE"tm 1t0l6TI)ta.
Ta hea xal Ol Eta6oi..tc; wtotEi..oUv ta ITT6.0La tou
axauin:auO"tou xoaLxoU yiyvw0m wtOtEi..01'.iv oi..6xi..l]Q'l
TI) aLQ6. twv E"ta6oi..Wv twv <j>ualxWv <1>awotvwv, taa
O't"O xWeo xm to XQ6vo. ETmO~ 6wc; 'I <!>wn<l Elvm f] 6<101] TIJS XlvtJOTJS tOtl XQ6vot1. xEL we; t-'t"QO tOV x6ao CTITIV
oi..Onit6. tou. To Eivm tou ailimvtoc; 6eioxnm a yiyvEaeaL (tan O't"O xeOvo). 0 K6aoc; !;E0L1Ci..Wv"tm taa O't"O
Xe6vo. 0 xe6voc; dvm auiJvwc;. El'tELO~ aut6v tOV x6ao
nou dvm yLa 6i..ouc;, mitE xavdc; 0E6c; 01'.itE 6.v0ewnoc; tov
Exav. a>J,.Q ~tav wt6 l't6.vta xm Eivm xm ea dvm aLWvm <j>wua. l'tOu av6.6L heo xm a6~vEL heo (wt
30) Mac; wp~vEL o He6.xi..Ltoc; va 0LaxQivout: nOLES Elvm Ol l'tEQlobm autoU tOU cyOJ.ou xeOvou; Kat&. tOV
At-'t"Lo (II, 32, 3-0. A 13) O Hpci)().Eitoq IJllOOTTJ(!iCEi llwq
1/ eyaAT)
wrot&l.Eimi wr6 10.800 qJ..iaxfq
vifq. fmti 10.800; To oitvoi..o wt' uc; xeovu!c; auTI')c; nic;
E'(W.f]c; XQOVL6.c; Elvat to wt0tti..Eoa tOU l'tOiJ..wti..amaooU tOtl 360 t: to 30. TeL<lvta xe6vm dvm TJ 1tEQlo0oc;
tw~c; Lac; aveeWmVTJc; YEVL<lc;, 6l'twc; ea OoiiE cmi auvtxna. To 360 Eivm 0 UQL06c; l'tOU Ex<1>e6.tEL tOV UQL06
TWV f]EQWv me; XUVOVLX~c; XQOVLO.c;. EOW 0La<j>alvtUL to
avmoi..ut6 ~ avatoi..ltov <j>6vto, xaeWc; XL o naeai..i..T)i..t06:; axg6xooou xm lxe6xooou. Ta itea tou xeOvou noQoUv va dvm q6.i..a xm LxQO.. H qW..f] xgovtO.
<utotf.Adtm wt6 10.800 T)i..mxtc; xeovLfc;. Mm av6eWmv11
'/EVL<l wtOtEi..Eltal wtO 30 XQOVLt:; Mla T)i..Lax~ xeovul.
UJt6 360 tQEc;. "Evac; ~vac;, al't6 JO tQEc;. Mm f:eu 11vm to ailvoi..o nic; teac; xm nic; vix-rac;. "Eva i..Ettt6 ri,u1
IJ fVai..i..a'f'1 tWV UVwtVfl'OTLXWv Xtvt')OEW\t. 0 XQ6vo:; i,ot'{ta
xeowa
xeo-
126
Jt6v E(vm '1 x(VT)CJT), Jtot1 E(vm 1600 crnyfi Ooo Elvm xm
t:ycV.l') XQOVtO.. Ax6a x1 YJ ycLJ..YJ XQOvtO. :rtOQEl va ovi..AYJ$8Ei ioa OE La crnyi), wtoui..Wvtai; tva l..EJtt6 nii;
oxt~i;. KCt0E ltQt6boi; nii; av8Q00mVT)<; l;wi)i;, aut6 nou
o HQltxi..Etl"O<; ovocil;Et yevui, bev Elvm O:Uo ClJ"[6 ta t-
ea nii; eyciArii; xeovi.6.i;.

0 xQOvoi; wv x6oou dvat atWvtoi; ln l') XlVT)CJT) axatO:JtUtlOTTI. To y(yvE08at nou JtEQttxu -ra avti8na
0 Ba ;cogoiJoE va l')v E(vat
Eivai, xm
Kai 6 )(tlXWv 6dOTatat lj XtvoVevoi;. - MTa6illov

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ni lwn6. xeda xm x6go (yt' an6v, XQEia Eivm 11 T6.S11
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lya wt' w oJtofo Eivm maytvo tva yLU't'QLx6. Aun]
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vt6.ooovtm ow '01..o. 0 x6ooi; Ba btal..t16tav av tEVE
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bYjmuey(a, Eivm ta atvaYJ na6o/..i). To cnJ:;cav JtOtl
OE bYjLOueyl'JSYjxE wt6 xavtva 8E6 xm xavtvav c'r.v8go:mo,
1tQbm va ESoA.o8grun( wt' TI] lw-ncl; Bg(mm o x6ooi;
'tO OX01t6 't'Otl OE m Otl:l'CavtLXl'J 1ttlQXayt6.; Ai; crti;ia>oiiE 1tQO; wui; LO"tUQLXOiii; XQL toui; b0Soye6.1ot1i; XI ai; Jta
ga8foout: Ta /..6yta toll; E XQOVokoyLxi) ougO:. OgWwi;.
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yi,ovrm wr' ni wrtci. 0 AEi:tor; Elvat mo xaTI')yoe11anx6i; (I, 3, 11-0.A 5): , .. JHUtv 6t r6v "6oov xa{ ni
aciJara .l't'clvra tl.l't'6 roU .l't'vp6r; 6vW..oiio8m tv rti i:XJrv(!r/JoEt. 0 lmt6Auroi;, ETC(oxoxoi; PW11i;. 00.Et v' avarQtq!t
ni; mQtani; "at va xa'twtoMfjat 'tOV atQrnt<lQXTJ Notno
:;ra(gvovtai; wi; 66.CJTj 'tOU 'tOV Hg6.xh.Et'tO' Ei:at, U1tOOTI)Ql1;t (Karel .l't'aoWv metoEwv 0.eyxor;, IX, IO-D.B 66) 6'tt,
xm<i rov Hg6.xAtto: 6rav E.l't'i:6Et q <Pwmi, Ba xeivEt
6Aa Ta .l't'(!ciyara xm Bara xara"V(!tetloEt. 0 ~t.OytvTji;
o Aatgtt0i;, oto wt6a:naaa :nov txouE fib'l n:aga0fot
OTl]V aQxTJ 'tOU X$a).a(ou ai;, XaQ6.l;n 'tO n:agax<i.'tW
t''.il<iyeaa: 'l ctiWttO. etatQbctat 0 vQ6 xat w vQ6 oE
Y'l" avt6i; Elvat o bQ6oi; :nou xat6alvn xat OOl]yd OTI)
yvvfiCJTl tou x6aou f1E tov n:6AEo xat f1E TI') Oix6vota 'l
Y'l tatQbttat CJE vEQ6 xat to vEQ6 a tc1.m6. au6r; dvat o bQ6oi; :nou avdialvn xat obl]yEl OTl]V l'tUQXayul
(XJtiiQWCJTl) xou Elvat ta xa't6.otaCJTj o6votai; xat nefiVT]<;. Ti:Aoi;, o Vo:nAmwvtx6i; axoAtacm]i; tou AQLotot0.1]
It31:Aixtoi; (flE(!i OveavoV, 94, 4-D.A. IO) yQ6.4>n: xa1
o HpciMEtTor; Afrt .l't'wr; illorE .l't'aievEi <f>uma o x6oor; xt
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heo' aunt niv Wro1/'t/ axoJ..o68qoav aey6t'E(!Q xm ot
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1trnQwtvo tou xoatxoU ylyvrneat; ME n:otov 0.QayE
Q6:no ea n:<iQn O..Oi; o x6aoi; foa aE ta .eyo.AI] xoatxfi 1tUQXaytO:; Av ~atQtCJOUE TOV AQtotoT0..11, Ol illot
~t6.Q'tt1QES yF:VVoUv un:o'ljllEr;. 0 Ai"tt0i;. o Aatircwi; xt o It31:).xt0i; xatavooiiv CJXEb6v n:O.vta wv HQ6.xAno ,daa
wt6 TI') otwtxfi 4>tAoaoqn'.a. 0 Irut6Auroi; dvat XQtottav6i;
xat etAEt v' cucoOEl!;n auT6 n:ou motriit :nwi; dvat 'tO :nto
CJTjavttx6, fujAabfi n:wi; ea un:O.g!;n ta ~riitQ'l IlaQOuala. Ai; otQtq!ouE Aom6v TI')V n:QOaaxiJ ai; ota wtoa:nO.aata :nou eEwQOUvtat aueVttx6:. Ta txouE fib'l dn]at: to wt6an:aaa 30 EV<ilvn TO IU31:av xm TI') 4'Wtt6.
lJ E:vwm] tour; dvat auhvta Ta cucocm<iaaa 31 xa1 76
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xElcov. Ma; A.in itot o He6.xi..Eno; 6tt o x6oo; !la Soi..oflee:t.1te:l, itw; 'l iom6. !la t.11tQVtxi)ot t6oo 'ta cii..A.a
crr0txe:la 600 xm t0v Hho t0v x6oo; 'Qxt, ymi:( at.1t6 Oev
f.L"tOQOlio va tO 1tl. H iwn0 e:lvm 11 l;wi) TO\I x6oov.
Moi..ov6n TO tonv TO\.I cucooit6.oato; 30 e:lvm xO'tt ai0
vtmna l'tQtoo6tQO cuc6 tva cuci..6 ovv0ntx6 eiJa, Eva
ivm olyoveo: &n 'l iwn6. Elvat atWvta foa crtov x6oo,
6n 01JA.a0i) OE fla itci,.,Et itott va e:lvm iwn6. foa crrov
x6oo. 0 AQtITTottAIJ; txEt Olxw: xcirtom crttyiJ, 6A.a ta
TCQ6.ym:a ylv0vtat iwn6: vat, ylv0vtat iwn6. xm Savaylv0vtat 6JJ..o 1tQ6.ya. 0 He6.xi..nto; t:SwuelxrnoE E to
A.6yo tO\.I lttivw OTO oV.n:av tov EOW'tEQtX6 Q\106 to'U mJ.n:avto; avtoii. 6.lOaSE 6n CJTI')V 1tEQtifQta V6; x\ixi..ot.1
'l aexiJ xat to ttAo; ot1.n:Uttovv, Ono Oe6o; ltou a~<Po
ettn xat XaT1]$oQ[1;n Elvat o (0io;, 6n o 1t6At:o; Elvat
ot1.n:avttx6; xm 'l OtxmooiJvri i'.1tx6v0ta. KO:n:ota onyi),
'l 'fll (1tcivw CJTI')V oltola l;oliE xm xtvoVacrtE), aioii
itQWta iytvE VEQ6 xt m~ea;, ylvttat iom0. At.1t6 6w; t0
crtciOt0 Oev cucoui..El OE xat6. l'tQllt'tWOIJ to tO.o; TI') xootxi); tQaywOla; ltO\I Oev fxn ttl.o;. H iwnci l;avay(vE'tat aea;, o atea; vEQ6, to VEQ6 'fll Betox6aon ltcii..t
nOvw OTI'J 'fll. Ta itea tot.1 xe6vot.1 t:lvm "ta hea T11
mwvt6TI')ta;. H xuxi..txi) xl~CJTJ wu xootxoii ylyvo0m
axoi..ovf:IEl, 011AaOi) ltEQttxn. to Otx6 tTJ ev06 ltOlJ Elvm
inaytvo; cuc6 evaJJ..ayE; xat 1tQt60ou;.
H io.rn0 wv x6oov Elvat tavt6xeova EVlll'tciQXot.1oa
Xat l)1tEQ6attXi). Elvm ioa crtov x6oo )I.at tOV X\16EQ
v6.n. Tll 6t nllvra olax{l;t KEt;:iauv6q (cue. 64). 'QA.a ta
xu6EQVci 0 KEQaw6;, a; A.fo. 0 XEQauv6; XiQ6.1;t tTJV
mo ltOi..Etxi) xm tT)V mo flELxi) 1tAWQ6. tTJ iwn6.; Em
iti..iov Elvm to 61ti..o to\I ti.la to\I XEQauvwn). Ocrt6oo, 'l
iwn6. ltOlJ xe:eawWvn llV Ul'tQUt"ta'tat wv oiin:avto;
xm 0V to xaln cuc6 Sw ytati 'l xootxi) iwn0 Elvat XQtn'J; 'l LOm tolJ EO\ltoii tT), aioii ltEQttxn ta (Ota TI') ta
hea ltOlJ lvm xm ta hea tolJ xootxo{l XQ6vO\I. H
flHlAe:xttxi) xl~CJTJ cucoxi..t:ln tTJV cuc6A.t1Tfl aexi) xm to
a.16A.t.1t0 tti..o;, xwel; ltcii..t, yta to i..Oyo avt6, va vitocn:11-

oi~H
129
Tl]V K(VT)ITT) JtOU CIQXLl;n ~l[ lCI oXUK1) CIQxiJ )(Ql )((l~u/.fJyl o' Eva -cfAo; axt:nx6 AuTfi 'l foaArxuxf) M(VT)ITT)
liVm T) ~H<IAMUMTj TTJ; oAoKAl]QWUMi)<; )(l afvm1<; K(VT)ITT)<;
i10U cruv1cn:ci -co a;c6Auto. 0 T)QaKAmx6<; K6oo<; rlvm
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mivrn y(vovtm cpomO, .. , l'tQbcl oacp1)v1a va xataAciOouE 1tOlCI Evvota ylvovtat cpuma Kat .E 1tota br yivovtm. nolCI rlvm T) YQUf) 1tOU xwel\;,rt tov OQlSovta
toU OQCltO\J (I][' -cov OQ(Sovta tOU a6eatou;
6.uID:oAeu6acn: 1tilQa n:oAU va Vr01tloou.E n<; naOoH; n:ou 1tQtYQci$n o HQ6.MAltO<; Mm va xa0oQfoou
TO XQ6vO n:ou bT)IOUQYOt'.ivtm. Ta 1tQilyma yivovtm
cpw1:ia 6Aa TTJV Lbw cn:lyl) 1) blabox1xO.; Av 00.our va
aulli6our TTJ $om6. (IJ[oxl.rw-c1xU Mat 6vo oav ta n:uQci, -c6u xtvbuvt:Uour va xaot'.i.E XWQL<; va TTJV m6.ooU.E'
au-c6 br ITT)alvn 1tW<; T) cpwnci brv xr1 bQaat1xf<; buvcin<;. Ta 1tQilyatu btaOQ$Wvovtm Mm .naoQ$Wvovtat foa xm (11[6 TTJ cpwnci. Ta 1t6.vta yivovtm cpw-c16..
Itov xliMAo tou MOOtxot'.i yiyvro{lm, to cn:6.0to cpwnci xn
vu M6.vr1 1a ytyitvt1a Jtuexaylci; axt, yta-cl o oun:avnx6<; :JtQT)06<;, V'Voo\Jt:Vo<; oav oAox1T)QWnx6<;, n:Q6ID:mQO<; 1) tEAtWttx6<; KT)brv106<;, Orv rivm T)QGKAt't1M6 6Qaa. Eq>6oov o M6oo<; Orv xn OT)tOUQYT10i wt6
TTJ iwwi, Orv n:oQrl Mm va Ma-ca6eox91cn:rl (I][' auTi)v.
To cn:UOto cpwnci Orv dvm lCI ony'1 Tou foaAEX'tU>ii
ylyvrnflm n:ou !;nuAiyE-cm foa cn:ov mWvw xQ6vo. H .Ey6.ATJ XQOVt6. brv rlvm T) 1tQio0o<; n:ou 1tQIAa6civE-cat
avO:roa or Mo tKQOt'.i<; :itQT)ooU<; Orv dvm o\Jtr Ml
'l oAlMTj OlciQK1CI tou crVn:avto<; . .6.rv xmaAa6a(vot1.E n
0a JtOQOUoav vu rlvat Ol ouvqW<; KULVOt'.iQtOI )(CJ'tUO'tQO
$lMO( EJtQT)Oo( (11[6 TTJV ciUT) rg10:, (a OtciQXrta
I0.800 nWv rlvm r!;atQnxci crVvtoT) yla va ITT)UvEl -cov
oAlM6 XQ6vo tou K6oou. H EyaAT) XQOVtci dval tva ttgo tOU XQ6vou l" 6;{t TO ttQO. Q JtEQtOOuJ<; EKT)t'iV1a6<; .E TTJ cpwnO., Max.oAa n:oed va dvm JtEQtOt'i1x6<;
Ha btQEJtE va rlvm axrb6v oAoxAT)QW'ttx6<; 1) oXEb6v aviiilaQKto<;. 'QAa n:rp1fxoVTa1 cn:o y(yvro0m. Ir x6.0 cn:ci-
IJO
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Oto tO\l y(yvEotlm. \lXEQtoXiiEt xc'utoto wt' ta Cl'tOlXEla xwQl; va EXTj0Vi~ovtm tn v1t6>i.outa. H 1wncl Eivm Eva
UJ't6 ta Cl'tOtXEla x1 Elvm to XQOVOtoiixo xootx6 mmXEio. IE xau'r. 6w; mty~ni l"O Iiircav bEV Eivm wtoxl..EtCl'ttX<i 'fTI cutoxl..EtmtxO: VQ6. atQa; ii 1wn<i. To Iiircav
Or ylvnm itotf: ta yty<ivna Jt\lQ<i. H 1tOQEia "tT}I; 1wn<i;
Elvm JtEQtobtxii. axo/..ovtlr( Eva Qti86 1naytvo cut6
Vallayt; Evallayt; :10v y(vovrat 1toii Xat 1t6TE; Mfoa
Cl'IOV K6oo, taa Cl'IO ~1ryai..o 1tEQtfxovta xWQO Xl Oxt OE
xcircoto O\lyitEXQtEvo t61to. Km ;c6u; ncivroTE. rmt(,
ta av<iyxTJ EOWTEQtXii oiteWxvn TTJ 1wnvov n:ov Or Otaiten
cut6 TTJV atWVt6TTjta.
H 1wn0: 0V rcoerl va \l1tEQV1xiioEt xm va EXTJbEVloE1
Ta v1t6/..outa motxfla ytad TJ Otxmom'ivTJ E'(>mtat cmi Otx<Wota Xl TJ aeov(a Cl'ITJ m'iyxQO\lOTj. 0 He6.xl..Etto;, a1oii
JtQli.i"ta 1tEQtt/..O\lOE E ii6QEt; tOV 'QTjQO Dmbii TJ ruxii
1tov txavr iitav va maan]on TJ Otx6vota, 6TJl..a0ii TJ xa"taC!'tQO'ii wv Iiircavro;. ea rcoeoiioE ii1tw; xm va
61wce6.Srt TTJV XOQ1''ala acrovtmta, va xataC!'tQ~Et OTJ1..abii o iOtoi;: TO Iln.Tuv, EitE yta ta Cl'ttyii ElTE yta 1t6.vta; A1oii o K6o~1n: "fiVat 1om<i .E TTJV 01toW Ta 1t6.vta
avrall6.o(Jovtat xui 11 01to(a r trt 1t6.vra avrall<ioonat.
itWi;: Sa y1v61av vo )(1lfi o x60110; wc6 TTJ 1wn6.; Ot avtallayt; v:r6.exovv ym va rSaoiaAltouv TTJ buvatxii
tOOQQ01tkl, y1a va Otu1v/..<iooovv TTJV avaAoyia 1to\l avtt0t0txEl or xU.tlr motxrio. rm va oXTJatlootiE ta oa4'1
nx<Wa TTj; ;cue:r61..TJOTJi;: ii yla va ouvnbfjw1totiioov.E TTJV
ao6.1na twv xotvWv xm E'txttlw ai;: avwcaeacn6.orwv,
1tQbtEt v' avaAwtloiiE o' Eva aXQoXQ6vto Cl'toXaoO. xata66.Movtai;: 1a 1tQ001t6.0na va cruM<i6ov.E xat ta 1aVEQ6. 1mv6.EVa xm TTJV v1tf:QtaTTJ a6QaTTJ aeov(a. H
cut6/..tiTTj wtOQQ61TJOTJ to\l x6oov cut6 TTJ 1wn6. El'.vm ta
ClVTJCIUXTJTlXii Xat Oa'fTl\'\lTlXii tOfo TJ lwn6. tla iitaV TJ
11eWu1 xt TJ tV..rutala mtyii tov x6oov . .1.r cru6a(vrt
6w; aut6. H 1wnci toa OTOV x6oo 1taQatvn aivaa
1wn0: toa mov x6oo, xm to Iiircav tlrlvrt taa to\l
x0:8r yiyv08at, xwe(i;: Jtott va 1t6:$t va dvat.
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H ClllAOl:OClllA
131
H lwn6. OTl')V mo n:OAEtxfi xal mo BELXfi El6.vu:n) TI];

XfQUUV<ilvEl aav XfQUUV6i;, XU6QV6.El to !iin:aw, Xl
auni I') xu6EQV110Tt tou x6aou 6QlOXE'tal urn EOWtEQlx6
tOU K6aou. 0 XQauv6; n:EitEl Xat Xtul't6.L x6.0E LbtatugO'tT)ta, n:aeatvEl 6w; E")'XAw6latvoi;; foa OTl')v
oMtl')ta ltOU l'tEQL[xEl t6ao TI]V V\i:JtaQ;i] tOU 6ao Xat
tl')V un:E:gOam'! tou. H lwn6. tlval aolfi. AtyEt 6 xa{
rp,;iOviov efvat TO JriJp {xai tii!O" 6t0txljaEw!O" TWv 6l.wv alnov/. (0 HgO.xAEno; ovo6.t;EL 'tTJ lwn". IX, 10). H Kun6., n:ou dvm 116a0L6. aAfi0ElQ tOU x6oou, Elvm CJUV<ta Xat to v611ci tOU,
xal ' aut6v TOV t{l6lto Clltottlel TI] oolla TOU CJU;tavnxoU ylyvto0at. Auti'J 'l aol[a Oev elvm xa86Aou Olaoxemtxfi, crtox.aanxfi ii CJUVELOl')ni ao<jl[a, all(i La oo<jlla
XOOj!lXfi l'tOU El Vat aoc;iLa TI'JS OA6TI]ta;. H lwtla dvm XEgauvo56Aa Xat 8nxfi, l'toAf:lcrtQla Kal aoc;ifi. EvWvnat
t TO A6yo xat E "t1] 8E6TI]Ta. ExlQri.l;El tov xooLx6 Myo
(To aoq,Dv) xm algaylt;u to <jluOLx6 x6oo.
H $Wtlci wcrt6ao OEV elvm.atTia "tl]S xu6tQV110T1S tOU
!iin:avt0i;;. H xu6QVT10Tj tou x6aou EVUl't<tQXEl crtov
x6oo. 0 x6oo; Oev elvat la 6ci.Qxa l'tOU 6agxcigl') "tl]S
[xeL ti') <jlwna. H xooLxfi Kun<i u:Jtaxoiiel crta 0Lx6. "tllS
iTga xat ng<iu n; avtallayt; twv xoaLxWv crtOlxElwv. H EOWTEQlXfi av(iyxl') "t1] TI] O:Jt~El OTl')V allaY1'J, ym"tl I') avciyxl') auti'J el vat tUwpf], xogtalVEl auni "tl]V
avciyxl') TI'JS E n; at-vat; allayti;; XL avrutaUE"taL E "t1]
na6g<jlwm'I "tllS 'E"tOL, 'l <jlwnci dvaL an6 n:ou I') lbta
ylvnm, bl')Aabfi dvm allaY1) Xl avWtauOTj. xgu<jlfi agovla Kal xegauv6;. ntgLfxEL XL o x6oo; uuti'J "t1] <jlwn6:
;mu Oev dvaL al"tfo "tl]S xu6QVJ}OTIS: "tOu oUn:avtoi;: aJJ.6.
IJ lbla 'l xuflEMm'I "tOU, crtO EOW"tEQLX6 tOU l'tEQl[xovtoi;;.
H <jlwn6. lw"tlt;EL tOV x6ao XQl tOV x6.vEl bL6.lavo nw;
11;cogd Aout6v va l')v Eival 'l !olla;
nmo n:ogtl va dvat to n:rngwtvo "tou oUn:avto;; 0
Mno; (I, 27. 1 xm 28, 1-D.A 8) ygcilEl: O H{HixAEITOf;
).i1 l'tW!O" DA.a v;rci(!XOVV aVwva e t71v Eta(!ivri ;ro1
132
KOITA! A:='.EAO!
dvw ro {bw Jrpciya 17JV avcir"'I Lllj..lmw JrWf: 'I ovofr1

n1q naeivr/q ivm o il.6yQ ;rov biaretxn n1v ovo(a ro1
nV.;ravroq. A vnj 'I ovola dva1 iva a19Eew oWa, ro
(J;ripa wr' ro o;roio yEVVthm o "6aQ "m ro heo 17Jf:
"aRO{!toivrjq Jr(!t66oV. 0 6.wyEvrji; o AatQtLO<;; (IX, 8)
Xl 0 l:l;cALxt.0i; (22. 33) li..cr6v - 6awi; t:LbaE - XL avtoi
Yla La ELaQivri XQL La avayxm6TT]ta ELaQivrio;; ltOll
l'llOLXEL to mJ;cav. TO.oi;, tva 1toAii a4JL06TJtoiiEVo
Cll't601taoa 6dlau0vu: Ern:1 ycie Elaeiva ;rcivrwq.
[YmiQXEL o' 6Aa mtl'iaCJ'l TIJS ELaQi:vT]o;; (wt. 137)].
H Mo"'1J V6<;; avayxaloll itEltQwtvoll itOll lilDLXEL to
mJ;cav, :itOQEi Va EiVQL all0EVTLXci l]QatltLtLXl'j; nOJi;
;cogoiit: v' Cll'tOxAdoollE tov xlvbllVO 6n xollt: va xUvout: ta agoo91'jx~ twv ottuLxtiiv; H 01.14Jwvla ttuv
tQltiiv bo!;oyQC1$lXtiiv aQtllQLtiiv - toll l:L;cALXlOll, ltOll
avnyQci$EL ax6a xm TTJ 01Jvraxnxl'j 1tQcii;t] twv Xaea"njewv tou 9t6$Qaotou, tou AE-twll xm tDll 6.wyi:vl]
tou AatQtLO\J nou ai; ttablbouv La avoiicJLa Exbaxri
toui; - .pavt:Qci>"vu ;cwi; to 6n wtob69fixt otov HQCi.xAEno
tva ;cavrobfrvao aEJtQwfvo txu TTJV JtQOtArnm) tou oto
AiixtLO. aoqicU..Wo;; otov lbw tov AQlototO.TJ Aun) AoLJt6v
11 aQt'tlQla aUvw otTJV ELaQivri ea ;cogoiioE va dvm
all0Vnxl'j, E TTJ 6vri 1tQoiJ;c60t:CJ'l 6tL ea xataAOollt:
owotU to 'YOTJci TTJS nQbm AoLJt6v va xatavoTiaollt: autf) TT] OLQala avayxm&n)ta aav ta oLQa ;cou EVt11tO:QXEl otOV x6ao XL 6xL va qiavtaotoiiE 6tL tov blOLXEL QJ['
t!;w. To I'U.;rav Eivm 'I oiea ov EavoV rov. 6.Laq>oQErnW. y[vn:m to 1tEJtQWfvo itOll morrilollv OL otwlxoL To
metQLO oWa, to ontQa Cll't' to onolo yEVVLhm o x6aoo;;, xtA., ym ta 01to[a ai; t.AU o AE-twi;, OEV xouv tl;cota to TJQatlEmx6. 0 HQ0:tlltoS blvL tftoLa t1Qiitl]ra otLS eyciAEo;; V6tT)tES toll Ev6q- '0..lov, tiiotE xAdvot\'
foa touo;; to lbw toui; to 1tEJtQwtvo xm 0V xouv ;cAEov
c1v<iyx11 Cll't6 tUrota 1t0tl 0a l'jtav t!;w wt' alltti;. 0 mWvw;
KOOoo;; .pavEQWvn:m taa oto XQ6VO XL 'l <l>wnci wi; xtQauv6o;; xm ao.pla tou !;aoqiakll;El to O$Qlyo; tou. n1
)..ci1fl'l xm tT) ouvoX'i tOll. 0 ;c6AE:oi; E[vm avayxaior;.
dvm aQovla Xl o oALx6o;; Qlle6r; tDtl K6aol' Elvm 'l xo-
0 HPAKAEITm: KAI H ilAOI:0ilA
133
eu1m'.a oiea 'tou. 'l ciexouoa Ev&rTJ'ta Jlou JlEetE}:Et xru

ovvxEt x6.8E n JlOu Elvm i:oa cno xe6vo
2. H aOTpovoia xai 1J crewpoAoyia

0 HgcixAEnoi; llE <rovEA.a6E 6vo 'tO\' oA.tx6 eu06 tou
x6oou Jlou cno Eoun:Eetx6 tou avtt'tL0Vtm xm <rovtl0Evtm m 'tiooEea cnatxEla E IJYini ni 10.rnci. 'EcneE\IJE to
A.oyto6 tou xm Jleoi; 'ta 6.cnea xm 'ta E'tEweoAoytxO.
1mv6Va. Km o' au't6 'WV toia xa'twtL6.0'tT)xE ' 6,'tt
ELXE xa8tEeWoEt 'I JlaeO.lloOI), yta va Ex8foEL b:Elm ni;
bLxi; 'tOU wt6\IJEti;.
ll'"cirroq
'AOTpoA6yov... 't6v ~011pov. - {0aAfJqJ.
dOTpoAoyfJom. [ 0 'O'leoi; ... acneoA.6yoi; (wt. IOS).
(SaA~i;) ... o JleWtoi; acneov6oi; (wt. 38)]. rm Jloto A.6yo, niv Jle<im] ciioe6. Eta$e6.touE wv aOTpoA6yo acnQOA.6yo,. xm TI] 6E"ii'tEe1J acneov6o; IlWi; :rcogEL o
SaAi)i; va El'.vm o JleWwi; aOTi;ioA6yoq 6'tav xL o 'Ol)QOi;
umJe!;E UOTQOA6yoi;; 0 Lbmi; 6goi; XelJOloJlOLEhm xm
cna bUo wtoomloam. rm niv aexm6ni'ta acnQOA.oyla
8a JlEL U.En) 'tWV O:cnewv Jlou 'xEt cn6xoui; acngovoLxoUi; iJ acrtQOA.oytxoUi;, 'tO v61)a 6wi; :rcogEi va bLa$QEl. 'EXovt~ UJl61.j11] 'tO\' tbt.alnga wtrnmaoanx6
xn'!ea aut6w 'tWV bUo wtOOJlao6:twv, to 6vo JtoU :rcoeoUE va XO.vouE Eivm va bta'tUJl(i.loouE ELXaoLEi; xm va
EltlXEte~oOUE ta eL\IJOX(vbuVT) EeIJVEia. NoLtouE
ltwi; o '01)~ xaQO.XTI]QLtEtm QOTQOA.6yoi; El'.'tE ymti
o HgcixAEnoi; avct$EgEtm OE OU'fXEXQLEvoui; cn6xoui; E
acneoA.oytx6 JtEetq6Vo Ein yta'tl xaeaxnieLtEl tov
JtOtlJnl E to A.axwvtx6 'tQ6Jlo JlOU CJUVT)8LtEl va E"taXEteLtEtm. 'OA.IJ tou 1J crt6.0I) wtivavtL O'tTJ u8txT) Jlag0.60ITT) tov avayxO.tEL va 8EwloEL TO\' '01Jeo u80Jlo16. va
tov ultonT)oEL xaeaxnieltovtcli; 'tOV acneoA.6yo. To VtE
i.Wi; u8oA.oytx6 oU:rcav 'tou OT)QOu b'1 uJlciexEt xaul
a4Jt6oA.La ym tov He6.xAELto ltwi; Eivm UJloJlto. Alt6 niv
c'.tl..kTJ, JlO'ti, wt' 600 ;teouE. bE xe1JotoltoltJoE \16eE1;
yta 'toui; 'teEti; MLkT)oLoui;. Avwi avoiyouv 'to be6o O'tTJ"
xaea-
'"
KQI:T AI: AE:EAOl:
w1>11e'lMJ oxt1fri. H oute6.0wi tou f..ouc6v mwa(vu mo

Att6 nvW.a tou 0aA.i) nou, 6nwi; Ah<E, E(XE neo6AbpE1
1.ua txf..mp11 'tOU i)A.wu. ME tOV (foo axet6Wi; e6no tyl(Wuil;u BEQO. m Bla, to 00$6, yta TIJ XQTJITT6TTrr6. mu. 0
He6.xAEnoi; wcoeeln:tEl ouvexWi; mmi itou mITTWEL o '0TjQOi; to mBav6nQO A.out6v Elvm va tov BEWQEl UITTQO
A.6yo - ameoMyo, Vill tOW rnmvEL ui; 0eacrtTJQL6TT]'tEi;
mu 9aAiJ nou, mn6i;, Eivm ameoA6yoi; - UITTQOv6oi; -
xm 6.f..una o neWwi;;.
Mrni 'tov 'Orieo tQXnm TJ ottQO. wu Holobou .

.1t6cioxa.l..:>!>" bi irAEiurwv 'Ha{ofJoq wVwv br{omvrai
nA.etom EltJtvm, Oon!>" *tp11v xa{ ni1'WV11v oVx ly{vwOXEV" fun ycie fr - {'HxA.t:tTO!>" brbr).1/~EV 'Hm00ip riiq
iv 6ya96!>" ;rrmoutvip. riiq M tPaW.aq
dyvooUvn/ tPVotv fJtpaq Mci017!>" /J{av oVaav. [ 6.0.oxaloi; wv JtEQLaoortewv o HoloOOi; mrr6i; mou\lovv 6n !;tQu ta mo noA.AO., tvW Oev avayvWetl;E ni idea xm ni vUx'ta Ylati Eva
1tQ6:ya eivm {cut. 57). (0 HQO.xAutoi;; ExbcATjl;E tov
Holobo, xou O.U.ti;; tQEi;; nc; xO:vtL xaUi;; XL 6:JJ,xi;; xaxti;;,
yla niv O.yvm6: tou 6tL) la tivm 11 qi-UCIT] x0.0 i:Qai;; {cut.
106)]. To aOiXTja tou HoioOou tivm 6n bt 6AbcEL niv
ev6nita OTil buablx6nita xm OTI}V xoU.cutA6nita. l:ni
yevtaA.oylxf) t6:C11] nii;; xoooyoviai;; - o Hofoboi;; mITTE1'EL
xwi;; TJ MtQa EiXE yVVT)0i cut' ni N-Uxm - o HQO.xl..Enoi;;
avn0hu nJ 0Lxfi tou Wt01pfl n6:vw OTI}V ev6nita twv avn0ttwv. MtQa xm V-Uxta Eivm Mo 6'J!ui;; nii;; lblai;; ev6n)tai;; xm TJ avti0ECJf) toui;; cutoxt6: aQovia 6nwi;; yivnm
e nJ oxL{t xm to qiwi;;. 0 HoioOoi;; Oev ayvoti 6vo niv
aA.fi0tLa nii;; tv6nitai;; twv avn0twv aU.6. xO:vtL xm x6:n
ax6a: ' Evav tQ6no 0ELOlbmovLx6, cutoblbu O"tli;; OLO:qioQEi;; iQEi;; OLaqioQEtLXEi;; aQttii;;. 0 HQO.xAtnoi;; tou an
ti0ttm blOO:CJXovtCti;; tov 6tL to Ow4JoQrtLx6 EVaQovil;Etm t to 60Lo xm nwi;; TJ $1'Cl1] nii;; x6.0t iQai;; bev E1tLtQbtEL tOV 1tEQl0Ql06 nii;; o' aut6 1tOU nii;; cutobibouv OL
Amxt<; OuoLOmovlti;;. Aut6<; nou l;tQEL 6n to 6ol0 Eivm
EvwCIT] tou 60Lou xm tou av6ol0u 1tQbtEL v' avnrtw;ill;u at6.Qaxoi;; ni blaboxfi twv TJQWv
w,
0 HPAKl\EITOI KAI H <1>11\0I:O<l>IA
135
TEAo;, o HQtitlnw; 1taQ01Jcncil;Et -ct; lhxi; wu rut6ljlL; ltO:vw crta OUQO:vta oWa-ca.
~HA.to;... vio; ttj>' Y/llien tm{v. - El q rjA.to; qv, lvexa
rWv tillwv liOTpwv Vtf>f!6VTJ dv qv. - [. .. .1tpt6Ciou; Wv
6 fjA.to; bri0Tlit11; Wv xa{ mum6; 6piSctv xa{ 6pa6Vetv
xai dva6tXvVVTai xai dvatj>aivnv na6oA.li; xai} Wpa;
at .l'tliVTa tj>ipouat. - (HAm;}. .. EVpo; .1to66; dv8pw.1t1ov. - ~HA.to; ycip oVx V.1tep6qanai iTpa l 6i q, 'Ep1vtie; iv .1ix11; brixovpot i~ropqaovaw. - 'Hoii; xai
fo.l'tipa; Tipara, r, lipxro; xa{ dvriov n}; lipxTOv oilpo;
al8piov .1t6;. - Kara Myov 6i Wpiwv av6d.U.nat
t66oli; xarli aE..lqVTJv, 6iaipeirai 6i xarli rd; dpxTOv;,
d8avlirov MV1j1}; <TtjEfrp. [0 fil.to; ... x0:0t tQa Elvm
vio; (rut. 6). Av bev fi-cav o fil.w;, -c' O:lla O:crtQa 0a
frcav Wx-ca (M. 99). (O fil.w;, xu5Qvfini; xm q>UA.axa;
-cwv 1tQt6bwv, JIQWQ(l;tt, xa-caviu, q>avQWvu Xl CU"COxal.iil't-CEt -ct; na5o>..t; xm) -ct; rnoxii;; Jiov q>iQvouv -ca
:tcivra (M. 100). (0 fiAw;) ... xn w eUgo; av0QW1ttvov
1t00wU (C11C. 3). rta-c( o fiMo; bev j.UtOQEl va UJitQ5Ei -ca
LlhQa WU, l0tfi ea -cov 5gouv Ol EQtvi'.i; JIOU 5oT)00Uv
ni 6.txmoaUvt] (M. 94). Tl]i;; auyfii;; xm ni; E(Jl'tiQa; -ciQa-ca l] O:Qxw; xm avrlxgv <mJV O:gxw 'I d-cga -cov Aa;ttQOU Ala (M. 120). IlifUlxJJVa w v6o -cwv E"t"Wv, lJ
E6boO:Oa tv'E"t"at ni atlt)vl], Otat.Qhm 6w; n;
O:Qxwu;, aaO:vani; vrjT); cnn1(a (M. 126a)].
0 6.i.oyMj;oAaiQ-cw; (IX, 7, 9, 10- D.A l)axoAtO:l;n:
MiAt1a xai yia 6.la ra ycyov6ra .i'tOV av6aivovv OTO
IV;rav ... .1.ev e~yi n frat TO .1t(J1fxov. UOT6oo, iaa
a' avr6 vmit?XOVV axa<j>oet6i; xaraaxroi; .i'tOV ro xo{A.o
ipo; TOv; ivai OT(Jalvo .l't(Jo; eti:; Xt 6.l'tov aS"nJoVTUI 01 A.af.Ul(Ji; ava8vtliat; xai axJJar{S"ovv 41A6)';
.i'tOV ivai r' ti:OTpa. H 4'A6ya TOV qAtov frat 1J mo t/>WTtV1j xai 1J mo Seem) ytari ra ilia liOT(Ja wrfxovv .1t(Jtaa6T(JO wr6 t11 Y1J xai yt' avr6 TO A.Oyo A.ti:f.UlOVV xat SeOTa{vovv Aty6repo. Elm6q 1J aE..lqVTJ Eivat mo XOVT;
136
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A6y~ JWV 'ara{ve1 )(at ipwr{,1 trp1ao6r(JO. 01

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01 cnmipoe16t~ "awcncevi~ arpiipovrat tr~ ra trcivw.
Kat ot 11v1a{e~ ipiroe1~ t11~ UArjV71~ tr(JOipxovrat wr6 ta
o,prj "at ovvexrj xlimJ t11~ cncaipot0o~ "amcncevrj~ t11~
H ipa "at 11 vUxm, ot rjve~. at moxi~ "at ra Xvta,
Ot 6po;ci~ )(al Ot aveot "at rad.l.l.a trap6ota ipmv6eva,
oipdJ.ovrai an~ 611if/>op~ ava9v16oe1~. 'Orav ipAoyi,-
dvat o
rai 11 ipwrtvr1 ava9via01j ioa owv "UxJ.o rov rjAiov,

611wvpyei t11 ipa "1 6Tav /ft)(pard 11 avr{fJT11 ava9viamJ. trii/>ret 11 vUxra. Ki 6rav av~6vt 11 'iOTT/ trov
6yaive1 wr6 t11 AcitprJ, ipxerm TO fJi(JO~ "1 6rav 11 vypaaia trov tr(JOipxerat atr' ro cncorli61 trAeovci,1, r6r ipipVt TO xe1Wva. Me rov (Ow r(>6.iro mrwA.oyei )(at ra d.l.l.a
ipa1v6eva. 'Oao yia t11 Y1), Oev e;t/yei )(afJ6Aov trota eivai 11 ipUmJ t11~ o6r "at n ivm ot cncmf>016ei~ "aracncevi~. Avri~ Aom6v rjrav ot wrOtpn~ TOU.
0 'IDLDi; dvm w OIJELo trot.I oxotriit l'J aareovola
W\J Hg6:tlt1:0\J, 6trwi; otTJV ltOOo)..oyLa X\JQl.ClQXd l'J iwi:i.6:. 0 i}).LDi; dvcu I') ovgO:vta ogiit Tr]i; iwn6.i; aui:6 i:ov
lHvt Tr]V rcegO..atrQI') VtrQOXii 1:0\J trO:vw at' 6.iJ..a 6.atga.
Avi:6i; iwi:L!;.t, avi:6i; !;,atalvt "at oe!;.t 1:Li; rnox:ti; i:ou
xe6vot1. EVat )(QLVOt'JQYLOS x.6.0 tea. Q i}J..wi; dvm
x.6:0 tea xatvoilQYtoi; ol.ov&n o Hg6:"ALi:oi; ai; HL
xcu trwi;: "cifJe ipa eivat 6ota "cifJe ci.l.l.11 (IVExai;,
EttwwAai, 12, 7 - D.A 106). Avi:6 dvm ai..i}0La i6oov
i:a avd0na VWvovtm. H xooo).oytxit "aL aotQOVotxft
mi.bpi') wv HeO.iliti:ou lvat 0 vrctgi:aw 6a06 lfOLl'J1:Lxft, '5'1J}.abft M]Lo\JQYL"it H rcotl')nxft aUlll'J1.l'l'J Tr]i; eoili;
1:WV 'IJ.EQ<.Ov, TCOU otO.!;.ow I') I.Cl. Tr]\' fill'), 001wL ato
6ea.a V6i; i}).tou trov ivat x.6:0 tga "mvot'JQYi.oi;. H
V6Tr]i:a i:wv avrL0twv Lvcu V6Tr]i:a foa a' tva axai:O.trauoro y(yvo6m.
ITWi; trOQl o ft}.LOi; va xn 1:0 6Qoi; EV6i; av0Qtiimvov
rcOOtot'J; .6.V ~tQOU. . rcma ouiea!;.6.Va utW0r)xE
avi:6. 'lowi; o Hg6.tlti:oi; i}6}. va TCl moi; arc6 Tr] oxomO. i:ou av6gWrcov o i}Atoi; ipaivcra1 iaeMi; 6oo dvat tva
av6gWmvo rc6'5L. H $Q6.0l'J i:ov AQlat01:).I') (I1Epi 1J.'vxr)(.
~ll)X M)0,\03lt3~ 119 nai'~ (101' 'O.Ol DCIWI} ,l 1DX cniO<;>X Mil
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ltw 1Dl)3l3fl01'0l So11J'(X;>OH o Snouq:iOijAD Snow OOAIJ1'
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1DAJ3 .noA9iJX no1 5~Xoqmq 5lu DXD'(!).4> mx 010!).X ADO
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pilo:ini '5911004> Slu vrlroCli'AD4i mAp n.ou S01'(~ o 1x 'nilv,
(t>9 :iro) ~4>00 1Vl)3'{DXOlm 911roq, lt 5oou 13Q 5D'(91X 311noX
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noAU tov 6.v8QW;tO, a/J..Ct !;tgn xm 6n o O:v0gumoi;; m

o-roxCd~nm. Avtl va itgo66:Atl tov 6.v0gwxo mo oii.n:av.
61..bm tov ltv0gumo .E:aa moui;; x6Movi;; i:ou IU.1Cavtoi;;
o crtaxao6i;; -cov Elvm m mJU.11""1i:wv01J.n:avm1:Wv 6eoWv. H oocf>(a wv i]Awv cf>(J)"[l~n tov Ctv8QW;tO xou tov
uuUoy(~E'tal. noAU UQY6i:EQ<l, 0 KodQVtXOi;; ea 66:An
mv 6.vOQW:rtO va JtEQtITTQtcticrm rUew (ll"[' i:ov t]A.w xm o
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O He6.xAttror; Un irwr; 6, n y{vETat rov l'j.lt0 yivrmt
xm 11 U/ ocll'jV1j. Avrd: ra 60Tea fxouv axfla axtufxmlitr;, Ofxovrm nr; ).61J1Etr; wr6 nr; vyeir; ava8vuiaeir; H.t
EXJriJCovv </HJJr; yta r71v 6ea01J. To tpwr; rov l'jA.wv Eivat
).anp6upo E.Jlt61j avr6r; xivdrot ioa o' tvav mo xa8ap0 aipa avr{8cra, T/ ot.hjVJ7, nov xtvEiTmiaa o' tva 80-
.M aipa, t/Jalvnm xm mo Baml ... H WEt1"T/ oq,ED.rmt

ITT1J atf'<XPr'/ rovq axm/xm&JUq, hat Ware ro xoD.o i(JOq
va 6plaxnm arpatvo npoq ro n6vw xm ro xvpr6 npoq
ra x6rw, an" T1/ O"XO.Jrt6 nov .eiq ro 6J..brovE. 4>valxlt,
llF:V Jto{.KWE va itQO<JbLOgloouE n dvm mrrCt ta mmcponllft. 'H611 (1]'[6 Tl'JV EJtoXTI ExE(VT) 0 b.lOytvl]; 0 Aatgno; itagMovl6tav JtOU o Hg6.ililto; bi;v lllvEl eS1JriiO'ElS. Ta XQYIO'lDJtOlEl yla va eS1Jriion xwgl; 6w; va E~
yel avt6. ta lllla. Exelvo JtOU l;tgoue ym ta O'XClcj>oElllfi
JtEQLOQl~Etm oe Alyootlt itg6.yara: O'Uv0houv Tl') ogcpft
tOU fti..LOU, Tl'JS adi]Yl]; xm tWV WJ..wv ltatgwv, xm Ol XOlA6Tl')tt; i:ou;, 61t0u ouyxVrgtllvovrm m Aaitgt; ava9ulCtan; xm Jtagltyouv ii..6ye;, dvm O"l.IVT)0w; otgaivE;
JtQOS -co lllx6 a; igo; O"t1] lll6.QXElU i:wv EtlEl\j.IEWV ta
oxaioet.llft e[vm crrerriva itgo; -ca itO.vw. Miptw; JtQtJtEl va -ca ctiavmcrroUe aav iva dllo; 6Ugxa;; OoAoyol.iE, i:Ao;, itw; lie iwtlaaE -co v61]a i:ou M6xguiou
Morut6.aaro; 126a Jtou 6e6mWvEl 6tl xani ).6yov Of
Wptwv ov6dllcrat t6&J6~ xar6 .EEAr)vriv... O agl06;
Eii:Q itagouatit~"tat i:foaEQl; cpogt; ata i:taaega atltbm
139
TOU OEATJVWKOiJ ~va ltOU tO Ka0va <IJ'COtEAltm <IJ'C6

uJitcl QEr;. I:tov ClQl06 E$tcl xouv <IJ'Cofu0El Kcl0E Elbour; lbl6'tlJtEr;, :rt.x. <IJ'C6 tour; :rtu0ay6QEtour;, bV n:oeoUE 6wr;, ' aut6 tov xMym t{IO;to, va qrtoouE OE
m ltQOXWQTJvtj Katav&rJOTJ autoU tou aqilfioAou <IJ'CooxO.oator;.
Ta ux6AoLJia 6.crrQCl Eivm mo <IJ'Coaxguotva <IJ'C6 TI]
YTI Km yl' aut6 b(vouv Aly6tEQlJ !;0TI] KQl Aly6tEQO qiwr;.
T l'tatQa Eivm $A6yEr; ltOU bt)lOUQYOUvtm E TI] aun:UKVUlOTJ twv Aan:gWv ava0uuloEOrv. flt.lljam .m1e6q t6
tiat(Ja (T' O:atQa dvm aun:uKvtlioElr; $wnitr;], ar; AEl
o Atnor; (II, 13, 80.A 11). Ait6 :rtoU 6ya[vouv au"ttr; Ol
ava0ul6.oElr; xou tQO<l>obotoUv UJ $A6ya 'tWV l'tatgwv;
Ait6 TI] YTI ~ <IJ'C6 TI] 0filaooa; 0 h-lO)'Evr)r; o Aatgnor;
(IX, 9) ar; EixE blMSEl xwr; 6"taV lJ iwn6. :rtUKV<irvEl, y(VEtQl QWan], Kl 6tav a!;EUEtm, y[vEtm VE{IO, Kl 6tav 'tO
VEQ6 miSEl, Eta66:llum OE YTI - au"t6r; Elvm 0 bQ6or;
:rtou KQ'tE6a(Vff lJ YTI nfill Savaylvetm gruon') Kl <IJ'C' aun]v ylvEtm to VEQ6 Kl <IJ'C' "to VEQ6 6Aa "ta ux6AoLJia. fla'tl
ava$QEl :rtwr; 61..a oXEb6v 1tQOEQXovtm <IJ'C6 tlJV ava0u[aOT) nov 6yaLVEl <IJ'C' TI] 0filaooa - Kl am:6r; E(vm o
bQ6or; nov ave6cxlVEl. Ol ava0ulMElr; nQOQX0vtm "t6oo <IJ'C6 TI] YTI 6oo Kl <IJ'C6 TI] 0filaooa, O:llEr; Aan:EQr; Kat
Ka0agr; Kl O:llEr; OKO'tElVtr;. ME nr; Aan:EQtr; auSO.VEl lJ
$wwl KQl E nr; O:llEr; lJ uygaola. M~nwr; ngbtEl va Ka"tai..a6ouE 6n Ol ava0uuloElr; nou 6yalvouv <IJ'C6 TI] YTI
Eivm Aan:EQEr; Kat t{IOiQbo"toUv TI] 4>w"tul 'tUlV l'tatQWV,
evW Ol ava0ulMElr; nou 6ya(vouv <IJ'C6 TI] 0filaooa Eivm
OKoulvr; Km QOCl>obo'toUv UJV uyQO.o(a; Km ylm( Ol
Aan:EQr; Km oxouwr; ava0ulMnr; va T]V avabUovtm
au"t6xgova <IJ'C6 TI] YTI Kl <IJ'C6 TI] 0filaooa;
Elvm abUvato va Ka"tai..~Sn KaVE(r; Kiutou. n{IW"ta ym'tl, 6nwr; ar; AEl o h-lO)'Evr)r; o Aatgnor;, o Hg6.KM:nor;
bev EK0tn "tLltO"ta E oai~vna. 'EltEna ymtl Elvm mQl006tEQO Kl <IJ'C6 bUoxoAo v' avaauvBfoEl Kavdr; m KoooAoylK~ Kl aotQOVOlK~ 0EWQla E TI] 6ofi0Ela <IJ'C001tQo6."tUlV "t6oo ooKauivwv. TO.Or; yla"tl Kem] tov HQO.xli.Eno (D.L., IX, 8) y{yveo8a{ YE ncivra xai' ivavr16n1-
140
KOITA:E A:::EAQ:E
ra xa{ (>iv rO: OJ.a JroraoV 6{xFjV. H x6.0E crtlyi] na-
't"Qbtnm xm y[vnm w avti0rc6 ni;, Xl o bv6or; lTOV

aV1JljiopiCet xat JW'll]c/IOIJiCet dvm o i6wr;. ngbtn 6.w;
va 1tQOO:rta0tjoou va xa'taMl6out:, oAov6tL 6QLox6a-
crtE .;rtgocrtCt m: Ouo avd0nE<; OCJSoy(>aiu1.t<; agtuglt:<;.

0 AE-rto<; (II, 17, 4 xm 28, 6-D.A 11xm12) 6e6m<.iwn:
T' O:ur!?f? r{Jcxpofurotlvrm rur6 'll]V ava9viaatj ;rov
6yaivEt rur6 ni Y11 {O rjJ.wr; xat 'I oclitvtJ] Mxovrm nr;
A<ilpnr; rwv vypWv ava8vtciO'EWV. KL o 6.toyM}; o
AatQ<LO<; (IX, 9-0.A 1): 6A.a axe&\v ra tj>mv6eva ra
avciyn (o HptfaJ.nror;) OT7]V ava8via071 ;rov 6yaivn wr'
rq 8&A.aoua ... ot J.aJrepfr; ava9vteionr; av.mixvWvovrat xm lTU(>ayovv ljiJ.6yer; .1l"DV dvm r' ciOTpa.
H xooLxij Otabumola elvm 'l ax6Aou0tj: $UJn6., at(>a<;, Y'J. VEg6 VEl}O, Y'J, atga<;, q)(ln:ui. To xa0tva a:n:' aut6. "ta ITTDLXid JtOQEL V' aQXlDEl xm va "tEA.E:tWon tOV
xoouu'> xUxf..o .;rtogoilE va crta0oU 0 x6.0E xglxo autii<; TI!<; al'H6.xoJtT]<; aAuolba<;. 0 b.lO'(ivr)<; o Aat(>TLO<;
0EUJ(>d ta OV(>O.vLa oUia(>a Jt(>Ol6vta tUJV f..anE(>Wv avaevuioEUJV TI!<; 0tif..ClOOU<;, ytatl to Vt:{_>6 dVUl La IJO(>qriJ
TI!<; q>wtu:i<; aq>oU Etat(>f:JtEtUl OE Y'1 XL hm obl]yd !;avO.
OTT] ium0.. 0 Atno<; CJttxEtm ITTDV X(>Lxo TI!<; Y'1 XL cmoOlbt:L TII f..O.'l"J twv 0.ITT(>WV ITTl<; uy(>f:<; ava0ul0.ot:L<;.
EEL<; 1t(>OoJta0oUt: va ll'l iEiiyt:L noi:t cm6 Ta 6.na a<;
oi..60..l](>O<; o 0(>6o<; tou ylyvt:08m xm va T]V xa6r)AWvout: xO:n:om cm' n<; crnyE<; tou ii xO:n:oLo cm' ta CJtCtbul
toU. 0t:W(>Wvta<; ta 6.0"t(>a t:XbT]Atii0t:L<; tT]<; cpwn6.<;, avnct(l)1tll;ouE blaAExnxO. to bi..nf..6 nmtylOL tUJV ava0uuloEUJV EJtub~ !;t(!OuE 6n Tli tJ!VX{Ui 8i~ai, 6Ee6v
111Uxe-rm, Vye<)v aVaive-rm, xavlf>aAiov
voTi~e-rat
(wr.
126).
:Eta 6.0"t(>a avrjxouv xm Ol acrtt:(>Lool. 0 H(>O.xAt:LTO<;
cruE(>ll;l'nav TII Aat(>t:La TI!<; a{_)xm6Til"ta<; ym n<; bUo
'A(>XtOU<; (126a) xm o' autt<; cmOOLbt:L TOV a{_)L06 E<jnti
H xa0t:LCt cmoTdEhm cm6 E<j>t6. 6.crt(>U, JtO(>t:L 6Ul<; '1
cm60oori tou U(>L0oU EitCt va ELxt: xO:n:ow 6a0Utt:(>D
v6rja. To cm6onaoa nou t.i..6.u yLa Jfoiiq xai mrteaq
rivara (120), tono0nWvta<; autCt TU Tt(>a"ta, TI!<;
O HPAKAEITOI KAI H <l>IAOIO<l>IA
141
JtQWTJ]::: m11 \1EycikT) 'AQXTO xm TT)c; bEiiTEQflc; OTTJV Jib:Qa

tou >0m 1~,,1 ~in", bE ac; 601')00 va xaTal.ci:6ouE Tl
teoQOUOf \ (' ' I \'ut uunj .., Jtb:Qa. :::tQOUE JtWc; T) 001') TT)c;
Elvm crto mr1Huo OT)Eio TT)c; MYci:Aric; 'AQXTOU. 0
Burnet (3) v11ui~n nwc; !;Qn 6Tt J] nhQa auT"fi bdxvn TOV
ogl!;ovra, o Di..:h (4) TO axn"lovut6 'Okuito XL o Gigon
(5) bEV niv toJiofltTEi >i.1i:rnu tJto0b:ovrac;, 6xL abLxmoA.6'(1l'fa, 6n b11MlivE1 f\'U\' uotgovoLx6 6QO xou ac; dvm
6:yvwcrtoc;.
0 Hg6.xkntoi;: 0.11m xm ym 'fOV OUQav6 yEVLxci. 0
AQLcrtO'ftlT)i;: (llEp( Ovpavoti AIO, 2796, 12) yQ6.m: 6-
Aoi 6Etfotalvovv 6n (o ovpav6i;-) fxEt bJ7tov{>')'118EI wt"

rrJ any~ 6w~ HOV bqtovpyrjlh)xE, &.uot mOTEtiovv Hwi;Eivat malvto~ Xt cUJ.ot Hwi;- Eivm q>Ba(>T6i;-, 6.Jtw~ uv6a(vn xme xci8E cUJ.q q>voix* 6qwvpy(a. Avr{8ETa, cUJ.ot
VJfOCJtll(J(C'ovv Hwi;- E(Vat q>8apt6i;- <iU.oTE E TOtiTO TOV
rfWJto Xt 6llorE Jl TOV 6llo xm HW~ mwv(wi;- avr6 y{vETat, 6.Jtwi;- mOTEtiovv o EJrE6oxA*i;- o AX(>ayavr(vo~ xm
0 HpcixAEtTO~ 0 Eq>iot09>. Km 0 Ab:Loc; (II, 11, 4-D.A
IO): 0 ll<Zf!EV(6qi;- Xt o HpchcAEtro~ AtvE 6n o ovpav~
Eivat q>nayfvoi;- ax6 q>wnr:ho. H OEUnQll auT"fi aQWQla
ltQOO$EQEl TO l'CUQci0Lya me; E/;aLQE'TLxci EX'tEVoUc; EQT)vda:;; tot :rwc; Omw0av&mv o HQciV.nroi;: TT) tp<i.rnci:
a$oU 6A.a Eivm $0.rnci XL mpoU 'ta 6.crtQa Elvm $k6yEi;:,
"t6u XL o otgav6c; ltQbtEL va dvm $wnCi. 0 AQLcrtOl:O..T)c;
a~ ltli.T)QO$OQEl 6n, xaT6. TOV HQCiiliLTO, 0 OUQV6c; ElV(U xm $flQT6c; XQL mWvLOc;" $0UQT6c; f.l'tELb~. 6vrac; cm6
$(ltu:l, UltaxoUn cmiv axa"tCircauOTT) JiogEla rwv xooLX(;,.., aaoQ$WOEWV xm OTT) olQa TWV 'fT)CiTO.rv TOU
l:U.n:avroc; mWvlOc; f.l'tEtb~ T) $wtLCi Elvat OLWVlwc; !;wvravl1. To mwvlw~$0aQr6c;" rou llE('i OvvavoV 0a .-coQOUOE va OT)a(vn ltWc; ot E"taoQ<l>Wonc; JIOU obmoUv
om avrl0ETci wuc; dvm mWvtEc;. actioU xCiBE XQ'fOOTQo$~
bivEt TT) 00T) TT)<; OE ta XOLVOUQyta bLa6Q$WOT).
0 6Loyvric; o AaEgnoc; ac; ElXE 66at.tiloL ltwc; o HQCtxAnwc; Orv E!;T)yEl TT) $UOT) au"toU JIOU JIQt66.llit xm JtEgL[xEL TOV x6oo. Aur6 JtOU JIEQLtxEt 'fOV x6oo Eivm
uvayxacrnxci o OUQC1v6c;; 1a(vnm &n atT6 l'COU JtEQL6ci:A-
142
KQl:T AI AE:EAOI
AH i:ov xOOo EiVat i:o crun:avnx6 ltEQtxov l'tOU ltEQtxEl

ux6a )(at 'tOV OUQUV6, )(Qt ltOU bcv E(vat WJ.o wt6 l'tE
cittxov.
H >UcrtJ TI]S Y'ls: Oev El;l]yd'tat. H Y'1 dvat t:va wt6 rn
tioOEQQ ITTOl.XE(a Kt dvat Dt(CITJS. Kat KUQLws. 0 't6:1tos
6nou ouOalvEt w av0QWmvo OgOa. H autQovOia
ltQOOEhUEt no/..U ltEQtOo6'tEQO 'tOUS ClQXatKoUs utoXautts
wt' onomOftnm:E WJ.11 EJtlutfi11 TilS Y'lS 'Onws xat va
'XEt, Q$ELA.ouE va :1taQCt6XtoUe nws o HQOilit'tOS n(utUE cillov 6n Tl Y'1 fiav EJtiJtE611 Kat l'tWS bcv TilS wtt6t0E axita o>atQtx6.
'EnEtrn wt6 ns oxtljlns mivw OTIJ >UOTJ Kat o y(yvEo8at 'tOU l:U;.utavtos, axo/..ou8oUv ot cvOEL!;ns yta 'tOV
fi/..to, ni oEAfiVTJ xat ta un6Aouta OutQa xa8Ws xat yta ni
Y'l TiAos, EQX6autE uta 8tarn nou ava>tQovtat uttS
tiooEQtS rnoXts, OTIJ tga xat OTIJ vUxrn Kat OE ogtohra
E'tEWQO/..oytKO >atv6cva. Ot 'tioOEQtS rnoXts ou
xQ6vou xt o Qu86s nis evallay{js ous >aiVEtat 6tt au/../..aOclvovtm agxEtO EVxo/..a. l:triv ngayanx6tTjta, Mo
6aotKtS EJtoX~S unOexouv: o xnw:ivas xm to KaAoxa(Qt.
XnWvas xm xal.oxalQt dvat a!;EXWQtuta avti8Eta. 0
gu06t; nis Evallay{js i:ous un6KEttat OE Mo E(Orj E!;aioEwv ii ava0utcloEwv yta ttS oooiES as tM. o 6toytvT]s
o AafQtios (IX, 11). Ynclexotrv ava0ut0oEtS Aan:EQts
xt avaAl'~uO:oEtt; oxotnvts nou 6ya[vouv to' wt' ni Y'1
xat n1 tJUi.unoa. Ot Aan:EefS avaltuuions OrjtoUQYOitv
ft>(l f;cnilxuvcni TilS SiOTIJS xm >Qvouv to xaAoxaigt, cvW
01 oxOTnvt; ava0ut6:ons au!;O.vouv TI]V uygaola xat
>tgvouv to xn.Wva. 'Etot, to xatcl :1tEQt66ous nmxvlOt
i:wv avtttJEtwv brjtOUQYEl mv aK6i..oulh] 6ta0txaoia:
Aan:Q6TI]ta - tOTIJ - xal.oxa(Qt, 611Aa0ft UltEQaxfl TI]S
>wn6.s oxotn v6trita - uyQao(a - xnWvas. 611Aa6fi
UltEQoXfi 'tOU VEQoU. To tmr6 E(Vat utyv6 )(Qt to KQ\!o
uyQ6 to tvu na6WJ..um auvfXWs naLQVovtat; Til og>fi
tou 6.Mou, a>o\! i:o xQUO ylvtat tEut6, Kat to tEut6
ztilo, i:o uyQ6 uteyv6, to uteyv6 uyQ6. 0 EJtoXtax6s Qu811("1: Ol'VbtUttat e 'tO QU86 tOU fiAtou. 0 fiAtos. ciatQO
~ .... \'tllltoUxo f][EtOfi wtOtEAEi Til >wtEtvt') ExbfiJ..10011 r11;
0 HPAKAEITm: KAI H <l>IAOIOCZllA
143
iwn0.i;, :n:eotawtm ans taTeorcEi; TOll xaloxatetoii aE

XftUwa xat toll xniliva OE xaAoxa(eL 0 ijl..LOS ll:rt6xn'tat O'tT)V aAT]U.ouxia 'twv ava0uulaEwv iJ i)m:ui; dvat
aut6; JtOU xatEu0UvEt 'tlJV JtEQtobixi) E>6.Vt01'] 'tWV E.i<OxWv; To wt00Jtaaa 100, oA.ov6n EV teEL wt6xQll<(lO,
as A.EEL :n:oA.U awcrtO. 6n O i)A.to<;, xu6Eeviinis xat 41UA.axas 'tWV JtEQt6bwv' JtEQIOQl!;.El' xa"tav[EL, cj>avEtKi.JVEl Xl
curoxaA.iim:Et ns Em6oA.t; xm ni; EJtoxEi; Jtou ttifevouv
ta x6.vta. 0 i)A.to; wt' 'ti] ta bi]LOuQYEl'tat cm6 ni; A.aJtQti; ava6ut0.arn; x1 wt' niv 6.ll.TJ Eivm t6:rto; 6Jtou
auyxEvteWvovtat ot axoutvf.::: uva6ut0.aEL;. Taut6xeova, Xll6Eev6.Et niv axoA.oll0iu T1ov EJtoxWv. rta va m xataA0.6ollt: au't6 bEV l"CQbtEHtotE va ;qvO.E :n:wi; 6Aa ta
xootx.6. >mv6t:Va fyouv Evuv xm 6vo xotv6 rcaeovoaati), ni 41wn6:. Ot allayEi;: TYJS 4Jwtt6.i;: Elvat Jtoll xa0oelt;ollv ' allt6 tOV 'tQ6l"CO, fo' wt' TO l"Cat;(v(fo tWV avt(0E'tWV bllv6.auv XQl O'tOlXElluV. 6i.Es w; uJt6A.outES allay;. H JtOQEla tou i)A.wu 1CQO.:'.: TO N6To au.TCiJttEt E to
xaA.oxa(et, xm JtQOS to Boee11, t: to xELWva.
Tt; EVallayE; nis TJEeas xu1 tl]S Wxcas, ns allTJA.ouxLcs twv fJvWv xat twv xQ6vwv. ns E;(Et axE$td o HeO.xA.ctto; ' E\oav avW..oyo tg6Jto. H uxc{.K)Xi) nis A.aJteiJs
ava0uLaCJl]s iaa crtov xUxA.o tou i)A.tou yEVV6.EL ni Eea.
'1 uJtceoxfl nis axotctvi); ava0ulaCJ1];, ni Wxta. MEea
xat Wxta cxcj>eO:t;ouv niv lb ta btabtxaala: cmo-tEA.oiiv Eva
ne6.ya.
Ot i)vc; Elvat oEl.fJvtaxol xm CJl]abriiovtat wt6 n;
l]VtalES 416:0Et; nis OEA.i)vt'ji;, JtOll xa0oel!;.ovtat wt6 'tlJV
xlVT)OT] toll oxacj>oELboVi; 'tlJS H XQOVt6. wto'tEl.Eltat wt6
360 EV6Trju; l]EQWv xat vuxtWv. H 'wn6. tou i)A.tou xatru0Uvn TT)V EVallayiJ TWV ETWv. H JtW..l] tou A.a.TCEQOU
xat 'tou oxotnvoii, '1 aeovia tO\I 4Jwt6i; xm tou ax6toui;
- '1 XEV'tQlXi) oxtipTJ tOU HeO.xA.cttO\I JtOU O't0;(6:1;ctat TO
/\6yo - <l>wttCt - bLvouv ni Mvai) tou; mo xoatx6
rcatzylbt.
H 6eoxiJ x1 ot 6.vEot, o xceauv6; x1 '1 umga..-ri) 11uY-0Uouv o' ctl'tk n; btov6:n;. 0 Ahwi;: (III. 1. IJ-D \ 1 1)
fHI; ;i:A.fJQO$OQEl O HQcixJ.nroq 'A.lei mo; o Y.f(JIU"\, - ,1,
144
KQI:T Al: AE:EAOI:
wv(>yEirat wr6 nr; H(>iurpcnptr; rwv avtwv 1'at TW\'
atlvve.pwv xt wr6 ra XTVH~ara rwv avtwv Hcivw orn

oVvveqm oi aurpwr:tr; orpt:iJ..ovr:m OTJJV awiAt:~'I rwv
ava8vi6.oewv xm 01 :;rvpaxrwiver;, 8t!Mt:r; (l'tQTJOTI)QES) mo O.vaa Mm ro o6~010 rwvoVvvt:.pwV. 0 xuxALx6o; bp6oi; itou aVl')lOQll;u xaL xaT11<t>oell;L yVV6.t:L, e
TI] OllOJtElQW<J'f) twv oxon:LvWv xaL uyeWv ava0uuioewv,
toui; avtoui; xm tll; 6QoXto; xm 1] O'\JOl'tLQWaTJ aun] naeyu XaL tOV XQOUv6 6tav 1J tvracn) Tl'JS 'tilVEL 0 thoto
OTJ.Elo Won va bl]LoueyEL l'tQLbLvt]oui;. T11v ana crnyfi
(Eatw xL av xemoUoe 6vo tva bwne6AEJ1o) n:ou m
ava0uuioui; crt"(VWvouv xaL :rmlgvouv 'wtL6., IJ aertga-
m'J
!;eaxLl;u rov x6oo. To civaa xaL w o6f)oLo Twv

aUvvelwv yVVoUv Tl') 6UeUa, IJ onola ' aur6 l"OV tQ6n:o
1tQayaton:ouo(, ' 6A1] Tl')S Tl') 6La, Tl')v aiJ.1JAooitagaoo6VIJ
EV6TI)ta rwv trnoci.gwv O'tOLXt:lwv.
O :rtoLIJrfio; TI'JS n:gcinIJi; aexaLOnjtai; NlxavbQOi; o KoA.oiWvLoi; JtaQaatalvu, xfutwi; Ef..Ei>BEQa Elvm aA~BELa,
TI'JV xoooAoyla xaL TI'J .EteweoAoyla tou HelixAutou (AAe5tcipmm, 171-D.A 14a):
xal tE m'.i y' 0.yAEtixT]V 66:q1aLi; l6EVta 06Aaooav,
~v tE xal 0.t.Ei>ELV 0.vEmi; it6QV 'EvvoolyaL~
oUv JtuQL xal yciQ b~ t6 ;rrvoati; cruvM.vataL
X0Qai:i;
itUQ .v O.Ei:l;wov xm O.xUvetov heeoev iibwe
itQYEatai;, xal Q' ~ .v ltxoo~Eooa, 'LAOQytji;
beoit6l;u vriWv t xm tq,Boetwv atl;T]Wv,
\\AT] b' fxBoivom Jtl.IQ6i; xat{t 0eo6v itxoUu.
Km o axoAmon)i; JtaQatT]QEl (D A 14u): Av '1 Bd.1.aooa 1cai 11 ipwwi eivat u.irobovJ..w~1Ev~ otov; aviovq, avr6 yivdat xcip17 oe xdlro10 Bf1'6 wi~m. 6.irwq ro ixe1 .irn
1'1 o H126.xJ..e1m~ 0 H. (JEJ..e1 w1 i'Jei5t ' avr6 .irw~ 6J..a
m H(>ciyam_Fivm avriBera. ro Eva oto d.Uo ... Ta .irAoiu
dvm v.iroray,11iva OTT} Bd.1.aooa 1'at ot7J cj)wnci m St!Ao
0 HPAKl\ETTm: KAI H 4>11\0I:O<l>IA
3.
145
IxbpEt~
TIX~
.m'.lvw O'f11 <fJwmvtl - OXOTEtvtl 111?axJ.EtxoaoAoy{a
H KoaoAoyla tou H[>6.xAELtOU 6y6.!;L auvqWi; C1TIJV

Em<S>ciVELa to A6yo tou K6aou, to <S>wi;TI)i; <S>iiO'f)i;, KL au-t6
.n:oAii rtE(>LOa6tE(>O cut' 6,n bV e~yel I\ bev auva[>oi..oyEl
to T)xavm6 tou aii.xavroi;. H axbvTJ LA.cl rt6.vtotE TI)
yAWaaa 'tOU A6you KL EbW .. ay6.m) TIJS aoqilai; O'f)aLVEL:
au<S>wvla wv x6ao, E TI)V oLAoUaa aoqila tou crii
.xavtoi;. 0 K6aoi; ElvOL K6aoi; umbl\ (VOL tci1;11: '1
axtlpl] bev avnEtwrtl!;EL .n:oti iva xa0ag6 xoi; ywd 6vo o K6aoi; JtO(>Ei va auiJ..114>0EL 0 K6aoi; 4>0VE[>WvEL
TI)V a(>ovla 'tWV avtm0Eevwv EVt6.aewv. 0 Burnet,
aKoAou0Wvrai; 'tOV Bernays, uxoy(>al!;EL ' EXLovi) 6n
a(>ovla O'f)a(vEL Jt(>W'tO(>XLxci OOfi (6). 'A[>a, '1 K[>utVT) O(>ov{a wu aU.xavtoi;, 'l aaii>wVT) aucf>wv{a wu,
a.n:onAEi taut6X(>OVa KOL Til boI\ tou. H boI\ autl\ elvOL
KOL T) bofi 'tTJS oA6nJtai;: ElvOL m liuvaLKI\ LOO(>QO.n:la
6rtou ta rnLt(>oui; EivOL urtowytva O'tO 6Ao, a4>oii au"t6
to 6A.o bV EivOL w cutmEAeaa Lai; cutAfii; JIQi>atlEO'f)i;
'tWV O'tOLXElwv JIOU to a.n:oteAoUv aJJ.6. La V6TI)ta 6xou
'l aJJ.ayl\ .n:ou yLVE'tOL O'tO Eva t[>Oi; EXL4>i(>EL La Eta6okl\ nii; oA6nJai;, E4>6aov w 'OAo EivOL am6 JIOU bLu0UvEL TI) auva(>oyl\ 61..wv 'tWV rnLtQOui; KL cutoa.n:aaanxci:lv <S>mvoivwv.
:rniv a(>oVLKI\ xlVT)OfJ tou K6aou OvtLatOLXEl - {mwi;
'to AiEL T) ooAoyia "WU cut. 50 - T) axti.irrJ JIOU 6(,>icxE'tOL
CJE KlVT)O'f). ato .n:o"tll1 'tOU X(>6vou KOL CJtll <S>umxl\ QOI\ avtLCJtOLXEi to l;rn'.iA1ya TI)i; axE:1.pT]i;. H aV0[>WmVI] axilpT)
bV ElvOL ai..T)0Lvl\ KOL ao<S>I\ itO(><l Ovo aav E:x<S>(>OO"l'J TI)i;
aAl\0Ewi; KOL nii; ao<S>lai; tou I:ii.xavroi;. I:U.xav, axti.irrJ
KOL civ0(>WJioi; u.n:axoUouv atov lblo [>U06 TI)i; bLaAEK'tlxfii; itOU "ta .n:E(>LEXEL. H av0[>WmVT) axE\j)T) u.n:axoiiEL CJtllV
JI(>6axAT)OfJ tou x6aou KOL Kanu0UvE"tOL ax6rtLa rtQOi;
tT) criilJ..T)lpl\ tou. H <l>iiO'f) a.n:oKaAii.n:'tE'tOL ata cina twv
av0[>WitwV JIOU l;t(>OUV v' avolyouv ta Una toui;. To bLaJIE(>OCTtLK6 6Aia rtou OOT)yEl CJtllV aAT)0Lvi) axElPTJ bE 0AEL va auiJ..ci6EL tov x6ao $UaLxci ii u0oi..oyLK<i bev
146
KQITAI: AEEAOI:
rov traxl!;rt allCt iteoona8r( va rov crollCt6Et CJtTjV oA.6TI')tO: TOU.
H t8o0or; TI')<; xoooi..oytxl]r; axt'Vrlr; tou Heclxkrnou

bEV dvat oirrr ava).ututr) oliu auv8nunJ allcl btWxnxrJ xat T] 01.(l}.rxnxfi axbpT] ayxW.ui!;rt avayxaatu1.Ct nr;
onyi:r; TT]<; crucf>wvlw; xat nr; ewytr; -rwv bu1iwvuilv. 6.r
xencl!;E'tw va btruxetvioou. ax6a u1 cf>oeCt mor; 6Wt
aum( Ol AlotTOUQYlXO( 6em TT]<; "YXeOVYJr; OXE\VT]r; -
6mur;: ava:AUOT), aUv8EOt], E8obor;, ax6a xm l1LW..rxrn1.1]

- x6.vouv TT]V 11eaxA.Etnx1] mtbpT] va xAElvE'tat .toa o'
tva xW..OUm nou xaeaoe'f>Wvrt -u1 xaeaXTT]QlO'ttX6: TIJ<;.
H rieaxA.E:tnxTj EV6TI')Ta xrt atQxo tTJ<; tTJV oWTI')Ta, bEV
dvm 6wr; nod 0AoxA11ewtvr), OEV cutOTEAri nod tvav

tEAtx6 axox6, yun( atour; x61.Jrour; TT]<; EXbT]AWvovtcIL
tQaytxEr; avn8Eani;, OL lbtrr; avn8foLr; nou eu8l!;ouv w
ylyvro8at wu :EUxavtor;.
0 XfyxU.., nou cri:axO:!;ELm m'.14>wva TOV TQtabtx6
eu86 TI')<; bun)r; tou OtW.rxnxr)r;, yeO:cjm mor; ax6a xm
crtov HeCixkElTO 6Aa dvat TQl00lX6TT)TCl, OUOlOOTlXTj
evOTT)Tct (7). Yn6:QXl crt' ai..Tj8la m TQlnt".ilxTj Olai..rxnxl'j crtov He6:x1lTO; 'Exou.r w; OutoALxti;: avn8toni;:
(n6:vw-x6:TW, exfi-d:Aoi;:, o6vOla-0l:(6vOta) Xctl TT)V miAT) wui;: TauTO)'.eova txou.r niv aQovia nii;: ev6TT)T6:i;:
wui;:. H aeovLxTj evOTT)m 1CQlixl ni;: avn8toni;:, xweli;:
' auT6 xal va ni;: or.T)Oevi'.!;n. H evOTT)Ta foa cut6 niv
TQtabtxOTT)m ri'.vm m OUOTI)anxl'j xat boyanxl'j tbia,
evW 'I 8rWeTJOTJ nii;: evOTT)Tai;: foa crtti;: avn8forti;: cutoeetrL cut6 la oxtlPTJ noAU mo aexmxl'j, nou avo(yn tva
0Q6o nou niv o&]yd neoi;: TT) buinAaOT) ev6i;: cutoonaoanxoU crocm]awi;:. !:TT) boTj TOU TJeaxArmxoU I:Unavtoi;: xavtva xoolx6 crtmxrlo bev umiexn mf ram6
- Oev imoerl va ylvl xavtvai;: cutoAUTwi;: A&yoi;: ym tva
xootx6 crtmxrlo nou unciQXEl bt' ram6, - ra mivra
6w~ 61?imtovrat 0 oXiOTJ m mivta, bT)AaOTj U1CilQ:(OUV
r xm yw ra Jrtivra: aur6 rival TO ucrttx6 Tou. H ium<'t
bev rlvat r1J'uxumli;: nii;: oA6TT)Tai;: TOU x6oou naQO 6vo
rmtbl'j crovOtnal ' 6Aa TOU Ta crtOl:(1a.
0 HQCtx1lTOli 1CQOona8d va cutooieaylorl ta ucrtlxit
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H <l>IAOI04'1A
147
T'l<; q>lioEwi;. Mai; Atn: 4'Voi~ "PVJTI"Ea6at U.Ei (<m. 123)

"at 'Apov{'J, 6aV1j~ avEprj~ "pE{rrw\o'(wt. 54) H ooq>La E(Val ooq>La TOU IU1mvtoi; '1 ayfut11 auTi)<; TT)<; ooq>(ai; EljluxWvEL Tf)V aval;fiT'lOl} ltOU q>tl..obo;El aA11tUa
UyEtV "ai ltOLEiv "ani Vutv(wt. 112). 0 J...6yoi; ltOu E
ljJUXlOVEl auTi) TTJV aval;i)TTJOTJ ;avo(yETaL <n:ov K6oo (6Xl
oav UltOXEln'o ltOU xanu&Uvnm ltQOi; Eva avtl"EiVo)
ltQOOJia0El va O'l.IU6.6n tf)V XQUtvT) aQovla TT)i;
t1>Uorii;. M' aut6 ltou x6.VEl JIJ...6.0u la q>uolxfi xoooA.oy(a. 0 Hg6.AAELTO<; 0V E(vaL eTact>uolx6i;. TUtoTa 6V
VJEp6aivEL tf)V uxtgtaTT) ct>Uori. Evtrnhmi;, '1 eTact>uolxfi
yEVVl')9T]xE Aiyo n6. wt' auT6v. Mfillwi; o He6.xi..ELto<;
6eloxETaL <no 0e6o xou m:m Jrpo~ TT) nact>uolxfi; H
oxtifrl tou O'\IUaMvEl TO J...6yo TOtl x6.0E 6vto<;, auT6
6w<; OEV TTJV x6.vEl ax6a ovtoAoylxfi. Mi)JIW<; JtQOETOl
icl;El 6w<; to Og6o TT)<; 0vtoAoyLxfii; ac1>11e11i:vf)<; oxt"V'l<;;
O<n:6oo, .E JIOla tvvOla ii:oeoiiE va lAi)oou.E ym
.Etact>uoLxfi bl6.<n:aOT) 6Tav fxou.E va x6.vou.E .E TTJ
oxt-iv11 TOtl Hg6.xAELtou; MfiJiw<; rnnbfi oxtct>tEtal TTJ ct>li
OTJ xal tov x6oo OTTJV oA.6TTJt6. Toui;, xwel<; va JIQooriAWvnm OE xal6. .Eovwivf) JIA\1Q6. twv ci>mvotvwv;
nQ6.ycm, aut6 x6.vEL' 6w<; auTi) 'l AELtouQYia TTJ<; 6V
aJtOQQ[El aJt6 TTJ eTact>uOlxfi 0L6.<n:aOT). MxoQOii.E Ji
xw<; va tf)V ovo6.oou.E .Etact>uoLXi) rnnbfi O'\IUa6civEl TTJV a).fi0na twv ct>aLvotvwv, bf)Aabfi TTJV EV6t1}TuOlxfi
XOQ&j. ea itoQOiioa.E va xoiiE :aw<; aun'J '1 oxtljJf) Elvm
naci>umxfi rnnbfi 0V ElVal wtoxi..EwnxCr. u0oAoylxi) Xl
EJtELbi) bEV Eivm EJtlotT)oYlxfi. 'EToL, 0a TTJV ogll;aE avTUtaQa66.iJ..0vt6.<; TTJV 'au.a Elb11 oxtljl11<;, XWQi<; Xl aut6
v' aJtobWoEL JioU.6.. H 11eaxAntLxi) oxtljJYJ awrnciynm
6t6alCI lmvotvwv (rnnbfi x6.0E laLv6Vo .;:o(IEL va ~EQa<n:E(
xm ltQayanx6. ;rnEQVlEtat), aut6 6.w<; TO ;Elt[Qaoa
EiVal x6.n xou F:VUJI6.QXEL OTTJV oi..6TT)Ta. H .urravm"rj
"m
-~nli.Oli.m ix l,J.x1wq(lll!l Aluo mx l,t(I)~ l}x11xnau mx 1,tx1CI

- Ul!Jb Alwi noni~JAD l,trl01. - 1,tx19nnq - Li. 1Dl.l~JAD1Tb 'DA
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101' n1lu9x11nrl.tnOl! 'Sn)OoJ..lunx Sli.Onipq Dllu9x11
-nrl.tnCll! mrl 10 no~ orlo9x A010 10uoxo10g no9 nw u~
-Jeng nA00'41111n;. ::.A norl09x no1 Sj1Cll1l"{1' Su ,un mrl 10
1,tXoOw11Alu1JlAJ)1' llAJQ ;>'('(JJ orl09)1AOl13Alf9rlD'('(l10 lQ
1,tx1011m13rl H nJ.AO~)Oo A01 11~;>01 mx l,tq'O'{li.Q n~Jl.(1)$
'orl09x A01 ;>A01911x 9111n .1Kllal)f'(llanx mx 1xLi.a1,t1ouo1lJ.A
-1KD lDA)l OJ. '1013, "WlC)lM lDK lDAJl '010!).0AD lK 91.0D"{1'
lDA)l lDK 9x11.0mo110 lDK 9A19Li."(O lDA)l 'lDQDlM).t lDK
lDAJl 'lDA)l Li.Tl mx mAJl :Suoj191un Su 91CD peXDODuo
lDK )lQ301D1Q 13~ 1DA)l 1DQDlMJ.t A3 <101 Dl.lu.9'(0 lpX10AD
Li. - Slu ;>l.AO~)CIO AOl. Jl"'(3l.OlrD l101' nrl199un 9x11.(l3KO
-Li.09 Dfl:J 9un 1Dl3AC)JX<t$rll DA 1.fl,oiq A3Q lDK OlQ;>l.O 9x11.0
-n111xooClnuoOu n~ 9un 1000j11' nu4mCl1u 1,tx1Clo1.01 Ii
1,t1110 IX - (l,tx1011m13rl 31"1 1DlQ.001 1101') SnJio00'{1i Siu
Wl110qJ Ali.l 91'"V li,rl01.0Jlrln 1lAJ31"1 DA 1}01' p(io:in1 A3Q
Ip.no WlluC)lCl3 H :s1,tx1onio13rl ADO SnJio00'{1l Siu orl90q
01 ou901 A0101t1?K 1}1DK ll~l}TllOl.lo01' A3Q S011l'(Kl}0H 0
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1013, IJ.A9'(1' Alu mx onel,t'{D AlilD 003Tl9An 1x (i;i.ox1011l
<101 S(l)l 01 lDK D~JCI Ii. Jl0lW(l)lQ n9 noit) 9x1011ln13rl 01
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-l}K 'mx A(l)ApiOAm$ Af!>K10111 A(l)l 9f19110 01 lDK nrl1i9A
01 1l0lf11' DA )lQJJ1'000l! nOlU"{Kl}CIH (101 W1qxo H Wl
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S~'H1Dilt/>-oiJu Soqp
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81>1
149
VT) 0Ew(>(a. H naiuouu], bt.aQ0Qwvri OE Aoyuu], H0txi) xt. Ato6'JnKi), ivtt uxowyMJ atOVXUQ(CtQXO Af..1')0tv6, O'tO KUQ(aQxo Aya06 )(Ql O'tO KU(>iClQXO r.l(>a(o. 0 x/..atWVto6i;, o XQt.unavm6i;, 6f..t) 'l cn)yx(>OVTJ ttaiuot.Ki)
x1 6/..a ta avtt.-ETaiuat.K0. xtvi)ata xou avatQbtouv uiv
tO.l;l') t(l)V Mo i:6.l;cwv, Elvat. 01.. brn11:6!:0vtti; aatEQtooi
uii; 11:ayx6otai; tatoQ(ai; uii; taiuat.Ki)i;.K0.0E En:ox1l
naiumxi)i; av6bou xttat. va uiv avttKataonjm:t Evu
(naiuout) avtt-taiuoul K(VT)a - Xt. avt(atQOia.
EvroUtoti;. wt6 t6tE l'l:OU oAoxAriQW6'JxE Eva E'[cil.o atO.b10 uii; lO'tO(>(ai; tOU ITT'fVatoi; Kat tr)i; tcrtOQ(ai; wtAWi;,
E tr) it.AooO<j>(a tou XEyxEA, bl')Aabi) tr)V ti6:vtotj tO'U
MaQl;, tou NltoE Kat tou X6.t.vtE'(XEQ - n:ou avai:Qxouv
crtoui; 11:QOOWXQanxoUi; )(Ql 11:QOtOt.U!:ouv t.a oKE'tjlTJ
n:ou va l;E11:EQV0.Et tr) naiuotxi) - 'l avO.yxl') ev6i; xmvoUQt.OU tUn:ou axt'tjlTJi; aQx(l:Et. va ylvtat. at.o6Jin].
Itov HQO.xi..1..to to l;atEQaoa K0.0E tQ611:ou Un:aQl;tii;
11:EQt.Aa66.vttat ot1]V oA6tr)tn tau V y(yveu9m Eivm. 0
XQ6voi; tOU KOOtxoiJ y(yvco0at Eivat at<iwtoi; Kat. I') boi)
tou xuxf..txi). Kuxf..tx6i; E(vm KUQiwi; o KOOtx6i; XQ6voi;,
yt.at( 'l crUUl')'\jlTJ tOU lcrtOQtXOU XQ6vO'U, OE t.a crttyi) tr)i;
axtiv'li; 6xou K6ooi; xm tato(>(a bev txouv uxocrtd i:ov
xaQatK(>6 btaXWQto6, bT]tOU(>YE( O:lla 11:Qo6Ai)ata.
Aun] 'l xutltxi) boi) l:O'U x(>6vou )(Ql 'l QU0txi) tOU 11:EQtObt.K6tr)ta y(vavtm EJt6bt.a ot1]V Uxa(>l;ti l'l:Qoobrunxi)i;
El;tf..tl;tii;. Aut6 CJT]alvtt. i)n:wi; 6n Oev u11:6.(>XEt. xaQ6: 6vo At<iwta AvaxUtltCJT] xt &av6:ArilJ!'l; Kat1l tov H(>O.xi..Etto o x6ooi; Otv txEt. oUtE a(>Xl'J oUte i:ti..oi; n:a(>' 6A'
autO. 6wi;, 6Q(axttm OE aEvari K(VIJOTJ Kat X(>oxnAEl t:ta6oAEi; n:ou el;axoAou0oUv va y(vovtat aEvaa. To aUxav bt: t:ta66:lltat aUiwva tva y(>aul axiJa
(xou xatruairvttat. X(>oi; ta x6.vw iJ [atw Kat X(>oi; i:a x6.tw) aiJ..' wtO'tEi..( ta foafoxao(a . .6.ev 11:EQV0.Et bt.at'ioxutit
wt6 ta i0:UTJ KatcirtEQfl OE 1..a i6.U1J avWtEfl'l aiJ..6. ta60.llnm aKoAou0Wvtai; ni; Y'(VEii; buvO.ni; tr)i; K(Vljm]i; tau. Eivm wat6oo WtClQO.(tr)tO va btaxw(>ioouE xm
t'l}V oAtKi) JtOQEia tO'U IUxavroi; wt6 tr)V XiVljCJT] tWV EQWv i:ou (Jtou E tr) Oft.(>6: i:oui; - wmxoiiovtai; Xt. aut6:
ISO
KQIT AI AEEAOI
ta lbta ITTOV xootx6 QU06 - xa0oQ(~ow TI')V xlV1]C!T) nii;
0A.6Tr)Tai;;). ct>a(vCTm nu:u;, toa mo IJQOtlEtnx6 cnJ.n:av,

ta tlllal'tEQO xoouu:i yEyov&ta mavai..a66.vovtm. Ot
t:i:a6oiJ:i;; -cwv crtOlXElW\I, M)you X6.Q1J, CJ1.16alvoov n:ir.vta
E mv lblo 'tQ6Jto. 11ev un:<iQxn Aorn6v n:ogEla ngoi;; -ra
E.n:Qbi; ail.ci mavaA'11"'f n:ou ano-rU..d wot6oo - 1u aut6 0Et:Atax6. - tva yiyvE08ai. 0 x6ooi; oav K6ooi;,
oOloyVti; aVvoAo 'tOU x6.0E -n n:oo dvm, Ocv xEt au-r6
JtOU Et:li;; ovoO.~OUE Icrtogla, ai.16. 6giOX'TCll 0 lbtoi; OE

ylyvEo0m ;u wto'tdt:l -co flyvm0m. H xuxAtxi) boi) wu
XQ6vou $VEQWvnm tblaluga oto EO(J)'[EQtx6 -rou Ey6.Aou 6Aou n:ou -::(vm -co <JVm1vnx6 JtEQtxov. 'Ewt o XQ6
voi;. n:ewtahlOi; tou xa-mcrteo1txoU ;u avabT)lOUQYtxo{l
y(yvEOBcn, dvm '1 m1gaywynn'1 Of!Vflt"!X6T11t"O
H oMnrca tou x6.0E n n:ou umiQXEt xm Tou x6.BE n n:ou

ClQVEhm TI')V \lJmgSTJ mrroU n:ou UJt6.QXEl, Elvm LO (J\.1
.n:avrnt6 JtEQt6filov - -ro JtEQltxov, nou Elven EJilcrT]o; xen
o K6aoo;. IuvEJIWo;, -co 'OA.o, -co JtEQltxov, -co IVirav, o
x6oOI; (Monde) xen o K6ooo; (Cosmos), Elven '1 oialea
wt' Onou '1 cnd"'1J 0V xogd va 6yEl, ylatl xwEhen foa
ow EOW1:EQlx6 nio; avOlxn'Jo; oi.fmimo;. H oxbinJ bV Elven
oxt"'1J JtClQ6. O'tO 6a06 JtOU 0'\.1VbtCTm E 'tO A6yo, blCl
'tOU onolou o x6aoo; El val K6ooo; Ml Qxl tvao; wtMo; owQ6o;. Au6o; o EV ylyvEo0m AOyoo; Elvm '1 lbla T) 0E6nia,
bT)A.ab~ 'tO VtplotO v61Ja -cou ylyvm0m. To flyvEo0m dval 'tO ylyvrn0m 'tOU m<ilvlOU XQi>vOU JtOU OUVEJI6.yCTm
'tOV n6AEo xm UJV agovla 'tO flyvm0m Elval tva uQ<iotlO ncnxvlbl. Aut6 'tO JtenXV(fo tWV xoolxW\' buv6.EWV E'J'uxWvn oA.6xATJQ'l ni Cl>VcrTJ (TJ <jiU01~ Elven tva
ax61J avdotOlXO 'tWV Ail;EWV x6oo~. JtEQlf:xov, ylyvEo0m) E TI] og'~ TI]o; iwncio;. H T)QClxAmlx~ oxbinJ, okov6n bV avn0hEl TI'JV (J,\'I 01:0 ;rveUa oiin TI'JV neayanx6nrra OTI]V !lita, avolyn 'to bgOo OTI'J CTa-qn.1olx~.
E TI]V JtQOJt6.0ElCl JtOU x6.VEl va 1.1JtEQ6d x6.0E $1.IOlX~
lblCll'tEQ6TI]'tCl, E TI]V ava~~TI'JCJT] V6o; 0Ef:Awu ' a1.1n'Jv
6.wo; TI]V twom '1 oxf:"'1J 'tOU E(vm JtEQl006'tEQO JtQ0-$1.10lXi) nag6. na-nlolxi), ym't( ao; AEEl a1.1"t6 E 'tO onoln
0 HPAKAEITO:E KAI H ~IAO:EO~IA
151
to y(yvrn0cu Tq<; <jl\!OTJ<; eivcu aXQl6W<; yiyvrn6cu - xcu q:iumx6.

To yiyvrn6cu tou KOOou xn tva euS6 o euS6<; aut6<; Elev uxaxoiJn o' aut6 xou ovo<itouE v6our; H xavovlx6nita, Ol ava).oyi<;, tou xoolxoiJ yiyveaScu El;ao<jla).itovrcu x6.eTJ crm trea xou to yiyvrn6cu xn foa
tou. MOO' an' n<; CJUYXQOU6EVE<; avnSfoni; tWV xoolxJ.iv crtolxdwv bl.ClTqQitcu mivta '1 auvoAlxij moeeoxia
tou IiJ:n:avtoi;. AiJ..6. Xl '1 Cl>mui Elev Eivcu ruie.wv twv na6oAWv
JtoU au6a(vouv otov x6ao. H fllxal.OOiJVT] TI]<; 4X1.1n6.i;,
avti va Eivcu an6lm!;T] nis tdlx1)i; XUQn6AT]OTJ<; 6xou tltxa Sa XQlSEi xcu Sa XT]bevlcrti o K6oo<; an6 Tl1 <jlwnlt,
anouf..Ei avti0ua xncrt1)Q1.0 Tl'IS mwvl6tl]tai; tou IiJ:n:avtoi;. To xaeax6.tw an6oo:aoa an6 to 1'!EU0oumoxeanx6 oilyyQaa Ueei T(?04,,ir; (I, 3), xou bEixvn 6n
xn 6a6l6. OTjabwui an' tov HQCtxAmo, XQ001ten tva
tEOO all.{t anocPaolotlX6 crt1)Qlya CJtT)V QT]VEla ai;:
Kat TO xa8tva cr6. ro d.Uo (11 f/Jwn6. xm TO ve(?6) wrE(?tax6Et JU UJ ou(?ti roll xat fjJT6.vEt orov 6oo yivETat !J111A6TE(?O xai xa11J.6TE(?O 6a86. naTi otlrt TO tva oi.lTE TO
d.Uo JrO(?E{ va UJrEfltaxVoti Jrfea yta Jri(?<l yi.a rour; Jraeax6Tw J.6yoUt;. 'Qrav 11 f/JwnQ Jr(!OXW(?E{ {oaE TO
axeaio tTf/JUio mu veeotl, 6ev fxet ma d.Uer; T(?Or/J~ yia
va Jr6EI mo Jri(?a. Kt 6rav TO VE{16 Jr(!OXW(?E{ fx(?t TO
axeaio mJEio UJt; fjJwT16r;, 6ev JW(?Ei va x6vet d.Uer; xiV1joetr; yia mo Jri(?a. I' avT6 ro tTfjJUio oraaT6E1 Xt 6rav
oraaT6Ei o' auT6 ro mJJUio, 6ev fxei ma UJ 66va11 v'
avnora8d xat yivETat T(?0411j UJt; fjJwn6r; Jrot.r To xaTa~8{,Et. n' avroVr; rot.rt; J.6your; otlTE EXEiV1J oVTE avr6
Jro(?OVV va EJttX(?anjoovv Jri(?a yia Jri(?a. Av 6wr; xd.mua ortyl"j TO tva cur' at.rrd ra 6tlo bt(?EJtE JU xtiiroto
T{J6Jro va UJfE(?VtXl"jOE1, T6TE otlre TO tva oVTE xm To d.Uo
8a umjexe ma Thoto Jrou dvm TW(?<l. 'Ooov xm{J6 ra
;redyara 8a e{vat 6Jrwr; e{vat, 11 rpwnci xm TO ve(?6 8a
dvat EJt{tTf/r;, 6Jrwr; TW(?<l xm JroTi xavtva be 8a Ad!JJEt.
Ta hpa ota oltoia Eivcu Ultotayv<; &..E<;m xoolxEi;
152
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'tUaTQOJI[o; Elvm blxma xm mjlQl'YTJAci. 'OAT) 'I cj>Um1 o

uuTci UJiaxoUEt. .1.Ev UJiciQXEt crrov HgcixAELTO avri0Eo11
avcieoa CITTJ iV011 xm crro v6o. ngbtet va JIQOOJia0oU~
JI6.vra va xaTW.0.6ouE muo; xm ytaTl Ta E1'W..a xoooAo
yLx<i. EQwri)aTa Tou nwo; xm Tou ymTi Jialgvouv TTJV
cut6.VTTjcnj Touo; cut6 TT) bta6{1$wCJT) ev6o; oA6xATJQOU bLXTiiou cut6 CJX[OELS xm cut6 w cj>av[gwa wu gu0oiJ JIOU
xavovl!;EL TTJV xoo1xfi xl"VT)CJT) XL 6xL cut' Ta axiJara Jiou
Afyovrm mTla ii v6oo; H cj>wnci. JIOu Jial!;Et TO g6Ao E
lpUXlllrii TOU xootxoU bgciaroo;. bEV JIOQEl va TOV Jial!;EL JiagO. .6vo EJtELbfi Oglaxn:m oE axECJT) allTJJ...!;6.QTTJCJT)o;, cut' 6Aa Ta UJI6Aouta O"TOLXEia TT)<; oA6TT]tao; TOU x6oou auri) 6wo; T) lbta bEV cutOTEAEl XUQLOAExnxO mTia.
To ou1.umvr1x6 JIEQLE):ov JIEQL[XEL T6oo TTJV xooLxfi
cj>UCJT) 6ao xm TO av0gUnnvo ylyveo0m, foa CITTJV agxtyo"VT) EV6njT6. Touo;. 0 Hpclx).etroo; 6V Jipo6ci.U.ct TOV xotvwvt"O x601JQ cmi 6011. .1.EV "amaxeuO!;EL TOV K6oo
oU.cj>wva E TTJV ELx6va TT)o; "OLVwvlao;. 0 x6ooo; CITT)V
OA6TT)Tci TOU JIEQtixEt TT)V xotvwvla TWV av0gWJiwV Xl auT6 ][OU YLU TO iQT) TOU "6oou Eivm beo6o;, Elvm TO
lbLO JIQ6.ya xm YLU TU iAT) TT)o; JI6AT)o;. Ta irga "m Ol
avrallay[o; TT]t; "ooL"iio; cj>omOo; Elvm 6ota no; avrallayt; rn1 xoo1xol xguoacj>LOU. H bLxmocro"VT) xuQLaQXEi om 111..urn.i.unxi1 m'~tJtav XL ayguJIV6. yta va TJ
ou6ti xuH'.t ltigum;<IJ 7rQ('.t~TJ AElTOUQYEl 0 i:yao; TQU
yLx6o; v6oo;: x6.0E nagCtvoT) Tci0ECJT) Elvm Jtag6.6aCJT)
TlllV v6wv TOU K6oou xm nwgehm oav eyxaT6.Aw.1n1
TTJS myivT)o; 0Eario;. 0 HgO.xAmoo; be 0QT)VEl yL' auT6 iiTE xm xaign:m btcuttOTWVEL auT6 Jtou Eivm xm bEV OVELQEUnm uuT6 JIOU ea nogoiioE va eivm . .1.EV Elvm oiiTE
mm6bo!;oo; oUTE cutmo16bo!;oo;. Elvm cj>UOLX6TaTa TQOYL
x6o;. Kt E!;uJtaxoUnm 6n 'I voL6TT]TU xagl!;nm OTO GU
voA1x6 v6T)a TTJS xlVT)CJT)o; Jiou, blxma xm owcrr6., JIEQti
XEL no; rntigouo; allayio;. To y[yveo0m TOU x6oou
btmwvl!;nm - foa OTO XQ6vO - XWQ[o; JIOT[ VO TOU AE[Jl01N OL ayWv.Eo; xm m btx6vmEo;. Elvm OE Ttrmo 6a06
aE0..LXTTJ 'I btxatoolrvrj, WcrrE rrngoUE vu TTJV ovo6.ooue o[ga. H o[ga Elvm ocj>mgtxii xm foa CITTJ o!Pal-
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H <lllAOIOofllA
153
l,JU tl}r; xAf:(vn t6oo tTJV xooLxi) b{x'I 600 xm tTJV av9QW;''Uvt] btxmocnJvt], xou eivm :rrQOyan a!;qWQtcrtr; 'l la
(L-c6 TT)V WJ.11. Aun] '1 olQa e(vm 'l ibta 'l avayxm6TT)ta,
dvm bl}Aabi) aut6 :rrou dvm avayxalo mo yiyvrn9m )'lO
va e{vm y(yvrn0m. A:rr' aun] TT) oQla bV itoQ06v va
!;eqi6youv o6t o i)Awr; o6n Ol :rr64u; o6n m Ov9gw:rrot.
To wt6oxaoa 80 or; eixe :rrn :rrwr; 1'] OlxOvom (elvat)
btxmocnJvri Xl 6n ta :rrOvta ylVOY'[Ol TT) blx6vom Xl
wt6 avciyxt]. flat( 'l o6vma Xl 'l blxOvom. '1 o\JyxQOU01\ Xl 'l agovl'.a, cruv0Etouv to elvm TT); oAOTT)ta; '1 oxola
VWvn Eoa tTJ; 6Aa ta avtlet:ta. ll.lxmocnJvt], Otx6vola
Xl avayxm6TT)ta e(vm taut6xgonr; exbl}Atl:ion; TT)r; aAi)0lOt; wu K6oou, 6:rrou wtoxaAfottt:tOl o A6yo; tou ylyveo0m. A; t]V !;cy;vcie :rrw; '1 eU.l}vlxi) uBoAoyla 0EA.n
TT) ll.lx11 aOdq>i) TT); AA.i)0na; (8).
H aAi)Bna tou x6oou yxmm OTT) o\J~ru!;t] tTJt; o.6vmar; xm tTJt; lllx6vmar;. 0 AQlcrtotEAJ}r; (H9tx
t:nutci: exe{vov .ll'ov xn Jtt 'ax<ip1 va el;mpavurre{ 'I
i(!L) wr rou) 8roti) xm roll) av8p.ll'oV)'; ([).t<iba r
107). ymr{ 6e 9a vmjpxe O(!IJ.Ovla, av 6V vmjf!XaV {,oVE) xt dci:ooove) rlXot otlre ra ''uvravci: 6vra. av 6V
vmjf!Xav 8TjAvxci: Xt a(!GVtxti01/ aywrci: ra avr{8rm Xt ff!XE'l'Ol 0 cruq>wvla a'{ WV'O
XL 6Xt ra 6om. 'Erot yfrflat Xt EVWvet, A6yov xcl:f!Tj,
ro a(!GVLX6 e ro 8Tj).vx6 xt 6xt ro xci:9e .llAci:oa e ro
6ot6 rov ' avr6v rov r(!O:rro .ll'f!Cl)'OtOJtotei f11V .ll'(Ki>f11
o6vota f1/V tvwOTj rwv avrt8irwv xt 6xt rwv oo{ww.
ll.V t:lvm buvat6 va m:i:'lj!ouv va x011fu.OvOY'[Ol ta avrleETa O"CO 0(1}tQlX6 TT)r; agovlar; WU 'OAou 0lO<jx>QtLXci,
aut6 to 'OJ...o Ba xatwtovtd;6tav xm, :rraUOY'[ar; va t:Lvm
'1 y{yveoOm, 0a beau va eivm. Ax6a Xl t:xEivo xou Eivm Vtal'.o JtEQltxl [Ql} JtOU avtttrnmm ta!;6 tour; xm
gwyEr;. Av6.eoa crta Mo qiUAa EJtlOJ\r; u:rr6.gxn 01'.iyxQou-
154
KOIT AI: AE:EAOI:
OTJ xaL aeovla. Atrt6 6 OT)alvL 6n o HeO:xM:noi;; croA

J...a66:vl "tO Qt196 -W\J ylyvrn0m tr)<; OJ...6tT)'tQ<; wt6 tT)
axomO: -cou eu9oti TO\J av9eWmvou ylyva9m. 0 6:v9Qwxoi;; 1u:et66JJ.nm wt6-w OlX0\1Vlx6. AQY(n:EQa o E.rc6ox>,:1]i; 0a ai; tA*m yla tT)V avti6!J11 TIJ<;: <lliJ,foi;; xm
tT)<;: 6.tx6vo1.cti;, JIOU i;: -co 6ud.6 -covi; xat;(\'l6t Olvow oe-
4"1 oto l:U;tav. 'Eva dOoi; xoouwU
t~"ta xean'm 6tva TO Eva i;: t' 6:llo 6Aa -ca wtocmO:acua -cou x6oou,
xweli; :rcatt va $1:6:vn mo arit:lo va Sa1l1'!l TIJ 6la TTJS
avtl0EOT)<;: xou 6V Elvm Aty&tEQO 1;wrieil WI6 xlvov.
Aun] TJ xoo11-txl} aA1}0Ela ;cou qiavEQWvn TIJ 61'.rvaT) tT)<;:

6.utmocn'.Mii;; xm tT) 6(a "tO\J AyWva aq>oQO 6t6ma xm tT)V
noAnutl} l;cml xat TT]V av0QWmvri l;wl} yVtx6: XQW wt'
6A.a 6cm;: Elvat ta cro.rcavnxl} W.i10na. Kt 6Jtwi;; 6V
;toeoUi;: va Om.d(aoui;: OE wi;:li;; aun]v tTJ cro;tavnxl} a>.:fi6na ovo.6.l;OVtO<;; tT)V XOlVWVUtl} 11 'q!lY,(Oi..O)'tXI},
hCH 6V .TCOQOUE xat va OtaxQlvou.E tTJ criJll11'i'1J xou
ylvttal ILf TO ).6yo cm6 tTJV bui>eamj 'tOU JIOU ouvtWlTm
.E 'tOV JI0l'lnx6 U8o. 0 HeOxAf:no<;; dvm axed5W<;; o
JieW"tO<; ey01.o<; crtoxacm]<;; rnnO~ auiJ..aMvEl tTJV EV6-
tTJ'ta 'tOtl K6oou (V6uj"ta JIOU JIEeLixEl tTJ ri EV6uj'ta xm

tTJV JioiJ..cm).6ujTa) xal tTJV Ex$e0!;n ILf ta yMiiooa JIOU
ftval "tau"t0xl?ffi'a xa8ae~ xm OXO'tElvij. H TJeaMf:mx~
yMiiooa Elval xa8ae~ xm axoutvfi rnEi.0~ $W<;; xm oxo"t00l avtltl8EV'tm xm cruvtl8EV'tat foa omv x6oo.
YmieXEl 'I idea, t1JIOexEt xm 'I Wxta. To ylyvEo8al xal
tcov Mo cmouAf:l tTJV EV6uj"t0 totl<;;. H <llUOT) ayaxCm va
xeii6nau> xm Tat1T6xeova ipavEeWvttal. H aeovla Elvm illou: oeanj xl <illou: a6eatTJ xl o K6oo<;; axoxa).fonnm xm !;avaxakiiITTttm crta 6.tla TCOV av8eWxcov
xov 'tOV 8EWvtal xakiixTE"tal E TO va cmoxa>..Umnal xm
ipavEeWvttal E TO va xeii6ttal. H xoao).oylx~ axipri
xanv&Uvum Jieo<; tTJ criliJ..11'i"'l totl x6ooo xal cruiJ...a66.vEl TO $WTElV6 TOU JIQ6owxo xm TO OXOTElV6 TOtl. Tlxo'ta bEV Elvm xoTt ok6i:Eka xa8ae6 oiitE Jitea yla Jttea
oxontv6, ylmL OE crulla6Ctvot1E Jiatt tTJV o).6ujta, av
xal !;oUE f:oa o' avnjv xl ax' aunjv. Mioa O'tT)V m.Om-
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H ~IAOIO~IA
155
ra, 6A.a Ta wtoon:Qoma 0vovtm TO tva ~ T' illo. 0~

0VT]wl 6wc; no\.I Qlx;vovrm aniv aval;Tjn}CJ1] n}c; aA.Tj0Elac;
wv K6oot1, 0 otJVavtoUv n:on\ illo wc6 wtoanllaaTa.
KE<l>AAAIO AEYTEPO
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8E6~,
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0 ~LOyvr]r;; o Aatenor;; (IX, 5) anobibEL tva 8roAoy1:1e6

).6yo crtOV HQ6.xAErro JtLCTt6r;; OTIJV aexii tOU, blmtQlvf:l
bLO.<j>oQa Q11 cmiv TJQC.xltmxl] cjllAooocj>la xaL ' aut6
tOV -rQ<'>n:o wtun:EL CTtO a1Tj0Lv6 m'EUa auTI')r;; Tl')r;; oxhj1Tjo;.
EELo;, avti0E'ta, wtEu0uv6CICTtE crta MoanO.aata n:ou

ao; tAoUv '(la Tl'J 0E6Tl')-ra.
'O 86q {/inl Vvrl, xeiWv 8fpoq, Jt6Aeo~ ElerivrJ.
x~~ Ai6q ... ci.Uowtirm OE 6i<wmrEp [ffiief, M6nw avin'i 8vWaoiv, OvoQ,aai 1'a8' r)6oV?jv bclarov. - ~Ev
r6 oocf>6v otivov Afyeo8ai oUx t8EAet i<a[ t8f'At Zqv6q
6voa. (0 06o;: tea -vUxta, XELWvai; - xa1oxaLQL, n:6AEoo; - ELQl]VJ), x6go<; - At6i; allmWvnaL 6nwr;; (TJ iwn0.) n:ou, 6-rav ava1nx0El . CIQWcrra, ovo6.~E'taL . -w
6voa Tl')c;: uQWlh6.r;; -wv :1ea0V6r;; ( a:n:. 67). 'Eva xm 6vo
LO ooq,6 be 00.i::L xm 01.EL va 1.ynaL . to 6voa 'tOU
~(a (wt. 32)). To ElvaL LOU 0EO'U OeLoxE'taL OE ylyvEoflal.
0 0E6r;; Eivat Of :1eLvrimr naOcVJ..E'TaL JtaQavovta) o
LbLO). To ylyveo0m elvm 0eio. 0 86) elvaL VWvo) e
'to A6yo, e 'tOV K6oo, l TI') iptunCt dvm 'l V6TI')'ta wv
avtL0hwv. To iptuutvO ('l tea) )CQl "CO OKO'tLV6 ('l v{xra), w ~eO"t6 (w :1eaA.oxaLQL) Kal o :1eelio (o xnWva).
'l a6y)CQOUOTJ xaL 'l ELQi)VTJ, 'l a410ovla KL o AL6, Oetoxouv o' au't6v TI')V aeovia 'tOU Km n:aliouv va dvat avtl0'ta 6:n:w) dvru '(La 'tOU) av0QWn:ou). H 06TI')m Eivm
"CO 0etALo KL 'l MOTJ 'tWV avtL4>Ctoewv :n:ou, '(La TI')V av0QWJttVT) alhrva(a, :n:Ctvta alll']f..oo:n:aeCt~ovtm :1em o:n:a-
0 HPAK/\EITOI KAI H 411/\0IOotilA
157
._,,,.:mv Xut tom; WJ.our;. H 9E6tT)TU liV XUTUQYd nr; a\'t1Hfo'nr;, liV E:n:oM~El tTJ JdQa va dvm iQa xm tTJ vUzrn \'lxm. auTI'J 6wr; Elvm [a to' wt' 61..e:r; nr; JIOIJ..a, ,.f; n1r; ExliriA.Wow;.
0 0E6r; owbfrtm E tTJ'Y xoolxfJ cj>ww:i. H cpwn6. twv
Htoul>v JIOU JIQOO$f:QOVTUl mo 0E6 E(vm aQWanoivri
Xl t;{El JIOll6. ov6a<a. H JIOtxlA.la wm6oo tW'Y ovoCttwv
tT)r; liV EX$Q6.~El JIUQ6. La Ovo cV..lJ9Ela. ME TO'V LblO
tQMO, Ol Ctv9QWJI0l blvow ITTT) La 9E6-rJjTU btcl$0QU
ov6ata. H 9E6tT)ta dvm I') au:n:avnxiJ !:o$La. fta tr)
!:ocpla StQOuE iJb'l Cllt6 ta W'IOOJI6.oata 50 xm 41 6tl
w; X6.'YEl 'Ya xataJ..a6a(v01J.E JIWr; ta n6.VTa dvm 'Eva
XQl JIWr; 6J...a XatEu06vovtm Cllt6 6J...a,., .6.E 9a JtOQOfoE
/...oLJI6v I') 9E6-rJjta va Elvm l'J oA.lxfJ UQO"V[a tou x6oou.
Aut6 6wr; to 'Eva, to 6vo !:0$6, liE 9ilil xm 94t
va l.tynm .Et' 6voa tou .6.[a. To 'EvaliE 9ilil v' ClltO
xaM:ltm Zf:ur; El'IElliiJ Ol 6.v9QWJIOt blvow aut6 to 6voa
OE xclnotov tblaltEQO 9E6 JIOU liV dvm 1'J au:n:aVTi.xfJ oocpla. 0tA.El, aVTL9na, v' W'IOxcV..dtm .E to 6voa tou
acptvn] twv 9EWv tou OA.U:n:ou yla va liEl!;El Jiwr; Eivm
aA.1')9l'Y6r; xm ~wvtav6r; 6.Qxovtar;. To 6voa Zur; - A.6you xO.Ql'J, .E tTJ oQ$lJ tou Z71v(a) - f:xEl cruxvO., iJbtj wt'
tour; aQxalour;, OUCJXE'tlmEl E to
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WtO\fll yla tTJ 9E6-rJjta XQl'JOlDJIOlEL JI6.'Yta JiaM6tEQa
ov6ata JIOu lA.oW yt' mm'!v.
0 9E6r; (Eivm) iQa xm v\Jxta, XElW'Yar; xm xcV..oxa[Ql ... Aut6. liV ta JIQOXa4( o 9E6r; aut6r; E[vm o lEQ6r;
Qu96r; tou ylyVEo9m. T6tE, fJJiwr; Elvm o (bwr; o x6oor;; M' WJ.a A.6ym: :n:OQOU.E va LA.iJoouE yla Evav
']QaXA.Emx6 Jia'Y9Eto6; 0 AEnor; (1, 7, 22 D. A 8) avatptQEl: .. Q Hi;i<lxAetrn!; Uet .irw!; (o 06!; eivat) mWvm .irei;ito<'itxij ipwna xm .7rW!; 17 etaptvr, Eivat o ,\6yo!; .irov bq,utOVf?YE{ ra 6vra e niv EVavrtOOpo{a. Ax61') xt av o
Atnor; JIQOOJia9d va natQ1flEl tO'V HeCtx4ttO OE ITTWl
x6, xm tO'Y etatQb:Et JIQCtyan, aut6 bev JIQb:Et va ar;
x6.vEl v' UQ'Y1')9oUE tTJ QTIJQ(a tou JIOU, E\lnixWr;, ax6a
)JJIOQd 'YQ bextd tu Tj (J"[WtXiJ EQTj'YEla. 0 9E6r;, l'J JIEQtOblxiJ Xl mWvta cj>wtui tou x6oou xm o avtt9enx6r;
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1511
KQrf AI AE:EAOI
J...6yos tgxovtm tOW ot avmmg6:0tCJl] xm yL' aui:6 xtlHtvtm mo Oud..6 xlvOuvo va XWQlITTOilv 11 va OU'fXWVE"Ui:oUv. Elvm qiavg6 ltWt; o 06t; Ot Ol]LOUQYtl ti.l'tota
aqioU aut6v i:ov x6ao itou (vat yla 6AoUt;, oilu xavlt;
06t; oilu civ0gwoos wv btav au.a 'lltav cut6 m:ivta xm
tlvm xm ea tlvm mWvla qiwnO., itou avti6n . hgo xm
06'1lvn t ttgo. H 0t6Tirta tlvm to v6']a tou x6oou.
Iav v6']a itou tlvm, VWvttm . w A6yo.
fla to A6yo l;tgout: ltWt; dvat m:ivta ai..l]0Lv6t;, itwt; "ta
itO.vta y(vovtm mJqiwva ' aui:6v, itwt; dvm aunavtLx6t;, JtWt; aui:6i; xu6tgv6.n TI]V V6TI]<a toa OTl'JV ito>J..aitMTI]'ta {cut. I, 2, 50). 0 0t6t; 0V txn "talbLa umLx6:
. to A6yo; OL <g6itOL wu dvm xm tou qialvto0m, OL
ovoao[tt; xm <a qiavtgWarn tou "IOLOu {tou Ev6t; - '0Aou) - 6Aa6oa(vmoA6yot;, o 06t;, to Ioqi6, Tj cl>wnO:
- 0V tout; tltLITTQicpovtm oav L0L6TI]<Et; tout;. 0 0t6t; XL
o A6yos VWvovtm au.a 0V <Ou<i!;ovtaL. Aurfi 'l Elll]VLx'll fut0\11'1 ym to A6yo xm to 0lo 0V itQitl'ttl va auyxtttm
.to 06 tou xatci Iwci'VVTj UayyAlou itou dvm o Voagxwtvos A6yot;. 0 TjgaxAnnx6t; "}.jyyot; (vm 0dot; xm 'l
0ITTTJta (vm "}.jyyot;. A6yot; xm 000t; cutouAoilv tout; agoilt; tou IUnavtot; XL lvm itag6vtt; toa oniv av0gWmVTJ axtiv'J. H av0gWmVTJ oxt'i"J axtctittm TI] 0EITTTJa
xm lM yl' aurfiv xm ' auri)v, Eltl01l x6.0 "}.jyyot; ivm
OL&oyos. 'A>J..os tlvm o Og6os itou ob']yl cut6 i:o cl>lAwva wv AAl;avbgta mov uayytAl<m] Iwti""'l xm mov
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foa oniv ai..110na 'tOU A6you ltQlV cut' 'tO XQLO't6. H 'lQaxAtrnx'll axtiv'J au>J..aMvn t TI] axtiv'J XL txqigti~tl .
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x6oou, aurfi TI]V oMnjw oou tlvm mWvm xm xa06Aou
OTjLOilQ'flla, VW 'l XQLmmvLx'll 0toAoyfo mmt6L a
tvav x6oo ltOU b']LOugyfi9tjxt EX 'tOV 116EVO~ cut6 to
06, xm oniv oMTI]ta 'tWV 4>mvotvwv xm oniv xgutVTJ agov[a i:out; avtnO:oon TI] Ool;ao(a 'tWV Res Creatae
xm TIJS 0las ng&vomt; itou xu6tgv6. tov x6ao cut' tl;w.
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4>1A0l:04>IA
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M6vo Eva<; Jtayavtcrnx6r;; 9E6r;; JIOQEi va E4lavtotE[ E

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xm nwr;; o XEQauv6r;; xu6EQv<i ta x6.vta (wt. 64). 0 XEQaUv6r;; nov xu6EQV6. ta n6.vta Eivm I') 1tLO o'QL'fl'IAT'J E'6.VtOIJ
tTIS xoaLxT]r;; iwncir;;. Kt o 9E6r;; ExEL nr;; ibLEr;; tbL6tT1tEr;;
E tTI iwn6.. H iwn6. ovo6.Snm oorfl XL o ZEUr;; wtoxahitm xEeauvo66/..or;;. 0 9E6r;; xaL I') cjKun6. xovv SwT'J
mWvw. r.!ot6oo, o 9E6r;; bEV Elvat o xEgauv6r;; XL o XEQaUv6r;; bEV Elvm 0 9E6r;;. YxciQXEL xWvEUOIJ all' 6XL XClL ovyxWvEUOIJ.
0 9E6r;;. o A6yor;;, o x6oor;; xm I') iwnci EVWvovtm xweir;; va tavtiSovtm. To ibto cro6aivEL xm Eta avti0Eta,
Jto\I EV<livovtm all.ci bEV tavtiSovtm .foa otour;; x6Arcour;;
tTIS 0E6TT)tar;;. 0 9E6r;; Elvm x6AEor;; xm EtQT]vq (wt. 67).
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crovtl0nm aSl TT)r;;, a<j>o\J fl bLxmoaim] e[vm bLx6vota.
0 1tLXOiiQELor;; 4>LA6fuior;; (flee{ EvaEtie{a~, 14, 26-D. B
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avMaucrri.
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(wt. 114). 0 v6or;;, boT] tTIS iUcrrir;; xat tTIS n6A11r;;, Elvm
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dvm an6vom. Ava6AiiSouv axaT6.:.n:auata wt6 tva xtvTQO. Ta :n:Uvra dvm VUJt6.Qxovta, u:n:cigxouv fu]A.abl) ato
EIJWTEQtX6 tfJ!i oA&n}rai; TOU x6aou. EvtoVTmi;, m VUJt6.gxouati; buvcit:l!i dvm lXavti; xm v' ayxa.1.uioovv auT6 :n:ou dvm. To xaAVTEQO Ela T)Tav va '] XQT)ato:n:owtrvTm xa06Aou m 6gm :n:av0na6i;, ovo0E1..06i;, xrA. 0
Hgci>tl.El.toi; axt$tfJXE xm blan'.l:n:waE t: tfJ yAWaoa tfJ La
0E6tfJTa JtOU wtotEAEl to 0Alx6 v61')a TOU x0.0t n JtOU d'Val.
Ai; 0.0out: va xatavooVt owat6. aut6 itou Ta agxmxci wtoaitciaata xm m Eil.l')'Vtatlxti; agniglti; ai; Atvt.
ux61') xt 6tav m bol;oyg6.cf>ol aq>T)vouv va wui; yot)TE"iicm
mu t>JtEQ60Alx6. EUxoAT) wtAo:n:o(l')OTJ Xl tvai; aut6.QEGXoi;
Exxubmo6i;. 'Etal, o .:lloytvrJi; o Aatgnoi; ai; Utt (IX.
170
KQl:T Al: A:=:EAOl:
7) n:wi; xmU wv HQO.XAEno .:rrcivra 1/!UXWv Elvm xa{ 6at-
6vwv drjeq. To Ullo ai; Atn xm ym "to 0aA'1. El'vm

Owm6 va txn :rtEl o HeCtxAElwi; :rtwi; lJ 0E6nrm bEV Efvm
ovUxa
w 'OAo all.Ct
:rtwi; ELvm JiavtaxoU JiaQoUaa,
mtQl&Oi; 6n:wi; dxe xUvn 6tav ElXE JIQXlvi)OEl wui; EJ'ClaxbnEi; mu va nouv crto anin LO\J, JtElbi) lJ 0E&nrm xa"tOlXOVoE ax6a xm OTT] 0gUxa LO\.I 'ttmnoU "tou. Efvm
6.wi; cmag6.0n1:to va t1n:o6l6Utttm lJ avW'tEQTJ avt0..1')\jn]

n:ou ELXE yLa Tl]V n:agotiala LO\J 0iou foa crtov K6oo,
mo uixebo nii; 9QlJOXEtrttx6Tl]"tai; wu Cd;rntou av0eW-
n:ou xm nii; i..ai:xJii; bnmbmovlai;.

Am6i; o 0c6i; Jiotl Elvm tea xm vilX"t, 11:6/...Eoi; xm
ELQi)VTJ, o 6voi; Iocj>6i;, Elvm axet6Wi; xq~atrvo66Aoi;, aav
va EtmxvE ' au6 "tOV 'tQ6Jio Tl] 6LmlJ 6.QVYlm) 'tOU va tao:rtE0w0d xm va SEJtfoEL OTT] QTJX&nJ'ta.
nav ycie texetOv HA11rti vfEtat. {K0.0 EQ:rtE'tO ESoum'1tttm !J.EXt'tlm'Ja'ta (wt 11)]. H 0E&nrra dvmxeeauvo66Aa xm oipQl'f'IA~ xm xmwfitevn Xt'\J:rt~ma . .6.. 0ti..l va elvm .6vov lQi)VTJ (oi..lx~ aeovla "tO\J IUnavroi;)
a/J..Ct xm, "ta\J"t6xeova Ctluna, n:6i..eoi; ( avayxala ~ilx6VOla). 'Ovmi; ~uxii "tO\J XQOVlxcn'.i eu0oiJ n:o\J ouvqlSe"tm aui..e-U-rr1"ta, fJ 06-nj"ta n:alSel "to un:tpoxo n:mxvlbtTrti;
n:ou Eta"tQbm ae ooQiplU, xai..ooUVJJ xm blxmoaiJvri
ax6a xm Tri 6la xm "ta Xt'tl:rt~ma n:o\J MoxoAa avttxouv Ol Ctv0QW:rt0l.
Ol Ctv0QW1tOl bEV :rtQbc:n va SqvoVv "to\Ji; v6oui; "tOV
a0Ctva"tO\J n:mxvlbl0\1. 0 Uv0ewn:oi; OEV n:et:rtl va Xa"taoxwO:Sn Tri" nx6va "tOU 0eoU "tOU oUipwva Tri blX~
"tOU nx6va. 0 0e6i; elvm "to 'Oi..o (xm "tO 'Oi..o elvm
0e6i;), VW 0 Ctv0Q(l)J[Oi;, xweli; va lvm "tO Tixo"ta, lvm
tva Mteoi;. ME "tOV HeO:xi..El"tO xCtVEl Tri" $6.vlm] Trti; 'I
a$f)QTJtvr] oxt~TJ "tO 0i..tax6 Trti; EQ<im]a n:ov OEV
n:a\lel va aipLo6f)"tl "ta n:Uvta, ax61") Xl 6"tav Xlvi"tm
foa o' tva :rti..alOLO 1t0\J :rtEQltXl ~OTj EQLXti; Cl1tavn]oni;. 0 He6.x1enoi; E'(Xa0unCt OTIJV xaQblCt Trti; 0eoi..oylx~i; tQLvai; "tOV QWTrtanx6 (lltO;(ao6 Ta a0T]a"ta
n:ou 6i..acrtalvot1v Cl1t' atrt6 "to yyov6i; elvm "tQYlXll: m
Ctv0ewn:oL elvm n:mbLO. n:otl xCtvouv Qwn]oni;, XL atl"ttc
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H Cl>Ii\Ol:OCl>JA
171
Ol avmxiti; EQwn')aELi; l'toU m)yovtm aav vucrtEQla, OmTI]QO{lvtCU avolx"tti; l'taQ6. ni; wtavn]ani; xcu ta' wt6 ni;
wtavn)aEli; l'tou l'ta(Qvouv, yw'tl'. audi; m EQwn')ani; Eivai
cuvLya'ta. K6.6E ai..116LvTj oxtivTJ l'tEQlfxn w avtl<Pami Ti
la avtLvola, 011AaOfi Eva mmxdo 'tQayLx6. 'E'taL, 11
oxtivTJ "toU HQ6.x4L"toU l'tQOOJta6El va SrnEQ6.an ni; avtLetoni; t: TI] cr6ll1]1VTJ nii; evwnxfii; 6E&n)rni;. OL avtl6ani; wm6ao naQatvouv al'taQattLxti; yla "toUi; 0vrj"toUi;
l'tou TO dvcu "toui; dvm tva auvqti; yiyvEa6al. Aun') 11
cnJiJ..111VTJ TI]i; 9ffiTI]'tai; l'tQaya"to1tOLEi'fCU TI] axtivTJ 1t0U
dvcu avmxn'! crto aivLya 'toU K6aou. KO.OE 6E'tlXLcrtLxfi
ox1V1], 0Uvt1]Q1]UXT) fi 1tQ000EU'tLXf), l'tOU 9a 'to1t06E'to\!oE
ESaQXfii; 'tOV HQ6.xAEL'tO crto 9rnAoyLx6 crt6.bw nii; av6.ITTUS'li; nii; av9Qwn6TI]rni;, yLa va SEimEQbrilEL haL E TI]"
xQLOIJ "toU, l'tE$'tEl aXQl6Wi; x6.Tw wt6 Ta xnmfiarn nii;
XEQClUV066Aai; XQ(01]i; 'toU.
TPITOTMHMA
0PH!KEYTIKH, noAJTIKH KAI
He1KHLTAIH
IlPQTO KEcJ>AAAIO
01 AOOKPY4'EI TEAETOYPrJEI
KAI AATPEIEI
0 HQ6.x1noc; OE (J)l.t$'tual .6vo TI] 0tlm)'l:a o' 61..11 ni

Aaiucp6nrta TI]; cruiucavnx6tT)'t6.; TI]; allO: (J)l.\lllr1 xm
)'[Qvw ma O\IYXE'KQlt\'a $mv611Va TI]; 0QTJmtrnnxfi;
t;wf);. H )'[Qtlmi q,6.aq TI]; 0QT1(J)l.U'tUtfi; ot6.aq; tot tivm
6lau1, r.m0ulxfi xal XQmxfi: ta 66.t;EL IL[ TI]V xtt'tEITTTj!livli

8gf)(J)l.(a.
Ka8al{!Ovtm 6' d.Ucp atart tatv6rvoi olov ei rt~
elq miMv f&iq mi).t;; Wrov{~otro. Ma{vrotJat 6' Uv 60xoi'I, et rtq aV6v &vBeWnwv brtlf>etloato olirw ;ro1Eovm. Kai roi~ dyti).aat 6 rovriotutv iixovrat, 6xoiov (
t'1q li6.110101 A0X17vtlott'o, oii t ytvfiloxwv 8eoVq oM'
fle"mc nfnvEq lo1. - [Tiut &j avrU1'm 'H1<Ae1m= r'i
'Erp1'11i~=.J vvxrur6Aot~, tiyotq, 6tix.xotq, A~vmq, /11'a;ai; /roVt'ot~ WretAEi rti erti 8<ivarov, rotlro1~ 111 uVErat t6 ;rVe rti ytie vot~6Va xm' &vB(JWnot; 111on/eia tivt(1WOT( vriivrat. (Ka0aQCt;ovtm LmvOrvm
' 6.llo al a, 6mll; av xlucOLo;, )'[OV txEL xw0El crn1 1..6.0)'[f), ~EJtAev&tav Momr av xa3tOLo; 6.v0Qwn:o;: tov
EllAEJtE VO x6.vn x6.'tL rttoLO, 0a 'tOV bcatQVE yLa acruv6.QTI]tO. Km n:QooUxovtm JUCQOITT6. o' m.rc6. ta ayO:lam,
0)'[w; 8a q,AuaQOUCIE xavEl; too mo cm(n 'tOV, ri yvwQ(~ovta; )'[QLOL Etvm 8to( xttl )'[OLOl fiQwE; (eut. 5). (I: 11:0Lou; n:Q0$'1'tEilEL o HQ6.x1to; o E$tmo;;). 1: vuxc66Lou;
176
KQET AZ AEEAOl:
uki)TE;, ciyou;, 6cixx0l.li;, mv6.bt; xm ,1l1 nrr; (Tou;

wtflkEi u JllU naflavc'r.na nwgla, "tou; il{'(l'J}T\Jfl tTJ
<S>wrni). flUd am t10'ti)Ql.O -ca xaflLEQwiv(t ccr' wui; av0Qr.iinou; 'l iil]IJT) yivum E aviEQO tQ6Jio {mr 14)).
dUo Olla ruto01t6.oa-ca;t0 127 xm to 12X. okov6n btxmo/..oy1iEva 0rwgoVvtm cm6xgu'u. t:mvaAu66.vouv
cniflvrut0U; crcaxaooU;: O Heth,Aem1; ei:Jce OTovq Atytl.rrnovq: av Eivai 6eoi, yiari rovq 9pt/vEirE; Ki av wv;
Bp11vdre. f/ rov;REw('EirE ma Rroii; (Wt. 127). 0 Hetix..1.eiw; 6..1.hrovraq wvq 'Elilf/WS: vu Jrf!Ooeovv 6Wea
arov; Bro Vi; Ei:JCE: Atve .1f{WOEVXs: ara aycUara TWV 6EWv
nov 0V rovq axoVve, uav vo Jl'OQoVoav va wvq axoV-
uovv, orovq 8Eo6q ;rov 6nt e1ravoe6Wvovv riJrora, 6Jrw;

XU! riJrora 6nt Wl'UtTOVV (arc. 128).
To v6T)a 61..wv autWv twv a'OQLoWv Elvm 1;Ex6.flago.
0 H.xkn-w; ta 6cl~n Olma tTJ Aurxt) flQTIOXEiu, 6nw;
E(XE xclvn nQtv an' aut6v o 2EV0$0:Vf)i;:. Karo[11xlltEL Qtt1xll tLS: matl]Qti;: 0uoEi;:. To a[a nou tQ:(El cm:' ra
maotva tWa bE'V itOQd vu E!;tAEWOEl tOV tvoxo. 6rcwi;:
OE'V itOQEi I) J..aonri va !;EnAUvn tT) J..Ctonri. H Mrutl), nou
y(vum cut6 VEQ6 XUL xWa, dvat 6QtiiLXJ} Xl urctxEL nokU
cm:6 tT) ooi~ 4>oma. nwi;: Aout6v 0a itOQOiioE va E!;ayv(OEl; An' tT)V fill) EQtcl. Ot urcnxovloELS: xm ta ayaJ..ara
not UVUJCUQUataivouv toui;: 0rnUi;:. OE'V roui;: avurcaQaataivouv aJ..ri01vO.. Ta EibwJ..a Eivm vEXQti;: OQ$ti;:. ExEivoi;: nou 0EJ..n va cruUCt6n tT)V aAl)0tvfi 0Ela $Um] OEV
nQbtfl va $avtclttm nwi;: 0a tT) $tlloEt E ta EibwJ..a.
'QkT) UUt~ J} 6iatT) XQltlX~ rOJV 0QT)OXfUtLx0Jv E0(0JV
Ntu'fOQEiiEtUL mi:6 tT) bmlo0rimJ tou HQ<ixJ..ntou. l'TOu
cruJJ..a66vEL tT) 0n'ltT)tU o' OAT) tTJS: tT) crunavt1x6trim.
Km l'TQayauxcl. EibaE tT) 0E6tT)tU va cruvavtCt tov xOmm xm va Vilivftat ati too' tvuv t{>Ono nEg1006tEQO
x1 <J;l() OtEv6. A<t>oU yLa to 06 Elvm 6J..u $Uo1xcl, 011kab11
(O{!rtia, xuJ..O. xm hixmu. m~o al't' n; ataigtaatES: EXOTJ~.clH1t1: i:ou;, ;r1i1: Hn y1v6i:uv (H't6; o lblOi;: o 0E6i;: va 6E1.11m 1 \,. ccY.o\n11 r.u: 01'11{.!~llll:;: xm n; l'TQOOEuxts: tOJV av11'." 11u1\ Ot or.u (Y.<i:mw um'.t$Em xllvn tTJV E$O:v1oi1
111: l>TCt\ ,"1lJllXtlt<Jl 'flU tT)V OVlluo(u tOU 0E(ou, nou 6J..-
au-
0 HPAKAEITO:E KAI H <lllAO:EO<lllA
177
Aon ovo6.1;nat 0lo, 6.lloT 06i;:. ill.on 0w[ xt 6.llon

balwv) b 0ilouv va TOUi;: 1taQaxa>..oUv xat va Toui;:
xl.alv . .6. bxOVTat avalhjaTa xm bV avrwcoblbouv
tUtO"ta . .6.V txouv Tti;: av0Qw1t6oQ4>i;: tbuYrTjTi;: 1t0u ot
xotvo[ 6.v0QWJtOL. Toui;: wcoblbouv.
H 6.XT1 1tOtl blvL o He6.x1noi;: V6.vna OTa dbwAa,
TOV obt)yL OTO va Ta 66.i..L f: TO o6ao6 TWV vxQ<l>v.
Ntxvq ycip xoirpiwv fx6A.11r6TEp0t. [Ta 1tTWaTa [vaL
1tLO 1toi..iJ yLa 1thaa wc6 niv XOJtQt6. (wc. 96)]. To ITTWa
bV vat xt at1T6 1ta, ta 6'!i'l VXQii, 1tOtl bV xig6.1;n
1tLa TO 1;wvtav6 6.v0QW1t0, TOV 6.v0QW1t0 1tOU lVat 6.v0QW
1t0i;:. 'OAT] '1 AaLxii 0QT]O'XtJTLx6TT]Ta 1tot1 ag1t6.1;TaL OE
Tttm.o 6a06 wc6 xdvo 1tOtl ;coed UxoAa va AaTQi'VL
ii va io6'10d xaTabtx6.1;Etat XL bW 6lata La yAWooa
wii xm 6:CJI).
AJt6 Ta A(ya wcocm:6.oaTa 1tOtl 1taQ<l0foaE ylvTm
iavQ6 6-n xaTabtx6.l;OVTm 6Mi;: OL 1totxt.i..Li;: t10TT)Q(wv,
aydai;: XL W"COXQtlcf>LooU. 'OATJ autij lJ XQLTLXii txn OTO
xo TT]i;: tbLa(Tga TT] AaTQda TOtl At.6woou, wui;: tQdi;: xm
Tti;: ttQti;: TOtl 86.xxou, E TOUi;: 01toloui;: 66:1;t va ourco
QiiOVTm Xat Ol 6.yOL. H XQLTLXii btaTtJ1tWvL ta ni..oyt):
ii T] 06TT]Ta dvm o XOQt1ia[oi;: v6oi;: xat bV txn av6.yxri
va niv Xi..LJtaQOUV i:: av0eWmva, t11tQ6oALx6. av0gWm
va toa ii bV (vat auT6i;: o vOoi;:, 01t6T bV dvat 06
TT]Ta. H ourcavrLx6njTa Toti 0dou ouyxEXQtVo1tothm
6t6ata Tti;: wcTti;: Xbl]i..Woni;:, 1taQ' 6A' auni Owi;: bV
;coed va LbtmTQ01tOLTJ0[ 0 Ol)do 1tOtl va x6.on TTJV
aoUUlJ1tTT] Mvaii TT]i;:. 0 bo6i;: 1tot1 '1WvL TT] l;wii TWv
av0QW1twv f: TT] l;wfi TWV 0Wv xat TWV T]QWWV (1t0\J lvaL
6:v0QW1tOL, naLbt6. TWV 0Wv ii 1tOtl f:yLvav 0ol) JtQbtt va
(vaL tvai;: bo6i;: nou auvbtL xaL b ouvbtn, xwQli;: nott
va 6u0(1;EtaL foa OTT) 0oAoitQa tai;: OtJQQLXVWTtxiii;: Aa
tgdai;:.
0 b06i;: JtOtl VWvL TT] 06TT]TU xm TT]V av0QWJt6TT]TU
$VQWVnaL ni;: JtQL006TQi;: cpoQti;: Eo' wc6 bQOou;
XQt1$oUi;:. 'Otav o HQ6.x1LTOi;: u11.ll'it JtQOOXTUt6: mlV(o
oto acf>avti;: t10TUt6 XaL t10LX61tQLX6Vo TT]i;: 0Qf)OXEUnxiii;: l;wiii;:, T6T o.UO.l;n Uq,oi;:.
178
KOIT AI: A:::EAOI:
El i/ ycip .iwvtlatp ;rromjv browVvro xa{ il1tvrov (raa

al6o{oia1v, dvau5tornm erpyaar' av Wvr6i; 6t ~A1617i; xai
.116vvaoi;;, Orecp a{vovrat xa{ Aqvait;ovotv. [fLm( av bEV
txavav tco;ti) yw wv 6.L6vuoo xm bEV vvoiioav t: Ctoa
-ca au'io(a, ea i)wv 6aa x6:vouv avmbtaraw E(vaL -co

lbLo XQClya o 'Ab'li; XL o 6.L6waoi;;, :rcou ar' 6voCt wu
alvovtm xaL 6axxEUovv (wt. 15)]. (To v6'la wv wtoamloai-oc; <jlw-cll;nm V igEL wt' TI] $WVT1Tn1.1'1 ooL6TtJm 'tWV At!;Ewv, (roa, alboiotaiv, d:vat6tornm xat ~A1611i;). 0 vronA.m:urvLx6i; 16.tiALXO) 1CQ001ta0EL va m.ryxEXQLV01COLi)UEL 'tO 0t:tLx6 crtOLXELo xov E6AucE o HgclxAEL'tdncuQyLEc; 'tWV uOTI')gfow (nevi MVOTT1vtwv,
I, 11 0. B 68): I't' avr6 ro A6yo, 61xa10AoY11iva o Hvci-
'tO) crtLi;
KAetwi;; ni; ov6aoe (ni;; rdETii;; rwv VCJTl'/l;l{wv) ytavtxci, 1ft61j Jr(!OO('it;ovrav va ytarpbpovv ni; 6vurvxiEi;;
xm va Avvci>aovv ni; wvxfi;; wr6 ra xaxa ;rrov 6yaivovv
wr6 T1I ylvvrjOT).

To wt6onaaa 15 rnavaAa66.vL Tt)V xgnLXtl nii; >.atgLai; tou 6.L6vuaov ttou Lx 6en ni bLa'riinwatl nii; O"to
wt6onaoa 14. !JO"t6oo, auTi) 'l V0ouoLaO'tLXTj hatQLa
bLxaul.lvnm xfutwi;, a ni bLxaiwOl) auTi) o 16.6>.Lxoi; ea
ni yaAonoLtJOL ni bLxTj tov yM.1aoa xm Tl) agwgla
tou. 0 6.i.Ovuaoi; xm 'l hatgLa totJ b bLxmciivovtm
ttag6. O'tO 6a06 ttou 0 06i; tli; mo OQYLaO'tLXti; YLOQtti;
crovavt6. to avtl0n6 wu, to 06 tov 0avCnov.
H hatgia. tou 6.L6vuaov xou xataxi..1'1;L niv EU.Ma
xagaxnigll;nm wt6 niv oabLxTj E!;agOl), niv !;t<llQV11
txO"taOl), tov V00"Uatao6 ttou omgouvuit;nm an6 to
6axxLx6 0iiOL, t0 UO"tLXLO"tLx6 ttagahtlQ'la xm ta
6.ygLa 6gym. 0!}0xahl La 6a0L6. Eta6Q$WOl) 0 XLvoui; ttou crontxouv a' auTi) ni "'f6.11] YLOQTi). 0 >.6yo;
y(vnm ttagnAoyLo6i;, 1] vri<!lnAL6't1]'tCI' :;.!fouoLaa6i;, to
mryxgat1]tvo x6.0oi; $eM'le11i; EQWtta6i;. nae' 6h' aut6., o 6.L6vuooi; bV Elvm 6vo o 06i; nii; mo l;omxtJi;
t;wr,i;. ELvm XL 0 06i; 1tOU Utt0$tQL, 0 06i; 1t0\I Xat6alvL O'tOUi;vex!}Oili; Xat 1tOU 1tE0alvL. H hatgEla tOU ltQLhcl6avE yLOgtti; ttou ylvovtav t1]V 6.vod;11 xm to XLW-
0 HPAKAEITm: KAI H <l>I/\OIO<l>IA
179
vu. 0 Ll.L6vuoo; i)i:av naeWv Ota E\.uolvm uan]eLa. 0

Ll.16vuoo; KQl 1] Ll.i)l]i:ea l;oiJoav Kat m l;wi) X06vLa.
Aui:6; o i:eayLx6; ( allQ Kat KWLK6;) 06; V<iwL foa
rnt ta Mo E')'W..a 8ALaKCt avd0n:a: TIJ l;wi) Km w
80.vai:o. 01 O.v0ewno1 nou yLoei:Ctl;ouv n; 0e11oxrunKt;
y1oei:t; Kat ouvbtovtm TIJ 000UJi:a 0 OTJElo nou va
i:ou; y(1;L, tJ1taKofouv O'tO eu06 TIJ; l;wi);, 1tl'jya(vOUV
6w; neo; w 80.vai:o. Mtoa O'tOV V80UOLao6 Kat OTT)
t.10"tLKLO"tLKi) KL ewnKi) t/;a'1'11. 01 O.v0ewno1 ywei:Ctl;ouv
TO Ll.L6vuoo. E;mbi) bV fxouv 0.Mo O'tO ua.)..6 i:ou; nae0.
va MlrettVouv nAn:oueyLKCt i:o 000 TI]; xooLKi); Efhi;,
aexoUVTat o' aun]v TI] YLOen] KL aevLoUi:at va bouv naeantea. Aui:t; wm6oo OL ywei:t; ouvrnCtyoVTat KMoLo
vOl'ja nou n; !;auevCm Kat i:o v61]a aui:6 dvat 6n 01
lhLoL oL Ctv0ewnoL neLxovtat toa mo noi:Ct1 i:ou ylyvo0at Kat 6n 8a 1;rneCtoouv.. t.01 KL all1W; TIJ l;wi) Kat
TIJV tl;aeofi TI];. OL 0.v8ewnoL noeUovtat neo; w 8Ctvai:6
tou;. Mi)nw; bV txou i)b11 aKoiioL nw; W 6voa toll
t61;ou tilo; allCt i:o tQYo 00.vai:o; (wt. 48).
E(vm TO lbw ne6:ya o 'Ab1]; KL o Ll.u)vuoo;, 6nw;
o be6o; nou avtialv1 KL o be6o; nou Kai:tialvL dvm
o lbw; be6o;. H oMUJi:a i:ou ylyvrn0m 11e1x1 6A;
n; 1tEQaO"tLKt; aVTL0toL;. KL 1] ovabLKi) ooqtla, nou 6vo
aui:i) a1;L1;L Kat bV a1;l1;L v' wtoKa.)..hat i:o 6voa i:ou
ala, VWv1, oav Koeuqtala aeovla nou dvat, 6Ml i:a aVTl8n:a. E(vat TO lbw ne{tya o 'Ab1]; Kato Ll.16vuoo;,.,
6..irw!O o Xe6vor; dvm naVToMvao; tiao1AL6.; Kat ouvCta
11mbl nou nal1;L. O HeCtKALi:or; ava1;11i:a w Keu.tvo
v61]a - ~At617q, T66Et6r;(IlMi:wv, KpaniA.or;, 403 a) i:o bo6 i:ou av8eWnou w 'Oko, to' wt6 i:o oiivoW
i:wv 0e11oxrunKWv OTJElwv i:oo KmeoU i:ou. 0 1;t<l>eVor;
ewno6; nir; V8ouo1am1Ki); Aai:eda; rnLKeoi:di:m mo
6a86 nou o 'Epw!O. nou ' aun] niv tJKatela 0tb1]Mllvi:m 6Lata, bV KiiVEL <illo an6 w va obl'jyd mo eavaro,
nou dvat o mo a.)..1]0Lv6r; neooavai:oMoo; nir; l;wi)r; Evt0Ui:o1;, o QCJX1]UK6; (Kat neonaqtUOLK6;) Wvor; TI];
11eaKAmK~r; KeLOTJ; unoyeaLl;nat Mova. AnoboKLuCt~oVTat OL xb1]Mi.IOEL:; TOU EewnxoU [VO't(K'tOU, mtbiJ
'"'
KOIT Al: AEEAOI
ttE1ogoUvtm ng6crtt1Xi;. Mfinwc; au't6 OT]aivEL xm 6tL

;cgEJtEL va xatwtLEcrto6v;
0 HQ6:xi..L'toi; avaq,Egnat xm CJTO. voTIJ'Ha TT)c; deuoivLac; 6:r'11.1.TJtgac;. Ot u>.not1QYiEc; nou y(vovmv anyv
EArno(va, fi 6oEc; toml;av ' autEc;, ELvm anyv xugwAESia uonjgLa, l':rr1>.aITTj Aatgruuxi:c; uJ..ntc; 6ttot1 btoXEuUovrm ucrnxci crtouc; t1T)vouc;. E(vm yvwcrt6, vo(l;ouE, 11wc; o H'HixAmoi; fitav u11voc; om uon]gm
xm at1} Aatge(a TT)c; EAruoivLac; 6:fiT)tgac; yta'ti xm anyv
'Ecj>rno uAoUoav autcl ta uoTIJgta. An6 TTJV fill'), StgouE 6n o 6.liwuooc; nall;n tvav 1toAii onou6a(o Q6A.o
crta eAeuolvta uoTIJgLa. MnogoU1.u: Aout6v va xcivouE ni
oxi:"'1J ttwc; o Hg6:tlEL toe; 6V fxu yLa OTOxo 'fOtl (0E"nxci
XL QVTJmui) 6vo TIJV V0oumacrmn] Aa'fgEia TOtl 6.t6vuoov allci xm m uon]gLa nic; EAeuoivac;. Au'tci negt>.ll-
6avav at0umUc; xa0agoUc;, oal'Hxtc; LEQO'tEhEcrtlei; W..-
M xm <'xoevec; u>.eti:c;, TTJV ataxgoAoyla. Ol UT)tvm

vi]crtn1av Xl tmvav tva JtoT6 nou fiTav lya vegoU xm
XQl0ciAwgou (wv "wmiwa, TOV ono[o avaq,Eget, yla xciJtOlO WJ..o 0Ea, TO arc6onaoa 125). TO..oc;, an6: Ta ucm]gta, nou yla 66:mi Touc; eixav ta arc6QQTITTJ nn0agxia, l'HeSciyovmv Eoa oe la aT6oq,mga lblxoU ucrttxwoU xm truVTT)goUaav TTJV nicrt11 cmyv a0avaoia TT);
'\l'UXfic;, m a0avaaia nou fimv ngoogtoivri ym wuc;
uT)houc;.
To xdVo mu arcoonlloaToc; 14 xa'tTJYOQi Touc; av0QWnouc; 6n .. ma uanjvia m "aOtEf!Wfva wr' rove;
avOvcJmov~ '1 Vqaq y{vErat E av!EVQ rfldJro. Elba
TOV Hgcix>.eno va ngomca0i va 6y6:1..t crto q,wc; TO t"VbT)Ao xm 6a0U 1tEQlX6Vo TOW wt6xgvcj>ow uhE't'OUQYuiw
xm haTgnWv, 1tEQlX6J.lE"VO nov 6taq,iiyl wt6 cxeivovc;
nov n; E$aQ6l;ovv ruq,>.a. ME nolov 6wc; Tg6no va &yu
OTTJV emcj>clvla TO lEQ6 Xt w>.a6tx6 crtmxdo nov hat Xl
aHlWc; EVU1t6:QXl am ucm]gta; Exelvm nou uAoUv u;
0QTJOXEvnxtc; ytogdc; ouil;ouv J.lE Tove; XOlwtvou;.
l:vErExovv OTTJV x(VT]OfJ Tov x6aov, aur6 6w; 6V to
Xti:vouv VT'J4'Cthla. H aUAAT)'\l'TJ TT); aAT)0rvfic; cru1.utavnx6n1ru; (nou lvm xm TJ 06TT)Ta) tovi; hEUtl mcagaxnxU
181
l::vtoUtotr;, to wt6onaoa 14 0Eixvn nwr; allt6 l'tO\I 0An

va OT)AWoEL Oev Eivm La bumlwOT) twv t1CJT1]Qiwv.
nec'tya no\I xO.vn to wt6onaoa 15, aM6.. mo 01.1yKEKQlEva. 'l Ot1vat6n}ta va E$ae6l;ovtm ta t1oti]QLa ' EllA0.6na. 'lowr; o I0.6Atxm; (ibidem, V, 15 D. B 69) ar;
6oT)0i)OEl va xatW..0:6ot1E. JtE(llOai>tEQO at1t6 JtO\I 0EiXVEL JtClQO. at1t6 JtOll EK$(l6.l;n: 'Ooo rWpa yta ni; Rvofri;. {naxp{vw 6tio r16ri: Exr!vri; JtoV :n:pooq,ipovrat wr6
avflptU:n:ovi; Jtfpa yta :n:ipa xa8apivovr;, 6:n:wr; avr6 ;ropr{ va yivrt xar' E;aiprITTJ ovrixa o' i:va :n:..ltioa, xaRWi;
ro ..liEt o Hptix..lrtrni;. rj or Ep1xotii; E..ltixturovr; av8pW;rrovr; m ti.U.fc H1oiE; dvat v..l.1xfr;... . OL llAtxEr; xm oa(lxtxEr; 0t1oiE;. rrou Jt(lOmj>f(lovtm wt6 to JtAfi0or;, to ryO.f..o 0(l!]OKHnx.ci xrnvO. wtO(l(l1rrtovtm. 'EtOL, ELvm t6oo
a0Lav6!]rn vu llfi.n xuvEL; va !;rnHJVEL to uriya xt1vot1
aiaw; ~L~ n1 lhniu U.i..Aot1 aLator;, 600 E(vm JtaQO:Aoyo
va xt1AL6~1w1n ,tfoa CJT1] A6.oJtT) 6-rav EiaurE AaoJtwEvoL.
Avt10nu. m <illE:;, xa0a(lEr; Kl ava(axtrr; 0t10LEr; JtO\I
Ovo; Eva:; Ctv0QwJtor; itO(lEi va JtQOo<j>EQEL ii oJt6.VLOL 6.v.:
0QWJ"COL EJtUQKlii:; ltQOnOLaoEvm. E(VQL OL 6vEr; JtO\I
a!;LSot1v. TUtorn hEv u; rnn(lbtEL va boUE JtOLa ELvm ii
.n:o(lEL va ELvm 'l <j>UOT) at1tWv -rwv 0t1mWv. 0 H(l6.KAELtor;
ryxwLirl;n xm 01xmWvn x<inmo ribor; axEOTJr; avciEOa
O"TO\lr; 9vrjto\ir; KQL to\lr; a06.vato\lr;, CJXWT] JtO\I T) 0t1o(a
<j>a(vnm 6n wtotEAEL Eva Oe6o tT)r;.
0 HQciKAEnor; wtobEOr\in to 6a0U v6'1a -rwv \ICJTI]elurv EVW "[(lll"t6X(lOVQ [(lXEtQL OE 0<1>oOQii crUyx(lO\IOT) t:
n; 'lj.IEllto0QIJOKEllttx[r; E!;O.QoELr; toll QxAoll. K(l1vonar; E
<j>a(lClKE(l6 't(l6i'to tT)V xa0LE(lWivr) 0(l1JOKda. !;E(lEl 01.1vO.a xm va OEixvEL oE6ao6 oE x6.0E W..1J0Lvt] <j>avE(ltoOT)
toll 0doll. 0 tipxovrai; :n:ov c'i1x6 rov rlvm ro aVTEio
movr; Llr..lq,otii;. otirE ..lfEt otirr xpti6r1 a.Uti ITTJaiVEt ... H
.!"i6v.U.a JtOV. /Jf av1aoivo ur6a ..ltrt ..l.6yta ayf..laura.
uxa.U.Wmura xt aq,naoi6wra. E T7/ q,wvrj T7/!> 61aaxi~rt
Xt..l1tic5rr; X(J6v1a. /JE TI/ 6orj8EIO TOV 8rnti (wt. 93 KUL 92)
0 f'i.L6vuoo:; XL 'l ti.fiT)t(l(l, 0 AJt6Mwv KL T) l:L6t1Ma. rlvm
tte'loxrnnxE; ovt6t1]trr; JtO\I JtoAU 01.1xv6. OE y(vovtm xatW..T]Jtt[r; wt' to\lr; av0p1l11tot1r; JtOll 0agpo\iv 6n ELvaL 0(ll]-
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KQl:T Al: A::'.EAOl:
oxtuOtvot. H yAWooa Xivwv bV Eivm ovOitk.EuQTJ. H

Hr6'tT)ta attl..vn niv ixxATJcnJ ni; atov 6.v0gwito Xl o 6.v0gw1to; itgbcn v' wcavd)on o' aunj TTJV ixxA.JJCJI] xm v'
avoi!;El blW..oyo to 0io. Qat6oo, 'I yMOooa TT)<; 06nirn; 6 cruMa66.vetm EUxoMl xm :rtoAU cruxv bwq>Wyn
TO 6a0U v6t]a twv ogytaattxWv xb11M00wv wu ~t.6vu
oou xm tou wtoMWvtou :rtQO<lll]tlO'oU. H 0eriaxrnnxfi
atCtCJl] "tOU HgO.xAnwu dvm 11 crtO:CJTI V6<; crtoXacJ""rii Xl 6x,l
V6<; mcrtoU fi rv6; ciitlcrtou, yLatl aun] 'I crt6.CJI] l'llXEtQd
va Qj!1]vfon ta bbotva 'tT)<; 0QT]axda; avatgfyovm;
O'tO tiaeli Xal 1tQW't"OQXUl.6 TOU<; v6t]a. K0:vOVt6.<; 't"O aut6,
'I atO.CJI] tou HgcixA.ntoll xawbu1.ci!;El ni Elh] tou !;i$Q
vou EgomooU xm to itagaAi)gT]a TI]<; ruqM.fio; ucn:uuatunj; i!;aQCJTI<;, ovabn1.6 axox6 6w; va oilion aut6
nou .n:ogd ax6a va ow0d, bl]Mibfi to aq>av[eww v6ria w; 0g11axwnxfi; ywgnJ; xm
'ta
A6ym,
JtOU
wtA.oU-
CTmta dvm y0:m v6t]a, V6<; XQT]Ooii, tcmu Xl av

1ti}6xrtul yla 't"OV UQXaio xerio6 't"OU bdilxoii A1t6llwva iJ yla 'to vfo xe1106 't"T)<; l:Uiulla.;, 1tOU ivm avrUtako.;
't"l]<; nu0(a.;.
To 0ta 't"T)<; av0eWmVTJ<; avrla<;, Xl 6-/.l 1tla "CO 0ta
't"T)<; avrlxi).; ExVTJ itou aaxiwl wt6 't"T)v nu0(a iJ 't"1] l:(6ulla, Jtt6aA 't"T)v itaeouo(a ou xm CJT1] axtitrJ ou
He6.x1nwu; 0 VOJtk.a't"WVlX6<; Xahi)blO wO.ipn OTO
ax6h6 wu ym 't"OV Ttaw (C 251-D.A. 20): 0 H(Hiilitro), aVwvoq d1W . rou) <7rw1"06), auvlifrt ro c'>ucO a)
vov (rationem noslram) . ro 8Elo vov (divina ratione) itov
xauu9t1vt "a1 "v6i;ivcit wv "6oo. H liel?1J"""I aunj
tvW07J EV1J.1?ci>vE1 ro vou a) yia n) wrof/><loEI) wv i:U..1.ov vov "t hot o vou) a) avayylUEt, . 't1J ovJra(Hi<7ra01J 't"WV aia8rJaEwv, ro illov <7rt) ya.l.1JvEivE) l/IVXE). M'
au6 ov6aivE1 va a) qravEi;iWvovrat Eu'6vE) ciyvwarwv
r6.7rwv "' ootWara av8!)W.7rwv 'wvravWv If 1tE8atvwv.
0 Hi;ici"Hktroq .1rai;ialixnat a"6a niv .1rl?a"n"lf 41ai;ioY'l nj) avrEia) "at 611..1.WvEt .1rW) Hivot .1rOll Elvat avrci~to{ nj) fxovv 1rl?Oata8r'tara XciV1} l3"f1] litliaxlf .1rOll .1rai{>VOUV wr6 rt) 8EiE) liuvcietp>. Elvai: ipavEQ6 rtw<; aurt<; Ol
ygat<; Eivm bla't"UrtwivE<; a yMiiaaa otwlxi) "m otWl-
0 HPAKAEITOI: KAI H ol>IAOI:O<l>IA
183
xil;ouoa, yMi.iooa CIT)a6.tvri wt6 to VEmti..atwvm6.

naQ' 6}.' aut6., rn;: EltLXELQl]OOUE va xct"tai..6.6ouE iptw;
EXEi foa X$Q6.l;0vtm xm Lllfo; au0evnxt;. 'Ono ).Oyo;
O"lJV6ttat E to A6yo, aut6 to StQOUE 1]611. An6 TIJV W..Al] EQL6., StQOUE xm nw; o A6yo; llEV xatEU0\IVEL xm
6EV xu6EQV6.EL OE xaL6. :rtEQUttWCIT) tO\' K6oo wt6 tSw
6y6.l;0vta; 6La"t6.yata. E6W Aa66:v0vtm un6tjn} Modbl] avtLxi); txv'l; ata onoia, mJcj>wva "tO nayEVtotEQO axoALacmj, 0 HQitxAEL"t0 dXE EitLCJtooUVI}: JtQhta,
"ta nQ041nx6. 6vELQa, OL O\'ELQLXt; :rtQOCtyytliE;'.' btEL"ta,
lJ EJtVniotvT] avtE(a. Im wto01t6.oa"ta "ta oXctLxit E
TIJV nu8(a xm TI} I6uU.a dbaE 1]&] n cnmfn:6tav o
HQ0.xAEL"tO yLa tl}V EV8ouOLaofvri xm EJt\'Euotvr] avuia. MfvEL va boUE "ta JtQOi'lnxO. 6vELQa Jtou x6.vouv
m av8eWmva 6vta.
0 Armand Delatte (I) a; :rtQotEivEL La noAU EiiatQO$l] XCl"tQOXEui) JtOU :JtQOO$tQtaL va EQl]VEiiOEL au"t6 to
xd.Vo tou Xal.xi)foou. To wt6oitaoa nou WiEL yLa TI)
Li6uU.a Jtou JtaQal.'IQEl. O"lJoXcti~ETIIL to 6am40. n:ou
"tO avtE(O "tOU 6Q(OXctaL otou; .6.tlcpoii;. H nueta XL "
Li6uu.a EiVm EJtVriiotQLE; XL EJt\'EUotVE;, xm" avtLxiJ txv'l wto6L0tm OTT) 8Eia EJttOOCIT), xuelw; "tOU
AJt6U.wva. Ta JtQOirlnx6. oQ6.ata Jtou E$<1Vl~0vtm
ota 6vELQa, oQ6.am yLa "ta on:o(a i.16. o Xal.xi)bLo;,
oqidAavtm O't'T)V EltLXOLVWVia tou av0QWJ1'.LVOU vou, Jtou
6xEtm aut; n; wtoxai..UtpEL;'., w O"lJitavtLX6 vou
JtOU dvm o 8do;vou;. To xAELb( tou :rtQ06AiJao; :rtQbtEL
va a; to bWoEL 'I WtO\jll] Jtou EiXE o HQ6.xAELto; yLCt "tov
EV8oumao6. OL naQai.oyLooi twv UO't'T)Q(wv EuvooUv
t1}V EJtavoA.oxAiJQWOTJ TI1 1ftuxiJ;, yLa"t( o EV0ouoLao6;
O"lJv6tEL tOU av8Qcimou; E n; 0ELE; 6uv0.EL xm to
O"lJitavtLX6 vou. H taiitLCIT) wu 'A611 to .6.L6vuoo SExa0aQLl;tm wt6 to y'(ov6; On O't'T)V xct"t6.otaCIT) ou EV
8oumaooii '"I 1ftuxiJ uJttxuJt"tE Sava O't'T)V xa0obiJY'ICITJ
"twv 0dwv buvitEwv xctL yLa ).(yo XaLQ6 Savay\JQL~E otL;
ouv01]xE; l;wi); tOU U:JtEQ:rtEQaV' tL OltOlE; dxE yvwQLOEL
llQLV wt' 'tlJ yi)LV'l U:rtaQST] TIJ;'. xctL n; onolE; btQEltE va
::.ava6Qd n6. w 86.vaw. OL i)QwE; xm oL baiovE; d-
184
KOIT Al: ASEAOl:
vat lowi; OL ,PVAa:ic:Eq ~wvravWv xat JrE8ai:vWV, 6nwi;
Un to cm6orcaoa 63, xt avfpc:olJv Xl alJtO( atlS: 0lei; buvO.ELi;. 'Erm, T] 1tQ0'1JtlXT) avn1u] Txv'q :ic:at ta 6vnQa
l'tOtl l'tQOavayOJ,ouv, ES'lYOIJvtat 'Eva 6vo X.O.l wv LOlO
e6n:o:
E TI]V El'tl:it:OLV(l)V(a l"COlJ l'tQUY\J.U1"0l'tOL(Tm E 1"0
ou.n:avnx6 vou xm ni; 0dti; bwcili;. 0 Arc6Uwv

ot6:!;EL va XQf)otWu aav to0Aa611t'fii; avO.taa OTI]V
-ivuxiJ twv OQaancnWv xm cno 0cio vou.

0 (~hos: cruyyQa'foi; 01Jvbtn niv -ivvxoAoytxi] boSao(a
xm ni 0QfJC1XEv1uti] awe(a e niv Cutmflll -cov HeO.xAEnov
ym ta ttweoAoytxir. 'mv6cva. 'OAEi; OL ExfuJA<.Ootti;
TI'IS: !;wfii; foa cnov x6oo txovv oav aywyo\li; -roui; ni;
El;m(ow; ii ni; ava0uui<mi;, axtcptE"tat. Ot atE'(Vt;:, xa0aeti; xm A.a.n:EQti; ava0uuiotL1;, l'tOlJ 6ya(vouv wc6 niv
vyeaoia, ouvtcnoUv niv 'PtJXiJ x.aL et'ow ni buivoL. H
OQaat(CJ'tQLa tpvxil 0a 'ltQtJ'CE vu tlvm m e!;txovoa tplJxiJ ym va te0et o' rntxotvwv(a TI] 0tla ao'la, yLa va
Elvm O'}A.a.Oi) w tpl.l)'.i) crtYV'1 xm xafJagi), nov va xu-
QLaQXEitm cm6 ni 'wna. H !;wi) XL o flc'.tvato:; n-aMCtaoovtm blal.txnxa, ytat( 'l rn(yna !;10111ivm 0 aavato:;
nis: tpuxfl:; n-W o 0Qvmo:; t(vm 11 agxi) n1: uf.1J0tvi):; nvruanxi):; !;wi):;: Zotl. ro 86vam rwv v'l""' x1 avri!>' 'ovv
m 8tivar6 a!>- A86varot flvrJro{, 8vt/T"' 11/Jlivarot, 0..yav ta cmoonlloata 77 xaL 62. 'Otu\ 11 q>wnll tou x6oou xw n1::: \j'l'X~; natgbtnm CH \1~'" uunj 'I EtaT(lOil~ ri\'m II H(i\'cttO; yta TI] lpUXlj ,\, TIJV QUf) \J.EQLli,
11 11z11 tl\'Ul ttioo l'lEQLoo6ugo \1Q>l'11:. tVliQETI], ax6a
Xl OQUatlcrtQLa 600 l'tlO crtYV'1 Ei\'IU I] AQtp'} TI'IS:- M'
aur6 rov TQ6Jto xa0u:gWvn-aL w uvtaUayiJ av6.wa
crto 'uaLx6 XO.L crto 1JltEQ'UOLX6.
Aun') TJ EQT]vEla l'lOU ouvol'lTULci JtagovOLciaaE, OmniQEi TI] oa'fiJVTJ nis: ' 6A11 aunj niv 1JcrtQo'La TI'IS: Ixe06v
xwgls: va to 0tAet, EXXQLcrtwvll;,n tov Jtayavton'J crtoxaon'J XL avolyn tva xir.oa (avtL-1]QaxAnnx6) avCteaa
O"rTJV (rnlyEta) !;wi) XO.l ITTO UltEQltEQaV. MtQLXli cmoanciaaTa. AOyou xir.Q'l to 63, Jtcivw crta ono(a onJQ(!;Etm XO.L
JtOu as: Eta'Eg01]xav cm' tov rn(axoJto 1Jtn6Auto JtOU
EtaTQbtEL TOV Hgir.xAE1TO o' EUayyU.Lonj' a:; !;T]TOUv vu
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H ol>IAOIO<f:>IA
185
i'ulJoouE m fill] EQT]vEla. A.Ly6ngo boyanxi). H 0gT]oxrnnxiJ oxEVTJ tou HgcixAEnou a; l'tQOOn~gn OQLOf:vE; Ol't0.VlE; EVbElSEl; l'tcivw Ott) axf:CJTJ toU av0grJJl'tou E
tl] 0E6"tl]ta. I' aun] "tl] O"T0.CJTJ an:tvavn OTa l'tahlO. mOTElito, vo(l;ouE l'tw; 6A.tn:ouE hly6tEQO "tl]V '(Xa0(bguOTI viwv mOTEUw xm l'tEQl006tEQO La n:agcxiJ xmvoUgYlWV iWtwv. 0 HgO.xhElto; bE blaLQEl E oUOTI')a ta 6vta - E "tl]V Evvom On bV Exn tva 0whoylx6 oUOTI')a
- OE av0gWn:ou;. i)gwE;. ba(ovE;, 0wU; xm 9E6. Itou;
x6A.n:ou; tou )'0.hou l'tEQlf:xovro;. l'tou Elvm o x6oo;,
6A.a EmxolvwvoUv E &a. Eivm n:ohU l'tt0av6 Ono EiEmo; n:iOTEUE OE xcin:ma l'tQ0'1JtlXi) avtlXi) t(xvt}. 6tl
an:oon:O.oata tou auitavtlxoU y(yvEo0m an:oxaA.Umovtm ' tvav tg6l'to l'tEQl006tEQO EXQT]Xnx6 OE xcin:OlE;
n:govowlixE; OTLyE;.
Ml'togoiiE CtgayE va bmxglvouE l'tOlE; Elvm Ol axion;
t1J; 0gl]OXEUtlxi); ax1f11Jt;; tou HgCtxhEltou E tov ogito6, aut6 tO tglto YW..o ti)a TTJt;; uOTlXlOtlxi); 0Ewgla; xm n:gciSTJr;; Ol avan:agaOTcioEl; TTJt;; .6.lxT]; xm tou
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O"TOV ogno6. AutEr; tl; 0vt6T1jtEr;. iuotxCt E m l'toA.ii
blatogtlxi) E'6:VlOTJ, nr; 6gloxouE xm OTOV Hgcixhnto. Ta uan}gm tou Ogifo nlvouv n:eor; "tl]V an:EA.n0E(lWOTJ "tl]; 'f'Uxfir; wt' ta bEo{t tl]; YivvTJOTJ;, Xl auti) 1J
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AatgEla; tou .6.L6vuoou, Xl oL 6axxwt'lttfVOl xgatoUv foa
a' aut6v on:ouba(a 001J. TEA.or;. 6h1111 tJlvflEOTJ l'tOU tmXElQEi o ogilo6; ilAoboSE1 va in'.tm1 mnv t!;ayvL06
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l;wi). 0 HQCtxhtnor; Vrg1'i1Jot avaq>1061jn1w xu1 OTO
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utomWoEl, naogirJwovrCt; ta, OQLOiva uutti1ata
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dtvn blxi) tou xal6: an:' n; 0Ql]OXEUnxE; l'taQa06on;
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tu;
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v01]ata n:ou OtrupEUyovv wt6 toui; av0g<lmow;. fialgvovtO:i; ta oav EVOtl;rn;, EJtLXELQd, axol.ou0Wvtao; to OQ6o
TT)<; n:oAEno]i;, va xa'tabtl!;Et TL<; 0tEAtaxt<; alfi0nE<;. 0
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wt6 TI'jV 6.IJ..T) m 0QlJ<nufo. 6.E 6gloxn:m xa06Aou avc'r.toa crm nvgc'r. tT)<; Aoytxi]i; xm TT)<; JtlOtT)<;. H btxi] wv
uxiij111 dvm {a XL aywvlSnm va oull66n tTJ ia 0E6tT)Ta :rtou tlvm to v6T) tou x6oou. H oxbp'r] aun'j EJtLtQtnu xm crni; 0QTJOXEUtntti; aJ.:fi0nE<; va tTJ oulla.6ouv,
W..1]0tm; w; oJtolt:i; auvEJtc'ayovtm OQtoEvE<; wt6xgu<jlE<;
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to v&r)a UlltWv 't"WV EitElQLWv Xl UlltWv 't"WV EXcrtO:oEWV
XL wtoxal.ilJttEl Ullt6 1t0ll Ol O:llol ci:v0QW1tOL 1tQaya'to1t0lOilv crta OXO't"Elv6:. OA6tllJQ'1 '1 0Q1loxrunxfi oxv'l
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xm llcrtlx6.
0 HQO:xAELtoi; bEV anoaxeilvnm wt6 to LEQ6. Elvm
l.av0aovri '1 tO:OlJ 1tOll tov na6allu oE oe0oAoylorit
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0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4>1A0l:04>1A
187
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tlvm t!;foou Aav0aotvJ], yLa't( o He6.xAtL'tOS 'tOJio0"ttl
La MvaTj txQTJxnxT) 'tl')V Jigo6AT]anxfi 'tOU <naxa
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xcn L6Lx6. 'tl'J 0QT]CJXElJnxT) oxt1t'TJ rou HeclxAtL'tou. Au't6
Jtou wtA.o\Jcna'ta cruvt6'] tlvm 6n o Heclxi.ELroi; 6tv Jt6QOt va xclvn ill.a wt6 'to va ouoeiw0tl 'ti') eerioxtla nou tlxt 6en va Lax\ltL, autT) 6~ '1 wto6cxii 6tv
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va t"'taitQtL 'tOUS av0QtlJJtoui; Jttea wt6 'ta 6QLa 'tl')S (6Lai;
rnui; 'tl'JS ~rotji; avolyovtai; 'ta Ctna 'toui; CJtT)V xoeuiaLa
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KQrT AI A:=:EAOI:
188
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189
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wv rut6 't1] 0EOJ..oyi'.a i:ou, 6rtwr; Kl a1.1TI) ouvOhtm
TI'JV Wta,..11 rtOU ElXE ym to J..6yo Kal WV K6oo. 0 J..Oyor;,
o K6oor;, 'l lwn6: Km 'l 0E6TT)ta ouvaeoi..oyoUvtm o'
tva a016:QQ1]KtO o\JvoJ..o Kl dvm Oa016. EVwtva xwelr; Ka061.ou 'l Vonol1]m) wur; va ta o01]yi OE taUtt01]. 0 Ka0tvar; rut' auwUr; tour; XWQour; TTJr; ok6TT)tar; lwtll;Et
61.our; tour; urt6Amn:our;, a o Ka0tvar; OmTTJQEi Km TTJV
10attQ6TT)tU wu. AOyo1.1 x6.Q1], 11 KoooJ..oyLKi\ olalQa
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ar; rtaQOuo1acnEl oav m ouvoklKi\ EKlQ<lcnJ 6kwv i:wv
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to UrtEQrttQav. Qcn6oo, w v611a wu yiyvw0al OEV ESavtkEhal OT1]V mlyna l;wfi. 0 [O~ o HQ6:xl.mor; OEV JtQOitQEl 6o.Q1.1QfiavtEr; rut1Hc; rtQOr; KEivo1.1r; rtou rtQOOlvouv W aJ..1]01v6 lEQO; (2).
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wcrt6oo va ENlll;ouE: ymi:( EKEivor; rto1.1 OEV Arrl1;1 OE 0a
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botiA.ovq broiqo rotiq M lA.Eii9povq. - ElOtvai M: xvrl
r6v .:rt6Mov E6vra Svv6v, Kai fJ{xqv fptv, Ka{ y1v6Va
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yap it;ovq if;ovaq o(eaq A.a)'l'6-
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(wt. 53). ngbm va !;tQO\I. 6n 0 :rt6A.oi; (Val KOlv6S
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T1] Olx&vom Kl a:rt6 av6.yx1] (a:rt. 80). AvtoUi;:rtou :rtbptouv
m:ov :rt6A.e:o noUv 0eo( Kl civ0QW:rtOl (a:rt. 24). Olmo.yo.A.ol 0civawl txouv T1]V mo ey6.A1] o(ea (wt. 25). Ol
'IJuxti; :rtou xouv OKO'tW0( crtov :rt6M:o Eivm Ka0aQ6tQS a:rt6 Kivei; :rtO\I KUA11oav o' aggWumi; (a:rt. 136, a:rt6KQV>o). fla va lAci. . v611a, :rtQbtl v' avtA.o\I. Mva1] a:rt' aur6 :rtO\I e(vm o' 61..a xolV6, 6:rtwi; 1] :rt6A1] avtM:(
ct."t' to v6o, Kl aK6a JtQt.006nQO ymt( 6A.ol Ol av0gWJtlVOl v6ol Qt>ovtm a:rt6 rov tva v6o, to 0elo aur6;
KQIT AI AE:EAOI:
192
X(laT0.EL 600
60.. tL
TI]V
El;ouola
TOll, U(lXEi YLU
6Aa xm
'(Q
UJttQ6alvn (eut. 114). 0 Aa6i; TCQbcEt va :rcoA.ECm yta TO
v6o oav va r'p:av Ta ulx'l TOU (cm. 44). N6oi; dvm xm

'I itu0aexla OTIJ 6oUATJOTJ V6i; (wt. 33). na tva, b.-m;
a!;il;n 600 Uetm &rav Elvm 6:etcrtoi; (cm. 49). 6.t 6a
yvWetl;av i:o 6voa tT)S btxmoairvT\i; av
auTO. On- um'!QXav
(an:. 23). Ta MxtaiteUyaTa o Oluoi;Ta !;Eett, m41uA<itL. H 6utmoo\JVT] 6wi; 0a :ruCicm auToVi; itou acrto
Qt\louv xm aenieoilv 'ljltam (an. 28). (LT). EOW o
H(l6.X4LTOS txnalliUELat TI]V xmvl] TUo).oyia TWV
At!;t:wv boxiovra xm 6oxicfrratoi, xm iowi; 'l O\lva'l nii;
btxmoaUvt);, 'I tltxtj, va ot1axnLl;tm ' auTti; ni; Ai!;tti;
' tva nmxvlfo JtOll 0V tlvm au0al(lno). Tr1v U6QT] &1..ov JtQbtEL va o6fivu xavtli; JtaQU niv nuexayui (rut. 43).
KaAU 0a bmvav 61..ot ot VT)Atxot Eq>fotot va X(ltaotoUv

i!.UL v' mp'!]oouv niv n6ATJ acoui; avl]Atxov:;, yta'Cl EXElvm
E!;6etoav 'COV Ee.60weo. 'COV mo Q!;to Uvtea, A.tyovta:;:
n:a!;U a:; xavEi:; a:; T]v Eivm o mo Q!;to:;, nbEi}, a:;
min aUoU xm ' WJ..olJ:; (rut. 121). Ilo'Ct va T] oa:; Ml\j!Et, E$fotot, o :1tA.oil'CO:;, ym va 6yalvn ato $avEQ6 T] TCOvt)Qti:t oa:; (rut. 125a)].
To neW'Co neUya noll ataxO.l;nm 11 axttpTJ 'COll HeO.xAu'ColJ Eivm o n6Mo:;. 0 n6Mo:; OEV tlvat xa06kou
TCQW'Ca oUu rutox>.nattxi:t ta b\iva11 xmvwvtxi}. 0 n6AEo:; Eivm ta UTCt(l'CQTI') OUvaT] TCO\J CUtOXal.U:m:nm O'tO
EOW'CEQtX6 ni:; oA6nj'Ca:;. l:av Mva11 al.110tv6. 0Ela, o
:1t6AEo:; EiVat 0 TCQW'Calno:; 'CO\J y(yvE00at TCOU avtutaea66.llit xt EVWVEt 'Ca avti0na. 0 HeUxk.Eno:; yivnm o xa0et4'ni:; 'CWV :1tal.tWv ll00AoytxWv avttAi}\j!EOW Xat a:;
>.tu 6n 0 :1t6AEo:; Elvm TCO\J avtbEt!;E 'COUS 00U:; Xat 'COllS
av0eWnou:;. Kat, '{lJQll;ovtai; 'CO 6>.ia 'COll TCQOS niv
xallnj xmvwvtxi} l;wi}, a:; E!;T]yti nwi; nUvta o n6Mo:;
Elvm TCOll ixavt cill.olli; av0eW:1tolli; ox>.Cr.6ou:; Xt allou:;
AEU0QOUi;. H axtOTJ 'CO\J oxi..6.6olJ Xat 'CO\J k.Eil0EQOU EiVat av6./...oyl] . ni axEOTJ 'COU av0eWnoll xm 'COll 00U.
AQ>oil o :1t6Atoi; tivm 011:navttx6:;, :noeti va tivm v6oi; 'CO\J x6oou Xat O'lJV6.a v6o:; lO'tOQtX6:; OlJ'(XEXQlEvoi;. 0 {llJ0.6:; '[0\J O'lJ:lCQvtlXOil yiyvto0at, TCO\J TCQtxn
0 HPAK/\EITOI KAI H 'lll/\OIO<t>IA
193
w ylyvtoem twv l't6i..Ewv, tlvm tvai;; .TCoMtx6i;; Q\Je6i;;.

Kit0t n .TCOU ylvEtaL foa cn:ov x6oo ylvEtm t xm foa
ani btx6vow xm aniv avayxm6urm. H ou4twv(a :n:ot1
xaeaxTIJQLttL to oUvoAo TIJ'i avegWmvqi;; tcn:oglai;; bEV tlvm .TCag(t to cnJvoAo twv aou41WVul>v xm twv tbLahtQWV
i::AwOuiw. H aouq>wvla t(vm ot thOLo 6ae6 irqncn:oi;;
v6oi;; Wcn:t y(vEtm avayxm6TI)ta. H xowwvLxfj avayxm6TI)ta dvm xm m xat6.cn:aOlJ aouq>wvlai;; xaL XOLvwvtxfi aou4'wv(a Oev :n:OQtL va xataQYT10tL 06vow
xm Otx6vOLa tlvm ot OUo ou:n:ATJQWttxii;; ~tti;; wu
lOtou volo.atoi;;, 6Jtwi;; 'I vlxri xm 'I i)Tia, to 0U.a xm o
0UTI)i;;, TJ cn)yxQOlJOTJ XaL TJ tlgiivq.
0 Hg6.xi..ELtoi;;, oav al.ri0w6i;; cn:ox:acn:fii;; .TCOU tlvm, Oev
:n:ogti va oxt1tt( JtaQa aut6 JtoU tlvm, Ot)AaOi) aut6 JtoU
y[vEtm. dt Otxmoi..oytl ta 1mv6Va, all(t oUtt xm
ta aQVITTaL. Kon6.tn ouyxQaTI)tva Jtwi;; to x6.0t n
.TCOV tlvm 0LxaL<iwEtaL a:n:6 TIJV avayxa(a .TCaQOtJo(a wv,
.TCwi;; avnaxEtm xat a:n:oggl:n:tEtaL a:n:' aut6 Jtov ylvnm.
AcpoU YL tov Hg(txi..Lt0 (xaL YL tov K6oo) 0 Jt6Moi;;
tivm tavr6xQOVa Ogacn:tx6i;; XL al.ri0w6i;;, ea fitav .TCmbaQLWOti;; va OVtLQtvttl xavtli;; TIJV xm6.moii tou, .TCQ(ty.a
.TCOV, xat6. TI) yvWri wv, txavt o 'OriQOi;;. K6.n l'ttQlOo6u:QO: ea fitav xatacn:Q04ltx6 va tTJTilon xavdi;; x6.n
thoto, ytad m.ml TJ a:n:6MTJ xat6.cn:aOTJ 0a oijmvt TIJV
oi..oxl.TJQWnxfi xatacn:QO$'i, evW o .TC6Moi;;, .TCOV dvm
.TCmxvlOL btaAtxnx6 xatacn:goclriJi;; xm ouro06riOTJi;;, btaTIJQtl 'tO eve6 'tOV y(yva8m. H a:n:ouo(a x6.et !J.TJllEVLO'tLxoU xaeaxtfiea tlvm tva tvrovo OT)abt 61.rii;; TIJ'i :n:(!0004'tcmxi/~ oxbpfii;;. H oxbpfi aunl cn:txn:m .to 'fal.fu:tQO ot6ao6 :n:QOOt(t cn:o Ahyo xm cn:ov x6oo, aniv Jt6A'l
xm cn:ov avegw.TCo. Elvm ta oxbpfi Jtov oull.a.6<tvtL w
x6.0t 'tL xweli;; l'tot va 'tO tXTJ0VCttL. Mt tov IlQWtay6ga
aexttn tva OJJ,.o xt4>6.lmo, 6l'tOV 0 roQYlai;; OmxrieiJootL
.TCwi;; tl:n:ota bEV U.TC6.QXl, rta tov Hg6.iliLto, 'I Oofi TIJ'i
XOLVWVLxi)i;; twiii;; 'tWV avegWl'twv, 'I Jt6Ari, Vl't<iQxtL avrobixma xm SQtl .TCwi;; aunl TJ .TC6Ari Oovdtm crovqWi;; Cl1t0
aytlwti;;. Aut6i;; tl:n:ota Oev :n:ogt( v' all6.Stt. 0 HQC]xl.ntoi;; StOTJxWvn:m EVavtlov tou Oi)QOU EJttLOft bEV tov
KOI:T AI: ASEAOI:
ot'fXIOQEi :rcou rUtr (JAttiba, I. 107): '!2~ Ept~ Ex u: flEWv

r dvflpW;rwv dir6A.otro. naQ' 61..' auui ylvnm o lb1oo; T)
TCQOiXTaCJT] tOtl Ofieou ytatl to :rceWto tExfiem TIJS aexala; :rcolriCJTJo;, :rcou Elvm ta :rcof..Etxfi rno:rco1La. TIJV
lAttiOa. TIJ btabxnm m axiipri :rcou OE :rceWto :rcf..civo to:rco0nd tov :rc6f..Eo.
0 :rc6f..Eoo; :rcQOxa.Afl 01.1VX6.io; xmv0Ue1ro; WJ..ayEo;. Aut6 y(vnm rnnbfi OTIJ oVyxQOUCJTJ twv avn0hwv u:rc6:exn
:rcO:vra ta Mvari :rcou u:rcrQxn. Aut6o; dvm o f..6yoo; :rcou
to ylyvECJ0m :rcou me1xn tov :rc6f..Eo xuf..6:l axatWmucrm oav :rcotO:t. dmOO.l;out: crtov Kean'Ao. (413 C): IE
x6fJE n :rcou dvat, av aA718tvci xuAciEt, 71 oVyx{>Dl'01J OEV
dvat dllo Jr(Jd:ya cm6 TO avr{8ero pEVa.
Ta wtoo:rc6:oam 24, 25 xm 136 al;to:rcmoUv OE yai..o
6a06 to v6']a tou 0av{nou crtov :rc6f..Eo. Ot ~uxto; :rcou
:rctnouv OTIJ .{lxri r!;ayvll;ovrm, no; noUv m 0EO( xm 01
O.v0gw:rcm xm ylvovrm xotvwvol t:Y6o; mo Eyai..ou :rcrTCQWtvou. Aut6 tmQtcil;n E TIJ axtivfJ (cru:rcuvnx6n)ta
mu :rco!J:.ou) xm TIJV :rcof..mxfi T)0txfi tou HeCctlt:ttou.
nolriCJTJ, u0of..oyia xm oocpia twv aQxatxWv xe6vwv rnt6g0:6EUoav touo; figwEo;. Q 0:v8QU>:rcoo; :rcou X6:VEl OTIJ 6:XT)
TIJ l;wfi tou !;rnEQVCt TIJV tbtaltEQTl xmCtcrtacrfi tO\.' xm cruvbtnm t: to cru:rcavr1x6.
ExElvo1 :rcou axot6.ivovrm o' vav :rc6A.E.o a!;ll;ouv of..6tEf..a tbtahEQEo; nio;, ytatl 8uo1Ctl;ouv TIJ l;wfi muo; yta va
u:rcreao:rcloouv TIJV :rc6f..ri rou~ xm ro v6o. H :rc6f..ri dvm
T) oe1fi :rcou TCEQtxEt TIJ b-T)6o1a xm tbtwnxfi l;un] twv
E>J..fivwv. 0 :rc6A.E.oo; E(vm ou:rcavrtx6o;, 6.wo; xm T) :rc6f..ri
Eivat yta 61..ouo; xmvfi Xl E)($gCcl;n to cru:rcavrtx6 /...&yo.
0 HeCtxf..ntoo; 4>alvnm :rcwo; btaxeLvEl Mo crtgWma crto
EO<r>tEQtX6 TIJS :rc6f..T)o;: to O~o, to :rc/...fi0oo; twv :rcoAttWv
:rcou bE blvn CJT]aoia nae 6vo crta uf..txCt aya0Cc xm
mu; ciptOTOl'~ :rcou Elvm 01 OQlcrtOXQCttE:; xm taut6xeova
01 xaf..UtEQOL cut6 touo; :rcof..hE:;. Bgll;Et mu; btE10agivou:; cru:rcof..lu:; tou rnEthfi !;6ei.oav to 6vo yEVValo 6:vrea, tOV Ee6bu.IQO, Xat bmXT)QUOOEl :rcwo;, 6tav Eva; O:vflgw:rcoo; dvm o xaAUtEQO:;, 6voo; tou aut6:; al;Ll;n bf.xa
x1f..tCcb:; O:>J..ou:;. 0 Mt6o; wcrt6oo :rcebm va u:rcEeao:rcioft
w ulxTJ tT)i; n6Ar,i;. Ml'toQi to ouyxEXQlivo xm
19~
u~laitE
go l'tEQtEX6.cvo tT)i; 1t6Al]i; va Elvm xm1.6, lm10agvo

xm oAuoivo, tT)V n6ATJ 6wi;. not! dvm ogq>fi ouyxEXQtfvri tOl! ouimvtlxo\1, ngbi:n va tT)V l!1tEQaonlon .
.6.EV JIOQEl va tT)V aQV110E(, ytatl autii 1tEQlxn 6, n xaAUugo Xt 6,n xnQ6tEQO ul'tQxn. Ito 66.0oi; tTJi; oxt'fT)i;
tou HQO.XAE.ltOl! 6Abcoue va x6.vouv xa0aQ6. tT)V 16.Vlcri) toui; o n60oi; xm T] 00..l]OT) va ul'tclQSn la aAT]0tvi)
avegWmVTJ xotv6tT)ta notJ 0a l'tQayatonold aut6 nou 'l
av0QW1tlVTJ XOlvwv[a l'tQayatWvn e tQ6no auAtO't'ato.
H wcotJola 1.cti; thmai; ou;cavttxl)i; XOlV6tT)tai;, OtTJV
onoia 0a JIOQOUOE va Vtax0El Xl al!t6i; aQovLX6., TOV
0Al6Et xm l'tQOxaAd ni; \16gni; l'tOl! Extol;e\Jn EVavtlov tT)i;
T] ou;cavttxfii; xmv6tT)tai;. nag 6>.: atJt6., ou>J..a.66.vn
e i::yOJ..l] xa0aQ6tT)ta tTJV noArnxfi xglOT) oav 1.ct xglOT)
tTJV ol'tola 1tQOXaAd o t6noi; tT)i; xmvwvtxfii; ou;cavtlx6tT)tai; XL 6Xl oav XQlOTJ l'tOU l'tQoxaAEltm wc6 bg6.0l'E\; atotxoUi; xm llha(ugoui;. TatJtQxgova, TJ lf>lAobol;la tOl! va
bT)lOUQYf10El la XOlV(l)VlXfi ou;cavtlX6tT)ta bEV ivm
ta llAoboSla not! avijxn Ol'O xWQO tou ovdgou xm bEV
wcouAE[ Ol!t01tlO't'lX6 Ol'6.bto. fla tT)V E$lXtii xotvwvla to
!;fitT)a dvm va JCQayatWcm aAT]0tvci aut6 Jtou 0EEAtax<i. Elvm 'l lbm, &qAabfi t6Jtoi; tOl! ou;cavttxo\1. Aut6
WO't'6oo brv ;cogd va to xatog0Won naQ{a to' we' toui;
aythvEi; l'tOl! Vt6.000vtm Ol'O ylyvmem.
H tAlT]vtxfi Jt6AT] yvci:lgtat: JtoU.Q xa0EO't'<ina: tTJV oAlyai;ixla, tTJV QlO't'OXQatla. tTJ ovaQXla, tTJV tugavv(a, tTJ
b11oxgatla, tT)V axAoxgada. Tot! HgcixAELtol! 'I EyaA\1TEQTJ ou;c6.0na q>aivETm 6n 1tQOOQl!;nm yta tTJV QlO't'OXQatla, JtOU ivm tJbTJ 1.a SmEgaoEvri lO't'OQtXfi oQtf>fi
Xl al!t6 TOU bT]lOUQYE( tT) bl!Ol'\JXlOEvrj noAmxfi TOl! ouvElllT]OT). Evtoiltmi;, ax6a xm T] lhE10agEvri n6AT] Elvm
n6AT] 6tav Eivm o xa0QtltTJi; tOl! v6otJ. fl' atJt6v to Myo T] n6AT] bEV ;cogd va ylvn avtlxEiEVo 6.QVT)OT)i;. H
Jt6Al] bEV dvm Eva bEbotvo wcoxAf:l.Ol'tx<i. av0gWmvo
xm lO't'OQtx6. Etm&q wcouAE.( iQOi; tou 6Aol!, E\j!uxWvnm wc6 to v6o l'tOU bEV dvm av0QWmvoi; aU.O 0Eloi;
(\)
196
KQI:T AI: AEEAm:
H n6\.'l ITTTJQLl;r:tm, xm nebtu va cmiell;r:tm, erto v6o, rnnbl] 6AoL OL av0gcintLVOl v60l -rgqxwrm cuc6 wv
tva vOo, w 0do. OL av0gW:rtLVOl v6m lvm noU.oi,
6nw; noU.t; Lvm
XL OL
av0g<limv; yvci.1;. 'Ow; o
0Eio; v6o;, nou 'tQi$n crovqW; wv; v6ou; twv av0QWnwv, ivm tva;, 6nw; la Eivm 'l 6vtJ Ioip(a nou
0 00..EL xm 00..n va A.tynm E: to 6-.ooa 't01J ~(a. H
noiJ..wtA.6'0)ta wcn6oo ixn 6a0Lt; ni; ell;; 'tl]; foa cmiv
cvO'tT)tU XUL 0 v6o; 'tl]t; :rt6AT]; xq,g6.l;u troL XL illL<li;
(ax6a xm E: E.yfu; atO..u11;) tO 0do v6o. 0 HgO.xAnto; bt a-; i.A6. Jt:o-rt yL' au-r6 itou Jrpbrn va Elvm.
Ogtrcn va eivat au-r6 itou Eivai, mpoU msr6 nou Lvm
ngiitn va 6en 'tTJV nAi)eTJ oMitli)gwcrlj wu E: to 0Lx6
t01J yiyvro8ai.
To YYOV6; 6n o 0lo; v6o; oq>gaylt;,n 'tou; av0gWmvou; v6ou;. nou 't1] oue6. tou; xa0et4>til;ouv niv oALxi) 6.!;11 'tou xOoou, x6.vn niv :rtogda 't1]; 11eailimxi);
OlaAf:X-[LXT); v' aVTj1oQL~L XQL 'tatrr6xgova va XG'tT)$0QLl;n: O bQ6oo; l't01J avticu'.vn XL o bQ6oo; :rt01J xau6uLvL
dvm o LbLOt;. 0 6"0QWl'tOt; ~f:L tau O"n}V Jt6ATj, l't01J atri
el~nm erto v6o, o o:rtoloo; etq>nm cuc6 o 0Lo v6o. 0
0Loo; v6oo; et<1>n OV XOLvwvLx6 v6o, :rt01J 1'J1JxWvn
'tT)V :1t6A11, 'tT)V o:rtola 0 6.v0QWJtoo; l't{lbtf:L vu 1JJtf:QUOl'tlaf:L.
A1oU o Jt64oo; dvm 'l XOQ1J$ala Jt{layanxCmJm, o
Aa6o; :rtQbtf:L vu :rtoA.El]on '(LU w v6o 'tT)t; Jt6Ario; xa0Wo;
XUL '(LU 'ta utxri 'tT)t;, a1oU 0 v6oo; f:Lvm UU't6t; l't01J blvf:L
Crtl'fV XOLVWVLXT) ~ 'tO v6t]6. 'tT)t; 'tO vu 'tT)V 'tO:rto0nL
O"n} bL6.ertUCJJJ wu 01.lJtavnxoU. OertOoo, o v6oo; bV 1vm 'tO
'tOJV 6ou4u6.'twv Jt01J f:Xbll>ouv 'ta Cnoa: o' U1J't6 OL6.~f:L 'tO ,\.Oyo, l't01J XL U1J't6t; bf:V WtO'tf:).f:('tUL cuc6 'tO <i0QOLOU 'tWV U'tOLxWv Mywv. N6oo; dVUL xm 'l :rtL0UQXla CrtTJ OOUAriITTJ V6o;, ao; 6Lb6.mm o
He6.x4L'tot;, 6wv 6vov tvao; avtutQOOW:rteiin 'tTJV aAri0tvfi $UCJJJ 't01J f:V6o; v6ou. Il6Af:Lt; XUL v6oL bLa'tQfx01JV
Jt6:vta 'tOV xlvb1JVO va bwq>0aeoitv. Ml]:rtwo; OL v6oL 'tT)t;
E$foou bV l]wv :rtou 1;6QLoav 'tOV :rtLO'fVVUlo cue' 6Aouo;
w1Jt; E$foLo1Jo;, ov Ee.6bweo; O Eq>foLoo; avtL'tL0nm
erto1Jt; Eq>tow1Jt; xm xgLvn 't01Jt; v6ouo; uto 6vou 't01J
aeeowa
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 4>1AOIO<lllA
197
1oftou itou miea itoAU cruxvit iteoblvnal in:av >ae6!;rm Mftitw~ XL tva~ 6:llo~ ITToXacml~. o I:wxe6:rri~. AS,,l'Uio; itou avni:l0naL CJtou~ AS,,valou~. b bxnat TI)
\'btt} xai:ablxri i:ou, EVW aQVlhal v' avayvweLoEL i:o
01'10to i:wv v6wv TI)~ it6Ari~ i:ou;
noU 6w~ I'] 6aoW:la WU v6.ou aexl!;EL va Elvat La
uoAuoM] xai:CtCJtaOT) xm itoU itaUt va [Val la xai:O:mami xa0aeiJ; 0 He6.xAni:o~ a>l.06t}i:( OQl.Oiv~
;rf,EUQt~ tOU JtQo6Aftato~ TI)~ n6Ari~ Xat TI)~ t6.Sri~ TI)~,
av Xat CJ'tO aUvoA6 TI)~ 0WQ( TIJV XOLVWVLXit xat6.0Tami
owCJtO: 0EAlwM], 'Oitw~ Xl 6AoL OL 6.iloL aexalol otOxaCJtt~. b crulla60:vl to beita TIJ~ oxAa6L6.~. beita
JtOU WCJt6oo miabd>EL XUl xaAUitUL to 1tOAltLX6 y[yvo0at. H noAmxft tou oxtlJ!ri 6elaxnm ava.>Lo6ftTIJta CJ
aeov(a E TIJV XOlVWVlXft JtQayanx6TI)ta JtO\.! CJ'tO OW1:QLx6 TI)~ avrurtiioottal xCtn 7tQl006tQO: ri oxtijni aun] 0EALWvl TIJV ['(XUQ6TI)ta tou v6.ou n6.vw OTT)V lbla
TIJV tCtStJ toll K6o.ou. Aut6 (val >avQ6, Xl El~, Ol miQLVol 6.v0ewitol. to blwtlCJtciivou. I:i:o 6L6Alo tou Machmisme et Philosophie. o P. M. Schuhl a~ naeaxlvl Va
xCtvouE OUO JtQ6.yetta: v' avtumea6aAovE otl~ neaoiv~ neayanx6TI)U~, w; une6oAlx6. nbullt.axt~ Lx6v~ itou EQUtt~ <t>oet~ a~ xCtvl va axriatl!;ouE yw
tou; alWv; nou xUArioav I'] voCJtaAyla nou ato0av6aCJt
ym i:ov naAl6 xaJ..6 xaLQ6 naeillriAa. ITTL~ OTJEQLvt~
iteayanx6TI)t~ v' avtutaea6aAou ta 6vlQa itou oL
>V..6oo>m JtQ066.llouv o' Eva j.liiJ.ov Jtou to >avtCt!;ovtat Autewtvo wt6 tt~ a0AL6TI)t; xm n; 00uAi; tov
XUlQOll tOU~.
,
Qoi:6oo, m XOlvwvwAoyLxft avW..umi TI)~ noAlnxft;
oxt'lnl~ tou HgCtxAnou 0 >alvti:m 6n f11COQ[ va o&}yi]oEL axgui, 'EitLta wt6 TI) OU!JXttLOTJ l'tOU x0:vaE TI)~
allriAE!;itQTIJOTJ~ tou xa0CJtillto~ Xal TI)~ oxt'ljlTJ; l'tou tou
vtLotOLXl, n JtQLCJo6UQO :rcoQOUE va xCtvouE; Ax6q xat I'] aQ!;LITTLXft Qt}vla - itov WCJt6oo Eivm I'] mo
bnvtj xoLvwvwAoyLxft avCtAumi - wto0LXTIJX auAto>oQT], toUMlXlCJtOV JdxQl n; iQE; a;. 0 Z. m.qCtvw> (fr~
questions fondamentales du marxisme, Ed. Sociales, Pam.
198
KQIT A! A:=:EAOI
1947, o. 66) XQltlX<iQEl ilt1CJTI]Q6: to VEOfilT]Vil A. E/...tu0EQ61tot1/.o, 1tO'U oto 6L6Alo mu Wirstschaft und Philosophie
(T. I., Die Philosophic und die Lebcnsauffasung des Griechentums auf Grund der Gesellschaftlichen Zustande, Berlin, 1900) avnetoo1tl!;El TIJ $LAooo$i'.a mu Hg<ix.1..Enou
oav ~ua avti'.beaari twv ClQlcrtoxga.Wv O'tTJ" aavaotanxf]
bg6.0Tj toll EllT]VlXO\l JIQOi..n:ctQultou. rm tOV Ei..EU0EQ6JIOUko, o Hg6.xl.nwi;, t;{ovtai; xatWir.6u nwi; dvm aMVUTIJ " 01Jitavtud1 EV6tT)'tU, EX0rnl~u TI'jV E/;ouola LOU
xa-rEOTIJt'vou v6au. crtov oJto(o 6gloxEl TI'I" ix4>eaml
tau o 0Eloi; v6oi;. 0 0Eloi; v6oi; bEV an:oxAElEl TI'I" V6TIJLU, T] EV6nrra 6wi; JIOU ag6Sl o' aui6v m v6o Elval
'I V6nrra twv avtaywvlo.tlw. 0 gciiooi; agl;lcrn]t; xarnblx6:~El oav wtAmxti; ni; XOlVOLOJI(Ei; 'tOtl tUT)VCl ag!;L-
crn]. xweli;, buCJ't\.!xWi;, va
ai; xgoo<11ten la xW.VtEQTJ

EQ11'1VE(a JtOtl 0a frrav blCl$<0UCJ"UXl] ym tO cJUvo),o TY}\;
axbjnii; mu He6.xAltou yVn1.6. xm ym TYl blxl] tou 1t0A1.nxl] ox~ nb1.x6. (").
( 0 )net-mVC1[xoUfU'TOllOeeo:;vaop~U.ElfW;'l~IOTLXi)~
b<;V lfQOOoi>qiE pl'{&aI1Q{iypaaonipd..tTJtTTJ;dJ..riv11<i);m<tv'l;yrv<1<6

111 TTJ> lfQOOUJl<{Klt11<11; u6a1<01fQCI nQ01<u1m pi)lfw~y1a(IV(llf6'+>ru1<TTJ
l<lO.VO.'(XOUIO.."I01UXiO.i)fiV<ILPIUtllmr111foUlfOQfiv'<1VC11fA'l(HllilEi:
0 vf<l(>61a10; Mo.~ a<jnt{>WOE TT] 6uM1<TOQX>J 61<1TQ16iJ TOU OTij il.1ao
"If ~rA.ooolfo' "If 1fJ1)m1' aro il.1111.SXpuo xm TOY fur(1<0upo Tt)v rnoX'i
PL.EiVTJ, 6rv i)mv ax6pa p~1<mi; - av um'JW 1to1t 1ou All6 1<m o
'Eyx.tl.; b. )Ju oXE66v tU!01Cl llQCIYJKl1LJi alllKl"'lllW '(la 10u; ll(lWTOl';
turivE> oi:o.xaoi:E; 0 Atviv, :11nq 6A1; 11; ava<!>OQt; nou >ivE mo xrljHi
Muo yu;i TOV H(><id,c1ro TWY Ma8Ji,Wrwvlf6vw OT1/V OTO(lia "l'~';,,,.,.,.
<ra>10U Xl:yxtl xm oni povoyQCl~ia 1ou AaoW., 6rv xaro<1>E1;tvn '~' Y.<m'
1ov HQ6W10 va piAl}aE1 'Allwou, 6Ao; o OQitovfa; TTJ; pUQ'.;.um~10
VOLE> 6rv EivaL Cl(lllTU ElfE~EQy<tOptvE; X<ll "1:110U{>YLxt; pfoa om 11... ;.,
xuxO uAw6, o.)J..{i xa1 6rv ElflTQilfouv va TL<; <!'<Ie,.OtEL xav1i; :1mwi
Ol.'l TTJ'I' lfQO<mU8EL o 6aa.1.Ex111<6<; ul.i.aO; 6E 6m.1l<(l1vil;n TO lf~aiao.o taa Cl"fO o:wio to
lfoEIUO\IVl<ll Ol Oeo lfOU 111<1XELQltf1at' 10 EiVCIL ll<ll 'I~ 101' rivm
OU'(l<OYTCIL pfoa ntE( t{Hllfo xovb{lo16i) Ooo '(<Cl TOV U"10QLX0 l'i.Hl!lli
au16; 0tAi:. 'VCI E~Cl(l8(>100n 10 !''lXCIVl06 10U
lfQOOl'.llO{.'lOUOi
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OHPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4'1A0l:04>1A
199
M.:: 6uo M'ryla, -co Jtalx;vll>1 -cou 0numU Xal -cou aQVT)'tlxoU ato Eeyo xm OTT] atO.OTJ 'tO'll HQltXi..l'tmJ 6V EJU'tQ[;tEl va :rtEQlOQtatd a'lJ't6 'tO EQYo OE Eva cut6 'ta U\Jatanxir.
cnotxda 'tO'll. Tl] atlyt] :rtou aulJ..a6ltvmJ.t: TIJ'V au'taQXlxt] xm O'lJVTT]Ql]'tlX~ :rt4u{Mi TT)c; oxtijnic; 'tO'll, wtoxaAU:rt'tE'tl 'tO aQVTJnx6 Xl atavaatanx6 atOlXElo. Kt &tav Jtt6LWXmJE va 'tO'V x6.vo'llt: o:rta66 TT)!; avtaQolac;, Ecjlav(J;n:al oav u:rtEQaxoc; TT)!; ~c;.
6. ac; cutohtl Aout6" JtQlt v' OJtO'ta0oUE xat :rtcii..l
ata OJtOmt6.0'ta 1tO'lJ ~U)'tEQlXiiottV TT) oxEtjrrj 'tOU. r1a't( 1] 'tE4ti'ta(a i..1;1] TT)!; oxEtjrrjc; 'tOU :rtltvw OTTJ'V :rt6A1] 6V
dvat o v6oc; alJ.lt 1] 61xmoaVvT]. H 61xalOaVvT] Elvm
XElVT) 'I ycii..1] Mval] Jtou E~aocjlai..ll;El TT) mtVoXfl Xal
TT)" xavO'VlX6TT)'ta 'tO'll xooLxoU yi)"Vo0at fo' cut' 'tO'V
x6Ao xal TT) 61x6voi.a. Alln) 'I 61xmoaVvT] dvm xm 1"J
'i'Uxfl 'tmJ v6o'll :rtou 6LaoWJ;n TT)" :rt6A1]. H 61xmoaVvT]
cjlavQW...nat toa OTT] m]yxQOUOTJ xat, -co :rtlO o:rtou6alo,
(\IClt m]yxQOUOTJ. Elvat JtQOOXOAi..'lhl'J atO'V Jt6i..o.
MlCl CJ\MX~!; 06\'01.a 6E 0' 6.41v 001] yta TT) 6u(al0oii"'1 xat m ltv0Qu>Jtot 6E 0a )"VWQtl;av (oUu) 'tO 6voa
ni; 4'1looo41lx~r; 1.!iroAO)'las- l<l EV6l<l<jltqnm 11o).U l.ty&tEQO yia TI) (Jl(tvil
rv6; ITToXncml (Ill' 6,n y1a lour; Oll!O\IOlll1<0li;. xoo.vwvxoll; 11 11o>.mxoU; llpo><alk>QOl'Qllr; 'Elol. " txerori lWV EllJ'IEl.(lllilv lll L01Q(ll>lWv
uwlhjl<liiv l<al " bcBEOT) "It; 8Eto(ITfll1<~r; """""'' rvOc; ITToXao-n'i uir; bootvl]r; utoXTir;. l<lvollvtal OE boo 11UQCill11).a utim:ba 1<< o \'~ 10ur; 606; "!l{IU!lkvn wn1><6;. l'TJXalllx6; ""' ov6111.nooa u11ainoi; 'OM:; Ol
a~1cn:1xir;E{>fl.'1VEiEr;noufy<vavn6.Yll1o'au16.10eJl'(ITa<rVl4'El"'"i<m1-
'"'" 11{11111<6. a:116 6:Ui; 1'4eliITTxir; EQl''IYfi~r; nou, cn:o Ovoa t'llr; ibiar;
l'f96boU, a1'4'w61110Uoav la a:1101EMoa1a oi:a OlfOia EXivEr; rixav 1<<1lai.11;El (xal 1101J <ml" ll(iMJY!"11Ll<6TI]1a ~lQV a11<11o6rin'tolflCI). 0 P. M Schuhl (Essaissurlaforma1iondelapcnsgrecquc, 211btli ,o 10) rnavo).011
&ivE1 tT)v naoanW'l"'I nou ixc x<lvu o Emile Brchu:r oi:ov F Cornford
To t'ltT)l'(I Eiva1 va 6.BouE, fy(ICl<jlf o Brchicr. av la a:1101EMo<na Ola
0.,"(0L(l xaro)..~;_aE l'E 1"11" 1<0LVWV1ol..c>y11<~ ttlobo IUIOQOliv va ouvbf:Bollv
X<"fll'r: avwanl l'E 1"11" "eaYll<rnx~ 1cn:oeia 1"11 (Jl(tviir;. lbluir; .c Til" 101:0
etonic; <111li.ooo4'iar;
ME 11; ltO{><lt'T)Q~oE1; ltOU ><6.vap.c be 80..ouc xaBOLm va no\i.c 6n la
00SO'f{l<l<jl11<(1, <JXO~laatl1<6 1<1 Ql<OfutalxQ ovyy~1a 1< 01 aonxir; 1<1
OQ80).oy1oi:u<tr; l<OlVWVLoAovlxir; E~OE1r; 11m.ixaivo11V EXE( ii:ou W'fOlU)'Y.UWI O 1'C1Q~l01'6~
200
KQIT Al: A:='.EAOl:
bV um'igxav.,.
(arc. 23). na ina <(logO ax6a 6Abtou. w 0mx6 (TI"J btxmocrUvri) xm to OQVT)nx6 (nr; abtx[Er;) va VEQyoVv tau-
uii; t'nxmocrUvrir; av au"t6. - ta 6.bum -
6xgova. Lwv A vaSlavbQO, 1] tlix'I nagouatd't;CTm aav

MvaT] xoatxfi: ... 'Apxrjv TWv 6vrwv T6 tbm()OV... tS
Wv 6t ij yivrn{r; fem wir; o~oi, xa{ njv 8o(Xiv Elr; raiim
y{yvEo8at xani T6 X!?EWv 6i&Svm yd:p aiird: 6lx11v xa{ r:{mv illr)lotr; rrjr; ti6u.:iar; :1Carci njv rnti x!?Ovou niStv.
Ltov HQ6.K1Etto, au"tfi 11 cn'.ryxgouOTJ Eivm bumwoUvrr t'1txmocrUVT] t6oo avay1mla, WcrtE cnov x6oo 1av[!;E'tat
aav nrngwi:vo. Tbmm bV S$Uyl an' aun')v, oilTE o

f)Ai.oi; JtOU 0V J'COQEl va Ul'tQ6l 'ta tTga 'tOU, ElbEfi
aa 'tOV 6eouv Ol EQlviiEi; 1tOU 6o1]6o\lv t'I] .6.txmocn'M]

(CIJt. 94) oUu autoi itou acnoQE\louv xm agTIJgoUv
'lj.ltma (yLml) 0a rnui; mir.OEl T) .6.txmooUvTj (CIJt. 28).
nmr; E(vm OL axtoElr; n}i; OtxmooUvt)r;, l'tOU OtmPE-
vtEllEl TIJ niCJT] xm n}V it6A11, t: to bhmw; Km nbtx6u

QCJ.= 1t0ta dvm 1] axtCJl] 'TTI~ blxmooUvl]~ (nou i::[vm ~xii
tou v6ou n}\; n6A11<;) E tou~ cruy;tEXQlivou<; xav6vE<;
tou Olxa(ou; H 1:0obo~ n}<; Ex0wS1]<; tou JtOl.t'fTI wt' n}V
it6"1], o i::SocnQaxl06i;, i::[vm, M)you xCr.Qll, tvai; xav6vai;
Olxalou itou noA\i txQf) axtCJl] fxn t: 'fTI btxmocnJVI"). Ei
vm tva<; 11xavto.6<; Cr.uvm; n}<; it6AT)<;, i:: tov oito(o cru
tyCr. tva<; itoA\1 aitouOalo<; noAln}<; EX"toitf!;nm. 0 HQCr.
x4tto<; mCr.l;u va aCJKE[ XQtnxfi EVavt(ov "tOU i::Soc:rtQUXl
aoU 6Qll;ovm<; wtt:Ql$Qacna wui; Eifotou<;, itou meav6v ' au"t6 "tov "tQ~11to tOtwSavwv EQhOWQO. 'AU.ot UQ
xalol maxacnt<;, 6itw<; o AQtcno-ctA11<; cna floAmxd: wu,
btxat0A6YJ1oav "tO l:"tQO wu ESOc:rtQaxtaoV. 0 HQCr.xAEl
wi; avnAa6Cr.vnm tov i::Socngaxla.6 aav ta itAaon'j btxmocnJvri, rnElOfi bEV EX$QCr.l;El 'tTI cru;cavnx6"trj"ta wu
v6ou, o onolo<; 1tQbcEt va "tQt1nm wt' to ova0lx6 0Elo
v6o. wtox"tWvta<; 1uotx6. oQ1fi auy;tEXQltvTj, XOJQ(<;
Ow<; xm va tOtm"tEQ01tOlEhm au0a[Qna yta va o'E
Aoim:m molxt<; OlxmobooiE<;. To ata WO"t6ao "tWV
axt0t:wv n}<; (yEVlXf)<;) OlxmoaUVI")<; E to (auyxEXQlivo)
Olxmo JtaQaivEl avmxr6. nW<; J"COQE( va UJt6.QSEt tu
au;cavtlxfi blxmocnJvri nou va EX$QCr.l;n wui; v6oui; n1:
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H <l>IAOIOCl>IA
201
Jt6At1i; xm va ExcJlel'.i!;nm we' autoUi; - aqioU m av0eWJtlVOl v6m El;axoAou0oUv va tetqiovtm we' to ovabut6
Odo v6o - av aAT)0iiE~ 6n o ;c6Afoi; Eivm t0 l'trnewtvo TI'IS ;c6Al)i; Eqi6oov XL avt6i; Elvm ou:rtavcut6i;; OL bLxacrrti; l'tOAEoUv xm OL J"toAfLITTti; bLxl'.i!;otJV, yeci.cJIEl
FUcrraxa o NltoE CJtO XEcJll'.iAcuo l'tOU aqiu:eWvEL crrov HecixhLt0 CJtO H tf>i).ooO<f>{a Ol?1V -rpayixlj ..l'l'Ox1j TWV EiU.ljvwv. 6.V Ul'tilQxEL 6wi; crra0Ee6 OQXlTjbELO Ol)do we'
Mou l;EXlvWvcai; o crraxaanli; 0a xm6cJiEevE va bLaxelvel
' axeL6ELa l'tOlO dvm -ro bixcuo.
EvcoUtmi;, lJ Ola TrJS Uf)eEwi; ;cebm va xa-rweoAfl)0d
6lma. 'Y6fitv xe'1 otlevvt.lvat aiU.ov ~ mipxafljv, ai; Atl
t0 we6crn:aoa 43. H qiwwi, ;cou xeTJoLo;colEl-rm oav too ;capoolwOl)i;, ylvEtQl EbciJ f:va CJ'tOLXdO X0eLx6, WCELJ..11nx6, xa-ra6pox0lcrrlx6 OTTJV aycim) tou xm CJtO od1)ao6 tou avncrrmxoUv tO Looi; tou Xl o qi66oi; tou. Mfoa
CJ'tO aU:rtav YOU A6you, 'I 66eLi; Tjtav 'I yvWOl) l'tOU 0tAEl
va dvm Lbmlue'l yvWOl), b-r]AabTj WiinXlJ. Mtoa CJtO
I:U:rtav, 'l U6elS Tjtav CfXEb6v abUvaTI'I xm ELXE blanJ;cw0d 6vo La l'teoELbol'toi'.lJOlJ CfXtLXl'.i Tr) bvvat6TT1TO
mi; avcutavovlxTji; l'toedai; tau TjALou. Mfoa crro xmvwVlx6 aU:rtav 'I U6eli; CJtlyatL!;ncu, xweli; va l'tEelyeO.cJIE-rm. To 0ta TI'IS 66eEwi; Elvm tva we' TO ey6Aa 0taTO
TI'IS aex_alai; !;wTji;. 0 l'.iv0ewl'toi; ovvbtncu tov x6ao
xaL t0ui; 0Eo"6i;, TI'I" ;c6A11 XOl toui; v6oui; TT"JS Tova
0tAEl va Ul'tEe6El autO. ta ;c)..alola ;cou -rov l'tEelxouv xa0oel!;ovcai; TO 6eLl'.i tou, Elvm oav va ;ceo6alvEL OE m
u6elcrrLxTj ;ceO.Sri. To fyx).lJa TrJS U6erui; E:ma6eEl atowi; TI'IV nwela tau, Tr) vtCIJ1, TrJS OJto[ai; La oe4rfl
EiVCll 'l teO..a EXELVT] 1COU l"Cll'.iVEl tov u6eUJTfi ;cpoxaAWvcai;
TI'IV 1COlvi) 1COU OlJvtEAfi OTTJV xCt0aeari tOU Al'.i0oui; tOlJ. 0
'OlJeoi;, o Holoboi;, o I:6Awv, o Aval;lavbpoi;, o mvbaeoi;, o AlaxUi..oo;;, o I:oQ>oxATjo;;, dvm a!;l -rov HeO.xAELto m xueL6teeEi; l'tl)yti; TrJS teayLxTjo;; oo<j>iao;;.
EJmfuj lJ U6eli; Elvm m ;ceCtSTJ 6Lao;; ;cou bLaoaA1JL
Til poTj i.ull x6oou, Jtl$teEL xm La Uyela nwela lJ nwela 6wi; Elvm ;collti; cJioeto;; E!;cuenL)C.l'.i 6lal1l XL hen
weOTtl.Ei m vta U6QTJ. Ol u6eLCJtlxti; ;cel'.il;ELo;; xm Ol l'tOl-
KQITAI AE:EAOI
202
vti;; itou avrlcrtmxoUv o autti;; CJXT)a'tll;ouv w. a/..uoLba

XWQli;; xrvil. H V6Ql<; E$avl!;nm xm E Jto/..i'.i 01.l'fXEXQl-
i:vo tgOxo CJTO EOWtEQLxO TT)<; 11:6/..T]i;; oav itaQCi6aO'T] tlrW

v6wv nii;; blxawQUvr]i;;. m oxolol dvm to wtoriiitwa
TWV 0dwv v6wv :rtou bla$VtEUouv Tf}V OA.6nrm. H
U6Ql<; Orv itaQaOaivEl ov<ixa toui;; xmvwvlxoUi;; v6oui;;.
Irri bulexmt Tr)<; av0QWmV1Ji;; \m:agl;t')i;; tou to frroo y(VE"tm aln6.xo:rta Oog6: tWV 1J6QlO'tlXWv t6:oEWV l'tOU to
onQxvouv ato va
xm va
itclQEl TT)
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t01J
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0for1 txdvou
l'tOU
dvm avWttQO
't01J.
ngoT]0fo, 6moi;; ~wvtavt\!El foa crto [Qyo
wv Holobov xm xuelwi;; tou At.OXUA.ou, :rtOQEl va ai;;

OOt)fh]on va xa'ta/..0.6ou xa/..Uuga tTJV avr0,.1]1f'TJ nou
ELxE o He6.xAELtoi;; yw. Tll" VOQri.
0 U0oi;; m;
AitL
On o .6.iai;, atf>oU t1;6vtwot l'tQWta t
wv XE(><IUv6 (xou dvm '1 mo crn6agt') og<t>t'J TT)<; 41wn6.i;;)
ytgo Jtattga tou KgOvo, a\!vnm JtEloanxO:, bmj[QO:TtOVTm; Xl at1t6; la 1tQ6.S11 u6Qlatlxi}, evavrlov tOtl
nQ0110fo xov dxE SEmixw0d xm xi..1.jm TI] <t>wtt.6.: yl.Cl
VCl TT)V fl1il0El atOV 6.veQW1t0 Q nQo1]0fo; dvm 0 yw;
Tl]; 9tlb; (xou EX1tQOOW1tEl T1] 6.lxmooUVT)) xm XQTim W't' aun\v Eva tQoEQ6 t1atlx6 xot1 to naXEl.Ql~E
Tm atov aye.Ova totl evavr(ov tou 6.lct: StQEl 011/..ab1) 6n
0 ti.la; XlVbtlVEilEl va EX0QOVlatEi wt6 xCutolOV yw tOU,
xou dvm Jtl.O bt1vat6; wt' at1t6v. 0 6am1l6.; twv 0EWv
xm twv av0{!Wxwv Elvm avEl..bjto; E tov u6QlO'I'l'). 0
Ilpoqf:Jta~ ilECTWrri~ a; bdXVEL to KQ<lto; xm T1] Bia,
xot1 dvm oniv t11tfJQEOla wu ti.la, va otevouv x6.vw oni
OX1]vi} ' Evav U6QlatlXcl 6law tQ61to tOV EUEQYtTI] tWV
avflg10Jtwv. O Ogo11Elfo; wat6oo, xag<t>wi:voi;; xclvw
l1T<' on_u'tXO tOU, ea bEl tOV Hgax/..1), TOV W..0:v0aato toSOn}
;-. " . 1n TOtl ~(a. va XTUJtclEl ' Eva 6/..o; to yuxaEt6 xou
tut lTQWYE to ouxWn. Kl aQy6TEQa. o Xdgwv. o 00$6;
orng6i; KEvrnvgoi;;, /..a6wvoi;; xm o lbLoi;; avJtav6g0w ri:' TIX Ot/..11 TOU Hgaxi..1), ea 0EgwteUOl ta OOoava
,,,,. ll(HIJll xm Ela ;rgotrivEt va xate6d at1t6i;; atov 'Abf)
ytu va OgEl T1] }.:'.TQWOlJ 0 ngo110foi;;.
to
0 HPAKAEITO:I KAI H <PIAO:IO<PIA
203
0 ngourittfo:: r(vm t0tt6XQOVCl ryW.ot; XaX01tOl6t;

Y.W ycilo; ElJQYh'lt; Aut6; 1tOlJ TOV nWQd 1600 W..U:n1rn. o 6.lm;:. dvm o a<j>f:vt:TJ; twv a0civatwv xm "tWv 0vrjtcllv Xl l;aoqiaJ..ll;n TI]V tcil;11 WlJ x6oou XQT)OlOJtOlWvrn; JtoU.i] Ola xm 6ouAlci'i;ovrni;; ouxvci Xl o Uhm; .foa
OTTJV a(llx(a. H aU"tQXlX6TI]"ta TI]t; i:cil;l]t; XOl 'l U6Qlt; TI]t;
avtaQoi.a; JtAhovtm nal;U tou; al;EbtW.ui:a xm rlvm
xm ol Mo QoaxnxO a>.riewt;. 'Ooo xmQ6 6w; 'l 6ia
Sa dvm cutciVTTJOTI OTTJ 6la. o x6oo; ea cutlAthm oav
x6oo;. xm "t6tr '1 blxatooiiVT) brv cmonAd ma bro6
ou:rcavnx6 Xl avayxalo. IlQL-tn AotJt6v va uttciQl;El ou$lAlwcnr 0 6.la; CJtJYXWQd WV IlQOT)8ta Xl 0 IlQori8ta;
unotcioonm mo 6.(a au"tO JtOU xcivouv. uno"tciooovtm
xm Ol Mo mou; v6ou; TI]t; ou:rcavnxi]; btxmooiM];
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aui:6 ttou dvm ai:olx6 rtQOt; 6411..0; tou ou:rcavnxoil.
'Etm. a0a(voue ttw; av xm dvm Moxoi..o Xl Ertlxlvbuvo va nau0d 'l STJ "tWv 1tQOychwv, :rcoQOiJ. wm6oo aui:6 va i:o VaQov(oou rtQl006i:Qo . TI] btxatooiJVT). Kci0 ayWvai;; $fQVt TIJV Qovla. nou Xl aun] rtQtxl tva xocin Otx6vola;: 0 IlQori0ta; aexll;n w;
JTO{'l/>Up6f;, tnrna ylvnm c5mcirr11f;. yla va xatal..i]l;n
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;rfQlxl i:ov .n:6Ao xm TI]V n6>.ri Qm6ao, xm foa mov
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pulvere vel cine re lavari. - I Ti; 6op60pqJ ij&wrm illov
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; or11 oi:O.xi:ri (wt. 37). KaAUt:EQa va xeU6n; Tll" a1t0Eta AaQ<i TT] 6y&~nc; cmi $6Qa. (aui:6 6wc; Lvm MoxoAo tQYO &rav ylvnm toa cmiv axo/..ao(a xm oi:o E0Uot)
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btagOT]: Otaxom] TT]; xgoxo. ~c; (wt. 131, wt6xguq.o). Ot
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xat va Ol.l;tEQt$EQ0oVv owcrtCt. 0 HQ6.xAf:ti:oc; xnmavt<i~OVTat 6n txouv Eva vou tvtE
Mile; tOtahEQO. ~ouv oE ta xm<icrtaOT] OtagxoU; U:rrvo1J
(wt. I, 2. 9, 17, 19. 72, 97). H XOtVOTUJt(a Xat 'l XU0at6Tf)'ta TOU toou av0QW:rtou l;EOXJt<i~ovtm Ol.IVXWc;. 0 6.v0gw;coc; 0V JtQbtEt va l;Jt$i:t crto Jti.n:0o i:ou ~Wou,
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(ci.,i: 71) To xaA.VuQO yLo 'tou; av9Q1.im:oui; 0V eiv(/.t wt
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aoL6i), acpoU xftvouv XL auto( -co LOm 1tQ6.ya: ('ta xaAa
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6.btxa xt Oil.a blxma (wt. 102)].
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ox~c; :rtou oxtcptttaL TIJV oi..&rr)m. H El..ci0EQ'I tK).oyfi
tivm m:lvtotE avayxa(a OTI]V aKgaia TIJc; oQ<Pfi, t:rtnlifi
cruvbtn tov O:v0gw:rto E to cruirnvnx6 xm ylverm 'aut6 tov tQ6:rto La avayxaia 000;'1]. OL l]0Lxtc; Qi)ottc; :rtou
1t0Qa0foat etaXELQll;.ovrm cru)(V6. toV 6QO xm to Qi)a
6Ei t') TIJV agvt]nxt) ogcpt') tou oV 6Ei. Qcn6oo, atrr6 to
6iov tCvm :rtEQL006ttQO Ovtoi..oytx6 1tag6. liEOvtoi..oyLK6 yLatC aut6 1tOU Eivat XL aut6 :rtOU y{vnat E:rtL66.ll.n
to lbLO u 1t(Jbm va ylvn, xm bcv :rtgbm va x6.vout aut6
1t0u tlvm avtl0no OTI]V xattU9uvCJJj tau ylyvto0m. OL
6.v0gw:rtoL :rtgbm va x6.vouv aut6 1tou txcJigO.l;.tL TIJ 6a0UtEQ1J xi..(CJJJ touc;. 6.cv :rtQt1tEL va l;t:rttcptouv oto t:rtUtElio
to\! l;.1i.iou, ymt( liEV Eivat 1;.Wa xm bev ngbm v' Cl1toovWvovrm Cl1t' TIJ got') tou x6oou acpoU. EltE to 0ti..ouv dtE
Ox_L, i;xouv t;ci..axtl OTI]V XlVTJat'J tou. Exi..tyw Ofjal ..EL
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 4>1AOI04'1A
211
unlvo.cn va ' ExM!;ovv ot bvvQw; ;rou bu11j>nrtEUouv

tov K6oo - axoitw TI] <Pwvfl TI]r; aAi'10uar; xm tl')r; iUOT]r;
- xm ouMa..66.vw atrt6 ;rou ar; ouMa.66.vEL. Ot xaA.UtEQOt !;avo(y0vtat crto xW..Eoa tou OUJtavnxoU Xt ot n;rottvtot xAf:vovtat o xa0tvar; foa crtov x6oo 'tl')r; tbtwnxi'!r; ~tol'jr; tou.
Dci:ir; va btill!;Et xavtvar; to Evd-vt{ M6vtwv, 6;i:wr; ar;
;i:eotgbm o HgCtxA.Ettor; crto an:6o;rao.a 29; 'Hbl') !;tgou.E 6n an:6 6A.a. (yEVYthat) to tva xt wt6 to tva 6A.a.
(wt. IO). aioU to 'Eva Evat nollan:A.6 xal to nollwtA.6
'Eva. Aut6 to 'Eva ;rou ExtCtJtEl to xru.rnCt tou xat crtO
cm:oo '1'.QbtU ot 6.v0QW'1:0t va u;raxoUoouv Eivat to Oo6v H6vrwv XXW(!tOfvDV (wt. 108), 'I Ioila ;rou fxv6i(!Yf'/OE H6vta 6t61J"6vtwV (an:. 41). To ooi6v Eivat to
'Eva, ..-r6 Eva TO 8EioV ;i:ou X(>a.TEf -roooiiwv OxOoov
f80.Et xai f~a(!xEi miot xai HE(!tyivETat (an:. 114). H Ioila VU'1:6.QXEL O'tOV x6oo Xt E!;aoiaA.~u 'tl'JV EV6'tl')ta 'tl')r;
oA.6ttJtar;, ouvtov(~ovrar; - av xm xwglr; ouvdbTJOT] - nr;
;rollan:Ur; 'tl')r; EXbl')MiJOEtr;. Exl..tyw to 'Eva OT]alvn to
0..tyw E!;atQci:ivtar; to an:6 x<i0E n ;rou Eivm tbtahEQO.
0 <iv0QCJ.1'1:0r; bEV '1'.QbtEt va XilVE'tUl foa O't1"J btaOXOQ'1:lottXil ;rollwtMTI]ta a.IJ..6. va aq>ootWvnm crto 'Eva ytat
bEV '1'.QbtEt va !;EXV6. 6tt to 'Eva dvm l'J miYTI xm to ucrttx6 tou ;ro>J..an:A.oU. Kt umbi'! xtvbuvEUEt '1:6.vta va btaoxogmcrtd foa crto ;rollwtA.6 xm to tbtaltEQO, TJ ExA.oyi)
tou Ev6r; tou Eivm MoxoA.J] xm ~l')t6. ;rollir; ;rgoo;r<i0nEr;
xm 0uoEr;.
ftatl u;i:<iQXEl xCm ;i:o/..U '1:EQtoo6tEQO wt6 ttJV rntblw!;T]
ttJr; a0avattJr; M!;ar;, mtblw!;l') ;rou wcrt6oo 6Qloxnm
otov xaA.6 bp6o. IwigooUVl'), 'l tytO'tlJ aQm], xat ooia to va Af:r; ttJV al..i'!0Eta xat va '1:Q6.ttur; oU.iwva E
tlJ tj>UOT], axoUyovtCtr; ttJV, ar; btb6.oxEt to an:6mmoa
112. H owcm'I crxbpf] ouvbtEt an:ru0dar; tov O:v0Qwito
to ouiucavttx6 M)yo xat tov EXtj>QO:~Et aA.TJ0tvO:. Auti) 'l
owoti) oxbpf] ;i:ou Evat 'l tytO'tlJ Qm]. lva1 'I oolj>(a
rlj>Ooov (vat oUllJ]tpTJ 'tl')r; ootj>Lu; rm Y.l1~;ruvtor;. Qm6oo. bEV .ar; EJtttQbtnat va x6.vmr n1v tll_luxi,r1nxi'1 q01:-.i'1 ta TJ0txi'!, A.Lyo-;ro/..U og0ohoy11m;.11. ni:: rvWoq: H
~12
KQl:T Al: A!E/\Ol:
J]tlutl} JIQCISJJ ou:itoQdJa:al 6E6ma t: 'tTJ owcml oxi:1.jn],

mrr6 6wi; oq>0..a:m mo yf'(ov6i; 6n ll.Ol OL Mo, 6tav (Val aATj0LvEi;, cillo bV x6.VO'UV 1taQ6. va ll.$QCa!;.ouv To
QU06 wu ouxavnxo6 yiyvCJ0m, tva QU06 nou ni; 0t:i..u.iwu xm ni; !;e::rtQV0. 'Onwi; J] oxbvTJ bV lvm aATJ0lvi] naQCa 6vo t: niv 1lQOUn60CJTJ 6n b 0a xa0l ma ovonCana TWV lbLaltQWV bmoxf:iVwv, hCJL xm TJ av0Q<li1tLVT] ou:itQl<j>oQ0, ym va lvm xaAI}, bV txn JiaQCa va
Tjv LbmLtQ01tOLhm. XQn6:!;,nm l}Jiwi; va e::rtavaA6.6out: 6n ovn-avr111:6 b CJT]alvu Jta06i..ou ll.OLV6; 01
ou60oui; wu xoLvo6 ou6o).,a(ou ltal m KmvEi; JIQOXatai..1}1'!Li;, e::rtnbl} ylvovtaL wcobEXTEi; we' w cyCrlo aQL06
TWV av0QWJiwv, bV dVal'tO aAJ]0LV6. Jtmv6, to~w6v, aAi..6. m naQaxanavEi;, vw0Qi:i; ltal xa0J]AwtVi; \WQctiEi; toU
ou:n:avnxoii A.Oyov nou 6vo aut6i; lvm JI'l'f'i x6.0 aATJ0Lvi]i; oo).oylaq na!;l'.i TWV aV0QWnwv. 0 fooi; Cr.v0QwJioi; ltal J] ll.OLVI] AoyLx1] y(vovtm ouveyci.ii; m6xoi; TWV JtL0fowv wu HQOxAEnou e::rtili1] wc01d.m!v axQL6ci.ii; liQVTJCJJJ tou ou:imvnxoU. fVLJt6., to XOLV6 dval ey0Q6i; wu
ou:n:avtLJtol'.i, e::rtnbl} dvm !;mQa:Lx6. ouyxEXQLtvo Km
!;alQtLXli lbLahQO Kl Jtl&j bV JtoQl va U1'!W01
JIQOi; Klvo JIOU 0t:i..LWvu xm !;JtQV6. Jt00 ovablll.6'tl]ta 1] xcl.0 ni..1]0oi; wc6 ovabLx6njui;.
H ompla - XOQUctiala oQ<f>l} nii; J]0Lxl]i; !;.wl]i; - ovvlotaTm mo va A.1 xaviqTI'jv aA.l'j8ia, ymTl 6l.i;ol LbmLTQOJIOll}CJLi; bV elvm 6vov awLotLxi:i;, fuil.a.bl] wcoovwi:'vEi; we' Tov Jt6oo, aU.6. xm -.pdJnxei;, bl]i..a&j
wcanii..Ei;. H aA1]0ua (dA.q8q I') J.r'j8ov) toU ).6yov xal TJ
eil..lll.Qlvna (dA.q8q, I') 1J1V00q) Tou 1]0oui; ouVmQOUvtm
oumaotLxli. To 1]0oi; bV dvm xa06i..ou unoTaytvo oto
i..6yo oiiu o i..6yoi; mo 1}0oi;. Km ta Mo !;ll.Lvol'.iv wc6 TO
ibt.o xMQO, wc6 'tTJ 0da -.puxfl wu IU:n:avtoi;, cruvrnWi;
ovvbfovtm Jtal na!;ii toui; Km e TC .::>'tnvo66i..o xMQO.
To 6aCJLX6 0Ea 'tl]i; !.A.txpivnaq EltbTJi..Wvnm mov HQ6.Jti..LTo t: TQ6no xQTJxnx6. To !;.1]'tl]a Ebci.i bV elvm 6vo
va cruoQq>w0d xavdi; t: wui; ou:n:avtLJtol'.ii; xav6vei;
ll.Cll va txu La xaAl] OU:itEQl<j>oQO: 1tQbm va dval xuQlwi; aAJ]0lV6i; ll.L ni..Lll.QLviai;, va txn xaQaJtn']Qa. H 6.1-
213
)(mooUV1') 0a mci<m auTOU; n:ou aITToeWow xm aeni~10Uv 1.pEaa. Ta Mxla n:eciyarn o b6xlo; ta SEeel,
m qrnMiu, a; EA.EYE TO wt6on:aoa 28. 0 Hecixleno;
;m/..d TOu; av0eWn:ou; v' wtallayot'.tv wt6 tt; Wxo/..e; xm
n:eOaxmee; yvWe; n:ou bf:V dvm n:aeci n:al'x;vltna n:mbLWv xm va fJV n:f:q>touv 0Ua't"a twv xa0lEewtvwv
blaOf)oTI)twv. Ma; n:aeaxlnl va 'lv utltebtoue va
a; xoeot.bWu oUtE o Eaut6; a; oUn m filol 6.v0ewn:m
oUu TJ wtaTY)/..i) 6"'1J twv n:eay~hwv. An:6 TYJV xelttxi)
twv TJ0Wv xm n; OlbaxE; n:eevoU.e OTYJV oumMTJOfJ TOu
fi0ou; xm tT); TJ0lxi); axbpr);. Et6oov TJ ooq>la e(vm 'l
oUM'l'l'TJ tou vofiato; t1]; oA.6TY)ta; (TYJ; 0da; ooq>la;
wu l:U1.umvto;), bf:V :coed va dvm aAfJ0wfi n:ae6. 6n
6vov 6tav wtoxaAUmu "CO v6T]a TYJS x(V1JOfJS tou x6oou, $Wtltovra; tcm ta ax0tcibw. H twfi TOU av0eWn:ou uclmi; bf:V :coed va e(vm ooq>fi n:aeci 6vov 6rnv
dvm ul...lxelvfi;, etllxelvfiS wti"vavtl ITTO LblO TYJS TO ylyveo0m n:ou xllaxWvnw foa CJ'tO xe6vo. ME /..(ya 1...6yw, TO xaA.6 tau.ll;E"tm .e TYJV a/..fi0ua xm TO xax6 .e
TYJV autwt6.t1] xm TO -qia.
<l>a(vE"tm l...01.Jt6v 6tt mivw wt6 t1] twfi TYJS xubala; -ivuxfis (n:ou dvm l;wi) 't"WV wtol...aUaewv xl utlq>avuax6. xoq>oelITTlxi)), ton:o0E"t"El't"m TJ utlblw;ri tTJS q>fiTJ; xm tTJS
b6Sas (n:ou exovral va ITT$avWoouv TOu; 6.eunou; n:o1...ln; xal TOu; i)QOJe;). Te(tTJ CftTJ oueci n:eooq>EeE"tm TJ buva6TYJTa TYJS ooq>i); xal 0ewe'lttxi); twfi; (n:ou aq>i)vn
n:o/..U n:law tTJS 61...TJ tTJV n:o/..un:o(xll...l] n:o/..uci0ua n:ou 6ao
wtobmu6.atTJXE wi:' tov Hecixl...Elto). 0 .6.lOytv']; o
AaEeno;(VIll, 8) a; a$TJyEltm n:w; o Ou0ay6ea;, CftfJV
eeWTYJcnJ Jro10 Etvm q,iJ.6ooq,o~ wtO.vtT]OE n:aeoou:il;ovta; t1] l;unl e TOUS o/..u.maxoU; ayWve;: un:ciexouv civ0ewn:m n:ou JtTjyalvovv a' autoU; yla va xcivouv EJC6Ql0,
cillm yla va n:cieovv Qo; CJ"tou; blaywvlooU;, xm Ol
0.eunol e(vm EXE(vm n:ou miyalvow yw va XOltciSouv.
To lblo XCll CftTJ l;cm'J: ta xaWuea 6vta dvm XUV1')yol
;t/..oUtou XCll XUV']yo( MSa;, Ol cillm, $t16oo$m ti];
a/..i)0ua;. To xdf:Vo am6 elvm Saxa bt.Oaxnx6 ITTTJV
a;t/..6t1]tci wu wt6 TYJ la blae0eWvE"tm Eva tebtnixo -
214
KQl:T Al: A!E/\Ol:
t1tOQOt, ayowtott;, 0ea'tt<; - xt cut6 'tl]V O.M1] 'I Otaiew11

ylvernt 6aotxit Oteg~;: V1t6.QXOVV Ol xa'tW'tEQES: 'q)vxt;
xm ot ltMoolot 'ti]<; aA~0na;.
H 1]0lx~ wot6ao axttpTJ wv HeO.xAEtwv Oi.vet ta xaAiitEQTJ 0tO"lj OE xElvovi; itov itai.evovv tgo; otov; OtaywVtooU; xm OE XElvov; itov aywvll:ovcat. 6.V Elvm xa'tWuee; '4JVxEi; ot a0A1]d; xat ot itoAEtotEi; itaga.tvovv
o;cwob~itou vitobEeoteeot cut6 wv; 10.ovi; 'tl]S: oolla;,
xovv 6w; 'ti] Otx~ wv; al;toitQbtna. Kat6. WJ..11 twtl
be l't6.vet oto ii'q!toto O"IJ.lo 'ti]<; 0ewg11otax~; tw~;. H
mo eyW..11 Ml;a bV noeei. va el.vat WJ..1] cut6 'tl]V vitEQW'tl] xogwvi.Oa avn]i; 'tl]S: tw~i;. 0 HeCtxAnw; 0Elx;vet l;ex6.0aea itOtE<; Elvm m itgon~oni; wv: itgonW av't6.
itov a0alvw e 'tl]V 6QaO"lj xm 'tl]V axo~, 'tOV axoUoai;:
~011 va Atet (cut. 55). Avnl 1] agtotoxeanx~ 110tx~. vito't6.ooovta; e 't6oo Qtl:tx6 tQ6ito 'ti] tw~ 'tW'V cutoA.aUoEWV
xat 'tl]V 1tQaxnx~ tw~ otT) 0ewe11otax~ tw~. 0votCttn ta
xt El;w wv aveewno rov necirrEtv: ot axA6.6ot xt 6Aot
exei.vot itov OovAWov xa'taleovoUvtm, oUtE xav vitoA.oyll:ovtm. Km, OitQ'Xvovtai; avnl 'ti] axf\jl1] xQt ni;
tax.au; avvbtetE; 'ti]<;, 0a :rtoeoUoae va itoU.e itwi; o
11A.oi; 'tl]S: ooqii.ai; Elvm av't6; itov otov; oAv:rttaxoU;
ayWvei; xot't6.tet wvi; e:rt6QOv; itov 6elaxovcm o" ava6gao6, wv; a0A11E; itov Owywvi.tovtm xm wv; 0Ea<Ei;
1t0\I XOt't6.Ve.
~vxva avttxgoUoae 'tl]V Wto1"1'J itov AEEt 6n o HeCtxAEno; ~'tav ~01] j.1.'talvotx6; xt 6n e(xe ta oxttpTJ cmq,vcnxr,. Qot6oo, aOulxoita yvgf\jlae va 6goUE 'tt Elvm
EXEivo 1t0\I avO:yyEAVE o' UV't6V 'ti] Ybvr/01/ V6i; talvotxoii ogO.aw;. Av't6 w 0.yyEAa Otaxgi.vetm law; 1tl0Xa0ag0. otl'JV itoAmx~ xm 110tx~ wv oxf\jll'J. H axf\jll'J avnl,
XWQi.<; ;m06A.ov va otxoOoE( ta etal)lvotx~ 1]0tx~ xm
xwet:; va Otaxweltn ro .Myo, 'tl]V nolri01/ xm niv npcigr/.
011Aab~ 11 OX['4J11 TTlS: Ogit011;. XWQltet .. wot6oo TI] 11 (lt'0EvttX~ xm 1] oumacrnx~ tw~ itov tEt o ayeolxo;: ( o:i:oAaUon;. vit6ATJW11- bgaot11Qt6TI]'te;:) ait6 TI] 6v11 mttrvnx~ xm ovotamtx~ tw~ (ooli.a, avwug6TI]<a. c'upHugn1
M~a), wvi; xaxoU:; v6ovi; ni; it6A1]; cut' w ovabtxt'i
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H <lilAOl:Olt>IA
215
tltlo v6o, TTJV (av0gWmVI]) abut(a cut' TT) btKatooUvri

(tou 8eoU). Ilgbi:n wcn6oo va KataA6.6ou. owcn6. n
oria(vet au-c6r;: o xwgtoOr;: yta-c( bev ELvm var; xwgtoOr;:
;mu ox6.l;et TTJV V6TT)-ca TT)r;: oMTT)rnr;:.
nag' 61..' au-c6., 'l oo'(a xagatvn, wr;: tva 6a06, bgaOTTJQt6TTJ-ca, ei6oov be ovv(cna-cat 6vo cno va l;tgn Va
A.tn TTJV al..Tj0eta ill' axOa Kat .ll"Olei"v xarii 6otV
(cut. 112).0 HgQxAf:nor;: l;']"tCt wt6 wv O:v0gwno va l]v
l;Eaxgalvn wt6 TT) oi>Vmi. Aev xgou(vet xavtva oUonia
UJtOXQeWoewv oi.lt xa-cag-cll;n tvav Km:Ctloyo al;tWv (aAMi Kat bV lOV Xa"tUQYe() O\ltE ifl-ctU'.(Vet "tO CJX[bto tar; "tUJtOl..oy(ar;: 61..wv twv av0gciimvwv 6UaN. 0 Hg6.xi..mor;: 01..Et va xa0ob'lYl'loet wv Ctv0gwno yta va ;rogfoet vu y(vn
au-c6 Jt01J elvat oUcjlwva . ur;: xa-cCt TT) 'Umi Oa0iitger;:
t6.onr;: wu. 0 Illvliagor;: 0a Jtet ' tvav oMtEMl l]gaxl.nnK6 tgb;to: five aut6r;: JtOU doat a0aLvovrCtr;: "tO (llu81)(6, 2, 72). 0 Clv0gwnor;:, cut6onaoa wu KOoou, JtQ[1tt va ulvn mivm ngor;: aun] TTJV tvwmi .e TT) iflUmi, Jtou
dvat -c6oo xootxTj 600 Kat Bela. M' aun] TTJV tvvota, ot
EJtt0fonr;: toU VaVtlov TIJr;: U1tEQoxi]r;: "tWV OUQXtxWv cutOAaUoewv b~ xouv to vOria tar; KQrnxTjr;: ( tbwAtcrttKTjr;:
Kat liualitxTjr;:) autoii JtOU Elvm wt6 VAY}, E oxon6va rntr1..IX0El tvar;: cn6xor;: wtoxAncntK6. 1fVwa"ttx6r;:. H 'Umi
liV ngbi:n vu vtxCnm. To aKgt6Wr;: avrl0no xgbcn va
ou6alvn: o Ctv0gwnor;: ngtnet va vtxUet au-c6 xou wv
CIJtOaxgUvn wt' TIJV aAl]0tvi] 4>Umi 1tOU elvm UAl] Kat
1fVEi.la al;ey;Wgtcna beiva Kilt Ka06A.ou w va wt' -co
cillo xwgtoiva. Kt Oxwr;: 'l aA.']0tvi] oxtifnl btatgeL to
xa0tva xm6. TT) 'Umi t01J Kat w A.tet 6ttwr;: xet (cut. 1),
hot xm 'l xaAi] au;rEgt'ogU dvm auvtmgtaatvl] e TT)
4>Umi "tOU KU0e n 1tOU Elvat (wt. 112). Aq>oU 'l 'Umi E(Vat
au-c6 JtoU 6gLaxnm oe ylyvea0m. 'l av0gWmVI] l]Btxi] bev
Exet WJ..o va KO.vet wt6 to va Vtax0e( cno ou;ravnxO
ylyvEo0at ngayatWvovrar;: ' au-c6 tov -cg6no 61..o wv
l'ti..01ho tWV 'uotxWv buvawn]-cwv TT)r;:. H xa-cablx11 mt
uta0l]otaKoU e(vm txxArimi xgor;: wv Qv0gwno vu xmav1)(i]0Et ta xALmi TT)r;: iflUmir;: nou n6.vm UJt6.QXEt xivbuvo~
vu unegtaxUaet. M' aun] TIJV tvvom, 'l axtifnl aun] ao'a-
216
KQIT AI A~EAOI
AW; Elvm i)Ori ta-qiumxi) 'l q>UCJT) 6wi;; itou 8Ei..n vu

vun)on 0V dvm all'] an:6 ni t;willbri <t>iiOTI xou cruwna
Eva lOLaltEQO 6ao0..El0 Tl')i;; cru:n:avtlxTjc; <j>UCJT)c; . .6.V MOEvn ma itag6. va 6gn 'l av8gWmV1J cpumoyvwla niv
itAiJQ'l Xl av8gillJtLVTJ itgayinwm] nii;;.
H XlVTJmi Tl')c; YJ8LxTji;; t;wi)i;;, n'jV 01t0la E"VuxWvn o
ayWvai;; 0V Elvm i..Ly6tEQO Oeaamn], Sa UyaE tgayLxfi. OL avn8foEL<; btaTl')QOUvrm axatWtauata OwautE:i;;
xm l>E $tcivouv xotE ato OTjdo va r!;ot16tEQW80Uv. 0

HgO:xi..ELtoi;;, crtT)V YJ8Lxl'j tou, avtutagatO:oon crtTJV ava-
tiJ't'llCJll
n'ji;; rUxoArii;; riOOVT]i;; Tl') oxf..YJQTj al1]8na tou x6oou. E,mori 'l ribovtJ Elvm m E!;atQtLX6. LbmluQfJ
l'tQayanx6't'l'jta, :rtQbtEl va n'jV !;EJtEQV6: 'l 8n0QJ}CJT) oM-
xAriQ'li;; np;; aATj8nai;;. H itArigEatEQ'l ogcpi) EJtuwwwvlai;;

to cru:n:avnx6 dvm 'l cruvE)'.Tji;; avat;i)n'jCJT) n'IS aATj0ELac; E TI') 0Laoxmmu] l>Q<tcrtT)QL6'tT)ta. fmtl ato EOWtEQLX6 tOU zyO:Wu xOOou l'tOU 6gloxtm OE Omgxi) El;O..t!;ri Xl avO..t!;f) (Involution), to av8QW:rtwo ov t):n tvav
ltQOOQlCJ6 :rtOll .n:oQEl va tov !;aotoxiJoEl iJ .n:oQd va tov
:rtEtUxn. Na tov :rtETIJxn CJl')a(vn va EJtWtotEL EAE1'8EQa
tTJV avayxm6tT)ta ttoll tov auvbin E to :EU.n:av, E to
va y(VEl tvai;; :rti..i)Qf)i;; O:v8QWltOi;;, foa arc6 tQaytxoUi;; XQL
attaQaxnxoUi;; ayVEi;;. Allt6 dvm aU<j>wvo E tT) <t>Uari
xm E to v6o ota ooto(a o<j>di..ollt: va llttaxoUaollE
EJtnOi) cillo arc' allt6 0V .n:oQoUt: va xa~ollE. H .i>Umi,
avtl va dvm to avtl0Eto toll N6oll, dvm O:llov 'I yVvi)tQa tau. 0 v6oi;; till8Ll;n ni;; Qll;Ei;; toll foa oto <j>llmx6
Qll86 toll xootxoV y(yvra0m.
0 <j>O.oi;; tT)i;; oocjllai;; Xl o <j>t/...aA1]6f)i;; O:v8Qomoi;; .n:oQOliv
va ElvollV mlvw an:' TIJ auvallayi) tT)i;; ayoQO:i;; xm twv
xotvWv xm xa6f)EQtvWv aaxoi..uiw; Km t: :rtoLo tQillto Sa
!;rxa8aelaollv :rtoLo dvm to xw.6 xm ttOLO to xax6; fLa
to xw.6 xm to xax6, to wr6anaaa 58 ai;; AiEL nwi;; xm
ta OUo Elvm tva ltQO:ya. H al.i)8ELa alln] ttaQaotalvEtm
r to :rtaQO:lmya TIJi;; tatQtxi)i;; t:8600ll: yta v' wroxataota8Ei 'l uyda (to xaJ..6), ttQbm va :rtQOxal.foauE :rt6vo
(to xax6). "All.wot, !;iQOll i)&j nwi;; yLa to 86 6Aa
dvm 60Q$a xm xal.O: xat O(xma OL O:v8Qwltol 6wi;; ME
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H CZ>IAOl:OCZ>IA
217
/...a 0EwgoUv Mlxa Xl 6.iJ..a Mxala (an:. 102). To KaA.6

xm to Kax6 dval avrC6t:ta, rtou aurtMxovtm foa OTTJV
xaefo6. tou aurtavtlxoU. 0 8E6r; xl o oocpbr; 0EweoUv tov
x6oo, owEJtci:lr; xm tov Tj0Lx6 x6oo, OTTJV oAim]tO. tou
xoltl'.i!;ovtar; ' aut6 tov tQ{l:rto t1]V o/...6t1]ta, ctQXi!;ouv va
11v rtogoUv :rtla va l;qweioouv tour; 11xavLooUr; tWV
tl}O.twv xm twv xo{ttwv. Eivm lOO't6oo 4>aVEQ6 to
teaylx6 l;foxma ... fm 'OJ 0E6t1]ta (rtou bE 0Ewed tov
x6oo an:6 t!;w, a1oU 6elmtt:tm Xl fJ Ulm toa CTCOV x6oo) xa16. fJ0lx~ buixelOTI bV Elvm buvanj. 0 av0eWmvor; x6oor; avti0Eta Eivm o x6oor; twv l}0lxv rtgo0/...riO.twv, Xl acpoU 6eun'6aCTCE .foa o' aut6 tov x6oo,
bV rtagoU.t: va riv x6.vou.E bmxe(our;. 0 q.O..Or; t1]r;
ooqiiar;, yuet:Uovrac;; to bQ{lo rtou 0a tov ofuiyoUoE CTCo
ourtavtlx6, oxovrO.qinl, OTT) buiexua nir; ouyxEKeltVT)r; tOU ~w~r;. rt6.vw OE O\l)'XEXeltva Ert6bla. To Oll)'XExeltvo EX4'e6.~El 4'UOlXci tO O"UrtavtlX6, 6Jtwr; tO oeat6
$wt(l;t:tm an:6 to a6eato. H ewy~ 6wr; Et\'El Xal
uitciexouv neoO/...~ata JtOU tvouv avan:QvtT)ta. Autci ta
iteo6A~ata, :rtou EJtltifilouv niv avayxal6nita Lar;
an:civtT)OT)r;, rtaeatvouv aywvuiibr} XL fJ oxttVfl btv :n:oed
va ta rtaeaxO."'VEl, ymti aunj El;t:t6.~EL ta neciyata sud
specie totalitatis. l:t1] blxmooiM] nir; a6eanir; V6TI]tac;;
tou xaAoU xm tou xaxoU avtlCTCOlXEi teayLx6. 11 oeatfi
o\lyxgouOT) av6..t:oa CTCO xai..6 xm CTCO xax6. Yrtl'.iexn tva
an:6too rtteaoa rtou obr}yEi an:6 t1]v utVflA~ 0aOT) OTTJV
ltlO xautfi xatciCTCaOT). H El;oeia tou $0..ou Ee6bweou
btv Eivm ym tov {tv0ewno - HecixAuto xaA.6 xal xax6
taut6xeova. E(vm xax6, xm ta AEEl tl;w an:' b6vtLa
CTCour; aurtateu.i:Jnr; tou ym niv an:6q>aOT) JtOU mleav.
K6.0E au114>wvia bV Eivm CUJ.o an:6 La aoV(j>wVT) oulwvia. q>aivt:tm, wCTC6oo, 6tl foa CTCa 6eLa nir; av0eWltLVT)r; ~w~r; :n:oeoUiu: va $tcioouiu: OE x6:rtoLa wxaeiOTTJOT). 0 KA~rir; o AAE!;avbet:Ur; (1:teJard~, 11, 130-D.A
21) ar; rtArieo1oeEi 6n o Av~ay6pa~ wr' n~ K).a~oE
vi~ Un HW~ o mc0rt6~ rri~ ~wlj~ Eivm 'I 8EWp{a xm 'I EAEuflt:p{a rtou wropptn wr' aunjv, orW avri8rra o HpriME1ro~ 6lfotrJJVEt :ltW~ Eivm 1/ CV;(QU{OTI/01J (waetOTTJOLr;).
KQI:T AI: ASEAOI:
Av aun'j 11 aeruela mu XQLITTmvoU wtoAO'(Tln'j Elvm mOTI') OTTJV aAfi0na, ;reciya 11:0AU bUoxoA.o v' wtobnxuL
T6tE bcv noeoUr r Kavtva tQ\S;i:o va TtJV EQ11vWoour
;i:eor;: La 11bovLITTLK1] KauU0uv<JT). H oe4] ruruxlar;: yLa
niv o;i:ola noeoUor va Li.fion o Herltlnmr;: bcv JtOQEi
va rlvm TJ 11bovfi, ;i:ou rlvm xrlvm LbmltEQ11, aJJ..ci 6vo
Kri:rrma rnxap{OTIJCJrj, ][OU ea fitav to wtoT0.raa TtJS
o6$wVT)r;: (fi amJct>WVTJr;:) ou41wvlar;: mu av0ecim:ou
TOV mut6 TOU ii.al r TtJ $U<JT). H avti:er<JT) lTOU Eil.$Qri!;.rtm a aun'j TtJ aeruel.a tou Ki.t'J11 avcima OTTJV ava~a
y6ena erwela KL Ei.Eu0rela wt6 TtJ ta KaL TTJV T)QaKi.EtnKfi 0EWQla an:6 TTJV a:JJ..11, ElVOL ;i:oAU lTQWT6yOVT) il.l wtEeloxrnTtj, ymtl Km yLa tov Herlilino, Kuelwr;: yL' auT6v,
11 owoTI) ox1.pri cutoTEi.ri: TtJ yUJTI] aem] Km TJ avatt'JTTJ<JT) TTJS o0$lar;: Kat TtJr;: ai.l]ermr;: JtOQEl va xaelon aun]
TTJV EUXClQlOTTJ<JT) xou EQXETm oav wtotO.Eoa nir;: tvw<JT)S
tou av0ecimou - JTou Elvm xrlvta tva ov wtOOJTaoanx6
- r TTJV oA6TtJTO m.u rlvat. H wxaeiOTTJ<JT) Km 11 M~a
br ITTE$avWvouv oUTr TTJV ui.LKt] oUtE TTJV lTQaKnKfi !;,wir
CJTE$avWvouv KUQlwr;: TtJ erwe11omi1.fi !;.wfi.
H TJ0LK1] oxbj.111 mu HecJ.Ki.ELtou wrotEArl tvav cillo
Kiitlo. OTO EOWTEQtx6 TOU Eyai..ou i!.Utlou TtJr;: oxbj.111r;:
TOU. 0 11etK6r;: KUKA.or;: TtJr;: ox1.prir;: TOU, Vci:i TxEl Kt aut6r;: OTT) cn.rvo:dl lTOU xaQail.TtjQl!;.EL TtJ O$ULQLK1] ox1.pri, lTEQlf;xEL ITTmxrla avtteTLK6. KL r~aKoi..ou0rl va rlvm cj>oQnotvor;: t.Cl xoi.UxAEUQTJ buV..EKnKfi, La buV..Knxfi
JTou OTTJQl!;.ETat JTcivw or buvattr;: avtL$0.orLr;: nr;: o;i:o(ES
Exn boKLrloEL KCll ITToXCWTEi allci xm Ol OJTO(ES QLdr;:
<Poetr;: xeUOovtm.
T11 yOT)tEUnKt'J act>ti.Em KaL to i.cxLxO M0or;: TtJr;: TJeLxt'Js
TWV $Tei ooqxi.iv Kat TOV xWbtxa TWV T)0LKWv auvtayci:iv
twv nu0ayoeriwv, bmbx.Tat tci:iea t.a 110Lxfi oxbj.111 tvtova xeo6i.T)an!;,6EVT). 0L OO$LITTr;: 0a cmeci:i~ouv aut6 TOV 1tQo6i.T)ano6 xQt TtJ CJXE"TlXtCJ'tlKt'J TOU btW..UCll]
xc'avovtar;: ITTO xWeo TT)r;: T)0txt'Jr;: auT6 ;i:ou oL oxrnnKol 0a
xc'avouv ITTO Xci:iQO tOU i.6you ttou ea yivrt Aoytxt'J. Av o
nAcitWV Kl 0 AQL-OTOT[J..T)r;: evtcJ.OOOUV aQoVLxc'a TTJV T)etxt'J
a Eva ya4itt'JOoAo $LAoo0$nt6 mJOTTja, tour; oo'1-
OHPAKAEITOl:KAIH<l>IAOI:O<l>IA
219
1nt; 'l fJ0lxi) 0a ylvn to 6aoll1.lO nii;: autoyvwolai;:. ftatl

11 T]0txi) 0wela Lwv oo$tcnWv, 1t~1ta0Wvtai;: va OtOCt;n
CTtOV civ0QW1t0 va ~Et aU41wva $U01] LOU xm TI] ll>U01], tvt 0f..twivri n<ivw OTl')V autocruvl0'101] LOU
moutoU av0Q<ilnou. AuL6i;: o aLOlx6i;: Ctv0gwnoi;: fyn
LT]V tOtahEQ'l oiea tou, ax6a Xt 6tav 1tQtfynat foa
cno 1tQOVO'ltutO xu6eQVWVo wt6 ni olea IUrrav.
Itoui;: cnwtxoUi;:, 'l tQlEQf)i;: OtaLQ01] 0 Aoytxlj, ljlvotxlj
xm q8txlj ;0mi..<livtm Xl ;wtf..Wvtat, EVW 11 OtaLQEOT]
aun], nou yvWQtO L6oo Ey<iA'l riiX'l Oev $avl~nat
ax6a cnov HeCtxf..Et"to, ymL au"t6i;: 0 Otaxglvet XWeoui;: cno Lvm tou yiyvo0at. fta to atoxaatiJ nii;: E41toou, 0 O:v0ewnoi;: (Vat tva wr6orraoa nu; OA6nrra!>"" ElVat ax'lnx6i; Xt atlteaxoi; xm ylvnat nf..iie'li; 6.v0QWJtoi;
6tav Vilivtat to 'Of..o nou 1tQlf:xl n6.vra onaQCtxnltti; xat teaytxti;: avrl0ioti;:. fta "toui;: ataxacnii; ni~
ItoO:i;, o Ov0ewnoi;: Elvat tva wr6ltoa tou EU,wravro!>
;n:oeEL 6t6ma va $tO:on OTl')V aaea;La av Vw0i LO
IU;n:av, naeatvn 6wi;: nO:vra o atotx6i;: Ctv0ewno~
nou (Vat O:Mwat, aut6 "to IU;n:av xu6QV0:tat cm6 w
1tQOVOT]nxf) xat cru$tf..twnxi) olea. 0 HeO:tlntoi;: oxi$ttat 6n 6v8pw;ro!> xm "600!> cruvavrt0Uvtat, ytmi
f:xouv ;rtf..axi cno LOt0 yiyvo0at. Ot atwtxo( "tono0"toUv "tov O:v0QWJtO wttvavrt cno IU;n:av Xl o Ctv0gwno~
naeatvt tva t0taltQO ov nou xanu0Uvtat cm6 la
olea Tl onola, ato 60:0oi;:, tou Eivat CJXE06v ;tvrJ.
'fun"t' wt' 6f..a 6oa bta, !'.vat lowi;: 1tQrn6 v' OQVfl
0oU TI] vot6n]til tai;: 1tQOOfyyt01]i;:. 1tOU [xl QtXt~
<l>oeii;: uttXtQl10i, twv Muvtxiliv xat tou He6.tlntou. Ot
Muvtxo( ;w0o\Jv "tT]V autoavvi01]01] wi; ta mo xov0Qotbi) nii;: 6ew xat x<ivouv "tf)v alo0rt011 "tT]i;: axt011i; tou av0Qlim:ou to 'OA.o. H Ola xat 11 wtoyUvw011 "tT]i; T]QClxM:mxi)i;: T]0txi)i; Oev E):ouv xala axt011 tOV XUVl06
;mt "tf)v DeVllaft tou x6.0E nof..mxi)i; 110txf)i;.
TtA.oi;:, nebcn va "tOVLoou nwi; 6M:i; ot neoonCt0tE;
:mu fytvav yta va EXXQtCTttavtcnel o He6.tlnoi; xataf..f);ouv oteala OTl')V wto"ttrxla. Mof..ov6n T] 0Q'lmtUttxf)
r.ut 110txi) oxt'l"J tou He<itlt"tou ou't~El va un6axtm
220
KQl:T Al: AEEAOl:
avtaol6tp xal v' CIJtElAEl 1tOlvt9., naQabEl 6a0ui nayavunuu'J xm 0 OycltE;l OE xavev6i;; Elboui;; Wa'(r'EAtx6 uXEQ:ttQctV. Ta btaO: nou evWvouv -co OQO'tll xm rn
a6Qaro bev txovv xoxd xaui cjx>Q6..
TET APTO TMHMA
0 ANePQnm:
CTPQTO KE<l>AAAIO
HA YTOrNQ~IA, H 'PYXH KAI TO ~QMA

fLa -cov He6.xi..Eno o 6.v0Qwitoi;: E(vm Eva 6i..o XL atrt6
to 6i..o eLvm cut6onaoa tou .YW..Ot1 'Oi..oo. E1mOi] to

airvoi..o TT)i; axbptii; -mu HQCtxAeL-mu cuccrrtldtm an6
o16TTrm;, CJ1.1vavto\lt: foa o' auniv oi..6nrm;: (xou El'tLxowwvoUv 'l La t: TT)V 6.il'I]) O'tO EOW'tEQUW 'tO\J yfilot1
Iw6A.ou, yLa w onoW ea noeoUaae va xoVt: 6tt ax11mLtn tvav x\lxi..o nou TJ 1tEQL<!>EenCt -mu ouvrrnnm wt6
x\!xAoui;:. Aunj niv av0QtlJmVT) oi..6nrm xebm -cWea va
E!;EQUvf)oout:, yLa"CL o K6ooi; OEV wtoxW..U:rtn:tm
n:ae
6vov o' exdva -ca aveeWnrva O:na 1t0u !;Eeouv va tov
xonCttouv, xoL-cCttovtai; -ca (Om tov Eatrt6 toui; Vtaytvo

(J"(Q XOOJ.LLX6 yLyvE00m. 0 HeCtxi..HtO<; 00.n va lhM!;EL
ITTOV Ctv0Q001t0 to ).6yo ym va tov 6ot]9tjcm va !;avaCJUv0E0l t: WV x6oo XQL t: TT)V n6i..T), El'tELbi] 'I aveeW:rtLVT)
twfJ !;ebutAWvnm avayxacrnxa crto eown:eu<6 """' itiuoLxciw xm n:oALtU((iN oQ<j>Wv, acjlo\J 1'] aha 1J av0Qti.i1tLVT)
twfJ E!;aQuhm cut' aut6 nou elvm ounavux6. Aun] ni
0LltcrtCWJj nii;: '1]QCixi..LtLX~i;: axtqn]i;: nJV wtoxaAoiie cm6 filmj1JJ xaAirreeou xaeaxnieLocrU - av0ewn:oi..oyLx~. Evm ta 0L6.crtaOI') n:ou Oev un:eetxeL an6 ui;: ltllei;:
ytat(, 6Jtwi; XQL OL ltllei;, SextvcieL wt6 tov lOLO xmeLx6
n:ue~va nii; ocjlmeLx~i;: tou axi:ljnJi;:. l:toui; x&n:oui; aun]i;:
t'l]i;: av0ewn:oi..oyLx~i;: OtO.crtaOl')i;: avvavtoiie 0ata, ai;
n:oiie, cjluoLOi..oytxlt, 'IJUXOi..oyLxlt )(QL Un:aeSLaXO.. 'Oi..a
aut6. ta 0tata, taSLvo11va an6 ai; XL 6xL wr' rov
KQ:ITAI AEEAOI
224
HQO:Mnto, Oe:v cutouh.oUv
OE
xaui
l'tEQUnwcrq
elbutoUc;
XWQOtu;, mpoU ax6ri XL 1J av0QWJtOi.oyla liEV Elvm SEXwQUJt6c; xWQOc;.

Atrt6 -ro ri crucrtT)anx6 ax,EliL6.yQaa 1uac; JtQCtymLx6. cruv0tLxi)c; UV0QWJtOi.oyla~;>> Eivm 'tO l'tQWto l'tOU ytvnm CITl]V uJtOQia nic; oxttviJc; au't6 avoiyEL 'tO OQ6o
JtOU l'tQbcEL va 00TJYEi 'tOV 6.v0QWl'tO crtT)V xaeOd1 'tOU
:ru-
ttaVToc;. fw va 'tO x6.vn aut6 o 6.v0QWJtoc; l'tQbcEl va
crull6.6El 'tOV mut6 tou. H OuaxoAla nic; av0ew;coi.oyLxt'Jc;

mtE\jiTJc;, l'tQOiQXn:m wt' au't'l\v mtQL&i.ic; niv xat6.crmcrrr
o Ctv0ew;coc; El'tElbij etvm civ0ew11:oc;, avaewnhm ym to
il'.llo 'tOU 'tO <!lvm xm yLa to Elvm 't(l)V oofow 'tOU. 0 6.v0QWJtOc; Elvm tva wt6mtaoa tl]c; OA.&n}tm;. Nm, au't6c;
6.wc; aullaMvn tTJV oA6tT)ta oav m.6tT)ta, aullaMvovrac; ' QU't6V 'tO tQ6l'tO x6.0E n l'tOU tov /;fJtEQV0:EL.
'AQa Aom6v, Oe:v Ul't6.QXEL mt6 TI} 1ua tva vnoxdnro (XlVT)'t6
ti
mtLVT)'tO) XL cut' tT)V
O:llri
tva
avrtxeiEVO ti
avn-
xEl'.e:va (xwrrcO. ti axiVT)ta). Y;coxelVa xm avtlXEl

Va 1CEQlx0vtm. crto 1COt6.l tOU 0\11CQvtlXOU y(yvEo0m, ;cou to v61]6. tou 1CQOrota9d va xatal.ci6n o O:v9QW1Cor;.
H E!;EQElM]aq tou dvm tou av9QW;cou QxO;n e TIJV
E!;EQEVVT]aq tou EaUtoU tOU.
'E6t~11a6r1v tewvr6v. - 'PuxTjq :rreleaw lchv oVx dv
t~Etipoto, n<iauv brmoew6VOq 660v o!irw 6a8Vv ..1.6yov fxei. - 'Pv;xiiq trn:i ..1.0yoq tavr6v m.i~wv. {rUQ111a tov
eaut6 ou (wt. IOI). ::Etov .1fTJYm.6 oou be 9a 6ew; ta
niQata tlJr; tpux~r;. wt' Cl.our; tour; 6Q6our; Xl av 1CEQ6.oni; t6oo 6a6U l.6yo 1CEQlt:(El (wt. 45). 0 l.6yoi; tTJi; -ipuxflr; au!;civn wt6 tov Eaut6 tou (wt. 115)]. To naeO:yyel.a nou tlhve to avtelo twv 6.tliWv, yvW9t UEavr6v, xm
nou aQY6tEQa Jtavtl.a6E o LwxQcitTJr;, ;ca[QvEl ebW tva
6a9U v61].a. To l;~TIJct llF:V Elvm t6oo to va yvwQloEl xavdr; tov eaut6 tou 600 to va tpci;cveL va tov 6Qn. Km to
-ipQl;lo yLvEtm ;ccivta e tlJV El.Jtlba mr; avax61u'i"'1r;. H
t9oboi; tou tpa!;Latoi;, 'l bLabgo~ tou, eLvm ai'lQTJiVTJ: 11.E tlJ OX~TJ YUQE1'El 0 civ9gw;cor; va O\IUCt6n toV EQU
t6 tou, Xl o 6por; oxfwT) ix,El tva 0\11Cavtlx6 vrn,a. 0
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H Cl>IAOl:Oct>IA
225
OKOn6r; TOU 'ljJaSiaTOr; OEV E(VClL Ka06k.cru T] mlMT]l{'T] Lar;

aTotK6n}Tar; an:o.ovwl:vrjr; an:' TOV un6k.ouco K6o.o. To
'1'6.SL.o OEV ELval xa06k.ou tjlUXo/..oyLK6, a410\J o 6.v0gwnor;
E(vm tva ogyavLK6 an:6cmaoa TO\l I\J11avtor;. To EyW
KCIL TO IU11av all.T]AESaQTWvtm: vn6.QXEL var; ucmK6r;
6g6.or; nov obf]yd cn.ivey;Wr; an:' TO tva crto 6.iJ.o. H aval;fit'TJari TO\l EavToi.l, a<!KJV OEV ELvm aval;fit'f]CJTI EV6r; aTotKoU '\l'UXLo.oU' rutoTili( 'tf]V l'tQOOl't6.9na, va CJUMT]$eEL
ta OlClbLKaoLa O'tT)V 01t0La [;(Et l'tEQLAT]$9Ei Kl Et1AaKEi
KL auT6r; nou aval;T]T6.. ITOv Hg6.KAELTO OEV unc'aQXEl KVQLOAEKTLK6. ta 'l'UXo/..oy(a. To noAU va un6.QXEL ta avegw1t0A.oyia all6. KL avn) OEV TonoeE'tE( TOV 6:v9gwn:o O'tO
KMQO TOU K6oou. nwr; ea tlOQOlJOE AoLJt6v 1] aval;fiTilCJTI avn) va o611yfjoEL OE ta TtlELwnKT) yvWari 'tOV av9gWnou; H aval;fit'f]ari nou rnavan:aUtal xat 11 aKLVT')oia
TWV rutOTtlEo.0.Twv t'f]r; ea m]mvav TO eO.va'tO. H aval;fit'f]CJTI Elvm ouvXllr;, 6nwr; Eivm CJUvey;tr; TO CJUt1avttK6
y(yvEo0aL. EvW 6.iJ.oL an:oaKQ\lvovt'aL <Yf.Eb6v EOXEtva
an:' to OQ6.o l'tOU ea TOur; E$EQVE O'tO (Oto TO Elvm TOur;
KClL crtov K6o.o TOU Eivm, KL 6.iJ.oL Sey;voUv, O'tTJ Ot6:QKELa
'tf]r; nogEiar;, noU oOT]yE( o OQ6.or;, o HgO:xi..ELTOr;, utLXEL
gWvtar; va OtaWoEL auT6 To OQ6.o, TOV OEL;(VEL KClL crtour;
6.iJ.our;.
AuT6 TO tgyo 6wr; K6:eE 6.iJ.o naQO: 1'Kok.o Eivat. H
ESEQE1'V1]CJTI KL 1] avaKc'a:Av~ TWV OQ(WV 'tf]r; '41vxfir; an:oxaAUnTOVTaL MoxoAEr; flClTi o A.Oyor; t'f]r; '\j.luxfir; Eivm 1t0AU
6a0Vr;. H l'tQOonc'aeELa wcrt6oo OEV dvm aMvat'f], ylCld
KL aun) tTj 41onll;EL o 6aeUr; A.Oyor; 'tf]r; 'l'UXfir;. H aval;T)t'f]CJTI 6LaT1]Qd aKEQOLO to v6riit t'f]r;, aK6a Kl av TO rutoTEAEoa lClr; OQLO'tLKT)r; yv6.xnjr; Elvm an:gocmO..acrto. H
aval;fit'f]CJTI yta TO 6a06 A.Oyo 'tf]r; '\j.lvxfir; l'tQOXWQE( al;l !1E
'tf]V aval;fi'tf]CJTI TO\l AOyov TOV IV11avror;. BguJX6acrtE
tlQOcrtc'a O'tTJ 6LJtAfi Kl avrlernKT) KlVT')ari: OL O:veQWl'tOL OEV
KataAa6a(vovv TO j.jyyo (an:. I), ri oxE'l'tl 6wr; Eivm a
OAour; KOLvTj (an:. 113) OEV 11ogoi.lE v' avaKaA6'1'0UE rn
mlvoQa t'f]r; 'ljJvxfir; (an:. 45), 6Am 6wr; Ol O:veQWnOl Elvm
1Kavol va yvwgioouv TOV EauT6 Tour; KOL va oxE$Tovtm
owcrtc'a (an:. 116). Autij 'I avtleE'ttKT) KiVT'Jari OE xcivEL t'fJ
226
KQIT Al: AEEAOl:
cruvo-dl TI]c;, av xm bV xawJ.i]yu OE ta m.u:m1anxi]

aUv9m11. J\6yoc; xm 'l'Uxil. oi..ov6n bcv aviptouv n:eWm
(J"[OV 6.v9gwn:o, n:ebtu mt6 tov 6:v0ewno va croMt]!J10oUv.
O Crv9ewn:oc; n:ebcn va au>J..6.tiet
'tOV
Eau't6 tou oav x6.n
n:ou neelfxnm CJTIJ crun:avttxi] xlvriori ym va xoeton

va mmJl'tE( ailq>wva .t 'tO A6yo xm yta va EJUXEtQl]on
va el;eeeUVT)oet TI'I" 1.j!Uxil tou. H rieaxi..1wnxi] ox~.
6n:wc; x<i9e oJ.ri9wij oxEtjrT], 00.et va Em.0110:vn ta 6em

ooat6oo 6Aa ta crirvoea etatcm(l;ovtm xm l;rneevtoUvtm. 0 Uryoc;, 6vtac; to tbm(ugo yvWetoa TI]c; 1.j!uxi]c;
aul;O:vu mt6 Ovoc; tou axatlbcauO'ta E-rcn, tig(oxnm OE
XlVT]Ol'j. yt' aut6 XL wtOtEAd "CO tial}JJ v6tJa nic; 1.j!uxflc;,
nou .t TI] oueO: nic; qiaveetl>ve"tat .t to y(yvrn0m -mu av9ecim:ou. H 1.j!uxfl bEV Ex.et tiu06 yta"t( T] l;wi] TI]<; dvm o
A6yoc; xt aul;6.vn axa'tWtauma
EJtEtbf) TI]
bLaaxll;ouv T]
6.n:wnc; xm 'l 1ugoveeul 't"OU A6you. K6.9e crtEYavfi bulXQl.Ol'j av6..toa O'tl)V 1.j!uxfi xm mo A6yo xatagyd"tat, xweli; ' au6 va 0EweoUvrat rnu6mja TJ 1.j!uxfi xl o A6yoi;.
0 ouxavtlx6i; xal 0El.oi; A6yoi; nalQvn utov 6.veewno
ouyxEXQlivo axfla, yovlonmd ni mtf'M 't"OU Xl CIJtO't"EAd nrv cU..l]ena nii; 1.j!uxfii; "[OU, JtOU dvat x6.n 6.::n:nea ycU..Uueo mt6 ui awlxfi ovr6n]rn. To q>wi; xm a ax6ni. nou avtL't"l0Vtal xm ouvri:0Vtm foa mov x6ao,
un:ltQxouv xm CJTIJV 'Vuxfi. Itti $Wnvfi, xmvwvlxfi xm
xa't"aAT]Jttil Jtl..EuQCt ttii; 'i'UXfii; QV'tlutOLXd 't"O VUX't"EQlV6
xm u:rt6yELO 66.0oi; nii;. 'Onwi; o A6yoi;. hm Xl aun] dvm
AaxEel] xm axonvfi, neoo4>Een-m Xl mtO't"Qatilhat.
H av0QWJtOkoylxfi avatfittiOTJ xn ofiqia niv 't"6.0T] va
JtQOOQQ't"E 'ta Jtitvta utOV EQU't"6 nii;. flaQ6.V..T])..a ' aU't"6,
o 6eoi; av0ewnokoy(a rrl]QE tva utcv6 Xl unonT]nx6 v6T]a. Iov HeCtxl.nw tielaxouE niv au'f'i nii; av6ewnoAoylxl]i; axEtjrT]i;: auri) T] axi\j!T] XLVE('t"at "tau6xgova utLi;
blaut6.ani;, 't"O A6you xal nii; 1.j!uxfii;, wu A6you xm 't"OU
aveeWnou. !Jm6ao, w OT]Elo nou xacU..fiyn TJ TJeaxl.nnxfi avatfinimi bcv dvat T] au't"OcruvEl&T]OT]. 0 Ctv0ewnoi;
bcv xoed va EQT]vriion 't"OV Eau"t6 wu nalevovrai; wi;
xMeo ov lbw wu ov Eau't"6. 0 6.v0ewnoi; 'fUQEUn wv
mu6 wu xm bcv xoed va ov tien neayanxO: Jta(li'i
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H <JIIA0l:04>1A
227
wivo Crmv l;EitEQri.OEl 'ta Oetn wu tbtwnxoU 'tOU x6oou.

To l;EJtteaoa nu't6 llEV dvm '\jluxoi..oytx6. O HeO:xi..uwi;;
ru;: blvEl w btiti..ii cruOovi..ii: vn yueu'.ovE vn El;EQEU
vijoovE "[Q OXO'tEtVO 60:9t] WV EaVWU ai;; cruUn6civovtni;; rov 't6oo bUoxoi..o vn crui..l114>0l i..6yo TI]i;; '\jluxiii;; va
11v l;EXVOE Jto"tt nwi;; 11 '\jlUXii avwU nou '1'6.xvu wtoui..d
Eva wt6oxnon TI]i;; oi..6TI]mi;;. xov Xl aunj uJtaxoUEt cno
ovablx6 xm 0E(O v6o wu cru:n:nvnxoU y(yvrn0m. 'QCJtE T) moLxii EitEtQln ngbm vn f;EJtEQnCJtd E xmEU0uv<JT) itQOi;; TI] 66.<JT) TI]i;;, E4>6aov bEV 'tQE$n:l wt6 'tOV
wn6 TI]i;; aU' wt' oi..Oxi..T)QO w 1:U:n:nv.
0 i..6yoi;; dvm ai..ii0ua TI]IO '\jlVXiilO Tl dvm T) '\jlVXii Xat
now T) axt<JTJ TI]i;; E w or.iJa; Sic (ut] arcanea, ail. stans
in medio telae sentit, quam c110 musca aliquem filum suum
corrumpit itaque illuc celeriter currit quasi de fili pcrsectione dolens, sic hominis anima aliqua parte corporis laesa
illuc festine meat quasi impatiens laesionis corporis, cui firme el proportionaliter iunqa est. I1omoioi roicnv atiroioiv t6aivovoiv h(}a "a{ hE(}a V6ara brt(}(}i' "a{ 1.JIVxai 6t tiir6 rWv Uy(}WV dva8uuiwrm. - l/lvxfioiv Bavar~
ii6W(} yEVtaflm, V6an 6t 66varoi;; yijv yEViaflat, tx yiji;; 6t
iJ6w(} y{vum, tS V6ar~ 6t 1.J!vXJ/. - 'Avrj(} 6"6mv (Jvu8fl, 6ynm Ux6 xat60i;; avrj6ov orpa;.16EV~, oV"
bratwv 6"11 6a{vn, Uy(}r)v rrjv 1/'VX1iv fx.wv. - AW, TJ!VX1i
aowrciPJ "a{ d(}{OTij. {'Onwi;; ta aeOM CJtO xtvteo wv
tCJtoii TI]i;;, 6i..ti;; m Uya x66El t:va vr]a 'tOV, to naeTIJ
QEl xm tQtxu yeiiyoen a' Exdvo 'to arido anv va CJtevaxwet6mv YlU tO XOkvO vija, hat Xt T) ljluxii tOU UV
0gr.iJJtOU, 6'tnV t:vn Ego<; WV or.iJatO<; i..a6r.iJvn:al, OQ(IEt
ngoi;; 'ta xn, oav vn EIXE bqu( l] lbta ni..iiya wt' TI] i..aOwan6. 'tOU or.iJmoi;; E to OJtO(O E(Val llEivT) E brn6.
YEQ<i xt avaJ..oywv lllnCJt6.aEwv (wt. 67a). 1:ta ibta xotO.tn :n:a(vouv auvEXr.iJ<; 6.ll.a Xt fila vEQO Xt wt' m uye6.
6ynlvouv ot '\jlvxti;; oav ava0vt6.aEl<; (wt. 12). fla ni;;ljluxti;; 0civmoi;; Elvm w va ylvouv vEQ6, yta w vQ6 06.vawi;;
to vn yivEl )"fl, wt6 TI] )"fl ylvE'tUl vQ6 Xl wt' to vQ6 'l'uxr'I
(wt. 36). 'Otav tvai;; 6.vteai;; dhJoEt, ob11y6i;; wu ylvn:m
tva aoUcnaxo itatbl(, xaewcm6.El xm bEV l;tQEt noU m]-
228
KQIT AI A:EEAOI
yaivn, ytati ixn vygTj lj'VXTj (wt 117). :::EQil lpvxl). omj>OTatl] xm 6.QLOTIJ (wt. 138).
H 'i'"Xii 0V Elvat xa86Aou Evtomotvri OE xt'.utow iQO; tOU oWato;. KLVEltat )(QL lj>avEgWvnm EXEl 1rou 8iy~at 'l owanxTj wmo8t]ola. Eivm rvowatwtvr) cn:o
oWa E to on:oio Elvm bEivri. 'Etm ouil;n v' wtoltU'/Etm o Oum6; TI); ljlUXiJ<; xat toU oWmo:;. 0 >..6yo; ELvm to v6T]a TI)<; ljlUXiJ; xm 1J i.t.iuxTj l;wvtava'in to oWa.
A<j><>IJ I] '4JUXiJ auTI] XLVELTat illtw; xwdTat Eva l'tOt6.L,

;tQQE( va avU6.6n x6.EIE n trou 6glaxnm OE xlYrJOTJ. flvTm ax6ri O'VoXEtLo6; Tl); w VEQ6 xat TO uyQO 1tou
wtotd.oirv -cautt}xgova
TIJV
xatayW"fll
TT]<;
xm to 86.vat6
TI]:;. A:; wtEu9uvEloiii::, 6l'tw; O'WT)0Ll;oui::, l'tQ!ITTa cTmu;

oXOi..tacn:E; WU HQ6.tlntoU '(LU va ltatal..6.6ouE Mai..irtEQCl 1t0la Tjmv 'l Ounj wu Wto\jlTJ :n:Civw OTIJ i1JOTJ TIJ<; 'lflUxiJ;, xwgi; wcn:6oo va nagaAElljlouE va E:rtLOTJ<lvoui:: tL1;
nagwtonjcm; crw; 01roiE; tov U1to66.llouv. 0 Agtcn:o"TEAT]i;; CJ'tO EQYO TOV ne~{ 'l'vxq, (A2, 405a, 25) yQ(lq,n: O
Hpd'NA.etTO' Un .nw, 1/ 1j'vXfi eivat 1/ apXfi, e6oov .n(JOtpXETat wr' TJ7V avaOviaO'fj, wr6 TijV on:ola wrouAoVvrat
6Aa r ciUa .npciyam. Avnj eivat ro mo auWaro wr'
6).a m 6vra xm xvA.ciet alvaa eSciUov. ro XtV1jt"6 Jrof!Ei
va yivu yvwar6 wr6 m XtV1jt"6. ll(CJTeve xi avro,, 6.nw,
Ot .ltptoo6T(10t, 6n 6Aa Ta 6vra eivat UE XiV1jO'fj. Kt 0
Atnoi;; (VI, 3, 12-D.AlS): O Hpdtlmo, v;rocmwi~et
.nw, 1/ 1j'vXfi rov x6oov e{vm naytv,, wr6 TijV avaOviaUTJ rov vy(JOV .nov avro, .nepifxn, EVW 1/ 1j'vXfi TW\I
~wvravWv 6vrwv elvat nayivtJ xm wr' lTjV ava8viaUTJ
.nov Epxnai wr6 tS'w xm wr6 xeiV1) .nov tpxnm wr' ra
{fJ1a 1/ VUT/ '"1' ipvXfi' avnj, eivat {bta e T1JV 1/'VXq TII'
.lt(J01/yoVE\17/,.
MtxQl EbW, auvavt-fioai:: CftT] ox~ TOV HQ6.K1ntov
1tollii;;,. eyQJ..Ei;; uia(QEi;;. Iuvavt-fioai:: TO .Myo, ltOV
wrouA.l TO v611a TOV au1tavtlX06 y(vyrnElm, TI] amci
1tOV, OUETEx,0vtai;; CJ'tO Myo, WIOTEAE( TO EOWTEQUl.6 xLVl]tQO TI]i;; xooun'li;; KlVTJOT]i;;. TI] 86Tijra 1tOV, bE.tvl] F
TO A6yo xm TI] q,wnO., Eivm 1J {ll.EQauvo66Aa) ooila TOt
K6uov, to x(KWo, Jtavtobirvao xm xmbl. TIJV a6pan1
229
up1wvia, :rcov ot1vVW'VEl o' Eva TUlQlacnO oiivo>..o 6>..a Ta

uvTi0ETa, TO v6o, bo'lj Tou iumxoii xm :rco>..tnxoii x6oou. TIJ oiea, :rcou xeatCt TOV avayxalo xm owcnO ev90 Tl)i; eotii; TWV 6vtwv xm TWV :rceayCttwv' TOV .1l'6AEo,
:rcou avtL9tut xL VliwEl JU tlia Ta avtrnETa. 'OkEi; autti;
Ol ovt6T1]TEi; 1avEQW'VOVTm mo EOWTEQlX6 Tl]i; (l.1l'6).VY1ji;
OA6Tijrai; :rcou l"CEQt[xEt x<l9E n l'tou Ul't0.QXEt, x0.9E n l'tO\J
6eloxnm OE yiyvEo9m aun] TJ OMTl)ta l'tou CIJtoTEhiTm
C1Jt6 TO oUvoM TWV o1mQ<lw' Eivm 0 K6aoi;, TO iya xa>..oboTJEvo aUvoM, xm 6eloxETm OE ot1vqti; yiyvm8at.
'OkEi; QUTti; Ol OVT6Tl]ui; 0V EJUXOlVWVOiiv 6vo 1J.ETSV
Tovi;, xcivouv xcin l'tEQLCJo6TEQO: VWvovtm, allci 0V
Tavtl!;.ovtm Eivm xm 0V Eivm taut6oi}JUi;. H xmvoiiey1a ovt6T1]ta l"CO\J ai; l'tUQO\JOt6.tETm tWea Eivm 'I \t'VX~
Km TJ tpvxrJ Eivm, :rcetv MO x6.9E n illo, Evai; T6l'toi; ounavtlx'lji; aliJttWOYJi;, w aex~ bEtvl'j E n; xveiaQXEi;
OuvO.JUli;. 'Chav El;aTotxEiiETm ylvETm av9{.l(iil'tlVl'J tpu
xii- H tpvxiJ ivEl bEtvl'j JU TO J..6yo, TIJ mmci, Tl) 9E6Tl]ta
xm TO xQ6vo, JU TIJV a6QO.TIJ QQovla, To v6o, TIJ oiea
xm tov :rc6M:o xm TIJ ETmj>EQOuv ta eEiia.ta TOU l'totaoV.
0 He6.x4LToi; OE <j>alvETm va ikTJOE QTJtO. yLa TIJV tpuxrJ

TOU x6oov, 6l'twi; txavav aQY6TEQa ot cnwtxo( Vtoiitoti;, TJ tpuxil Eivm foa otov x6oo :rcQOTOV y(vn av9eWl'tlVTJ tpuxfl. now fivm TJ O)'.f:Ol} Tl]i; 't"Jxili; JU TIJV VyQao(a,
O)'.t01} yta TIJV rutOia a.i; tloiiv ta l'tQWT6TIJ:rca Cl.1l'omtCtOCtTa xm Ol bol;oyQO.itxti; Qtt1Qii;; Km :rcWi; yEVVlETm
TJ i.puxiJ Cl.1l'' TIJV ava9uia011; .::EeouJU tJOTJ 6n foa otov
K6oo 'I YTJ ETUtQbtETm 0 vQ6, TO vQ6 0 atea. oateai; 0 <j>wnCt xt avtLotQO'a, mpoii O OQ6oi; :rcou VTJ4>o
eltEl Xl 0 OQ6oi; :rcou XUTIJ4>oeltl Eivm 0 iblOi; OQ6oi;,
TO XQfo y(vum tot6, TO tEot6 XQfo, TO UYQ6 otEj'V6,
to cnEj'V6 vyQ6,.. H <j>wtl<l - xoeuiafo Ol}JUlo tou xoolxoV yiyvo9m, :rcou axo>..ou9L to OQ6o l'tO\J aV6a(vn wtOtE>..Eltm Cl.1l'' ni; xa9aQEi; xm >..aitEQti; ava9utcioni;
l'tO\J av6aivouv C1Jt6 TIJ YTJ xat TO vEQ6 (TIJ 96.Aaooa). iumxci, 'I <j>wnCt Eivm xm 'I yEVVi)TQ auTiiiv XQltlU:ii; Twv
ava9ul<loWV.
230
Km:TAl: AEEAOl:
H '4JUXil QXWl xm 0 mo it0TJ axEOTJ TIJ ij>wtui.

0 M:nos mlvta 6E6mWvL (IV, 3, 4) (I) O Hvcix.A.etTOf;'
Uei nwf; t/ ipuvj Eivai itUf?t\17/. Kl o QWalos yQCIanx6s MaxQ6fhos (Commentarium Scipionis, 14, 19 D.A
15): O Hpcix.A.etTOf; o uoix6f; unOOT71()(~t JtWf; t/ 1J.'Uxij
ivm 1a on(8a aJt6 aurvixrj ovo(a. H (au11:avtlxi} x't
av0Q<l>mV1J) 'l'uxiJ, ll0\1 ovola TIJS dvm o A6yos. 3tlXOLVWve( Aout6v O:t:aa TIJ aocj>i} iwn6:. H ljlvxiJ 6u0ltL ns
gltes TIJS foa cnT!V uygaala xm, axoAov0Wvcas to bQ6o
Jt0\1 CtVIJtoQltL xm t: TIJV llctQ6acrri TWV xa0aQWv ava0vulaWV, ylvnm tva xataoxriiaaa TIJS cj>wwis. Iav
Thom, JtOQE[ va dvm La oJtlea wt6 CWTQlXI} ovoia
atoU ta ciatQa Elvm llQOL6vta t(l)'V xa0ctQWv ava0utclCJEWV xm llEQLixouv TIJ cpwncl. 0 i}ALos bEV elvm i}llWS
TO mo $WTlV6 xm mo o04l6 wt6 T' clatQCl xm o XEQauV6 bEV EXcj>Qcil;.El TIJ 0E[a eyaA.oltQbtla TIJS aocj>i}s cpoornls; H '4Juxi}. om'.ea wt6 CtOTQlXI} lows ouo(a, TIJ" llQutAavWV1J aA1}0La TIJS otfttl Ta CtO"CQa llO\J llQLllAavwUvtm xm ta ovocll;.out: llAaVT)tS.
H 'l'UXil. 6i:av JtctlQ'VH to bQ6o Jtov xatrJcj>OQll;.n, !;avay[vnm vQ6, XL rneLbi] to veQ6 6Qloxetm urous avtlJtobes TIJS oocpi]s cj>wncls, OlJa[VEl tWQCl TO 0QvaT6 TIJS
6JtW TJ YTJ lvm o eavaws wu vgoU. To uygO urOLXEio
dvm TJ yEWi)TQa TIJS lJluxils xm tavT6):QOVa to atOLXElo
foa atO OltOfo 6Q(CJXL TO 0(tvaT6 TIJS 0 b{)6o llOU
aVIJQ>OQltl txn y[VEl 0 bQ6os llO\J XaTIJtoQll;.EL. Ol '\j!Uxts Aout6v JtQbtH va llQ001ta0o\w va .tvovv atYVts xm
' aut6 tov tQ6Jto va JtClQCl.tvo"" xovt6: ITTTi ooqnj cj>wncl
Jtou wtoTEAEl - 6JtWS Xl o A6yos - TIJ twfi tou. KataurclaLS uygaoias, 6JtWS dvm TJ xaTcluracrri TIJS 0TJ, aAAo be OTJ[VO\J'V wt6 vav 1t{l6wQO 0itvato TIJS ljluxiJs
Jtou, e TIJ" wtoclxQuvml TIJS wt6 TIJ cpwna, aqnjvH va
TIJ'V xataxAUOl TO uyQ6 O"COlXLo.
TovLt0vtas, lows xMws UllQ6oALxCt, TIJ bmcj>oQcl Jtou
xweltEl TO cj>UCJLX6 an6 TO nacj>UCJLX6 (rvW TaUT6):QOVO
llQOCJJta0oUt: va t:lvoue muro[ O"COV HQclxAlTO Jtou bt
AEnOuQYd JtaQ6oLES bLaxgloELS), ea JtOQOUoaE \'((
:toU llWS TJ OVJtavt'txrj tpvxij YEVVLhm OJt6 to \JY(lll
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4>IAOl:04>IA
231
cJtolXlo tT] EOoAU6TJOTJ Tl')<; ava0tilaOT]<;. VWvnm .

n1 004>~ 4><Jtl<i xm E tT] e6tT]ta x<iQrt oto edo Myo nov
xatotxd .toa TI]<; Xl bmta y(vnm aveQWmvri '!'tiX~
Alt6 niv illfj, ea n:ogoUoa. va noU. :rtw<; o aml"6q
Ov8pw.1l'o~. bV ltaUn va xmaxAU!;nal cnrvqW<; Cllt6 tT]
OT]avnx6nit6. toti, xaL Cllt6 6Aax(a wv a4>i1v1 va tov
xmaxJ..Uon w tryg6 CJtOlxdo: o 6.vegwno<; atit6i;; txl to
90 otfjV wtivavt( toti 6x0Tj. 'EtOl, cut6 tT] IJ.l<l .Ql6. ea
Lxa. niv '\l!VX~ (cron:avttx~ x1 aveQWmvri). ni e6tT]ta,
to Myo xm tT] iwn6. wt6 niv illfj, ta oWata (itiOl"6.
Xl aveQWmva), toV Ctvegw.rco, tT] 6Aaxia "m to vg6.
Avtii;; 6.wi;; 01 !;ruyagwtii;; avttefoni;;, aq,oU teoUv,
:rtQbct bcnta va l;mgaotoUv q,6oov o bg6.oi;; :rtoti avriioglt;u XL o bgOo<; ltoti xani<l>ogi!;E:L dvm o lbw<;. Atitt<;
Ol avtt8ton<; crovVWvovtm mlb~ ivm ~brt Vwiv<;
wt6 niv ClQX~ bV ai~vovtm va wro.ovweoUv. ngOxntm :rt6.A1 ym tov lbto mtgoo.6 (xou EQtxti;; q,ogii;; lvru
:rtoAU itiolx6i;;), tov 1ttgaoO va eO_oti. va bWootiE la
ti:JtQ6oAlxit itiOLX~ XQOtit ota ltQWt6nma Clltooititoata
xm CJtL<; bo!;oygaiLxt:; IJ.ClQttlQl<;, ltOti XQT')ClllJ.OltOlOUv TI]
yA.Wooa Tl')<; itiOLX~<; bLObLxao[ai;;, yta va totii;; avtn6.!;ovv
btnta i.a f.1taitioLx~ avtlATJ'VTI toti y(yvOem.
KovtoAoyiii;;, TJ avegWmvri '\l!VX~ Jtt0~ crof.1ttxl OtT]
cron:avtLX~ '!'tixiJ, yVVthm wt6 tT]V xootx~ avaevlaOT] ltOti lvm TJ yVVfitga Tl')<; iwn00;, .oAov6n TJ '!'tiX~ avTI'I dvm ~fut ta .oQCPii Tl')<; iwn6.i;; xat twv ta6oAWv
nov atiTI] ltQOxaAf:L AvTI] TJ aveQWmvri 'l!VX~ ltA<ienat
ax6a XL Cllt6 TI]V ava0ti(ClCIT] ltoti Oyalvn .toa wt' wv
ogyavl0'6 toti !;wvtavoU 6vtoi;;. Ta !;wvtav6: 6vta, 6vta
"001xit, ltQttxovv vg6 "ru iwnll. Alt6 to vg6 toti ogyav10.oU, (ow<; XL wt6 tou alatoi; xm toti oxganxoU
tryQOU, Yl<l to OJtolo en ylvn Myoi; ltOQOXO:tw, 6yaivl
onv avnevlnOT] TJ 'lptiX~ xov natgbcnm 0 iwnit, yLn
va !;avay(vn vg6 6tav ea xe<ivn. To [bw ylvnm xm
E ni;; "OOIJ.l"t<; xm '\l!VXoitiowAoyLxti;; blnblxnol<; Tl')<;
avaevlClCIT]<;: CJtO 0WtQUt6 Tl')<; OAOTl')tni;; ltOti dvm o
K6o.oi;; toltoendtm TJ 'lpvxoownnx~ oA&n,ta ltOti xt
aun'J ti:rtaxoUn CJtO cron:nvtLX6 gve6. 0 HQO:tlntoi;; bEV
232
KQ!TA! AEEAO!
Ei;T]yd to cJUJtClV . TOV Qv0QOJ1t0, 01J't tOV c'avBQW.TCO E
to mJ;cav, yw tov Cl1CA6 A6yo 6n Cr.veewitor; xcu mJmtv

OEV unCtgxouv w tva Olxwr; w ill.o MaxQOxooor; xcu
lxQ6xooor; OEV Elvm itagO 6'lj.lnr; tou oA.ucoU xcn ova0LxoU xOaou. H xooo1'.oyla, lJ 0EOAoyla, lJ koyuuj, lJ
'lj.luxoAoyla, T] 6wA.oyla xm T] lJ0uuj Ot Owxg(vovtal, xugwMxnxO., T] w wt6 niv WJ..11 xm . xavEvav tQ{lno Ot
aulla60.vovnn oav Lbuil;ouoEr; mf>algEr;' rnlmir;. OE xaui 1lEQiJttWCJIJ OEV Wto'td.oUv ltEQLlf>EgnaxEr; ovtoAoylEi;
1lOU ea Cllti:ggmv wt6 TI]V XVtQLXi) ovtoAoyla. Ta OvtOAoyuW., cd;LoAoyuW. xcu 0Eovto}.oyLxir. vfiata (w rnavaAa6Ctvou.: x6.0E n itou OriAWvouE ' auTCt 'ta ov6a'ta)
dvaL al;EOLW..vta au.nAeyEva.

0 avegw.7tor; dvm auTI] TJ OQYUVLXi) rv6nita JtOU Exn
tva oWa, w ljJUXti xcu w oxf1tJTJ, XL aun:r; oL LQnr;
V6TI}ttr; dvaL al;XWQLotEi;. Ait' w oWa tou av0gWrcou
(itou dvm qiuaytvo cuc6 vtQ6 xcu xWa) avaMetm

(aui-ciX,ovtai; .TC6:vra cmi aun:avnxl] 'lj.lux_l]) l] 'lj.lux_l] tou,
XQWLX(a tOU N)you. 0 Myoi; tT)i; 'lj.lux_l]i; XQL l] 'i!UX.Ti l] lbm
.TCEQLtx_ovtm o' au-c6 w .7tEQL)'..ov yLa to o.TColo ai; Eix_E LAl]oEL o Itl;toi; o En:nQnt6i; (fl('O~ Ma(lqaYtKoV~, VII,
127-131-D.A 16): AeEon o' aurOv ro q,votK6 (wv H(HixAEtro) va vHCK1tT1eiCn Ort ro HEetfxov eivat AoytK6 Kl
ix.Et vov ... Povq,<VTa~ Aour6v avr6v ro (Jeio A6yo E Yr)V
avwrvoq, 6Hw~ JttOTEt!Et o HethtAEtro~, yiv6aure voqove~ Kt EVW OTOV tlHVO xcivovE Yr) VTj,,, Orav ~wrvliE
)'tV6aOTE ~VO 1Kavoi Va (J)(E4Jtot/. fl(HiyaYt, ot H6(101
row ata91'joewv KAEivovv Orav K0t6aurE Kt o vov~ Eoa
a~ 6ev fxet ma &oO Ero HEetfxov ova61K6~ &oO~
wro/lEVEt 'I avwrvo1j, Hov Kara KWrowv re<);ro ou:iCei e
elCa hot 6HW~ xweiCerat o VOV~, XciVEt Yr) vtjOV1Kq 1KaV6Yrjra 1t0v eixe He1v. 'Orav ~vJYVllEt Ow~, Karaq,eVyoVTa~ HllAt OTOV~ H6(10v~ rwv aio81jo"EWV 6.trw~ OE HaeciHtea Kat ~vaovv6E6VO~ YO HEetfxOV, ~ava6elmm fl/
AoytKq rov 1Kav6Yr)ra. Kt 6Hw~ ra Kc:ie6ovva a.U.ciC011"
K1 avci6ovv Orav ra HA11otciCove OTt/ q,wna Kat o6qvotI"
Orav ra wroaKeVvove, trot Kat ro rqa rov HEe1xo\'TO~ Hov 6eiOKEYat ioa ura Koetci a~. e ro xwe101i
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H <l>l/\Ol:O<l>IA
2JJ
atE(!Eirat O);Eb6v TO ).6yo E TI")V tvwari 6w,, ;rov ."lt"f?a"y11aro;ro1Eirai, E rTJ 601j8Eta ."lt"E(!toa6TE{>WV ."lf6(>WV, TO
rTja EXEivo yivETm 6ow TO 'OAo.
'Otav E!;EQEVvoilaat: niv 1')QCttlEl"tUt.tj axbjnJ wu ii.6yov Elxae rnl.OTJitVEl Tu; naeaoQipWaEli; nii; aexu1.tji;
eewQ(ai;, JiaQaog4><0ani; nou JIEQlxEl TO JiaQwtltvw
xelnoo. Elval wt(9avo va eEwgoiiaE o HQltililToi; niv
ava..itVotj wi; ni i..EnovQy(a nou ea ai; cnrvtbEE TO OtJnavnx6 1tfQlxov, JIOtJ tbW ea l'jtav o JIEQd)CUJ..wv atQai;. 0 Ava!;ltv1')i;, atoXaan'ii; totJ atga, vuq>iJAa!;E y1.a
niv avwrvotj tvav ngovowiixo g6Ao, o Hg6.tlenoi; 6wi;
bEV tjtav tJJioXQEwtvoi; va tov axoAo1.1fh'laE1.. Tl ea noQoiiaav t6tE va e(vm a1.1"tlt Ta nag{te1.1Qa no1.1 ai; $EQVotJV
a' rnaq>Tj rov x6ao no1.1 ai; JIEQlxEl; Elvm 01. n6QOl;
0 AAxtwv o Kporwvi.6.nii;, yunpoq>il..6a0$<>i;, axlayg6.4'1'JOE 1.a eewQ(a twv n6Qwv (Diels, 24, A5) wor6ao bEV
nopoiJt: xavtva TQl'>no va OtJM6.601.1e to g6Ao no1.1
m n6po1. ea nopo\Jaav va na(~ crcov Hg6.x4no. Mfinwi; Elvm "ta QOVeoiiv1.ct; EU>at: u y(vtm E niv ava:rtVotj' tvEl AoL1t6V 1'J 6CJ$Q110T). ne6.yau, 0 HQ6.:xAmoi;
e(xE b1.ax11eii!;E1. nwi; av 6Aa Ta 6vta y(vovtav xwrv6i;,
Ol iJtEi; ea yvWQl~av ni; bt.mj>ogti; (wt. 7). Qcrc6ao, 01.
UtEi;, 6nwi; Ctllwore xm ta a1.1"tlit, JictQatvouv 1.1notaytvei; ara 6.ua. Aaq>ai..Wi;, o ~tJXO:rtVEUaux6i; OQYav1.06i; "tOtJ avel>lllnOtJ E(vm na&rjnxa.. bEtvoi; E tov x6ao E nJV ava;rvorj, niv 6ot/'(!1/UTJ xal nJV mmrj, Xl EVEQ'(l'ltlXlt E niv 6f?a"UTJ' 0 \J:rtVoi; ai; OtEQE( nJV 6.EOT) EJia4'ti E "tOV x6ao, ai; Atu to xelnoo ltQa, ra naQ6.:e1.1QCt
bEV noQoiiv va Elvm nae6. 6vo ta 6.na, a1.1t6. ta neovot.0\Jxa avo(yara. Ta Cma Elva1. JictQ6.e1.1ga no1.1 ni
viixTa xAdvouv x1. avolyOtJv TO ngwL En:ubtj 1'J EQCt Elva1.
JIQOi:6v tWV $W"tElVWv avae1.1uiaEWV Xl 1'J viix"ta tWV cnw"tElVWv, xataAa6alvovE yla now k6yo 1'J xa"tacrcaOT) nii;
eyei}yOQOTJ'i'. 6glaxEtal x6.Tw wt6 niv E1tlQQOl'j tl}i; aoq>tji;
q>wnlti; EVW o iJ:rtVo; 61.1e(~l tov ir.veg(l)J[O Ota ax6ni nii;
viixTai;. 0 A6yoi; nii; 'Pvxf)i; napool6.~E"tal xl avT6i; E
xir.Q6o1.1va: 6nwi; ra x6.gtiouva nvgWvouv 6oo mo xovt6.
ra q>teouE atT) ~wob6tea q>wtlit, hm xl o A6yoi; q>wT(~E-
KQl:T Al: A:=:EAOl:
234
Till 6).o
xm
JtEQL006tQO 600 1tAf)atit~t TO 1CEQt[xov 'Oi-.o
n:ou xk.ivt Eoa tou xm ni 1omc'.t. nag6om, 'l atotxl]

'i'UXTJ Oev xogE( va ELvm ooq>l] nagi.t Ovo crto 6a00 nou
rmxmvwvEl utEV6tEQa E tfJ iomU ni; ou.;cavttxi)i;: 'l'Uxl];.
H 'i'uxl] 6w; xEt to xO.ewa va r1.u11uxWvrt ta n:i.tvta
xm va SrnEQVim ta mivta. Iav 'lj.IUXTJ ot1itavttxl], E'lj.IUxWvEt TO 'OJ...o 1COU Tl}V 1tEQtExn- oav 'i'UXTJ av0gWmvq,
TflS: 'Etot, xatiXl to A6yo, iwu OEV Elvm J..Oyo:;: av0gWmvo; l'taQci Ovov
6rnv ountxEl CTtO oun:avnx6 A-Oyo. IWa, 'i'UXTl xm
.;cog( va SrnEQi.tOEt Tl}V tOtmtEQ6TI]tCt
axlhj.ITJ rvWvovtm aeovuui
XL
curOTEA.o6v ta aOmLQCTIJ
oM'nl]ta crto wwtEQtx6 Tl'JS: OMrrirni;. 4>umx6:, aun] TJ

agov(a Orv naUEt xm va ouvrn0.ytm w; ilhr; TIJS: w;:
avnq>O.oEli; xm wui; avtaywvwoUi; TflS: 0 Ctv0Qwnoi;,
6tav xatwtt6.vnm v'

vttin aut6 Jtou E[vm
ava~rrri)on
tov mut6 wu, ouva-
wcEQt6QtCTta eyaAVneo cm' Tl}V

atotx6TT)t6. tou: ouvavt6.Et liTJAaOf) TTJV ai..TJ0rvf) av0QWn:ui. Autl] 'l av0Qwm6. Elvm ta an:' w; Extf>6.voEti; TT)i;
ou.;cavttX6TTJtaS: xat 'l oUU'l'l'ii TTJS: ou6ouAf:UEt tov 6.v0Qwn:o va !;EJtEQ6.0El t'l ~wWOTJ toU ilE06TT)ta. 'Etot, 0
6.v0QWJtOS: aQxl~El va '(UQEiiEt XELVES: tti; EOltE(Ei; n:ou
tov x6.vouv cm6cmaoa tou IU.;cavtoi;.
Mmi tOV nMtwva, 'l 'i'UXii tOU x6oou ea Etf>avtotd
O'tOUS: O'tWtxoUi;: E ta JtQOOJtttxf) mo0Tjt6. Ota4>oQEttxf)
cm6 EXEiVT) tOU HQ6.xAEttoU. fta toui; O'tWtxo\!i;, 'l 'lj.luxfi
tou x6oou ELvat Ul ngayattx6tl]ta t!;oxa qiuowxganxf), xat n6.vw an:' autl] tT)V ngayanx6tTJta mwgEhm
tvai; tEAEoi..oyto6i; tl]i; OQ6votai;. Itoui; VEOJtAatwv~xo\!i;
bmta, to ng66ATJa tl]i; 'lj.luxf)i; ylvEtm to XEVtQtx6 ng66A'la xm o' aut6 unoti.tooouv ax6a xm to ng66A'la
toU A6you. Ot 6'\j.ltot crtwtxol xm ot VEonAatwvtxo[, E!;EQEuvWvtai;: TI) axf:OTJ tTIS: aV0QWmVT)S:'i'UX'iS: E to IU.;cav,
Eto6.youv Eva outf>thwnx6 liut06 xm tAoUv '(Ul TT) ouyytveia toU EOWtEQtxoU xm tOU E!;WtEQtxoU, yta TT) O'V,u;r<i8Eta nou umiQXEt avi.tEoa O'tO txQ6xooo xm crto
JtuXQ6xooo.
01 cil.J..E; ryciAEi;: 0EwgLES: TIJS: 'i'uxf)i;:, xAaotxti; xat crUy-
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H ll>IAOIOll>IA
235
X!}OVtS, l"CQOavayyOJ..ovrm, ea AEyat:, foa wt' i:a Mya

av0ewltoAoyu'r. anool"CCtoai:a i:ou HeCt>J.ui:ou, l"COU xai:Ct xWtolOV 't(HSl"CO l"CQOblxCt!;ouV '\Ol"COl1]'tlXCt 'tlS nayEVOLQES buaEnxts ii auv0nlxt; avwtTI'.i!;ns: 'tl)v xaeuolavtj 6tweia T1]5 EvWOTJs 'tl); ljluxfis xal i:ou oWaLOs, 'tTJ
6twela i:ou ACtLJtVl'tS )'La 'tl)v ltQOUltCtexouoa aQovla,
't1] Ol"Cl'VO!;lxii 0'6U.1]tjl1] LOu tj1uxoluol0Aoyuw6 l"Caeall11AlOo6 xm i:ov IJXt"tlXl06 TTJS "YxQOVTlS ljlUXO$UOloAoylas l"COU avlxvt6u ns EVW'tlxts bot5. H oiryxQOVI') av0QUmoAoyla wcn:6oo i:tlvtL mivca ltQOS TTJV ljluxoAoy(a ii
TT) 6loAoy(a, ltQCtya l"COU bEV xCtvtL l"Coi:t 1] av0ewltoAoyla
i:ou Heir.tltnou. TtA.os, bEV l"CQbttL l"CO'tt va !;qvCtt: l"CWS
1] aQx'(oVI') Xl EVwnxii oxttjlTJ 'tOU HQCtXAEL'tOU 't0l"C00'ttl"'[Ql nAEolbLxa l"CQlV wt6 1:1] 0ttAwxij blCtXQLOT) 'tWV 'mvoEvwv ot 'cuv6Va uAlxCt (ii l"CQClyanxCt) xm Q't 'mv6Va 1tVtuanxCt (ii tbtts). H oxtljl1] auTij 1rf?OIJYEirat.
LOU Ava!;ay6ea. i:ou IlACt-rwva xm i:ou Aelcn:oi:tA.1], i:ou
XQlO"ttavuwV Myai:os xm TTJS "YXQOVTIS '1.l.ooocplas. 0
cn:axaonis TTJ5 Ecpfoou bt xwel!;tt w Eivat xal TTJ mtfvi'1
yw va -ra EVWotL bttna. Iwanx6TT)i:a xaL \j'UXl0'.6S bEV
wtonA.oilv bVo XWQOus. I-rov HeCttlui:o, 1] EV6T1]i:a tlvm
ltaQOVoa TTJV axa-raJ...u'tl) oA6T1]-rCt TTJS Ol nllol AEl'tOUQY06v .nCt 'tO YW.0 axioa. 'Exovras m'.ow as Eva
Aixvo i:wv ovtlewv xm nQOcn:Ct as Eva xoLTJn'Jer. i:ous,
wt6 l"COlOUS b(HSous 0a wAijoout: va !;txlvtjoout: oi)t:Qa yLa TTJV l"CQWi:6KtYnJ xa-rCtx'tl)OT) TTJS EV6TT)LU5 'tl'JS
oA6T1]i:as xm n noQOilv wt6 bw xm l"Ctea va OT)alvouv
'I ibLa 1] EV6T1]'ta Xl 1] ibw 1] OA6TT)-ra;
AEYTEPO KE<l>AAAIO
H AN0PQnINH ZQH, H MOIPA

Kl 0 0ANATO:!:
0 HQ6.xA.L'tO<; <1>U..obol;ei va auiJ.6.6L m(OTJ<; to auyxEXQLtvo
bQ6:a tT)<; av0Q<ilmVI')<; !;wi)t;. Eivm n:oUEt; OL bo-
l;oyempudi; ClQ'tUQiE<; :rtou a<; b(vouv n:oAUnt:i;; xi..TJQOtpoQiE<; yL' atrtfi Tl')V X(VT]OT) JIOU ob11yd cut6 tT) ytvvr]CJT]
<no
06:vato xm, n:Ee' cut6 -co 00:vaw.
OE
vfo; YVV11oeti;;.
na1?' 6i..o :rtou 64<; au.ti; m aQTIJQiE<; t:Lvm xm JtQbtEL

va JtOQat:(vouv axenx6. Un00tni;, bEV xaUouv wm6oo va
ai;; bmcpun:L!;ouv, Emw xaL Et:oa. 0 axmamlvr]oi;; bo-
l;oyi;uitpo<; Af:ttoi;; yQCupEL (V, 23-D.A 18): 0 HeQ.xJ.eimr;

xai m mwixoi A.iv Jtw<; oi Qv8ewxm aexil;ovv va qmivovv TJ/V rEA.eWnrra yt}(XU ma bexartoaeea Xvta, Jro;M 6nov to 1Dl'{)(lrtx6 vyv6 aexif;ei va XtViTa1.0 QWaloi;; yQaanx6i; Ccnsorius btEUXQLvi!;.Et (De die natali,
17, 2-D.A 19): 'Evar; atWvar; e{vai 'I 1tYa.ltlu1;>11 iitd:exE:ia flit; av8pW.nw11r; l;llji;;, nov yta ~ui '"1<; fxet T1/ ytvV1J07/ xm TO B<iva-ro. .!'trvJrWr;, exdvot :rrou ixeuvav -rov
mWva .tle{vovrciq rov OTO 6tcian11m 1-wv rpuivra xt;>6vwv,
e{vat o..loqxiVEpo 6n bdJtpa~av tva EyaAo aq,W.a. 0
Hpci.tletroq E{v' exetvoq nou ovoci'Et avnj TI} Xt?OVt"r/
nep{obo yeveci. enni>rj "a.ltimEt m l"()OX'tci av6pWmV1J~
17A.tx(aq "t ovoci'ei Tf?OXtci av8pdmt'V1jq 17A.i"{aq 6A.17
e"e{V1J TI}V 1rep{o60 !rOV C1TTJ '5tcit;>"Et<i TI}q 11 avlJpW!rtVt/
Var, yvp{,Et wr6 ro mraptvo C1TTJ OJTopci... Kl o m.oU-
237
TOQXOr; arc' l"TJ XmQWveLa YQil'L (De la defaillance de r

oracle, 11, 415C-D.A 19): H 6tc:i1;nma taq yevuiq Eivat
rptcivra xe6vta xarci l"OV Hpc:ixAEtro, xeovixrj !rEpio6oq
0T71V ono(a o 1rareaq 6AbrEt ro yw rov va yivnm txav6q
va xcivet 1rat6tti.
0 <1>0..wv o Ai..eSavb~Ur; rnL6e6mWveL (AJromrc:ioara,
txllOOTJ Harris, Gambridgc, 1886, oeA. 20-D.A. 19): Ira
rptc:ivra Xp6vta l"OV vaq c:ivBpw.Jroq JCO(JEi va yivEt !raJr
no iii;. flpc:iyan: f<P'l6oi; yivnm ora 60<arooepa, '!Ai xia
0T71V oJroia ;ropei va xc:ivet 1rm6tc:i xi exe{voq rov ono{o
yivvf/OE, fxovraq p8Et OTOV x6ao foa o' fva xp6vo,
JCOf?E{ TfJ OEtpc:i WV, OTa 6Xwrfvr x{)6v1a l"OV, VQ 6t
TT/ rivvri011EV6qJril.Qoaroq6owv ' avr6V.
To l'taLll( Lvm tva 1CAO.oa atEAtr; yiverat ciV6QW.1l"Or;.
H a1f]6Ha tov av6QffimV01J l't/..cloator; iyxLtaL OTI]V
eSflLSf] tou. Iniv T]Aut.la twv bexateoo6.ewv l'tEQUtou
XQ6YWV, tO Jl"aLbi l'tQVcJ. O"tT] iciOTJ TIJr; EiT]6lar; XL itOL
aQXil;El va l'tQOoeyyll;El l"TJ"Y av9gli>JnVT] tEAEl6tT]ta to
oxeganx6 tou uyQ6 fyEl CJXT]anateL To uyQ6 atOLXElo
ElvaL l'tilVtotE aut6 l'tOU cruvbEEtaL E l"TJ ytvvTJOTJ XL (mwr;
OL 'l!uxtr; 6yalvovv oav ava6uLcioL:; foa arc6 ta
uyQcl, to QEV<Tt6 crtoLxEio toU OltEQanxoii uyQOii elvaL
aut6 l'tOU xOveL tov Ov9eomo va yEVVLitat Wglo:;. AJCO
TIJV EiT]6ela xat ttO, to av9gWmvo l't/..6.oa JCOQi va
JtilQEl 6..oa xaL VQY6. iQOr; OTI]V xLVT]OTJ tou ylyvEo0at,
l'tLbf] eivm Lxav6 va xaveL JtaLbLO. Exeivo; l'tOU YEVVLttaL JtOQEi l'tclAL va yevvf]oEl cno bLclOTI]a tWV tgulvta
XQ6vWV, ta 0.1l"O(a 0JtotJ...oiiv i"tOL ta axQClla 6QLa Lai;
YVL0.r;. ti.Vo ioQti; La llExwtVtaEtia oXTJ~Latll;ouv La
yevLci, 1[Lbi) aXQL6W:; OTI] bLciQXELU TT]; .1l"EQL6bou aun]r;
to av6QWmvo xA(wa txEL to xe6vo v' arcoxn]oeL eyy6vm. To OJtQanx6 uyg6 ygcl'L TT]V xiYT]m) tou tvav
xiixi..o xaL !;ava'(lJQil;EL, 6a Atyir.e, cno 01J.lo arc6 to
oxolo !;EXLVT)OE, aut6 6w:; tWga 6glmtEtaL o' tva avWtE
QO .1l"i.Jtebo: 0 xiixi..o; ttlLO, XL 0 bl)t'io:; l'tOU aVTJiOQL
tet Xal 0 bQOor; l'tOU XaTTJioQL1;EL evW6T]XUV ioa O"tOV
i(lxAo
H X~Lxf] btOQxeta tYj~ av6Q~.1l"LVTJS ~lJfJ~ 0H1woo fa-
238
KQIT Al: AEEJ\Ol:
JIEQV6.EL "ta "tQLitvta xe{>vLa JtOU bE O\JVLO-C01JV JiaQ6. bvo

ta YEVL6.. H bLitQXELa SwiJr; E1vm 'l :rtEQiobor; :rtou m6.vEL
Cll't6 ni YtvvliCJll ixQL -co 86.vaw. OL xueL6UQEr; Aout6v
ai:LyEr; nir; av8eWmVT]r; SwiJr; dvm oL ax6A.ou8Er;: yivvfj01/ (aexiJ tar; av8{1WJtLVTJr; Swfir;), 4>'16{a xat omvbn]ra
va yevvcii; xat va xeti; yeVV1jot xat&ci (bExet"tfoOEQ<l xm
bEXCll't"ME xeCWLa), t"f?OXtci av8(JWJttVf/) ,,A.tx{ai;, <m)V
oxo(a aut"6r; Jtou yEVVT]0tjxE 6AE:rtEL to xmbl tou va ylvEtm E TI] OELQ6. toU LXav6 va yEVVTjOEL (T)A.Lx(a TQLftvta
XQ6VOOV, yEVLft), fMvami; (-c0.or; TI]r; bLO.QxELar; TI]r; av8Q<i.lmVT]r; SwiJr;). OL yeaf:r; xm ta xeWai:a aunjr; nir;
tOLXO)'Qalpiar; dvm auCITI}Q6. bLW..Yva XaL JtEQLOQlSovtat crto cut6A.uta avayxa(o, o' aut6 JIOU x6.vn buvanj ni
eoiJ -cou JiornoU nir; av8eWmVT]r; Smiir; f:oa crto xQ&vo.
Ini bLitQXEta autoli tou yLyvEo8m, i:a avtl8Eta evWvovtaL 6tav tvar; Ctv8ewnor; $iQVEL ai:ov x6oo Eva xmbl, o
EQXo6r; aut6r; CJ11a1vEL iJbri niv aexii -cou 8av6.t"ov autoU
"tOU av8QWJIOU JIOU EJIL"tiA.EOE "tO wc6A.u-ca avayxaCo t"OlJ
xeooemoU tou f:oa crta xl.a1ota nir; av8Q<i.lmVT]r; t"Qaywbiar;. H aeovLxi) buU.ExnxiJ ni; SwiJr; x6.VEL tOV clv8ew:rto Lxetv6 va yEVVTjoEL Eva xMoa, JIOU CITil ouvtx.Eta
8a tOV l;EJIEQ6.0EL. 0 oA.Lx6r; XQ6Vor; E(VaL va JiaLJ;V(fo JIOU
xa1!;EL Eva xmbl. 0 xe6vor; ni; av8eWmVT]r; Smfir; x6.vEL
to (yEVVTjf:vo) av8{1W1tLvo ov va JtEQV6.EL cut6 niv JiaLbLxi)
T)l..Lx(a XOL TIJV E$']6da CITI}V WQLT) T)ALx1a, CJta YT)Qa"tELit
(6Jiou o Ctv8ewxor; !;avay(vEtaL Jimb() xm ai:o 86.vato. 0
6.v8ewxor; wcrt6oo aexll;E1 va :rtE8alvEL cut6 ni crtLy~
xou to JiaLbL tou x6.vEL JiaLbL6.. Aut6 dvm -co :rtmJ;V(bL
"tOU Xe0vOU, tOU Xei>VOU JIOU :rai!;EL Eta JtaLbL6. JtOU dVaL OL 6.v8QWJIOt.
H x(VTJCJll tou a:rtEQanxoV uyeoU bEV dvm CteayE EQWnxi)r; 4>iiCJ11r;; ~EV uJI6.QXEL xaui acpL6ol..1a 6n o 'Eewtar;
Eivm aut6i; Jiou foa crtov K6oo xeat6. evwf:va to ivo.
E to 6.JJ..o ta ie'l tou x6oou, x6.vovr0.; -ca va cruvbfovra1 nal;U tour; xae' 61..our; tour; mtc1y1t1v100Ur;
tour;. H cl>UCJ11 aycutitEL -ca avtl8Eta xat mrn iprnizvu
n] oucpwv1a, QxL E ta 6ota hot. A6yor yu~"I 'V;n1
l<l ft(_l0VLX6 E to 0']Aux6 - XL l'ixl TO ltt'tlh -ri '''""' 01 ,, '
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4>IAOl:OofllA
239
o6iuJ..6 -wu - xal xeaymonolE( 'tl}V 1tQ<.iJTT] o6vom E

TT]V tvWOT) 'tWV avn9hwv XL 6x,l 'tWV ooforv ... c<OAa XL
QxL 6Aa dvm oL CJ\l\'6foni;, o6vom xal 6lx6vom, cnt'wv(a itl acntiwvla, 6ta6cl!;ouE oto wtOoxao.a IO.
CTQ6.yan, TJ it(VTJOTJ 'tOU y(yvafictl wtOQQfEL wt6 TT]V tvwOTJ 'tWV avu9hwv. H tvWOTJ Mo avn9hwv 6v'twv ESaocpaAL!;n 'tl} 6LclQxm TOU av9Qti.Jmvou ylyvra9al. ME tov
rvo1tOlTJ'tlX6 tpwm 6lClnAcl0"tm o avwr6'rux'toi; :rr6Arun= ().
'ETOL Aom6v, to av9g<lm:Lvo ov, oav xooLx6 ov trot Elval, YEVVLhm n:cl TT] auvclVTTJari 'tWV avu9hwv 6v'twv
ital 6LctLWVl!;n TT] OELQ& 'tOU 'tO rlOOi;. Atrt6 1tOU 'tO wAr(
dvm OL xooLxti; 6vvclLS: ital 'I XlVTJari tOU l6LOU TO\'
oxEQanxotl vyQOV mw, JtL6t) cmottlri La wt' n:;: 0!6l]AWoni; -WU v{IO'ti xm TOU gruototl otOlXElou, ylvrrut
ital $urfLcl OTT] 6~La TTJS: 6m6Litao(ai; 'tWV rtu~toe
Ki>OEwv. 'OAT] 'I 6LaAtimit~ 6rv dval clll.o cm6 ~un ui.i.1]/..ouxla yovloxm~oWV. H itlVTJOTJ TTJS: ytvEaTJC: uplltJ';"'n
n1v xlVJJari 'tOU ylyveo9m. To QEUO"t6 O"tOLXrio zu1 11 <l>"rn'.t
:-ruga~Ltvouv O"tt'Ycl 6tva ital TQt4>ouv to enow 1m11xfio xw TT] 4m>'tlcl't01J crvElgtlJmVOU OQYClVlom'o (:TOl' rivm
(") H 1P"Xav&""'l olWpo.6ev txe 1K1t11>{1L b&ou vo ><.nion 11f rn llKU

1TJS cjH.lno to OK0\6L(I ,..,... (l!Clijleo:ov ll"OU 1tQOCJ110tld VO t~f{lfl'Vl}Ofl H
ljtl!XavoA.11tun'j on6!wQo ovyyevriin t 11'1 ~1011xij. ,.W..Ov-011 01 bto
1l{IOOllltee1rs ovvq<ils mwx).(voov 111ua W161TJv 6.IJ.11 T6oo 01TJ 1u ooo
xe11 0'1TJ" 6.IJ.11 l>Mexa 1116LO t4':n1 va ovU11>tld to &o r a>fl'leiu rva
ll"{IO"Oiucnixo ohio. T6oo O'l'l po.11 0oo xa 01TJV 6ll11y{vnaL11 iOw it(IOl:\o).oj to:ov ireo6J.'l~ uw :tavtoc; oi;o 1tCIQd66v ~11i>oeo1 WVJtt1va).vd~
IKll O\rf'fea4'~ llOU qurvWvun (l;l61TJV 1j>VJ(OV\il.voq (1TJVO(l9600~ ij tllV
lll{IEtUCoj), itQOCmlt8r)O<rY YO f4'<:1{16oovv 1TJV 11'VXIIVCU.utLKoj t600o O't"t')V
UJ.11v1toil1Ki.v'l BA.S. Freud. Abri~depsychana/~,ya). 11n .. P U.F.
Pans. 1950. 0 Rank~ lllumatismede /11 naissance. ,.cu.. n . Paym. Pari,.
1928, C G. Jung, Met11morphossne1 Syml:loles de Ill Libil:lo. ,.a.1. I" 1.. ,\u
bier. Pans, (xwgl!; xeovoAcry{a) H Gompe:rz. Psycholigischc B<~>lw>/11.
unge11anpiedmdie11Phdosophen. Wien. 1924 R. de Saussure. Le \lir ...k
Gree, ttude psycbnalytique sur la ci.vilasalton helltniquc. R.e~uc fr:""""''
de psydmt/yu, Nin 1 xa1 2. 19J8 L. 8111sw11nger. He111k/1qs Aull.1"ur..ii
des Memcben aro A~w11hlre ~on111ge und aufsatze. I. Bern. 1'147. G
Bachelard, La psycha1111/~ du feu. Gallimard. Pans. 1938
KQITA~
240
AEEAO~
abLcioxaata 1.1'1JXOOWatLx6r;). Mfoa o' a11TI] TT] fooxocrtxij GVVoXT'J EXbT]Miwovtm OL EQwnxEr; 011vCtEL<;. To QEUOT6
atmxELo ELvm aut6 rcou xagaXTT]QLl;EL TIJ YfvvTiOTJ xm 'l
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you, E!;WTEQU1.E1'.iouv, wtOXEVtQWvouv XL Exhoyum'.louv
xCm rcou
EWmiQXE
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crtT)V
f]Qmtl..unxij oxtwrl
autol ata0EQOJtoL06v TT]V x(VT)OT) twv naoe>wnxWv
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Lai; OUVXoUi; eoiji;, xataAi)yEL owat6. o Emile Brehier
ITTO 6L6kCo i:ou 0 Xpiiuumo~xt 0 avxa{~CJTWLXt06)(1).
IloLO Elvm to v6T]a TIJS: av0eWmVT)<; l;wi)r;, aun')r; TT]<;
:Erneai; ttou o01]yEl wt6 TT] YvvriOTI crto 0Ctvato, 1tEQvWvrnr; wt' TIJV avwmeaywyrj; Ax' TIJV av0QWmVT) l;wij rcou
,'livn 'l >1'CJ11, inevo\! crtTJ l;wfi xou Olvouv m 6.v0QW1tOL
" ~var; crtov filo.
frv6cvot 'WEtV tfJt),ovcn 6(101!q r' fxeiv, ill.av 6t
'I H."Ttlt.ieoflm, xai irai6af; xaTa.llJrovm 6('0Vf; yVt''Jq1 - B{oq: <fJ oilv r6;'qi 6voa 6iof;, lerov 6t fhivar()f;.
f loraoiq roif; atiroiq t.6alvotv re xai otix t&xlvo"' \, r{[v re xa{ otix efev. - 0vtjJ fi:xeoflaL xaA.Jr6v
, ' ;''f(J dv BtJ.n, 'IJ'Vxiif; dweirai. - 'HfJof; dvfJpW.Jrqi fJa{wv.
I Otav YEVVLoUvtm, 0tl..ouv va tiiao11v xm va l'>QOuv ro
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tou t6Sou l'>Loi; allci to teyo 06.vatoi; (wt. 48). Ita LEila
ttotCtLa Jtalvoue xm Otv Jtalvo11, laat xm bEV
laat (wt. 49a). Elvm bUoxoko va ttokEQ:i; niv xaQbtit
oou '(LUTL a11n'J, 6,n 0tkL, TO ayoeO.tEL twtl (wt. 85).
To i)0oi; tou av0eWnou o balov6.i; tou (wt. 119)].
0 xUxkoi; nii; av0eWmVl}i; twfii; - ytwrJOJl, ttmbul,
0Uvatoi; - ouvtEkEitm avwtMgaata ta xeWat6. tou
Elvm oxoUea. 0 He<ixkntoi; x>en i)J"Cio; xWtoLa tlaoLxi) a.."tmaLoboSla; Mi):rw; 0we1 TIJ yivVl}OT) buOTIJxCa
ML to 06.vmo a..wkUwwori; H o{pa (epi6w 'W~f;) xL o
,uO{>oq (iupi610 8awirou) Elvm taut60J1a; Ta 0taw
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>Uvlm'J 'toui;; OTIJV EllTjvlxft nolTjUT] xal oxiipri no>..U 1tQtv

an' 'tov He6.xlmo, xt 6xl ovxa crto xWeo nii;; Elll]vtxfti;;
ooqilai;;. 0 6.v0QWnoi;; Elval a06vaoi;; Xl avlaxui;>oi;;, Hu
'l OM01ma {I 130), xat $EUyEt 6nwi;; qiE\iyouv rn qiUiJ..a,
ai;; OtMmm fJ IA1ciOa {Z 145-9). Holoboi;; crto 'Evya xm
Hi{>at 6.llo 0V x6.vEt wt6 w va unoyeall;u ni;; av0Qtl>mvei;; OuO"t\Jxlei;;. 0 tatltx6i;; notrin'ti;; ItwvlOrii;; o
Aoeylvoi;; naQWtovtt?at nou ot Uv0ewnot Elvat 6.oo$0l,
l'tOU l;ouv aav 'ta l;Wa, Ova wui;; OTI)Qlyarn 'tf)V aurnl't6.'tf) Xat 'tf)V E>...rclba, VW wui;; wtEtAoUv 0 aQQWcrttEi;;. 'tQ
Y'l'JQQ'tt6. Xl 0 06.va'toi;; (2). 0 I6Awv naewtovthat XQl
ym 't1l o(Qa nou 0V Elvat JtOQEt6 va !;.JtEQacrtEl oUu
wt6 'tO y~ov6i;; nwi;; 't1l yvwell;ouE xm OrtAWvet: Xavvai;;
6.v0QW1t0i;; 0V Elv' EUTUXtOb-oi;; (3). Kat to QT!'t6 'tlli;; aQxai:xfti;; a04'lai;; nou Het riotva. ni;>o 'tou tE>..oui;; a.x6.Qtl;E, exqiQ(tl;Et 'tf)V (Ota Wl:O'l'fJ yta 'tr) l;wft (). 0l nu0ay6QElOt a.ywvll;ovtat nU0oi;; va. xa0aeloouv ni l;wft wt6
't1l OuO"t\Jxla 'tlli;; YvvriUTJi;; xt ot ~6.Aot tQO.ytxol notriti;;
EX$Q6.l;ouv Utptcrto 'tQ6no 'ta 'tQOa.X'ttxO (xat Eya>..ElWOTj) na01')a.'ta nii;; UnaQ!;rii;; 'tWv 9vTj't6.iv. 0 HQ(txluwi;; rnavai..a.66.vEt, aun:uxvWvu xm auiJ..oyll;nm 6>..oui;;
autoUi;; toui;; crt<>xa.aoili;; ta ovabtxft MaUT] xa.t 'tOUi;;
x$QEl $Q6.aEti;; >..axwvlxE; xat Qtl;oorcacrtlxEi;;. Elvat
aut6 U.aYXoMa xm wtatotobo!;la; Av !;xtv6.E wt6
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nou aaxd fJ ooQ$t6. nii;; l;wfti;;, OE 0a xa'ta4JEeouE va
xa'tai..6.6oue yta n ne6.ya ne6xEt'tal crtov HQO.xAEl'tO.
0 EU0a.tovtx6; U0o; mi;; EU0a(ovt]i;; EU.6.0ai;; a.yvod
CJXEOOv ri0driiva niv aArt0tVTj EiJ..6.0a, niv EiJ..OOa niv
'tQaytxft. Aut6 nou ai;; x6.vu va oOQll>a(vouE 'tO Qxalo, 600 tletox6a.crtE Ofotot nii;; 'tWQtVTji;; OuO"ttJxlai;;,
dva.t eva M0oi;; 1tQ001t'ttXi)i;;. 'AiJ..wcrtE, TO (Oto >..6.0oi;;
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Ot ltQtV wt' tov He6.x1Erto btanmwivEc; oxE'l.j!w;, xa0Wc; xat Ol butte; totl, JtOU avtq.lE'tWJtlt;,ovv Tl]V 1tf..T)yij, EXiEeow autov6rrm; a1fj0Em; nou avayvwelt;.ovrm oav
thmEc; TI]V vraxfi EXEiVT]. b.E 00.ouv va x6.vow wv 6.v0QWJto v' aex[o:n va obUgE"tat all6: v' avttSn belxvovrm;
xovg6.yl0 xat va t;,ijoEl
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bga.anxTj xm TQayutfi avtO..rp.jlTJ wu x6oou xm TI]c;

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wt6 Eva nglo.a cro.n:avnx6 xm 6a0a(vEL Tl] ewyfi xm

muc; oxagayotii; 1t0u unO.exovv foa oE xlt0E oMnrta.
Kt 6nwc; TJ tQaytxf) xm ainai:xfi ttxvri wu 7ou xm wu 6ou
mWva ESawtxEiitav> otylt-oty6. blvovta; 66.00; OTl'J

ogifi Xal O'tO 1tEQtX6.Vo ni; atotxfi; o[ea; (nou
wITTOOo ESaxoAou0d nltvta va Elval YEQ6: bEivri E to
otJteavtlX6), frtOl Xl aunj TJ 1tQO-ooitO'ttXf) mtf"Vfl bEV
txu clna nagQ 6vo ylCl xdvo nou tono0E"tE(tm OTl'J
bl6.0"taOT] tou otJteavttxoii. Aut6 Elval SXWQlO't6. a1T)0tv6 yta tov Hg6.ilino. H oxhpri tou ayxa1t6.~Et niv oi..6nita ni; av0gWnrvri; ~wfi; xm ylvE'tat bgoobElxni; ni;
yEVtxfi; noeEla; ni;. dE 0grivd nou 'l gofi ni; av~gWntvri;
tinagSTJ; bEV txu E3tlO'tQoiil, bEV xi..alu YlCl to xO.Olo tO\J
wt6A.utou, a<l>oU TJ avayxm6nita otJvtU..dtm avwt6iEUxta, av xm 6xt oMoobl6A.ou tO.ElCl. Avtl va xO:.vEt tov xmg6 to\J E n; a0Athnjte.; ni; wgavvtatvl'j; u;p1xe.q.LEVtx6nita;, xm xwgl; 6.i..Lma va niv unoA.oyl~Et, o Hg6.x1e.no; xolt6:.!;el, E xag6. xm (Jl)VO.a E 11:6vo, to iya
tgaytx6 06.a ni; all.T)Aouxla; twv YEVWv m'tvw OTl'J YT\
To av 0EWQEl to 06.vato oav avWtauOJ!, '"''Jt6 bEv 11:gE11:r1
va ngoxa>..fou La XQtO'ttavtxfi EQY}vda. 0 06.vato; bEv
e.lvm O:M.o rt7C6 lCl E"ta6o>..fi xatciO'taOT); xm SEgmut
fibTJ 6n .ut rnf)fi),),ov d-vwro1<erw" (cut 84a)
01 rnn~~"111d::: o;(OA.Ec; xat xut1i11::: rn tiJmoovr; ljl1i.ci11c1qio1 "'' :" I l;11nia;, o mJ61H'i.o: Ou\"HTn11. Ba Eivm '"
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H <lllAOIO<llJA
243
10( xou 0a brjwugyiioouv ta tpuxoAoytx6. wtm.m6bo~
xm tlaYXoAtxi] otCtOl}. 0 qiJ..6oDq>oi;; xou 0a ouOOui..EUn 'tO 06.va-ro 0a Elvat Exdvoi;; n:ou a4JETI1g[a -rou 0a
txn 'tTjV aexi] 'nli;; ']bovi]i;;, 0a avwtnJSn 'fl"JV Ota TI]i;; TifV
<igVT)cn] xm 0a 10xo0ETI10Ei x(nw wt6 wv aotEQto6 -rou
0av<iwu ouOouAEUovtai;; TI]V auwxwv(a oav bQ6.o yw
va ctmicm xavtvai;; o' au-r6v. ~i]Ega, n:Q60ua n:Q<>Ob(bouE tva vocrtaAytx6 xm QOavnx6 xagax-rfiQ <mJV
an:atowboSia wtoumCt!;EL 6wi;; x0.0E dboui;; QOj.LQvtL
o6i;; wt6 TI]V E:rtoXiJ n:ou dbE va yEVVtttat 'l oxtifrrl -rou
HeO.Mnwu. Au-r6i;; oxE<jn:ETat wt6 TI]V aQXi] -ca 0.a-ra
'tTji;; Amxi]i;; btalo0T)cnii;; -roxo0E""tWvtai;; -ca 6}..wta oto udJtEbo -CWV yaJ..wv :rtgo6J..Tj6.-rwv ltOU fxow CJX0l} E 'tTj
!;wi] xaL w 0<ivaw. H ooqila -rwv E9vWv (Aai"xrj q,W:Jao.
q,ta) xm 'l qit.Aoooqila n:ou bt.auivETat xwi;; dvm aui>vta
(philosophia perennis) 6gioxovtat OE Eyai..in:tQTJ allriAES6.g'tTjcn] wt' 6oo vol!;ouv ot lbtEi;; o Hg6.xi..Euoi;; otExE-rat OE [Ol} wt6otacni wt6 'tTl ta XL wt6 TifV ill.Tj. E:m.bi]
6gioxETat OE La xa-rO.otacni acr64>WV11i;; ou4Mi>V(ai;; E 'tTl
oo'la wu xmgoU -rou xm wu AaoU nllJ, QW"t6.Et -ca fytota 0Ea-ra 'tTji;; av0gW:rttVT)i;; !;wi]i;; xm -ca U"\llilivEL oto ud:rtEbo EgWTI)6.-rwv. H 'lQXAEmxi] XQ(Ol} bEV n:oeEL va
xaQaXTI]Qtotd tlayxoAtxi]. QO.avtLXi] i] an:OLOL6bo~ 0
i;:iu06i;; TI]i;; ox~i;; -rou dvm n:EQa yw n:EQa beaanx6i;;
xm -rgaytx6i;;, cr6$wvoi;; E wv K6o.o.
H !;wi] obTjyd avan:6beaota oto 86varo. To -r6So ( 6fo~)
txn w 6voa 'tTji;; !;wi]i;; (6lo~) all.O. ct>EQvEt w 06.vaw w
n:o-r6.t 'nli;; !;wi]i;; miyalvEt -rov 6.v0eomo oto 0<ivaw. Ta
avtl0E"ta EVWvovtat. H fyyEta (fonciere) tvwOl} 'tTji;; !;wi]i;;
xm wu 0av0.wu ctiavEQWvEt autl] TI]V ai;:iovtxi] Xt acr6$(1)"Vf] tvwOl} -rwv avn0ttwv n:ou ouyxQOUovtat otTJ btO.gXEta wu y[yvE00at, n:ou dvm n:o-r6.t xm n:6AEoc;. To -r6So dvm tva xoAELx6 xm 0ava'tTltf>6QO n:mxvlbt, xm w
Aoyon:m'.yvto (6t6i;;-6lo;:) ttJEQvn xm 'tTl oqii;:iayiba -rou
0av6.wu. H n:eoorrnxi] wu 0av6.wu 4Jw-rl!;n -ca ox6TI] 'tTli;;
~wi]i;;. To -rOSo. oU6oAo -r']i;; ai;:iovlai;; -rwv avn0ttwv xm
itoAEtxO Ogyuvo. bEV Eiwu x1 tva Ol}Qbt -rou Ax6iJ..wva,
flEOU 'tOt' qium):;, A:tti "[Q 130 JtEQUtou wtoox6.oa-ra WU
244
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249
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la Qi)~ "t'.WV liECJ<lw 1C0ll O"UVbf:ouV t:OV at0lx6 ciV0QW1CO
E tov crorcaVT1.x6, ovoCc!;nm cm' tov Hetixi..Elt0 v6oos
x6.n rcaecmcivw: lfQij v6oos (wt. 46), yLai:( EJtf)Qtci!;tl
6.foa ni axbpr) tou avSeWrcou rcoll to oWa tall rcoeel
va E/;axoAoll0El va Elvm uyLf:s. Km Tl mi:e1.xi), &t:av wm-
:!50
KQl:TAl: A!EAOl:
J1EtQUTm v UJtOKUTUITTTJOEl TTJ blUTUQytv11 tOOQQtl:Tl((

TIJi; vyt:lai;. bV ;rcoge:l va l]V VQYi TQUT(JXQOVU OTI]\'
JtEQlOxiJ tOU xal.oii Kat TOU xaxoii (wt 5R) To xax6 Kat
'l aggWutla, 'I !]bovrj Kat 'l btQOTJ, dvm EQ!] T% o;.,Otl]tai; xov fyouv W'COxTi)on TIJV auTOvola toui;. x/..ovlt;ovtai; tTm TIJV VWTlK~ lOOQQOxla. Ita mxoxgauxa ouyyg6.ma, Kat lbliTEQ utO fl(li Tf?Or:pfjf;, 6giOXOUE 11:0/,.\i xa0ag6. ta LXVIJ auTi)i; TIJi; blal.exux~i; avtLArpp!]i; ym
TIJV trye:La Kat TIJV aggWutm.
KCurnm iga 0 avegomoi; 1C0afvn. 'PuxrJ01 Tif?1jllV ij
9livarov VyprJ01 yevo9at. {Ti('1j11v bf dvat aVrai; njv ;
ytvernv mwoiv.] ... Zljv ljciqT6v ixe{wvv (Jcivayovxa{ Cl]v
xiva~ r6v Jjh('0V 9ivarov. - 'A9civarot fJvrJro{, fJvrJTO{ .:ifJcivaTOl, CWvreq r6v fxdvwv eavaTOv, T6v 6i ixdVl/JV fHov u9veWu~. - Blivar6q iOT1 6x6oa iyee9vuq
Oeio1''V, 6x6aa M: Eii6ovreq Unvo~. - "Av9ew;roq iv eVr:pf?6vn r:pliaq Wru-rat fouTcjJ {Wro9aw!Jv] Wrao6ea8iq 61jli~. 'Wv M: Wn-nat u9vWTO~ eli&ov, [Wroo6u9i~ 611!~]. iye11ya(Xi.Jq Wrrnm eUOovroq. - TaVT6 y' lvt CWv
xa{ u:fJV1]x6~ xai fro iye11ya(l6~ xa{ xa9V6ov xai viov
xa{ mem6v r06 ydp nwreu6vra ixlvd fun xdxiva
;rrW.tv erwreu6vra raUra. (flu ui; tpuxti; t:Lvru dQtpTJ va
yivovtal uygti;. (Elval riQ'llTI Yl' auTti; 'l ITTWOTJ toui; OTil
yvvrJOTJ) .... Eeli; !;.oiie to 0UvaTO Xe:ivwv )(l ExivEi;
!;.ouv TO bl)(6 ai; 06.vm:o (wt. 77). A06.vm:ot, 0v!]tol,
0vl]TO( a06.VTOl, UUTO( l:;ouv tO 0Uvaro XEfVWV 'IU )(EfVOl m:0afvouv TIJ l:;onl UUTiliv (wt. 62). 0Qvmoi; Efvru 6oa
6Attcoue ~ii1tVlOl xm ii1tVoi; 6oa XOltotvol (wt. 21). 0
6.v0gwtcoi; foa ITTl'J v6xta, (tce0atvoi;) 6tav tc6.'!-'n va
6Atrm, av0:6n ( 1) $mi; yl tOV muT6 T0\1' !;.wvmv6i;, urov
limo T0\1 (6tav tc6.\j.1l va 61..trm), ayy(!;,u (l) tov tc0aivo, ~iimlOi; ayyl!;.u () ovxottotvo (wt. 26). Mtoa ai;
Eivat Lbta: l:;WVTav6 xm vXQ6, ~iim<to xm XOltotvo.
vto xm Yl'JQl6 ylOTL aut6., &rav na66.ll0vtm. Elvm
( } H <61a U~q Wrrtotla mtl"ILVfl arr1.;w "' av66w 4>alvna1 "~ 111
~tHi.i111
<t>oQ0 mtl"'Lvn av6.6"' xcn
n~ 6..l.M~ bvo ayy11;w
0 HPAKAEITO:E KAI H >1AO:E0>1A
251
im'.va, Xl EXE(va, &rav E TI') OElQCt toui; Eta66JJ..ovtm,

rlvm autCt (wt. 88)].
E(vm JtQCtyan ta ttQ'q!Jl yla ni; -qiuxti; va ylvovtm
uyQti;. ytat( TJ uyQao(a, avt(0Eta wt' TI') oi:fyva TI'JS 004'1i;
-qiux~i;, OTja(vn .tBtj xm UJtEQOX~ tou auJ9rjolao.oU 11
uyQao(a TI'Jli 'qluxT!i; Obl]yE( XQl OWV tEf..lx6 0Qvato. Jtg(tya Jtou ~&j yvwQ(SouE wt' to wt6oJtaoa 36. To uyQ6
OTOlXE(o E(vm o yEVVT)toeai; xal taut6xQOVa o tEQano6i; TI')i; Sw~i; TI')i; 'qluxT!i;. H 'ql\IX~ yrvvlEtm wt6 to uyQ6
crtOlXE(o (o' aut6 to OTO:blo, to uy(H.~ rlvm crtEVcl bEivo
E TI')V Tjbovi)) xal ttllx6., .E to 0Uvm0 tl]i;, avtaWvn
l;ava to uyQ6 oi:mxElo. M' aut6 tov tQOJto, 11 aQX~ !;avao(yEl E to ttf..oi; - ill..wOTE, wt6 to !;Ex(VT)il TI')i; 11 ClQX~
ouvrnay6tav to tti..oi;. 'ExouE TI')V EVtilJtWOTJ 6n axoU.E
Jt6.f..l v' avtlJXE( TJ 4>wvr'J to\I Ava!;(avbgou: .. 'ApX') rtiiv
Ovrwv r6 Wmpov... ii;
bi ~ yivea{q l:cm roii; oUm, xai.
njv lj>Oopriv Eli; raiira yiyveafJai xara r6 xeeWv &Mvm
ytie mhli 6ix11v xai riaiv ci.UljAoti; rijq Ubixiai; xara njv
t
roii xeOvov r<i/;tV (D. 1281).

Acj>oU TJ -qiuxTi yVVltQl QJI6 to uyQO OTOlXElo, TJ ytvvfiTI'JS 01JvbtEtal .E TI')V 11bovi'1. H uygao(a 6.wi; yEVVO.
XOl to xaO TI'JS -qiuxTii;. H bUva11 TI'JS cj>wn6.i;. avt(0na,
yugE'im va Ef..U0EQUlaEl TI')V 'qltJX~ M6 TI') blOOTQO$lx~ XQl
0avaTI')$6Qa X\IQlClQX(a TI'JS uyeao(ai; obrjyfilvtai; TI'JV
JtQOS TI') oiiUTJ\PT] TI')i; al.TJ0lvi'li; Sw~i;, Jtou bo dvm 11bovi)
allQ Sw~ OlJvtalQlOOtvl] .E to 01J1[avtlx6. H W9rjOTJ
tT]i; 11bovtii; Jtou ai; xltvEl va yrvvl6aOTE M6 to uyQ6
OTmxdo, JtQOOJta0( .E xlt0 tQ{>Jto va JtQO.yatoJtOl~OEl
tOtli; Jt60oui; TI'JS xagbllti; ai;, o&jyillvtai; ai; tLOl OTO
0iivato. H WfhJOTJ aunj Elvm bilaxof..o va xal.lvaywyri0E(
xm ai; EJUCoblSn va yvooeiSou.E Jto\J miya(vou.E, E!;oouOvovtiii; ai; .E XE(vov to .E0uotvo Jtou o&jy6i; tou
Elvm tva Jtalb( xal Jtou bn- !;f:gn Jtou ltTJya(vEl, EJtElb~ TJ
xagbl6. to\I Elvm uyQi). H al.Tj0lvi'I Swit. UJtaxoilovtai; OTIJ
Qiwn6., wtmtE( TI') oo<t>la: o 6.v0QWJtoi; JtO\I bEV wtoaxQUvnm M6 TI') oocpla SEl al.110lV6. TI') SwiJ to\I, xovtai;
:t6.vta ta 6.na xagcj>wtva OTo mgalo ttea tou ta!;l1'ltoil tOU.
oTJ
KQl:T Al: A:=:EAOl:
nae 6},.' avtit 6ws, mils nogoii. va t;i)oot1 to 86.vato TilS 'VUXiis as xm nWs avn] t;El to lhx6 as 86.vmo;
Kal nWs Ol a86:vatol Elvm 0vr)tol xm Ol 0vr)tol a0Qvatol,
H xlVl]OT) TilS fJQOtlElnxi)s Omi..exnxi)s dvm OwexWs xvxAlxi) o OQ6os not1 avE6alvEl xl o Og6os nou xau6a(VEl Efvm 0 lblOS. [tvvTjOT) XOl 06vatos, Vl6n) xat Y'JQOtElti, 8civatos Xl a0avao[a E[vm avd8na, EVwtva OlaAExnxit to tva <j>EgvEt af:vaa to illo, T\ xlVl]OT) OE otaat6.El notE. MEAn<lwras TI') 0EO/..oylxij xal 0QfJOXtmxi)
oxt"P'J tou Hg6.tlELt0t1 nogfoa. va boil to 0Eo6 nov
EV<iivEl tovs av8gWnovs to 8Elo, ylatl to i)0os tOtl av8gWnot1 6V iyxEttm xa06Aot1 OTl')V lblOouyxgao(a tOtl
allir. o at1t6 nov tov OtlVbEEL TI') ouxavnxi) 0E6n)ta.
M' aut6 tov tQ6no, 0 8ltvat0S (oav Mo6(wOT)) t;(El SrnEeaonl to Elvm xal to l!T\ dvm EV<iivovtat l:oaoto ylyvEo8al. ZoU. ngityan to 06.vmo TilS 'Vt1X'is as, xl avn)
!;El to blx6 as 8ltvato, E11:Ei1ri) OTI') bltiQXElO TilS UnaQSiJS
~ :rtOQOU.E va ou1J..6.6ot1E TI') blablxao(a tou 8av6.tou
TilS 'Vt1XiJS as OUVElbfJt01t0tWvtas TI')V 1tOQda as 1tQOS
to 8itvato nou, dv' W..ij8Ela, xatOlxEl l:oa as o' 6ATJ
~TI') t;url). H 'Vt1Xi). TI') OELQ TI'IS !;.El to boW as 86.vato, rnElbi) t;(El 0tdvo to x6.e1.0a tou l;rnEQ6.omos
1t0u TI') Ot1VbEEl E to 'OAo.
0 6.v8Qwnos, 6nws xat xit8E xoolx6 6v nov XlVEltal
oto EOWtEQlx6 tou IUxavtos, axoAou8d xal tous bUo
OQ6ous: EXE(vov nou aVIJ<t>oeft;.EL obfJyWvtas M6 TI') Y'l
oto vEQ6, M' to VEQ6 otov aEQa Xl M' tov aEQa OTI') <j>wn6., Xl EXE(vov nou xaTI')<j>ogft;El obTJyWvt~ M' TI') cjxamlt
otov aEQa, M6 tov aEQa oto VEQ6 Xl M' to vEQ6 OTI') YT\
O bg6os nov aVIJ<j>oQl!;.El dvat o 6Q6os TilS YtvvriO'l'Js
TilS 'V"X'iS xl avt6s nou xaTI')<j>oQlt;El dval o bg6os tou
8avlttou TilS &mbi) 6ws OM~ tivw xthw la xai Wvnj
(M. 60) Xl E11:Ellri) ~vvbv y6Q &Qpj xai JCfQO~ br( xVtlov
1CQtl/JQEia~ (M. 103), 0 bQ6os 1t0tl aVl]<j>OQl~l Elvm Xl
o 6Q6os tov 8av6.tou TilS 'V"xiJS, xt exdvos nov xaTI')<j>oQlt;El Elvm TilS ytvVl]cnls TilS H ytvVl]OT) El vat tautQxgova
la avobos xm la ntWOT), 6nws Xl 0 8ltvatos. H 11 aQxiJ
xm tEAos tou xuxAlxoU ylyvEoam, Elvm o ai..TJ0lv6S t6xo~
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H ilAOI0ilA
253
mu av0Qcilnwou bQ6:.cuoi;;. H av9QW1tLVTJ "-'UXfi Eivm i:rnxoi;; TI]i;; iwtL6:i;; ttoL, rupoU ylvn 1tQWta vEQ6 xm YTJ,
iH]kat'ifi avflQWirLvo oWa, TJ "-'uxfi !;avay(vttm cj>omO..
Au'ri) illwatE TJ cj>umO. ElvaL nou E..puxWvEL to oWa, ll.L
600 mo at'YVll VE t6oo mo oocpfi fimv.
Ol 0vqto( Aom6v E(vm a0clvmm, 1tELbT) auvbfovrm .E
tTJV a96.vatT) cj>wtLO.. OL 0vqto( EVOaQxWvouv toui;; a06.vatoui;;. Zwfi KOL 9Ctvatoi;;, 96.vatoi;; ll.l a0avaola, EVaA).6.ooovrm aOL6aia xm, o).ov6u avti9tta, EVWvovrm
OTTJ bLCtQll.ELa tT)i;; axatWtauOTT)i;; x(VTJCJT)i;;. 'OAEi;; autti;; Ol
TJQOll.AEmll.Ei; oxb.pELi;; ll.LVOWtOL TCQOatCt o' Eva cp6vto
cj>uaytvo wt' tTJV OIJ.TJQLll.fi u9oAoyla, ui;; TJOL6bELEi;; 1tEJtOL9T')OELi;. tov OQcj>Lll.6 )(Ol nu0ay6QElO mi6oALo6. 0
atoxaan')i; tT)i; Ecptoou !;EvtUvEL autCi. ta eyW..a 0tata
wt6 ui; xoMxQw.Ei;; EVbuao(Ei;; toui; 'lll !;E'(1JvWvn to
taxato v6TjCt toui;;. Mtvn cpuoLx6: aAuto to 1tQ66ATja
JtOU tl0tm 6tav tTJtOU.E va 6.0ou.E toa OE JtOLOV XWQO
)(QL OE JtOLO\' xQ6vo y(vOvtOL aut[i; OL t'iLaJ..EXtLX[i;; foabLll.aO(Ei;;. AatQwtLa(a milla6tivou.E tTJV xatril9uveJTj tT)i;;
TJQall.f..ELUll.fii; 0EwQlai;;, ai;; btacj>rilyEL 6.wi; ouxvo. 0 01J'fll.Ell.QLtvoi;; Q6Aoi;; tWV JtQwtayrovLatWv tOU ey&u
bQ{tatoi;;. 0 HQCttlEnoi;; Elvm nou bE 6ya(vn wt' ta oxot6:bLa Ti E.E(i; xav6aatE toa o' aut6 to xmxvlbL trov
cj>WtOOXl6.0EWV;
Ai;; 1tL.E(vou.E, ooat6oo, OTTJV JtQOOJtCt0rni ai;; va
boU.E xa0aQti n mi6alvn. 0 9Ctvatoi;; xEL La avWtatT)
blrvaTJ. AEV xatacj>tQVOU.E va boU.E to v6TJa tou 9av6.tou JtaQU 6vov 6tav E(aatE !;UITT'LOL. 'Otav, avti9Eta, ll.OL6aatE, bE auvmo9av6aatE tUcota, bEV x6:vouE fil.o wt6 to va ll.OL6aatE. H JtQWtO'tUJt(a tou wtooxCto.atoi;; 21 ouviatatm OTTJV avtLatQo4j trov 6Qrov TI]i;;
a\ryll.QLCJT)i;; autti xou ouvbtovrm tta!;U toui;; bEV Elvm
wt6 TI] La TJ to.iii xm TJ EYQfiYOQOTJ Kl wt6 tTJ illTJ o 9Qvatoi;; ll.l o U1tVoi;;. 0 Uxvoi;; bEV Eivm illo wt6 .m EVblQ.ECJTJ xatUataCJT) avU.Eoa OTTJ to.iii xm ato 9(tvato H
twfi, 6tav xuAUEl OE xattiataCJT) '(QiiyoQCJT)i;;. ai;; cj>[QVfl
avtLhwxoui;; .to 9Ctvato 6vo nQ EQXttOL o gy6.Ao~
U1tVoi;;, o tV..EoLbLxoi;; 06:vatoi;;. 0 HQtixAELtoi;; 9EAn mivE-
254
KQl:T Al: AE:EAOI:
xWc; va $Wt(l;u 'ta OXO"tCtbta, blbcioxovmc; JIUl<; 1J l;o.nj bV

1'.vm o 06.va-wc;, ax6a XL 6tav ac; 6u0(1;EL foa OTIJ cnwtELVt6:. H twit t'iev xUvu 6110 wt6 to va rn; x11ya(VEL
JIQO<; "CO 06.vato ta avtietta tvW!hpmv, XWQic; WO't6oo
va tiltltLcrtOUv.
'Otav o Ctv0Q001tO<; xot.6:mL, dvm 1tt0atvoc;, oAo-
XQL
v6n t1;axoAou0d va l;u. 0 Umoc; xeaymoxoLd xgoowgwci Tl]V ivIDCJJ) -rwv Mo avn0twv. 0 6.v0QwJioc; foa
OTIJ viJxta m0aivoc;, 6tav x6:\j.1L va tU.. btu, av6.6u qiwc;
ym tov mu"t6 'tO\I, ac; AttL -w wt6orcaoa 26. H $Wtlv6nrm nic; ci>wn<ic; ylvtm 41avtQfi xm toa OTIJ oxotUvL6.
TIJ<; vUxmc;. Aun] IJ q.w1uv6ni1a Aout6v wtotEAEi -w 4Jwc;
to wcaealnito yLa va 6llioue ta 6vuea; AE yvwel1;out:. Exdvo JIOu itOQoU.E va xatal.6.0oue tivm 6n to
xoquotvo ov tivm to l;wvtav6 ov xou 6eloxnm m.o
xovt6. wt' oxm.ot'iiprou ill.a ow 06.vato, ymtl xOLlnm
xL E)'XataAf:i.ttEL ngoowetvCt ni !;,wi). To !;iutvLO ov 6Qioxtm XL aut6 xoAU xovt6. crtov xoq.uotvo, ymtl xt aut6
t'iV itOQEi xavtva tQ<'>Jio va SE4r6yEL 'tOV UJivo oUu
niv unvo6aoia va SE4Jiiyu itOQd, oUu tov JIQOOWQLv6
Unvo, oUu Xill 'tOV tiliLWtLx6. 0 aveQOOJIO crunxu
t'iutM:i crto 00.vato: t6oo wv Unvo 600 xm E niv EYMyoQOT). Zwt) xm 00.vatO Elvm xamcrt6:0EL,. JIOu 6Qimwvtm JioA.U xovtO. TJ ia OTIJV <illrr o Umio ELvm to
OT)O:bt 'tll avaA.oyia tOU xm tOtE y(vetm l.Cl naq>OQLxiJ xatO.crtaOT) JIOu, 6JIW x0.0E ta$OQ6:, ta6tM!;.u n
Lt'ii.6'tJl'tE EV6 XWQOu o' tvav cliJ..o. EJiutAlov, o 0.v0QOOJIO 6tav tEt Eivm JioA.U xovt6: crto ov JIOU XOL.6:tm, yLat(
oL OveQwJioL bev xouv OE xaLO. JIEQUnWOTJ niv wtaQa('tll'tll 0E6: 'tJ1 0vTJTI] toll o(QU XUL JioJ...iJ CJUXVO. t'iQOUV
oav unvo60.'tE xm oav xoLLOtvoL. 'EtoL, o Unvo y(vE'taL TJ xatO.crtaOT) TJ mo CJU)i'VLXij tou 0av0tou, VW qimVOEVLXO a wtoaxQ1'VEL wt' au"t6v E 'tO Jibtlo 'tll A.rioovLO. E to OJIOfo a ruA.(yu. OL O.v0QOOJIOL Otav XOLoUvuu xM(vouv "ta 0.na tot1 O'tTJ twiJ (xm crto 00va
to) 6tav 6Q(axovtm OE t'iQDOTJ, xA.dvouv 'ta 0.na oro
00.vato (xm O'tTJ twiJ). 'EtoL, TJ twiJ ylvetm tva avuJI6orato 6vuQO ym 'tOU av0QWJIOU JIOU bev StQOUV va niv
2.55
xorrciSovv Xatwt[MlowJto yLa va avaOlJQOVV wt6 foa TI]i;

ITTT]V rnut>O.vem ta Oaoutci otmxda TI]i; JtOV ob11yoi'.iv oto
0civato.
To veaQ6, to Sfotvw Km to t;wvtav6 yeQVO.El, rutOKOllttm Km Jt0aivu (wt. 88). H avtaywvlotLKi) EVOTI]ta
rwv avtl0Etwv Kl 11 OmblKao(a rwv ta6o/..6.lv toui; blaOgaarlt;tm foa O"tO xg6vo KQl y(VtQl .TO xQ6vo, O
rutoloi; ClJtOtEAd TOV an:aea(Tl]TO Ql.106 TOV y(yvrn6m.
rla va .itogfoovv 6A' avrci ta onlbw tov y(yveo9m va
natgan:o\Jv mo avtl0n6 rovi;, JtQbtu va dvm 1')01] an:6
JtQlV EVwtva xm elvm, Jtg<i.yan, EVwtva toa 0tovi;
x6M:ovi; Tl]i; xooLKi)i; oMSTI]tai; Kl a:n:ouAoUv TI]V avtl0nxi) t;OJ1'i rov av0gtlmov. 0 xQ6voi; ~ .Etaxwd aJt6 tov
Eva ota06 otov 6.llo, ai; yEQV<il KQl ai; Jt0aivu. 0
XQ6vOi; lvm 1] \j'VXi) Tl]i; avtayWVlO"tlKTji; agov(~ TOW
avtL0hwv ymti 1] EV6T1]ta twv avtL0ttow elvm apov{a
eq>OOov to Jttgaoa aJt6 Tl] La Kat0.0taOTJ ITTT]V CUJ..11 dvm ovvO.a KlVl]OTJ Kl avWtaVOTJ. 0 UJtvoi; OEV dvm Jtagcl:
La lKQi) avWtavOJJ, 1] avCutaVOTJ Elvm o 0civaroi;. Kci0E
allayi) dvm Km la avWtavOJJ: aa6ci.U.ov dvwraii-rat, ai; elxe ci0l to wt601taoa 84. Ol civ0QWJtOl,
EJtl0Tj OEV itoQOUv va 0taan)oouv Tl]V avaJt6tQEJtTI)
goi) TOV ylyvEo9m, JtQOOJta0oUv tovAO.xlatOV va aJtoq>Uyovv Tl]v KilltwOJJ mgtq>ovtai; Tl] g6:x11 tovi; OtTJV Jt6:A11 Km
otov ayWva, avt6 6wi; Elvm K6.n abUvato Km SrnQV<i
to hgo twv Ovvaton)tow tovi;. 1:' 6A11 Tl] bl0.QKElO Tl]i;
t;wi)i; tovi; filo OEV xovv va K<ivovv aJt6 to va na60AA0vtm Jtl}yalv0vtai; wt6 Tl] La 0tOTJ OtTJV 6.iJ.11, QLyivm
otov avt<JilKTO aytl.lva. 9' avwtav0oi'.iv 6vov 6tav m'r.'lj!ovv va t;ovv. 0 gv06i; Tl]i; av0gtl.lmVl]i; olgai; e(vm
avwt6bgaotoi; Kl o xQ6voi; JtavtoOUvaoi;. H ai..1]0lVi)
oxt'lj!l] itOQ( va 6o110ljon tovi; av0gWJtovi; va t;i)oovv TI]
t;wi) tovi; xwgli; va A11aov0Uv to 0civat6 tovi;. 'Otav xavdi; tgoO.t;u to 0civato OE OJJa(vn Km Jtwi; t;u at;( .
to 06:vato. ME to va eSaKoAov0oUv Ol 6:v0gwnol va t;ovv
la unj t;wi), O:iJ.o OEV xc'tvovv an:' to va xl.elvovv JtQ6WQCl ta Ona tovi;. Avt6 JtOV an:EVavtlai; bl&ioxn o otoxacm]i; ngbtu va ob11yi)cm 6Aovi; EKdvovi; JtOU 0EAovv va
256
KQI:T AI: A SEA QI:
rnv mmUoouv, crto va l;i)oouv 't1] twiJ tou~ oav l;UnvLOL

civflQW1tOl, 6.veQW1tOl 1tOU E(vaL uuvOEOEtvOL E to (JU.."taVtLX6 xaL avuEtwnltouv to 96.vat6 tou~ ornpLa.
0 6.v0Qw1t0~ nEealvEL La yLa n6.vta. TL ylvEtm t6tE to
oWa tou xm u ri 'VuxiJ tou;
'A v8eWnov!> ivEt Wro8av6vra!> tioua oVx D.Jrovrm
01i6i OOxtovuiv. - NtXVE!> rtie xoireiwv tx6..1.1jt6't'Ef?OI. A{ lfvxai 6oWvrat xae ~Atbljv. - {AfyEt 6t xai oaex6!>
dvtiorauiv mtltJJ!> nJ!> tjJaVEf?O.!>, tv UyeyEVT)tBa, xai r6v
86v of6e ratltJJ!> nJ!> dvaor<foW!> alnov otirw!> ..1.{:ywv-j
[fv8a 6' t6vrt braviorao8at xat) q,V..1.axa!>y{vo6at iyeri
~Wvrwv xai vxeWv. [Tou~ avegUmou~. 6tav nE96.vouv,
tOU~ 1tEQLivouv 1tQ6.yata 1tOU OEV EAxltouv oUtE iavt6.tovtm (wt. 27). Ta ntWata elvm nw noAU YUl nhaa wt6 niv XOJtQL6. (wt. 96) Mtoa crtov 'Afu] m i.puxt~
ooLtovtm (wt. 98). (AiEL xaL yLa La av6.crta01") au'ti)<;
ni~ q,aveeiJ~ 06.exa~. nou foa ni~ YEVV'l9Tixa, xm l;tQEL 6u o 06~ Eivm o alno~ au'ti)~ ni~ av6.ora01")~. tJ..Wvta~ itol') (Exe[ ntea. .neoor6. o aut6v nov elvm,
avaora[vovtm xm) y[vovtm q>UMtxe~ exELvwv nou touv
l;UltVLOL xm twv nE0aivwv (wt. 63)].
Axatwt6vTJto~ o He6.xAELto~ 1tQOEL0onoLEL tou~ av9gWnou~ 6tL nebm va l;tQOuv n6.vta va 1tQOotvouv to
wtg6onro xm va EAxltouv 6n ea 01JVavn]oouv to avtf..moto (wt. 18). H wtEQLieacmi aOLxla q>avQ<iivEL Eva
uaf..6 xOVt69wQO xm x1ELcrt6 crto alvLya tou K6oou.
OL 6:v9eomoL, Omo~ OE oxtq>tovtm 't1] twiJ tou~ xm to
OLQalo ni~ tEQano.6, itm OE oxitovraL xaL xElvo nou
ea i)rnv Ouvat6 va tou~ 1tEQLtvEL ct6. to 96.vat6 tou~.
H tiiXTJ tou oWato~ xavovltEtm yQiiyoea noLa Ba ELvm: to oWa Eival yLa nhaa. To ntWa OEV EX$Q6.tEL
1tUl tOV 6:v0eomo lnaytvo wt6 XWa xm VtQ6, 6.IJ.o
Onr tou ivEL nae6. va vtLorei'VtL oto xWa n6.vw oro
OJtolo 6116:ntE o O:veQWno~ twvtav6~. KaL 1J i.puxiJ; IlEem'.vEL XL au'ti); 6.nr ng6XEltm Ot6aLa yLa niv 1tQOowmxi)
'VuxiJ xm YUl niv atoLxi) ni~ vtL61'.W<Tfl. l:niv au0evnxi)
oxti.pTJ tou HeO:xAELtou Onr un6.QXEL ixvo~ OoSaola~ YUi
TTJV (1tQOOWJtLXi)) a0avaola Tfl~ (atoLxi)~) 'lj.luxfi~- E$6-
0 HPAKAEITOI: KAI H 4'1AOI:04'1A
2~7
1mv 'I l;wvtavt) ipuxl\ 0V Eivm xa06Aou uxoKELn'LKI\.

;ulJ<; Ela rmgoUoE, ETia TO 0iavaw WU av0g<l>JtOu tov
OJtoio EipUxwvE, va ucL6LWou oav atoLxl\ ipuX'i; H ipuX'1 Elvm Eva ClJt6oxaoa mu IUrcavto<; n6. TI] ouv6.Vtl]m] TI]<; tov 6.v0gwxo, El'tLotgEqm oto IUrcav. 0
Af:no<;yg6.'EL (IV, 7, 2-D.A 17): OHecixAEtro,J..foJrW!O"
ri tpvx~ dvm t:i0aprf1, yiari 6rav E}?'araJ..EiJm [ro uW.a)
emotptEt O"njV tpvX'/ rov Iii...oavro!O", E fl/V OJto{a Eivai
oorEVJj9>.
M1t0QEl otov 'Ab'I OL ipuxE<; va ooigaivovraL m ag<llata TI]<; 0ia<; XL m6.1VLa<; 'WtLCt<; xm, aioU o 'Abl]<; dvaL
o lbLO<; to AL6vuao (ClJt. 15), ;axoAou0oUv va l;ouv
Kat rtO. to 00.vat6 tou<;, 6XL 6w<; xm o' Eva ruayytlLx6 U1tEQ1ttQav. M1t0Ql, ax6a, ot IM]tol 1tOU 1tEEla(vouv
to 06.vato TI]<; iwncl<;, oav ~QWE<; xm ao<j>o(, va ylvovtat a00.vatOL. ftoL, OL ~QWE<; XL OL oo<j>o( aa J.UtOQOUoav
va dvm OL iUAaKE<; tWV l;wvtavWv Kat tWV 1t0ai'vwv.
Ta VEXQO. aatf:Qta EipuxWvouv XL auta to IU:rcav. H l;wi)
Kt O 0Qvato<;. tO ucqligou<; XQL tO 'QAQ, Ot IM]to( XL Ot
a06.vatoL, 6vta<; Kat Tj 6vta<; taut60T]oL, E;axoAou0oUv
' aut6 tov tQ61t0 va Cl1totEAoUv 6a0(bE<; Kat oq>a(QE<;
tOU y(yvEo0at JtOU, tl]V atva'I avatgom'J tOU<; KQL TI]
rtatQOm') tou<; ato avtl0rt6 tou<;, blvouv tva v611a
OTT]V K(Vl'IOTJ
To eut6o:rtaoa 63, (l.)(Jt6oo. Jtou 6Qt6Jjx ata XQtL6.

tOU 6.yLOU i:rm6Autou, xagaogiWvEL tl]V 'le<txAELtLK~
oxt'P'l EKXQL0tmvll;ovt6.<; tl]V, yLat(, 6,n KL av oxtQ>tETaL
yt' aut6 o ExioxoJto<; PWl]<;, ym tov E41t0Lo bEV uJt6.QXL
avO.ataOT) TI]<; 06.gKa<;. oUtE Kat .1.UtQ'1 nagouoCa. 0
HgiaxAEno<; Jtagai'vn JtayavLotfi<; KaL oxtQ>tETm xw<; 'I
av0g6m:LVl1 ipuxl\ - a<j>oU EipuxWvE1 to mUa EV6<; avEIQW1t0u xou !;EL, a<j>oU t';{EL TI] o(ga TI]<; KQL m0a(vn UCLatQEQ>tL oniv KooLKf) OA6tl]ta 'l 01tola ill.watE bV
dxE 1t6.'i'EL va tl]V 1tEQLhEL.
OEMOTOTMHMA
H n01HT1KH ~1ArrA:rn
THl: ~KEWHl: TOY HPAKAEITOY
EXEi O HPAKAEITOl:
ENA nnJHTIKO
0PAMA TOY KorMoY.
ENA KE<l>AAAIO
EXE! 0 HPAKAEITO:!: ENA noIHTIKO

OPAMA TOY KO:!:MOY;
'tO
0 VEag6c; NhoE, <me; AtyocrtEc; otl.l0c; n:ou cvvobEUouv

H iJ.oaola OTrjV tpaytxrj E.n"axrj TWY E.Urjvwv, yQ6:-
$t: Av 6A.ouc; ('toui;; n:QOn:/..ct'twvumUc;) 'touc; 6al;a

;rQOO't& OE m 'tQaywl>la, ot tQElc; :n:QWtm (Ilu0ay6Qac;,
Ava!;ay6Qac;, EJnbox>..fic;) 0a TIJV ELxav n:6:QEl yta n:mxvlfll n:ou n:all;n TJ aoE6na TIJc; Un:agStJc;, o IlagVlbTJc;
yL.Cl ipuyaMa ipmvoVtX6'trj'ta, o HQO:xAEt'toc; ,u o Ava!;lavOQo<; yL.Cl xallnq;vuu'I xataaxEVi) xm cmnx6vL.OJ1
twv xoouttl>v v6wv, o 6.Tj6Xgnoc; yta WtOTEJ..Eoa n:ou
6yalvn cm6 nc; TJxavEc;. ME -wv l:wXQ6.TIJ agxll;n TJ mcno6o$'la n:ou OEV xn ma "tUtoTa TO xaU.t'tXVtX6, TJ "tEArnA.oyla xm TJ n:iOTIJ crtov xaM 0E6, TJ :rtlOTI') cnov 6.v0gwn:o n:ou Elvm xaA6, E.n"etbij yvwi;ilCl (!).
0 Nim, n:ou T6oo quJ.oarnput6n:6:0oc;yuQEiiEt va !;avcmulot TO Ouiloyo e TOuc; n:Q<.inouc; HJ.TJVEc; atoXaatEc;,
crtlc; EQTJVEiEc; :n:ou Oivn (xm :n:ou dvm, wcnOOo, n:&vra
eyaAocpudc;), tvl>Lbn cnov l'tLQao6 va Toui; e!;et&on
wt' TI') axo:n:ui TI')c; cf>J..0G04>lac; 'tOU Io:n:evx6:oUEQ. Km
'touc; xol't6:~El 'ta Cma TI')c; 6lxtjc; 'tou al.0'0ri'tlxtjc;. Ol
:n:eoowxQa'tlxol 6wc; 6ev oOUQovtm YI.Cl 'tlc; 6ucrruxlc;
:n:ou fxl T) a'tolxtj U:n:a~ xm 6ev txouv au't6 n:ou Eelq
wtoxaA.oil.E mo0tj'tlx6 6Qaa 'tou x6o.ou.
Ac; cmrn0uv0oU.E xan:u0lav 01'.a LOla 'ta J]QaXAEmx<i
mtoo:n:&oa"ta :n:ou 0a frtav 'ta XlO xa'tallT]Aci yLa va a\:
KOl:T Al: AEEAm:
262
i:'.IE[!;ouv -ca iXVIJ rv6<; at00YJnxoiJ oeOat0<; i:ou x6o.ou,

cmoarciioo:ta JIOlJ xou 1Jb11 avvavd)oEL. To avri8cm
(eivai) a64xvo, mt' r1q 6ta0(1Eq (yniv1hat) 'I mo
weaia O(JOVia Xat Ta J'l'Qvra yivovrat T1J 61x6vota(a:n:.
8) . .d.'11xarcr.J.a6aivovv1lWq rn 6tat/>O(?nt1 avvooA.oyei
TOV
r6;ou
wvr6 mv a(!ovia avn8irwv evrdoewv 61rcvq wv

rriq A.Veaq (a:n. 51). H mpavrjq a('ovia xa.lii-
Mt
wr6 T1J avcp~ (wt. 54). na rn 9c6 6A.a eivai 60(1rpa xm xaAci xm 6ixma, 6wq OI dv8pwJ'l'oi ciU.a fJEW(K)VV
dcfom xi alla 6ixma (wt. 102).
'ff(1'1
OL
axt-wE~!;
nov ex'te6.l;ovtm o' o:utti ta wtoomiom:a
wtm:tl.oirv bElyo:w: LO:!; Qo:yud1!; aii)J..TJ'V'I<; i:toV 'tmvotvwv. H aiill.TJ'V'I eivm i:eo:yud1, EJmbrj TJ nCU..ri twv a-
vno:x6Vwv crtOLXE(wv Elvm O'l.U:rto:nx6 i:ou KOOou.

Aun] TJ mJ)J..TJ'i"l T)mo!; eivm xm o:u:i9rrmni El'tELbT) i:a
avtl0na auAA.cttitivovtm oav buv6.t:L!; 11ou VWvovtm
crto EOW<EQLX6 LO:!; oAtxi)!; aeov[a!;; 0 6QO!; au:i9rrmnj
1tQOtQXE'tat, 61tW!; !;tQOlJ, wt6 TIJ ).,~ a~CJT] 1tOlJ CJT]

a(vEL TIJV avt0..TJ""1 wtoxto\1 TIJ aoMtiTJCJT] nov ma0i)aEwv, EJtEL&j 6w!; au-r6 w f1/ eaoA.66'1'"1 TWV ma9rjaEWV bE CJT]alvEL xa06A.ou TL!; ma0i)aEl!;, 'Imafhinxrj avt().TJ'i"l iXEL to 0Ei).,L6 TIJ!; n6.vw a' aut6 nou
tlJV x6.VEL ayt().,TJ'P'I tOlJ mofhJtoU. ME TIJV Ex4ieaCJTJ YHE(.1
6anxq aw9r/nxq o Kavt cvvoofoE OTIJV Kpmxq rov xa8apoV Myov n!; A PRIORI oeit!; TIJ!; wma0T]ala!;, yla
va E4iae6aEL aQYO"EEea Tov 6eo ALafhinxrj OTIJV xallnEXVLXrj xelCJTJ, i'ou CJXE"tltE"tm to WQO.lo, OTIJV Kptnxq
T'I'/~ K('ICIJ/q (Kririk der Urreilskrafr).
Mnoeo\l Aom6v va noU 1tW!; oL EVtUnWaEl!; nou bEx6aatE n!; ma0TJOEL!; xm nou OTIJeltovtm atL!; oe4it!;
1tolJ OQYaVffivOUV TTJV ElJmafhJa(a, a!; obJJyO\lV neo!; La
aurlhrnxrj mJ)J..'1""1 twv Ovtwv xm twv neayO:twv. 0
He6.x4LW!; ate~4iEL ne6.yan ta O:na TOlJ neo!; Til mJyxQOUCJT) xm TIJV aeovla 1tOU tiaoLAE\JOlJV OtOV x6ao
6>..bm nw!; 'I n6.ATJ XL 'I aeovla Elvm a~ey;WQtOtE!; xm
neoana0E( va <JlJ)J..6.fiEl TIJV xeu~ aeov(a nou Cll'lonAEl w tia8irtEQO a(vLya TIJ!; t~!; WlJ x6oou. TEAo::.
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 4'1AOl:04'1A
263
JtQOmo9ilvnm 6tl ym TT) 9E&rrJTa 6A.a dvm 6oeia, xaM:i xm blxma.

Au't6 l'tOu 1tQOOWQlV6. 9a ovoQl;aE ma&rJnx6 6Qam> dvm TO 6Qaa Jtou auU.a66.vEL w oA&tJiw XWQl<;
JtO'tt va TT)i; bw'EilyEL x6.9E n Jtou iavEQWvE"'tm ano01ta
oatlx6. ylm(, ou"t6 l'tou iovEQillvE"'tm oov xn lbwlTE
QO, anottl.El t\QO<; w<; oAlxi)i; aQovLxi)i; boi)<;, WQolai;
ato aVvoM l"11S" I' 6,n oipoQ TOV HQ6.tlEl'to, 9o i)Tov
6.mno vo lAi)oou yw ma&rJnxi) auyxlVTJCJTJ, ylml 'l mo9t)nxi) auyxlVTJCJTj EbQE"VEl <m)V i.vuxoAoyLxi) U1tOXElVlx6TT)'tO, 'l ono(o auil.a66.vu Ol09t)'tlX6. au"t61tou au6olvEL vo avi)xEL o' tvav Elblx6 xWeo noo 9EWQEl'tm oov
xWeo<; ma&rJnx6i;. flO TT]V WQO, &rav lM YLO 'tO {lla&rJnx6 6eoo tou HeiltlELmu, avmf>EQ6aatE OE [a
an6 n<; 0LoO"t6.oEli; nii; axbpT]i; tou, 0L6.0"taOTJ l'tOU, ovr(
vo Elvm am6votJ, ova6AVl;EL an6 TO (blO TO xf:vteo nii;
auvoAtxi)i; Tou axbpT]i; (2).
H Alo9t)'tlxi) Eivm ovoyxoO"tlX6. bEtvq E TTJV TtxVTJ
xm, auvrncbi;, E TO CQolo. flO 'tOU<; 'EllTJvE<; 6wi;, 'l
TtxvrJ 0V ovi)XEl xa06Aou OE w 1tEQlo;efi Elblxi) xm O"f.E
Mv avES6.QTIJTT) OJt6 tl<; (t)..Afi; 1tEQUY,(t<;. H U~ Ttx;vr, arim'.vEl 'tO xallL'tXVUt6 rn(TEuyo xm TT) XEi.eu>vaxnxi) TE
XVlXi). IlQLV 1tlXELQi)OOUJ1 VO xmW..6.600 1t0l0 0o iroQOVOE vo dvm 'l mo9t)nxi) bl6.0"toCJTj TT)i; l]QaxAElnxi)i;
axbpT]i;, l'tQEnEL VO OUVElbtj't01tOli)oooE TTJV 'tQutAi) Qll;o
Tl]i; (mo9t)'tLxi)i;) avrlAT]"lf'l<; nou txou yLa TTJ TExVTJ.
H l'tQUm] Ounxi) ovr[Al]"lf'l ym TTJV TtxvTJ E[vm fill]VLxi): ym toui; "EU.t)vEi; o x6ooi; dvm tva WQalo, "t0.Ew
tO;(tOl'tOLfJt\vO a\woAo, tvai; OQOvlx6i; x6ooi;, w auvoAlxi) Ooi) l'tOu l'tEQLix:EL xm ESUJOQQ01td ni; ClQVTJTLxti;
Ouv6.l<; nou OUVXcb<; TTJV anEl/..oVv. 0 xallLTtXVTJS TO
EQyo 'tOU - 1tOlfJ'tlX6. xm nAaO"tlx6. - EX$Q6.l;EL ou'tlj TT)V
xooLxi) T6.S'l XL oOQ$l6., 6Atnovtoi; 'tO Lbwl'tEQO oov tvo
CJTj6.0t mu auirovtlXoV trol, lEltm TT) rt>Vari. No6i;
xm 6.yaAa, JtOl'.fJCJTJ xm 'tQaywbla, Elvm uno-roytva
o-mv K6oo, nou Elvm oxQl6W<; x6aoqxm6xLXrioq, xm
dvm aut6 E.ltElbi) 'tOV Ow.noTltEl o AOyoi;. H bEVtEQt) E'(6.AT) ovt0..l]"lf'l ym TT)V Txvt] Elvm lOUbmO-XQlOTlOvx~-
264
KQIT AI A!E/\OI
lbci.i o x6ooi::; t:howgt:li:al oav xcin nou txn br11.llOUQ'(IJtlti

iK wii r]On-6q arc6 vav wc6Aum xm tntQ6Uttx6 06,
xat to onoio uAtxO. neooei~nm v arcoeeo'TJ0El arc' uuT6v. K6.0 uv0gWmvo 1t/..6.oa .rtOQEl E ni oneci wu va
bT]1.0uQY'iou, 1tClQ' 6/..T] 6wi::; ni 6riwueyu1.fi wu, brii..abfi niv uvab'r]l.OUQYtX!l wu, Mvari o 6.v0gwrroi::; rrueaEvn xa't6. 66.0oi::; abUvaoi::;. Ot louOaiot, 0a o;rgJSouv
wi::; TI'!V taxaTI'! CJlJvtnrni TI'li::; auTft niv l'tQaym1z('t mm'uo1.x'1 avtlAT]tpl] xcu 0V 0a OriwuQyrloouv ~nyU.i,u fgya
ato
xWeo twv nAaanxWv uxvWv
11 avcin:i..aUTJ toui::; dvm
arcayoeniivi]. Ot Xe1.anuvol 0a fu]wuQyrloouv xaU.t-
tXVtx6. tQYa yta vu uvf)oow TO OT]wuQY6 01;6. nou TU

6T]t.0ugYT]m6. tou 'tOV q>avEgWvouv. H 'tQlTI] avtiAT]ljlT]
yta TTJV TtxVYJ Elvcu a6YXQOVTI: arc6 'fTtV AvayfvvrJCJll xcu
bw, o aUYXeovoi::; Ccv0gwnoi::;, t: ni OUvaT] nou tou Oivn
to EyW wu xcu T] autocrovElfuim] tou, og0Wvrtcu an:tvav
OTIJ 4'1'UTJ xm 0/..Et va TIJV Ul"Cot6.Sn OTIJ Aoyuo't mu.

oiryxQOvoi; xaiJ.LtE}:Vl]i; E TIJV txVll 'tolJ 1tQOOClQ'tEl
otOV EClUt6 tOU 6/..a tCl otOlXEla tOU x6oou dvm to 1J1CO
XE(EVO n:ou OlXEl01COtEhal 'tCl avnxELEVa, ClV XCll x6.0E
cy6J..oi; xaU.nxvrii; E(Vat rutEQt6QLotCl cyW.il'tEQOi; an:6
ha un:oxElEVo n:ou Exn va x6.vu E avnxELEVa. :Efntt
Qa, 11 (aLo0T)nx1]) avt(J..11\1111 n:ou xouE yLa tov x6oo xaL
TIJV xV11 E(vm xat6. xWt.010 'tQ6n:o 'tQut/..1] E TI) ouvd
&JUTJ autiii; TI)i; tQut/..f)i; xataywyr')i;, 0a .n:oQfoouE iowi;
xW.Un:Qa va 1tQOXWQ1]oouE ato 66.0oi; tou xaU.nXVLXOil
O'tOLXELou "tTti; 'lQClXAErnxf)i; oxi\j!11.:::
:Eto \j!Eu0oO.Qtatou/..tx6 YQU:T't6 flEt.J! KOoov (5, 396
6 7.0.B 10) 6QloxouE 'to E!;~i; XELEVo: Aywrcfo Kat '1
q,V071 m avr{8ETa, Kat' avni, 6;.:1 m 6ota, &,tovp-yd T1J ovipwv{a trot yivETat Kt E'VWvEt, A6yov x<ip1J, w
Cl{JOVtK6 E TO 811J.vK6, Oxt 6wq Kat TO Kci8E ov TO
6ot6 WV, Kat 1l'(JOYl/an.&v1::t TIJV Jl'(JdJnj o6vota niv
tvw071 ;wv avr18irwv Ki 6;.:1 ;wv oo{wv. cfJa{vETat Jl'Wq
Kat '1 Tt;(v7J K6:VEt TO i6w TO va tEimt rt/ ipV071. H
Swypaipu.:rj, avatyvVovraq Ta O:cmpa Kat Ta aVpa
11aTa, Ta Kfrptva Kai ta K6KKtva, 1l'ETI1Xa{v1 va ovtpw
voW 01 E1K6vEq w ovrllo. H ovo1K1j, ouv6v6Sovraq
tl
wW-
0 HPAK/\EITOI KAI H 4>1AOI04>1A
265
roV) 1Jll'/..1.0V) '1xov) E TOV) xaq..1.0V), rOV) t:lCoVE) Xat

TOV) e).Qoaove~, t: 6iaopenxf) l/JWVf), 611wvpyd ta
ova6txlj apovla. H ypaat1xlj, E f1/ i51J owv q,wVJJfvrwv xm owvavqxiJvwv, XTlCe1 6..1.11 ?1/) f1/V otxVJJ. Av;6 VJtoonjp~E xt o HpcixJt.EtTO), o nrovoaC6EVO) Ixomv6): ovvli1J'El) 6..1.a xai oVx 6..1.a, O'Vl/'E~EVOV 6iaq,e~evav. ovvai6ov 6tai'6ov, xai tx Jrtivrwv Ev xai t5 v6)
mfvra .
Tov avrO.W.O TT]r; 'lQatletnx~r; ~r; noQoiiE lm.or;
va wv axoUoovE xcu crto ax6Aou0o CJT)EW wu Beait11wv (153d, 154a): 'Eoat Ba 6oVt: Jt"W) TO aVpo xai o
xt OJfOHJ61jJt"01' ciU.o xpWa Eivai 1J avvtlVf1/11rj

nuv amfw E f1/V i6ta f1/V xiVJJC17J Jt"OV o..1.otp<ivEpa avnj
yEVVli Ta xpWa;a xm Jt"W) xfiflE xpWa Jt"OV f1/V t6taiuplj wv VHap5'1 6WmWvovt:, 6ev Eivat o6u avo6 Jrov avraWve1 oVu mrr6 Jrov avraWvnai
xd:n w E'V
Otci.t:ao, 5exwpior6 yia wv xa6tva ... .
!w -qiwboutTCOXQanx6 cnJyyQaa flEp{ Tp04'Jj) (I,
11-24, DIELS Cl, 11) 6n:ou Efvat n:eocj>avEfr;, av xat n:oAU
allotwi'vEr;, ot 11eaxi..Emxr; fJtLQQOf:r;, bta60.!;oue: Ot
Qv8pw.1t"0t 6wv 5exivoVv (I]l6 TO oparO, 6ev n-opot'.iv va
Jrapaf1/pljaovv w a6paro. Ayvoot'.iv Jt"W) 01 rfxvE) WV)
Eivai (I]lapd.UaxrE) E f1/V av8pW.1ftV1J q,Vaq. (E&W 'l cj>UCJT) E!;av0QW1t(l;n:at ~bl] O'E ry61.o 6a06). 0 OEiO) VOV)
TOV) 6(6a5E va ioVvrai avo6 Jrov Elvat OtxO TOV),
yvwpiCo vra) avo6 Jrov xtivovv (Hov 611wvpyot'.iv), a.l.l.{1
xwpi) va yvwpiCovv av;O w oJWio iot'.ivrat. ncni 6..1.a
Eivat 6ota xi av60ta, avq,wvia xat Otaq,wvia ... H l/'t'.i0'7/ wv '0..1.ov txn 1m oe ni5'1 (I]l6 WV) 8eot'.i) '" AxoAou0Ef ta oA.6xA'lQ'l OELQO. wt6 f:xver; (xaAAL'tfXVLXf:r; )(Ql
'tEXVLXir;), l'l:OU 64r; toilvtat TT] cj>UCJT) xO.vovrar; Exb']Ao
au't6 1tOU dvm tvb']Ao xat !;wyaeWvovrar; 'ta avr0n:a
avO.Eaa o' audr; u; xver; 6eloxouE TT]V xv'l 'tou xdO'tT), TT] ouotx~. TT] yM.Uooa, TT] yeaanx~, TT] yAun:nx~,
TT]V XEQtx~. TT]V ']00l'totta, X'tA.
O HQcixAEt'tor; &taxelvn n:eO.yat TT] <fllOTJ a1t6 TTJV
TEXVT] Kal TT]V TEXVLX~; AvrtAa66:Vf:m1 Tl]''
oav
(11011 TT]r; ~011r;; H aA~0na dvat n:wr; mivw o au't6 w
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266
KQIT Al: AEEAOl:
:tQ66A11a Eivm n:oAU bUmtoM> va 6taxelvou aut6 n:ot
dvm tvOriA.o wt6 XEivo 1t0u e(vm xb1]Ml. Eteout.

wat6oo, xwi; T) ainalxil oxEV11 oxirtnm XQWTIJ TI') ot>Uo11
nou JtQlxn ta mivm, tov !J.E')'6:Ao K6oo. Aut6 e(vm 'tO
n:gWto bt6o.tvo, xm xavdo; 6V itOQd va mlEL niea wt'
aut6. I'tO oowtQlX6 autiii; TIJ<; 4IUCJll<; (Nature) - nou t:lvm 0da - Ol 6.v0eum:Ol avwtaQ6.yotJV tu; txvE<; xm
TT]V TtxvYJ OQL-Otvei; (nxti; TIJ<; Exfu]AWorn; ' mrt6 n:ou
x6.vouv TIJ loUvtm. Et6oov T) 4IU011 (Nalure) ow aVvoA.6 TIJ<; Elvm wgala, ta teya ttxvrli; - Eeya n:OlTjtnui, n:Mt-
ITTlx6. xm ououui - yla va dvm Xl aui:6: wga(a, n:Qbtn

v' ayyll;ouv TT]V a/..:ft0na TT]<; 1tQUJtoytvn6:o; toui; xm ll' au't6 1:0v -cg6n:o va xf..T)Ol6:l;ouv TT]V tEAn6't'/')ta 1:0u itgon&ru-
itou. Xwelo; va rcoeoliE va n:o\1 itwi; ri 4>\1011 (Nature)

Exn bT)lOt'JY'l0d rur6 tvav xallrttxV'fl, Eva 0do XHQO-cxV11, Xbr)AWv'tm t6CJll oogiul xm -c6oT) O'\JjlETQla
Wcrt wt' CiXQO\J o' <'iXQO ;rtOQ( va lav( oav EQYo t~i;.
H txvtl A.out6v lE(tm TI') ct>U011 (Nature) xm XQTJmoJtOll ta foa xm ta wto0Eata n:ou 11 ct>U011 bm0hn ym
tov Civ0Qwito aloU 11 llha T) ct>U011 XbT)A00vtm axat<'iitauota oaw xallnXvlx6 xataox\Jaoa. M' aunj
Mom, 11 6(mT) XQmXTj tO\J HQ<'iXAfltO\J EVClvtiov xlvwv
itO\J :rr(>OOniXovrat .wrpooni o' aurci m ayci.l.11am, &rwq
Oa q>AvapoVoE xavEiq iaa uro cm(n l'OV, r1 rvwei~ovtaq
.1r0tol Eivat flEoi Xat .1r0101 rif?WE9> (wt. 5), lwi:(Stm '
tva xmvoUQYlO ~i;. Ol nx6vi; twv 0Wv 0V :JtaQlITT<'iVO\JV OE xal<'i 1tQlmWO'I') toui; 00i'.ii;. MttOQOUv 6t6ma
va y(vow avtlX(.Va 0auaooi'.i oav 6oQla av0QW1tlva tQYa n:ou wtoxaAUtttO\JV TI')V ooQllil TI')i; 0[ai; lil011i;
(Nature), 0V 1tQbtEl 6wi; va y(vovtm avtlXi.Vo 0QTJOXEt1nxTji; i..atQ(ai; oav va Tjl'av ot' aATj0m Ol avtutQ6owttol nii; 06TI')tai; cmi Y'I
'OJ..11 aurii T) O::rcO\jTr] wtOl'Af( tvav xow6 01]oaue6 nii;
EAl1]VlxTji; oxbpt]i; Xl EX$Q6.Stm xm ITTOV HeO.xAnw 11
\<av l'QC)tto aQXt<i !;x6:0aQO. rml'[, foa Ol'1] $il011 (Na.
lure) xou T) V6TI]l'0. nii; Elven EVOnia l'WV avtl0it1ov.
wtoxaAU:rtttm xm ym tov HeO.xAnto m aeov[a xuf.AnXVlXTj. H aeovla (Vm allcrt $<J.vQi) Xl
nrv
au.on
267
mpo;Vfji;;, xl tat btaq>eilyet Wt6 TTJV iteoooxri Twv av0eW:rwv itou bev !;Egouv va au.a6Qvouv Ta $mv6.eva aav
EQTJ tai;; 6oerrli;; oA6TT)Tai;;. 'Q),.' atttlt 6wi;; bev ai;;
JttTQbtOtrV a xaiult JtQl'.n:TOXJll va i.Me, ' Afi$Qtlt
xcrebt. yta f:va al.09rii:u1.6 6Qaa TO\I x6aov mov H(HixAeno. 0 vovi;; ai;; bev JtQbtEl xvgiwi;; va it<it OTI} blxr)
ai;; ma0rjnxr). flQ TOV Heltx1lTO bev UJt6.QXl tvai;; xW(10~ itou \IJtOTL0n:m Jtwi;; Lvm o xWeoi;; TT)i;; ma0rjnxiji; 'l
blxr) TOU axbpti bev elvm ta WtO'l'TI itltvw mov x6ao
xm ma JtQ6.yui:a, bev elvm la oxEilnl Jto\I btaoQ$WvTm aav ma0rjnxr) lutO'l'TI. H ax1f111 TOU HeO.ilinou auA.Aa.66.vEt TOV x6ao aav tva aeovtx6 'OA.o ye6.To itaerixr)aui;; ae xal6. l'tQl'.iti:wori bev ul'tQl'.itTaTm TOu K6aov. 0 K6aoi; bev eivm tva avnxeievo JtO\I itoeel o
$lMa0$0i;; va TO XOlTlt!;et ma0rjnx6.. A<j>oil o x6aoi;; Jtettxl TO x6.0e n l'tO\I elvm, l'tQtxl Xt efti;; Tl'.itoTa bev
!;$ilyl Wt' TO auii:avnx6 ev06 Tou axaTWtavmou
y(yvea0m l'tO\I X6.Vl axOJQlma Ta avtL0na JtO\I atryXQOiJovtm. To l'tlO itoAU l'tO\I x6.vl o x6aoi;; eivm va WtoxaAUmet TTJV xeutvf] aeovla TOU ma 6.na TWV av0eWitwv itou !;teouv va XOlTlt~ovv. Eivm ax6a A.ty6nQOl m ).6ym yta va fxet o HexA.lToi;; i.a .. aeweia it6.vw
arriv Txvtl. Txvtl xm TXVlXY) elvm evawaTwtvei; ma
yiyvea0m xm bev xltvouv Qllo Wt6 TO va avWtaeQ:youv
OQlOtvei; blxti; TO\I mtyEi;; xm itArueEi;. A<j>oil fJ loXUeil
4>il"'I ev00-Vl Ta avtL0n:a, Tl Ttxvrl bev ii:oeel Jtiorii;; itae<i va Ta ~vyaeWvet yla va bWcm xm Ta btx{t TT)i;; WtOT).foai:a.
0 HeO.xAetTOi;; auU.a6ltvl itou1nxlt TO x6.0 n l'tO\I
au6alvl taa mo xUA.taa TOu xe6vov. netn:l va lA.r)aoul-lf A.om6v yla TTJV JrOtfJnxfj bl6.ma"'I TT)i;; rieax).emx~i;; ax1f11]i;;. H AE!;ri nOl1Jari OT1a(vl fuitouQY(a, itaeaywyii, itQlt!;T], tQYo l'tOlfJ'tlX6. H itOlfJ"'I xaTaAY)yEl T6ao
OTTJV Tfx"'l (ltO\I WtOTf).e( XQl TTJV O\la(a TT)i;;) 6ao XQl OTI}V
nxvtxi). H itol11ori Lvm TO eawTQlx6 xi"'lTQO TT)i;; avOeWm"'li;; bQaOTI}Qt6TT)Tai;;, ecp6aov Lvm auTI) JtO\I yevv{t
oAotva xmvoUQYtEi; fuitouQYfri;;, a4>miela ni; itaAtti;;,
a' 6).11 TT) blltQXla TO\I yiyva0m. H rieaxAf:mxi) axf:'VJI
KQIT Al: AEEAOl:
r.m rAWooa dvm xm ot bUo uitEgtutu JtOtl]ttxEi;. y1un

()11tougy0Uv Evu 6gaa l'tOU uyxuAtO.tEI to Oa0U v61]u
nov 1mvoivwv itou E'uvltovrm oto EOWtE(ltx6 Tlji; u(lovtxfii; tO.StJi; wu x6oou. Aun') lJ l'tOtt]ttxfi bt6.ota01] Tlji;
ljgaxAnnxfii; ox~11i; dvat tguytxfi, rntxfi xm Augtxfi.
H oxE\jJJJ tou HgCtxAEttou xm lJ tguywbla ouiJ..aOO.vouv xm ot Mo to gu00 lT]i; (avayxalai; xm blxmJJi;)
olgui; l'tOU xgatCt bEivEi; TlJ ta E llJV illlj ni; Exb11AWOELi; tou xOoou En:obLtovrCti; ui; aut6v tov tQ<)Jto vn
tbtattE(l01totJJ0oUv xm v rui:oovw0oUv. LuiJ.aOci:vouv
TlJV ugov[a tou Luv6Aou rui:6 llJV oitola bEV n:ogd vu
~E'Uyn xavdi; 0E6i; xm Ctv0gwl'toi; to LUvoAo Eiva1
wgafo, EVW ot rui:ool'taoauxii; 1tQ6.l;E1i; tow av0g<iil'tow
Egxovrm ouxvci: oE oiiyxQOuOlJ ' aut6 to .tyci:A.o 'OAo xa1
E toui; v6oui; tou. H tgaywbla avrui:agCtyw> yYov6tu
l'tou txouv ouOd ii l'tou ouOalvouv ax6a otov x6oo
xm l't(lOOita0E( va l;Eoxrnci:oE1 to vofiCt toui; 0EWQE[ tn
1axugU avrl0na itou otixovtm nvnitwl'ta xat ouyxgoUovrm: ' a1Jt6 tov t(l6ito lJ tgaywbla 01xoboElta1
OQV iQYo ttxVlJi;. flagaxo/.ou00Jvrai; to OUVU(ll'tUottx6
l'tmxvlbt l'tou 0fotQ6 tou fxEt tov K6oo, lJ tgaywbin
oun:txEt o' aut6 to l'tmxvlbt xm btaog1Wvnm Xt auni oav tva nmxvlb1, xa0Wi; ot 110ol'totol avrui:agO.youv ni;
av0gWmvEi; itgCtl;ELi; xm ta rnax0Aou0a tow 0dow rui:oici:oEwv. H tgaywbia bEV Elvm OE xa1ci: JtE(ll.l'ttWOT) ~a
mo9Jjnxfi futo'i'JJ twv 6vrwv xm twv Jtgayci:tow lJ btxfi
Tlji; xa(lbtO: Xl1>1t0:Et oto gu06 tou LUn:avroi;xm to l'tutxvlbt lT]i; dvut LE(l6. Nut, 1] tgaywbla dvm Eva nmxvLbt,
Jtou otci:tEt 6wi; E to l'tmxv'6t l'tOU JtaltEt o XQ6voi;:
alWv ;rai) ton ;raiCwv, JrEuoeVwv: ;raW6~ ~ 6auiJ.iq (rut.
52). Ma, 6n:wi; o Xg6v0<;, lJ tgnywbla ot1'(XowEilE1 aut6
Jl:OU XttEI Xl aut6 Jl:OU '{K(lEitEL.
0 Hgci:xA.Ettoi;, 6n:wi; xt lJ t(laywbta, n:ogd xm OAbm
oto ylyvrn0m llJV 6\jJlJ tou OQVJJttxoU. OUu aunj oUtE xt
ExElvoi; ot1U.aOO.vouv 6vo llJV xaAJi agovtxfi t6:1;1]' Of
xatO. XEQL7ttw01] bEV l;EXvoUv toui; tgoaxuxoUi; aM11Ao01tUQayoUi; n:ou Oyalvouv otlJV rntcpci:vna rutELAWvrai; E
tl]V l'tagouo[a toui; to ibto to dvm tou x6oou. ftat( to
0 HPAKAEITO:r KAI H <l>IAO:rO<l>IA
269
xU.oi; Elval T] avd0EtTJ xm ouxJ..T]QWanxfi 'V'l TOU

xOoou. H OLW.nmxfi, 1rnu $EQVEl o' EJt1xowwvla tTJ oQ.Ptl xm TO 00Q$0 (ii TT]V n:aQU6Q$WCJT]), tT)V OlXOOOT]CJT]
xm TT]V xaTUOTQO$i), TO 0E'TlX6 xm to UQV11nx6, 1tOQEl
xl avatQlin:El ni; l'tQOOl'tnxti; xm $EQVEl teQOat6: ai; ;raQOV aut6 n:ou u:i:O.QXEl xlvbuvoi; va ta EXT]0VioEl oi..a.
H ltaQOUCJLUCJT] autoU TOU TEQ6:0TlOU XlVOUvou ai; XUQl!;.El
m TQUYLXi) xaQO.. fmtl 'l ipwTL6: xOQEl va ylvEl 1tUQXUyl6. xm va l'tUQn:oJ..tloEl tov x6oo, aut6v tov x6oo l'tOU,
av xm Elvm o wpmOrEpo;;, (Elvm) oav ow{J()!O oxouni6ta
xu~1iva CJT1]V n!xq (wt. 124). 0 1tOLT]tlX6i; 6roi; OToXcm'li;
XL o tQaytx6i; n:o111n]i; OE 0QT]voUv avW.aMvEL TT] t'iLxi)
TOU 0 xa0vai; 1t0lT]TlXi), 011J..aOtl t'iT]lOUQYlXtl, wtootoJ..I)
xm xolt6.!;,ouv va 6.0ouv otoui; WJ..oui; av0QWn:oui; va
T]v xata0houv ta 6n:J..a. OL n:EQl006tEQ01 6.v0Qwn:o1 xwQl!;.ouv TO xaJ..6 wt6 TO xax6, TO WQUlo wt6 TO 6.oXY1o.
tTJ !;,wl) wt' TO 06:vato, Xl hol Evouv Tl'q>J..ol ;rpoot6.
OTT]V EyyElU V6tT)TU TWV avn0hwv OTOV 1t0l'lTii )(Ql OTO
otoXacm'I AoLlt6v av(jXEl TO Errto va toui; tT)V WIOXaJ..U'IJ'OUV. 0 HQ6.XA.ElTOi; ai; A.tEl 6n Eivat TO (6to neciya 0
'A6q;; xt o Llt6vvuo!O', 0a xoQOUoE 6wi; va ai; n:El 6tl
Xl 0 An:6llwv Elvm TO tow l'tQCtya E TO 6.L6woo, a<f>oU
'l wto>J..o'.ivEm J...Ct'i"l xm aTaQU!;la dvm OT1]V 1tQayanx6tT)Ta a!;eyWQlOTE!; wt' Ta 0lOV1JOlUX6: OXOT6:t'ila xm tT)
OwvuoLaxtl avataQXii
!tT)V TQUYLXtl xm 0Qaanxtl (Eip6oov E(vm OQClcm'IQm)
n:AfuQ6: twv xootxWv XaL av0p00mvwv EX01JMixi'Ewv,
avnotOl;(El 'l ELQWVlXtl xm xwLxfj EXboxl) TWV OpaOTT]QlOn]TWV TWV av0pWn:wv n:ou $avt6.!;,ovtm 6n xoQOUv
va ltUQatiui!;,ouv TO CJ1Jn:avtLX6 QU06. 0 Hp{txMLToi; !;ot'iEUEl 6J..11 TOU TT]V avEl.tJitTJ ElQWVEla 6-mv n:EQlYQ6:$El TT]V
xwLxtl xaT6.0TaCJT] TWV av0pWn:wv n:ou ydown:oLoUvtm
wt6 TO yyov6i; 6t1 ovat'ilxtl TOUi; tyvOLa xouv TT]V aTOLxtl xm Lt'i1wnxtl !;,woUMl toui;. Av Xat o A.Oyo;; Eivat
mWvta a..l1181v6;; m civ8pwnot yivovrat amlvETot xm .Tprv
rov axoVaovv Xt mpoV TOV axoOOouv yta nedJrri ipo
ywr{, EVW Ta ncivra yivovrat aUipwva ' aur6v TO A.c\yo.
ot Qv8pWJiot ouiCovv Wmpot axOa
Xt
Orav xam:rrci-
270
KQI:T AI: AE:EAOI:
vovrat xm .E J.Oyia xat . f(Jya rhoia oav avrci Jl'Ov ry1U

liiqyoV.at, liiatpa}vra~ ro xa6tva xani T71 V011 rov xm
Afyovni~ TO 6HCU~ txn. Ot cillot 6~ 6vBf)CUHOt SaOTOxoVv 6oa xdvouv SiiJTVtOt, 6Jl'~ A.qoovo6v 6oa x6vovv
OTOVt'.iJTVOrou~(wt.1) MFw).Oyo, avWHovmxv6e(Jvcin OA.a. wv OHOfo .dA.tOTa ovvavaOT(JF</>oVTat a61cixoHa, .' avrov txovv 6tm/>o(Jf~. xi 6oa avraWvovv xciBE
.f(Ja w~ tj>a{vovrat S"tva (wt. 72). 'Omv axo6v, 6EV xamA.a&rivovv xat yt' avW .oi6f;ovv xov4'oV~ .a(JTV('Ei
yt' avwV~ q Jl'a('Ot.{a: Jl'aQ6VTE~ wrovcn6f;ovv (wt. 34).
riari Ta mtvJ.t6 yavy{f;ovv 6Jl'OtOV~ 6EV }'VCU(J{f;ovv (wt.
97). Av 'I EVTVXia ~mv 01 ocu.anxf~ wroA.at'.iOEi~. Ba
iJl'f'EJl'E va J..iE evroxioiva m 606ta 6t"av 6(J{mtovv ;nf;fA.ta va 6vE (wt. 4). Ta yov('Ot'.ivia xvJ.wt'.ivm1 e~ ot7/
AciOJl1j, Ta Jl'OVJ.Ef'tX6 ~ CJt7/ OHcMj ~ E~otr/ OT6xn1 (wt.
37). Ta yoV(J06vta xai('OVTat .faa OTO 6otl(JHO mo JroAtl
Jl'af'd .foa OTO xaBaf?6 vef?6 (wt. 13). Ta yat6ot\na Ba
Jl'('On.ot'.ioav w 6XVf'O wr' w Xf'Vo6t (wt. 9). Eb6.i l;gyuvciwovtm A6ooa OL Tut01v1ei; av9e6.imvei; '1!'Ubmo0Tjoni; XL Ol unvoMtei; al;( toui; XtT)V<OCmi; av0Q<iinovi; avtLEtwnll;ovtm oav xWtotoL nou 4>oeo6v m
m:rcda O:oxa. H yEAouYn,Ta nis t;wfji; exdv(J)V nou aevo\\'Tm va 11eooctitQOVV TOV aVT6 toui; OTO O\lJtOVtlX6
be<i11a xm ~VTQ<iivovv 6Ari TOUS niv JtQOOoxil OTO
neomomx6 wvi; be<ia, nov brv dvm neoowmx6, ylveTm y1u tov HeO:xAELtO avnxd14VO xauOTLxTji; oO:nQCli;.
Ei.naE moi; Tl 1101rinxi) btO:OTaorJ nii; TleaxMmxi)i;
ox[ljnii; ELvm vtiorii; vtLxi) xm Aue1xi). EvtoUtOli;, o
HeO:x>..umi; el;eyEienm rvavtlov TOU avtutQ006.i11ou nis
vt1xi)i; 11olriorii;. Tov Ofieov, xa1 mu avtuteooWHov nii;
>..uelxi)i; 1t0lT1ori.:: rnu Aext>..axou, bmxrieUooovtai;: o '0Wlf'O~ aSif;n wr rov~ ayWve; va rov liiWS"ovv xat va wv
f'Wl'{oovv. xi o Al'x{J.oxo; 6.oia (wt. 42). nebtu va xaTavoi)oouE oWOT..la 11wi; o 'Oflern; XL o AexLAoxoi; xatabtx<il;ovmt EJtEtbTi be cruUa60:vovv TO JtOLTjTLx6 v6Tja Tllli oAl>:ij; acoviai; TOU IUnavwi; xm l;EOTQatil;ovv axoAotlhiivmc: rnui; beOot:: n1c; JtOlflTlXTji; 1.jirubalo6r)orii; 0
0 HPAK/\EITOI KAI H <l>l/\OIO<ZllA
271
cn:oxuatl}i; 0EwQEi TTJV OoQilil avwtOonacrt'll wt6 tl]V

AAi]0na xm l'IE 00..et va l'ITJWUQYEi o JtOlT)Ti]r; vav x6oo
1f'Eul'lmo9i]oewv, tvav x6ao 0ed.lwtvo 6aatxia niavw
crtTI MvaT) nir; cj>avtaafor;. 0 cn:axaan]; xantYOQEi tour;
Jtonytir; 6Tt aQVoUvtm TTJV ali]6ua xm ni MvaT) tou
Kil0E n nou Elvm, cn:o 6voa nir; 1J'Eul'lalothJ'l; Km TWV
ouOOMov. 6.ouA.ruovta; E TO A.6yo Kt Oxt TTJV Elx6va.
o oroxaan]; aywvil;nm va ouU.6.6u niv ali]6eta TI);
JtOiT]CJTj;, J[OU avvbEEtm abtilQQ11Kta E TJlV JtOlTJOTt TI)r;
ali]8Eta; wt6 TTJV noiTJCJTj l;T)t6. va Eivm nQO.yanx6. l'ITJwui.;iytxi], va l'IT)wui.;iyel l'IT)A.abi] a1TJ6wt; l'lnrft'JOEt;. Ta
mJ6oAa 3tQbm va EKcj>QO:l;ouv ta axtv'l alT)6wt') Kl Qxt
va y(vovtm wtA.6 nmxvil'lt TT); cj>avtaoia;.
0 HgclxMTto; avaQwttttm aK6a n yivnm E XEivour;
nou rnttgbrouv OE ta ct>TTJViJ 3tOiTJCJTj va wu; ;YEMioEl: nm"i, ;roior; Eivat o vovr; tovr; ~ ri 4>t>Dvrimi TOV!,'.";
fl(8ovrm wr' rovr; Aatxotlr; teayov6iotE!> xm Moxa.l..6r;
tovr; (vat o 6,tAor;... (wt. 104). fta't(, x6.Qa xoAU auxvO.
I] nOil]CJTj TWV M:wcp6gwv Km row nAaTELiliv l'lV Exu naea
ovCaxa TO 6voa nir; nOiT)CJTjr; Kt o J...a6; avt( va oQiWvnm, crtTjV 3tQO.yalK6TTJta En:ail;Etm wt' aud; 'tlr; nnottvlEr; oQiEr; TT); ExVl]r; 3t0U 3tQobivEL TTJV cutOO"toAi]
ni;. 'OA'l I] 'IQaxM:mKi] XQtttKi] ni; Ttxvrlr; 3tOU l'!l]toUQyEi 1f'Ubal.09i]onr;, K6.vn 1]611 w vov ar; va ltT)ya(vn OTl]V
nA.aTWVlKi] ot6.<JTj wttvavtt crtTjV xvri Kat TTJV 3tOiTJOT).
H JtOlTJttKi] l'll6.ota<JTj ni; 'IQaKAEmxi]r; axtv'l; eEct>Em <roVfXtl.Jr; wt' W oun:avttX6 /...6yo Kl EK'Q6.l;nm ' tva
A6yo wtEQavta 1tOlTJ'tlK6. To /\E~tx6 wu l:oviba tmoyQ6.taE (D.A1a) w ;rotrinx6 Uio; 'tWV YQwt'tiliv wu
HQCailinO\J. 0 HQ6.KAEl'to; t:taXELQil;Etm u;n; J[Ot'ln
Ktr; xm 3tEl;tr; Ex'QCtOEt; J[OU n; vtCtaoEl Oto QU00 ni;
btxi]r; WU yAWaaar;, 3tOU elvm [Kcj>Qa<JTj WU QU6oU TT)r;
oun:avtlxt'); KiVl]CJTj;. :::tgu va 6elaxn oto m.ryxEKQlf:vo
TO oun:avtlK6 xm cn:o wtoanaaanx6 TTJV OA6TT)Ta. 0
-inilJnx6r; wu 6vo; dvm EmK6r; Kut Au(Jtx6r;. rnnbi] ExE1
Tl!\' f\Qlm)'ta TT); noAEtxi]r; f:;fOl"TOI iu; Km TO 01tflo; TYJC
'..:1 ~11 {\'l]CJTjr; 'tWV Ktvi]OEWV TT); \j'lxi]; Hufh1"t ;f(lll]Tlitt'l, TO
1cj11~ TOI' HgO:xAH'tou l'IE yivnm noTE 1Aoi.n;'1X(J H
KCl:TAI AEEAOI
272
y).Waoa yL'
Q1Jl"6v
bev dvm OE
xaLci 1tEQWTtWOTj QU't6VO-
oi; XWQOi;, 6xov l"Q JtQO:yaTa,. txouv i.a im:aeStJ CJXE-
b6v ElbLxi) xou 1] n:Egtygaljr/) TIJS: y(vn-m . U!;Eti;, lU au"C6

6vo xm 6vo yw T1'jV ruxaelO't1JOTI ltou 1tQOO$Een w
ye6:tpto.
H yA.Wooa Tott Hgcixi..nwu, EXT6S: wt6 ltmrrnxi) xm
'tQayu(I'), ;rcogE[ va xQXTIJQlatEi xm oumxi), yi..ul'tnxi)
xm aexnXwvtxi) yAWooa, ucnbi) txn ni hT6nrta xou
btaxQ(vn T1'jV aexai:xi) txvri. E[vm ouotxfi autTj 1] yi..Wooa, EJtEt6tj !;U)'CtQilivEt w Q1J06, tTt tlwbla xm TIJV
aeovfo ou !U;rcavtoi; Elvm yi..unnxi), El'tnbi) wvlt;n

mus: 6yxovi; XCl-L 1tQOti6JJ...EL avCtykvia 'tu; oQ$Ei; tlvm
UQXLl"EXtOVlXi), EJtElbtj lJtptl>VEl tva wuu:WlbES: xTloa
cpi-myivo J.LE lha<j>oemxo\!i; oyx6At0ovi;. AuW bEV :7tQt11:n va ai; :7tQal;ev~n. Cf>6oov y(vEm a:n6 tva crtaxacm'l ltolJ ouvexlt;n a btavofiatcl wv taa <mJ cnuQ wv
vao\! tT\S: 'Agufji;, ev6i; vaoU JtOU 1tEQL66:ilnm an6
ayQ:).al"a )(Ql 1t01J 0wxE1''fm a:n:' 'tOUS: wt61]XOUS: T11S: ).iJ.
gai;.
AQXE[ va StQOlJt: va EJtlXOlvwvfioolJt: t: tov HQ{UU.i::L

to xm t6t, .oA.ov6tL ye6.<Pn oE xt;6 "A.6yo, 0a ai; a:n:oxal.ucjl0d oav o xQWtoi; i;:yciloo; xoLfJtLX6o; otaxa<J't'ljo;,
al.1]0LV6i; 1tQOfj0i:x6o; i1Qwao;, 1t01J cjlaVEQilivEl otOlJS av0eWxoui; to qx.:ii; TTJS 0lai; cjlwn6.i; xou cpwtl!;El ta x6.vta.
Mn6. cm' aut6v, daotE 0 001] va xatai..6.6ovt: to 6a0ui 1t0l1]tUt6, blj).abtj bljlOUQYLX6, v61]a twv 0L6.<PoQWV
tXVWv xou qwilvtm TT] 4>001] yLa va xae6.youv xalvoiteym tQYa, tQYa 1t01J ylvovtm Ol Od;ctES twv otlyWv tou
ylyvE09m. Km xae' 6A.o xou o He6.xlLtoi; Oev x6.vl "A.6yo
ym ni; 0L6.cpoQES XElQOtXV[Eo; - OEV SE<PEilyn oilte xl aut6o; a:n:6 TT]V avtlXElQOtXVlXTj l0okoy(a 1t0U XlJQLaQXd o'
6k11 TTJV xM.oLxi) aQxm6tT]ta - ai; 601]06.El va ouU6.6out: xal.imea to Outk6 v6fja TTJS HSTJS TtxVT), xou fJ
OtjlOlJQYLXi) TTJS OUvaT] wtoxal.Uxtnm t6oo ota xallltXVlX6. 6oo XQl ota tXVLX6. XQl XELQOtXVlX6. tQYa.
'Exouv aQxEtti; <Poets rnaval.6.6n xwo; fJ 0Q1]0Xla Xt
11 ayEla wtotEA.oUv TTJV :itfJyi) TIIS ttxVT)i; xm TTJS tExvtxi)o;.
Ei;:(o; l'tou Oev EJtlOLWSai;: va xwo(ooui;: w;: 0L6.cjlopo;
O HPAKAEITOl: KAI H<l>IAOl:O<l>IA
273
mpai{JEi; 1.1 xaeann6.oa'ta A.iyo ti xoi..U abLantgacrra,

E1CELlj lJ (bLa lJ axbpr) 'tOU crraxaanl xou ai; anaaxoi..(
bEV ai; 'tO flU'tQbtEl .E Kavtvav e6xo, QQVTl&iiKa.E KCU
va LEgagxr'loou.t (ovtoi..oyLK6. ti a;Loi..oyLx6.) ni; bLacrt6.
oELS Lai; axbpr)i; oav Kl aun]v. EEKLVWV'tai; an6 'tlJ avvoALKti 'tOU lhal.EKuKi) axbpr) rcou l'tQOCll'ta9d va mJM6EL
'tOV K6o.o O'tlJV oM'tlJ't6. 'tO\J, ltQOOJta&rioa.E KCU .ELS va
01.!Mtioti.t 6A.ti; ti; blaat6.0ELS auri)i; 'tlJS axbpr)i;, Oi.acrr6:oEti; rcou !;EKLVOUv 6A.ti; an6 'tO (bi.o evwnK6 xMQO.
'E'toL, aK6a KL lJ bLa(QEO'l'J 'tlJS lJQaKi..tmKtii; axbpr)i; OE
axbprj 9QllOXEU'tLKti, l'tOLlJ'tLKi), K'ti... K'ti..., dvm, wi; Eva
009.6, M9oi;. IlOLTfCLKi) dvm lJ axbpr) 'tou Hg6.Ki..tl'tOU
O'tO aVvoA.6 'tlJS, yla't( K6.9E 'tL l'tOU dvm LbLa(ngo 'tO Ol.IA
A.a66.VEl oav K6.'tL l"COU J1'ttxEL O'tO mJ.n:avrnW . .PUOLK6.,
l'tQOCll'ta&rioa.t aK6a va xQOMAoU.E 'tlJV LblaL'tEQa
l'tOLTfCLKti bLO.crtaO'I') auri)i; 'tlJS avvoALKtii; axt1f'Tli;, au't6
6.roi; bE ai; b(VEL OE xaL6. l'tEQUt'tW01) 'tO bLKa(wa va
9EwQOU.E 'tlJ axbpr) 'tOU Hg6.iliL'tOU oav tva mo6T]nK6
6gaa 'tOU xOO.ou. I'tlJ axbpr) auri), oiJ'tE o x6o.oi; oiJ'tE
ta >mv6.EV6. 'tOU y(Vovtm avtlKEl.EVa Lai; ElbLKCt m
o6T]nKT,i; 9ta0l)i;. 0 crraxaanli;-xollJnji; dvm O\IVEXWi;
xag<lw crra YYOV6'ta xou 01.Clbgaa(l;ovtm foa crrov
K6o.o, bev ta KOL't6.l;EL 6.roi; oav 9Eari)i; vLW9ovtai; xag6.
ti A.U:rni, .i.a xaQ KaL ta A.U:rni rcou Tl ouo(a 'toui; dvm
ao6T]nKti, yla't( ELval KL aut6i; .n:A.tytvoi; crro y(yvEo6m
Km 'tOV rcagaotQvouv KL aut6v 'ta gEU.m:a 'tO\J rcO'tao\J .
.1.ev anoaKgUvnm an' ta >mv6.EVa rcou txfu)A.Wvovtm,
yLa va .n:ogd n6. va 'ta rcaea'tlJeilOEL oav mo6T]uK6.
aU6oA.a oiJ'tE Kav vLW9El xwi; aut6. anoaKQUvovtm an'
au6v. To K6.9E 'tL bLa'tlJed ov mKg6. OgaanK6 ou xagaKri)ga. 0 Hg6.Ki..L'tOS an' Tf)V 'E>Eoo dvm Km rcaea.tvEL crro 66.9oi; l'tOLTJ'tlK6i; Kl aQLO'tOKQCl'tl.K6i;, a KQL !;tvoi; OE K6.9E Elboui; auwvo(a 'tO\J 6aoWLO\J 'tlJS mo6T]nKt')i;.
TPITO MEPOl:
ENA KE<l>AAAIO
H :!:KEljlH TOY HPAKAEITOY ME:!:A
:!:THN !:!:TOPIA TH:!: :!:KEljlH:!:
Iw; 1tl}W"CE aQ0.0Ei; TIJ\; Etoaywyr/~ ( l) dxa.t YQit,.,n:

411.A6oocj>ol, LcrtOQLXo( wu av0Q<iimvou nvtUawi; xm
ouyyemptii; aval;finioav cmiv avaToALxi) ooqila TIJ\; Ivb(m;:, OTT) 0~111oxda nii; AL)'Vmou Ti -mu Zweo6.crtQTJ, va
6gouv ni; 6a0frttQE\; Q(!;,Ei; TIJ\; f]QxAf:Lnxi)i; etU$1JOl
xi)i;>>, evW illm JteomtciBTioav va TIJ ouU.0.6ow .toa crto
qiwi; -cwv t/J..flvLxWv ucmieiwv. 0 HeO.xAetToi; wi:6 TIJV
'E!ptoo, o wovoa1;6evCM; Ixonw6i;, xa'tfxn ta xevtQLxi) 0ECJT] crto cnJvoA.o nii; Ellf]VLxi)i; oxbjll)i; xm o' 6>..11
niv nayx6oLa unoela nii; oxEipT]i;. :::rneev6.n TIJ MU.Tim.a xoooAoyia, evW Ot EA.cim;: QXLl;ow tva lhO).oyo
E"Vavtkw "t01J. 0 Ili..6:twv XL o AQU:rtodArii; YXUWu:il;ow
TIJ eyaAT] cixri l1f TIJ oxbpt] -mu. OL crtwuco(, m OXEITTL
xo(, iowi; ax6a XL m xuvtxoi, rnaval..a6civo1JV - .t-cebtovtCu;: Tti; - OQl.OivEi; oxbjltLi; bu(ti; -cou. 0 Ioucrtivoi; o MO:ewem; tov OT]MlwEL XQLcrnav6. 0 Xf.yxtA 'tOV !;ava-avaxal:UmEL xm 6t6altlivu nwi; bev uJtciQXn oirtE m
!pecimi "tou HecixAf:nou itou bE 0a TIJ brx&t:av cm') btxfi
mu Aoyo'1j. 0 AtvlV rnv avax11eiimm Jta'tEea wu btaAi::xnxoii uAtooii. 0 KLexEYKwe auwClJtoxaAf:hm a0t}n]i;
'tou Hecltlnrnu Kl o NhoE mcn:riiEl itwi; o x6ooi;, Eq,6oov mWvm 0a XeElfr.l;nm TIJV a1ij0El, 0a Xetcil;nat
mWvla rnv He6.0.Eno. 'AIJ.ot uitoyeail;ouv TIJ axtmi
mu Heclilinou i:: wui; !ptAOoo!poui; TIJ Avayvvrimii;
XUl E 'tOV naox6.A, 'tO Imv61;a, 'tOV rxaln, 'to XtAvue-
278
KQITAI AEEAm:
f..Lv, TO No66.f..Lt;;, TO l:On:VX6.0UEQ, mv ngouvr6v, tOV

Mn:EQS6v, TO 4>g6uvt KQL TO O'OUQEaMo6. Tt/..oi;, 0 XciLVTE"fYEQ xcivEL m wtoq>amO'TLKij O'TQOlll XQOS auT6 TOV
n:gWTo bunx6 OToXaonJ ..
1. 0 HetixAtro~ xat '1 AvaroMj

EiTE n:goi; TT)V AvaToAi) KOLTci!;out:, EiTE n:goon:a0o\Jl'l'
va O'Tl}QLSout: a' tva 0qW..Lo TT)V n:aQ(iboO'Tj TT)S .1.\Jorii;.
0 Hg6.iliLTOS x6.vEL n:6.vta TT)V E<j>civun) TOU, Ai; t:mxELgi)oout: wOT6oo, va 6QOil!'l' TOV n:QOOavmo/...m6 ai; ioa a' auT6 TO n:uKv6 bclooi; wt6 axtoELi;.
noTt bE yvWQLO'E Ey6).lj fJILTUXia '1 wt6XELQa va 6gt0o\Jv brnol av6.t:oa O'TOV Hg6.K4LTO xm TT)V Ivbla. 0
Masson Oursel 61.J:n:tL TOV HgO.tltLTO tl;aLQETLx6. xovr6.
O'Tl}V LVbLK&rljTa, ESmTlai; TT)S wtClLO'l.6bo!;Tii; avtl/...Tj1PflS
n:ou txEL yLa TO ylyvEotlm (2) mcnriiEL ax6a n:wi; o I:on:evxcloutg KL 0 Nhot, 0 Mn:tgS6v KL 0 4>g6uvt ai; ltQOEtOlO.touv va xmavoi)oout: KaAUTtga TL<; LVbLKti; t:06boui; (ibid. ad. 112). QO'T6oo, o\JTE '1 0Eia <j>wn6. Twv
\Jvwv TTIS BEbai; oUTt '1 aun:avrLXij T6.!;TJ TOU x6oou (TO
.11'.i.;>a) xm '1 YVLXi) goi) TTIS Un:ag!;T)i; (TO :E(zoapa), n:ou
ioa TOU bLwtMi0ETm TO Kci.;>.av (TO aiivo/...o TWV n:QO.Stwv ltOU auvet-rouv TO av0Qilimvo 0.TOo), btv fJILTQtltOUV Lav 6.!'l'O'T) n:QOOfyyLm) TOUS JU TT)V 'lQaKAEmxi) avtLATj1Pfl TOU xooLxo\J ylyvto0m, ltOU btv tlvm 6.btLO aAM n:Ai)gti;. H but/...i) 61Pfl, xaTaOTQO<j>LXij xm 'LMv0Qton:l'J,
TOU 0EO\J I:6a - Otta ovt6TT)Ta ltOU au6oAl!;tL TO wt6AuTO n:ou tlvm avWTEQO wt' TLS avrL<j>cioELi;, yLaTi atrnj '1
ovr&rljTa t!;ovtWvEL xm Ol]LOUQi'tl, TQOoxgaTEL xm n:aQTjyogd, tvoagxci.lvEL tov EQWTL0'6 XQL TOV aOKTjTL0'6 xm
' 61..a TO\JTa <j>avEQ<iivtL TT)V n:avtobuvaLa TOU <j>wT6i; auTft Aout6v '1 butf..i) 6"4"1 n:aeaivEL CJTO 66.0oi; Stvri O'Tll
aun:avrLxi) 0t6TTrm tou HQO.xf..tLtou, CJTov on:oio Ta avtl0ETa tvWvovrm agovLKci. fLa TOV E<j>toLo, bLKmo/...oythm '1 Un:aQS'r] TOU xci0E TL ltOU tlvm. 'tO K0.0t TL ltOU
tlvm, un:ciQXEL axo/..ou0WVTai; TT) bmbLxaoia TOU auvExo\Ji; Sattgcioawi; Km auvq:Wi; t"a60.UETm OTT) btO:Q-
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 4'IAOI0>1A
279
)ma toll ylyva9m o K6oor; ElVmtJ atvaT] K(VTJCJTJ Kl Oxl

'l aulwm xVTj avWtauCJT).
AK6a Kat 1tQ6oq>ata, tvar; lvMr; ooq,6r;, o I:gt Aougo;c(vto, anxEigtJoE ~ to ~uKQ6 6l6Aio tou yla tO'V
H(J1itleiw (3) va u1toCJTI)gl!;Et 6n umlgxouv ava).oylEr;
av6:oa CJTIJV T]gaxAEmKi) avt(ATJ"'11 yt.a t1] <j>ooti.4, to ylyvo0m, to truy6:QWa tl]r; EV6t1]tar; xal tl]r; 1toiJ..wtA.6t1]tar;, XCll CJTIJ'V avtllfJ1.l'TI twv Bfbar;, t(l)V Ou:ravio6{) xat
tou 6ot1b1aotl. duCJTIJxWr;. tou foaq>eUyouv ol 6a0Ltr; 6mq>ogtr; 1t0\I xweltouv autoUr; tour; Mo x6crour;. Kl am6i)
bEV Ex,Et 1tQayanK6: xatavofioEl tl]V T]QxAEmKi) oxt1.l'TI,
t1] q>wtl!;,El O:llou ~ to <P<or; tl]r; lVbtKi)r; Jf\'Uatlx6t1]tar;, Kl 6.iJ..otE E to <jlwr; toll og0of..oytcrtlKoU EJtlCJTI)DVl
ooU toll btKatou hato\I \IQW1tau<0U mWva.
Mar; rnngbtEL itQayE o Hg6.ililtor; va tov CJUV6ioouE
~ tl]V Alyumo; 0 Paul Tannery >1.0tm eta!;U ill(l)V
Kat tl]'V ci:no1.l'Tl 1twr; T] myu1tnaKi) 0QTJoxda dxe ta rn(bgaCJT) crtO'V Hg6:KA.Elto, rnlbgaCJT) 1t0\' aywy6r; tl]r; bEV
t1Xi)g!;av 01tWCJ6i)1totE ta illt)VlK6. ucmlgla ( Pour I' hisroire de la science hellene) (4). AvaKa1iimt itoU.tr; itaga)J,.t)AlEr;: o Hg6.ilinor; itQOCJbtogl!;,El to altt.0 tl]r; 6ta
btxaolar; JtO\I axoAot10d o x6oor; oav xCm itou EXEl uAlKi) oQ<Jit), Kat CJTIJ oQ<Ptl at1n) 6ivt to ngo66:6toa: dvm
T] $W'l:i.4 :JtO\I yi:VEtat q>avEQii ~to 06 to\I i)At.0\1XCll1t0\I,
6tav Cl1tAWvttal o' oA.6xAT]QT1 t1] q>UCJT), t11tEQtata a6t.6gat1], CJXEMv aoWatl], KatEx,El t6oo to vou 600 xm tl]V Kl
VT)n]Qt.a E!;ot1o(a, bgaCJTI)QlOJtOld 6Aa ta ng6.yata dvm
t) q>wn6.1tot1 tl]r; agfoEL va xgU6nm nLow rut6 ta mo :rtmx(Ao. itgoownda xa0Wr; xat v' rutoxaAU:rttEl t1] 0(a naQO\ICJla tl]r; ... At1t6r; o av;cavttx6r; 0E6r; itou tov AatgEiiou~ ~ ugt6:6r; og4itr;, CJlJYfEVEiiEl 6t6ma no.AU :JtQlCJo6tEQO ~ tO'V 4'0a, to\' ;mguq>al.o 06 tl]r; Mtq>tbar; ...
itagO. ~to xwM 'Himcrto t(l)V EiJ..i)v(l)V. Ot naq>ogtxEr;
fxq>g6.otr; 6itwr;: rut6xgt11.l'TI, 06.vator;, Umoor;, Cl1t6o6ECJ1],
Kat Ol avti0tEr; imwr;: E$6:VtCJT), twfi, !;U1tVT]a, xtA '
JTOu cmO:taAa XQT]moitmd o HgO.xAELtor; ym va xagaXtT]gloEL ta avtl0na q>mv6.Va ... Elvm x<itl 1tO\I to 6gi:OKOt1E XCll CJ[ K0.0 CJEAlba tO\I B16Aiou mw Nexp<dv, CJE
""'
x09t: otlxo twv Uvwv
KDl:T Al: A:::EAOl:
TJ]i; ALyiintou (ot:A. 184-185). H

Lx6va "'COU mWVLOU XL avayxa(ou YLO TJ]V aeov(a 'tOU
x6oou noAtou, n:ou mov HeCr.xMno rntoteM:L tva ALy6avanr6Vo oX'la, ialvnm 6n l'tQOEQXE"Tm wt6
'Qpor; (9t6r; tou cjlWT6i;) avavtWvEl aKa"tfutauota -rov ayWva tou evavtlov -wu I1]0
'tEQO
w; 6x9ti; tou Nlkou 6n:ou o
(9ooU tOU ox6t0w;), l'tOU n6.vta XLVl'tm aU.6: nod bEV X'l)b'VL!;nm (ot>... 185). EvtoUmr;, 6A.Ei; auti; m naQOoLWottr; - JIOU bev TEA.EtWvouv EbW - Elvm tMXLO'tO l'tELO'tLXti; xm 6Ati; nou ayyl!;ouv to 6<i9or; n]'; 1tQWtoyEVoUi;
xm 1tQun:6nin11r; oxt'llT)i; -rou HQ<ixAatou.
6.tA.EaotLX~ dvm XL 'I l'tQOO'Jt6:0na l'tOU yLV yLa va
aovbfoouv 'TOV He6:x/...no TO IQ6:V. IlaAL6-ri::i;:1a, o

August Gladisch EJttV, tQ6no cjlavanoivo, otov
n:aeoJJ..11AL06 av6:.EOa otov Zwgo6:otQ'l xm tov He6:ilino: Heraklitus und Zoroaaster. Eine Historische
Untersuchung (5). H 9Q1]cnttrnx~ wtoxai..u'l"l mu 1tQO~tTI ZwQOOotQI) (nou um]Ql;t xm la wt' no; yaAU'ttQt 0Q41t.; tou Nltat), nou ta ycifla tT1 A6tam tou 6LaniQOirv 'ti) bualnx~ XOL "fVWO'tlX~ 9EWQla, xtL 10lQEaottl
noAU, cnJ>wva t niv cin:O\llTl 'tOU ytQavoU 9Ql)OXLOA6you, wt6 'ti) lllaAf:xux~ cjlLMHJoq.La 'tOU Ecjlfolou. H LQaVLx~ avwtaQ6:otaOI) la.; cnJyxQOUOIJ av6:toa OTIJV xai..~
xm 4>W'ttLvij MvaI) (Qpocia6tj)) xm OTIJV xax~ xm axomvfi (Apttiv) - cnJyxQOUOIJ nou 0Lal;yttm atvaa (ZEp66va Axapciva) xm nou auvLotO 'tOV x6ao, va nmo dvm 'tO vfo 11:Q6w11:0 Tl].; axt1f'l)o; 'tOU HQ6:xML'tOU. 'Etm, o
1Qav6.; xL o Ecjlfom.; cjlwtl!;ovtm wt6 tTjV lbla cjlwtL6:.
0 Jean Przyluskt xa'taaxtu6:!;L m O:lll) Lxaa(a: Ot
M6yot xm ot M~6ot (6). Aut6.; btv avtLnwn(ttL wu.;
'tQL y6:Aou.; noAmaaU.;, tov LvbuW, tov tU.l)Vlx6 xm
'tOV LQCIVLx6, aav oyx6At9ou.; t !;wvtavt.; cjiAt6e.;, aav
abumtQaata a{MPlxO eutoAL9W.a'ta. H Ivb(a, 'I EU.Oba
KOL 'tO IQ6:v OQLaxovtOL a' otacjl~. KL aut6.; o aitvbtao.;
XL 'I aaL6ala 6LOOOOI) 'tWV U9wv xm tWV LbtWv ylvttm
t: wu.; MOyou.; tT1 blaanoQ6.o;, tou.; MOyou.; tTlo; AvawA~.; KClL tTj 6.UOl)o; nou 1tQOXWQOiiaav foa 0TIJ MLxQci
Aala KOL tLIT,(WpoUaav OTIJV Ivb(a. Ol MOyoL am:o( tlvm
281
M'r]6ov 6r:v dval xa06/..ou Sa6tQ<Pla 't(l>V Oi;goci>v, ngotgxovtal 6wi; wt6 vav 'tOUQaVlx6 nl.tt0uo6 1tOU dval Stvoi; otoui; xa'toLxoui; 'tOU Igltv. Ol MQym l.a'tQEiiouv TIJ
ll>wn oav 0E6n)'ta ova6lxi) xm 01:wgoUv 'tOV 'Hl.w,
nou w tmiJ.6 'tOU dvm xguoltqn, oav la Exfu\l.wOTJ TIJi;
0Eiai; qxunlti;. navw o' au"t6 'tOV Kow6 nagovoaon) 'tWv
ey6:i..wv avmoMxWv nol.m.oWv ea ~w0EL o 0QT1oxwnx6i; ovm6i; yla't( wv agxa{o noi..u0Ei:o6 'tOV avtlKa0lot6. ouxvO. otT)V Iv6La, TIJV EU6.6a Km 'to Ig{tv la vfo
"t6.!;ri nou TI] XClQClKTI]QLtu IJ 1tayxooL.6TI]"ta lai; ova6lxi)i; CIQXi)i;. Mtoa o' am6 'to ni..a(mo l6EWv o Hg{tilil'tO
motWnm nwi; i;(var. o wtagaL'tT)'tOi; xg(xoi; avlti;oa OTIJ
01:0/..oyLa 't(l>V Mltywv Km otT)V nJ..ct'twvlxi) xm otWlKi) $lJ..oooqiLa, 6J..ct au"t6. 6wi; 6lct'tT)QOUvtm foa ota 6gm TIJ
't0.~1Ji; LO'tOQlOoQ<PlXWv Ka"taoxwWv xm 6r:v a<j>ogoilv
Qi;oa TIJV LO"tog(a TI]i; ox~i;.
ESLoou Moxol.o dvm va U1tOO'tT)QlSEl xavdi; TIJV Wco1.plj nwi; unO.gxn ouyyvna avO.i;oa OTIJV IJQaKMmKi)
oxti.pTJ xar. o' OQlotvEi; ogqiti; TI]i; KlvttlKIJ ox~rii;. H
KlvttlKIJ OX~'I xogd EnLOT)i; va ouUa66.vEl ni; Moo
vt6TI]'tfi; 1tOU noi..Eoiiv 'taSU wui; foa OTIJ ll>UOT): 'tO
yuivyM, 'to 6.gno iJ 'to ClQOEVlK6, 'to t1:ot6 Km 'to cpwnlv6,
wt6 TI] la .EQl6., Kl wt6 TIJV 6.iJ..lj 'tO ytv, 'tO Ml'\ji6 iJ 'tO
0T)i..ux6, 'tO xgUo Km 'tO oxouw6. Audi; Ol 6Uo avtln0tEVEi; 6uvlti;li; fuii..Wvouv ni; axa'taotaoLEi; EV6i; gu0oU,
'tOU gu0oU 'tOU y(yvi;o6ar. (yt), gu0oU nou i;Lvm "tau"t6XQOVa xoolx6i;, KOlVWVlK6i; Km noi..lnx6i;, Km nou wtoul.El TIJV ouoLa "tou Ta6, "tou OWotoU 6g6ou. 0
Tooultvyx Tofou, 'tamx6i; otoxaon)i; "tou 4ou auliva,
0EwQd'tm wt6 "tov Masson-Oursel (La Philosophie en
Orient, o. 143-144)tvw; xYKtlmv6i; 1tQlV wt6 'tO XtyxEA:
Kal ngO.yan, o otoXaon}i; au"t6i; xamyytUn TIJ <JXE1:lK6TIJ'ta 'tOU Val xal wu 6xl xal 6l66.oxn TIJV 'tatrti)xQOVTI
oUUlji.pTJ 'f{l)V avtl0t"twv, nou ava6l.Utouv to' wt6 'tT)V
(6la i)'tQa, wt' TIJV miYii 'tOU ounavtlKOU y(yvi;o6m.
Au't6i; o Xlvttoi; 1Jgaxl.Emx6i;,. a4>flvn TIJ qi>..uagLa, TI]
J..oyoaxLa, w xou6V"toJ..6l xal TIJV av6:i..uOTJ oto xu6aLo
Kt wtatnL wt' 'tO oocp6 va EK$Qlttn xar. v' ayxal.tO.tu TIJV
2112
KQIT AI A:E:E/\OI
aki)0Ela E la xlVl]OTJ auv0ntxi); auy;tMQWOTJ;. nae'

6).' mrrli, TJ Xlvt!;.txT) oxt1fT) (xoq>otJxlavi], mol:xt] ii exA.Exnxii) naeatvn ava'toklxii Xl aomuxt] xctt bEV xct'tOQ
0Wvn - 6nw; w xawe0tiwn o He6:x4lw; - va E"'('(QU.4>l OTO neayawW nay;t6ow y[yvro8m.
Mnogei va y[vn auaxeno6; TOlJ HgO:xAf:l'totJ xm E
wtJ; lotJba(otJ;; 1:TI] ovoyga4>la notJ fyQ<I'lpE yla TOV
HQO.xkEl'tO o Diels tMln ym 'tOV lEQ<Inx6 xm 1tQO$T)'tlx6
T6vo TOlJ E4>folotJ (7), xwQl; va 1tQOa9t'tEl Tiltom 1tEQlOo6TEQO. Kave; bEV a4>la61]ul w yeyov6; nw; Ol 1tQ04>i1u; 'tOlJ IOQaii). Xl oA.6x).T)QTJ TJ Ila).m(i: 6.la0JlxTJ Ex4>Q6.!;,otw TQ6no 'tQaylx6 w ncl0o; wtJ; yla w aun:avnx6
xm auUa60.votJv w ovablx6 Xl tJ1tEQ6anx6 9E6, notJ
bEV wtmTEl va 'tOtJ xO:vouv nQOaq>oQt;, oav ta aun:avnxii lilEXblXTJOTJ lilxmoaUvr);, 1tOtJ e(vm TO 0.t)..lO 'tOtJ
v6otJ. 0 HQO.xA.Elw; 6w; bEV Elvm xavtva; nQ04>iiTIJ;
WlJ 9EoU ii wt60'toW; TI]; Anox61..tJ1fT);. 0 HQ<l:ilil'to;
nagatvEl aroxaon];, O'toxO.t;.n:m rn 4>mv6.eva TOlJ x6ootJ xm auUa60.vn TI] 06TI]rn E Thow TQ6no aa va
txel Xl TJ lbta En:Mixd OTO aun:avnx6 y(yveo0m.
Tl OT)a(vouv 6Wt atrro[ ot auaxn:loo[ nou txouv 6a10l v' wtobd!;otN nw; ot nagO:llT)Wl cruvavrtciwrm. H
Avaw).t] Xl TJ 6.UOTJ O.oxT)Oav 6E6m6rn'ta m aot6ala
rnlbQaOTJ TJ ta OTI')V O:UT). no).U 1tEQtOa6'tEQO notJ lf>at'.vernt agxn:O: anov6T)w nw; elvm axn:lx6: xotvi] TJ ytvVJ'i'tQa TI]; rngaola'tlxii; oxt\pTJ;. Elvm ipo.veQO nw; ot 'EkkT)VE; aroxamt; bEV JIQbtEl va wno0n:ot'.tvcm a' tva anoovw'ttx6 !;eQOViiol' o EUT)vlx6; x6oo; bEV tJni)Q!;E
x6oo; xkrnn6; xm OTI')V 'ElpEOO lbtaluQaveQ6 nw; 1tQbcEt xtJQiw; xcl0 n ekkT)Vlx6 va EQT)vcin:m E TQ6no rll.T)Vlx6. tJno).oylt;,ovta;
4>tJmxcl - bT)kabii lO'tOQtxO. - n; btO:q>oQE; rna4>t; JIOll
El'tl'tQbtn:m va ylvovtm.
Ta akT)0lvcl 1tQ06i..iiaTa aQX(t;.otJv va naQOtJotCtt;,ovtm
6Tav JIEQVO.E cm6 n; lO'tOQlO}.oylxE; EQEVVE; OTO tQYo
Tl]; 4llWoo4>lxii; xamv6T)OT); xm EQT)VEla;. Tl axgt6W;
0 HPAKAEITOI: KAI H CZllAOIO<l>IA
283
0>..rioav va xataOEL!;ouv 6AES autts oL TCLXELQiiaus OriLOuQYlas OU)i'EVELWV; 0 OKOJt6S JtOU Jtl0LWKOUV j.UtOQEi
va tono0Et1]0Ei OE tQla mi.JtEOa. To JtQWto ELvm to rnLJtEOo Las EAttl]s twv Jt(Jay01:t'HWv 1l't6oewv itou aunl ii EXEiVTJ 11 avatoALxii xWQa xoQEL va 6.oxriaE - . TI'J
00A6.6110YJ TI'JS eU.lJVLXiiS 6aoLx6. 0Q110Xlas - m:lvw a'
aut6v ii o' exELvov tov Ellriva atoxaotfi, xm OU'f'KEXQLtva atov HQO.xAELto. To OeUneo e(vm to rnUt0o Las EAtn]s twv oxb.pewv 'Hat Bech:wv JtOU eivm x.ow6. O'tl!V
AvatoAii x.aL TI'JV Ell6.0a. TD.as, to tQito rni.JtEOo Lvm
ws ei..tn]s twv axEowv avO.toa O'tLS avat0AtxEs axE'\j)ELS X.OL TI')V 1]QCltlELtLXii OX~, ).6-yOU X6.Q11' oXfoEWV
nou Owtumiwovtm E'H rwv uOTtewv a:rc6 as. fEVLX6., autO. ta tgia rni.JtEOa OUYXWVWovtm a:rc' tous auyx.grnx.oUs
EAEtT)tEs JtOU 0 0LaXQLvouv . agxEnj 0LOiryLa ta
JtQayanxii rniOQaOYJ JtOU 6.0X1]0 1] X.OLV6t1]ta tWV 06.twv oUtE TI')V rnlOQOOY) JtOU xtL LO JtQOOfyyLOY) JtOU
yi'.vnm a:rc6 tov LOLO to axoALaotl] aun] 11 aU)')'.UOYJ xaQOKTI'JQil;EL t6oo ns OU'(KQioLS nou yivovtm av6.roa atov
HQ6.iliLto xm aE xEivous Jtou E~11oav nQLV we' aut6v,
6oo xm ns auyx.QioELS nou oxoit6 Eixav va 6eouv TI'JV JtLQQOiJ nou 6:ox110 o HQ:d.eLtos atous .nayEVEat-
OOU<
H ;rrpayart'H~, X.OL A(yo-itoAU 6:.EOYJ, E.1l'{6paOJ/ Elvm

x.ataQXT)v itoAU OUox.oW va a:rcoOELxnL x.at itaQO.tvEL
n6:vtot a6QLO'tll. nws xoeoUe at' aA.i)0eLa va Ofi!;ouE
6n 0 HQO:x4:LtOS xeL UJtOO'td TI')V tCtOe L0LaltEQ1] rnlOQ001); H 'HOtv6l71t'a rwv <neb.pewv 'Hat Be<i:rwv nou txouv Eta!;U tous atoX,aatEs 0LaipoQetLxWv xwQWv lvm no>..U auJtQOyanxi). 'Ooo )'LQ tov HQ6.xkELtO, Eivm !;Ex6.0aQO nws 'l rnoxfl tou OEV e(vm ov6xa 11 rnaxil TI'JS xaeauY'ls tOU ll1]VLX.OU O'toX,ao.oU allQ EVt6:00taL o' Eva JtO
>..U mo )'EVLX6 !;UJtVT)a, to !;UJtVT)a tOU OU:rtavtLXOU
JtVEUatos. T11 atLyii nou O'tl!V EllaOa xCtvouv TI')V E416.vLm) tous OL JtQOOWXQatLx.o(, to loQaii>.. "(VWQL~L tOUS
Oeo4>fius, to IQO:v to ZwQ06:atQ11, 'l IvOLa tous OunaVLaQO XOL tov BoUOa, 1] Kiva tov KoipoUxLO X.OL to A6o
Tafou. 4'1>out0., OEV JtQbcEL va as 0Laieiryouv ot flt.
xv
KQIT Al: A'.;;EAOl:
2114
ALWOrn; 6ao xm eu;txEr; 01.Cuj>oetr; n:ou :rtaQOuoui~ovtm

am eooneeuW aunjr; TI]r; XOWCmj'tar;. 'OAt:r; au'ttr; m
cruyxxQLtvr; ex<Jieamtxtr; bLabLxaoLer; be <Jl'tti:vouv xa-
vtoil
OTOV
Uno 6a06 aunavnx6nitw; xm OEV txouv TIJV
(bm L<TtOQLXJi - xm - xayx6oLa onoubauSurm.

Ot axiaetq .irov eEiq 61'jLOvpyotlE av6.toa o-cour;
bLticj>oQOur; crtoXacrttr; nogoUv va Elvm 4>emvtr;, aQXt:l va
Tjv exqrni..Ll;ovtm !;uct<Jit()V(ar; crto ucUcebo ev6r; MAf>U

nal!;nm rni:6 La
t:!;ou0evwnxJi xm am'.ea, LJtQLa1unuu] xm XOUQaOiVll noAu6:0t:La. :Ei:o cnJvoi..6 i:our; m axforn; au'ttr; :rtaQOtvouv evllLacj>tgoucn:r;, av xaL bev dvm aexn6 to $<or;
ltaL)CVLbLoU XQLtLxJir;, nmxvtblOU nou
ltOU Qi:XVoUV 0 xt:lvo n:ou elvm 1tQaytI'tLX6. EVfoacj>tgov.

OL OllCJXniow;, yLa va ei:vm a-r' a1i)0La y6vqlr;, n:ebm
va ngoun:o0ttouv xm 1.ua toO.!;m xatav'JCJll t(l)V oxtijlewv

XOU CJtl)'XQ(VOUV, XL QU't6 01J6avEL 011:6.VLQ. rta't( TO a1T)
0tv6 M0or; TI]r; l)Qaxl.LuxT)i; ox~i; E!;acpavll;nm xmO.
1tQiQYo TQO:rto, 6Tav opiol:voi nmebtouv auTI} TIJ buvatT) oxt\jrr) xm "ta 0a"ta nou !;CJT)XWvL, CJ 0a'ta a6QU:rta m>U xaTcvtLO.vovtm t TT) iQa xm TT) vUxTa, t Tov
mll.o xm TIJV ELQ'l]VT), t TIJ !;wii xm TO 06.va"tO. Ta EQWTI}aTa 1tou 0hL auTI} T) oxt\jrr) XCIL oL cvtmTI}ow; m>u
rn!;QY0.l;nm, bEV Eivm - TOuMxunov ' autT) TIJ oe<t>ii
xm ' am6 TO :rtQLX6VO - Ta Qwnja'ta Jtou 0tm T)
Aiyu:rtTOi; ii T) lvbla, T) Klva ii TO IQO.v. Avtl0na rnt6 TIJ
nacj>uotxii 0QT10XUtlX6Tij'ta TIJi; AvaTOi..iii;, T) acj>T)QT1VT) ox\prj Tou HQO.ilinou ouU.a66.vL TO x6.0 u nou ivm E 'to A.6yo xm TOi..6. va 0crat Ta :rtto Qtl;oonacrnxO.
(KlltT)a"ta. ErcutUov, 'l T)Q<Iilimxii ox\prj, 1tOU oui..Aa66.vL TIJ ouxavttxii xiVT)CJT), Ejj'Qilcj>nm OTIJV 1tQOY
auxii xiVT)CJT) nii; ouxavttxiii; oxt~i; xm, avtl va fyu
o-caatT)oEL, 6nwi; ylvnm t ui; avaTOi..Lxti; oxi'l'Li;,
ouvqi!;EL va ivm T) XLVT)tT)Qta MvaT) XL aJJ..wv oxi"'4'WV.
fta TIJ CJT)aoia n:ou EXEL T) ox\prj Tou HQ6.ilinou o-co

f(J(l)'tQUW nii; EU.T)VLxiii; 4>ti..oooq,Lai;, Lxat TIJV UXQL
285
eta va i.Ai)oovE o' 6>..o 'to 6.xQOi; 'tWV 1tQ011Y06.evwv XEcpaAa(wv. !'tOv HQ6.xi.n't0 avtavaxi.6.'tat, E'tU'tQOdi;,
0 11:oi.ELx6i; XQl TJl}WLX6i; avtO..W.Oi; 'tlli; OfJQtxi)i; E1t01t0llai;. 0 HQ6.xi.n't0i; 01JvtQi6EL 'ta 11:i.a.ota 't'f]i; 0EOyov(ai;
'tOtl Ho(obou xm 'tTji; ESatQ'nx6. :rtQOO)'ELW~i; TJ0txi)i;
tOtl avtli.TJ'l"li;, avt(i.TJ'l"li; 1t0tl 6QLOK'tQL 11:0).6 XOvt6. O'tO
'E(YYa xat Hi(Jat. Ta l]9011:i.aattx6. xm O'ttl>6. QTJ't6. 'tWV
E$'t6. oocpWv bEV 'tOV LXQV01tOLOUv ma. A:rt6 'tTJV 6.lll], OL
XQTJOol 'ttoV .1.Ei.cpWv xm 't'f]i; !6ulJ..ai; 'tOV oa)'llvdiouv,
XL aurfi 'I oayTjvtJ 'tOV ayEim EQE9Ll:ouv m(OT)i; 'tTl ox\pl]
toll xm 'ta t1crn]QLU. H wt6:rtELQ nou tyLvE va EQfJVF:tlU(
o HQ6.xi.n't0r; 'tOV ZwQ06.0'tQTJ xm 'tTJV LQUvtxi) 9Qtloxda, mavaAi)cp0r)xE yLa va EQl]vF:VuL 'ta ucrn]Qta.
To 1886, o E. Pfleiderer xW.o6oE va ylveL xawvotJtfi H
t1nJ..ooof!{a rov Hv&ilitrou OTo 4'~ ni~ t6ta~ rwv uoni-
viwv. Qat6oo, aurfi 'I avttatQOCfli) wv 6QWV 't0t1 11:Qo6i.i)a't0r; dvm 1tQU)'G'tLX6. Qvtll]QQX4rnxi) )'LQ't( 0 O'toXQ
crn]r; 'tTji; Ecpfoou dv' exE(vor; nou 'IDt(l;n a 0QT1oxnmx6.
vcrn]QLa 'ta 4><1rdl;et noi.ii :rtEQtoo6uQO wt' 6,n exE(va
tov 'IDt(l;ouv. Km yL' au't6 01JvtQt):EL ~ai; Myoi; naQa11:6.vw: 6'tL 'ta ucrn]QLQ 1tQCl)'6.'tWVQV, aocpalWr;, XL E
;tcpQal;av xcbtoLa E"tacpuotxfi, xweli; eoot6oo va 01JVE
dyovtat 6.Eoa tbter; $tA.ooocptxti; Ti >t.A.oomptx6. Myaa.
0 HQ6.x4noi; ;vteQV6. XL acpfiveL noi.6 n(ow 'tOtl 6A.oui;
toui; :rtQOxm6xoui; 'tOtl XL 'I cpMya nou 'tOV xaln .6vo
TI]V L.OX64La 'tQaywb(a JtoQEC va Otly>tQL0d. Mn6. wt'
aut6v, o 0aAT)i; XL o AvaSt~i; eSacpavL1;0vtm, VW o
lbLOi; ovEQ(l;nm 'tO avaStQvbQElO n6.0oi; yta 'tO 6.nELQO-wtEQL.6QtO'to. Hvm cut6i.u'ta olyot1QO nwi; :rtQbtEL va
mwcpdfi0r)xE wt6 nr; :rtu9ay6emi; Eeruvei; 11:6.vw OTTJV aQovla xm 'tO tt"QO. 0 8EVo>6.VTJi; o KoA.ocpWvLOi; :rtQOTJyEl'tat xm 1tQO'tQt):EL 'tOu HQ6.x4nou ato .SQ6o 't'f]i;
xQmxi)i; 't'f]i; i.mxi)r; 9QIJOKElai;. 0 vfor; Myoi; OLvEL 'tTJ 6.XTI EVavtlov 'tOtl :rtaAL06 60ou. 0 nae.evLOTJi; oL6.l;eL va
EQXnm E't6. 'tOV HQ6.x4no. Tov 11:046.EL 61:av 'tOtl avtt;raea9ti:n 'tTJV aAT10tvi) yvWOT) EV6i; 6.$9ClQ'tOt1 6vtoi;; .1.V
ExovE aQxnti; :rti.TJQOcj>oQCei; 11:6.vw oniv avta/J..ayT] oxt-
286
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'l'EWV avclEoa atTJV 'Eq>rno xm atTJV EMa. 'Omoi; x1.. a"

[xn, fJ JtQQ1''1Lhtx1] CJKEi.jlTJ 1tnQntvEL nvtHktT) atT)
CJKt1.jlTJ tou HQltxl..ntou, oAov6n btaAf:xnx6. crovbfrtm '
aun]v ' tvav tQ6no 6.Uov Aoy1..x6 xaQO. L.O'tOQUt6 av Emtebtnm va 61..aKQlvovrm Etot autti; OL bUo bi..acn:Cr.m:q; - cn:o rn(mOo tou vcn'lawi;. H xa0t:ul OwninWvnm oav }..6yoi; nou rutmnl va mv avnxgoUoouv.
Atrcti; ot Mo axt\l!ELt; - av xm bt btjwUQYYJOO.V bu:'rloyo
xou va -cov xe6.nioav cruvt:n:na - xaeatvouv bEt\tE~
'I 1..a TIJV illl] xm 'I xa0Eul, 6wv mixu>QE[ O'tTJ" xaebul TI')t; illTJi;, naievn TI'J .oe4riJ mi; CIQ"'ICJTJ'i 0 Eq>tmoi; 6Ai.l"IU va UJt6.QXEL La 6a0u:l tvwmi WU Ev6i; XQL tOU
nollruckoU, EVW 0 nae1''1Lbtii; XL. OL E/...6.ni; 6Abtouv o'
atrr6. 'ta Mo ivav a;rnteamo avtayumo.6.
0 HexA.Et-coi; rucm:EM:i tva 61]a n:goITT6. nii; rn1..crt-fiT)i; WU xmgoU WU 1] fptwi; CJllEul>vEL ta omo906Q6rimi; H fQWTI'Jcni ELvm M:y6uea a0Wa rut' 6oo lalvnm
yLa-c{ avt1..XQ(~E TT) mctvni xm TI'J yvWcni -cwv AQXalow rue'
tt) axomO. aumU itou EElS, ot IUn,govm, ovoQ~ouE
EtrtonjTJ. E.JtutAEov, Elvm itO.vta M1ax0Ao va xaeO:SEl xavEls niv itoeEla nis itgo6bou Kat nis oxw6oOQ6fJcnJS,
JtOU dvat LO. JtOQEia yECr.tt) EVallayts Kat auvbuaooUs.
'Omus Evas Ka6aAO.eris. JtoQEi KL o ITToXaonls va K6:VEt
QtKcl Otja'ta xlow yta va EJtlXEL.QfjOEl Eva KW.Ungo O:Aa, Ti va JtL.Owt"JgoijoEl o' Eva cnJE[o Kat va xgoxwQTjon
o' 6.U.a. 'Ooo Wea yLa niv rieailimKij axijrr], 'tO xQ66Aria JtEQutllKE'tQL aK6fJ JtEQl006'tEQO ytad EKElva 'tO
XQ6\'W, fJ E'tarnOLKij xat fJ >UOLKij dvat aSElU.6J..um
mryxwvrut\'ES. E(vm aAij0na mus o He6.xAEnos bt b(vtt
W9rJcni OTIJV tmon')fJ mu KatgoU Ou Kat mus EKl[>~El
ta EJtL0E'tLKij JtEQLlQ6vlicni yw ou&}xou Elvm i..EJrtottetuva, xaeaTfiericni. O.cni JtQOS ni a9rJanKij tJtLon')fJ. Avtl YL' au't6, JtQOXWQd OE Ey6J.o 6a06 tt) axt"1fJ 1lOU JtQbtEL va 6QiOKE'tQL OTI]V KaQbtcl au'tWv 'tWV EQEUvWv, blvovtO.i; mus hot m itATietS v6tj6: mui;. To btKO
'tOUS 0EWQl')OLax6 Jtcl0os 6eaxnm OE o).oq>Cr.VEQl'I avt0Ecni ' au't6 JtOU ofiEQO ovocl~OUE EJtLOTI]OVl06 E(VQL
av't[0E'to EJt[cniS Km OTI]V avWtaucni OTI]V oitofo Eivm
eiis
0 HPAKAEITOl:: KAI H <J)IAOl:Q<J)IA
287
rtQOOQlotvo va ob1Jyi\on Eva 01'.iOTT)a yvWaewv nou mmeUouv nwi; Elvm o>..oxA1Jew.vei; xm uAf:tun:txEi; IJ 6vlIJ l:yvow -cou elvm v' axo>..ou0d TIJ 6am>..ut~ ob6 xm
yt au-c6 xmablx6.!;n -ca oox6.xw xm ni; ~ruroAEw>6eoui;.
QCJt6oo, IJ crovonnx~ xm crov0e-nx~ bwJ.exnx~ - nou
Eivm 1tEQtoo6tEQO Xl a:n:6 crov0e-nx~ acf>oii d;aQXf)i; dvm
crovohx~ - bw-cetxn xlvMvoui;. 'Exoui:: ~bl') btanmWon TIJV Wto"'1i ai; n:6.vw CJto 0ta TIJ!i EQIJvdai; TIJ!i IJQax>..nnx~i; axti.11rii; n:ou tbwoav n:Qtlrra Ol oo4>tCJtti; xt btnta ot oxEn:nxol, wi; EQT]vdai; nou xat crtti; bilo rtEQln-cWoeti; Elvm 1tEQlOQlCJtlX~ xm IJ on:ola txavE tO btaUxnx6 Myo va y>..tCJtQ~OEl rtQOi; w Aoytxto6, tO oXtlXla6 xm TIJV EQlot"lX~. MU.~aat: ax6T] xm yw ro 6n 'l
oxtlVTJ wu H{"ix>..nwu bV t-{tvE, wi; Eva CJT)Elo, xmaVOTJTI\ a:n:' WV l:wx{IQTIJ, 6n:wi; lQWVlX6. w oo).6yl')oE 0
ibtoi;.
0 rn.6.rwv Xl 0 AQtCJto-cO.T]i; 11:0U1Joav E ndoa TOV
He6.x>..u-co xm -co n:Eloa roui; am:6 Vlaxil0r]xe a:n:6 w
yeyov6i; n:wi; ot n:Qaycrrnw( t01Ji; avtUtaAot, amo( -coui;
on:oloui; dxav va xaran:oi..E~ootrv, ~-cav UPeacrrti; V6i;
Exq,u>..toEvou TJeax>..nnooil xm bV ~-cav xa06>..ou 4't>..6aocjlm, all6. oo4>tCJtti;. H >..Uaoa wu ayU"Jva TOlJi; txavE
va x6.ootrv a:n:' ta Cma wui; w ai..1')0lV6 $onnv6 M0oi;
TIJi; TJeaxi..Emx~i; oxt"\fl')i; xt &tav ax6a w bltxewav
aube6.. E!;axoAou0oiloav v' avtt0hotrv a auTI] TIJV aexmx~ oxtlVTJ TIJ blx~ roui; Eta<jwmx~, n:ou 6.volyt -ca <jrtre6. Tl]i; yw va xaraxTI]on wv x6ao.
Tt'.n:cna bev dvm Eva, ~u xa0oetoho ~u xaeaXTIJQtoho, ' on:movbfin:crtE -cQ6n:o. 'Oi..a 6aa i..tiu n:wi;
r(vm, yiv0vtm E TIJ tpoQ<l, TIJV xLVIJCJT) xm TIJ l!;ri Xl Etm
6nwi; w Ui:: bV Eivm oe06, yw-ci -cbtota bev dvm n:otf:
aM.6. n:6.vtotE y(vEtm. Km n:6.vw o' aut6 aucpwvoilv oiioowol 6>..ot ot ootpol, Ex-c6i; a:n:6 -cov naeevlbrr o nQ<ITTay6Qai; xt o H{"ixi..Etwi; Xl o En:Ebox>..~i; a:n:6 wui; n:OlTJtf:i;, ot xoeu<1iti; TWV Mo nbWv Tl)i; 11:0L1JCJT)i;, o Enlaexo;
ITTIJV xwwbia xt o 'OIJQOi; OTTJV -ceaywbia, ye6.$n o
1l'leuTI]; tT); Axabr)Lai; CJtov 0rntnio (152d xm e). Km
""'
KOIT AI A:=:EAOI
i..lyo naeax6:tw 6y6.f;El Ta ava.n:6irux'ta ov;rtEQ6.oata,

ourcEQO:oa-ra avayxa(a yla xElvov nou avtLJtaQG0hn
tT)V XLVT]UX6Tij'tQ 'tWV at.06rj"tci.lv 1CQUy6:nuv (-w $UOLX6)
CJTI)V muvriola "tWV VOTJ-Cdw LbEcOv ('tO naq>u0lx6): AV
6}..a XLVOUvtm, 't&fE x6.0E a.n:6.vtJJO'T], yLa OJtOLobi)JtO't 9t-
a XL av TI] bWoout:, 0a e:lvaL e:!;(oou oQlhj: xm TO va

l'to\le 6n ttoL txouv Ta xQ<l:ya-ca xm w va Jto\le On
bEV txovv hoL, ft, av OH.EL, 6tL be: y(vonm xa06kou h<n,
yLa va T)v aXLVT]n]oouE -ca QriimO. ai;, tmw xm .6vo
O"ta A6yLa ai; (183a).

0 [1),6."tWV, Wcrt6oO, 1t0U Um'U?!;E 0 t"JT]l.ll0UQY6i; 6XL .6vo
all6. xm 'CIJ\; 0EwQlai; 'CIJ\; ovVpyaoiaq -cwv Mo x6owv, xaL JtOU btv e:lvm 6vov o
LbQun)i; 'tOU :rtA.ct"CWVLOoU, rc6~0E Va ovll.6.6El au"t6
nou a.n:ouAfl TIJV aAft0e:La wu T]QaxM:tnxoU ylyve:o9m bt}Mtbft TO Myo - , xwek 6.wi; urv avax6Au1PT1 aun] va
TIJV a.n:obUm mov HQ6.xi..L"tO. nQ6.yan, tna6<if;ot1.
O"tov l(panlA.o (412d): .. oom l'UO"triiouv 6n w IUrcav
6QlOXtQl OE XlVTJOI'), voU;ouv re~ CJXE06v 6}..a 0V Elvm
<i.U.o wi:6 XlVTJOTj xm rcw<; 6}..a at1"C6. "Ca t".ilwtEQV<iEl wi:6 Tl')
la 6.XQ11 w<; Tl')V <i.UY] x6.n rcou x6.VEl va ylvnm w x6.0E
n rcou ylvnm. Au"C6 "CO x6.n Elvm rcoA\i yQT'iyOQO Xl at".il6QO."CO, nllltlll; OE 0a rcopoUoE va t".ilaox_loEl "CO x6.0E n rcou
Elvm, av 0V rj"Cav aQXt6. at".il6QO.w, ciiO"tE "Clrccn:a va fJV
rcOQEl va w O"taa."C6.El Xl aQxnQ y{lrjyopo, ciiO"tE OLrcAa
o' au"C6 va m6.~ouv 6Aa "Ca u:n:6Aoma axlVTJ"Ca.
0 lt".iQun)<; "CCU AuXElov yQ6.:m .Tl') OE~Q<i wu: .6.E 0a
lliE ma Ol f]QaXM:lnxol 6n "Ca 6vta Elvm tva rcQ6.ya aAM 6n Elvm f]Otv, Xl Ol twmE<; Tl')<; rc0l6TIJ"Ca<; xm TT)<;
rcOo6TIJ"Ca<; 0a "CQll'tlO'tO\!V, (4'uouui, I, 2, 1856). 0 AQlO'tO"Ctl.f]<;, l'tOll n:6.vta lQOVtl~EL va !;qwel~El Tl')V wi:Arj
aW9T]011 wt' Tl') VOT)nxft yvW011, xm lll'tEQO.cm:l~n . t".iQliiTl')"Ca w wi:aQa6(aO"to Tl')<; ).oylxo-ovro).oylxrj<; aexrj<;
Tl')<; f] avrla011<;, xa"CaxEQauv6.wEl "COV HeO.xAEL"CO (xm
lt".iml"CEQO. "COll<; f]QO.XAErnxoU<;) l'tOll !;EJttQaOE autl] Tl')V
aQXii l't{llV ax6f] u0E(: MEQlXO( l'tlO'tEiiovv o au"C6 n:ov
vol~ouv, 600 ill.al o' am6 rcov !;Epovv n:aQMElyu ,,
Hi;iO.x>...mo<; (H9txir Ntxop.tfxt:1a. VII,S, 1147). Kl ax6a:
TI]\; 0EWQlai; 'tOU XW(:ltooV
289
MEQLKo{ cjrtcivouv mo CJl)t:(o va AtvE nwi; T) K{VT)OIJ liEV

uvi)KEL OE t:QLK6: 6vta .6vo KL 6xL ma O:iJ..a, a a' 61..a
ta 6vta xm nO:vtotE, t: tTJ OVT) liLacpoQO: 6tL aut6 liLact>rilYEL cm6 TTJV ala6T)m} ai;.. (4'vat1(a, VIII, 3, 2536).
Oag' 61..' aut6:, o ItayELQ(TTJi;, nou moxO:OtTJxE aav liLa1..Extuffii; TTJV xlVTJOIJ xm to xteaao cm6 tTJ MvaT] OTIJV
nQO:STJ, fU"C6Qa EJt(CJl)i; va limxg{vEL tTJV W.T)0lvi) EV6TT)ta
xaL mrvoxfl TT)li T)Qailimxtji; axt\jlT)i;, FV<ii tautQxgova
t!;axoA.ou0oUat va n:goMlliL nvw a' aun] TTJ ax\;T) tLi;
liLaxgLaELi;: ma0t)atLi; - l..oyL1(ft, aXLVT)a(a - X{VT)OIJ .
.. 01..a yEVVLo6vtm xm nagtgxovtm, tUtota CJta0tg6 liEV
un:ir.QXH" .6vo tva n:gQya nagatvEL XL aut6 6g(axtm
OTT) 66.CJI) 61..wv autti.rv twv $ttaLxti.rv t:"ta6ol..Wv: ili.ov
autO $a{vtm 6tL 00..eL va l'tEL, avO:t:aa at n:oiJ..O all.a,
o Hgir.WLtoi; o E$foLoi;, liLa66:1;out: mo flep{ OvpavoV
(III, I, 2986).
nolla 0ota tOU HQDXAELtOU ta !;avcutalQVOUV OL
mwLxol xm :rtQOOTCa0o6v va ta avcutl"U!;ouv a' tva nl..a(at0 Dt(OtJi; TJQO.Xl..ELrnffi. EvtoUtOLi;, aiJ..O:l;ouv to 6a0U
v6T)a TT)li ax1PT)i; tou avcutl"UaoovtO:i; TT)V t: tov tg6n:o
nov autol voCl;ouv agn:6.1;ovtm t: thot0 tg6no cut' auni TT) axt\jlTJ xm xata$gvouv va tTJV xO:vouv t6oo Mova
mwLxft (ai; M0T]xe n:ollii; cpoQti; T) EUXaLQ(a va to n:oUt:
aut6), 6.iatE, OTI]V 1tQO.yonx6TT)ta, avaliT)LoUQYoUv auTI] TT) ax1PT) xat' Lx6va liLxij toui; XaL yLa litXft toui; XQfiOIJ. KAT)QOlioto6v hat CJtoui; t:"tayEVtatEQOUi; m CJtWLXij
Cuto1PYJ toll HQO:xAELtou, MO'PTJ n:ou oi; TT) ta$QOUV
OL 1tEQLaa6tEQEi; lio!;oyQO.$Lxti; ogrug{Ei;, XQL n:Q<iita tOU
dLoyivT) tou AatgtLou xm tou Ahl.Ou.
va xatW.0:6out: awotO anti; tLi; ogrug(Ei; liEV xout: nagO: va ni;
occutom(l)LKOJtoLtjaout:. fFVLXO, OL CJ't(l)LXO( cmQ<iixvouv
tTJV FV(l)'tLXft xm xooLxft avtO..T]\j!T) tou Hg6.xl..Ltou n:goi;
La $tAooo$La nou O!;ovO:i; tT)i; E(vm T] autoouvEiliT)CJI) xaL
OTI]V onola l'tQWtaQXLXit 0CJI) txEL T) T)0Lxft igLva. ngoan:a0oUv va !;ava6goUv to mrvoALx6 v6T)a tou K6aou,
T) axt1PT) "toui; 6wi; Elvm tjliT) XWQLatvf) aE l..oyLxft, $ttOLxfi xal T)0Lxft.
0 un:tgoxoi; 'Yvo~mov~latov KA.e0v0T] (D. C4), o-
rm
~'}()
KQ:rT AI: A:::EAOI:
Aov6Tt wtoxuAuJttEt ta lCJXUQi] xooLxi] 8QlJOXEUHXOTl)tu. bEv E>j>gri.!;u mu <iEou tov JtollJTtX6 gu86 TOU il.('1oou cur' toV OJtOlo ol'.ltE XL lJ (bm lJ 8E6Tljta l'lEV JtOQtl
va SE<j>Uyu.
Kafo SExci0uelJ lJeuxAunxi] rnibeaOTJ bEv n:opoU11E
vu 6poUE OTij boSaola.. tWV XUVLXlilV. TauTl!;ouv.
aoqicU..Ws. XL au Toi to xcU..6 xm to xax6. av xm to x<ivouv
io' cur6 La Jtt>001ltLXi) 1'UOLUOTLXci t'llu<j>ognuti) cur6
EXElVTJ tou He<ixAutou. I' uutoUs. lJ JtklJQOTI]ta TIJS a<j>lJQlJivTis oxflfrls <j>twxalvu xat lJ 6aOLxi] taus iyvota E(vat
lJ8lxi], <j>6oov lJ lJ8Lxi) txEt y(vE1 m CJXEb6v uuT6volj
ESouola.
Mn~eEl va 01.1U.TJ4J0E( xa0ag6: lJ axtOTJ nou Ha f:vwvE
tOV HQ6.ilino E to 10.Wva tOV AM:Savbefo Kat TOV
Ilkwt(Vo; 0 1lkwv o E6galos, OtO EXtEVS [QYo TOU JtOU
Eivat Yf\lcito alJ..TJYOQtXci CJX6Atu XL EQT)vEiES "tlJS 8i6Aou,
Sava!;wvtavEiiEl JtolJ..6. itAatwvtx6., otwtx6. xm oxrnnx<i
Atata. OL bLxEs tou 6amxts LbtES cm:txouv Jtok{i cm:6 "tT)
oxtlPTJ tau HQcix/..Enou o UJCEQ6anx6s 0E6s Jtou bEV teXE"Tat o' EJCLXOLvwvlu t0v K6oo itaQ6. 6vo E06.!;ovus, XL o A6yos, yt6s Tou 0EOV, Jtou Elvm aut6 to E06.!;ov ov, cm:oxcU..liJttouv f:va tEeaextx6 6eaa tou x6oou, 6Qaa JtOU txEL ito>..Ms avtL0foELS .TI] oxE-\ln] tOU
HgQ:ilinou - JtOu ot6xos nis Elvm lJ 8EAmxi] EV6TI]tu
tou K6oou JtOU ouvrn6.ynm to A6yo.
0 flMutivos ava<j>tQEL oav 06.oxa>..6 tau tov flAcitwvu,
XQTIOtlJOJtOLEl 6ws Kat TtS oxttj!ns TWV otwtxWv. flEQIOa6tEpo 6ws j.lEtQXELQl!;E"Tat "tlJV EIJ..ljv1xi) <j>1Aoo0<j>Lxi) JtUgQ&xn] (TJ oitofo txEt i)blJ Ol.1Vavtlj0E( E "tT) XQLottav1xi)
Jt(OTIJ) yta va EX<j>Q6.oEt E TI] btxi] tou uot1Xtot1xi) y>..Wooa TI] .eyaAELOOfui j.lEta<j>UOtXi) tOU. Llev Elvm ).oU[6V Elixo>..o va 01JIJ..6.6u xuvEls ta yvi)ota lJeaxAEmxogfs JtOU XWQL!;ouv uutoUs tOUS
Mo ot0;taotts . niv a<j>lJQTliVT] oxt1f'T): o has SEbU[AtlivEt m tQO.ytxi] xm beacm'mm 0EWQTJOTJ. o illo; 111u
0EWQ1101J EtQTIVtxi), av 6xt ita0T)nxi). E<j>6oov lJ uvWtE1.11
al?Xl'I, to ov aut6 xa0aut6, bta"tT)QElTat aEL6.IJ..axrn.
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 411AOI0411A
291
uErnXLV1JtO XUL ttA.no. fla tov HQcixAfuo, O bQOoi;

:t'Ol' uvE6a(vEl Xl o bQOoo; n:ou xatE6a(vn ELvm o itn.o:;,.,
E"'' YLU tOV nM1:n(vo, to avWtEQO n:aQaEvEL SXWQt.O't6
an:" to xatditEQO" yw tov HQ<l.xA.uto, T) XOQU'ata XQOOn:ci0Em ouvi0tatm Oto va oxf'tEtUL xavEli; bi.a).Exnxci
u1v V6tT)ta tWV on:a~oo6Vwv avn0foEwv, VW yw tov
LbQuti) tou vEon:A.atwvmoU, Tl ELQitVTJ 6QloxEtm tEA.lxci
OtT)V iXOtUOYJ. 0 vai; OXf'tEtUl E 6QOui; XOU txouv
CJTJ E tT) btabtxaola, la bwbtxao(a Orcou Tl oxi'lfr] bV
SEXWQLl;Et wt' tT)V UA.11 o 6.lloi; oxi$tEtal E 6QOui; n:ou
f.xoUV <FJ.tCJTJ E tT)V XOQE(a, w XOQE(a XOU O'tO tfQa tT)i;
6QLOXEtUL T) UA.l), Tl on:ola Elval la un:60t<1CJ11 un:on11tVT) OE <FJ.ECJTJ E tT)V un:60tUCJTJ tOU Nou.
0 XQlOtL.aVlo6o;, 6tav i:ylvE b6ya, n:QOom:i0TjoE va
XQOOEtULQt.O'tE( tov HQO.xA.ELto. 0 lou0tlvoi; o MO.l!t\lgai;.
E cmlQlyO. tOU tT) 'A.Oya tT)o; wto/..oyrjnxfii; tOU XQOon:0.0uar; xm E tT) oxt'lfr] n:wo; 6,n n:otE EutW0TjxE cU.l)0lV6,
Elvm blx6 ao;, 0EWQEL tov HQO.tlElto (AJroAoyia, I, 46)
Eva XQlOtLav6 n:ou E1;110E XQlV wt' tov XQl0t6, Eva XQLonav6 n:ou \' tQEl 6vo yvWQlOE tov XQt.at6. 'Etm,
EJUXELQE( tov EXXQt.atWvLo6 tou HQ6.xA.nou. Aut6 to
rlboi; tT)i; XQOon:<i0nao; 0a "(VWQloEL UQXEt6. Ey6AT) EmnJxla a 61..11 tT) bl6.QxEw twv XQlOtlavlxffiv atWvwv, av Xl o
XQlO'tlavmOo; - A.alx6i; n:A.atWvlo6p> xal ouvO.a vio
<ivmya xm tlELmo - bV VbtaitQ0T)xE lbL.aitEQU yw
toui; XQ<litouo; tll11vEo; 0tOX,a0tEo;. 0 A.6yoi; tou 0roU wt'
tov on:oio EJt'ViEtm o 0.ywi;. bE ao; EmtQbtEl E xavva
tQ6n:o va tov ouvbfoouE E tov l)QUXAf:lnx6 ).6yo n:ou
Eivm n:tQa yw n:tQa n:ayavl0tut6o;. BE6ma, o x6ooi;
an:mtEl n:6.vra va tov xatavooiiE Ol 'Elll)VEo; tov xatavooUoav E tT) 6ofi0ua tou ).Oyou xm m XQlOtlavo( E tT)
601jtlna tou i..Oyou tou SroU. H vta n:EQloboi; n:ou avolyEL
!I~ to XQtonavm6 x66u no; yi$UQEi; n:ou tT) ouvbtouv E
Tl]V XQOT)yoU.EVTJ XUl 6vo n:oA.U aQ'(OtEQO xatacptQVEL vu
;uvuouvbE0E( \' iQEl (xat EQOA.l)JmxO.) E tT)V Elll)Vtxfi
m:hji11.
0 A6yoi; tou xat6. lwO.VVTj Evayydiou - n:ou yQ0.'tT)X~
<ltl)V n:atQlba tov HQ6.xli.Ettou - dvm T) apX'l, b11kabfi o
axt-
KQl:T Al: AE.EAOl:
06;, avTpm 6w; CJ'TI]V xalvOiiQYHl $iiOT) TI']; avtO.tp.pt];

wu x6oou. TWQa o x6oo; y(vn-m l"O 0EmQO TI']; 0Ela;
bQO.CJ'TI]Qi.6TI']l"a; :rcou bliwiiQY110E an6 w 0foa KCll
bEV dvm 1na o l"61toi; ni; KOOuni; tQaywbla; l'tOu rutoxai..iil'ttE't"m am (ma l"WV av0QWl'twv. 0 A6yo; t0u fuayyEAlan') xir.vu va Ul't6:QXOUV 6Aa 6oa ul'tQXouv Kl VoaQxWvE't"al" 0 A6yo; l"OU HQ{txi..Ell"OU VU1t6:QXU E~aQXT]; OE
xci0E tl l'tOU Elvm OE y(yvEo0m.
0 HQ6:xAEltoi; bt auvbtlhjxE 6vo n; blci>oQEc; avawAlxEi; mt[lJm;, TI'] auvoAlxr] l'tOQda ni; Ei..AT]VlKr]i; $lAoooci>la; Kl btua w XQlO"tlVlo6, all6. E(val Kl au6; l'tOU, 1tEQlOo6i:EQO rut6 xci0E cillov, yovlol'tO(T]OE TI")
ailYXQOVTJ mttipl]. Ml'toQOiit: va tov auvbtoou nc; t:y6:Ati; qiV..oooct>lxE; oQCPE; ni; AvaytvvT]cni;; 0 Nlx6A.a.o;
o Kou~6:vo; blaTiil'twoE TI']V CJ.QXrj TI']; COINCIDENT/A
OPPOSITORUM, ni; oiil'ttwOT); l"WV avtl0hwv, CITTJV
DOCTA IGNORANT/A: aut""fi T] aU:rtwOT) twv avtl0l"WV, A6you xclQll 11 aUn:tWOT] wu 6l;ou xm ni; xoQbr];,
dvm T] aQxTJ TI"); VOT)tlKrji; yvWcni;. EVW T] aQXT] TI']; avdctiacni; Eivm TJ aQXT] ni; ).oylxr]; yvWOT);. To xcioa 6.w;
Eival nQliotlO av0.oa CJ'TI]V l'tayavlotlxrj lh.aM:xnKrj tou
otox.aan] xm TI'] XQlotlClVlKrj bmAvmxr] tou 0rni..6you.
To aUn:av WU A6you WU Tl;lOQVtciVO Ml'tQ06vO wrtxu
rnLcni; l'toM a:rc6 w 0"6:7tav ou HQ{txi..Enou, 1tctQ6: m
l'tOU.6: OT)t:La EJtactir]c;. 0 ExAEKtlK6; 0t:OKEVtQl06; tOU
Im1oii avrjxEl o' tvav x6oo bla>oQE't"lK6 a:rc6 tov x6oo
tou ~U.11va otox.aan].
0 Jacob Boehme, 6a0U; bl.CIM:xnK6; otoXacm'lc;, mtE$ntal tvav ok6tEA.a. T]QaxAEmK6 tQ61to l'tw; 6A.a. yEVVlOUvtal TI'] m}yxQOUOT) ... Ecj>6oov 0 0E6; Eivm T] V6TI']ta ni; qiornci; xal t0u ox&rou;, ni; OQyrj; xal ni; ayO.mi;, t0u xaA.oU xal tou KaKOil. Qot6oo, bE a; aqirjvEt
va to auvbtoout: rutru0Ela; t: tov HQcixi..EltO.
0 Montaigne ava$EQE't"Ul Kl aut6; QT]ci otov HQx~.n
rn, Kl iva KE$cli..mo twv .dmuWv aaxo1Eltm to Ht11n
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H 11/\0IO<t>IA
llE('i
"117/J())C(1frOV Km
293
H(1d:dnrov. rvWgtO 6wi; tov
aATJ0tv6 HQ<l:xA.nto; A116d::llOt1.E. To m0av6ngo Elvm

JIWi; o HeO:xA.tnoi; n:ov n:gbtEL va yvWgLOE o Montaigne
ELvm tvai; HQ<l:xA.trtoi; .E .tya:A.Tj b6m] O'tWLxto.o\J KOL
ExMILxwEvoi;. Au"t6 n:ou xuglwi; 6>.t:n:n o boxL1oyQ<l:4><1i;, ELvm tva tlatvo n:g6own:o q,1A.oo6cpov, xm nogo\J.E va n:o\JE 6n mv foa$\JyEL TJ aATj0Lvf) xm "tgcty1xfi
Tjgctxl.Emxf) oxbpfj TJ acrt6:0ta, o tlovL06i;, OL allayii;
nou ntgLygO:q,EL E(vm 6aoLx6: '\jlUXoAoyLKti; ngayanx6nini; n:ov auU.a66:vovtm a:rc6 La am:oauvtit"iTJOlJ noA.\J
O't(l)tXT'J, OXElttLXT') XL EXAumxfJ.
Av o Montaigne a:rcoaxg\JvE"tat wt' "tOV Hg6:xl.tW
E!;atdai; WU (flLOU "tOtl WU O't(l)LXLO.D\J, 0 Ilacool). - n:ag'
6l.TJ wu TI] bvvaLxf) XllL "tgay1xfi a:rcoonaoanxf) bl.O.A.Exnxfi nii; oMni"tai; - Otv "tOV avmWvtt 00"t am:6i;, xm
YL' am:6 4ttaiEL o xe1crttavL06i; wu. l:vxvO: "tOV(OTTJXE TJ
avyytvELa wv HgO:ilit"tou w l:mv6l;a wt6 ExE(voui;
J[Otl 6"tav ti..o\Jv "t6ao yLa "tOV tva 6ao KOL yta "tOV 6JJ..o
XQT\OL.DJIOtoiiv wui; 6govi;: avnx1.Vut6i; L0EaAto6i;,
ov106i;, n:av0L06i;. 'Owi;, auw( OL 6got, 6got axol.acrttxo(, Uitx1crta ai; 00Tj0o\Jv va xa"taM:t:iovt: niv aATj0Lvr') "tav"tOnj"ta nii; xa016:i; wt' autti; ni; Mo ox~tti;,
JIOV xovv xm OL Mo "t6ao 6a0L6: ava:rcroytvl] niv ala9TjOlJ nii; xoaLxf)i; oMYrr}"tai;, av xm TJ 01tLvol;1xfJ $tA.oaoq,la
OEV E(vaL La oxbjni wu V ylyvt:o0m tivm.
0 Xtyxtl Elvm o n:Q<il"toi; nou avaKaAi.lITTEL niv aATj0tvr')
OJIOU0at6'tT)"ta nii; 1tQOO'WXganxf)i; ytvui oxbpl]i;, XOL
101a("tQa "tou HQ<l:ilinou. To uq,O:l.aLO yta "tov H(1ci
Wiro ma Ma81Jara ncivw anrv iurO(J(a '"1f;" iJ.oaaq,tar;;"tov Xtyxtl, Et"6: ni ovoygaq,La wv Schleiennacher (Herac/eitos, Berlin, 1807), wtonA.( niv ngayanxf) tvae!;-TJ
nii; aul;fJniOTJi;. 0 Hg6:xl.Lroi; 0twgti"tm o bTjLOvgy6i;
mi; fo.aUxnxf)i; q,LAoaoq,lai; n:ou TI] oxttpTJ auU.a66:vEt ro axa"tWtavcrto yLyvro0m nii; oMni"tai; TJ aQVTjn
x6'tT)"ta tivm w x(vq"tgo "tOV y(yvto0m xm TJ aAT')0La rou
a:rc6Aurou XQL "tOtl Wl:ELQOV a:rcoxal.UITTovtQL 'tT)V VOnj"ta "twv avn0tt:wv. 0 Xtyxd e(vm aocpal.Wi; TJeaxl.L"tot6i;
mcxaonli;, elvm 6wi; "tho1oi; Jt1bf) tivm o t"ilJtOt1QY6<;
294
KQl:TAl: AE:EAOl:
bu1.T)i; wu <11l1ooo'Lai;, 'l onola aulla6Uvn TI)V xoQla nii; /6fo~ neoi; Tr] 4Jt'.i017 xm nrv IarO('la rov nveVaTO~ ' Evav 't{l6Jto nou bev JtOQOilO'E va r.(vm Qbnoi;
tOU He6.ilirtou. Evmfrrou;, 0 xYXtlwv6i; ).6yoi; SavaTr]i;
Jtuivu auvELfu]tCt 'tO bLMoyo t tov 1JQCIXAfuu1.6 ).Oyo.

O Ferdinand Lassalle, nO:vw crta xvela tou t'iaox6l.ou
tou allQ nol:U i..Ly6i:EQO Lbwiul]i; wt6 xelvov xal noi.:U
'l.UaQOi;. El'UXElQEL va bcOOtl La nx6va Tr]\:; xYXtlLaviji;
0t<JJJ<; o' 6i..TJ Tr]<; niv b1:ta<JJJ xal o' 6i.o Tr]i; 1:0 ni..liroi;,
UJtQ0Ea"tl~OVTai;. I-wv He6.xAELto a<!ILEQcilvEL ta n()O:crna ovoyea'la Jtou O'tllel~m ncivw oE La r.ueu00La
wi; XQO<; "tu; aex'.J.lti; aeruelEi;. O HQKi..umi; 0WQhat
oav au-Wi; nou CJJJQbE\l'E t w adya wu Tr] Ta6anxfi
crnyfi cut6 tTJV LWVLxi) qnAoooqila tr)<; .Z.il<JJJ<; crtTJV avaSa-
y6ena 0Ewela 'tou Nov xm auvbttL -wv HeCtxAnto wtU0Elm; t -wv AvaSlavt'ieo. To oucnWt'iti; atov HQO:xknw,
yeCupr.t XL rnavcU..a6civu axatcut6vT)ta o Lassalle, elvm
6n ' am:&v O'\Jll.aMvnm YlCl nQ<Oni <!>oeCt 'I wmxi) aexri tl]<; lbfo<; tl]<; a<1111Q1'1vr]<; axtwTJ<; YEVlxO, Xl aun] 11
aQXii Elvm 'I EV&n}ta trov avnatrwv oav blabLxaola. Aunl TJ blClblxaoLa - to yiyvECJ0m, 11xl'VT)Ol),11 ae'VT)nx6nita - be O'\Jll.a6Ctvnm CJE xalCt neelmwOl), E ni 6o~0ELa ni<; avwtctQCtCJ"taOl)<; (Vorstel/ug) oav a~1.ayt),
oav tvvolCl (Begriff). H 4Xi1nCt, o xQ&voi;, to n01:CtL xm
o n6i..eoi; a.noxai..6:rrtouv 6i..a aun] tl]'Y EV&n}ta mu Elval
xm tou JJ Elvm Xl a.nottl.oilv nx6vei; tl]<; axElPTJ<; nou EX4'~n lCl rn:onx~ nollwti..&tT)ta, la oi..6nita. 0 xaQO.xn]eai; aun]i; tl]<; i$1li..ooo'iai; elvm auCJ'tT)(Hi avtLXElE"Ylx6i;, TJ <!lli..oooqiia ym nQ<Oni <j>oeQ. a.noui..El Eva nQO.yanx6 cnicrtT)a. H avtlXElE"YlXi) blai...Exnxi) xOVEL tl]V Eq,Ctvun] tl]<; 6vo E tov HQOxi..uto, ylClt( o' aut6v 1:0 LblO
to avtlXdEVO CJlNlcrtO: aun] tl] bmbutaoLa 6nou ta avti0na - nou dvm nCtvtou tatrt60l)a - Eexovtal 1:0 Eva
avtq1trwno E to 6V..o (8).
0 MaeS. nou bEV a.nooa4>i)vu:re tl] axEOTJ tl]<; blXi)<; tot
bmi..Exnx~i; E tl] blai...Exnxi) mu HQO:xi..nmu, ygfupEl niv
ITJ ~roeouaelou 1858 CJ"tov Evyxeiu;, yL' aut6 to 6l6Alo,
nwi; o Lassalle xeocm00T]oE, ~lvn:al, va Sexa0aeLon
au.a
0 HPAK/\EITOI KAI H 4>1/\0I04>1A
295
yta tov eaut6 tou tTJV xeyxtltavtj Aoytxfi e<J>ae6~avt6.o;

tl)V crtov He6:xi..Etto xm 6ev XO'UQlttnm xa06Aou va ;avwn6:vet 01.1Vqilio; Cllt' tTJV aexfi aun] tTJ 6lCl6txaoia. EvtoUtOLo;, 6ev xQ6a0eoe tixota 't'O ouolClcrttx6: xmvoUQYl.O
o' an6: 1tO'U t'Mye o XfyxeA yta 't'OV He6:xA.no CJTIJ 6txfi
tou Iaroeia t7Jt; lfliJ.oooqiiar; (9). H xemxfi aun] xet
to v6t)Ct tT]i;;, ytati arov Up6Aoyo tTJli 6rimQ11o; yeeavtxfii;; Ex6omii;; tO'U Keq,&atov o Mae; yelt<f>L: H 6txfi .ou
6taA.xnxfi .t000oo; 6xt 6vo 6tacptQt CJTIJ 66:mi tT]i;; wc6
tT] XYXtltaviJ, a}.).{t elvm xm to axet6Wo; avtl0t6 tT]o;.
flCl to XtyxeA, '1 xl"'IOTJ tT]o; oxbjnio;, :rtou tTJV 1tQOow:rtoxotel Clltoxai..Wvtai;; tT]V t.6fo, elvm '1 fu}tOUQY6o; tT]o;
1tQayanx6tT]tao;, '1 oxo~a Oev elvm illo wc6 tT] qxuvoevtxfi .oQ4nl KlVT]i;; tT]i;; tOfoo;. fl.Cl tva, avtl0ta, '1 xlVT]OTJ tT]i;; oxEivTJo; 6ev dvm xae6: Ti avtavcbtA.ctmi tTJS
xeayanxfii;; xiVT]OT)i;; 1t0u xet "taq>ee0el xm 't'ClltOtfl0L foa crto uaM tO'U av0eWxou" (10). MeA.nWvtai;; tT]V
X[VT]OT) 't'OU ;(('rja'fOt; rj f7JV "V~{a 'fW\I 1t(>Ot6vrWV,
crto JtQWto 6t6Alo tO'U Ke6AatOU, 1tQOXttvou va el;et
it>wo; CJTIJ OlClOtxaola :rtou 0tA.t v' avai..UoL - tTJ "tatQOm1 tOU 1tQOi:6vtoo; 0 xQl\a xm tT] "ta't'QOm} ;av6: tO'U
xQiiawi;; oe 1tQOi6v - o Mae; ava<J>tgnm QTJ't6: crto TteaxA.mx6 Cllt6o:rtaoa :rtou J..6:et ym ni;; avtallayto; tT]o;
41wn6:i;; Ol 01toleo; .ot6:touv no; avtaUayto; 1tou ylvovtm av6:eoa crto xeuolt<J>t xm crta 1tQOt6vta ( 11). neayan, to wc6cm:aoa 90 ai;; Un 1tW(; ta 1t6:vta avtai..Mooavtm e tTJ ipoon6: Xt '1 cpwn6: e 'ta 7t6:vta, 67twi;;
axet6Wi;; ta 1tQ6:yaa e w xeuoltcpt xm o xeuo6:'t e
"ta 1tQ6:ya"ta. 0 Mae; 6wi;; Oe ao; Abt tixota 1tQtoo6tQO yta tT]V lOta tT] oxf:"'1J 't'O'U HQ<ixAn01J, evW acptEQWO tTJ Ot.6axwetxl\ OU OtatQt6fi CJTIJ ~1mf>oeci f7Jt; tf>t}.orutf>iar; T'l'lt; f/rUITT/r; arav ~'lO"('tto
tov &i"oveo
o f1QaxM:tnx6i;; UAto.6o;, 't'OV 0:11:0[0 1tQ066::lln, Ollvavti.hm tT] Otxfi 't'OU Olxovotxfi xm uAtcrttxi'J 0ewela
tT]o; 1tQO.x'tlxi'Jo;, eeyanxfio; xm :rtaeaywytxfio; 6eaCJTIJQt.6tT]ai; tWV lO'tOQtXWv av0eWxwv 1tOU fu}tOUQYOUv 6Aa ta
1tQ6:yaa tT] 6ouA.t6:, xm Oe ai; EJntQbct va J..fiooue yta m OVtoAoytx6: uAtcrttxi'J QTjvtla TI]<; TjQaxAn-
"at
296
KQITA:E A:EEAO:E
tunj;: oxto/I];: (m'.i(j>wva JU tTJV orco(a 'I VA'! ea fitav 'I ouo(a wv x6oou)(l2).
0 Afvtv, an:' tTJ t:gui tou, 0EWQE( wv Hg6.xi..LTO na-
tEga TOU buxAEx-nxoU uhooU xat TO arc6onaoa 30 auT6 tov x6ao oUu: xavEl; 06; oiru: xavva; 6.v0QWnoi; tov titl.Cl!;E, all' frmv mivta xm e(vm xm 0a Eivm
mWvta 1urn6., nou av6.6n e l:tQO xm a6t]vn treo,.
- w 6llrm oav m Jtol..U xaAfi naeouolami -cwv aexWv
TOU
bl.ClMKtutoU ui..L.OoU (13). TTJV Wtoo/I] aun]
Tl')V 1tQ0-
0'\.11CoyQltin xm o Inli..Lv naga0hovmi; tTJ ieltaTJ crun]

tou AivLv OTl'I" Icrrop{a mv xoouvtonxoti (JroM1E6txt-
xoV) x6aro~ nu; E.I.I.t.., O'tO XEcj>6.i..cuo 1COU a'LEQWvu O'tO bl.Cli..EKtut6 ui..Lo6 xm O'tOV L<TCOQUt6 uAto6, ltOU
e(vm " YVtXfi 0Ewg(a TOU ag!;l.crnxoU-AVWUJ"UXOU
x6ato;: (14)
Ot cJJ,J..ot ael;tm:t;. orcaOO( wu tm.OTl'jOVutoU fi wv

Exxubmofvou ugl;too\!, oMrvCrn E!;axoA.oueoUv va
rraga.rctrcouv Ol"OV Hg6.xAf:tl"O Xat O'tO XtyxEA, bev TCQOxWQ'IOav xa~ noA\1 ngo; 'tflV xan\10uvO'fJ 'tfl; xa'taV6flO'I);
xa~ 'tfl; EltlXatQOTCO(flaT]; 'tfl; 'IQaxi..emxij; oxtinl;. K~
au't6 y~a't[ o Hg6.xAnw; bev !;exwg(~El xa06Aou Til ""tvnl
arc6 TTJV V.l.11 Xl hot bev e(vm oU'tE ~bealunij; oU"tE uAtOTI]; oxt<j>'tE'tat 'tO mJVOAtx6 x6o.o TCOU a<j>' EauwU 'tOU
cruvrn6.yE'tm i:o A6yo 'tOU mJ:n:avnxoU y(yvea0m. 'OAe;
Ol XOlVOJVtoAoytxi; EQflVE(E; Til; oxtinl; 'tOU Hg6.xAf:t'tOU
(nou bev btarunW0'1xav, 6.llwcrte, nod e oa4"1vna) nagatvow rntigou; EQ'lvde; ytm( bev $'t6.vouv OTI} 0-Uvoi..'I oxtinl, ta oxt1.jn] nou e(vat ao<j>ai..W; beivr] e TTJV
tm:ogla wu xatgoU 'tOU. 'Dao yta 'tflV tbeoAoytxfj xgmxij
wu AoUxaT; yta 'tOV Hg6.tlEno, arc' Til mconui 'tOV 11'(!0
).aaptcirov, OTI} e).En) 'tOU flpayarono{'laTJ xat OVVE(
briaTJ rov npoAETaptUrov nou TCEgtAa66.vE'tat m:o 6t6i..(o
'tOU fcnol'ia xat ra5ix1j avvd611"'1 (15), 'I xgmxij au'n't
arcoxai..UmEl ta CJXEMv nAijQ'l TCagE!;fiY'IO'IJ Til; 'IQCIXAElnxr); oxt1.jn]; TCOU mJIJ..a.66.vE~ 'tflV EV6nt'ta 'tOU dvm XQl
mu ylyveo0at. To va liEl xavel; 6n m:o xWgo 'tOU HgcixAnwu, 1tou elvm xWeo; TT); 0ewela; xm TT); aQ>'le'li''TJ; OX\pf1;, 'ta <j>atV6Va bla'tflgo\lvtat QXlVYJt01tOlfli
297
va xm :rteayato:rtou1tva xm :rtw; to Lbw to y(yvo6m

naeatvu m auO:UaxtTJ ovola, EJtELbft o He6.xAEno;
b'\I ;coQOVoE va cruU0:6EL 1JALCJ'TL)(6. KaL llQaKtLX6. to KOL\IWVLX6 lvm t01J XaLQOU t01J XaL to y(yvo9at tTJr; LCJ'TOQl.ar;. Eivm xO:n l't01J [xEL va K6.VEL tTJV LCJ'TOQl.a tTJ; LbEO
Aoyla; KL 6):L E tTI" taroela ni; oxt"VTI;, :rto1.1, btatPoenLx6., 6a 'llQEllE \IQ Elvm mo LCJ'TOQtxft KQL l'ILO CJ'tO;(QCJ'TL)(ft.
OL CJTO;(aart; KaL m :rtoALttKO( bE\I fttav m 6voL l'I01J
arecl4>TJxav neo; tov Heclxf..Etto. To lbto EKavav, KaL 0.Mara m(ova, xm OL 1tOU]ti;. T']V lbta moXft to Xtyxcl. - 1t01J bftAwVE :rtw; fttav 41t.A60D1Po; tr); Waltanschaung tov rxa(tE - o fKaitE !;avwttclvu to bui>..oyo E mv;
:rteoowxeanKoV;. 0 6.v6ewno; ni; BalO.eTJ;, 1tQOona6Wvm; nO:vta va wto$iiyEL to bui:a6 :rtou avtt6tu tr)V
unteOaOlJ tov 1t\IEUato; Km niv EVU:rtaeStJ ni; UAT);, b(vn :rtQ6.yan OQLCJtvov; a4>oetooU; tov bE(yata
xCutom; ExAExnxft; cruyyE-vELa; E tov He6.xf..Etto. Km
bE 6a xoAv.m')oEL; )'LQ bEiitEQ'l 4>oe6. CJ'TO lb LO :rtotO:t ...
To 'Eva EivaL El't(Ol); )(QL ta navta .. 'Ok']'] tQa)'LK6tr)ta
otl'JeLtEtm oE La a!;mteaotl'J avti4>ao'l .. H ta1.1t6tTJta
xL 'l bmq>oe6. a; bivovtm taut6xeova ... K0:6 A.tStJ nou
1tQO$EQftaL llQOxili( to avtl6n6 tr);... To cru;cavttK6
xaL to LbtahEQO cru;cUrtow to lhLa(tEQO Elvm to cru;cavttK6 l'I01J E4>avil;n:aL 1J:rt6 btacj>c>QftLKE; auv9ftxE; ...
To lbw o1.1 to 6eaa E(vm ta oxti.jiTJ KL 'l mtE'i"l ov tva
6eaa" (16).
0 XEAvtEQAtv KaL o No66J..L; - 6nw; o Xfy>l.EA KL o
fxahE - obUouv KL avto( llQOr; n; T)QaKAmx; l'tltyir;;
Ax6a xm aro Oa66 m>V tEivow :rtQO; avd;, bE a; El'tLtebtouv van; auvbfoouE 6.Eoa tov HQ6.KA.Etto BtOma, T) m>iTJaft tour; Elvm teayLxft, EllLXELQE( va \laQovloEt ta avtl6na KaL uvE( tr) .y6J..'] m'.ryxQOVOlJ. Bf
6ma, !;teow nw; 'l 6E6tr)ta ix.EL E;cActKEl aro y(yvEo9m
tou K6aov Km ta O:na tov; !;teow va xottO:tow ta
nmx;vlbta tWV $wtOOXL6.0EWV. 0 1tOL']tLK6; tov; A6yo;
o~,m; allottiwEL OE )'6.Ao 6a66 tov avtlAaAo tTJ; TJeaxkELnxft; 4>llM"];.
TTJ" lbLa allo(wOlJ avtoU tov avtLA.a>..ou neoxaA.Ei
298
KOl:TAl: AEEAOl:
TI] OElQCr. 't01J xl tva<; n:Olf}n]<; xa0aQ& ovttgvoc;;, o AvtQE

Mn:QEt6v a'oil n:QOcm6.0r)m va crovbE0El .E wv HQCcXil.ElTO, 'tO Xtyxd, 'tOV<; )'EQavoilc;; QOavtuwilc;; xm 'tO
cl>Q6vvt. AvaX'lQilooEl 'tOV HQCcxi..El'tO n:Q<il'to vn:EQQEOAlonj El;mdac;; TI]<; bulAExnxi)c;; wv xm n:QW'to n:Q60QOIW
'tOV ailQ01J Xl0il1WQ (17). 'Otav 'l oxbpl] 't01J HQ&ilil'tO\l
n:EQV6.El ClJt6 'thOlOV<; bQ6ovc;;, an:oxalilmftal 'l Maari
TI]<; iroiqmoj!:' a"nvoOO.l.ia!:' TI]<;, bfV xaa4>tgvouv 6wc;;
6Acn va n:Eloto6v )'lQ TI]V ali)0ua, ax6a xm )'t.a TI] vol6TI]'ta, blEXblxi)oEWV oav avn] 'tOV Mn:Qft6v c). H
bt.a0AaotvJJ n:Olfl'tlXl) axnvo5oA(a 'tOV 'lQaxi..E:mxoU A6)'01J Exfu)AllwE'tCll oto tQYO Xl 6.llwv airrxeovwv n:Olfl'tllw,
:rt()1J e:n:avtQXOvtOl cnJVElfui'tCc Xl EOXEtva OE OQlotva
'lQClxi..El'tlX6. 0ta"ta: o' av'toil 'tOV Elllovc;; TI]V fVtQ)'ElO
n:Q06a(vovv, A6yov XCcQ'fl, o T.:E. 'EMO"t Xl o PfVt IaQ ().
0 PEVt IaQ 61..Lota cj>'t6.VEl wg.'to arido va yQllVEL: 0
(') 0 IQQl{>. 0106vopg 1ou oelloloyl<Jl40i>K(ll1'1<;'1{>006wi1><6n)10<;, K(l'nfYOQl!i 1ou; UltfQQrn).i.art.; 611 /1avocjlfoouv lllcrvttytJ0""1WV11tU...0 pi>6o 1011 H(l(uU.ntou ai>pcjlwvo P WV oltOioT) twfJ yEVYlha1wt'1olkiv<rto
(Ou' es1.o= la liuera11.1re? 010 Si111a1ions II. Galllmard, 1948, o 228)
(")Bl xueiruo; tou TI 'EMo-1, Four Ouanc/S, London, 8TJ bib 1950. 0
Pevt If;l(lom~hm 'l{><l>WimxO<; I' omls6iu<;1sl1f(ILOXt.; dvo1

1t6{><! rtolU bOOxo).o va xafloeunoUv m bropo( mryyMw<; H ulxl'l"'I
1tou 11ei.txn 10 rroiTJpo Absenl W1"ru&iovna1 01ov grand demcurant p{pl:o:.Jo\;:
Avt6';: o 6{cu~ abd.4i&; 1tou o ).Oyo<; 1ou 6plll\; frTtrY o{you{>O<;, abl.4>oo;
><OQU{>Lxli<; OlTJ 9ooio. b101.1Ctv11 xa1 Min:eor;. EU01~ ,., uixoueor;. 0'1x&rov 0'10 Ktvreo 6.1.uw 1\LIV 1tf;l(lfl;trri\(1WV oav tvo e~ow6bEV1po ptoo
0'10 CIOll1.14'11.iwto XQ60 I1o 9T]{>u>tQO>do 1WV 1"EjW.lWV ltOU 1ov 6aoQ.,.l;r
Ptou;XIM).ou<;K(l11ou;n>tjK(rvt<;tou,avitiaoo1'1{>0i)';ll10011ouxtn01<?Y ptoo 0'10 xQOvo E{>x61av VCI OCI<; !Sen Wl'6 povo1tG1w o6e<na. lTJV
ltOQcjlu{>bw 164'1 ntVOOl>O[, bt (1(1<; crY11j.LrJ.oOO[, ~~EQ[ VCI XCIJIO"/EM oltlll\; '1 pi).woa. cjlrVyf:L =to lllEOLML y<Cl va 111t~n O'COV ><aert61tou iV(IL
>u61.o; i.wl>po;. 01 yuvaiX<; u11o6am:al;av xll>QI'; va 10 11QObo'vouv to rta~o (IU10U WU lll{>OOWilou. ltOU bev dx XaQCIXtl)OIO'ClxG Oj.Lfi(IOIJ
n{>OOJtGEttJoa va oo<; l'IEQYi.Xi.1""' ou16 1ov awl;Q).i~ ai>viXvo rtou t.LEeixoi Wl'6 po; 1ov txouv <J11Vava01{>Clcjlfi 8a. X01.p11llo6tu P 1JtV W.100.
eo XOl.llTJlloUtu P niv Wl'ouo!a tou, acjloU '1 }.oy!.1<~ bev "1l00t'"'-1;n:a1 11
eiva1 om6 rtou, ou1t6l.o1a, =o>l<W:i wrouoio, xai:t)'.!1 nrv 1<0,U~o pt;
0'1'!)V M'mfta... (Sc11/s dcmcuninl, Gallimard, 1945, o 34) 0 Jean Bollack
bEiXVfL 11111\; 61al<{liV1 11' T]{>Q>Wi1t1><q lfVoiJ 0'10V Saini John Pen;c B). tn
l(>9po 1ou En/' an de pail/e, Arguments, No 19. 1960
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H CZllAOIOCZllA
29'1
HQCiilino; tovil;u tT)V cv8ovma0tLxl] cn'il;'U!;IJ twv avtt9itwv. :EtT)V 1tOL1JOTJ, tT) CJtLyl] tT)!; ouyxWVf"UOTJ!; tWV avtt9itwv avtWv, O"U6alvu va !;rngo66:il.u Eva!; XOLV6;
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a6Uoowv xov IK t6oo avulvmx6 tg<'>xo otJxWvovv to
xolf)a. Elvm bovM:ul t0\11tOL1Jn) va bWou tva ti:Ao!; a'
a"Ut6 tov xlvbvvo xgoxaAWvta!; tT)V rnt6aOTJ Elu OOo;
xaQO.bomaxoU CJtOLXEi<l'U IK boxLaovri l..oyLxl] fit tT)o;
lwnll;, La!; blJLO'UQYlao; t6oo 9av6.mao;, lixnf va E!;aM:l'IJ'EL tT) bLabgol] wt6 to a(no Oto wrotE;\foa. T6tE o
xOLIJn)o; JtOQEl va bu ta avtrneta - avtio; no; O"UVrnio;
xm Boev&OOuo; oq,9aAwt6.to; - va $t6.vo"UV Oto ttea
tavo; iu: axQi6ua, tTJV e:vuxO.exovoa YEVL6. tovo; va 1t(KXJW
Jf01tOtirm, a<j>oU xo(IJOTJ XL W.1]9w, 6xwo; l;ieovE, Elvm
ouvWvuiu:; (Seuls demeurant, a. 74-74).
ME to bLx6 tT)o;, tg61to, 9i;\n XL IJ l;wyea1Lxl] va !;ava6Qi tTJ oQ41 t0\1 HQ6.XAfLt0\1 xm tTJ oxi'l"J tou xov ELvm bf)LOUQY6o; nx6vwv. 0 Andre Masson l;wyQO.q>ll;u to
1tot6.L xm 4>avtaottxio; 1tQOOW1toyQaliEo; tov Eq>iowu,
XL o Albert Aocon n6.EL to 1KY6.lo oeaatLcml iu: no;
yxQ0.6oUQEo; tou xm tL!; ~i..oyQO.'iEo; tov ("). Ax6a XL o
XL\'Tlc1toyQ6:ct>o<; 90.IJOE v' avtwtOXQL9E( oto xilioa tOU
HQlliliLtou. 'Evao; 1tQWt01tOQLax6o; ollavMo; XL\'TlcltO
YQO.'lO'tl]o;, o Bern Haanstra, ilual;E m tmvla LxgoU
l]xovo; IK tov tltAo Td: xd:na (!i (1952), 6n:ov 6i..btoviu:
bL6.<j>oQEo; cpumxto; 4H)Qiu:o; va yQCl<j>o'UV xUxAouo; xm va xa8QE$tll;0vtm oto VEQ6(18).
dUo wt6 tovo; on:ovbm.6ugovo; avtuto.Aovo; tov Xtyxd,
o K(Qxeyxwe xL o NlrnE, n:iQO.oav xL avtol OtlJ axoAl] tou
(') 0 And~ Masson l;""f{HiqlUJE ~To flor0,.1 Hpaxlf<rO? lll IWW~ 4>0v1ac:n:111.t~ llQOOll>IWYe<I4'it~ - ot' oooai.a,. xaecu<nx6 111 o~ axt6w 10\1 E4'folOU. 0 Alben Flocon x.:ieai;t OE tta)J..o TI] 4'Q6;11t) fl~a (!("<
(chakographic du Louvre). 111 txavE rroW~ l;ul.oyea4'iE~ Bl. Ta <L"TO
omiap(ITU TOU HW1rov rov E'/Jiowv, ot IUl{N)Uaia11t1 >1<.u n:O.<i'(lam}
10\1 Kiiicna Al;U.OU lll Ell!OVOY"'4''ltvo. .E l;ul.oyea4'(E~ to\I Alben Flo
con. Pans. 1958
KQIT AI AE:EAOI
JOO
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Hg6.x1ntot1, av xm OTTJV xaQbt6. nii; btaMxnxiJi; xi-
Vll<JTJS TOJto0nEI'. TI]'Y tl1taQ/;LaxiJ UVflOVXla.. ME to ytyov6i;
avt6, 1] btaAtxnxij 4>1lQ'tl~m . 01.IYKQOiiOELt; XL aywvla,

xm l') XQOVLx6njTa xa[QVEl TIJ oQCPi) TIJS uxagl;taxi)i; mavO.AT]\j.IT]i;. H mJv0Ecn] wv XQOVnmV XO.L wv mWvwu ylvE-
'tm :rcgayanx6. xm 6ul>vnm
OTIJV 'tWQLvT)
cruyir yLa"CL
w mWvto tlvm :rcaQOv, xm 11 onyi) brv tlvm tva Cttoo

wv xQOvou all.a tva 6.too nii; mwvt.6tT)tm;, OTTJV mrola
OTTJQl!;E-rm x0:0E lnilixnxi). Dcrt6oo, o K(QXE')'X(.IJQ xaQa.tvn
tva XQLO'tmvut6 xm 0Q1]0XEU'tlX6 1tVEVa, tvai; E/;E-
QEVVT)ri)i; TWV 'JO'tlxci>V TIJS lJ1tOXEqwm1.6tT)tat; xm 0Al6ttm nou o alri0tv6i; XQLO"tLavto6i; wtououi~EL cut6 TIJV
urtoQia t-cm tvn xol:U axgul cut' tT)V xootxi) btaAE-
XTnni 't"Otl HQO:xAEltotl.

0 Io:rcevx6.ovqi, avtl0na, brv embi.Wxn va <1Uvbt0EL ~
wv HgO:xAtrto illot av0.a6av va ai; cutoOEi!;ouv nwi;
ux6.gxn avnl 11 axcni. 0 G. Mayer, crto mJvtoo YQcut""C6
wv .Ewv""Chl.o Heti'XAn-roq"aiIOJt"evxtiovEf1(l9), 00.11ot v' wcobtl!;tt to xmv6 xov txovv m (tlaYXoAtxts)

tbto<royxQaolE~ tov~ xm m ( wcmat6bo!;ES) 0EwQ(E~ wvs.
JtQOOJta0Wvta~ va !;ruyaQlliaEt tXVTlt6., E ta ytcj>vQa,
ns Mo avtl0l:E~ 6x0ES WV JtOtaoU. 0 HQ6.xAEttOS Xl 0
l:OJtVX6.0VQ be:v arilvovtm EiixoAa va tov~ crocj>ilu.iloovv. xt avt6 ymt( wc6 tov ~xo TIJS >wvtis wvs bt 6yalvtt ri lbta ovmx~. 0 naxavnav6s mmto6s bt crovavtthm TIJV tQayuWTI)ta tov JtQO-OOcj>tariJ' ta (bm
6Qyava bt bT]mvQYoiiv avayxacrttx6. TIJV lbta aQovia .
.. Mta croitiwvia tov Mxn66e:v as wcoxal..Uxttt ta
vxiQOXT) t6.1;r} xiaw cut6 TIJ cj>mvoVtX~ ata!;ia otO:!;tt
' tva avtaotvo ayWva xov, afow~ crO:, ttQatl!;nm
ta 6oQ$1] <roYXOQb(a avt6 Elvm to rerum concordia
discors, m mariJ Xl oAoxAriQWfvri Etx6va TIJS ovoias avwii WV x6a.ov 1tOV xvAO:El foa O'tO xWQO XWQi~ 6taaiiVl]
xm XWQlS avcircavari, toa OE ta cutEQlYQcutTIJ avataQnxii avaQLaT)TWV oQcj>Wv, JtOV axaTcircavcrta x6.vovtm
ouv m6s. yQ6.cj>n o l:om:vxO:ovEQ crto 0 "6aoq aav
Roi'A1101/ "a' oav f1acrra07j. EvW 6ws yta TOV tva o
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H 'l>IAOl:O'l>IA
301
x6ooi; eivm XQl6Wi; xOooi; TI)S OoUAl')crJ}S xm nii; naeCtotacrrii;, yl tov 6:llov o xOo.oi; (COSMOS) eLvm aut6
JtOU :rtQl6<lilel 6Aa ta ialV6Va xweii; va e!;leei xavtva. 0 aexmx6i; GtoXon'ii; OlXT)QUooel 6tL 6Aa avanaUovtm alJ..6.l;ovtai;, evW o WJ..oi; Oev j.UtOQd va JtOOiou tov eaut6 tou va elvm o oeaAiatai; TI'IS aviai; x1
aut6i; MU ou6ouArilL TI)V 1]9lxtj tOU olxtOU.
0 Nltoe, nou e :rt0:9oi; wtO:itlQ0:9')xe va mryxwvtiioE1
o' tva oeyavLx6 6Ao tov HeO:xi..eLtO, TI)V teaywOla, to :EonevxO:ouee xaL t0 BCtyxvee an:f:ruxe o' aun)v TI) eyaAELWOT) 1ClXlQTlcrri. eewee( tov HecixAEnO tvav wt' toui;
:JtQO:rtcitoeti; tOU xm tOU cfllEQWVEL t!;oXES oU..lOei; ma 6L6Aia nou iyempe ym TI)v e>J..l')vutt') teayoobLa xcu i1Aoooila. 01 i1AoAoy1xti; xctL iV.oooilxEi; EQl]velei; tou, xa0Wi; xm 01 6:llei; 01 airniemxti;. naeatvauv nO:vta EyaAoiueli; XQL !;exe1All;ouv wt6 VEVlXtj oeTj. 0 Zaeat0Uatea, i)ewai; xm ieetiwv6 tou, ouxvO: naxuell;etm
l'JeaxAeLt1x6. cn.J6oAa, e TI) 6vt) 6wi; xefolI') 0Laioe
nwi; o v1toei:x6i; 6.v9QW:rtoi;, oxotWvovtai; to 0e6 ti 0LaXl')eU000vtai; n:wi; o 0e6i; dval vexe6i;, 00..u va ylvn unee0:v9QW1t0i;, VW o 0:v9ewnoi; tau HeO:xAmou iuAciyetm
yla va l')v n:eoXweflou oe uOelotlxti; neCr.!;ui; nou 0a n:aeaOlal;av to QU96 tOU x6o.ou. 0 n:OlT)n)i; xm atoxa<mji;
nis avaxUxAl'JcrriS tou lOwu oeaatll;nm m xux11xi)
XL TCavaA11xnxtj xooLxtj 01aOlxaola xctL ouvMEl aut6
to 6eaa i; xdvo nis OLaJ.extlxi}i; tau axatCmaumou ylyvea8m VW Owi; o n:eoiflnli; tou euewn:ai:xoU VlXV.LooU ouU.a60:veL to MT)Otv, o HecixAenoi; !;teu On neeltxnm o LOLoi; foa mo 'OAo.
H 'IJ'uxavtu..ucrri i.utoeel mo 0e6o TI'IS v' avtaWoEl tov
HeO.xAeno; 0 lOwi; o ct>e6uvt Oev tme\lle ni; tenivei; xm
ni; eel')velei; tou neoi; niv xattii9uvcrri tau neWtou e!;eQEUVl'JTti twv Ou0cfiv TI'IS 'lpuxfii; JtOQOUe, wot6oo. va
xel'Joqw;i:ou]ooue t0 uALx6 TI'IS \IJUxavttAunxTji; E.n:neia;
- ;rou 11 u6006i; TI'IS elvm avayxaotLXci OmAfxnxTj r1u va xmaMiOoue xaAfrteea nr; 11eaxf.urnd; uxE1u::.
AxbI] xt av un:o0toauE n:wi; atrt6 noe.-i vu ri\'fL rivw
cnuealTI)TO va imloouE xa1 ta nhaiouc 11rmt tnet o:rniu
102
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tlvm bvvau'> va neayawnol'r10tl m ltaQ6om ava!;iJTT]OTJ. fmTl bV xout: va xCtvout: t m wti..fi EQtuVa
awlxfii; 'lj.lvxoAoylm;. l:Tov HeCtxAnw, 6vo ylCl xooLx6
'EQWl"a ylvnm Myoi;, yLa xELVT) 011Aabfi TI] au.n:avnxfi
tQW'TUtfi MvaI) xou t-ivuxWvn axOa xm m; tQWl"Lxti;
'TO.om; 'TWV av0Qiiil"IWV. 0 6.v0QWl"IOI,;, foa OTI]V 1tQ001tnxfi Tll!i 11eaxM:r-nxfii; mu'.''Ji;, xa06Aou bV cucm:tllmL
rut611Jv Ulla 11J lllxi'J
wv 'ljn.1xoAoyLxfi (1] ljlllXoowa:nxiJ)
vnoxtL.VLx611J"a, nou auU.a66.vn "OV taut6 TT]!,; iu TIJV

avTocruvd61]01]. ea 'neau:, Aout6v, va 1tQOO~ovE va UIJ
ilfiooui;: yLa 1tQ06oi..i) wv av0eW,nvou tQW't'LxoU Votl-
xwv oto xoout6 m(m:bo (*). To x6.0t n nou E"VWvn Ta

avtlana - w 'wi; xm ta mt6TT], TO onyv6 xm TO vye6.
wv fotvo xm TT]V EYQT)yoQOT), TT] !;w1] xm to 0Ctvaw, Tov
n6Ato xm TT]V ttefiVll. w aeoVut6 xm 9T]Aux6 - aVrjxn,
wt6 'tf)V lOi.a TT]V ovola tov, crro oi..ut6 yLyvto9m, crto
onoio tlvm Vtayivti; 6i..Ei; OL croyxotQlivti;; txfu)Mi.1oni;;. 6tv mt6.QXtL avtlQQlJCJll llwi;; nebtn va noUt auT6v nou ;rt6etot va cucoxW.U'ljm Tl] ox01:nvfi, l;o(j>tQT) Xl
aeVrJnxi) ni..wea TOU x6.0t n 1t0u ylvnm crtov x6oo XL
aq>oe<i Ctrna TlJV aveeWmVrJ -ivuxfi. i:ltv llQbtn 6wi;; t
xavtva 'fg6llo va noCtyout ni;; bLxti;; ai;; avaAunxii;; bLaxelotLi;; crrov xUxAo Tl]i;; ouvoALxi)i;; avtli..l]1t"Ji;; wu He6.xAfuou. Av ym ai;; to aveeW:rtLVO O'V, 1tOU wtottAElTm
cue' w oWa wu, Tl]V -ivuxfi wu xm 'fO nvwa TOU, avtlxtum cmi dlUcrri, tvW TauTQxeova cro"~gyCtttm al;l Tl]!;
xm l;n 'fO aAT]0lV6 TOU beCta foa cmiv lcrtOQLXT) XOLVWvla, ym TO\' HeCtxktlTO btv fxouv hOL 'fa ne6.yam. M6vo av l;tvavt6oUt TI] 6ouvoltAayui TI]!; lpUxoAoylai; neoi;;
'tl]V xa"ttii0uvcrri TI]!; av0eWJToAoriw; xm 11EQ<loout nO.,
lt6.vta avt6alvovmi;. wr' uuti) T'1 mpuig(l m11 mpalea TI]!;
tvwnxi)i; ox~i; (nou oui.f.uft6itvu btuhr.nY.(t TO x<i0t
n 110\.1 Elvm), 6vo T6tE :roeoiftt vu wtrn'll;mot!lE btxmomJVr] OTl]V tl;EQEUVl]TlY.1] ftqui.oqil'fu TOl' H1_1(tr.i.flTO\.I. H \jll'Z,rt\'fti..l1t1x1] xiVT)m] :rgt:rn \'(t oi"l1r:l1.u I OTO ?:l-
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303
;c[Qaoa 'tOU eau'to6 TT)r;, yLa va :rmQfot va ar; &n]6T)ot utl]V l'tgoon:6:6Ela :n:ou ut6xor; nir; eivm La !;wvravfi
xat 'tWQlvT) xa'tav6'101J nir; l]QaxAEl'ttxT)r; oxtljll]r;.
flmi au't'f] 'l oxbjnj mill.nm crro Qu66 nir; Cl>601Jr; xt
EX$Q6.!;E'tat wt6 tvav 6.v0QWl'tO :n:ou o5V txeL ax6l] aQXE
't6. SeaxQ6VEt wt' TI'I 6011 Xl wt' 6Aour; 'tour; l'tW..o6~
TI'IS: Wat va vLW6l utQ'1vor;. Ot '1:QW't6yovm cpo6o6vtat ni lU01J, oL QOavnxoi 0Ql]votrv uto on'J6oo; nir;. m
crUYXQOVOl mo06.vovrm l'tWS: txovv !;eaxQiivL wt' avn]v
xm 6ilovv va niv xa'tax't'f]oouv. Avtl0na, o HQ6.XM:t'tor;
dvm Eva l'tatb( 'tOU x6oou l'tou o5xnat al.']0tvfi 'tQClYLXT) xaQ6. 'tO ov:rravttx6 l'taLXVLbt TT)r; ov<j>wvlai; Xat TI'IS:
aovipwvLar; :n:ou u:n:6.Qxt avCr.eoa o' 6Aa 'ta l'tQ6.ya"ta.
fl' au't6v, 'tO vEQ6 (l'tou dvat 0']Aux6), wt6 'tO o:rtofo yVVloitvrm 6Aa 'ta 6vta. xm 'l lwuci (l'tou eLvat aQOVlxfi),
o U:rtOXLVl]'t'f]r; mu y(yveo9at, eLvat 'ta ovutanx6. utmxela
TI'IS: qal.']i; 4>6cnir;, 'l Ol'to(a l'tQLxn OQYavtx6. TTJV av0QWl'tlVTj l601J. Ai; wtol6youe AoLl't6v niv :rtQ06oAT) nir;
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l'tai.6L e m XOQl xat e 'tOV Lbto nir; 'tOV ean6, utov
l'tOl'J'ttx6 crtoxaon'J nou oxtcti'tnm l'tOt'J'tLX6. x6.6e 'tl l'tou
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ol't[QVl Xt aipavl!;et.
Tl ai; btM:oxet xa't6. 60:6oi; 'l l'tOQEia TI'lt; o(Qai; nou
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txouE va x6.voue E La wtA.T) unoela 'tWV Q11veuOv
n:ou M0rjxav o' aun] TI'I yovtol'tm6 oxtljl'l.
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Tl] crtlyTi ;t(ll' il\_)(IJY.ll Tll\' !zctieaml ni;. UJtO)'.QEWVEl mu;
((iJ..ou; crraxmnE; vu TIJ\' l':toi..oyltouv. Km 't6. 'tOV 190
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toll xOOoll, n:6QEO'E va aullit6EL Kill 'ta '{6).a a!;ovLKO.
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xtQLU, n:oQOVv vu ylvollv 'thma. An:6 TI)V i:Om TI)V OllO"la
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aJ,,.ii0Emi; Km n:aQatvollv >oQnotva E avE!;CtvtAT]to
0llvUlK6, n:QU.ya Jtoll JtL1:QinEl XCtl CJE <i:llEi; axbjiELi; va
OUCJJIElQOJ0oUv yilQW wt' autCt.
'EtO"l Aout6v, m illEi; axt'41Eli; nou JtLXEiQ11aav vu
auv0E0oitv E tl] axtwri toll HQ6.xAELwu (ii nou <i:llol EJ"'tlXEiQ11aav vu ni; CJJtQli.l!;OllV JtQoi; aunj TI)V Kan{10uvO'T)),
ai; Oelxvollv, Ea' an6 TI)V n:oUwtMTI)1:6. toll<;, TI)V 0'6TI)m TI)i; KEvt(llKiii; O"Kt'ljnji; tou HQ6.ilinou, n:ou KL alln]
Klli-.6.El aav Jtot6.L 'DAE<; autti; ni; axtaELi; 00' n:Qbl'.EL vu
n; KUl:UVOiiCJOUE E!;Et6.~ovt6.i; tei; wt6 La atE"Vi] lCJ"tOQlKii aKomCa ii an6 TI) axom.6. E:V6i; aucm'latoi; XQE:n:Et
va n; cruU6:6ouE oav n:oUwtAti; EK$Q6:oELi;, JtQayal:wtve; foa atov LatOQlK6 XQ(ivo, TI)i; KiVT)O'T)<; nou txn ni;
Ql~r; TI)i; foa oniv Lbm TT) aKtWri tou HQO.KAEltoll (nou
atoX6.~Etm to 0EehaK6 Q6Ao TOU XQ6voll). 0L 1tQOO'E"('flCJEti; au-tti; 0V txouv KaHl aAii0na ato Jtll'tE0o l:WV tuJILKWv l'tUQOOl!.OO'EWV. ylvovtm 6wi; ai-.ri0lvti; Km 1tQOKAl]tlKti:; ITTO EJtll'tEbo TOU $lAOCJO$lK01' 0laJ,,.6you JtOU 0V
oAoKAT]QWVEtm n:ol:t. 'AU.wcn;E, n:Law an aun] TI)V wt6l'tElQU ;rou yivnm vu ouvOdJoUv E EQLK[; At!;El<; m EyO.Aot mcxamti; E tov HQO.KAHTo, tlt<i.QXu Eva 006cl{_)()
Ac'.t0rn;; To A6.0oi; aut6 e(vm 6tl 6tuv bmTuJIWvouE ~lt
r1iori ouvtoia TI)\' ollala TI)r; axh)'l]i:; mnOv l:WV atoxa-
0 HPAKAEITOI KAI H <lllAOIO<lllA
305
oWv xat -cot11; OtQtWxvov~ o' tva A.axwvtx6 xaQUX"tT)Qlo.6, t11t6.QXL x{vbt1Voi;, xwQ(<; va -co xa-caA6.6ot1, va
ltQOOJIQCtoot1 "t'l')V ibLa "t'l')V aA1]0ELa, XWQLS: xav va "t'l')V
a'rf(Sov~. flaQCtllT1A.a, bEV nQbtEL no-ct va SexvO.~ 6n
"CO t10tLx6 xat xA.EL0t6 natxvLbt 1t0tl EVvL "CO {6to "CO
d.Uo, izSaxoA.ou0 va vat yta ai; XQt1K), XL avt6 yLa-cL
Li; 0V Stpou~ ax6a va Ol.IUO.tiot1 -cat1-c6xQOVa "CL<;
bLa$0Qti; xaL -cti; bL0.$0Qi; nA.ruQti; "t'l'JS EV6"t'l')-cai; -cou 'J.
bLou.
An6 "t'l'JV CtllT1 ~QL6., xa.06.ii; 1tQOOJia0oii~ va btaxQvot1~ av-c6 nou Ut xa.L 00..TIOE va nL o HQO.xAEL-coi; an'
av-c6 nou ~(i; tilliov~ OtT] oxfWrl Toti, va IJ.TIV SexvO.E
nwi; Tl bLO.xQtCJ'll avtfi OEV ;coQEL va ivat a0rja-cLx0. at10tl]Q1]. fta-c(, EVW tvai; anA.6i; axoMaonls: ;coQE( va nQO
tiCtllEL Xill va 1taQao(Hf>WvEL, 0 aAT10LV6<; ataxaOTJ'ii; EQ
IJ.1JVE1'EL XL avaxaAVn-cEL, avaoQ1WvEL XL anoxai..VITTEL
ExELvo nov naQt~tv xaAvtvo. K0.0 btai..x-ctx1] oxbpt]
x0.vL txbT1Ml EXEivo nov 1taQV txOTIA.o. DL "{ci.Mlt
oVYXQOVOL 0toXa0tt<; nou EQ1]vruoav -cQ<'>no IJ."{aAO.pv1] -cov HQ6.x1L-co, ax6a XL 6-cav naQO:llaSav "tTJ oxt'ljlt]
-cov xm "tTJ .ntcj>QaOav OtT] Otx1] -covi; y/..Wooa, xa-ct.puyav
XL at1-co OtT] aQXtyOVl} 1tT1Y"1 MnoQEL xavELi; va ETClXOLVW
vijoEL ~La aQXaCa oxbpt], 6-cav bE A.ati0.vt vn6'1j1T] -cov
w; ariavtLxt<; oirfxQOVE<; oxtqmi; nov xa-cru9Uvovv Ta
ti1]a-cCt a<; 1tQO<; EXEivov -co bQ<'>o nov nQbcEL va ai;
oOTtYfioEL Otl]V xa-cav61'Jari "tOtl OtoXaonJ "tOtl yyvro0a1
xat TOtl yyvizo0m -cov OtoXao.o\.!;
I:YMCTEPAI:MATA
l:YNOTITIKH
~IAAEKTIKH
Mac; Elvm aMva:to va cruU.6:6ou
axQ(Ono. aut6
JtOU mmjnhtav o HeO.xA.e:l'tO) TT) anyi) xou lllaTiutwvE

ni ox~ tou au't6 :rtO\J 6Ali; xm n'O. 6(ai; JtOQoilE va
x6.vou E(vm va ltQOmta9tjoouE va Savacnmt>TOU ni
axhvrl 'tou. Mai; elval aMva'tO va yvwQl~ouia:
au't6 :n:ou
0 k.oc; yvWQl~E &tav :ltlct EiXE oXl'ladoEl !llO. oiyoUQTI
yvti>crr aut6 nou Et:Li; xa'taAa6alvouE x6.0E filo n:ae6.

autov6l]'tO dvm, avd0eta, xaeat\'n alj:IL6oA.o. ~EV
noQOU oUu xal 'tl<; n:aeaat6.orn; 'toU va Sava~wvca
v~ouE, hol WatE, TT) oElQO. ac;, va txouE xm w;
)!la ltO.Q6:crtO.m] 'tWV EXlj>Q6.0EWV ltO\J iXE 'tO ltEQlX6EVO
am:oti
'tOU
oeOa'toc;. Aut6 nou .n:oQOUIK va x6:vouE El-
val va neocm:a0i)oouE va .'lt"O(JOVOt6ooveni oxbjn] 'tOU,
oxbjn] wcoon:aoauxt) a CU'CcttEA.e:uutvT).

H oQ<ll xm '1 oxftinl wu HecbU.El'tO\J 6elaxovtm axeul ac; xm nlow ai; txouv WO"t6oo ta <j>wtElVTj xaQOUo(a xm @..lcrta y(vovtm OeooOElXtES: umvo( va obl]yr'Joow oi:o .fil.ov. H 'l}QmU.EL'tnnj ox~ Elvm '1 crnyi)
:n:ou xaQO:~n 'I Otrmn) ox1PT) Xl ExOT)AWvEl lTJV JtaQOuo(a
lTJ) o' 6MJ lTJ OulQxna 'tOU y(yvE06m 'tT)i; $1Aooo4>lxfii;
oxtwrii;. JtEQVWvtai; M' lTJV E)J.QOa, wv mu6at0-XQlcmavL.06 xal lTJ a\rtxQOVTJ moXtl. IlEQl006i:EQO Xl M6
xA.amxfi, 'I oxbjn] 'tOU HQOtln'tou E(val la oxbjn] nov
xiivn Ouvan] lTJV 0..ruOT) lTJ) tlamxfii; cj>IAooo$ai; m>u lTJ
lHabfyE'tal, av xal 'I xA.aolxfi $lA.ooocj>(a axoA.oU9Yjof
tvav 'tEAElwi; 6la'oQE'tlx.6 Op6o. 'Exn Aout6v 'I oxbjn]
JlO
KQIT AI A!EAOI
"tOtl nollii; ax611 m0av&nJ'tES: va un!;rjoEL .n:Q 'tO 06.vu'tO 't'llS: xA.ctoLxrji; qn1.oaoilai;.
'E'tOL o HQ6.AAEL"t0S: Eq,avl!;E"tm oav vai; aunavtLX(k
awxaan)i; nou, avrL va ELvm 6vo btjLOt1QY6i; TllS: 61x~~
mv $LA.oaoila~, Elvm KL vai; rjQwai; nj!OOKtiv'lS: 'O'tav
!;Extv6. A.out6v yta va 'tOV auvavtrjoou., !;E>uvclE wt'
"tO ;rrap6v, UVQ'tQtxOt1. CJ'tLS: JtT]yii; 'tOtl ;rraecl86vro!O XL tf.nL!;ot1. &n w ylyvto0m 0a obtjyrjoEL a' tva aVew, av
LoXiiEL 'tO yeyov6c;; nwi; 'tO JtO't6.L OEV ;rtOQ( va CJ'tQt1'-1ELO HQ6.KAf:L"tOS: txEL tnf.axEL CTtO ylyvta0aL wu x6oou
(COSMOS). O K6o1JO!O (MONDE) - o wt6f.uwi; oQL!;ov'tat; - ElvaL 'l Ev6'tiJ'ta TllS: OMT11Tac;; (fv n6vra dvai, Cll'l.
50). 0 CTtoXaanJi; auUa6aVEL 'tOV K'6oo . "tO Myo, KClL
1tOQEL va 'tO xclvEL at1't6 utELOT) 0 M'ryoi; JtEQLtxE"tCtL CJ'tOV
K6oo 0 K6ooi; OEV ElVUL 6vo 'tO avtL0"tO 'tOtl xciouc;;
all.cl JtQt.la66.VL KUL w Myo. H mttiv'l aulla.66.vEL
't'll'V x("'JCJT] 't(J)"Y q,mvoh-(J)"Y JtOtl !;EnJJ..(yovtm foa CJ'tOV
x6oo, txavtai; xa'tcWi6L 6'tL 'ta $mv6Va Jtot1 auYKQOV0vtaL cta!;U "tOtlS: >I.UL UvtL'tC0VtaL 'tO tva CJ'tO O:llo
OUVLCJ'toiiv La aQovla KQL KU't6. 66.0oc;; EivaL EVWh-a.
'E'toL T\ ~ dvaL oxbv'l Otalamxrj, yLa't( aulla66.vL
T11V EVwnxrj xl"'JCJT] 61wv 'f(J)"Y avtm0tVwv Ouv6.t:(J)"Y,
xl"'JCJT] JtOtl 0Ltl0WE"taL wt6 T11V aQovla 'f(J)"Y avtm0tEV(J)"Y Vtcl0(J)V. At1't6 0 CJT]alvEL 0..6A.ot1 JtWS: m avtL0tOELS: O"U'(X(J)Vii0vtaL xaL au4itlulw0vtaL, acpo(! Mo avt(0na wtm:tloUv w L0Lo JtQclya. AJtEVavtlai;: xcl0 ovt6T11'ta EivUL T\ EV6'nJ'ta "tOtl Eat1'toii TllS: >I.UL 'tOtl avtL0hou
TllS: foa <Tt1) OQaa'tLKrj OtaOtxao(a 'tot1 ylyvto0m. To
xcl0 'tL nou tlvm (mfvra n:i 6vra), Eivat foa CTto y(yvo0aL, XL at1't6 'to ylyvEaflaL, av xctL aQovLx6, OEV ELvaL
xa06lou ELQ'IVLX6, dvaL no1i.x6. H aUyxeo\JCJT] vat o
1'-ltlXWnlS: "tOtl Qt10o\! 'tOtl ylyvto0m. 'E'toL 'l UQVl'J'tLx6't'll'tU 6QLaxnm axa't6:Jtat1CTta ml 'to tQYOV" wCTt6oo, o
n6Af:oc;; Elvm T\ t1JtiQ'ta't11 6.lx11, "tO avwt&tQEJt"to JtEJtQWh-o 'tOtl K6aot1 xm 't(J)"Y ExbtjlWotr.lw 'tOtl. To x6.0 n
JtOtl wtoxal\!mnaL foa CJ'tOV Jt6/..to, xctL 'tOV n6Af:o, au6a(vL taa CJ'tO XQ6vo (AiWv) JtOtl Elvm Jtalxnii;
- 6aotlL6.i; xaL JtatOl (;rrat&S!O ~ 6am.Ai71, wt. 52). AQa,
JI I
rn EV yiyvo{lm dvm ni:; oMnia:; "COU x6oou 1'.vm

;t(Ol]!; - XaL 6aotx0 - flmxvi6t.
H oxbp11 (A6yo~) )($Q01;t nJ yi..ciiooa (A6yo~). La
y/..Waaa avayxaonxO i..ctxwvutfi xm 6LC1Mx"CtXi), "Co v6TJf1Cl
auoV :n:ou cpavQ6.iv"Ccu Eaa a' av'tfi TT) oxbpT) xm 11
yi..Waaa avti..( ni MvaTj ni:; art' m avrtavtuW j.jyyo "COU
o:n:olou dvm 'I tx!pQ<lOTJ. H yi..Wooa ovoO:l;n m Ovt:a xm
"Ca ltQ6.yaa "CO 6voO mu:;, xm "Ca ov6f1Cl"Ca m.rcoV
:n:ou dvm, "COU 6vt:o:;, 01J;(Y6: {vm l':luj>OQOilf:Va, yun( "CO
dvm dvm avtL>aOlJ. Qar6oo, 'I yi..Waoa l'l 6acp.a;w
au0a(Qna "Ca Ovt:a xcu "Ca ltQO:yaa maxoiln aro x6:1.Ea.6: rnu:;.
M ni yi..Wooa a:n:oxaA\lxtt"Cm 'I cj><an:nvft xm, aillj>wva
ni auvbcna ni:; avtl00l]:;, 11 mtO"Ctvi) xAnlQO: rnu x0:0 n :n:ou Lvm. 'Oi..a - l':l11Aal':ITJ 11 oMnia oav Oi..6n)m
Xl 6i..a "Ca Ll'lta(nQa >aw6noa xou niv a:n:mE'AoUv - U
xaxoilouv arov xoauW v6o, xou dvm Sdo:; v6o:;.
ftad, av T) ltO:vta l;wvmvi) iW'tL6: dvm m EOW"CQLx6 x(VTJ"CQO "COU xoouroU yyva8cu, au'tfi 11 iwn0, CJTT]V mo
O$QtYTJi..fi a:n:6 n:; oQit:; ni:;. X$Q6:1;L TT) MvaT) ni:;
06TT)a:; xou Xa"CmXd o' oi..6xi..11QO m IUrtav o XEQ<lU
v6:; xou xu6EQV6:t "Ca xO:vta, a:n:oxaAUxuL 6A11 niv OQ<ln]
Xl a6Q<lTT) l':IUvaT) ni:; 06TT)"Ca:; ltOU V6.ivL "CO 'OM>. 'E"COl, 'I xa"Cav61]0l] wu 0ELou xctl O\lrtavttxoU v6ou obl')yd ou:; av0QOO:n:ou:; CJTT]V avayvWQlOl] nii;; V6TT)"Cai;; ni:;
oi..6nj"Ca:; (6oAoyeiv aoqi6v ton tv mivra ..lvm, a:n:. 50),
ym va "COU Ertol':llon va xQ06otrv O amtxt:; u6QtarLxt:;
xQO:!;n:;.
Au"C6 xou o av0QW:n:tvo:; j.jyyo:; 01Jll.atitivL foa aro
iw:; ni:; a:n:ox6:1.utpT)i;; l':IEV dvcu CVJ..o a:n:' TT) avrtavtLxij
aATj0La (fv 1'6 acxpOv, a:n:. 41). Qar6oo, yQiryOQ<l !;avaxaMmnm atrt6 :n:ou iXE a:n:oxaAuiuL, "Ca OXO'COl':lta !;aval'ta{QVouv a:n:' "CO lj>ooi;; "CO xaivo tl':laioi;; XL atrt6 ltOU lXE
:CQOO$Q8d a:n:oailQ"CCU. Km ot OvBQWltol itou axoti..01Aotrv "CO l':IQ6o :n:ou ltQln:L va wu:; ob11Y11on OTlJ'' rti.1illtlf(
T11V avth3ttCJTT] CJTT]V o:n:o{a Ei..;ri:;ol'\'. :tW.U! .'TOI.I' "t'Z'"
av 6xt :n:Ovta, :n:aLQVouv "CO bgb~w ni: .T},,i,11.:
<l>LA.ot nii;; Iocpla:;. iti..6ooio1. tiv!11 1,111 ,,,, ,,, '
312
KQ:ETA:E AEEAO:E
Aa66.vouv TIJ 0E(a l:oq,(a ( m Iov) tou :EUn:avw;

Ei-1.ELvoL xov xatavooUv aKQL6W<; 6n ta Jtci.vta E(va1 vu.
KL 6xL EKE( VOL J[O\J aywroUv tl<; JtOA.VJtOiKLAE<; yvWOEl<;, ti}\'
JtoA.v<i0ELa. na1llul TIJ<; ll>U01]<; Kai no>.LtE<; TIJ<; Il6AT)<; m
ci.v0gwnoL, bev n:ogoUv v' wtoiUyovv to ovallLK6, blKaLO KaL ovn:avnx6 gv06, Km OUVEJtW<; avt6 bev xgtnu va to EmXELQOiiv l:IELxvovta<; 0gcloo<;. Ilgbm va E!;E
gEuvoUv ta vonxO. TIJ<; iil01]<; JtOV TIJ<; agfoEL va xgU6Etal (wr. 123) Kat va VJtEQaOxl!;ouv E yevvau'm1ta ta tE(XTJ TIJ<; Jt6ATJ<; JtO\J tOV<; JtEQL[xEL. 6.tv n:ogoUv v' avntaxeoUv OTIJ ll>U011 ii OTIJV n6ATJ, ombiJ to LllLahEgo bev
n:ogE( Kai b::v xgbtEL va x66EL tov<; (axatW.vtov<; illwon) bEOoU<; xov to ouvbfovv E to O"Un:avtLK6.
OL BvT)toL clv0QWJtOL ELvat wtoonO.oata tov :EUn:avt0<; Kat 'l ljlVXri tOV<; bovdtat Oto btK6 tO\J gv06 o' 6>.T)
tov<; TIJ J;wiJ xgbtEL va xclvouv 6>.o Kat mo 0tevoU<; tov~
llEooU<; tov E tov K6oo, tov OJtofov dva1 wrooJtO.oata, l;Wvta<; La !;Uxvw l;wf) KL txovta<; Jt0.vta Oto vov tov<;
an6 xov wroxal.UntETat ~to iw<; tov A6yov, iw<; xov
lldXVEL o>.oxO.eaga TIJV KQVIL!livTJ agov(a. OL clv0gwxoL,
6vta l'tO\l to Eivm tOV<; OTIJQLl;ETm Oto E(vaL, 6Q(OKovtm
o' tva ouvqt<; ylyvE00a1, ymt( to a0tdQnito QF:Ua tov
JtOtaoU tOV<; JlT)ya(VEI. wr6 TIJ ytvvr)Ol] Oto eclvato.
H T]QOKAELtLKfi oxtivrl llE O"UIJ..a6clvEL La yLa Jt0.vta
TIJV oA.6TT)ta tO\l MME tL JtO\J 6Q(OXETal OE y(yvEoea1 (.ml
vra, 6A.a) 'l oxtivri avn] tono0ETEhaL Oto EowtEQLK6 avTI]<; TI]<; 0>.6TI]ta<; KOL oxEitETm avt6 JtOV KO.VEL va dvm
- ll11AabiJ va yevvLttm Km va E!;aq>avll;ETm - to MME tL
xov Eivm. H 0>.6TI]ta JtEQL[xEL Km TIJV aQVT)tLK6TI]ta
( 6.la OtiX 6A.a, wt. 10) JtO\J TIJV al.T)etvrj TI]<; biivaT) bf. ea
n:ogoUoaE va TIJV VJtotLfioovE, ywtl toa 0t0 nmxvLllL tov XQ6vov 'I bUvaT) avn] llEiXVEL 6n 6QiOXEtm OE
-AEnovgy(a. H 11eatlELtLKiJ oxbpTJ Aout6v wtoxal.UntEl
w aval;iJTIJOll tov Elvm, avtoU JtOV wt6 Jt0.vta iJtav, ELvm xm ea ELvm (wt. 30). To Elvm TI]<; o>.6t"T)ta<; Elvm to
E(vm tO\l yLyvEoem JtO\l 0 EOWtQLKO<; tO\l i..6yo<; evWvn
llLal.EX"tLKcl, o' 6AT) TI] (1L6.QKELa TI]<; O"tlJt'.avtLKiJ<; bLabLKUoLa<;, aut6 Jt0\1 E(vm KL avt6 xov apv1.tm avt6 JtOV dvm
313
H a''tJIQla, T] aexil, TIJc; T]Qatlnmc.iic; Bwielac; bev E[vm,

;.,out6v, o i..Oyoc; ii T] $U:m6., T] 9E6TIJ'fa ii o xbooc;, oav
aUvoA.o wt6 xooLxci Ovra, all.6. w .ovm~LX6 Elvm, 'fO
'Eva TIJc; Ok6TIJ'fac; (;rQvm) xou 6eloxE"tm 0 xi'Vl')OTJ'
w 'we; au'fOU "tou wc6-ku"tou (nQvrwv xqwptoivov, wt.
104). Elvm, qi(ll'(tl;E"tm 'fO yiyvo9m 'fOU x6.0 "tl 1tOU Eivm,
Eqi00ov TIJV oi..OTIJ"ta nk6.0E"tm T] tv6TIJ"ta Xl wt6 "tO tva
oXT]a'fil;ovtm "ta 116.vta (tx mivrwv tvxai t~ fv6' ;rQvra,
cut. 10).
Ok6xk11QTJ 11 wt6JtLQa TIJc; 11eaxkmuc.iic; ox,ptic; wtO"tkEi m npoufyytCJ'I (tirxt6aoi11, wt. 122): Elvm m wt61tELQa JtOU XUtU0il'vE"Cal 1tQOc; Eva 'w'fElv6 XivrQO wt'
0Jtou ava6k61;ouv Ol bmO"CltOELc; w;; oxoic; avtLE"twnloa.E - 6xL xwelc; va XQTJOlQ1tOLiiOOU xWtolO tfyvaoa oav bmO"CltOELc; tou k6you xm tou x6oou, TIJc; 06TIJtac;,
TIJc; n6k11c; XUL "tOU av0Q<l.>nou. Auttc; OL bLaO"C6.onc; bEV [vm ym tov HexkEL"tO bmGt6.oELc; JtQui>QEmxtc;, ym"t[
6Af:c; aniel!;ovrm Gto lbLO cru.rcavtLx6 0E0..Lo. MOvo 16. "tOV HeltxkEL"tO bLmet0T]x 11 ox,pti, xm, ym tva i..Oyo
JtaQCUCO.vw, 11 'LA.ooe><1>La, 0 AoyLxii, Cl>uoLxii xm H0Lxii,
yLa va xataAiil;EL w xe6vo a La ok6xk11QTJ OELQlt JtQL'QELaxtliv C1UCJTI]6.:'((1W: CJTI] koyLxii. TIJV El'llcm'lTJ TIJc;
iUOYJc;, TIJ 9oi..oyla, TIJV Jtokrnxii, TIJV..PuxokoyLa, TIJV ma61jtLxi). MEA.tnj tou HeltxAEL"tOU Ol')a[vL 0tk110TJ va
'fXQElO"COtrv '(Q abLwttQaO"Ca JtaQwtE"C6.oa'fa JtOU xweLl;ouv "tOV tvav wt6 "tov 6.llo 6A.ouc; au'fDUc; 'fDuc; xtlie<rnc;
JtOU t-yLvav UU'fi>vOoL, f.l'llbulnc.ovrac; ' aU'f6 'fO 'Y)l.QEt.oa TIJ kEL"tOUQ'Y(a i.ac; ox,ptic; JtOu o eu96c; TIJc; Lvm o
eu06c; "tOU ylyvo0aL TIJc; oi..OTIJ"Eac; XO.l JtOU crulla60.vn
ta 'aLv6Va JtOU wtoxa1U1t'fovtm.
'Eml 6i.in:OU nwc; Ol lbLahEQEc; wt6tpELc;, wt6 tWV
OJtoLwv TIJ oxom6. t-yLVE JtQOOJtlt9La va EkE"tTj9El 0 He6.xi..ntoc;, JtOU avtlEl'WJtLCJTI]XE bLaboxLx6. oav O"COXacmlc;
tT]c; i..oyLxiic;, oav 'umx6c;, oav 9Eoi..Oyoc;, oav u0Lx6c;
mcxaanjc;, oav av6gwnok6yoc;, X"tk., bev bt]LOUQYOilv
Ovo lbLUl"tQOl'tOli)Olc; all.cl OUVEJt6:yovtm Ml La aID.lpla. Tova EQ11vdioL xavELc; to mJvoA.o TT]c; 11eaxknuxii;
oxtw11c; koyLx6: ii E1tlCJTI].O"VUtft, 0okoyLx6. ii XOlVWVlOkO
314
KQl:T Al: AE:EAOl:
ynui, 'lf'uxo/..oyuui 1) aw&rrrni, TO va SXWQiOt 'tXvt}tU

tTJV xa0t:ul xArug6: -mu. yta va O<Ocn:t tTJV JtQOl:EQw6n1'ta
mhE OtTJ ta :rtl.ruQ6: xm it6'tE cmiv WJ..ri. i) 'tO va ltEQLtldotL 6Atr; 'tlr; itMUQir; foa OE (a 6vo, OEV Wtoi:U.d
:n:QOOOoLa 'tOU alTJ0Lvo\1 vm]ai:oi; auTI)r; tTJS ox1fli;; Kat
" al1)0tta bt: 6QLOXtQL Ka06Aou OE La a0QOLcrtLKi) cnJvOtCJTl 6}.(l)V TOW a:n:&qmov all6. C1TIJV EJIUtmvwv(a tTJ 0El.LaKij KL oAuti) EV6rJJ"ta eut' niv oitoia e!;arnvWvnat TO
cf>wi;. H oxbpri mu Hl]OxN::nou ELvaL auvoAtxf) cut6 tTJV

a$ETf')g(a nii; dvaL La oxtirJ auOtT)Qf) XaL xourmn),
a$aLQtLXij KW yquirTJ rnt6vEr;, attyXEXQLtv?j )(Ql u0ut1)
xaL ayvoe( atrtir; nr; 6tptr; avn0Eot:Lr; ymd cutM>iicrta'ta
Eivm ta oxttprj avotxnj. 0 HQ6:ilin:or; El;t:Qruv6: 'tO Eivat

TOU y{yvEu8at onjV oA6njr6 'tOU, au't6 'tO ylyvt:a0m JtOU
OtTJ q,Ucni, OtTJV x6Ari )(QL Cl"[OV llv0QWJto.
Qm6oo, 'I tilO'fl, 'I :n:&ri 1u o 6:v0Qw:rtor; bev cuwr:tloUv
xWeour; aut6voour; :n:ou cutanm'.iv ta oxiv1] tLOtxrutvTJ
E$avittaL
xm axmxfi ' autoUi; 11 #mi. 11 x6A11 Kl o llv0QWltOS

ClltOTEAoirv o6KVtQOui; KUtl.oui; O'tO OW'tQtK6 wu yaAou KUtl.ou. Ta .. tQTJ dvm Km Oev eival 'tilm601]a
TO 'QAo, yla'ti 1] o(Qa 'tOu 'QAou eivm itavtoU olQilo.vl] Km (J\)VOtn 6Aei; ni; 0t011AWoui; o' tva ov:n:avtlK6
'OAo. 0 l:t!;i"oi; o E:n:uQtK6<; yQ6:$n (Upo~ Mafh/anxotl~. IX, 337): ... xa"t6: 'tOV HQlltlnw, TO JU\QOi; dvm
"tauT6ol]o TO 'OAo Km OmioQetn'6 wt6 w 'OAo ymTL 1] ouo(a dvm "tau"t6XQOVa oMSxi..l]Ql] (6l11} Kill QlKt'J
(ipo~}. Ta tQ'l AoUI6v Cllttxouv xoAU Cllt' TO va dvm
ave!;llQTil'ta t') axe06v ave!;6:QTI1'ta wt6 TO 'OAo, eip6oov 'l
ouo(a wu oMxo\1 e(vm 'tQoioOouL 'tO "Qlx6 wui; val.
H EV6TI]Ta Oev xaUet xoTt Kill Tou0EVc'r. va elvat ev6ui'ta eivat Ql!;w.vl] mo Eivai rov KOaov xou 'tQtcf>n uiv
Ol6TTjra rov xtl,8 rt 1wv Eivai. To eival TI]<; oA6TI]Tai; (o
l6yoq, w oo~v} OEV e(val Kfutom eival avlleoa at' QAAa w vat am6 ClltOtEJ..e( to 0etAlo TI]<; ou:n:avtlK6TI]'tai;. To 'Eva e(val o 0eioi; KQauvo66Aoi; AOyoi;, 'l uxtQTUTI] l:ocf>La ltou e:n:vtel atoui; av0QWitoui; TI]V ayfutri TIJS
ooip(ai;. 0 HQ6:ilil'tOS Oe Otbamm m 0ewpia, Oe X'ti!;fl
0 HPAKAEITOL KAI H >1A01:04>1A
315
fva cr\Jcmia. TCQOOltel tT)V TCOlt)'tlxfi 'tOU OKbpt) Of: xdvoui; 1tou 00..0uv v' axoUoouv xm v' avayvwelaouv tTJV
aAfi0Ela, 'tEVtlOvovtai; 'to au'tl wui; 1tQOi; TIW fixo tT)i; q>wvf)i; ou. ntelaOO'ttQO xl wt6 llWi; tTJi; OO<Plai;: o Heax/..tnoi;: Elven cmAoUata'ta aroxaanjr;, xen OEV x~tQOU
t: ax6a av TCQbtEl va TIW ovo<iaou. 1tQOOWXQU'tlX6,
n:Q0004ncml fi 1tQOTCAa'twvu1.6. M't0. wt' au't6v, o 1i>.600qioi;, 0a ylvEl o ,u:rauao,6r;, 11ou 0a !;ey;welan 'to vorr:6
UTC6 'tO enafh]'t6 xen 'tO awanx6 cut6 'tO 'VUXUW xen 'to
;cvw.cmx6. Au6i;:, atoXCW'ti)i;: aexalx6i;, ayvoEL auti;:
ni;: Omxelcn:li;: yla'tl TJ Olxf) wu mi:i""1J auMa60.vl tTJV
mo aA1')0l"'i al.fi0Eta wu Mlyou 1tou wtouMl l6ml'tEQO
yvWQma tTJIO'. l;,(l)VtavJii; 'Vuxfii; wu av0gili1t0u xl au't6 w
ov 'tOU K6oou 1tOU Elven o 6.v0gw11oi;: avUTCTI'.iao'tm foa
O'tJlV n6kTJ xen 6 <jn:O.vtl tTJV al.f)0la tTJIO'. 611ae!;fii;: wu 11aQ6. 6vov 6av auvey;(l;,El 'tOV a6l0.xo;co 6L6loyo 'tO auu;i:avnx6 Mlyo.
EnIAOro~
To bCt(l.6 !10-S 1tOU ac6xo TOU dXE va miU.6.tiEl tTJ oxE'\jJTJ TOU HQ6.xJ...u-wu - l'OOU box[aOE va miU.6.61. TO Elvat
TOU oA.uwU ylyvE08at - O'UVltvrfJO'E O"TO bQ6o TOU"TO A6yo

Xat TOV xOOo, tTJ 4>VOf/ Xat TI'I l/>Wnti, TO ;rrortii XQL TOV
n6Ao, T1JV czeovia XaL tTJ liucawoVvq, TO 8Eio XaL TO
X!J6Vo. !JO'T6oo, 1'J ~ Xl 0 x6ooi;, 1'J 4"J01] XaL 1'J XQC1UV066Aa aJ...~81.a, TO y(yv0'8m xat ri aU)'xeoumi, tJ T6.~ Xl 0 v6oi;, TO lEQ{l Xat TO 1taLXVU!ll TOU XQ6\'0U bV (Vat O'E xal6. 1tQ!Jr'CWOT) OVTlmjTEi; XWQUJt\'Ei; ~ bt.axwQfoli;: 1tQlOo6i:EQO Xl wt6 :rtQ6owna TOU 'lbLOu, 6A' auT6. wtOTdoiJv EXdVO 1tOU lav{>ilivEI. XaL bt.atTjQd T1JV
V6tTjTQ TOU x6.8E Tl l'OOU dvat.
0 K6ooi; 1tQlt;{El. 6Aa Ta wt001tCl011C-TC1 TOU. H :rtaQOUOfo (~ wtoxaA."""71'1) Xl 1'J wtouo(a (~ mavaxaA."""71'1)
TW"V 1atvotvwv TOU x6oou xm tJ :rtaQOUola Xl wtouola
TW"V av8Q<i.11tWV O'Ta :rtQCl)'l'O-Ta XQL O'TOV K6oo bV !'O-S
DtlTQbcouv va ni; wtoov6'aoul.l. H :rtaQOUO(a TOU x6oou xm 1'J :rtaQOuo(a foa O'TOV x6oo dvat la :rtaQOuo(a foa O'TO xQ6vo, foa o' tva cnJVtXi; :rta{J6v 1tOU t] aQ
VT)Tlx&n]TCl TOU )'\"Va TO ..VJ..ov. ft.aT( TO 111'] Elvm wtOT'Af:( TI'I" allt] 6""1 TOU dvat, XQl TO Tlmna TI'I" allt] 6""1
TOU 6J...ou. 0 x6ooi; ElVat tvai; dvm, .toaO'TO ylyvE08at,
1'J wtoo:rtaoanx~ Xl avolxn] o).6-niTa dvm, l.l TI'I" :rtLO
u'lfTIA~ tvvom Tou 6QOU, nmxvlbl. To dvm xm 1'J ~
bE cnJVbi!:OVTat 6n:ooi; auvbOVTaL Ol bfo 6QOt iuai; IT,(01]i;'
to Elvm xat tJ oxtipTJ El'.vat o buil.o)'~, tJ ooAoyia, 1'J aV"twt6XQl01], l'OOU TO ruuxv[bl Toui; cnJVl.O'T6. TOV x6oo H
KQI:T AI: AEEAOI:

ul..1]0Eta tlvat o oei:Sovtai;; twv av0eWxwv, a m 0vr)to[
imlevovv mo tUKol..a toui;; 0e6oui;; TI1i;; xi..6.V"f]i;;. H xi..6."'I
6wi;; Elvm Vwt'YT] E TII" aAfi0na, ytatl I') aAfi0na !;nu1..Lynat Otatoou TI1i;; iti..6."'li;;.
cl>t6.V"n t6oo OUoxoAa wi;; E6.i;; 1"J twvfi tou He6.ilittou,
WmE oiltt to tyXWt.6 Tili;; .n:oeoUt va xAt!;out oUtE va
TII" Ke[V"out. MxoeoilE fixwi;; va ll..fioout yia ta 6et6.
TI1i;;; Na V..fioout yta ta avtxrppama Kat y1a ta liaxEr/JTO xou 6.4nJoav xweli;; va ta oi.4'e6.oovv Kat xweli;; va ta
oxEiptoirv aut6i;; o ).6yoi;; Kl autfi I') oxbpl'); Mia OKbpl')
6wi;; ltOU 0a ta oxEq,t6tav 61..a Kat to 'OAo ixe1i;; ECJX6.twv - fi ixe1 to I') taxato - Kat foa OE ta Jil..fiel'J Oia4'6.V"Eta, 0a Ka0tmoiloE [owi;; JIO>J..6. Jie6.yata aOUvata.
'AU.Wcn:E, Kala oxbpl') 0V .n:oetl va dvat ol..ooxtQO.ii;;
E!;avtAl')t1Kfi. Bt6aia, o He6.x1moi;; OEV' t6Al')OE V"a t>WTI}oEt, Jitea Cllt' to 01K6 tou 6eto, to taxato 0Eil.t0, ft to
I') 0E0..t0, toU V yiyvE00at dvat TI1i;; 0A6TI1tai;; toU avo1XtOU Kl ClltOOitaoanKoil K6oou, to a6t6aio 0Ef:Ato Tili;;
acrUq,WVl')i;; 0\.14>l0vlai;; tou av0eWxou Kat tou x6oou.
Av Kat yvweLSEI xwi;; 1"J 0A6TI1ta E(vm 1"J Ev6TI1ta toU mutoU TI1i;; XCll tou avtl0EtoU TI1i;;, aipoU Oav ow(KSi;; oxouxOia xut'Ya O'tlJ" TIJxti dvat o WQOt6tteoi;; K6ooi;;, maat6.n, 0a Atyat, .n:eocn:6. cn:o Koeu4>alo xmxvLOt xou
VWV"El to dvm xal to l')Otv . .1.V Karn1PtevE1 6wi;; oiltt
Kat va O\Jvtate16.0E1 to O\JJtavt1K6 Kat to tOtahEgo toa
mo xmxvt.01 tou oeatoU Kat toU a6eatou 0V Kata4'teV'Et 'Ya avayvwelm:1 6n, foa O'tlJ" teaywO(a toU x6oou,
1"J ooipla Eivat K6.n aOUvato.
ITI1 attVoAtKft all' aq,oe1m1Kfi Kl ClltOOJiaoanKfi, Cllt6
tt\V ouo(a T1"Ji;;, oxbpl') tou He6.x1ntou Otv dvm Ovvat6
v' avt10'tOtXEl Jiae6. ta Eel'JVE[a avayxamtK6. wtOCJJiaoanKfi, oJ..oV'6tl OXOltdJEl OE ta O\JVOAlKi} cr\J>J..1"),.,IJ. 0
HeCtxAmoi;; O"toX6:Snm iteotoil E4>CJv1mEI 1"J q,V..Oooq,la
oav q,t.Aooo41la. YJI6.exovv o' aut6v xAnot\"Ei;; EV<1.1t1K6:,
xetv aK6a xwetmoirv, 61..ti;; Ol ttbmta Otam6.oEu; Tiie;
4't.i..oooiplai;;. 0 XtyxEA, aexlSovrai;; ta Ma9rj/jaTO mivw
ot71v iuropla r71~ rpt1oao(a~. iAE)'E: cn6xoi;; tt\i;; 4'11..oooq,iai;; E[Vat va O\JU.6:6El, tt\ OKt,.,,, Kat E T1"JV' tvvoHt
0 Hl'AKAEITOl: KAI H 4'1AOl:04'1A
321
lTJV aJ..i]0La XL 6Xl va xaeabX'tL 6u bV xogd tUt:ota

va YVEl yvwcrt6 tovMxLcrtov n:agabtxnm n:wi; bV xogd va yLVl yvwcm] T\ aAfJ0wi] aAi]BeLa all6. &vo T\ EyXQOVTI xm n:rnegaotvrJ aAi]Bua (m aAi]Bua blJAabi]
xov elvm 'tatrr6xgova xcu avaAi]BeLa) n:agabtxEtcu ax6fJ 6n foa CJ'tfJV tcrtoela 'tT)t; quJ,oCJoq>(ai; txovE va XO.vovE lT)V lbm 'ti') q>tJ..oCJoq>la (Vorlesungen ... CJ. 458).0 XfyxeJ.., Ucrtatoi; q>LJ..6CJocpoi; Lai; "(6.)..TJi; xeeL6bou 'tT)i; lcrtoglai; 'tT)i; oxtqn]i; xm xg6bgooi; ov MaeS.
)'1tawLaCJ 'tO bLciJ..oyo e 'tOV HgO.xJ..uto xal o' atrr6v 'tO
bu.U.oyo tbwoe xm m xa't6J...TJSfJ. EEli; xQOCJxa0oUe va
oxei'toUE CJ m rnoXiJ tou ylyveo0m wi; x6aoi; TIJt;4>lJ..oCJoq>Lai; xm tou ...ylyveo0m wi; q>LJ..oooq>La tov x6CJov, 6n:ov T\ n:gayciwO'I} 'tT)t; q>LJ..oaoqilai; Ba OTjciVl
xm w xa6 'tilt;, av o Mag; be axgul.
Kl av Wga UyaE 6u to l;i]'tl')a ym ai; iJav va 6ohbomtom]oove 'tOV Hg{ntAno 6xl ym va xagabo0oUE
anrv lO'tOQLOq>a'Y11 EAtn) mi; Srnegaotvr)i; oxtqn]i; JtO\l
a'Y11xet crto xageJ..06v all6. yLa va bm'tT)e']CJOVE l;wvtavi]
'tTJV MaO'I} 'tT\ oxtqn]i; xou tga66.el x{>OO'tci xal, xa0Wi;
texetm wt6 axgt.6., xeoEtmcil;u. !1E CJTllV xagbt.6. 'tOV
xae(ivtoi;, to Ellov;
(I) flQ mv HQO.KAmo XCll TIJV lvbla, 6A. Shri Aurobmdo,

Ht!raclite, yoJ... Vt. tou D. N. Bonarjee xm Jean Herbert, 2T")
lxbouT"), AuOw, 1951. P. Masson Oursel. La philosophic en
Orient (<rolllf}..T")(lWanx6 qrnUO.bto 't'IJ<; H1stoire de la phi/osophie tou Emile Brehier) P.U.F., nOQlot, 1941. La philosoph1ecomparee, P.U.F., nag{m, 1923. flO tov HQ6.KAnto xm
TIJV A{yv:rno: Paul Tannery. Pour I' histoire de la science he/Jene. 2T") EMO. Gauthier-Villan, Paris, 1930, J. A. Faure, L
Egypte et /es presocratiques, Stock, naQ{ot 1923. flO tov
Hg6.KAttto xal to IQ6.v: Aug. Gladish, Herakleitm; und Zoroaster. Eine historische Untersuchung. Amp{a, 1859, Jean
Przyluski, Les Mages er /es Medes, revue de/' histoire des religions. nOQC.Ol, I, 1940. flQ tov Hg6.xAf:ltO xat ta ucmjQta:
E. Pfleiderer, Die Philosophie des Herakleitm von Ephesos
im Lichte der Mysteriemdee, BEeOAlvo, 1886. Ann. Delatte,
Les Conceptions de I' enthousiasme chez /es philosophes prtsocratiques (Heraclite. Empedocle. CMmocrite). Les Belles
Lettres, nOQ(Ol 1934, F. Gregoire, Heraclite et Jes cultes enthousiastes, revue Nem;colastique, 38, 1935.
(2) A.1ro..l.oyla, I, 46.
(3) f.B.41. Xl-yxEA, MaBrjimia .irdvw orJ/V lurop{a T1/!;" <PtAouoljllw;. t6j.l. I, Jubilaumsausgabe, 2T") txb., Imuty6.QllT"),
1940, oU... 344. BA. tnfot)<; H Emonjri T1/!;"Aoyot1j!;(Wissenschah der LogJk). Vf. tOU
Jankelevitch, Aubier, naglot,
1949.
(4) Atvtv, <PtAoooqmca UT(,Xi61a. 6taMxrtH6!; u..1.106!; Hat
turopt"6!; uAto~. Ed. Sociales, naglot, 1950.
(5) Ia(Qev K{QxtyXW(l. <P06o!; xa1 TeQo!;, tt. tou P.H.
Tisseau, Aubier, naglol.1946. If.lg. Nltot, Hyfvvr/Of/TT/!;"1/11
Aoacxf!la!; T1)"V EJroXl) Tr/!;" t.Uriv1x~!;" r{)Clyw61a!;. Vt. 't'IJ<; Ge-
s.
324
KOIT AI AE:EAOI
r,,,
nev1Cve 81anqu1s, Galhmard, 1938. H xarayw)'1j

rpayw6ia,, q E..U.1Jvto6' xa1 ncoo1106,, n. tou Jean Marnold
xm Jacques Morland, ani; EXb6cmi; Mercure de France, naQ(OL, 1947.
(6) fla tov HQ0:x).no xal toui; $lAoo61poui; T71i; AvaytvvT]Ol)i;, 6A. Karl Joel, Der Ursprung der Naturphilosophie aus
dem Geiste des Mystik, Jena, 1906. Gesch1chte der Anuken
Philosophic I. Tub1ngen, 1921. fta tov HQO:xAno xm tov
rxalu: Karl Bapp, Aus Goehes griech1scher Gedankenwelt
Goethe und Heraklite, Arnflla, 1921. fla tov HQOKA.Euo, tov
XalvtEQAlv xm tov No66}..ti;: Jean Wahl, Existence humaine
et uanscendance, xb. de la BaconmCre, NeuchAtel. 1944.
Ludwig Binswanger, Heraklits Auffassung des Menschen (in
Vort!Jge und AugsJJtze, I. BE(IV!l, 1947). fla tov HQO:ililtO
xm to l:oxVXO:Ot1Q: Gottlob Mayer, Herakllt von Ephesos
und Arthur Schopenhauer. Xmbi..6EQY11, 1886. ft.a tov HQ0:x).no xm tov nQOuvr6v: Theodore Gomperz, Les Penseurs
de la Gllce. T6. I, ct. tou Aug. Reymond, 311 ExO. naelol.
1928. fta tov HQO:Xi..EttO Ml tOV M1lQ!;6v: K. Bapp, ibid.
fta tov HQO:xAfuo xm to 4>Q6trvt: L. Binswanger, Traum
und Existenz, ibid. ct. TI1i; Jaqueline Verdeaux, Exb. DesclCe
de Brauwer, naQiOl, 1955. rla tov HQ0:x).lt0 Xal to l:ouQQEU.bo6: AvtQE MxQn6v, Ti ivm o oov1,mzA.106', naeLol,
1934.
(7). I'(!6a y1a rov av8(!WJr106 (fgO:a O'tOV Jean Beaufret), ct. tou R. Munier, naeial, 1957. A6yo,(Htraklit, air.
50) xm AA.q8cta (Htraklit. air. 16) Jn Vortrilge und Aufsatze,
NCske, Pfullingen, 1954 ct. tou G. PrCau: Essais et Conferences, Gallimard, 1958. Qu' est-que la Philosoph1e, ct. tou
KWota A!;tl.oU xat Jean Beaufret, Gallimard, 1957. Introduction .ii la mttaphysique, ct. tou G. Kahn. P.U.F., naQl
CJl, 1958.
(8) H )..()ylx~ axomO:: Ferdinand Lassa le, Die philosophic Herakleitos des Dunklen von Ephesos. 2 t60l, BEQOAlvo, 1858.
nQOtQm6T71ta TT)i; 41uou1.~i;: Oswald Spengler, Der meraphysische Grundgedanke der Heraklit1schen Phi/osoph1e. Halle,
1904. H. Quiring, Htraklit. 8Qoi..vo, 1959. nQOtcQm6TT)ta
TT)i; BwAoylai;: Warner Jaeger, The rheology of the early
Greek philosophers. Ol;q,6Q0YJ, 1947. nQOtEQm&trita TT)i; lflu-
0 HPAKAEITOl: KAI H CZllAOl:OCZllA
325
xo/..oyia; L. Bmswanger, Herak/1ts Aulfassung des Men

schen, ibid. Otto Rank, Le Traumatisme de la Na1ssance, Et.
toU s. Janktltv11ch, fl(O. Payol, naQ(Ot, 1928. neouQm6nit(I ni; 1to/..tttlti).;: Pierre Bise, La Politique d' Ht!raclite d'
Ephese, EltO. Felix Alcan, naQLot, 1925. A. Menzel, Heraclits
RechtsPhilosophie, Ze1tschr. F. Off. Recht, XII. 1932. E.
Wolf, Ursprung des abendlilndischen Rechtsgedankens Bei
Ammmander und Heraklit, Symposion. I. 1948. A. N. Zou
mpos, Herakleitos von Ephesos als Staatsmann und Geseugeber, A0i)va, 1956.
(9) LloK{ia, Bt6/..Lo nQWTo, KE1(Uato I., ncei .d116K(JITOV
l((ll
HptixActTOV.
(10) Ot exb6ou.; rrov cutoonaoCttow tov HQ6.lt/..Ettot1 wr6

tov F.W.A. Mullach (Fragmenta Philosophorum Graecorum)
3 t6ot, nClQlOt, 1860, 1867, 1881) ltt cut6 tov I. Bywa1er (Herakliti Ephesii Reliquiae, Oxonii. 1877) txouv naeayEQ6.0Et.
Ot D1els-Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vo150krat1ker, Griechisch
und Deutsch (3 t6ot, 111) EMO., BEQO/..(vo, 1964), ru; neo
o4>teow niv lta/..UnQTJ crulloy{i twv wroonaoCttow Mat Twv
bo;oyea4>tMWv aQTUQtWv Mat a; xaQl~ouv to wro6f\oaUQt
oa ta; ltQtttlti); rnLOEtSrt;. H crulloyii WO"t6oo rou Diets
itQbtEt va XQ1]0tj.1.0l10t1]0El oUvEOI)' 1] Otc':ttaSrt ltt ot avayvWon.; 1t01.l 1tQOtdVEt XQEt6.~ovtat nollE; cpoQt; MQtttltT[. 0
H. Diels acpttQWOE Mat ta ovoyQa4>ia O"tov HQCtilitto: Herakleitos von Ephesos, 2TJ tMO., BEeo/..lvo, 1909. rta n.; bo;oYQ4>tME.; aQTUQLE.; n.; CJXE"ttMt.; E rov HQc':tilitto, JtQbtEt
va cruOOv/..wnl ltavd; tou.; Doxograph1 Graeci tou H.
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a:6.$QOCJTJ, Exb. Cobet, naet'.ot, MCMXXIX.
To XE!pli:Acno yta toV HeitK)..EltO 1tl6.VEL to JtQWto )(41<lA.aLO
tov tvatov thtili.iou, 1-17. 8/,. EJt[OT)<; Diels Al.

(2) ft.a tt)V EllT)VL)(~ ltaLbEla )(QL ()u'.ll'thaO'I], 6A. B. rxa{yxt(l,
na16da, T. I, 2TJ txO. Berlin-Leipzig, 1936 H. I. MarTou, Histoire de l' education dans I' antiquite, naeLm, 1948. fta tu;
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(5) 8/,. mlcnJ.; B. V. Head, H1storia Numorum, a manual of
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(6) Ma9"ara .1t6vw Ol'1]V lutO(Jia t'IJi;' lfJi).oco1ai;-, Jubilll.umsausgabe, t6o~ II, 2T] txO., :ItovtyQe011. 1941. aEA. 30.
H buU.ttfunJ
(I) Malhjara Jtcivw Ol'1]V JutO(J(a t'IJi;' lfJi}.oaoqilai;-, Jubilll.umsausgabe, T. I, 211 txO. :ItovtyQebrJ, 1940, a. 344.
(2) Malhjara mivw ot1]V lutO(J(a t'l}i;' 4>tJ.ooOlj>tai;-, ah. 344,
348-351, 354.
(3) Leon Robm, H illqvlKtj CJKi:tpq Kat 1J Karar'Y11 rov EmOl'1]oviKoV nvEVaroi;-, txO. Albin Michel, Paris, 1948, ad.
93.
(4) John Bume1, H auyrj Tl"li;' illqv1Ktji;' CJKb/n1i;-, 1919.
(5) E. Weens, Heraklit und Herakliteer, Klass, Philo/.
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(7) Bh. Bumel, Avyrj. . , aEA. 161 xm D1els-Kranz, 811 txO .. I
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0 HPAKAEJTOI KAI H 4>1AOIO<llIA
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(I) Bk. H. Chemiss, Aristotle's crit1c1sm of Presocrat1c philosophy, Baltimore, 1935.

(2) Leon Robin, Pyrrhon et le scepticisme grec. P.U.F., Paris,
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(3) Vorlesungen uberdie Geschichte der Philosophic. Jubillumsausgabe, T. L, 2e ed., Stuttgard, 1940, oEk. 364 xm 368.
(I) n Elvm 11 tJ.oaoia; fai.. a. Kci>atai; ASEk6i; Xat Jean

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(2) Vorlesungen .. ., oEk. 356.
(3) Burnet, Al1Y'7... , oU.. 151, 01J)J.dW01J crto wt6cmaoa
(4) Diels, Herakleitos (ovoyQ(1$La), oEk. 45.
(5) Gigon, Untersuchungen zu Heraklir, aU.. 84.
(6) Av;"1... oU.. 187.
(7) Vorlesungen ... , oEk. 357.
(8) fta tT)V 1tQOOWXQatutt') xooo).oy{a, Ext6<; wt6 ta uvyYQO.ata nou T')b11 )J.VIJovriloa.t: (twv Tannery, Burnet, Robin, Kirk, x. 0..), )J.l'CO{)EL va ou6ouknitd E1Clor)<; xavd<; xat
ta: F. M. Cornford, Before and after Socrates, Cambridge,
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R. Mondolfo, L' infinito nel pensiero dei Greci, Firenze, 1934.
P. Guerin, L' 1dee de justice dans la conception de I' univers
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H 8eM!J"m
(1) Die Philosophic Heraklitos . . , T. I, oU.. 395-396.
KQl:T AL AEEAOL
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PrCsacratiques (HCrachte, Empedoc/e, Dtmocnfe). Les Belles Leures, Pans, 1934, oo. 6-21.
(2) fla tov tll1)Vlx6 vcnuM6 XO.l t'l]V d.A!]vtxl] 0Ql]OXla,
6).., Ext6r; wt6 ta trna wu Ni we, wu Pfleiderer, wu Picard

xal tou Dellalla, Jtou fibri ava$EQae xat ta: 0. Kem, Orphicorum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1922. U. von Wilamowitz-MoelJendorf, Der GJaube der Hellenen, Berlin. T. I. 1931. Erwm
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M. P. Nilsson, Geschichfe der gnechischen Religion, T. I,
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H :rrOl.q
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A.<lbao;. BA Fus1el de Coulanges, La cite antique, Pans, 1864.

G. Glolz, Histoire Grecque, des ongines aux guerres medi
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(1) BA. D1els, Doxograph1 Graec1. 21") b~b., BEQol..ivo, 1929

(oEI... 388, :naQaQ"riima). Ito Doxographi,o D1els ESEbwoE
Kat taSlv6Y]OE 61..o TO boSoyQaiu'6 ul..1x6, 'T<lvovrao; l1.Qt
no; Qi~Eo; TOU Eibouo; n:ou E(VQl TO n:eei-4'urWv fOTO{lia tOU
0EQ'QaOTOU. Elvm OQayE XQfioto va :nol'.it: 6n aut6 TO
mJyyQa tou 1879 dvat to 0Efi.lo n:Cr.vw OTO OJtoio n:6
QOE aQY6tEQa o Diels va OtKoboijou TT)V txboo'I") toll Frag
menre der Vorsocrariker(l'l EKb., 1903) :nou bV ij0EAE va .
vat ESavrAT)ttK{j Kl ESm>Aoued va dvm Cll"tQQOltY]TO cruxva
va KOTaieiiyu xavElo; OTa boSoyga'lK6: KElVa n:ou aval1J
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WOT6oo ey6111 av6.yx11 wt6 ta ava0EWQ"TJCJT);
(1) P.U.F., Pans, txO., 1951, oU... 144

(2) Bl... Diehl-Beutler, Anrhologia Jyrica graeca. 31") txO.,
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(3) Ibid . fasc. 1, oU... 37, wt. 15.
(4) rptia yta rov av9pwmo6 (fQCla OTOV Jean Beau

fre1), ya1. EKO. Aubier, 1957.
( 1) La na1ssance de la philosophic a I' epoque de la rragedie

gracque, ET. TY]o; G. Bianqu1s, Galhmard, Paris, 1938. o. 129.
(2) BA. xat to 6:g6Qo ao; To ~wvrav6, ri KiVTJ(Tr) Km ri y(la4"1
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KOIT AI AEEAOI
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(I) BJ... crnc; th6Aloyga<t>lxEc; Vbd~uc;.

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(3) Shn Aurobmdo, Heraclire, ya1. E"t. twv D. N. Bonarjee
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(4) 271 txb., Gauth1erV11lars, Paris, 1930, o. 179-186.
(5) Leipzig, 1859.
(6) I.to Revue de I' h1sroire des religions. I, 1940, o. 85-101.
(7) Hermann Diels, Herakleitos von Ephesos, 211 bW., Ber-
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(8) Die Philosoph1e Herakleitos des Dunk/en von Ephesos, 2
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arc' -cov Ed. Bernstein. BA. F. Lassale, Gesammelte, Reden
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(10) To KEq,d).mo, 8~6).lo I T6o; I, ya).. txb. Editions Sociales, Pans, 1948, o. 29.
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(12) 8).. to 6~6).lo .ai;: Marx, Penseur de la Technique, Edi
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(13) 41!..Woo.pt"ci TEtf?d6ia, Editions, Sociales, Paris, 1955, a.
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(14) Joseph Staline, Matenal1sme dialectique et materialisme
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P.
AU:.ii~F~~~~s~ 9 ~Z~~;:b.~~-6tre
chez Ansrore1

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