B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG

TNG CC MI TRNG

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CHUYN :

S C MI TRNG
TRONG KINH DOANH KH DU M HA LNG
NGUYN NHN V BIN PHP QUN L

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H NI, 2013

MC LC
1. TNG QUAN V KH DU M HA LNG ............................................................ 2
1.1. Khi nim chung v kh du m ha lng ........................................................... 2
1.2. Mt s c tnh k thut v tnh cht vt l ca LPG thng mi ....................... 2
1.3. S lc v tnh hnh ch bin v s dng LPG Vit Nam ................................ 4
1.3.1. Tnh hnh ch bin LPG Vit Nam ........................................................... 4
1.3.2.Tnh hnh tiu th LPG Vit Nam .............................................................. 5
2. S C MI TRNG DO KH DU M HA LNG .............................................. 7
2.1. S c mi trng .................................................................................................. 7
2.2. Phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng ............................................................ 8
2.3. S c mi trng do kh du m ha lng ........................................................... 8
2.3.1. c tnh nguy him ca LPG ..................................................................... 9
2.3.2. Cc vn lin quan ti s c mi trng trong s dng
LPG ti Vit Nam ...................................................................................... 11

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3. NHNG TC NG N MI TRNG V CON NGI

DO S C LPG GY RA ............................................................................................. 17
3.1. Nhng tc ng ti mi trng do s c LPG gy ra ........................................ 17
3.1.1. Nhng tc ng ti mi trng do s c r r .......................................... 17
3.1.2. Tc ng ti mi trng do chy, n ........................................................ 18
3.2. Cc nh hng ca s c LPG i vi sc khe con ngi ............................... 18
3.2.1 Nhng nh hng do s c r r ................................................................ 18
3.2.2. Nhng nh hng do chy LPG sau v n .............................................. 19
3.3. Cch x l cc tai nn khi tip xc vi LPG ...................................................... 21

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4. CC BIN PHP BO M AN TON MI TRNG LPG ................................ 22

4.1. Nguyn tc chung ............................................................................................... 22
4.2. Quy nh chung v an ton mi trng LPG ...................................................... 22
4.3. An ton vi trm np .......................................................................................... 22
4.4. An ton vi cc bn cha t c nh ................................................................. 23
4.5. An ton i vi xe bn........................................................................................ 23
4.6. An ton i vi h thng bn cha, thit b np, ng ng ............................. 24
4.7. An ton i vi cc ng dn .............................................................................. 24
4.8. An ton khi np LPG vo bn............................................................................. 24
4.9. An ton khi np gas vo chai .............................................................................. 26

5. CC GII PHP QUN L I VI CC CA HNG, KHO, TRM

KINH DOANH LPG...................................................................................................................... 27
5.1. Gii php t pha cc c quan qun l Nh nc ............................................... 27
5.2. Gii php t pha doanh nghip .......................................................................... 28
5.3. Gii php gim thiu nhim v bo v mi trng.......................................... 29
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1. TNG QUAN V KH DU M HA LNG

1.1. Khi nim chung v kh du m ha lng
Kh du m ha lng hay Kh ha lng (ting Anh: Liquefied Petroleum Gas;
vit tt l LPG) c ch bin t du m, kh ng hnh hoc kh t nhin l kh
hoc hn hp kh c thnh phn ch yu l hydrocarbon no dng prafin, cng
thc tng qut: CnH2n+2 nh: Propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10)... c th tn ti vt
ethane (C2H6), pentane (C5H12), ethylene (C2H4), butadiene 1,3 (C4H6).
LGP thng mi l propane (C3) hoc butane (C4) hoc hn hp propane v
butane (t l 50 %: 50 % th tch), trong ch c hn hp propane v butane l
thch hp cho vic ch bin thnh sn phm kh t gia dng v chng c p sut
hi bo ha v nhit bay hi thch hp trong iu kin c th.

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Propane (R290) v Butane (R600) l nhng mi cht lnh t nhin, khng

ph hy tng ozone v cng khng gy hiu ng nh knh. V mt sinh thi hc,
chng khng gy nhim mi trng, nhng c nhc im l nguy c chy n
cao, khi hu qu ca chy n li gy nhim mi trng. Hn hp
R600a/R290 c coi l mi cht lnh tng lai.
Kh ha lng gm 3 loi ty thuc vo cng dng ca n: Kh ha lng dn
dng, kh ha lng c nn p sut cao (200kg/cm2) dng trong giao thng
vn ti, kh nhin liu hydrocacbon.

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1.2. Mt s c tnh k thut v tnh cht vt l ca LPG thng mi

* Trng thi tn ti: iu kin nhit v p sut thng, LPG tn ti

trng thi hi. LPG c t s gin n ln, 1 n v th tch kh gas lng to 250
n v th tch hi, v vy thun tin v kinh t trong tn cha, vn chuyn,
LPG c lng bng cch nn vo cc bnh cha chu p lc nhit thng
hoc lnh ha lng tn cha p sut thp. c trng ln nht ca LPG l
chng c tn cha trng thi bo ha, tn ti c dng lng v dng hi.

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Khi chuyn t pha lng sang pha hi, LPG s thu nhit. Nng lng cn thit
ny ly t bn thn LPG v mi trng xung quanh, v vy nhit LPG trong
bnh cha gim xung. c bit khi qu trnh ha hi xy ra, do gim p n p
sut kh quyn, LPG lm lnh khng kh, bnh cha nn hin tng to sng
xy ra khi nhit t n nhit im sng. Ngc li, khi hi LPG ngng
t chuyn sang pha lng, LPG ta nhit lm tng nhit LPG v thit b cng
ngh tn cha dn ti tng p sut LPG.
* Nhit si: p sut kh quyn, propane si ts= -42 0C v butan si
ts= -0,50C. V vy, ti nhit v p sut thng LPG ha hi rt mnh, rt
d thot ra ngoi mi trng khi thit b cha khng kn hoc b r r.
* T trng:
- T trng ca LPG th lng: iu kin nhit 15oC v p sut 760
mmHg, t trng ca Butane bng 0.575 v ca Propane bng 0.51. Nh vy,
th lng t trng LPG xp x bng mt na t trng ca nc.
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- T trng ca LPG th hi: iu kin nhit 15oC v p sut 760 mmHg,

t trng ca Butane bng 2.01 v ca Propane bng 1.52. Nh vy t trng ca
LPG gp 2 ln khng kh. Do , nu thot ra ngoi hi ca LPG s lan truyn
di mt t ni trng, rnh nc, h gas. Tuy nhin hn ca LPG cng phn
tn ngay khi c gi.
* p sut hi bo ha: p sut hi bo ha ca Propane v Butane ph thuc
vo nhit bo ha ca n. Do vy, p suy hi bo ha ca LPG ph thuc vo
nhit bn ngoi ca thit b v t l thnh phn Butane:Propane. cng iu
kin nhit , khi thay i thnh phn hn hp, p sut hi bo ha cng thay i.
15oC, p sut hi ca Propane l 6.5 bar, ca Butane l 0.8 bar.

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* Tnh gin n: LPG c h s gin n th tch rt ln, nhit ln hn 0oC

trong mi trng khng kh bnh thng vi p sut bng p sut kh quyn,
LPG b bin i t th lng thnh th hi theo t l th tch 1 lt LPG th lng
ho thnh khong 250 lt th hi do vy trong cc bn cha LPG khng bao
gi c np y m ch c php t 80 85% dung tch ton bnh c
khng gian cho LPG lng gin n khi nhit tng.
* Gii hn chy n: Gii hn chy n ca hi gas trong hn hp khng kh
gas hay trong hn hp oxygen gas l phn trm v th tch gas t bt chy, n.
Gii hn chy n ca hn hp gas trong khng kh l khong 1,8 + 10%, l mt
khong kh hp so vi nhiu kh nguy hi khc.

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* Nhit tr: LPG c nhit chy cao, trong khong 11.300 12.000 Kcal/kg
tng ng nhit tr ca 1,5 2 kg than ci, 1,3 lt du ha hoc 1,5 lt xng.

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* Nhit t bt chy: LPG l loi nhin liu d chy khi kt hp vi khng

kh to thnh hn hp chy n. Nhit chy ca LPG rt cao t 1900oC
1950oC, c kh nng t chy v nung nng chy hu ht cc cht chy lm
ph hy thit b, c s vt cht.
* Vn tc bay hi, vn tc ngn la: Vn tc bay hi ca ngn la hn hp
LPG - khng kh p sut kh quyn trong ng dn ng knh 30,4 cm t vn
tc 216 cm/s.
* Mu sc, mi v: LPG trng thi nguyn cht khng c mu, khng c
mi, nn thng c pha thm cht to mi mercaptan to mi c trng d
pht hin c hi LPG khi c r r.

* c tnh: LPG khng phi l cht c c tnh cao i vi con ngi v

mi trng. Tuy nhin, do hi LPG nng hn khng kh, nu r r trong khng
gian kn, LPG s chim ch ca khng kh, gy ngt cho ngi v sinh vt. LPG
c th b r r t ng ng, van, ch ni hoc do n, v thit b, ng ng. Do
nhit bay hi p sut kh quyn kh thp, nn nu b r r ra mi trng,
LPG s nhanh chng ha hi, gy bng lnh, ng thi to hn hp n vi
khng kh.
Trng hp c bit nguy him l hin tng n hi do cht lng gin n si
(BLEVE). Do LPG trong thit b dng lng, nu b gia nhit t bn ngai (nh
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nng mt tri, ngn la, cc ngun nhit khc), nhit LPG trong bnh tng
ti nhit si, LPG s bay hi, lm tng p sut, dn ti s c n thit b nu
khng c cc thit b bo v. Khi n thit b cha LPG, c th gy hiu ng
Domino, n thit b cha LPG, ph hy my mc, thit b, nh ca, cng trnh
xung quanh.
1.3. S lc v tnh hnh ch bin v s dng LPG Vit Nam
1.3.1. Tnh hnh ch bin LPG Vit Nam
LPG c ch bin t du m v kh thin nhin. Kt qu thm d cho thy
Vit Nam c tr lng tim nng khong gn 3.000 t m3, tp trung ch yu ti
thm lc a. Tr lng kh thin nhin phn b phn ln ti 4 b: Sng Hng,
Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn, Malay Th Chu, c th tm chia ra 4 cm khai thc
kh quan trng ti nc ta:

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- Cm kh th nht nm vng ng bng Bc B, gm nhiu m kh nh,

trong c Tin Hi - Thi Bnh, tr lng khong 250 t m3 kh, c bt u
khai thc nm 1981 phc v cho cng nghip a phng.
- Cm m kh th 2 thuc vng bin Cu Long, gm c 4 m du Bch H,
Rng, Rng ng, Ru Bi.
- Cm m kh th 3 vng bin Nam Cn Sn gm m i Hng ang khai
thc v cc m kh pht hin khu vc xung quanh Lan Ty, Lan , Hi
Thch, Mc Tinh.
- Cm m kh th 4 ti thm lc a Ty Nam gm c m Bunga Kewa - Ci
Nc.
Hin nay, LPG c ch bin ti nh my lc du Dung Qut v nh my x
l kh Dinh C (bng cng ngh chng ct).
C cu cc ngun cung cp LPG ti Vit Nam:
- Nhp khu: 54,96%.
- Nh my x l kh Dinh C: 20,27%.
- Nh my lc du Dung Qut: 24,77%.
Trong nm 2012, nh my x l kh Dinh C v nh my lc du Dung Qut
u tng sn lng LPG sn xut so vi 2011, p ng c trn 50% nhu
cu ton th trng. Theo s liu thng k, tng lng LPG nhp khu phc v
th trng ni a c gn 560.000 tn, trong khong 40% nhp khu t khu
vc Trung ng v 60% nhp t cc nc ln cn nh Trung Quc, Malaysia,
i Loan, Singapore...

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Hip hi Gas Vit Nam cho bit, ton quc hin c 31 kho LPG, nhng sc
cha ch t t 500 4.000 tn/kho (ch c 4 kho sc cha trn 3.000 tn). iu
ny khin cc doanh nghip kinh doanh LPG Vit Nam khng ch ng c
ngun hng, khi gas r khng tr c nhiu v cng khng c kh nng nhp
khu trc tip vi khi lng LPG ln t cc ngun nh Trung ng,
Australia y l im yu ln nht ca th trng LPG Vit Nam. khc
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phc tnh trng ny v gp phn hn ch tnh trng bin ng gi gas, ngy

20/3/2013, Tp on Du kh Vit Nam, Tng Cng ty c phn Kh Vit Nam
v cc i tc khnh thnh cng trnh Kho cha LPG lnh Th Vi mt
cng trnh c nh gi l kho cha LPG lnh ln nht Vit Nam hin nay.
Theo , cng trnh c tng vn u t ln ti hn 2.517 t ng do Tng Cng
ty Kh Vit Nam - PV Gas lm ch u t. Lin danh cc nh thu thc hin
cng trnh ny l Tng Cng ty c phn Xy lp Du kh Vit Nam (PVC) v
Cng ty Daewoo Engineering (DEC) lm tng thu EPC d n. Theo thit k,
Kho cha LPG lnh Th Vi c cng sut tn cha 60.000 tn LPG, y cng l
kho cha LPG lnh ln nht Vit Nam hin nay. D n bao gm cc hng mc:
H thng cng ngh cu cng nhp LPG lnh, h thng tip nhn cc sn phm
LPG t tu, h thng kho cha, h thng lm lnh, h thng bn nh p, h
thng gia nhit, h thng bm, my nn hi LPG... v cc h thng ph tr
khc. Vic u t xy dng kho cha LPG lnh quy m ln nht nc nhm
phc v nhu cu tng tr LPG vi khi lng ln, khng ch cho PV GAS m
cn cho cc nh nhp khu LPG khc, tng kh nng cung cp LPG lu di, n
nh, gp phn hn ch ph thuc vo s bin ng thng xuyn ca th trng
gas th gii v gp phn m bo an ninh nng lng t nc.

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C nc hin c trn 60 doanh nghip chnh tham gia th trng kinh doanh
LPG, mt s cng ty ln nh: Cng ty Saigon Petro; Cng ty Gas Petrolimex
Si Gn; Cng ty LD ELF Gas; Cng ty LD VT Gas; Cng ty PV Gas; Cng ty
Mobile Unique; Cng ty MT Gas.

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Bn cnh , c nhiu thng hiu c tnh gian ln thng mi nh sang

chit gas tri php, nhi bao b mu m, s dng v bnh gas khng bo m quy
chun an ton v chnh ngi tiu dng b nh hng quyn li trc tip. Cch
y hn 10 nm, Thi Lan cng l nc lon thng hiu LPG nh Vit Nam.
Sau , ngnh LPG Thi Lan t chc quy hoch sp xp li, n nay, ch cn
5 thng hiu d nhu cu tiu th LPG ca Thi Lan cao gp 4 ln Vit Nam.

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1.3.2.Tnh hnh tiu th LPG Vit Nam

Theo nhu cu v mc ch tiu th LPG c th c bn chia thnh 4 nhm:

- Dn dng: S dng bnh gas 12 kg lm cht t trong sinh hot ca cc h

gia nh.
- Cng nghip: S dng LPG lm nguyn/nhin liu u vo phc v sn
xut cc nh my sn xut nh gm, s, thy tinh, gch men, ch bin thc
phm, nng sn, thy sn y cng l phn khc th trng tiu th LPG
quan trng Vit Nam.
- Thng mi: S dng bnh gas 45 kg cho cc khch sn, nh hng, khu vui
chi gii tr
- Giao thng vn ti: S dng LPG lm nhin liu thay th cho cc nhin liu
truyn thng nh xng, du nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng trong cc
thnh ph ln. Tuy nhin, n thi im hin nay vic s dng LPG trong giao
thng vn ti vn cn mc khim tn.
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Cc sn phm LPG c a vo Vit Nam t nm 1992 v c a s

ngi dn nhanh chng n nhn do nhng u im v kinh t v kh nng ng
dng rng ri ca n. Giai on u t 1992 n 1999 mc tng trng t rt
cao bnh qun trn 100%. Trc nm 2005, vi vic nh my x l kh Dinh C
bt u i vo sn xut n nh cng vi s pht trin nhanh v kinh t ca Vit
Nam. Nhu cu tiu th LPG trong nc lin tc gia tng vi tc tng trng
trung bnh vo khong 25%.
Bng 1. Tc tiu th LPG giai on 1992-2012 ca Vit Nam
Nm

Sn lng tiu th (MT)

1992

400

1993

5.000

1994

16.500

1995

49.500

1996

91.000

1997

120.000

Tc tng trng (%)

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1.150
230
200
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2003

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580.000

21

2004

680.000

17

2005

750.000

10

2006

850.000

13

2007

900.000

5,9

2008

980.000

8,9

2009

1.100.000

12,2

2010

1.200.000

9,1

2011

1.400.000

16,7

2012

1.600.000

14,3

1998

170.000

1999

195.000

2000

240.000

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2002

360.000

42
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23
50

480.000

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nh gi tc tng trng trung bnh c nc ba khu vc th trng (Bc

- Trung - Nam) t nm 2005 n nay cho thy, khu vc min Bc ang dn u
vi t l tng trng trung bnh nm khong 25%/nm, k tip l Min Trung
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khong 13%/nm. Xt v tng nhu cu tiu th ton quc, nhu cu ti khu vc

Min Nam vn ang chim t trng cao nht khong 64.4% tip theo l khu vc
Min Bc: 31.2% v Min Trung: 4.4%.
Vi tc tng trng v nhu cu s dng LPG ca th trng Vit Nam ni
chung v tng khu vc th trng Bc - Trung - Nam nh trn, ngoi vic cho
thy nhu cu cn pht trin v quy m cc hot ng kinh doanh l rt c tim
nng m cn cho thy cc chui hot ng kinh doanh t khu cp Ngun - Tn
tr - Chit np - Phn phi cng cn thit phi tip tc sp xp hon thin to
dng mi trng kinh doanh cnh tranh lnh mnh v pht trin bn vng.

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2. S C MI TRNG DO KH DU M HA LNG
2.1. S c mi trng

a) S c mi trng l tai bin hoc ri ro xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng

ca con ngi hoc bin i tht thng ca t nhin, gy nhim, suy thoi
hoc bin i mi trng nghim trng.
b) Nguyn nhn gy ra s c mi trng

C 3 nguyn nhn gy ra s c mi trng:

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* S c mi trng do thin nhin gy ra: L cc tai bin t nhin nh: ng

t, bo, sng thn, chy rng... Thin tai l s c mi trng gy ra bi qu
trnh t nhin, thng c coi l bt kh khng v con ngi cn sng ho hp
vi chng. Vic la chn phng n phng chng thin tai tp trung vo la
chn cch sng v n trnh nhng nh hng khng mong i.

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* S c mi trng do con ngi gy ra: L nhng hot ng ca con ngi

nh x thi cht nhim hoc s c k thut nh chy, n nh my lc du, v
ng dn kh, r r ho cht nguy hi
* S c mi trng do c con ngi v thin nhin gy ra: L hu qu do cc
hot ng ca con ngi v qu trnh t nhin nh hin tng ma axt. Hin
tng ny c nguyn nhn l do con ngi thi ra cc kh Cl 2, SO2 pht tn
ln bu kh quyn v to ra ma axt HCl hay H2SO4
Phn bit nguyn nhn gy ra s c mi trng c ngha quan trng xc
nh trch nhim php l i vi c nhn hoc t chc c lin quan.
c) Cc giai on ca s c mi trng

Qu trnh s c phn nh tnh nhiu lon, bt n ca h thng v thng gm

3 giai on. Vi mi mt giai on ca s c s c nhng chin lc ng ph
thch hp:
* Giai on nguy c: tn ti cc yu t gy hi nhng cha gy mt n
nh cho h thng.
* Giai on pht trin: Tp trung v gia tng cc yu t s c, xut hin trng
thi mt n nh, nhng cha vt qua ngng an ton ca h thng mi trng.
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* Giai on s c: Trng thi mt n nh vt qua ngng an ton ca

h thng, gy ra cc thit hi khng mong i cho con ngi v mi trng.
d) Chin lc ng x s c mi trng
Tng ng vi 3 giai on ca s c, c 3 chin lc ng x s c sau:
* Chin lc I: c tin hnh khi xy ra s c mi trng gm cc hnh
ng khn cp nhm can thip chm dt s c, a h thng n ngng an
ton tm thi - ngng m h thng mi trng cha b ph v nhng cc qu
trnh s c vn ang tn ti c kh nng gy thit hi, do ngng an ton ny
khng bn.

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* Chin lc II: Phng nga gim s c n mc thp nht, cch xa

ngng an ton tm thi. Chin lc ny bao gm cc hnh ng u tin c
chn lc.

* Chin lc III: Phng nga ton din a qu trnh s c n ngng an

ton lu di. Chin lc ny bao gm cc hnh ng tng hp, tc ng ln tt
c cc yu t ca qu trnh s c. Cc hnh ng c tnh phng nga lu di nh
qui hoch, truyn thng mi trng, hon thin c s lut php thch hp vi
chin lc ny.

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2.2. Phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng

Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 quy nh v phng nga, ng ph s c

mi trng nh sau:

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iu 86. Phng nga s c mi trng

1. Ch c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, phng tin vn ti c nguy c

gy ra s c mi trng phi thc hin cc bin php phng nga sau y:
a) Lp k hoch phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng;
b) Lp t, trang b cc thit b, dng c, phng tin ng ph s c mi trng;
c) o to, hun luyn, xy dng lc lng ti ch ng ph s c mi trng;
d) Tun th quy nh v an ton lao ng, thc hin ch kim tra thng
xuyn;
) C trch nhim thc hin hoc ngh c quan c thm quyn thc hin
kp thi bin php loi tr nguyn nhn gy ra s c khi pht hin c du
hiu s c mi trng.
2. Ni dung phng nga s c mi trng do thin tai gy ra bao gm:
a) Xy dng nng lc d bo, cnh bo v nguy c, din bin ca cc loi
hnh thin tai c th gy s c mi trng;
b) iu tra, thng k, nh gi nguy c cc loi thin tai c th xy ra trong
phm vi c nc, tng khu vc;
c) Quy hoch xy dng cc cng trnh phc v mc ch phng nga, gim
thiu thit hi nhng ni d xy ra s c mi trng.
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3. B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph v U ban nhn dn cp

tnh trong phm vi nhim v, quyn hn ca mnh thc hin cc ni dung quy
nh ti khon 2 iu ny.
iu 90. ng ph s c mi trng
1. Trch nhim ng ph s c mi trng c quy nh nh sau:
a) T chc, c nhn gy ra s c mi trng c trch nhim thc hin cc
bin php khn cp bo m an ton cho ngi v ti sn; t chc cu ngi,
ti sn v kp thi thng bo cho chnh quyn a phng hoc c quan chuyn
mn v bo v mi trng ni xy ra s c;

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b) S c mi trng xy ra c s, a phng no th ngi ng u c

s, a phng c trch nhim huy ng khn cp nhn lc, vt lc v
phng tin ng ph s c kp thi;
c) S c mi trng xy ra trong phm vi nhiu c s, a phng th ngi
ng u cc c s, a phng ni c s c c trch nhim cng phi hp
ng ph;

d) Trng hp vt qu kh nng ng ph s c ca c s, a phng th

phi khn cp bo co c quan cp trn trc tip kp thi huy ng cc c s,
a phng khc tham gia ng ph s c mi trng; c s, a phng c
yu cu huy ng phi thc hin cc bin php ng ph s c mi trng trong
phm vi kh nng ca mnh.

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2. Nhn lc, vt t, phng tin c s dng ng ph s c mi trng

c bi hon chi ph theo quy nh ca php lut.

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3. Vic ng ph s c mi trng c bit nghim trng c thc hin theo

quy nh ca php lut v tnh trng khn cp.
4. Ngha v bi thng thit hi do s c mi trng gy ra c thc hin
theo quy nh ti mc 2 Chng XIV ca Lut ny, B lut Dn s v cc quy
nh khc ca php lut c lin quan.
iu 91. Xy dng lc lng ng ph s c mi trng

1. Nh nc c trch nhim xy dng lc lng, trang b, thit b d bo,

cnh bo v thin tai, thi tit, s c mi trng.
2. C s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v c trch nhim xy dng nng lc
phng nga v ng ph thin tai, s c mi trng.
2.3. S c mi trng do kh du m ha lng
2.3.1. c tnh nguy him ca LPG

Cc h thng chit np, s dng LPG l cc h thng kn, cha LPG bo ha

di p sut cao nhit mi trng. T c th thy hai mi nguy him
chnh lin quan n h thng LPG l: H thng lun c p sut, khi p lc ca
mi cht vt qu kh nng chu lc ca bn cha, ng ng s gy ra n v
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LPG cha bn trong h thng l mi cht c kh nng chy n cao, khi xy ra

s c n hoc r r, LPG thot ra ngoi c th gy ra chy, n dy chuyn rt nguy
him cho con ngi v mi trng. Kt qu nghin cu 100 tai ha s c
hydrocacbon ln nht trong 30 nm trn th gii cho thy c 10 nm th c khong
3 s c ln lin quan n cc c s tng tr v nn kh hydrocacbon. Xc sut xy
ra s c ln cho bt c c s kh ha lng no l t 1/2000 cho ti 1/3333. Tnh
cht ca LPG lin quan n s c nguy him gm mt s im sau:
- Kh ha lng tn tr trng thi lng p sut cao khi p sut trong bnh b
gim hoc nu LPG b r r ra ngoi khng kh do vy chng nhanh chng ha
hi iu kin kh quyn v to hiu ng lnh.

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- LPG thng c tn tr s dng trong bnh, bn th lng vi p sut

t 7 15 bar. L cht lng d bay hi nn khi r r ra mi trng th LPG bc
hi rt nhanh v ha trn vi khng kh to thnh hn hp cht n rt nguy
him. Khi b chy nhit LPG tng ln lm lng bc hi, tng p sut bnh
cha v lm m van an ton, x hi LPG ra ngoi rt mnh lm chy lan trn rt
nhanh v d di. Nu van an ton khng m, nhit lm p sut tng qu mc
c th dn n n bnh, bn rt nguy him.
- Khi b r r ra kh quyn, kh ha lng s ha trn vi khng kh to thnh
hn hp chy. Khi mt galon (3,785 lt) kh Butane tinh khit thot ra ngoi mi
trng s trn vi khng kh to thnh 46 m3 hn hp d chy gii hn chy
di. Nh vy, ch cn mt lng nh kh ha lng cng c th to thnh nt
lng ln hn hp d chy.

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- Hi LPG khng mu, khng mi, khng phi l cht c c tnh cao vi
con ngi v sinh vt nn vic pht hin r r gp kh khn khi gas LPG r r s
khng pht hin c kp thi.
- Do nng hn khng kh nn khi r r ra ngoi bao gi hi LPG cng tp
trung nhng ch thp, do vy n d dng tip xc vi ngun gy chy, khi gp
gi chng s pht tn theo chiu gi.
- Trong lng ca LPG bng trng lng ca nc, do vy chng lun ni
trn mt nc v bay hi rt nhanh.
- Kh ha lng tinh khit khng n mn kim loi nhng khi c lng nh tp
cht hoc cht khc th tc n mn xy ra rt nhanh v nghim trng.

- Kh ha lng khng mi nn kh nhn bit bng khu gic; Bn thn LPG

khng phi l cht c c tnh cao i vi ngi v sinh vt nhng khi b r r ra
ngoi mi trng chng lm thiu ht xy trong khng kh gy kh th cho
ngi v sinh vt trong vng b nh hng.
- Propane v Butane u l cc kh gy n khi trn ln ln vi khng kh
hoc xy mt t l nht nh. Chng nng hn khng kh, t trn mt t v
bay l l theo chiu gi kt hp vi khng kh to thnh hn hp n, khi chy
to ra hp cht th cp gy nhim mi trng.
- Mc c tnh i vi con ngi v ng vt:
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+ Vi nng 0,1%, ngi ht phi trong 5 pht s b chng mt.

+ Vi nng 0,5%, ngi ht phi trong 4 pht c hin tng nh nghin
ru.
- Khi Propane v Butane chy trong iu kin thiu khng kh s to ra xt
ccbon (CO) do chy hon ton khi tip xc s gy tn thng cho da.
2.3.2. Cc vn lin quan ti s c mi trng trong s dng LPG ti
Vit Nam
2.3.2.1. Mt s s c mi trng do LPG xy ra
Vit Nam l nc cha c nn cng nghip du kh pht trin nn s c mi
trng trong ch bin, s dng LPG trong thi gian qua cha mc c bit
nghim trng. Tuy nhin, cng xy ra mt s s c lin quan n vic ch
bin v s dng LPG, Theo i din Hip hi Gas Vit Nam v i hc Phng
chy cha chy th trong thi gian qua, c khong hn 2.000 v chy n kh gas
ln nh xy ra gy thit hi trn 500 t ng v cp i nhiu sinh mng.

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- Nm 1998: Xy ra s c r r v gy chy ng ng dn LPG ti c s cn

thp thuc tnh Ph Yn do ng ng khng bo m an ton nn gy r r gas,
to thnh hn hp chy n, gp ngun nhit gy s c.

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- Ngy 17/3/2003: R r ti ng ng dn LPG t nh my ch bin kh

Dinh C ti kho cng Th Vi gy nhim nc ti m nh bt thy sn sng
M Nht - Phc Ho. R r ny lm cht cua, c trong m trong 02 ngy
u s c.

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- Ngy 17/10/2006: Trng Mm non t thc Hoa Sen (c x Bnh Thi,

phng 8, qun 11, Tp. H Ch Minh) t ngt chy d di. V chy xy ra khi
cp dng m bp gas th bt ng la chy lan theo vi gas v bng ln d di.
Nguyn nhn l khi thay bnh gas loi 50 kg, i l gas bt cn r r gas
khi lp van an ton.
- Ngy 22/10/2006: Xy ra s c n bnh gas, lm chy ton b mt cn nh
ti p Ha Hn, x nh Ha, huyn G Quao, tnh Kin Giang. c tnh thit
hi khong 100 triu ng nhng khng thit hi v ngi do ngi trong nh
kp chy ra ngoi trc khi n bnh gas.
- Ngy 14/01/2008: Xy ra s c LPG ti bp ca khch sn nh Cao, Sa
Pa, Lo Cai lm sp nh bp v nt tng, h hng ca knh ca hai nh lin k.
Nhn vin khch sn b thng do cc mnh knh v gm vo ngi.
- Ngy 22/2/2009: Trn quc l 1A thuc a bn xm 18A x Nghi Lin,
huyn Nghi Lc, tnh Ngh An xy ra s c chy xe ch gas mang bin s
29S-1023 ch gas t Hi Phng v Ngh An. m chy ln lm chy c
ng dy in trn khng. Rt may l bn cha LPG trn xe cha b n.
- Ngy 01/07/2009: Ti thn Vinh An, x Thch Vnh, huyn Thch H,
tnh H Tnh xy ra s c r r LPG lm chy hai ngi nh, gy thit hi hn
100 triu ng.
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- Nm 2009: Ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh xy ra trn 10 v chy, n do

gas, lm cht v b thng nhiu ngi v thit hi ti sn rt ln. Vo lc 5 gi
30 pht ngy 6/5/2009, ti qun n Nht V Qun - s 478 ng Nguyn Ch
Thanh, P.7, Q.10 - do ng Trnh Vn Tun lm ch xy ra v n bnh gas. V
n ny lm ng Tun v ng Nguyn Vn Qu - l ngi hnh ngh xe m ang
ng ngoi qun n b bng nng; V n gas vo hi 7 gi 30 pht ngy
5/5/2009, ti qun cm s 31C ng Nguyn Du, P. Bn ngh, Q.1; V chy
gas vo m 28/2/2009 ti qun n By - ng Cy Keo, P.Hip Tn, Q.Tn
Ph - lm 2 ngi b thng nng.
- Trn a bn H Ni cng tng xy ra nhiu v tai nn chy, n t gas:

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+ Tra 17/4/2009, v n bnh ga ti mt qun n trn ng Quc T Gim

lm ba ngi b thng do mnh v t bp v bnh ga vng vo ngi.
+ Chiu 26/1/2010, v n bnh ga mi-ni ti mt cn nh trong ng 205, ph
Bch Mai khin ch nh b bng v dn c chung quanh no lon.
+ Khong 11 gi 55 pht ngy 6/10/2009, ti nh hng "Hi sn ngon" s
199A ng Nghi Tm (qun Ty H), xy ra v n bnh ga lm gian bp nh
hng b la thiu chy en, ca knh cc phng n k bn b v, mnh vn bn
t tung.
+ Ngy 3/11/2011, v n kh gas ti phng Bch Khoa lm 2 v chng
ch nh trng thng v cp i mng sng ca 2 chu nh.
+ Ngy 12/12/2011, v n kh gas ti ca hng gas Ph Vinh thn Vn Tr,
T Lim cng khin v v con ca ch ca hng thit mng, nhiu ngi b
thng v hy hoi nhiu ti sn.
Trn y chnh l nhng li cnh bo thit thc nht v s nguy him ca kh
gas khi b r r.

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2.3.2.2. Thc trng an ton mi trng trong s dng LPG

Theo ti Kho st s c v xut gii php bo m an ton trong s

dng kh du m ha lng (LPG) ti Tp. H Ch Minh, do Trng i hc
Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh thc hin trong 18 thng (6/2009 12/2010),
nghim thu nm 2011.

* V pha ngi dn: Kin thc ca ngi dn v an ton mi trng trong

s dng LPG cn hn ch. Cc i l phn phi gas cha hng dn cch s
dng an ton khi cung cp gas cho ngi dn. Cc i l ch hng dn khi
ngi dn yu cu v cng ch hng dn s b. Nhn thc ca a s ngi dn
ch dng li ch: s dng gas th c th s gy chy, n nhng khng bit mc
nguy him th no?
* V pha cc c s kinh doanh gas: Phn ln cc i l u quan tm n
cc vn an ton chy, n ti c s. Cc i l u c dng c cha chy ti
ch, c mi lin h vi i cha chy gn nht, c hun luyn an ton, phng
chy cha chy cho nhn vin. Tuy nhin, mc am hiu cc tiu chun an
ton gas cn hn ch.
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Gn 80% s i tng c kho st khng nhn thc c vic nh gi

cc s c mi trng c th xy ra trong s dng LPG v d bo mc thit
hi v ti sn, con ngi v mi trng xung quanh. 18% s phiu kho st tr
li c xy ra s c trong s dng LPG ti gia nh. Tuy mc s c khng ln
nhng cng cnh bo nhng s c ln trong s dng gas c th xy ra trong
tng lai nu khng c bin php phng nga.
* Nhn thc v mc nguy him v thc phng nga s c trong s dng
LPG Vit Nam cha cao:

Hnh 1. S dng bnh gas cnh

l t trn xe t

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Hnh 2. S dng bnh gas

cnh l nu sn

Hnh 3. S dng gas t

v nu lin hon

Cc hnh nh trn y cho thy: Nhn thc ca ngi s dng gas rt thp,
h khng lng ht c cc nguy him c th xy ra cho mnh v cng ng
nn v t lm vic trong tnh trng i mt vi t thn.
2.3.2.3. Nguyn nhn gy ra s c mi trng

xc nh nguyn nhn v hu qu cc s c trong s dng LPG c cc

phng php nh:
- Phng php phn tch vn hnh v xc nh mi nguy hi, phn tch cc
kiu hng hc v tc ng.
- Phn tch khn cp v nhng tc ng ca cc kiu hng hc, s nguyn
nhn hu qu.
- Phng php phn tch cy s kin (Event tree analysis - ETA), phng
php phn tch cy sai lm (Fault tree analysis FTA).
C th s dng phng php phn tch cy s kin (ETA) v cy sai lm
(FTA) xc nh nguyn nhn v hu qu nguy hi v y l phng php n
gin, d s dng v ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam.

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Hnh 4. Cy s kin v sai lm trong s dng LPG

a) Nguyn nhn do ngi s dng LPG

Thc t s dng LPG Vit Nam cho thy ngi s dng khng nhn thc
c y mc nguy hi ca LPG nn xy ra nhiu sai st trong lp t
bn cha LPG nh: V tr t bn v trm np khng m bo khong cch an
ton, nm gn khu dn c, gn trm cung cp xng, lp t cc bn cha gn
u np.
Hnh 5, 6, 7 cho thy ngi s dng khng nhn thc c mc nguy
him ca vic s dng LPG khng ng quy nh. Hnh 5 l hnh nh ca vic
san chit gas tri php. Trong khi nn san chit gas gi vn cha c gii quyt
trit th vic cc ph kin, bnh gas khng c kim nh cng , ang v
s gy ra nhng him ha kh lng cho ngi s dng LPG. Hnh 6 ch r vic
s dng dy dn gas sai quy nh. Hnh 7 gii thiu hnh nh s dng gas khng
ng mc ch.
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Hnh 6. Dy dn gas
sai quy nh

Hnh 5. San gas tri php

Hnh 7. S dng gas

khng ng mc ch

Cng vi vic thiu kin thc v an ton mi trng l s thiu thc ca

ngi s dng phng nga s c trong s dng LPG. Hnh 8, 9, 10 cho thy
hnh nh s dng chai gas thng mi trong nh hng khng bo m an ton do
ngi s dng khng tun th ng cc quy nh an ton.

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Hnh 8. n bng bay d

gy kch n cm chai LPG

Hnh 9. Cm chai LPG

Hnh 10. cm chai LPG t cnh
cnh bp khng c tng chn nh hng khng c tng chn

thc coi thng php lut ca mt s c s kinh doanh gas cng vi s

km hiu bit, thiu thc ca chnh ngui s dng LPG Vit Nam l nguyn
nhn dn n mt s s c xy ra v nguy c s xy ra nhng thm ha trong
s dng LPG Vit Nam nu khng c bin php phng nga thch hp.
b) Do thit b cha LPG
Nguyn nhn gy ra v n thit b cha LPG c th l nguyn nhn ni ti:
bn thn thit b khng m bo an ton; hoc tc ng t bn ngoi nh: do
LPG tn tr dng lng bo ha, nu b gia nhit t bn ngoi (nh nng mt
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