86 Seepage Force 209 ‘The force per uait volume, yg. for this case actsin the upward direction — that is, in the direction of flow: This upward force is demonstrated in Figure 8.7b. Simi- larly, for downward seepage. it con be shown that the seepege force in the downward direction per unit volume of soil is fr» (Figure 8.7). From the preceding discussions. we can conclude that the seepage force per unit volume of soil is equal 10 'y¢, and in isotropic soils the force acts in the same di- rection as the direction of flow. This staternent is true for low in any direction. Flow sets can be used t0 find the hydraulic gradient at any point and. thus, the seepage force pet unit volume of soil. ‘This concept of seepage force can be elfectively used to obtain the factor of safety against heave on the downstream side of a hydraulic structure. ‘To see this, consider the case of Row around a sheet pile (Figure 8.82). After conducting several model tests, Terzaghi (1922) concluded that heaving generally occurs within a dis- tance of D/2 Irom the sheet piles (when D equals the depth of embedment of sheet piles into the permeable layer). Therefore. we need to investigate the stability of soil in a 2one measuring D by D/2 in cross section, as shown in Figure 8 8a. The factor of safety against heaving can be given by we C FS (8.12) where FS = factor of safety W" c= submerged weight of soil in the heave zone per unit length of sheet pile = D{D!2)(¥. ~ Ye) = (4)D" U = uplifting force caused by seepage on the same volume of soil From Eq. (8.12), U = (Soil volume) * (igsye) = 4 Diner where jg, # average hydraulic gradient at the bottom of the block of soil Sheet pile Timpereabie yer o eo Figure 8.8 (a) Check for heavi intoa persentve L Wg un the downstream side fora sow of sheet piles driven Ler) enlsegoment of heave zone210 Chapter 8 In Situ Stresses Substituting the values of W' and Uin Eq, (8.12), we can write tae (3) For the case of flow around a sheet pile in a homogeneous soil, as shown in Fig- ture B8, it can be demonstrated that u O5yDUihy ~ Fa) ~ where C, isa function of D/T (see Table 8.1). Hence, irom Ea, (8.12), rsa O.5D*y" Dy’ © UT * 0SCa¥D Hy = Fa) ~ Covey — Fi) Co (8.139) Table 8.1 Variation of Cy with D/T Example 8.3 Consider the upward flow of water through a layer of sand in a tank as shown in Figure 8.9, For the sand, the following are given: void ratio (¢) = 0.52 and specific gravity of solids = 2.67. a, Caleulate the total stress, pore water pressure, and effective stress at points A and B. >, What is the upward seepage force per unit volume of soil? Solution a. The saturated unit weight of sand is calculated as follows: (G+ OMe _ 2.67 + 0.52)981 & G67 + 0.52)9.81 Sin? ite 1+ 052 pee