Lop Chuyen de 11

2.1.
Khng gian bin, ri ro v

qun tr
Jean-Pierre Beurier i hc Nantes,
Pierre Cariou Euromed Management, i hc Thng mi Marseille,
Patrice Guillotreau i hc Nantes,
Yves Perraudeau i hc Nantes
Hot ng a dng ca con ngi ngy

cng ph thuc vo bin (nh bt, nui
trng thy sn, vn ti v thng mi, du lch,
nng lng bin) ; mi quan h tc ng
qua li gia con ngi v mi trng thin
nhin phi c hiu r hn na nhm
xut phng php qun tr ph hp, gip
mt mt gim thiu ri ro v mt khc m
bo tnh bn vng trong khai thc ti nguyn
bin. Lp hc chuyn ny phn tch nhng
vn php l v kinh t trong khai thc ti
nguyn v khng gian bin thng qua vic
phn tch cc ch tiu pht trin bn vng,
cc bi tp tnh hung v phn tch cc hot
ng khai thc i dng (m hnh kinh t
sinh hc, phn tch cnh tranh, phng php
hiu ng, nh gi, v.v...).
Lin quan ti ni dung qun l ngun lc
hi v thy sn, cc khi nim cn bn v m
hnh kinh t sinh hc c a vo lp hc
chuyn cng vi vic nghin cu cc ch
tiu v qun l bn vng ngun lc. Ngoi ra,
lp hc chuyn cng cp n nhng

kha cnh khc nhau trong thng mi quc
t v cc chnh sch qun l trao i hi sn.
i vi ni dung vn ti bin, cc hc vin
c chia thnh nhm nh v c tham gia
vo bi tp m phng cnh tranh trong h
thng cc tuyn vn ti thng xuyn. Bi tp
ny gip hc vin hiu r cc chin lc ca
cc tc nhn tham gia vo vn ti bin quc
t cng nh s hnh thnh cc lin minh
chin lc trong lnh vc ny. V ni dung vi
nghin cu mi trng bin, m hnh DPSIR
(Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response)
c s dng nh mt b khung phn
tch tc ng gia con ngi v t nhin
v cc tnh hung bin i mi trng ; cc
hc vin s p dng m hnh ny cho nhiu
kiu h sinh thi a phng. Nhng phng
php nh gi gin tip nhng ngun lc
mi trng phi hng ho cng c a vo.
Vic s dng ngun lc bin s c phn
tch di kha cnh tc ng ca n i vi
cc ngnh kinh t a phng.
Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD
[163]
(Ni dung g bng)

Ngy 1, sng th hai 16/7
Gii thiu ging vin v hc vin (xem l lch
ging vin, danh sch hc vin phn cui
chng) ; Yves Perraudeau gii thiu mc
tiu bui bo co thu hoch lp hc vo th
by
[Patrice Guillotreau]
Ti xin ghi nhn ni dung phn t gii thiu
ca cc bn cng nh mong i ca tng c
nhn, c ba ni dung chuyn : ngi dn
vng ven bin sinh k, hot ng vng
duyn hi, ngh c ; bin i kh hu v
pht trin bn vng; cc vn xung t v
iu tit.
Trong trng hp th nht, chng ta ni n

nn kinh t nh bt truyn thng, gn vi
thc t l hot ng xa c ca con ngi
l tm c ci g th dng ci y. Hnh vi ny
khng c hnh dung trc, v nh hot
ng ca ngi th sn, khi bt u cng
vic ca mnh, anh ta khng bit c mnh
s tm c th g v s thu c th g.
Vi nui trng thy sn, con ngi tun theo
l-gich sn xut v nui trng thy sn ; hnh
vi ny vn l nhng hnh vi truyn thng ca
nhng nh sn xut, cc ch doanh nghip.
Trong phn u tin, chng ta s ch cp
n nh bt, ngy mai chng ta s cp
ni dung nui trng thy sn.
Bn v ri ro, l bn v ri ro thin nhin nh

bin i kh hu v c ri ro bt ngun t
hot ng ca con ngi. Nhng ri ro loi
ny c th lin quan n cc cng thng,
xung t nhng cng c th trong khng
kh n ha, chng hn nh vic khai thc mt
ngun lc trong mt lnh vc cnh tranh.
Di gic qun tr, chng ti quan tm
n cc vn thit ch iu phi. Lm th
no thit k cc thit ch ph hp nhm
i ph vi cc vn thin nhin, con ngi
v c tnh ti bin i kh hu ?
2.1.1. Qun l bn vng ngun lc

bin
[Yves Perraudeau]
nh bt v nui trng thy hi sn tng
ng vi hai kiu hot ng kinh t v hai
hnh vi khc nhau.
[164] Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD
Yves Perraudeau m t ngn gn mt s

cng c nh bt c s dng ti Php
nh li r tng su, li ba lp, by, cu
ging, li gi, dy li v rng rc, li co.
Cc tiu ch v quy m v s ngy ra khi cho
php nh bt. Da trn thc t ti chu
u, ging vin nhn mnh s phn bit bn
loi nh bt : nh bt nh - nh bt dc
b bin, ch yu ko di khong mt ngy;
nh bt gn b - thi gian nh bt di ba
ngy; nh bt ngoi khi thi gian nh
bt t hai n ba tun; v nh bt qui m
ln s dng tu nh c di trn 40 m.
Nhiu loi hnh kinh t nh bt c gii
thiu, phn loi ch yu trong mi tng
quan vi cc kiu ch doanh nghip khc
nhau : s hu tu, khng phi s hu tu,
ch s hu ln tu, khng ln tu. Mc tiu
ra y l phn bit nh bt th cng
- tu di di 25 m, ch s hu ln tu vi
nh bt bn cng nghip v nh bt cng
nghip (tu c chiu di ln hn, trn 25 m,
v ch s hu khng ln tu).
Trn c s mt vi tiu ch xp loi nu trn,

cc bn c th miu t hot ng nh
bt ca quc gia mnh, khu vc mnh c
khng?
Cng cn phi quan tm n c cc tiu ch
v cng sut ng c, thng l tiu ch c
la chn o lng nng lc nh bt, hay
c nhng tiu ch v t chc nh thy triu.
Cc bn c bit thng tin v nhng cch
phn loi hin c p dng trong h thng
nh bt quc gia hay khng ? u l tiu ch
chun xc phn chia cc loi hot ng ?
Hunh Th Bch Phng
Theo nh ti bit, ngi dn a phng
Vit Nam chia ra lm hai loi : nh bt cng
nghip v nh bt th cng, vi loi th hai
ny, ngi dn thng s dng nhng cng
c rt n gin, th s, v d nh thuyn thng.
Phm Tun Anh
nh bt th cng chim mt v tr rt quan
trng ti Vit Nam. nh bt cng nghip
thng bao gm cc tu c c trung bnh,
thi gian nh bt thng di mt thng.
Liu thy c th gii thiu t trng cng
nghip nh bt ca Php c khng ?
[Yves Perraudeau]
Kinh t nh bt chim mt t trng rt nh
trong kinh t quc dn ca Php. nh bt
th cng chim phn ln trong ngnh nh
bt ti Php; nh bt cng nghip gm t tu
nh c, t trng kinh t rt nh. Ch c mt
ngoi l : nh bt c ng c thc hin ch
yu n Dng v i Ty Dng, ngoi
khi chu Phi.
Trong nn kinh t Php hay chu u, t trng

ngnh nh bt di 1% GDP. Nhng c s
khc bit gia cc khu vc. nh bt cng
nghip gm t tu v to t vic lm, nhng
li to ra t 20 % n 25 % sn lng. ng
nhin cn phi tnh n tc ng ca vic
pht huy v lm tng gi tr cho sn phm
nh bt : nu tnh theo gi tr, sn phm
ngnh nh bt cng nghip c gi tr nh
hn gi tr nh bt th cng t 10 n 15 %.
Phm Trng Hng Giang
nh bt th cng l hot ng c truyn
thng lu i ti Vit Nam v li du n
su m trong i sng ca ngi dn vng
duyn hi. Hot ng ny thay i mt cch
rt chm chp.
V Hu Ho
Ti cc quc gia c nn kinh t nh bt pht
trin, nh bt cng nghip nm trong tay
cc doanh nghip ln, v cc sn phm nh
bt phc v cho ngnh cng nghip ch
bin. Vit Nam khng nm trong s nhng
quc gia ny. Cc doanh nghip ch yu l
doanh nghip gia nh. Tuy nhin cng c
cc hp tc x h tr cho h thng cc doanh
nghip ny.
i vi nh bt xa b, tiu ch xp loi chnh
l cng sut ng c : nh hn 90 m lc,
bng hoc ln hn 100 m lc, ti a l t
430 n 450 m lc.
[Yves Perraudeau]
Chng ta gi nh rng cc tu nh hn
100 m lc xp vo loi tu nh bt th cng.
Liu c nhng trng hp a ngnh ngh
hay khng, c ngha l va lm ngh nh
[165]
c va lm mt cng vic khc hay khng ?

Ngoi ra, cn phi xem loi nh bt l n
loi hay a loi ? Cc bn nn lu rng hon
ton c th phn loi hot ng nh bt
theo cch thc t chc nhn lc.
xa b. Nhng cn nhiu kh khn trong vic

hon vn. Cc khon h tr c th ln ti
mc t 30% n 35% GDP ca ngnh ny.
Hunh Th Bch Phng
Con s ny cng tng ng vi mc h tr

dnh cho hot ng nh bt trn quy m
quc t.
Ti thnh ph bin Nha Trang, min Trung

Vit Nam, ng dn ch hnh ngh nh c
m thi, cng khng chuyn bit nh bt
mt loi c.
[Yves Perraudeau]
Ng dn c nhn c h tr t pha Nh
nc trong qu trnh ng thuyn nh bt
th cng hay cng nghip hay khng ? Liu
c hay khng cc khon h tr trc tip t
cc c quan cng quyn, c th l t Nh
nc trung ng hay cc cp chnh quyn
a phng ?
Nguyn Xun Lm
Ngn hng cho vay vi li sut u i v thi
gian vay vn rt di. y l u i dnh cho
hot ng nh bt cng nghip, nh bt
L Th Hng Giang
C th nu ra quyt nh ca Th tng
Chnh ph k nm 2004 v cc khon h tr
dnh cho cc h ngho, trong s c bao
gm cc h ng dn. Theo Quyt nh ny,
ng dn c h tr mua li hoc ng
mi tu vi cng sut trn 90 m lc. Khon
h tr ln ti 70 triu ng/tu trong mt
nm, khong 2500 euros.
[Yves Perraudeau]
By gi, chng ta s cng nhau nghin cu
cc xu hng chnh trong phn loi cc loi
hnh nh bt trn c s d liu quc t.
Biu
7 Qun l bn vng cc ngun lc bin

(1950-2010)
Ngun : FAO.
Biu
8 Cc nc nh bt chnh nm 2009
Ngun : FAO.
[167]
Nhiu vng nh bt va ra khi giai on

ngh sinh hc trong giai on sau chin
tranh th gii th hai. nh bt c mc tng
trng mnh t nhng nm 1950-1960, mc
tng ni chung tip tc n nhng nm
1980-1990 trong khong t 85 n 90 triu
tn, sau bt u chng li. Tri li, i vi
ngnh nui trng gn nh lc u cha tn
ti, c bc tng trng bt u t nhng
nm 1970. Mc tng mnh c ghi nhn
vo thp k 1990, thi k m nui trng thu
sn gii thch s gia tng sn lng ca cc
hot ng nh bt - nui trng. Chng ta
nhn thy r s bin i ny khi chng ta
quan st t trng ca nh bt v nui trng
thy sn trong nhng nm 1950 v thi im
hin ti 2010.
Bng
Nu ta cn c theo s liu quc t s dng, ta
c th a ra mc tiu th khong 17kg thy
sn/ngi/nm. (Xem biu : Nhng nc
nh bt chnh 2009)
[Yves Perraudeau]
Quc gia no nm trong s cc nc nh
bt chnh ?
l Trung Quc, cc quc gia ven Thi Bnh
Dng, c bit l cc nc chu .
Sn lng nh bt theo nhm loi nm 1950 v 2009
Ngun : FAO.
C th phn ra ba nhm loi nh bt : tng

nc su, tng nc nng, nc l (c hi,
ln hay mt s loi tm).
S liu hin nay cho thy trng lng ca cc

loi c tng su c xu hng gim, cn cc
loi c sng tng nc nng c nh bt
nhiu nht l cc mi v c cm. Thng tin
ny cng gi m cho ta thy hin tng khai

thc qu mc cc loi c tng su.
Thng thng, loi c tng nc su l loi
n tht c tng nc nng, v loi ny thng
c coi l loi c lm thc n cho cc loi
khc. y, ta c th quan st thy s st
gim ng k ca cc loi c tng nc su
v s gia tng ca cc loi c tng nc nng.
Trong chui thc n hay dinh dng, ta phn
bit cc loi n mi cp trn, cc loi sinh vt
lm thc n, ri cc loi thc vt ni; cc loi
ng vt ph du l thc n cho cc loi sinh
vt lm thc n, cc loi ny li n cc loi
Biu
thc vt ni. Cc cng trnh ca Daniel Pauly

v cc ng nghip ghi nhn vic nh bt
c xu hng ngy cng thp nhm vo loi
v tr thp trong chui thc n (Pauly et al.,
1998). Cc loi c trong lp trn thng c gi
tr ln hn v l ch nhm u tin ca cc tu
c. Sau , ta quan st thy hin tng nh
bt cc loi thp hn trong chui thc n,
hin tng ny i cng vi mc gia tng
ca cc hot ng nh bt. Ngy nay, ngi
ta phi quan tm nhiu hn n cn bng h
sinh thi hn l ch quan tm n thun n
vic qun l ngun d tr bin theo tng loi;
c tnh ch s chui thc n st gim trung
bnh t 5 % n 10 % trong mt thp k.
Phn tch mc dinh dng:

sn lng nh bt ton cu ngy cng thp
trong chui dinh dng
Ngun : Pauly et al. (1998).
[169]
23 nh bt thy sn v pht trin bn vng
Mi trng
Kinh t
Ngun : tc gi.
nh bt bn vng l g ? C th a ra ch s
g o lng tnh bn vng ca hot ng
nh bt ?
Chng ta c th da trn ba tr ct truyn
thng trong pht trin bn vng l kinh t,
mi trng v x hi, v tnh n c nhng
vn qun tr. Trong pht trin bn vng,
mc tiu ra cn tp trung vo vic nng
cao mc sng ngi dn: tng gi s lm tng
thu nhp cho ng dn, gim chi ph sn xut,
tng gi tr cc sn phm, ngng thng
mi cho cc nc xut khu nh Vit Nam
hoc Thi Lan. Trong lnh vc x hi, ta cn
quan tm n vic ti phn phi li nhun
c ngha l gi tr thng d do hot ng
nh bt to ra , to vic lm, cc vn lin
quan ti n ung ca ng dn trong trng
hp nh bt t cung t cp, cn bng trong

trao i Bc Nam, v.v. Trong lnh vc mi
trng, cn a ra nhng mc tiu nh bo
tn h cn bng sinh thi, bo v cc ngun
lc cng nh cc yu cu v v sinh an ton
thc phm hay kim sot pht thi CO2 ca
tu nh c. gim bt kh khn, cng
thng lin quan n vic thc hin cc mc
tiu ny, vn qun tr c tnh cht mu
cht : nguyn tc tip cn ngun ti nguyn
cho ngi dn, chia s khng gian bin gia
cc tc nhn khc nhau, qun l chi ph qun
l cc cp khc nhau (cng ng, quc
gia), chm dt cc hot ng nh bt khng
tun th quy nh hay khng ng k.
i vi lp chuyn ca chng ta, mc tiu
ca ngy hm nay l cng nhau suy ngh v
cc ch s tng ng vi cc tr ct ca pht
trin bn vng trong ngnh nh bt.
[Yves Perraudeau]
Gi cng l mt ch s trong pht trin bn
vng. Xt trn gic thu nhp, y l mt
ch s hay v mt kinh t v th v v mt
x hi.
Nu nh gi c thit lp mc cao s
to hiu ng tt v kinh t v x hi, nhng
Biu
iu cng c th dn n tnh trng tng

cng nh bt, trong trng hp , iu
ny l mt yu t khng c li xt trn gic
sinh thi. n tn u nhng nm 2000,
ch s gi c nh bt thp hn so vi ch s
gi c nui trng. Ch thi gian sau ny ch s
gi gia ngch nh bt v nui trng mi
c bng nhau. Gim gi nui trng gy
kh khn cho cc trang tri nui c ti chu
u, iu ny l gii kh khn trong vic gi
vng sn lng ngnh nui c ti chu u.
10 Mc chnh gi-chi ph theo cch nh bt trn

th gii
Ngun : Lam et al. (2011).
C th ghi nhn mc chnh kh ln gia cc

cch nh bt. Gi bn ti tu ln hn rt
nhiu so vi gi trung bnh, i vi cc hot
ng khc, xu hng quan st c li hon
ton ngc li, iu ny cn thit phi c s

can thip, v d nh b gi. Hot ng nh
c ng theo bt k cch nh bt no u
mang li hiu qu ln nht.
[171]
Bng
Cc ch s nh bt bn vng ti Php (2009)
Ngun : Mng li thng tin k ton v kinh t v hot ng nh bt (RICEP), theo s liu Mng li thu thp d liu (DCF), y ban nh
bt trn bin (DPMA) v Trung tm qun l nh bt th cng (CGPA).
Thng qua mt vi v d v la chn ch s,
chng ti mun ch cho cc bn thy v sao
cc ngnh nh bt c th khc nhau n vy.
Cc bn c ch s u tin phn nh mc tiu
th nhin liu trung bnh trn s kilgram
c nh bt c. Cc loi tu nh bt tiu
th t nhin liu s c u th hn so vi cc
loi tu khc. Ch s ny rt hay ch n cho
php xc lp t l tiu th mt lt du thu
c mt kilgram c ; ch s ny cung cp
cc thng tin v nng sut v mc pht thi
kh gy hiu ng nh knh ca hot ng
nh bt. Sn lng c nh bt cng cho
thng tin v s lng vic lm c to ra,
thng tin ny lin quan n kha cnh x hi
ca pht trin bn vng. Cng c cch din
gii khc i vi hiu qu kinh t ca mi tn
c nh bt c. Ch s cui cng lin quan
n vn an ninh lng thc, im mu
cht khi ni n pht trin bn vng ca mt
x hi ph thuc vo ngun dinh dng t

ngun li hi sn.
Cng cn lu rng cc cch nh bt khng
p ng y cc tiu ch v mi trng th
tha mn tt hn nhu cu cung cp thc n.
Chng ti mi cc bn chia ra thnh cc
nhm theo ba tr ct pht trin bn vng v
cc kha cnh pht trin, cc nhm s in
bng ch s ny. gip cc nhm lm bi,
cc bn s dng phn ti liu m chng ti
pht trc (Xem. Ti liu nu trong
phn Ti liu tham kho). Mt phn d liu
cc bn c th truy cp trn trang web ca
FAO khi ti phn mm FishstatPlus.
Patrice Guillotreau gii thiu phn mm ny

cho lp hc.
Chng ta tip tc ni dung ny vi cch tip
cn c th mang tnh l thuyt nhiu hn, c
th l ta s xem xt l thuyt nh bt. n

gin, chng ta c th biu din bin ng
ca mt tr lng trong khng gian mi,
chng ta c th hnh dung mt tr lng nh
Biu
mt loi xm ln ang chim mt khng gian

mi v s pht trin n lc t c mc
tip nhn ti a trong mi trng ca n.
11 Tng trng theo d tr
Ngun : Schaefer (1954).
Tng trng d tr c biu din nh mt

hm ton hc di nhiu dng v c biu
din bng X X l sinh khi, tr lng
c. C hai im ng quan tm xc nh
mc tng trng bng khng: khi d tr
sinh vt cn kit, v vy khng c kh nng
sinh sn v khi tng mc tng trng d
tr (ta c th tnh bng tn sinh khi) cng
bng khng kh nng tip nhn ti a
t c, chng hn nh mt loi thc
vt trn mt hn o c kh nng khng
cn c th pht trin qui m hn na. Mc

tiu sinh thi a ra nhm t c tc
tng trng ti a ca tr lng tng ng
vi mt na kh nng tip nhn ti a tr
lng: im ny c gi l mc sn lng
bn vng ti a Maximum Sustainable Yield
(MSY) , v cng l mc tiu cn t
c nu ti Hi ngh thng nh v Tri
t nm 2002 ti Johannesburg, ni cc hc
gi d bo mc MSY vo nm 2015.
[173]
Khung
Bin thin ca tng lng thy sn vi lng nh bt
Ht l mc nh bt, G(Xt) l hm tng trng v Xt l mc tng lng d tr thy

sn ti thi im t :
Xt+1 = Xt + G(Xt) Ht
Tng trng tr lng tng ng vi nh bt

Xt+1 Xt = G(Xt) Ht
Cn bng bn vng (n nh) :
Xt+1 Xt = 0 <=> G(Xt) = Ht
gi tr lng tnh trng tnh, c ngha l

mt mc khng i t nm ny qua nm
khc, ta c th xc nh mc nh bt theo
Biu
giai on (Ht) nhm m bo tc tng

trng n nh [G(Xt)] ca tr lng cc
thi im.
12 Tng quan lng nh bt (H) / nng lc

nh bt (E)
Ngun : tc gi.
th ny biu din tng lng d tr thy

sn ti thiu v ti a. Chng ti p dng
nhiu mc nng lc nh bt cho mt mc
tng lng d tr thy sn : khi nng lc
nh bt cng cao, dc ng thng X
cng ln. Nu ta a mc nh bt bng vi
mc tng trng, ta s t c mc nh
bt bn vng. Trn tt c cc im trn th,
mc nh bt u n nh v bn vng. Tuy
nhin, mt mc nh bt c th tng ng
vi hai mc nng lc nh bt khc nhau
v s to ra tc ng khc nhau i vi sinh
khi E1, mc rt cao, E3 mc thp hn, v.v.
im E1, mc nh bt mc cao v mc
sinh khi s gn vi mc ti thiu, c ngha
l ngng cn kit sinh hc. Tip theo ,
pha bn phi ca th (E2), vi mc nh
bt ln hn nhng nng lc nh bt gim
Biu
i, tng lng d tr thy sn s mc ln

hn. Nu ta tip tc gim nng lc nh bt
( im E3), ta c th thy s t c mc
nh bt nh hn mt cht, nhng li c
c sinh khi thit lp mc cao hn rt
nhiu. Nng lc nh bt c th o lng
theo nhiu cch khc nhau : s ngy lu trn
bin, s tu, v.v. Nh vy, s tn ti mc nng
lc nh bt m bo t mc MSY, mc
l thuyt ny ng vi nng lc ti a chia hai.
y chnh l mc tiu qun l ca nhiu cng
c quc t ln trn th gii : mc tiu trc
tin l mc tiu sinh hc nhm ti a ha
nhng g con ngi c th ly t thin nhin
m vn m bo t nhin c th lin tc ti
to v v mt l thuyt vic ny ko di trong
khong thi gian v tn.
13 Mc tiu no cho nh bt bn vng?
Ngun : tc gi.
[175]
By gi, chng ta chuyn sang kha cnh kinh

t thit lp mi quan h gia mc nh
bt (trc tung) v nng lc nh bt. Cng di
chuyn v pha tay phi ca th, ta cng
hng v mc tng lng d tr thy sn
nh hn. Vi nng lc nh bt bng khng,
ta t mc ti a sinh khi. nghin cu
vn di gic kinh t, chng ta hy
nhn vi mt d liu thc t : lng c nhn
vi gi. Ri a ch ph nh bt vo. V d
nh chng ta s bit chi ph ca mt ngy
nh bt trn bin, hoc gi ca mt con
tu hoc chi ph mua hng ngn li cu.
Khi ti s c th tnh chi ph ny t l vi
nng lc nh bt vi mt ng thng biu
din tng chi ph ca hot ng nh bt.
Khi thc hin thao tc ny, chnh l chng
ta xc nh mt mc tiu kinh t : ti a ha
khong cch gia thu nhp m ta thu c
t ngnh nh bt v tng chi ph, trn c s
xc nh sn lng kinh t ti a. iu l
th l mc nng lc nh bt nh hn mc
MSY, v nh vy th c cc mc d tr ln
hn vi mc cn bng sinh hc. Cn bng
ny ch c th xy ra nu vic tip cn ngun
li hi sn c qun l - v d nh trng
hp ta ch c mt ch s hu, s l mc
tiu duy nht m anh ta theo ui. Khi vic
tip cn khng c qun l, li nhun ca
hot ng nh bt s khuyn khch nhng
ng dn khc tham gia vo hot ng nh
bt, hnh vi ny dn dn lm gim v mt
li nhun. y ta c th hiu c thm
ha xut pht t nhng ngun li chung : c
nhn c hng li nhng x hi gnh chi

ph, c ngha l ton b cc thnh vin trong
cng ng cng chu hu qu.
C th a ra ba mc tiu: mc tiu sinh hc
- t c mc tiu ny ngi ta khuyn
co t mc nng lc khai thc im E2,
nh vy ta t c im MSY; tip n l
mc tiu kinh t - ta s im E3, vi iu
kin c th qun l v hn ch vic tip cn
ngun lc nh bt; th ba l mc tiu x hi
- nu nh mc tiu cn thc hin l ti u
ha vic to vic lm trong ngnh nh bt,
ta s nh v im E1, cho php tt c cc
tc nhn tham gia nh bt v hy vng l s
khng tim cn vi mc cn kit tng lng
thy sn.
L Th Hng Giang
V sao E1 khng phi l im biu din mc
tiu mc cao ?
V iu ny c th s mang tnh phn kinh
t : li nhun c th s hon ton bin mt.
Do vy, chng ta c th sn xut nhiu hn
m vn s dng t vn t nhin v vn con
ngi. Ng dn s khng c cn thy hp
dn khi tham gia vo ngnh nh bt. Chng
ta c th i mt vi nguy c mt hon ton
thu nhp, ch khng hn l cn kit lng
thy sn, tr phi hot ng nh bt c
tr cp, khin chi ph nh bt mc rt thp.
Biu
14 c lng tng quan lng nh bt - nng lc

nh bt listao bng li kp ti chu u
(i Ty Dng)
Ngun : tc gi, da trn s liu ca i quan st Thonier Trung tm IRD ti Ste (Php).
Nu chng ta biu din mc sn lng nh

bt c ng listao tnh bng tn nh bt
hng nm v chng ta t trong mi tng
quan vi nng lc nh bt tnh theo gi
nh bt hng nm, chng ta s v c
th cho php xc nh c mc nng lc
nh tng ng vi d tr thy sn. Mt ch
s c lng mc di do c tnh
bng cch ly lng nh bt chia cho n
v nng lc nh bt catch per unit effort.
Kt qu c c c th l mt gi tr tng
i ca lng sinh khi c trong t nhin.
Mc sn lng nh bt s ph thuc vo
nng lc nh bt, lng d tr, nhng tham
s h s xc sut nh bt catchability
s lm tng tnh phc tp ca php tnh.
Ccnh nghin cu sinh hc thng phn

bit nng lc nh bt danh ngha (c th
xc nh da trn s lng li cu, s tu
nh c, s by, thi gian nh bt, v.v.,) v
nng lc nh bt thc t (F) c tnh bng
nng lc nh bt danh ngha nhn vi h
s nng sut nh bt. Khi , chng ta c
th lm tng rng lng nh bt n
thun ch c duy tr bng s n v nng
lc nh bt m thi, v cc phng tin
nh bt ngy cng c hiu qu cao. V d,
phng tin in t c trang b trn cc
con tu c th xc nh lung c, thit b ny
gip tng sn lng nh bt ln gp mi
ln so vi nng lc nh bt danh ngha.
[177]
Biu
15 th ngun cung t do
Ngun : Copes (1970).
Cc nh kinh t hc suy lun da trn mi

tng quan gi/lng xem xt cn bng
cung-cu. y cc bn c biu tng
quan lng nh bt/nng lc nh bt. Mi
quan h gia d tr v nng lc nh bt l
quan h nghch chiu : nng lc nh bt
cng cao th d tr thy sn s cng thp. Mi
quan h nghch chiu ny cng tn ti gia
gi c v d tr : d tr cng ln th n gi
nh bt v gi cng thp. T ba biu ny,
ngi ta xy dng th cung, y l ng
th rt c bit trong l thuyt nh bt.
Thng thng trong kinh t, th cung
thng dng ; gi cng cao th lng hng

cung cng nhiu.
Vn ca vic tip cn t do, khng c
qun l, l bn c th khuyn khch ng
dn tham gia ngy cng nhiu vo hot ng
nh bt, tng nng lc nh bt v chng
hn vt ra ngoi mc MSY, trong trng
hp ny, th s i chiu ngc li : gi
tip tc tng nhng lng cung ti im ny
khng th tng c na v s gim, ngay c
khi c thm tu hay nng lc nh bt c
tng cng.
Biu
16 th ngun cung t do v cn bng th trng
Ngun : tc gi.
Nu nh mc cu ca ngi tiu dng tng

do gi tht tng hay thu nhp ca ngi tiu
dng tng mnh th cu s dch chuyn
sang phi, nh vy ri ro cn bng th trng

trn mc MSY s tng.
24 Qun l nng ng : nguyn tc chit khu
Ngun : tc gi.
[179]
Chng ta ang ngng cn bng tnh,

by gi hy thm vo nguyn tc cp nht.
Qun l nng ng cn gn vi li sut, vn
l cng c o lng pht trin bn vng theo
ngha n th hin mc u tin t nhiu
i vi hin ti, v mi quan tm t nhiu
i vi tng lai ca ngun lc t nhin. C
mt nguyn tc l chng ta hy t hi mnh
rng hin chng ta xc nh gi tr no cho
thu nhp ca nhng th h con chu trong
ngnh nh bt. Theo cch tip cn v k,
c th coi gi tr ny hon ton bng khng.
Ngc li, theo cch tip cn pht trin bn
vng, ngi ta cho rng gi tr tng lai cng
ngang bng vi gi tr hin ti. Theo mt
php c tnh n gin, ta c th coi t l cp
nht tng ng vi mc li sut. Chng ta
cng nhau xem xt mt v d : nu by gi
ti yu cu mt ngi trong s cc bn cho
vay 100 la v trong mt nm na, tc l
kha hc ma h nm sau ti s tr li, cc
bn c th ni vi ti Ti sau khng nh ? .
ng nhin ti s hon cho cc bn mt
khon tin ln hn khon tin m cc bn
cho ti vay : ti tr cho s hi sinh ca bn khi
bn chp thun khng s dng 100 $ trong
thi im hin nay. Vy th s hy sinh ny
ng gi bao nhiu? Nu nh cc bn giu
c, khon ny cng khng ng l bao so vi
cc bn, v cc bn s chp nhn ti tr li
l 5 $ trong vng mt nm. Tuy nhin, nu
y l mt khon tin ln vi cc bn trong
giai on hin nay, c th cc bn s yu cu
phi tr li l 20 $, 30 $ hay 50 $ trong vng
1 nm ti. Nh vy, li sut ny th hin mi
u tin ca cc bn trong giai on hin ti
trong mi tng quan vi gi tr tng lai.
Nu cc bn c mi u tin cho hin ti cng
ln th cc bn s cng quan tm n mc
li sut cao.
[Yves Perraudeau]
Ri ro v pha khch hng, tin cy, cng
nh ng tin m cc bn vay ng nhin
tc ng n li sut ny
quay tr li vi vn nh bt, chng ta
cn so snh cc khon tin ti cc thi im
khc nhau ; cch n gin nht l quy n
v vi thi im hin ti. V d vi mt nh
bng cho vay 10000 $, i vi anh ta th trong
5 nm na, 10 000 $ c gi tr l bao nhiu ?
Ch cn nhn s tin ny vi li sut bng nhau
ca s nm cho vay. Nu li sut bng 6 %,
10 000 $ s tng ng vi 13 382 $ trong
5 nm na. Khi chng ta biu din mt gi tr
tng lai, chnh l thao tc ngc li : thay
v nhn, cc bn s chia cho gi tr . Thu
nhp ca ngh nh bt 10 000 $ s bng
bao nhiu trong 5 nm na vi t l b bng
6 % ? Cu tr li l 7 473 $. Ty vo mc b,
t l cao th hin mc st rut v u tin
dnh cho hin ti, khi t l ny cng gn vi
con s 10 %, 20 %, 25 %, th s tin s nhn
c trong 5 nm na cng c gi tr thp
trong hin ti.
Phm Tun Anh
Thy c th nu r da trn c s no c
th c tnh rng gi tr khon tin nhn c
trong 5 nm na ch tng ng vi 7000 $
thi im hin ti ?
C s u tin n thun i vi hin ti, iu
ny khuyn khch bn tiu dng trong hin
ti, v d mua my tnh, ngay c khi bn phi
tr s tin t hn trong su thng na ; bn
cn my tnh cho thi im hin ti v bn s
mua my tnh by gi. Ngoi ra, cng c hiu
ng k vng giu c : c th a ra gi thuyt
rng trong nm nm na bn s giu c hn

by gi, v vy gi tr tng i ca 1 $ trong
Khung
nm nm na s nh hn gi tr tng i
ca 1 $ ca hin ti.
Qun l nng ng ti u: nguyn tc vng
Gii php khai thc mt cch nng ng mt lng c d tr c dng:

G(X) = i vi H = G(X)
Phng trnh ny mang tn phng trnh cn bn ca cc ngun ti nguyn t nhin,
cn gi l nguyn tc vng (golden rule)

- Nu G(X) < i, th ngun ti nguyn s cn kit
- Vi t l b i cao, nu G(X) = i, mc di Xlim s dn n tnh trng tuyt dit
Nguyn tc vng trong qun l nng ng ti

u lng c d tr l co bng nng sut cn
bin d tr vi t l b gi (cp nht), iu ny
i hi cn so snh nng sut ngun lc t
nhin vi nng sut vn. Ngun lc t nhin
s to ra nhng g trong tng lai nu ti
li vn bin c, phi chng ngun lc t
nhin s sinh sn v nhn s lng ? Ti s
so snh sn lng cn bin ca vn t nhin
vi nhng g m ti kim c trn th trng
vn. Nu kh nng sinh li ca lng c d
tr nh hn li sut hoc t l chit khu, iu
ny c ngha l ti s c li nhiu hn nu by
gi ti khai thc lng c d tr v gi tin
tit kim ngn hng, n s mang li mi li
ln hn. Mt s lng c d tr trn th gii
c nng sut rt thp v vic sn sinh c din
ra rt chm tui th c th ln ti 150 nm ,
tui thnh dc c th ln ti 30 nm.
[Yves Perraudeau]
Cc loi c nc su thng phm nh c
h (kim), c hong hay cc loi khc,
cng trong tnh trng gn ging nh tnh
hnh nu trn.
Chng ta c th hnh dung ra nhng tnh
hung m nguyn tc vng ny c tun
th. Nhng nu t l b (gi) qu cao, chng
ta c th t nhng mc khai thc qu gn
vi gii hn sinh khi ng vi ngng tuyt
chng loi.
By gi chng ta s bn n vn qun tr.
Do vn c xc nh, vy cn phi xc
nh nhng cng c thit ch no gii
quyt?
Chng ta hy coi nng lc nh bt di
gc mc hy dit c thng qua hot
ng nh bt - l yu t chnh gy p lc v
cn kit ngun ti nguyn hi sn. Chng ta
s tm cch loi b cc mc nng lc nh
bt ln hn mc E ti a. Chnh sch iu
phi nng lc nh bt s gip t c mc
MSY. Vn t ra l nng lc nh bt c
tnh cht danh ngha, khng tnh n cc
tin b k thut v cng sut nh bt - hai
yu t c th lm tng nng lc nh bt ln
nhiu ln. Nng lc nh bt mc F vn
rt kh kim sot bi n l kt qu cng dn
ca cng sut nh bt, xc sut nh bt
v nng lc nh bt danh ngha: ta c th
[181]
hn ch s lng tu, nhng nu nh cng

sut khai thc ca tng tu ngy cng ln,
ng cong s dch chuyn v vn khng
c gii quyt ; mc nng lc nh bt
khng gii quyt vn khai thc qu
ti. Gii php khc na l n nh lng ti
a mi c nhn c nh bt (TAC), v a
ra quy nh nghim cm cc tu c nh bt
vt qu mc ti a cho php. Nh vy, ta c
hai gii php : chnh sch kim sot nng lc
nh bt v chnh sch kim sot khi lng
nh bt. Thng qua thit ch no ta c th
t c mc tiu ny ?
By gi, chng ta s cp n vn iu
tit, qun tr v cc thit ch nhm gii quyt
vn tip cn t do. l mt vn tng
th trong kinh t, lin quan n nhng vn
mi trng rng hn phm vi nh bt. Cc
nh kinh t hc thng s dng hai thit ch
gii quyt vn ngoi din ngoi din
l nhng tc ng m mt s hot ng gy
ra i vi nhng hot ng khc, m khng
c b tr cho nhng tn tht m nhng hot
ng ny phi gnh chu.
Sau y l mt v d. Mt nh my cng
nghip gy nhim ngun nc thng
ngun ca mt con sng v mt nh my
khc h ngun phi chu tc ng ca
hnh vi gy nhim ny. Kinh t hc cho
rng chi ph c nhn ny khng tng ng
vi chi ph x hi, v ngi ta iu chnh s
khc bit ny bng cch ku gi Nh nc
can thip thng qua khon thu p vo cc
hot ng sn xut gy nhim. Khon

thu ny nhm buc doanh nghip gim
bt hot ng hoc gim bt mc gy
nhim. Chng ta cng c th ra gii php
h tr dnh cho cc hot ng tun th quy
nh bo v mi trng, in hnh nh hot
ng trng rng thu gom CO2. Mt gii
php khc c a ra l t chc i thoi
gia doanh nghip gy nhim v ngi
chu nh hng ca nhim tho lun
v ra cc bin php bi thng cho hot
ng gy nhim. y chnh l gii php do
Ronald Coase, ngi c nhn gii Nobel
kinh t ra. Tc gi ny coi rng li nhun
thu c t hot ng ny ng vi nhng
tn tht m hot ng khc phi gnh
chu. Chi ph thc hin ngha v ny ng
vi tn tht m ngi khc phi chu. iu
quan trng l tm ra ngi thng tho,
thng tin, thit lp chng trnh v m bo
chng trnh ny c tun th.
Trng hp ngnh nh c li l mt trng
hp c bit : ngi hng li v ngi chu
nh hng ngoi din cng chnh l ng dn ;
nh hng ngoi din tc ng n cng
ng. Mt con c c th cn dy cu ca ng
dn ny hoc ca ng dn khc. Cc c nhn
gp g nhau trn th trng quyn s hu,
ngi lm hiu qu nht s mua quyn sn
xut t ngi lm km hiu qu, ngi lm
km hiu qu i li quyn ny s nhn c
khon h tr. Nh vy c th san s thu nhp
ca cc ng dn thuc cng mt cng ng.
Biu
17 Chi ph ngoi lai ca hot ng gy nhim
Ngun : tc gi.
hnh trn cc bn nhn thy th cung t

nhn tng ng vi th cu. Sn xut t
mc cn bng ti im Q1. Nhng chi ph
t nhn (CmP) thp hn chi ph x hi (CmS),
v n khng bao gm ton b cc chi ph x
hi do hot ng sn xut gy ra (v d nh
chi ph gii quyt nhim m x hi phi b
ra). Chi ph ngoi bin cn phi c ni ha
thng qua thu - gii php do Nh nc

ra hoc thng qua tha thun gia cc thnh
vin. Mc tiu l a sn xut v mc thp
hn loi b mt phn tc ng ngoi bin
tiu cc. y chnh l iu kin t c
cng bng hon ho gia chi ph c nhn v
chi ph x hi, mt tnh trng ti u ng vi
ti u x hi.
[183]
Biu
18 Chi ph ngoi lai ca tiu dng
Ngun : Sloman (2009).
Ln ny th li nhun thu c t vic tiu

dng c nhn vt li ch x hi cn bin (BSm ;
c ngha l li ch ca n v cui cng c
tiu dng to ra), v d nh th vui ch k ca
ngi ht thuc l gy hi khng nhng cho
sc khe ca bn thn ngi ht (m x hi
phi chu chi ph ny) m cn nh hng xu
n sc khe ca nhng ngi xung quanh.
Ti im giao nhau, li ch cn bin ng vi
li ch l ngi ta thu c thng qua hnh vi
tiu dng chng hn s tim cn mc chi ph
x hi ti im tng ng vi mc tiu dng
qu cao (ti im Q1). Cn phi lm sao c th
gim mc tiu dng ny bng chnh sch
thu chi ph cn bin x hi bng li ch
cn bin x hi.
Cng theo cch ny, ta c th xc nh cc

mc pht thi nhim ti u. Khng hn
l hay khi loi b tt c nhim v chi ph
cn bin ca hnh ng ny c th qu ln
(v d nh loi b mt vt du loang mi
xut hin trn bi bin khi m cng vic lau
dn b bin c trin khai). Nh vy tn
ti mt mc nhim trong ngng cho
php ng vi mc cn bng trn th trng,
cn bng gia chi ph cn bin x hi v li
ch cn bin x hi thu c t hot ng loi
b nhim.
Quay tr li vi ch nh bt. C hai vn
rt khc nhau xut hin :
- Ti sn chung : trnh vic li nhun bin
mt, cn c nh mc sn xut ti a ;
- Ti a ha li nhun (ti gim chi ph) gii

php l thuyt m cc nh kinh t hc
xut trong th trng kh thi carbon, ngoi
ra cn k n quyn c nhn c th trao i
trong ngnh nh bt.
Gia hai gii php s dng thit ch ny, mt
l Nh nc v mt l th trng , cn
c gii php khc c gi l thuc s hu
chung . Nhng gii php ny do hc gi
Elinor Ostrom, gii Nobel kinh t nm 2009
nghin cu (Ostrom, 2009), theo c ba
mc can thip trong qun l ti nguyn
t nhin chung :
- Cp la chn v lut: a ra khun kh
php l Nh nc s hu, t chc quc t;
Biu
- Cp la chn tp th : cc hip hi
ngi tiu dng, nh sn xut ra cc
nguyn tc tip cn ngun lc chuyn
giao quyn, y quyn, nhng quyn :
quyn qun l (phng thc tip cn, ci
thin mi trng), quyn loi tr (quyn
tip cn, iu kin chuyn giao), quyn
chuyn nhng (bn hoc nhng mt
hoc hai quyn nu trn);
- Cp thc thi : tip cn v khai thc ca
ngi s dng (hc gi Ostrom gi h l
appropriators ).
Chng ta cng nhau xem xt cc quy nh
ny c th hin nh th no trong cc
y ban qun l hot ng nh bt v cc
phng tin c s dng t c mc
tiu ra.
19 Hin trng ca ngun d tr thc t
Ngun : FAO (2005).
[185]
FAO a ra cc mc phn loi mc khai

thc ngun d tr khc nhau : c khai thc
mt cch y , khai thc cn kit hoc
ang trong giai on ti to sau giai on
suy kit, khai thc qu mc hoc mi c
khai thc. Ta c v d c th v c ng i Ty
Dng. Cn c theo phn trm lng nh
bt so vi mc ti a c ghi nhn, ta c th
nh gi xem ngun d tr c khai thc
mc no. Chng ta c th thy t nhng nm
2000, s liu thu thp c cho thy ngun
d tr c ng ang trong giai on cn kit
v cn p dng cc bin php iu phi. Cn
nhc li mc tiu a ra ti Hi ngh thng
nh Tri t Johannesburg nm 2002 Xem.
Hin trng ngun d tr quc t , v ghi
nhn khong cch nm 2005 : 75 % ngun
d tr c cng b l ang b khai thc qu
nhiu, b cn kit v ang trong qu trnh ti
to ; ch c 23 % ngun d tr c khai thc
mc va phi hoc t. Vic phn loi ny
c tin hnh trn c mu 500 ngun d
tr. (Xem Biu : Mc tiu MSY nm 2015)
Ch c mt im ng lc quan: nhn thc
v thc trng ngun d tr phn no lm
thay i tnh hnh, s lng cc ngun d
tr c khai thc mc va phi hoc t
gim xung, nht l ti chu u.
[Yves Perraudeau]
Chng ta u nhn thy cn thit phi iu
chnh ngnh nh bt, nhng cu hi t ra
l iu tit nh th no ?
Trong mi trng bin, cng nh i vi cc

mi trng khc trong t nhin, c hai loi
ngun lc :
- Ngun lc khng ti to c : i vi
cc ngun ny, vic khai thc ng ngha
vi vic st gim ngun d tr (du, kh,
khong cht, v.v.). Tn xut khai thc s
quyt nh thi gian khai thc, vi iu kin
phi c nh gi chnh xc tr lng (v d
nh du v khai thc ngoi khi) ;
- Ngun lc ti to c (rng, c, v.v.) i
vi nhng ngun lc ny, iu ct yu l
cn qun l v c chnh sch gip ti to.
Nhng ngun lc chung ny c c im
c bit va mang tnh loi tr (ti nguyn
ngi ny khai thc ri th ngi khc
khng khai thc c na) v khng phn
chia c (kh chia s gia nhng ngi
s dng).
Nu nh ngun lc c nhn c th chia c,
vic to nng lc khai thc s d dng. Khi
ngun lc khng th chia s c, nng lc
khai thc ngun lc ny s nh hng n
cc ngun lc khc.
Cc c im c bit ny dn ti cc cch
tip cn khc nhau. Cch tip cn truyn
thng tm cch qun l tng ngun lc. Gn
y, cch tip cn theo h sinh thi a ra
phng php qun l tng th bo tn
mi lin h gia cc ngun lc khc nhau.
(Xem S : Mc tiu v cng c no?)
Biu
20 Mc tiu MSY nm 2015
Ngun : FAO (2005).
25 Mc tiu v cng c no?
Ngun : tc gi, theo Boncoeur v Troadec (2003).
[187]
Bn cnh nhng c im trn s tc ng

n hng qun l ngnh c, cn phi xc
nh c mc tiu theo ui v cng c s
dng qun l ngnh ny. V c bn, vic
Bng
qun l ngnh nh bt c th thc hin

theo hng bo tn ngun lc hoc nng
lc sn xut, i vi mi hng u c nhng
vn v yu cu ring.
H thng cc cng c iu tit vic tip cn

ti nguyn
Ngun : Boncoeur v Troadec (2003).
T nhng c im ny, cc chin lc v

mc tiu khc nhau, ngi ta c th phn
loi cc cng c iu tit. V tng th, c hai
nhm chnh : iu tit theo khun kh php
l v iu tit trong khun kh kinh t vi cc
bin php khuyn khch. Cc cng c ny cn
c qun l trong khun kh mt t chc,
chnh v th lun tn ti cc t chc nh bt
quy t nhiu quc gia lin quan n nhiu
i dng - y ban Bo tn C ng Vy xanh
min Nam (CCSBT), y ban ngh c khu vc
Ty v Trung Thi Bnh Dng, Tha thun
ngh c pha nam n Dng (SIOFA), v.v.
Sau y l mt cch gii quyt xung t
lin quan n vic nh bt, l tm c
ting ni chung v chnh sch, cc bin php
qun l v bo tn. Cc t chc ny thng
gm c mt y ban khoa hc v mt y ban
chnh tr v khng phi quyt nh chnh tr
no a ra cng tun th ton b cc khuyn

co khoa hc.
[Yves Perraudeau]
Chng ta cng nhau ly v d v Chnh sch
chung v ngh c ca chu u (PCP), chnh
sch ny da trn bn tr ct chnh :
- Bo tn ngun lc vi vic nh gi v thc
trng ngun d tr c. Trong tr ct ny, c
nu c th nhng c im v gii hn ca
cc cng c nh bt, lng ti a mi
c nhn c nh bt TAC v hn ngch
phn cho tng nc da vo quyn lch
s . Hng hnh ng ny ph hp vi
mong mun bo tn ngun d tr ;
- T chc th trng chung (OCM) hng
nhiu hn ti cc kha cnh kinh t v x
hi i vi nh sn xut, ngi tiu dng v
gia nh ng dn. Trong T chc Th trng
chung, ngi ta cn ra cc quy nh
chung v nhn dng sn phm. Ngoi ra,

cn a ra cc quy tc lin quan n cht
lng, c im ca sn phm (chnh sch
gi v thu nhp vi h thng gi rt hng
m bo gi mc thu nhp ca ng
dn). y ta c th thy rng hiu ng
ca gi sn li c vn dng ;
- Chnh sch i ngoi : chu u nhp khu
hn 50% lng thy sn tiu th. Trn c s
m phn vi cc nc, chu u a ra cc
tha thun ngnh c i vi cc a im
nh bt bn ngoi khu vc lnh hi chu
u. C c cc tha thun thng mi vi
mc thu xut nhp khu gim v cc cc
Khung
u i c bit (SPG) cng nm trong chnh

sch h tr pht trin ca chu u ;
- Chnh sch c cu nhm h tr ng h t
chc hot ng nh bt : ch yu l cc
khon u t, l cc khon h tr cho
ch tu v/hoc cc doanh nghip thy
sn ; chnh sch ny c th c tc dng
khuyn khch hoc cn tr s pht trin ca
ngnh ny.
Cc thit ch iu tit cc hot ng nh
bt hon ton c thit lp trn quy m
chu u.
Ch s nh bt bn vng
- Ch s mc : gi tr tuyt i ca mt vi ch s cn bn (kh nng nh bt, sinh

khi, thu nhp, vic lm, s lng v tc ng cc xung t v.v.)
- Ch s thay i : ch ra hng v t l thay i ca cc ch s cn bn.
- Ch s c cu (hoc thit ch) : yu t vn hnh ca h thng (mc tiu qun l, th
ch, bin php qun l, kim tra v gim st)
Cc bn c nhim v suy ngh v cc ch s
nh bt bn vng v so snh vi cc ch
s nui trng thy sn bn vng. Cn c
vo c th ca quc gia, khu vc ca cc
bn, u s l nhng tiu ch nh gi
tnh bn vng trong khai thc nh bt v
nui trng ? Vi phn ti liu Serge Garcia
(Xem. Bi c tham kho), cc ch s c

sp thnh ba loi v bng phn tch ny gip
cc bn nh gi c tc ng ca bin
i kh hu i vi ngi dn khu vc ven
bin v cc hot ng ven bin. Cc bn c
th a ra nhng ch s p lc, ch s phn
nh thc trng v phn hi ca cc nh
qun l i vi nhng thay i ny.
[189]
Bng
V d v ma trn ch s khai thc tn thu
E = Nng lc
Emsy = Mc nng lc tng ng vi MSY
B = Sinh khi
Bmsy = Mc sinh khi tng ng vi MSY
Ngun : Garcia (1996).
Ngi ta thng phn bit cc ch s mc ,

ch s thay i v ch s c cu. Cc ch s
mc c th c tnh theo gi tr tuyt i
hay cc t l vi gi tr tng i, v d mc
sinh khi hin ti so vi mc sinh khi
trc khi khai thc c th l mt ch s phn
nh thc trng kh th v.
Nu cc bn mun nh gi mc qun tr
ca mt h thng, cc bn c th s dng
t l pht i vi cc ng h vi phm nhng
quy nh ny. Nhng liu vic t l ny tng
c ng ngha l vic kim tra c thc hin
tt hay ngc li n l vic gia tng vi phm ?
Chng ta cn rt cn trng khi phn tch.
Cui cng, chng ta c cc ch s c cu, th

ch v cc mc tiu qun l, cc bin php,
c ch kim tra, v.v. Cn t vn ca hiu
qu ca cc ch tiu ny ch khng phi s
tn ti ca chng. i vi cc ch s c cu,
c th k n cc bc gim nng lc nh
bt, hn ch hoc khng cho nh bt, ra
cc quy nh trong vic thc hin cc n.
Cc bn hy c gng c sng to trong vic
la chn cc ch s, tin hnh thc nghim
cn c trn s liu thng k c sn hoc
nhng g cc bn c th thu thp, tm hiu
xem mt h thng tham chiu c th c
trin khai v theo di theo thi gian.
Cc ch s thay i cho ta bit c hng v

tc thay i. Chng ta ang hng gn
n mc tiu hay i chch hng vi mc
tiu ra ?
Lp hc chia thnh bn nhm chuyn :

x hi, kinh t, h sinh thi/mi trng,
quntr.
Ngy 2, th ba 17/7
2.1.3. Cnh tranh trong vn ti bin
2.1.2. Ch tiu pht trin bn vng

trong ngnh nui trng thy sn
[Pierre Cariou]
Tng hp ni dung lm vic ca cc nhm

v cc ch s pht trin bn vng.
Cc phn trnh by ca cc nhm dn ti
nhng tho lun xoay quanh nhng ch /
ch s sau y :
Nhm 1 x hi : mc vay n, thu nhp
ngi dn, phn b bn hng, xa khng
gian gia nh, truyn thng vn ha a
phng, pht trin bn thn (gio dc, s
ngy ngh), v.v. ;
Nhm 2 kinh t : kh nng chng ri ro,
v.v. ;
Nhm 3 mi trng : t l gi li tu, tm
quan trng ca vic th c tr li, la chn
tu c, cht lng nc (nui trng thy
sn), ch s chuyn i, v.v. ;
Nhm 4 qun tr : thit ch x l v qun l
xung t, phng tin kim tra v gim st,
quy trnh php l, kim sot cht lng v
sinh v an ton thc phm, chi ph qun l
v cng b cc ch s.
Vn ti bin khng c bit n rng ri

trong khi phng tin ny chuyn ch t
80 % n 90 % lng hng ha trao i trn
th gii. By gi xin mi cc bn nu cc c
im ca th trng vn ti bin, xem xt
nhng xu hng chnh sau tp trung vo
th trng vn ti bin bng container.
Cng nh lnh vc nh bt v nui trng
thy sn, trong lnh vc vn ti bin ta thy c
s chuyn dch cc trung tm ra quyt nh
sang khu vc chu . (Xem bn : Vn ti
bin trn th gii)
Vn ti pht trin mnh t hai mi nm tr
li y, qu trnh ny tng ng vi tc
pht trin ca thng mi quc t. (Xem biu
: Cc th trng vn ti bin)
Tnh theo gi tr, du ha c vn chuyn
bng tu ch du (43 % khi lng ton
cu) l loi hng ha c vn chuyn nhiu
nht trong vn ti bin. Hng ha ny c
mnh danh l khi lng (liquid bulk) trong
vn ti bin, tip theo l cc khi kh .
Nhm ny bao gm cc loi hng ha nh
qung st, than, ng cc. Tip theo l cc
container chim khong 10 % khi lng
hng ha vn ti ng bin.
Phn loi tnh theo gi tr trao i rt khc
nhau : du th ch chim 22%, container
chim 52% gi tr thng mi ton cu.
l l do ngi ta thng phn loi thnh
nhm hng ha ln v khi lng v nhm
container ln v gi tr.
Vic t chc th trng bin theo mt cch
phn loi khc. n gin ha, ta c th
trng vn ti theo khi hoc th trng
theo yu cu v th trng vn ti theo
[191]
Bn
11 Vn ti bin trn th gii
Ngun : Stopford (1988).
26 Th trng ca vn ti bin
Ngun : Mandryk (2009).
tuyn thng xuyn ch ch yu chuyn ch

container.
Ly mt v d. Cc bn mun ch du th vi
khi lng ln t vnh Ba T ti Vit Nam v
mun c mt con tu ch cho bn s hng

ny. H thng ny tng t nh cc bn s
dng xe taxi ch bn t im A n im B.
Bn tr tin xe taxi cn c theo thi gian s
dng, v d nh 10 pht hoc mt ting. Vic

ny gi l thu tu ch hng. Trong trng
hp khc, cc bn mun ch khong 10
chic v tuyn t Trung Quc sang chu u.
Cc bn ch mun s dng mt phn khng
gian ca con tu. Ch tu cung cp dch v
thng qua cc con tu xut pht vo nhng
gi c nh ging nh ngnh ng st.
l vn ti theo tuyn thng xuyn.
Tn ti mt h thng trung gian, chng hn
nh vic vn chuyn t, theo nh sn
xut t lm vic vi ch tu xut khu t
t chu sang chu u. l h thng bn
thng xuyn.
Hm nay, chng ta s tp trung vo th trng

vn ti theo tuyn thng xuyn chim ti
50% gi tr thng mi quc t. Sau chng
ti s gii thiu vi cc bn tr chi Tralin s
gip cc bn c th p dng cc chin lc
kinh doanh i vi cc tuyn thng xuyn
ca cc ch tu cc quy tc tr chi Tralin
c nu trang www.tamdaoconf.com.
Container khng phi l hng ha, ci quan
trng l hng cha trong container.
27 Vn ti bin trn cc tuyn thng xuyn
Ngun : tc gi.
[193]
u l th trng ca cc tuyn vn ti thng xuyn ?
28 Vn ti bin trn cc tuyn thng xuyn (2)
Ngun : Global Insight, Danish Ship Finance.
Nm 2009, khong 30 % th trng l hng

ha trao i gia chu v chu u, th
Biu
trng ln th hai l vn ti xuyn Thi Bnh

Dng, nht l t chu sang Bc M.
Chu - M
M - Chu
Chu - Chu u
Chu u - Chu
M - Chu u
Chu u - M
Ngun : tc gi, theo bo co ca Drewry v Hi ngh LHQ v Thng mi v Pht trin (UNCTAD), Tp ch Vn ti ng bin.
Trong th trn, ta thy c hai th trng

ang pht trin mnh hn c, l th
trng t chu sang Bc M v t chu
sang chu u. Khi lng chuyn ch rt ln,
ln ti hng nghn TEU - Twenty Equivalent
Unit (TEU) kch thc chun ca container.
Trong nhng nm 2000, ngi ta thng k
khong gn su triu container c chuyn
ch gia hai lc a u v , con s ny ln ti
16 triu container vo nm 2008.
Lm th no c th l gii vic gim gi
mnh chi ph vn ti bin. L do c bn nm
vic tng kch thc tu ch hng. Nm 1972,
con tu ch container ln nht trn th gii
ch c th ch ti a 1500 container, hin nay
con s ny c th ln n 16000.
tng ln gp i, cc bn cng khng cn

tng gp i s lng thy th. Chng ta
cng vn c th hy vng rng chi ph vn
ti bin s tip tc h xung, iu ny c th
khuyn khch hin tng chuyn sn xut
sang chu .
L-gch rt r rng nhng vic thc hin cn
gp kh khn :
- Cn c cng ph hp n tu cu
cng mi ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh nm
2009 ;
- L-gch ny s ng khi th trng tip tc
tng trng. Tuy nhin, t nm 2008 tr
li y, th gii ang gp khng hong ti
chnh, nht l chu u v M, iu ny
ko theo s st gim lng nhp khu.
Ci li ca vic u t vo mt con tu ln
gp i chnh l vic tiu th xng khng b
Biu
Ngun : tc gi.
[195]
Khng hong hin ti khin cho cc ch tu

trn cc tuyn vn ti thng xuyn bn b
vc ph sn cuc khng hong tha nng
lc. L do gii thch v sao c khng hong ln
nh th trong lnh vc vn ti bin chnh l
Biu
khng ai ng ti cuc khng hong ny. Qua

biu di y, cc bn c th thy vo
nm 2008, c 35% i tu quc t c n t
hng chuyn ch. ng thi vi , c thm
c s tu tham gia vo th trng.
Ngun : B Thng mi Trung Quc, Danish Ship Finance ; Clarkson, Danish Ship Finance.
Khng hong th hin r trong li nhun ca

doanh nghip ang trn gim. Nm 2005,
cc ch tu c t l li nhun kh cao, nhng

t l ny xung mc khng vo nm 2009.
Biu
24 Li nhun t cc hot ng vn ti bin (OPM):

t nm 2006 n gia 2011
Ngun : tc gi.
Cng ty tm c ca Trung Quc l Coscon

chu nh hng ln nht, tip theo l cng
ty Hanjin ca Nht. T nm 2008, tt c cc
doanh nghip u thua l. Tp on CMA
CGM, ti Marseille, thng bo s n nm
2012 l 500 triu euro.
Cc hng tu no thng tr vn ti bin cc

tuyn thng xuyn ? Chin lc ca h
trc cuc khng hong l g ?
[197]
Biu
Ngun : BRS Alphaliner.
Nu nh s chuyn ng ca kinh t bin

c thc hin ti chu th vic kim sot
vn ti hin nay ch yu vn nm trong tay
cc cng ty chu u. Tp on vn ti quc
t ln nht trn th gii l APM-Maersk ca
an Mch, ng th hai l MSC ca -Thy
S v ng th ba l CMA-CGM. Tip sau
l cc hng tu chu , M v Trung Quc. Ta
khng thy c tng cng ty Vinalines ca Vit
Nam vi chi nhnh vn ti bin Bosco. Maersk

qun l khong 500 tu, Bosco ch c khong
30 tu.
Vy th cc hng vn ti nh lm cch no
c th sng st ? Cng nh trong lnh vc
hng khng, cn pht trin cc lin minh
chin lc.
29 Cc lin minh chin lc
Ngun : tc gi.
Trong giai on 2010-2012, c nhiu lin

minh mi c hnh thnh - v d nh vic
thnh lp G6 vo nm 2012 gm New World
Alliance v Grande Alliance. Mt trong nhng
chin thut p dng l lin minh vi cc i
tc trc l i th cnh tranh.
Trong thi k khng hong, vo nm 2009,
Maersk xem xt li chin lc pht trin
theo ba hng : Be On Time (ng gi) ;
to thun li cho thng mi ; tun th mi
trng :
- Chin lc ny da trn vic m bo tnh
chnh xc v thi gian. Cn bit rng ch
c khong 40% cc con tu cp bn ng
thi gian v khong 20% cp bn mun
mt ngy. iu ny gip cc cng ty qun
l tt hn cc cm cng ti cc nc chin
lc. Nm 2009 trong tng s 500 cm
cng quc t, lnh vc t nhn nm quyn
kim sot ti gn 400 cm cng, trong s

c cng quc t Ci Mp ti Thnh ph
H Ch Minh. iu ny t ra vn qun
tr v chnh cc nc phi tr chi ph u t
trong khi cc cm cng c nhng
quyn khai thc cho cc cng ty t nhn
n t an Mch, Php, v.v. : Di tc ng
ca khng hong t nm 2011 n nay,
xu hng mi c khi ng t cc hng
tu, mt phn ln cc khon u t ly t
tin thu thu ca ngi dn ti Vit Nam
khng c s dng ht cng sut ;
- To thun li cho thng mi. tng ny
c vay mn t ngnh hng khng :
h thng trc tuyn (internet booking) theo
cc nh nhp khu Vit Nam c th t
ch ch hng trn cc con tu m khng
phi thng qua i l ti a phng ;
- Ct gim chi ph. Chin lc nhm hn ch
tc gim lng tiu th nhin liu.
[199]
Bng
Chin lc mi : Gim chi ph
Ngun : tc gi.
Trn bng ny, cc bn c ba tnh hung vi

s lng l 8, 9 hoc 10 tu cung cp dch
v vn ti gia chu v Bc u. Trong th
trng tuyn vn ti thng xuyn, c quy
tc cung cp dch v hng tun. Nu bn
hn ch tc m vn gi nguyn s lng
tu, bn s khng th cp cng trung chuyn
theo nh k tun. Nh vy, nu bn cung
cp dch v gm 8 tu vi tc 24 hi l v
nu bn gim tc xung cn 20 hi l v
bn cn b sung thm tu. Chin lc a ra
cn quan tm xem liu li nhun thu v c
ln hn vi chi ph b sung thm tu hay
khng. T nm 2008, tt c cc tu u chy
gim tc , y l chin lc chung ca tt
c cc hng tu.
Tc ng n cc nc khng phi l khng
c : nu bn l nh xut khu Vit Nam xut
hng sang chu u, by gi phi mt 35 ngy
th container ch hng mi cp cng chu

u thay v 25 ngy nh thi k trc khng
hong.
Gim tc tu, cc ch tu c th tit kim
chi ph tiu th nhin liu khi tu chy ngoi
bin - i vi cc tuyn ng di nh chu
u - chu , phn ln thi gian ca tu l chy
trn bin, s tin tit kim c l kh ln,
iu ny l gii v sao cc hng iu thm tu
trn bin. Nhng ngc li, i vi cc tuyn
xuyn i Ty Dng, chin lc ny li khng
mang li ngha v s tin m cc hng tit
kim c khi gim tc tu li t hn chi
ph iu thm tu. C khong 80 % dch v
chuyn ch u- c thc hin theo dng
tu chy gim tc (slow-steaming) trong
khi con s ny ch mc 20 % trn tuyn
chu u - Bc M.
2.1.4. Tc ng n mi trng ca
vn ti bin
Ngy 3, th t 18/7
Ti mun ni v tc ng ca cc hot ng
vn ti bin n bin i kh hu. Trong
khun kh T chc Hng hi Quc t (IMO),
c nhiu tranh ci t mi nm nay v tc
ng ca vn ti bin n mi trng, c th
l pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh.
Na bui sng ngy hc th ba c dnh

chi tr chi Tralin
(Xem. Bi c, www.tamdaoconf.com).
[Pierre Cariou]
Trong tr chi Tralin, nu nh mc cu gim
i mt na i vi tt c cc tuyn ng, cc
bn s b thua l. Ngoi ra, nu cc bn mun
bn tu, khng ai mun mua li c. Tnh
hung o ny hin ang tr thnh thc t
i vi cc hng tu. Hin nay chng ta ang
sng trong cuc khng hong tha nng lc
v iu ny s cn ko di thm vi nm na
v nhu cu trong thi gian ti s khng tng.
Li ch th hai ca tr chi ny l cc bn hiu
c tm quan trng ca cc chin lc v
tc ng qua li gia cc chin lc : s c li
khi hp tc qun l nng lc chuyn ch.
Cc bn cng nhn thy vn ti bin cng
c tc ng n mi trng ; v phn mnh,
ti rt ngc nhin khi thy tt c cc bn u
ni n tc ng ca bin i kh hu n
vn ti bin. C th ly cc v d nh vic
m con ng qua pha Ty Bc ca Bc cc
hoc vic tng ph bo him i vi cc hot
ng cu cng trc cc ri ro mc nc
bin dng cao.
Ti mun trnh by vi cc bn v nhng tho

lun ny v nhng gii php c a ra.
Tc ng ln nht ca vn ti bin n mi
trng l vic s dng nhin liu. Khi s
dng nhin liu, s pht thi ra mi trng
cc phn t mn hoc CO2, loi kh ny c tc
ng n tng ozon (Xem Bng: Kh gy hiu
ng nh knh).
Cng nh ngnh hng khng, vn ti bin
chim khong 3% lng pht thi CO2, v
tng th, 20% lng pht thi bt ngun t
vn ti. Chng ta cng cn nhc li rng vn
ti bin chim 80% khi lng trao i quc
t : tnh theo t l khi lng v khong cch
chuyn ch, lng pht thi chim t trng
rt t. (Xem Biu : So snh cc pht thi t
cc kh thi).
Phng tin vn ti gy nhim nhiu nht
chnh l hng khng. chnh m mt trong
nhng l do m t 10 nm nay, t chc IMO
gp rt nhiu kh khn tm ra gii php :
cc hng tu cho rng phng tin vn ti
bin pht thi tng i t, v vy trc tin
cn phi a ra gii php p dng cho vn ti
hng khng v vn ti ng b.
Mt cng trnh nghin cu ca cc hc gi
M, Nht Bn v Na Uy c tnh rng do cc
hot ng vn ti bin v c bit l vic pht
thi phn t mn, khong 60000 ngi cht
hng nm v ung th v cc bnh tim mch
[201]
Bng
10 Kh gy hiu ng nh knh
PM Particulates ; HM - Heavy metals ; NH3 Ammonia ; SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide ; NOx - Oxides of Nitrogen ; NMVOC - Volatile Organic
Compounds (hydrocarbons) ; CO - Carbon monoxide ; CH4 Methane ; CO2 - Carbon dioxide ; N2O - Nitrous oxide
Ngun : tc gi.
Biu
26 So snh kh pht thi
Ngun : Swedish Network for Transport and the Environment.
(Corbet et al., 2007). Mt bn phn b cc

ca t vong cho thy phn ln nhng ngi b
cc chng bnh ny sng khu vc duyn
hi, nht l gn cc cng ln hoc gn

ng vn ti bin ln. chu , chng ta c
th thy iu ny thng qua s lng ln cc

ca t vong ti cc khu vc nh Thng Hi.
Cc nghin cu dng ny buc t chc IMO
tin hnh cc nghin cu trong thp k 2000
xc nh nhng hot ng v nhng loi
tu pht thi kh CO2 : cc tu ch container
Biu
tiu th du nhiu nht v ng nhin cc

tu ny s pht thi nhiu nht v c bit y
l nhng con tu chy nhanh nht.
u l nhng quc gia gy pht thi ? C quan
no kim sot cc con tu ch container ?
27 Lng kh thi CO2 trung bnh ca mt con tu
Ngun : Cariou et Wolff (2010).
c l quc gia kim sot phn ln lng tu

ch container v v vy l ngun gc pht
thi CO2.
i tu ca Vit Nam v Campuchia mi i
c khong 1000 tu. C cu ca hai i tu
ny kh tng ng : c t tu ch container,
ch yu gm cc tu ch hng khi c kch
thc nh. Theo l-gch, hai quc gia ny
pht thi t lng CO2 cn c theo c cu i

tu. Cc nc pht trin nh Php, Anh, c,
an Mch, v.v., l nhng nc qun l phn
ln i tu th gii.
Cn lm g hn ch pht thi ? C hai
phng n c a ra : gii php k thut
(thu Pigou) v th trng (hnh thnh th
trng CO2 lun im ca Ronald Coase).
[203]
Gii php k thut ny c chi ph l bao

nhiu v tc ng ca n n hiu qu s
dng nng lng ? Gii php ti u nht
c p dng : gim tc tu. Chng ta
cng c th ngh n gii php thay th du
bng nhin liu sinh hc hoc kh : nu tc
Bng
ng ln, chi ph kinh t n thi im hin

nay vn cha c lm r. T chc IMO ch
trng to iu kin thun li nghin cu
v cc dng nhin liu mi trong tng lai s
gip gim lng tiu th.
11 Cc bin php cho php gim pht thi CO2
Ngun : Grard (2007).
Chng ta cng nhau xem xt cc gii php

kinh t. tng nh thu y gi nhin
liu cao ln bng cch nhn to nhm buc
cc hng tu chuyn i loi hnh sn xut.
Vic trin khai bin php ny gp nhiu kh
khn :
- nh thu mc no ? Bit rng y l loi
thu nh vo nhin liu, cc hng tu s
phi tr thm mt khon thu b sung,
khi m gi nhin liu lun c xu hng
bin ng mnh nm 2008, mt tn du
mazut c gi l 700 $ ; nu ta p thu mc

20 $, tc ng to ra gn nh bng khng ;
- Chi ph vn hnh. Cn thnh lp ra mt c
quan c nhim v thu thu. Nu nh chi
ph vn hnh ca c quan ny li ln hn
li nhun thu v, nh vy loi thu ny s
khng cn ngha ;
- Ta s lm g vi khon tin thu v ? Chc
chn mi kin u ng thun cn s
dng khon thu v ny ti tr cho cc
nghin cu v pht trin cc cng ngh
mi;
- C quan no ng ra thu loi thu ny ?

Trc tin cn c IMO, tuy nhin mt
s quc gia khng tha nhn cc c quan
thuc Lin hip Quc.
Gii php th hai do Ronald Coase a ra
nm 1960 (nh l Coase), ta c th tm tt
nh sau : nu chi ph vn hnh bng khng v
nu quyn s hu c xc nh, s to ra mt
khon h tr hiu qu. C quan iu tit s
ni Ti nhn thy trong hot ng ca mnh,
cng ty pht thi 80 tn CO2, nhng nu
nm ti cng ty ch pht thi 70 tn, cc ng s
c quyn bn li 10 tn cho ngi khc c nhu
cu . Gii php ny cng rt kh p dng v
hai l do cn bn sau :
- Lm th no xc nh s lng CO2 m
mi bn c nhn trong khi cc hng tu
u c xu hng nh gi thp nhu cu
ca mnh ;
- Trong trng hp c tranh chp, cn phi
c ta n ha gii. Chng ta li gp phi
vn v chi ph vn hnh : nu chi ph
thit lp thit ch ny li ln hn li nhun
n mang li, th n khng cn ngha na.
Lp hc chun b cho tr chi phn vai vo
ngy hm sau, lin quan n m hnh vn
hnh ca IMO. Bn nhm c hnh thnh :
- Nhm 1 v 2 : Cc bn l i din ca Vit
Nam hoc Campuchia v phng n m
cc bn a ra l khng lm g c . Cc
nhm chun b cc l l trnh by ti bui
tng kt chng minh rng cc gii php
kinh t khng th thc hin c;
- Nhm 3 v 4 xut gii php : p dng
thu, m rng theo hng c th thit lp
th trng. tng a ra l xy dng l l
thuyt phc cc bn cn thit phi c
gii php hn ch pht thi CO2.
Ngy 4, th nm 19/7
Tng nhm trnh by v tho lun v cc l
l mi nhm a ra.
[Pierre Cariou]
Ti mun quay li hai im c bn c nu
trong phn trnh by cng nh phn tho
lun ca cc nhm:
- Vn cn cha c cn c khoa hc chc
chn v tc ng ca vn ti n bin i
kh hu v tc ng ca n n hot ng
con ngi. Ta li gp vn ny khi xc nh
khon tin thu, hn ngch, trong khi ta
cha o lng c ton b tc ng ca
hot ng vn ti i vi lng pht thi ;
- cn nu r kh khn trong vic t c
tha thun v cc vn bnh ng v
pht trin. L-gch m nhm 1 v 2 a ra
Chng ti l nn nhn v cc ng yu cu
chng ti tr tin l mt l l c trng lng.
o ngc li tnh hnh ny buc phi quay
li nguyn tc trch nhim chung nhng
c tnh khu bit: khng cn phi kt ti
nc ny thay v nc khc ; tu theo cc
nc ang pht trin m ta c cc cu tr
li khc nhau. i vi cc nc pht trin
m a phn mun hnh ng, ci kh l
thit lp s ng thun, t c ng
thun phi c a s nc thng nht v
nguyn tc. Nu nh t c ng thun
v mt gii php, cn phi ph chun tha
thun ny. Quy trnh ny rt di. Giai on
cui cng s l a nhng nguyn tc t
c vo trong ni lut ca mi quc gia.
[205]
[Jean-Pierre Beurier]
Cc bn cn phn bit gia k kt, ph chun
mt vn bn, iu c quc t v a vn
bn ny c hiu lc thc thi.
Chnh ph c phi on chnh thc tham
gia vo mt hi ngh quc t, v d nh ca
Lin hip Quc chng hn v giao cho phi
on ny mt nhim v. Phi on ny gm
t nht mt b trng c mnh ton quyn,
thng l mt i s. Cui hi tho, nu nhn
c s cho php ca chnh ph, v trng
on ny s k hoc khng k vn bn cng
c. Gi th l trng hp k, v trng on
ny v nc vi mt vn bn c k kt, iu
ny t nhiu th hin s cam kt ca chnh
ph. Nhng vn bn ny rng buc nhiu
hn quc gia , vn bn cn c c quan
ngh vin, i din ngi dn ca quc gia
ph chun. T thi im cng c c ph
chun, cng c ny phi c ng trn
cng bo ca quc gia. Nhng nu vn bn
ny cha c hiu lc, th n khng c p
dng vo thc t : cn phi i n khi c
mt s lng ln cc quc gia thnh vin
ca cng c ph chun th cng c ny
mi c hiu lc. Theo quy nh ca IMO, cn
c 75% cc quc gia ph chun th cng c
mi c hiu lc. Ly v d v Cng c Lin
hip Quc v lut bin, cn c 60 nc ph
chun th cng c ny mi c hiu lc. Mt
khi c hiu lc, vn bn ny c trnh ln
Tng th k Lin hip Quc v n tr thnh
mt phn ca lut php quc t. Cc quc
gia k v ph chun cng c c ngha v
phi p dng cng c. iu ny c ngha l
cc quc gia ph chun s phi ni lut ha
cc quy nh ca cng c quc t m mnh
ph chun vo trong h thng vn bn php
lut v php quy ca quc gia ch khng ch
n thun l ng ni dung cng c trn

cng bo.
Phm Tun Anh
C thi hn k kt cc cng c quc t hay
khng ? Liu mt quc gia c th thay i
quyt nh k kt hay khng ?
Mi y c quy nh v thi gian k kt
cc vn bn, thng thng l 1 hoc 2 nm.
C th trnh vn bn k kt ln Tng th k
Lin hip Quc hoc mt c quan khc, v d
nh vn bn hng hi c th trnh ln Tng
th k IMO hoc vn bn v nng nghip c
th a ln FAO. Qu thi hn ny, cc quc
gia khng th k c na. Quc gia l mt
thc th c ch quyn. V vy, khng c thi
hn quy nh mt quc gia cn phi ph
chun. Ch c ngha v tinh thn phi cam kt
v quc gia k kt ch khng c ngha
v php lut. V Cng c Lin hip Quc v
lut bin, cn phi ch i 12 nm mi c
60 nc ph chun Cng c ny.
Liu mt quc gia c th thay i kin ? C
th nhng quc gia ny phi gia nhp cng
c. Bng vic gia nhp, quc gia ny khng
th thay i iu g cng nh khng th bo
lu.
Nguyn tc trch nhim php l v khi nim
tn tht sinh thi
By gi chng ti xin cp n nhng
tc ng ca bin i kh hu i vi cc
hot ng ven bin cng nh cc tn tht
m ngi dn vng duyn hi phi chu t
nhng bin i c ngun gc t hot ng
ca con ngi hay ca thin nhin.
Cn nh gi ti sn mi trng l bao nhiu?

Khi ta ni v nh gi, cn phi a ra mt
gi tr tnh bng tin i vi cc ti sn mi
trng. V sao cn p gi tr cho cc ti sn ny
hay cho cc i tng ny vn khng phi l
i tng ca trao i thng mi xt trn
gic php l ?
- Trnh nhng gi tr bng khng. L do
khin cc ti sn mi trng b xung cp
l do n khng c nh gi, cc ti sn
ny hon ton min ph;
- Thm kch ca cc ti sn cng cng n
thun. y, ngi ta mun ni n cht
lng khng kh, nc, mi trng khng
ting n. Thm kch ny bt ngun t nhiu
nguyn nhn : khng chia s, khng loi tr
(kh c th loi tr bt k ai s dng mt ti
sn nh khng kh chng hn), khng cnh
tranh (khi ti tiu dng mt ti sn cng
cng, v d nh ngm cnh, vic ny khng
cn tr quyn th hng ci p ca ai c,
cng chng ai mt mnh quan tm n
vic bo tn ti sn ny) ;
- Quy i v mt bn v tt c cc n v khc
(s lng, tn, khi lng, khng gian); chi
ph n gin cn thit lp. Nu cht lng
nc i xung, ta c th c lng chi ph
cn thit lm sch ngun nc cp. Tuy
nhin, nh gi tt c cc li ch thu c
t vic c bin tn ti bn cnh rt nhiu
ngun nc khc m ta c th khai thc,
nh l mt ngun lu tr cc-bon l vic
khng d lm ;
- n b tn tht. Mt khi thit lp c
trch nhim php l, cn thit phi xc nh
s tin sa cha nhng tn tht phi
chu. V d nh cn xc nh mt bao nhiu
tin bi hon cc tn tht gy ra i vi
cc rng san h hay vic hy dit cc loi
chim bin sau thm ha trn du ? Cc bn
s thy nhn thc v tn tht v vic cn
thit phi chnh sa nhng tn tht gy ra

cho thin nhin c th hin ngy cng
r trong cc quy nh php lut.
ng trc tnh trng mi trng xung cp
v t nhng kinh nghim c c trong lnh
vc bo v mi trng, c bit sau tht bi
lin tip ca hi ngh Copenhague 2002 v
Rio 2012, cc quc gia cn can thip nhanh
v nhiu hn na.
By gi chng ta hy cp n vn chia
s cc tn tht mi trng. Ti xin cp n
vn ny bng cch nhc li s khc bit
gia ch th php lut v i tng php lut
cng nh nhng mc tiu ca php lut.
- Th nhn v php nhn l ch th ca
php lut. Php lut c to ra bi v cho
ch th php lut ; ch th php lut c th
yu cu thm phn p dng cc quy nh
bo v lp trng ca mnh hoc p t
ngha v i vi ngi th ba. chnh l
cc ch th ca php lut.
- i tng php lut s nhn mt ch
php lut no do con ngi nh ra. C
mt ch php lut cho bt ng sn,
cho vt nui trong gia nh, hoc cc ng
vt hoang d. Nhng ng nhin, cc
i tng ny khng th t bo cha cho
mnh.
- Mc tiu ca php lut l gii quyt mt
cch hi ha nht c th mi quan h gia
cc c nhn hoc gia c nhn v x hi.
Mc d vy, vn lun c xung t, th vn
cn hnh ng chnh sa tn tht m nn
nhn phi hng chu. Nn nhn, ch th
ca php lut c th kin ln ta n v yu
cu n b tn tht vi iu kin anh ta c
li ch c nhn khi lm iu ny v a ra
c bng chng cho nhng tn tht m
mnh phi hng chu. cng chnh l vn
[207]
n b tn hi mi trng. Lm th no
to ra cng bng, v l h thng php
lut do con ngi ra qui nh vic n
b c th c thc hin l hnh thc n
b kinh t.
Trong mt thi gian di ti Php, trc khi c
lut mi trng, ch c ngi i cu c mi c
th kin ra ta trong trng hp nc sng
b nhim : l do khng phi v nc sng b
nhim m v nhng ng dn ny mua
c ging th xung sng vi mc ch cu
vo thi gian sau, v c con c ging ny b
cht. Do nhng ngi ny c ha n mua
c ging nn c th yu cu c n b tn
tht kinh t m mnh phi chu !
Giai on chuyn bin u tin c thc
hin vo cui nhng nm 1960, 1970 v
u nhng nm 1980 khi cc quc gia c
trang b nhiu b lut bo v mi trng.
Lut bo v mi trng ca Php c ph
chun ngy 10 thng 7 nm 1976. iu 2 ca
b lut ny quy nh thin nhin thuc v
li ch chung. Nh vy, v li ch cng ng
quc gia, khng ch Nh nc c th kin
ngi gy nhim dng sng, m Hip hi
nhng ngi yu thch i do quanh sng
Loire hay sng Garonne c th lm c
iu ny v mc ch hot ng ca hip hi
l bo v thin nhin.
V mt php lut quc t, tnh hnh trc
y cn ti t hn. Thc vy, v cc quc gia
c ch quyn, nn cc quc gia c th lm
bt k vic g trn lnh th ca mnh. Vi v
vic eo bin Corfou, Ta n Quc t ra mt
phn quyt cn bn lm thay i hon ton
li suy ngh ny. Cc Nh nc hon ton
bnh ng v php lut ; Nh nc A c ch
quyn v c th lm iu g mnh mun trn
lnh th ca mnh ; Nh nc B cng c ch
quyn. Nh vy Nh nc A khng c quyn
thc hin nhng hnh vi gy tn tht cho

Nh nc B ngay c khi hnh vi ca Nh nc
A hon ton hp php.
Hy hnh dung mt nh my xi-mng thi
khi c v b gi thi i. Nh nc A s ni :
Sn xut xi-mng l hon ton hp php v
ti cn xi-mng pht trin nn kinh t. Nu
nh gi thi khi c i th cng khng phi li
ca ti . Nh nc B s p li khng
phi do li ca anh nhng anh khng c
php gy nhim cho ti. Nc chu nhim
s kin b my t php ca nc A yu
cu bi thng : ra sch cc con ph b
nhim bi, st gim lng khch ngh ti cc
khch sn, v.v...
Trong lnh vc hng hi, mi vic cn phc
tp hn rt nhiu v bn thn vn ti bin
c coi l hot ng nhiu ri ro v phi xc
nh cc gii hn trch nhim khi a mt
con tu ra bin. Hn na tn tht do mt con
tu gy ra, nht l cc con tu ch khi lng
nh du hoc ha cht l rt ln, vt qua kh
nng ti chnh ca mt doanh nghip. Cng
ng quc t thit lp Cng c quc t
Bruxelles v trch nhim dn s i vi tn
tht nhim du nm 1969. Cng c ny
tp trung vo trch nhim ca cc ch tu.
Ngoi quy nh ny, cc quc gia tham gia
Cng c Bruxelles thnh lp Qu quc t
bi thng thit hi nhim du (FIPOL). Tt
c cc cng ty tham gia vo vn chuyn, tip
nhn hoc lc du trn 150000 tn/nm c ngha v ng gp vo qu ny. Qu c
s dng n b tn tht mc cao hn
so vi mc n b m ch tu c ngha v
phi chi tr.
Rt tic l c ch hp tc v bo him ny quy
nh mc trn n b qu thp. H thng ny
c hiu qu ch trong trng hp c s c
trn bin c quy m nh, v cc nn nhn
c nhn n b ngay lp tc m khng

phi m n kin. Nhng vi nhng trng
hp s c mang tnh cht thm ha, thit hi
l qu ln.
V d 1. Tu ch du Amoco Cadiz treo c
Liberia, nhng ch s hu l M. V mt
php l, con tu thuc cng ty Amoco
Transport Company, c tr s ti Chicago,
bang Illinois, nhng ch s hu thc t li l
cng ty Amoco nc danh, c ngha l cng ty
Standard Oil of Indiana.
- Ngy 18/3/1978, mt cn bo xy ra
ngoi khi Finistre, Php.
- Tu Amoco hng ra bin Bc i qua Php,
trn boong ch 220.000 tn du th. Mt
cn thy lc bnh li b hng. Khng th
iu chnh c con tu trong khi ng c
vn hot ng tt.
- Ngay lp tc, con tu b sng v gi nh
dt vo b bin ca Php.
- Thuyn trng khng thng bo vi gii
chc Php. ng ta m phn vi mt ch
tu r-mc c cng ty ny h tr vi
hy vng c th yu cu cng ty Amoco tr
ph h tr cu tu.
- Cng ty Amoco t chi k hp ng.
- Mi n tn m ti th ch s hu tu mi
bit s vic nghim trng. Nhng mi vic
qu mun : khi con tu c th neo th
dy xch ln lt t v con tu b chm trn
vng bin Bretagne.
- 220.000 tn du th trn ra bin gy
nhim cho 300 km b bin.
- dn sch bi bin, cc nh chc trch,
qun i, lc lng cu ha, cnh st, nng
dn, tnh nguyn vin Php phi mt nhiu
thng rng.
- Ng dn khng ra bin c, cc h nui
trng thy sn cng khng cn ch lm
vic, cc khch sn vng khch. l thm
ha kinh t bn cnh thm ha sinh thi.
- Gii chc Php nhn thy chi ph cho cc

hot ng can thip lm sch bi bin
cng nh tn tht lin quan vt qu kh
nng chi tr ca FIPOL. Cn phi vt trn
khun kh ca Cng c, khng yu cu
bi hon ngay lp tc m s kin ch tu
ra ta. Th nhng khng h c tha thun
gia Php v M v cc trng hp ny.
i din cc bn phi n M tin hnh
theo quy trnh t tng ca M, iu ny
ng nhin to thm cc chi ph b sung.
- V kin ko di 10 nm.
- Ta n lin bang ca Chicago ra hai phn
quyt.
1984. Trch nhim ca Cng ty Amoco
c xc nhn, ch khng phi Amoco
Transport Company. Bn cnh l l ngun
lc hn ch ca Qu bi hon, ta n
lm sng t mt sai lm nghim trng
khin vic bi hon t Qu l v hiu
gii chc khng c thng bo, thuyn
trng khng tun th mnh lnh, khng
c tu r-mc.
1988. Ta n yu cu cung cp s tin c
tnh cho cc thit hi. Thit hi cho Nh
nc, chnh quyn a phng, doanh
nghip v tc nhn kinh t rt d xc nh.
Nhng s kh hn i vi nhng hip hi
bo v thin nhin, v nhng thit hi i
vi mi trng, h sinh thi bin vn khng
c nh gi thng mi, v chnh v vy
s khng c tnh n.
V d 2. Erika l tu ch du loi nh trng
ti 35.000 tn ch du mazut t Dunkerque,
min Bc nc Php sang cng Livourne, .
Chuyn i ko di vi ngy.
- Mazut l loi du nguy him hn du th v
du th c kh nng t hoi theo thi gian.
Du mazut khng bin i theo thi gian
v l cht gy ung th.
[209]
- Cng ty Total ca Php bn cho 35.000 tn

du mazut. Total khng c tu ch du nn
thu tu vn chuyn.
- Erika l tu ch du c, khng tiu
chun. Ch s hu con tu ny mang quc
tch thng qua su tng trung gian l
cc cng ty vn ti cho chy con tu
ng l phi ph b trc nhiu
nm.
- Thy th on ngi n nn khng
quen vi Bc i Ty Dng.
- Con tu ra khi vo thng 12/1999 v gp
mt trn bo ln.
- Ngy 12/12, con tu b v lm i. 35.000
tn du mazut trn ra bin v gy nhim
cho 400 km b bin.
- Khc vi v Amoco, mt s nn nhn yu
cu Qu FIPOL bi thng. ng nhin l
s bi thng trn ca FIPOL khng
b p cc thit hi v mt s nn nhn
a v vic ra ta.
- i vi nhng nn nhn yu cu bi
thng trc tip, FIPOL quyt nh khng
ch bi thng tn tht kinh t m cn
chp nhn chi ph hon nguyn vi mi
trng - trng mi cc loi thc vt ven b
bin. Tuy nhin, qu ny t chi khng bi
thng cc tn tht sinh thi. Qu bi hon
c khong 50% s tin cc nn nhn yu
cu.
- Cc nn nhn khc n ra Ta i hnh
Paris.
- 2008. To n bi thng cc nn nhn chu
thit hi kinh t v chp nhn tr chi ph
hon nguyn vi mi trng. i vi cc
chnh quyn a phng, ta tuyn b :
a phng c nhng hnh ng nhm
bo v mi trng, thnh qu ca hot ng
ny b v vic ph hy, nh vy s c bi
hon ton b chi ph khc phc tn tht,
ngoi ra chng ti s cp cho chnh quyn
x v huyn mt khon trn gi cn c vo
nhng tn tht i vi mi trng . y l

ln u tin ti Php, mt phn quyt ca
ta n a ra mt khon bi hon trn
gi khc phc tn tht vi mi trng.
- Total lm n phc thm. Ta phc thm
hnh chnh Rennes c ch nh xem xt
v vic ng tnh vi phn ln nhng
phn xt cp s thm. V ni dung bi
hon tn tht sinh thi, ta phc thm cn
a ra quyt nh i xa hn : ngay c i
vi cc x v tnh khng c u t vo bo
v mi trng v b bin cng vn b trn
du, th cc a phng ny cng c
nhn mt khon bi hon trn gi.
- Total vn khng chp nhn phn quyt
ta phc thm v tip tc lm n ln cp
Gim c thm. Thm phn ta Gim c
thm va ra quyt nh vo thng 6/2012.
Hon ton bt ng. Cng ty Total khng c
trch nhim v nhng l do k thut m ti
khng th nu r vi cc bn y. Tt c
iu ny cho ta thy tnh phc tp ca vn
v nhng kh khn phi vt qua
n c kt qu cui cng.
Mt s nc khc cng c bc tin trong
vic quan tm n nhng tn tht sinh thi
nh M v . Ngay c qu FIPOL, mc d
khng ni ra, cng cp cc khon bi thng
ln hn so vi mc cc bn yu cu bi
thng trong nhng v vic nh. Tuy nhin,
con ng pha trc cn di c th quan
tm n cc tn tht vi h sinh thi. Trong x
hi ca chng ta, ng tic l mi trng vn
l mi quan tm th yu.
Gi tr kinh t ca cc ti sn mi trng v gii
thiu m hnh Driver-Pressure-State-ImpactResponse (DPSIR)
Quan nim truyn thng v gi tr hng ha
gn vi vic c sc lao ng to nn hng
ha . y l lun im ca cc nh kinh
t hc tin phong nh Adam Smith, David
Ricardo, Karl Marx. Cc hc gi ny cho rng
sc lao ng lm nn hng ha chnh l
cu phn ln nht to nn gi tr ca hng
ha. n cui th k 19, vi s pht trin ca
trng phi li ch, ngi ta ch trng hn
n s tha mn m hng ha ny mang li.
n u th k 20 quan nim tn c in v
hng ha c cng nhn rng ri trong gii
kinh t hc. Quan nim ny cho rng gi tr
ca hng ha ph thuc trc tip vo quan
h cung-cu, c ch hng ha v th trng.
Cc hng ha mi trng khng thng qua
th trng, nn n khng phi l i tng
gp nhau gia cung v cu, cc bn hy ngh
n nhng hng ha t do nh khng kh
hay nc. Nhng hng ha ny khng c
gi nhng khng phi v th m n khng
c gi tr. Ngy nay, gi tr ca h sinh thi
c tha nhn do s pht trin ca kinh t
mi trng. Gi tr ca hng ha mi trng
bao gm :
- Gi tr s dng. S d dng xc nh
ngi s dng thng qua vic khai thc ti
nguyn, ngoi ra cng phi tnh n gi tr
ca vic s dng gin tip nh du lch bi
bin, tm bin ;
- Gi tr phi s dng. Gi tr tn ti rt kh
xc nh. Chng ta c th cch b bin
500 km v cng rt hi lng khi bin khng
b nhim trn du ;
- Di sn, nh vic bo tn h ng, thc vt ;
- Gi tr ty chn hoc cn-ty chn. Gi
tr ny tham chiu ti vic khng th o
ngc c mt s tn tht m cc hng
ha thin nhin phi hng chu. Gi tr ny
c chi ph thng tin (chi ph c hi) vn
khng c tnh n trong gi tr hng ha :
v d nh vic xy p thy in thng

ngun sng Hng, nu nh mc cu khng
, iu ny s to ra chi ph v c cc hot
ng khc khng th thc hin c.
Cc gi tr ny c th c tng hp li. Khi ta
ni v bin i mi trng, v d nh vic cht
lng mt hng ha i xung v tc ng ca
con ngi hay tc ng khc, ta cn o lng
s bin thin ca mc hi lng khi tiu
dng hng ha trong trng hp cht lng
suy gim. Ngi ta a vo khi nim thng
d ca ngi tiu dng, iu ny phn nh s
hi lng ca ngi tiu dng.
(Xem Biu : Thng d v s hi lng ca
ngi tiu dng).
Cn phi xc nh s thch v li ch ca ngi
tiu dng v s tn ti v tiu dng mt hng
ha trn c s chp thun chi tr hoc chp
thun tip nhn bi hon ty theo bin ng
cht lng hng ha t nhin. Chng ta hy
t hi mnh liu ta c sn sng chp nhn tr
thm tin c dng nc cht lng tt
hn hay tip nhn khon bi hon cho vic
xung cp ca khng gian t nhin sau khi
tin hnh xy mt con chn nc hoc
mt cu cng hay khng ? Khi nim thng
d l tng cc u tin c nhn trong cng
ng dn c nh hng trc tip t cht
lng mt ti sn t nhin. Li ch tng th
ca ngi tiu dng l tng hiu s gia vic
chp thun chi tr tiu dng mt ti sn v
s phi tr trn thc t. (Xem Biu : Thng
d v s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng (2)).
[211]
Biu
28 Thng d v s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng
ng chi tr (CAP) hoc nhn c (CAR) c c (hoc trnh c) nhng bin i ca mt ti sn mi trng( khi nim li
nhun x hi = thng d = khon tin cho s thch c nhn)
Ngun : tc gi.
Biu
29 Thng d v s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng (2)

Bin thin s hi lng = thay i thng d
Ngun : tc gi.
Cn c lng bin thin ca mc hi

lng ngi tiu dng. Nu gi tng t P* ln
P, mc hi lng ca ngi tiu dng cng
c mc gim tng t - nu nh mt bi bin
b nhim, ngi ta s hi cc c nhn xem
h c sn sng tr tin khc phc nhim
hay khng ; nu nh d kin c dn khoan
ngoi khi, cng trnh ny s nh hng n
ng dn, liu h c sn sng tip nhn bi
hon cho tn tht phi chu hay khng? iu
ny cng c tc ng trc tip nh trong vic
xy dng cc cng trnh trn bin.
Ci kh by gi l ti dng li ng cu. Ta
c th lm c iu ny thng qua phng
php trc tip bng cch hi cc c nhn
xem h c chp nhn chi tr hay tip nhn bi
hon cn c vo kch bn ra hoc gin
tip da theo nhng quan st cc hnh vi.
- Phng php da theo tn tht. Cn phi
thit lp mi lin h nh lng nguyn
nhn - kt qu gia hai hin tng. V d ta
c th thy vic cc tu ch container chy
qua cng gy tc ng gin tip n sc
khe ca ngi dn vng duyn hi thng
qua vic nh lng s ca t vong. Nh vy,
trc tin cn thit lp hm liu lng/tc
ng, sau l gi tr tin t trong mi lin
h trc . Vy chi ph b sung m cc c
nhn phi b ra gii quyt vn sc
khe cng ng l bao nhiu ?
- Cc hot ng bo v sau khi cht lng
mi trng i xung. Nu nh dch v cng
cung cp nc sch b xung cp v cht
lng, ngi dn cn phi b tin ra mua
nc khong ng chai thay v ung nc
t vi. Cht lng mi trng m thanh c
gi l bao nhiu ? Nu nh xy dng sn
bay gn khu dn c, cn b tr kinh ph
lp t thit b cch m gi tr ca ting
n c th c tnh trong chi ph bo v
cht lng mi trng.
- Phng php gi hng th. Ta a ra gi

thuyt tn ti mi lin h trc tip gia mt
ti sn v c tnh mi trng ca ti sn
. Gi s c hai ngi nh ging nhau hon
ton v kt cu, c cng s phng, iu
kin ni tht nh nhau, ch khc mt im
l mt ngi nh hng ra bin. Chng ta c
th nh gi hng nhn ra bin bng cch
so snh mc chnh lch gi gia hai ngi
nh ny. Chng ta tin hnh theo hai bc :
xc nh phn mi trng trong khc bit
v gi gia hai ti sn gi bn ca ti sn ,
ta xc nh chi ph khi c thay i v tin
nghi, s thoi mi khi trong ngi nh
bng cch xc nh vic ngi tiu dng
sn sng tr thm tin c c c im
thin nhin ny ca ngi nh.
- Mt nghin cu c tin hnh nh
gi cht lng m thanh cuc sng ti
Genve (Thy S) thng qua nghin cu
tc ng n gi thu nh. 12000 cn h
vi cc mc phi nhim ting n khc
nhau c nghin cu. C th c kt qu
nh lng nh sau : trn 10 dcibels ting
n s lm gim trung bnh 6 % gi thu cc
cn h Genve. Nh vy c th xy dng
hm cu o, c gi l hm gi hng
th xc nh tha thun chi tr gim
ting n (Baranzini et Ramirez, 2002).
- Phng php chi ph vn ti. Mt c nhn
mong mun tiu dng mt ti sn mi
trng s buc phi tiu dng cc ti sn
hng ha b sung. Ly v d nh mun
chim ngng v p vnh Nha Trang, mt
ngi H Ni phi mua v my bay, tr
tin khch sn trong thi gian lu li ,
v.v. Ta c th nh gi tm quan trng ca
cnh quan ny v gi tr ca n trn c s
tng chi ph vn ti v s lng khch tham
quan. Da trn mt bng cu hi thm d,
ta c th xc lp mc sn sng chi tr
n mt a im, tng ng vi chi ph
[213]
cn thit cho mt chuyn tham quan nhn

vi s lng khch. Tng hp cu tr li s
cho ta t l tham quan im Z so vi dn
ca im Z. Nu ta thay chi ph b sung
cho vic di chuyn bng vic thu v vo,
ta c th o lng c tng hi lng
ca ngi tiu dng bng tng tha thun
chp nhn chi tr ca du khch.
- V d xc nh tn tht do nhim t v
chm tu Exxon-Valdez ti Alaska nm 1984.
C tng cng 118 im cu c, 94 im gii
tr, 70 im sn bn, 70 im d ngoi v
4200 ngi c tin hnh iu tra. Nhn
vin iu tra xc nh s lng khch n
tng a im. Sau tnh ton gi ca cht
lng mi trng ti mi im t hm cu
c hnh thnh t chi ph i li. Nn thy
triu en khin du khch khng ti du
Bng
lch ti cc a im trn, c ngha l c s

bin ng v mc hi lng do tn tht
i vi t nhin. Tng mc tha thun chi
tr ln n 3,8 triu la. Trong khi cng
ty Exxon-Mobil buc phi bi thng mt
t la, trong 3,8 triu la dnh cho
cc tn tht v sinh thi! y chng ta
thy nhng mt hn ch ca phng php
kinh t trong vic nh gi gi tr t nhin ;
kinh t khng th thay th php lut trong
lnh vc tn tht sinh thi.
- Phng php nh gi ngu nhin. Xut
pht t gi thit l ngi ta nghin cu
tm hiu cc i tng c hi, ta c
lng tha thun chi tr kch bn c th
c hoc khng xy ra.
12 Phng php nh gi ngu nhin
CAP : tho thun tr tin ; CAR : tho thun nhn bi thng

Ngun : tc gi.
Phm Trng Hng Giang
[Yves Perraudeau]
Gi s nh ngi nh c mt hng ra bin

v mt hng ra ni. Lm th no tch
bit gi tr mt hng ra bin khi mt hng
ra ni ?
Trong v d ny, ta c th nu r cht lng

hng nhn ra bin : c cn phi tro ln gh
th mi nhn c bin hay khng, hay nhn
ra bin qua ca knh phng khch ? ... y l
nhng yu t nh hng n gi.
Trong trng hp ny, trong hm cu cn
ly ton b cc l do a ra bc tch yu
t mi trng m ta mun nh gi. Thng
thng, ta dng cc k thut thng k phc
tp kinh t lng theo ta ly c mu t
5000 n 10000 ngi nh, xem xt tt c cc
c im ca cc ngi nh m ta cho rng n
c tc ng n gi thu.
Chng ta hy p dng m hnh DPSIR tm
hiu tnh d tn thng ca khu vc duyn
hi v ngi dn sng khu vc ny. Tnh d
tn thng c ba c im :
- khu vc phi nhim ri ro ;
- cc hot ng nhy cm vi ri ro. Xc nh
mc ph thuc kinh t v x hi ca mt
hot ng trong trng hp xy ra ri ro l
bao nhiu ?
30 M hnh (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response)
DPSIR
Ngun : Burkhard et Mller (2008).
[215]
- kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin mi trong

trng hp c bin i kh hu. Chng ta i
vo lnh vc qun tr v nng lc cc thit
ch d on ri ro. iu ny cn c kin
thc khoa hc v nng lc ca cc thit ch
ra nhng bin php ng ph vi ri ro.
s dng m hnh, cn c kin thc khoa
hc su v mi trng. Trong m hnh cc
bn c trnh iu khin , l nhng hin tng
bt ngun t hot ng ca con ngi, c
tc ng chm ngi n cho mt lot cc hin
tng c tc ng nhn-qu trong sut qu
trnh pht trin - v d : gi mt loi thy sn
tng, mt dn c duyn hi tng, tng
trng ngnh vn ti bin, v.v. Cc lc y ny
s to p lc cho h sinh thi th hin qua
vic tng cc im nh bt, lng pht thi
tng, v.v. Cc p lc ny s to thay i trong
h thng cht lng nc suy gim, tng
vic khai thc ti nguyn. Nhng thay i ny
s c tc ng n thay i h thng v sc
khe cng ng, tng t l ngho i do tng
nng lc nh bt, gim nng sut nh bt,
s cc v ph sn tng ln, v.v.
Cc tc ng ny c th hin v mt ti
chnh i vi ngi dn, cc bin php ng
ph vi bin i gn vi h thng qun tr.
Liu c cc thit ch ph trch vic qun l
cng tc nh bt hay rng hn l qun l
c vng duyn hi ? Thit ch ny c th can
thip c v mt qun l ngun d tr bin
thch nghi vi bin i trong mi trng. i
khi vn bin i kh hu vt qua khun
kh hot ng ca mt th ch. Phng
php DPSIR c y ban pht trin bn
vng ca Lin hip Quc ci tin. Khun kh
c m rng ra nhng tnh hung ti
hnh ng ca con ngi c tc ng ti h
thng. Bn cnh cc cu phn khc nhau, c
th xy dng cc ch s theo cc trnh iu
khin , p lc, thay i tnh trng h thng,

tc ng v ng ph.
- Cc trnh iu khin c th c xut pht
im t hot ng ca con ngi hoc t
nhin, trc tip hoc gin tip. Mt v d
ca trnh iu khin trc tip nhu cu
hng ha v dch v, mt trnh iu khin
gin tip l thay i dn s bt ngun t
mc cu hng ha v dch v tng cao.
- Cc ch s p lc l nhng ch s u tin
m t hot ng ca con ngi i vi mi
trng t nhin. Chng ta c th s dng
t l s dng t, t l s dng khng gian
bin hoc b bin. Cc nh a l thng
a ra nhng cng c nh h thng thng
tin a l nh gi cc t l ny. Rt d
nh lng cc ch s ny thng qua c s
d liu kinh t hoc mi trng.
- Cc thay i thc trng h thng. Ta c
th o lng vic phn b rng loi to
xanh do tng lng ni-t. Cc loi to ht
ht o-xy di bin. Ngoi ra, ta c th o
mc a-xt ha ca mi trng bng th
pH hoc tn sut ca bo. iu ny c
ngha l cc thay i phi tng i nhy
vi cc p lc c th thit lp mi lin h
trc tip nguyn nhn hu qu gia p
lc v thay i tnh trng. Cc bin ny phi
c i km vi nhng bin php gim
nh v d nh vic pht thi CO2 trong
vn ti bin v vic gim vn tc chy tu.
Chng ta nghin cu tnh hung vi vic
nui hu ti Php. Nghin cu ny tm
hiu cch ngi dn nhn nhn v ri ro.
Ngh nui hu xut hin t nht t
gia th k th 19, sn lng t khong
100.000 tn/nm, chim 90 % sn lng ca
chu u. C tng 36.500 nhng a. Hot
ng ny to ra khong 10.000 vic lm ti
2500 trang tri. Trong nhng thp k trc y,
c nhiu s kin lm nh hng nghim
trng n hot ng truyn thng ny : ba v

trn du, ngun d tr mt loi hu b bin
mt do dch bnh (1920, 1971, gia nm 2008
v 2011) ; cn bo Lothar v Xynthia b i
Ty Dng vo thng 2/2010.
Loi hu ca Nht (Crassostrea gigas) hin
thay th hu B o Nha (C. angulata)
Khung
b bin mt hon ton vo nm 1971. Vic

nhit gia tng cng l nguyn nhn gy
pht tn nhiu loi vi-rt. Gim pH trong
nhng thp k qua l mt trong nhng
thch thc v cc loi nguyn th v cng
thng b tn cng trong trng hp mi
trng nc b a-xt ha.
10 Tc ng v ng ph
Tc ng :
Xi mn ng b bin v suy gim bo v
Khai thc tn thu u trng hu nui (= chi ph tng)
Dch bnh (v d OsHV-1 mVar , Maurer v Combs 1986 :Tnh d nhim bnh ca
u trng v con non tng ln do cht lng con ging km v do dch bnh
Tng chi ph (lng p, bt tn thu)
Ph sn doanh nghip
ng ph :
a ging mi vo khai thc (Crassostrea gigas)
Ci tin cng ngh (cy ging hu tam bi)
Nui hu non mt cao
Khu vc nui tng trng c bo v
Thng qua s tng th drivers-pressureimpact-state c kt hp trong khun kh

nghin cu, cc bn c th a ra nhng
nh gi v h thng x hi - sinh thi v cc

bin php ng ph c a ra.
[217]
31 Chn on - nh gi Appraisal - Phn loi (ADApT)
Ngun : tc gi.
Ngy 4, th su 20/7
Cc nhm thc hnh vi m hnh DPSIR.
Chuyn cp : sn xut mui trong
cc vng duyn hi min Trung Vit Nam ;
xung t trong tha nng lc nh bt
gia Campuchia, Thi Lan v Philippines ;
cc hot ng khai thc ti min Trung Vit
Nam (khai thc ct, si, v.v.) ; cc hot ng
kinh t trong lu vc sng Thu Bn v vng
duyn hi tnh Qung Nam.
2.1.5. Cc cch s dng mi khng

gian bin
im li kha cnh php lut v quyn tip cn
v cc cch s dng mi khng gian bin
Trc khi xc nh c bin gii trn b, cc
quc gia phi tin hnh chin tranh c
c lnh th rng nht c th. Vi lnh th
trn bin, nhiu xung t c gii quyt
bng con ng ngoi giao.
Chng ta cng nhau xem xt cc nguyn tc
c bn chi phi cc Nh nc, bin gii v yu
cu m rng lnh th bin ca cc quc gia.
mt thc th dn c c cng nhn l
Nh nc, cn hi ba yu t : mt lnh th,
mt quc gia, mt t chc hnh chnh. Khi
, lnh th c Lin hip Quc tha nhn
l mt Nh nc v t chc ny khng t
vn v nng lc kinh t ca i tc mi.
Trong bin gii c bo lnh, Nh nc ny
c ton quyn c lut php quc t tha

nhn khun kh ch quyn.
c lnh th trn b, Nh nc phi chng
t mong mun l ch ca mt lnh th - kha
cnh trit l v vic chim gi thc t lnh
th ny kha cnh vt cht. Cc phng
thc php l phn b lnh th c cng
ng quc t chp nhn gip :
- Khai ph cc vng t mi ;
- S gn gi, chim ng lin tc mt lnh
th khng c ch gn lnh th A ;
- Trao i lnh th. Cch y 30 nm, Thy S
c yu cu ko di ng bng sn bay v
pha Php n my bay hng nng, b
li Thy S trao cho Php mt din tch lnh
th tng ng cho Php ;
- Mua lnh th. V d nh di thi ch
th nht, M mua li bang Louisiane t
Php.
Trong tt c cc trng hp, Nh nc cn
th hin nguyn vng v hnh vi php l ca
mt Nh nc cn thit c tip ni bng
hnh ng chim gi thc t lnh th : lc
lng qun i khng khng , cn c
hot ng sinh hot ca c dn khu nh
c, nng nghip, thng mi, b my hnh
chnh, cng trnh, v.v.
Phm Tun Anh
Php c cc lnh th hi ngoi, vic qun l
c thc hin nh th no ?
l cc thuc a c mong mun thuc
v lnh th Php, quy ch thuc a c
chuyn thnh tnh nh lc a th cc tnh
ny thuc Php, ging nh nhng phn lnh
th khc ca Php xt trn kha cnh php
lut. Mt phn cc thuc a c thnh cc
chnh quyn hi ngoi, nh Polynsie v Tn

o c ch t tr, v hai lnh th ny c
hai ngh vin. Cc lnh th khng c c dn
thng xuyn do Thng c cp cao qun
l v h c cc trung tm khoa hc l
trng hp cc qun o ca Php ti Nam
Cc, vng t Adlie. Cc lnh th ny c tm
quan trng c bit trong pht trin lut bin.
Lut php quc t c nhng qui nh y
hn lin quan ti vic nm gi nhng lnh
th c iu kin kh hu khc nghit. V d,
Ta n Quc t tha nhn ch quyn ca Na
Uy i vi o Jan Mayen ti v tuyn 75
Bc, pha ng Groenland, khi trn o ch
c trm kh tng thy vn.
Ly v d v o Clipperton ca Php, nm
ng Thi Bnh Dng, cch vnh Mexique
1500 km. Php s hu Clipperton vo na sau
th k XIX. Vi ng knh 9 km, hn o ny
khng c ti nguyn, vic nm gi thc t
rt kh. Nhng Php pht hin trn o c
pht-pht. V vy Php quyt nh khai thc
v s dng nhn cng Mexico. ng thi
im ny chnh ph Mexico ra thng bo :
Nhng ngi sng lin tc trn o l ngi
Mexico v chng ti c ch quyn i vi hn
o Clipperton . Hai quc gia a vn ln
trng ti. Phn quyt c a ra vo thng
1/1931 : iu quan trng l mong mun lm
ch mt lnh th. i vi mt khng gian kh
tip cn, Nh nc ch nn chim ng di
hnh thc n gin. Nhng nu khng c mong
mun chim ng, mt Nh nc khng th i
ch quyn i vi lnh th . Mexico cha
tng thng bo mong mun s hu lnh th
ny. T thi im , mi ln Hi qun Php
c tu i qua u gh qua o. C Php c
treo trn o. Ngoi ra c gn bia tng nim
trn o. Biu tng nhiu khi c tm quan
trng ln trong vic phn b lnh th.
[219]
Cho d xung t gia hai hay nhiu Nh

nc l loi g, nhng ch yu vn l xung
t v bin gii, Lin hip Quc yu cu cc
quc gia s dng cc bin php ha bnh
gii quyt xung t. C nm cch gii quyt
c xp thnh hai phng thc.
Phng thc ngoi giao gii quyt mu thun:
- m phn. i s hai nc c mu thun
s gp nhau v m phn. Nu l xung
t nh, sau khi tin hnh m phn, hai
b trng ph trch vn s gp nhau
v gii quyt vn ; nu l vn ln,
n s c ngi ng u chnh ph
hoc nguyn th quc gia gii quyt ;
- Nu con ng ngoi giao tht bi, cc
Quc gia s mi bn th ba ng ra ha
gii v d nh Tng th k Lin hip Quc,
mt lut s quc t c th gii cng
nhn v.v. V d nh nguyn Tng thng M
Bill Clinton l ngi ng ra ha gii nhiu
v vic trn th gii.
Nu xung t thc s nghim trng, cc nc
cn a ra ta n quc t gii quyt. Cc quc
gia khng my mn m vi phng thc ny
v theo phng thc ny, kt qu t c
cho d l ha gii hay phn quyt ca ta
th u cn phi cng b. C ba phng thc:
- Trng ti. C th a ra mt c quan trng
ti duy nht (l phng thc c s dng
thng dng nht n tn u th k trc)
hoc ba c quan trng ti. Theo phng
thc ny, mi quc gia ch nh mt trng
ti, hai trng ti ny s ch nh trng ti
th ba s l trng ti chnh. Cc bn s tm
kim a ra mt gii php trong lut php
quc t gii quyt xung t, cc bn s
cng nhau ra phn quyt v ni dung phn
quyt mang tnh cht bt buc ;
- Ta n Cng l Quc t c tr s ti La Haye,
ta n ny c vai tr xc nh lut quc t
c p dng, vic thc thi phn quyt ca

ta c thc hin thng qua tha thun
gia hai bn. n thi im hin ti, Ta
n Cng l Quc t th l khong 15 v n
tranh chp lnh th bin ;
- Ta n Quc t v Lut bin. Bao gm 21
thm phn i din ca ton b cc lnh
th trn th gii, tt c cc thm phn u
c chuyn ngnh lut bin. Ta n c thm
quyn gii quyt cc tranh chp lin quan
n vic gii thch v p dng Cng c
v Lut bin trong tt c cc loi xung t :
lnh th bin, nh bt, nhim, v.v.
By gi chng ta cng nhau xem xt cc
phng thc xc nh bin gii.
Khc vi cch ngi ta thng ngh, ng
bin gii t nhin nh sng hay ni him khi
c s dng phn nh bin gii. Cho d
theo h thng no, c th l kinh tuyn
hay v tuyn cng c th c s dng min
l cc quc gia thng nht vi nhau. C hai
bc trong xc nh bin gii :
- Phn nh ng bin gii - l mt hot
ng php l quyt nh ng bin gii
c xc nh nh th no;
- Cm mc bin gii l hot ng thc t
xc nh bin gii trn thc a v tin hnh
cm mc.
i vi bin gii trn bin, ngi ta s dng
ta ngn nht bn cnh h thng kinh
tuyn cc ta c a ln bn c
cc bn tha nhn. Theo Cng c Montego
Bay, cc quc gia c ngha v kho st thu
vn v o v bn hng hi. i vi cc
quc gia khng c c quan thy vn bin,
cc quc gia ny c th nh cc quc gia
khc c nng lc tr gip. C ba nc l Anh,
M v Php l cc quc gia c lng bn
o c ln nht trn th gii.
Lut php nh ngha o l g ? Vic tha

nhn o c tc ng rt ln, th hin bng
vic c hn mt iu quy nh v o trong
Cng c 1982. iu 121 vit : o l mt
vng t t nhin c nc bao bc, khi thu
triu ln vng t ny vn trn mt nc .
Cng ging nh t lc a, o c lnh
hi, thm lc a v vng c quyn kinh t.
Nhng gii hn vic m rng lnh th
bin ca cc cng quc ln, nhm G77
a thm khon 3 vo iu 121: Nhng hn
o no khng thch hp cho con ngi
n hoc cho mt i sng kinh t ring th
khng c vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc
a . Nhng trn thc t, sau khi Cng c
c hiu lc, cc quc gia tm kim trn
bn nhng vin si nh nht - ni h
c th thc thi ch quyn v ni rng l
mt hn o.
i vi vic xc nh bin gii trn bin, iu
ny kh n gin. Hy hnh dung ta c mt
b bin v mt bin gii gia Nh nc A v
Nh nc B:
- Trong trng hp hai nc c chung
ng bin gii, gii php n gin nht l
ly bin gii trn b ri ko di ra trn bin
bng ng cch u ;
- i vi hai quc gia cch xa nhau, khng
c hai lnh hi, lc ny s s dng ng
trung v : c ngha l cc im cch u t
khong cch lnh hi gia hai quc gia.
i vi vng kinh t, s kh qun l hn v
n c vng t ni di bin ni ng dn
Nh nc B n t bao i nay, nhng
Nh nc A do khng phi l mt quc gia
c bin nn khng n. Nh nc A v B c
th quyt nh ko di v mt l thuyt bin
gii t lin ti mt im no . Nh nc B
s a ra xut un ng bin gii i
vng qua hn o, c th ln n 200 dm ;
Nh nc A s chp nhn hoc khng chp

nhn.
phn nh thm lc a, ri vng c
quyn kinh t, Ta n Cng l Quc t thay
i n l , mt mt, ch a ra mt bin gii
vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc a, v
mt khc, a ra gii php bnh ng theo
tinh thn c vn dng trong bin gii t
lin. S thay i ny bt ngun t mt phn
quyt rt ni ting ca Ta n Cng l Quc
t a ra nm 1951 lin quan n v vic
nh c ca Na Uy ti o Lofoten. Thng
qua mt sc lnh, nh vy l bng cch n
phng, Na Uy y li bin gii bin ca
mnh ra pha Ty Bc - quyt nh ny y cc
tu nh c nc ngoi ra khi vng nhiu
c. L do a ra khi quyt nh nh vy l
ngi dn o Lofoten sng c lp vo ma
ng v nh bt l phng thc mu sinh
duy nht ca h. y l ln u tin trong lch
s kha cnh kinh t v x hi c a vo
trong vic phn nh bin gii.
Chng ta s chuyn sang trung tm a
Trung Hi : pha Nam Libie c mt khong
t ln pha Bc o Malta. C mt thung
lng t nhin gia hai quc gia. i vi quc
o Malta, lnh th t lin s tri di n tn
ng y lng. i vi Libie, lnh th bin
tr nn qu nh so vi lnh th t lin. Hai
quc gia khng i n thng nht v a v
vic ra Ta Cng l Quc t. Ta a ra phn
quyt nm 1982 : Khi nim ko di ca
lnh th t lin chng t c tn ti thm lc
a, nhng nguyn tc c s l t lin hng
ra bin. Chnh bi mt Nh nc c ch quyn
trn t lin th c th m rng ch quyn ca
mnh trn bin. Cn phi tnh n mt cch
cng bng phn lc a ca cc lnh th . T
, khi nim ko di lnh th t lin khng
cn l c s duy nht na, m mi quan h
gia cc khong t cng c tnh n.
[221]
Jean-Pierre Beurier kt thc phn trnh by

ca mnh vi mt vi v d v Bin ng,
c bit o Hong Sa - Paracels, hin ang
tranh chp ch quyn gia Vit Nam v
Trung Quc hay Trng Sa - Spratleys, tranh
chp ch quyn gia Vit Nam, Trung Quc,
Philippines, Malaysia, Indonsia, Brunei v
i Loan.
Thi gian cn li ca ngy hc c dnh

cho phn chun b bo co kt qu lp hc
vo ngy th by
Cc ti liu tham kho

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[223]
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2.1.

Khng gian bin, ri ro v

Hot ng a dng ca con ngi ngy

lp hc chuyn cng cp n nhng

Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

(Ni dung g bng)

Trong trng hp th nht, chng ta ni n

Bn v ri ro, l bn v ri ro thin nhin nh

2.1.1. Qun l bn vng ngun lc

[164] Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

Yves Perraudeau m t ngn gn mt s

Trn c s mt vi tiu ch xp loi nu trn,

Trong nn kinh t Php hay chu u, t trng

Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

c va lm mt cng vic khc hay khng ?

xa b. Nhng cn nhiu kh khn trong vic

Hunh Th Bch Phng

Con s ny cng tng ng vi mc h tr

Ti thnh ph bin Nha Trang, min Trung

[166] Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

7 Qun l bn vng cc ngun lc bin

Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

Nhiu vng nh bt va ra khi giai on

Sn lng nh bt theo nhm loi nm 1950 v 2009

C th phn ra ba nhm loi nh bt : tng

S liu hin nay cho thy trng lng ca cc

[168] Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

ny cng gi m cho ta thy hin tng khai

thc vt ni. Cc cng trnh ca Daniel Pauly

Phn tch mc dinh dng:

Ngun : Pauly et al. (1998).

Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

23 nh bt thy sn v pht trin bn vng

hp nh bt t cung t cp, cn bng trong

[170] Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

iu cng c th dn n tnh trng tng

10 Mc chnh gi-chi ph theo cch nh bt trn

Ngun : Lam et al. (2011).

C th ghi nhn mc chnh kh ln gia cc

ton ngc li, iu ny cn thit phi c s

Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

Cc ch s nh bt bn vng ti Php (2009)

x hi ph thuc vo ngun dinh dng t

Patrice Guillotreau gii thiu phn mm ny

[172] Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

th l ta s xem xt l thuyt nh bt. n

mt loi xm ln ang chim mt khng gian

11 Tng trng theo d tr

Ngun : Schaefer (1954).

Tng trng d tr c biu din nh mt

cn c th pht trin qui m hn na. Mc

Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

Bin thin ca tng lng thy sn vi lng nh bt

Ht l mc nh bt, G(Xt) l hm tng trng v Xt l mc tng lng d tr thy

gi tr lng tnh trng tnh, c ngha l

giai on (Ht) nhm m bo tc tng

12 Tng quan lng nh bt (H) / nng lc

[174] Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

th ny biu din tng lng d tr thy

i, tng lng d tr thy sn s mc ln

13 Mc tiu no cho nh bt bn vng?

Thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / AFD

By gi, chng ta chuyn sang kha cnh kinh