62015 Technical drawing - Wikipe, the ree encyclopedia Technical drawing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ‘Technical drawing, also known as drafting or draughting, is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is to be constructed. Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering. To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols, perspectives, units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and page layout. Together, such conventions constitute a visual language, and help to ensure that the drawing is unambiguous and relatively easy to understand. These drafting conventions are condensed into internationally accepted standard: specifications that transcend the barrier of language making techni drawings a universal means of communicating complex mechanical concepts. ind. This need for precise communication in the preparation of a functional document distinguishes technical drawing from the expressive drawing of the visual arts. Artistic drawings are subjectively interpreted; their meanings are multiply determined Technical drawings are understood to have one intended meaning.!"I A drafter, drafisperson, or draughtsman is a person who makes a drawing (technical or expressive). A professional drafter who makes technical drawings is sometimes called a drafting technician Professional drafting is a desirable and necessary function in the design and manufacture of complex mechanical components and machines. Professional drafispersons bridge the gap between engineers and manufacturers, and contribute experience and technical expertise to the design process. Contents = 1 Methods = 1.1 Sketching = 1.2 Manual or by instrument = 1,3 Computer aided design = 2 Applications for technical drawing = 2.1 Architecture = 2.2 Engineering = 3 Related fields = 3.1 Technical illustration = 3.1.1 Cutaway drawing = 4 Technical drawings Itp/lenwikipediaorgwihi/Techrica_ drawing Copying technical drawings in 1973 10eo208 “Tecvical éanirg- Wikipe, the tee encylopass 4.1 Types of technical drawings = 4.1.1 Two-dimensional representation = 4.1.2 Three-dimensional representation 4.2 Views = 4.2.1 Multiview = 4.2.2 Section = 4.2.3 Auxiliary = 4.2.4 Pattern 4.2.5 Exploded 4.3 Standards and conventions = 4.3.1 Basic drafting paper sizes 4.4 Patent drawing 4.5 Sets of technical drawings = 4.5.1 Working drawings for production = 4.5.2 Assembly drawings = 4.5.3 As-fitted drawings 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Methods Sketching A sketeh is a quickly executed, freehand drawing that is not intended as a finished work. In general, sketching is a quick way to record an & idea for later use. Architect's sketches primarily serve as a way to try — out different ideas and establish a composition before undertaking a Le more finished work, especially when the finished work is expensive . and time consuming. Architectural sketches, for example, are a kind of diagrams. These sketches, like metaphors, are used by architects as a means of communication in aiding design collaboration. This tool helps architects to abstract attributes of hypothetical provisional design solutions and summarize their complex Sketch for a government building, patterns, hereby enhancing the design process./21 Manual or by instrument The basic drafting procedure is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a smooth surface with right- angle comers and straight sides—typically a drawing board. A sliding straightedge known as a T-square is then placed on one of the sides, allowing it to be slid across the side of the table, and over the surface of the paper. tp/lenwikipediaorgwih/Techrica_ drawing 210eran Teri rang: Wikipeca he Fee enor "Parallel lines" can be drawn simply by moving the T-square and running a pencil or technical pen along the T-square’s edge. The ‘T-square is used to hold other devices such as set squares or triangles. In this case the drafter places one or more triangles of known angles on the T-square—which is itself at right angles to the edge of the table—and can then draw lines at any chosen angle to others on the page. Modern drafting tables come equipped with a drafting machine that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large piece of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, lines drawn along the edge are guaranteed to be parallel.3) In addition, the drafter uses several technical drawing tools to draw curves and circles. Primary among these are the compasses, used for ik & drawing simple ares and circles, and the French 7 curve,for drawing curves. A I | spline is a rubber coated A drafting table. articulated metal that can be sr manually bent to most curves. = Old-fashioned technical drawing instruments. Drafting templates assist the drafter with creating recurring objects all a in a drawing without having to reproduce the object from scratch every time, This is especially useful when using common symbols; i.e. in the context of stagecraft, a lighting designer will draw from the USITT standard library of lighting fixture symbols to indicate the position of a common fixture across multiple positions, ‘Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized to a specific task, but itis also not uncommon for a drafter to create their own templates. z This basic drafting system requires an accurate table and constant attention to the positioning of the tools. A common error is to allow the triangles to push the top of the T-square down slightly, thereby throwing off all angles. Even tasks as simple as drawing two angled lines meeting at a point require a number of moves of the T-square and triangles, and in general drafting can be a time consuming process. S Stencils for lettering technical drawings to DIN standards, A solution to these problems was the introduction of the mechanical "drafting machine”, an application of the pantograph (sometimes referred to incorrectly as a "pentagraph” in these situations) which allowed the drafter to have an accurate right angle at any point on the page quite quickly. These machines often included the ability to change hereby removing the need for the triangles as well In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a piece of paper—with respect to the detailing of physical objects—the drafting effort requires a thorough understanding of geometry, trigonometry and spatial comprehension, and in all cases demands precision and accuracy, and attention to detail of high order. tp/lenwikipediaorgwih/Techrica_ drawing 10eran Teri rang: Wikipeca he Fee enor Although drafting is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect—or even by shop personnel such as a machinist—skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task and are always in demand to some level. Computer aided design Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of computer-aided drawing systems (CAD). There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for the production of technical drawings” two dimensions ("2D") and three dimensions ("3D") 2D CAD systems such as AutoCAD or MicroStation replace the paper drawing discipline. The lines, circles, arcs and curves are ereated within the software. It is down to the technical drawing skill of the user to produce the drawing, There is still much scope for error in the drawing when producing first and third angle orthographic projections, auxiliary projections and cross sections, A 2D CAD system is merely an electronic drawing board, Its greatest strength over direct to paper technical drawing is in the making of revisions, Whereas in a conventional hand drawn technical drawing, if a mistake is found, or a modification the is required, a new drawing must be made from scratch, The 2D CAD system allows a copy of the original to be modified, saving considerable time. 2D CAD systems can be used to create plans for large projects such as buildings and aircraft but provide no way to check the various components will fit together. 3D CAD systems such as Autodesk Inventor or SolidWorks first produce the geometry of the part, the technical drawing comes from user defined views of the part. Any orthographic, projected and section views are created by the software. There is no scope for error in the production of these views. The main scope for error comes in setting the parameter of first or third angle projection, and displaying the relevant symbol on the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows individual parts to be assembled together to represent the final product. Buildings, Aircraft, ships and cars are modeled, assembled and checked in 3D before technical drawings are released for manufacture View of a CAD model of a four- cylinder, inline crankshaft with Both 2D and 3D CAD systems can be used to produce technical pistons drawings for any discipline, The various disciplines; electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, ete., have industry recognised symbols to represent common components BS and ISO produce standards to show recommended practices but it is up to individuals to produce the drawings. There is no definitive standard for layout or style, The only standard across engineering workshop drawings is in the creation of orthographic projections and cross section views. Drafting can represent two dimensions ("2D") and three dimensions ("3D") although the representation itself is always created in 2D (cf. Architectural model). Drafting is the integral communication of technical or engineering drawings and is the industrial arts sub-discipline that underlies all involved technical endeavors, tp/lenwikipediaorgwih/Techrica_ drawing ano62015 Technical drawing - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia In representing complex, three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional drawings, the objects can be described by at least one view plus material thickness note, 2, 3 or as many views and sections that are required to show all features of object. Applications for technical drawing Architecture The art and design that goes into making buildings is known as architecture To communicate all aspects of the shape or design, detail drawings are used. In this field, the term plan is often used when referring to the full section view of these drawings as viewed from three feet above finished floor to show the locations of doorways, windows, stairwells, etc.!4] Architectural drawings describe and document an architect's design, Engineering Engineering can be a very broad term, It stems from the Latin ingenerare, meaning "to create", !®] Because this could apply to everything that humans create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of technical drawing, Engineering drawings generally deal with mechanical engineered items, such as manufactured parts and equipment. Engineering drawings are usually created in accordance with standardized To plan a renovation, this architect takes ‘measurements, which he later enters into his computer-aided design software. : conventions for layout, nomenclature, - interpretation, appearance (such as i typefaces and line styles), size, ete. : Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an Engineering drawing of a machine tool part Related fields Technical illustration engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component. Technical illustration is the use of illustration to visually communicate information of a technical nature echnical illustrations can be component technical drawings or diagrams. The aim of technical illustration is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer".(71 tp/lenwikipediaorgwih/Techrica_ drawing 10es20 Tectrical caning - Whip. te tee cyclone The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience, The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer's interest and understanding" {81 According to Viola (2005) "illustrative techniques are often designed in a way that even a person with no technical understanding clearly understands the piece of art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and seale helped to make a simple line drawing more understandable to the lay person Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to the subject matter".!71 Cutaway drawing A cutaway drawing is a technical illustration, in which part of the surface of a three-dimensional model is removed in order to show some of the model's interior in relation to its exterior. Ilustration of a drum set The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces a visual appearance as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects. and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering" (?1 Cutaway drawing of the Nash 600, an American car of the 1940s echnical drawings Types of technical drawings ‘The two types of technical drawings are based on graphical projection.""] This is used to create an image of a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface. ‘Two-dimensional representation Two-dimensional representation uses orthographic projection to ereate an image where only two of the three dimensions of the object are seen, Three-dimensional representation Ina three-dimensional representation, also referred to as a pictorial, all three dimensions of an object are visible tp/lenwikipediaorgwih/Techrica_ drawing 10Technical drawing - Wikipe, the ree encyclopedia Multiview Multiview is a type of orthographic projection. There are two conventions for using multiview, first-angle and third-angle. In both cases, the front or main side of the object is the same. First-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they land, Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right, What is seen will be drawn to the right of the front side. Third-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen is actually the left side of the object and will be drawn to the left of the front side Section While multiview relates to external surfaces of an object, section views show an imaginary plane cut through an object. This is often useful to show voids in an object. Auxiliary Auxiliary views utilize an additional projection plane other than the common planes in a multiview. Since the features of an object need to show the true shape and size of the object, the projection plane must be parallel to the object surface. Therefore, any surface that is not in line with the three major axis needs its own projection plane to show the features correctly. Pattern Patterns, sometimes called developments, show the size and shape of a flat piece of material needed for later bending or folding into a three dimensional shape.|'1 Exploded An exploded-view drawing is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of assembly of the various parts." Tt shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance, or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-dimensional exploded diagram, An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled explosion emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated relative distances away from their original locations. An exploded view drawing (EVD) can show the intended assembly of —_ Exploded-view drawing of a gear mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems usually the pump component closest to the center is assembled first, or is the main part in which the other parts get assembled. This drawing can also help to represent disassembly of parts, where the parts on the outside normally get removed first. (12) Standards and conventions tp/lenwikipediaorgwih/Techrica_ drawing m0es20 “Tecivical danirg- Wikis. tee encylopass Basic drafting paper sizes There have been many standard sizes of paper at different times and in different countries, but today most of the world uses the international standard (A4 and its siblings). North America uses its own sizes. ISO "A series" papers North American paper sizes used in most, sizes countries of the world Patent drawing The applicant for a patent will be required by law to furnish a drawing of the invention if or when the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention with the job. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except =a" compositions of matter or processes, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes.!!"] is The drawing must show every feature of the invention specified in the wi claims, and is required by the patent office rules to be in a particular form, The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to The Wright brothers patent the making of the drawing, The reason for specifying the standards in _ drawings for their aeroplane (1908) detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues, and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions, |!" Sets of technical drawings Working drawings for production Working drawings are the set of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product.!"31 In architecture, these include civil drawings, architectural drawings, structural drawings, mechanical systems drawings, electrical drawings, and plumbing drawings. Assembly drawings tp/lenwikipediaorgwih/Techrica_ drawing atoeran Teri rang: Wikipeca he Fee enor Assembly drawings show how different parts go together, identify those parts by number, and have a parts list, often referred to as a bill of materials." In a technical service manual, this type of drawing may be referred to as an exploded view drawing or diagram. These parts may be used in engineering. Asfitted drawings Also called As-Built drawings, ot As-made drawings. As-fitted drawings represent a record of the completed works, literally ‘as fitted’. These are based upon the working drawings and updated to reflect any changes or alterations undertaken during construction or manufacture. See also = Architectural drawing Engineering drawing ISO 128 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation Linear scale Plan (drawing) Reprography Shop drawing, chnical communication chnical lettering Specification (technical standard) References 1. Goetsch, David L.; Chalk, William S.; Nelson, John A. (2000). Technical Drawing. Delmar Technical Graphics Series (Fourth ed.). Albany: Delmar Learning. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7668-0531-6. OCLC 39756434 (https: //www. worldcat.org/ocle/39756434). 2. Richard Boland and Fred Collopy (2004). Managing as designing. Stanford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0- 8047-4674-5, p.69. 3. Bhatt, N.D, Machine Drawing. Charotar Publication. 4, Jefferis, Alan; Madsen, David (2005), Architectural Drafting and Design (Sth ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, ISBN 1-4018-6715-4 5. Goetsch et al, (2000) p. 792 6. Lieu, Dennis K; Sorby, Sheryl (2009), Visualization, Modeling, and Graphics for Engineering Design (1st ed.), Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, ISBN 1-4018-424946 , p, 1-2 7. Ivan Viola and Meister E, Gréller (2005). "Smart Visibility in Visualization", In: Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging. 1.. Neumann et al. (Ed.) 8. www industriegrafik. com ‘The Role of the Technical Illustrator in Industry (http://www. industriegrafik.com/TIE him) webarticle, Last modified: Juni 15, 2002, Acces 2009. 9. J. Diepstraten, D. Weiskopf & ‘T. Ertl (2003). "Interactive Cutaway Illustrations" (http://www. vis.uni- stuttgart. de/~weiskopt/publications/eg2003. pdf). in: Eurographics 2003. P. Brunet and D. Fellner (ed). Vol 22 (2003), Nr 3. 10. Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 341 1. United States Patent and Trademark Office (2005), General Information Concerning Patents § 1.84 Standards for drawings (http://www-uspto. gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/#drawing) (Revised January 2005). Accessed 13 February 2009. 12. Michael E. Brumbach, Jeffrey A. Clade (2003). Industrial Maintenance. Cengage Learning, 2003 ISBN 0-7668- Itp/lenwixipediaorgwihi/Techrica_ drawing a0 15 February62018 Tectrical caning - Whip. te tee cyclone 2695-3, p.65 13. Ralph W. Liebing (1999). Architectural working drawings. John Wiley and Sons, 1999. ISBN 0-471-34876-7. 14. Goetsch et al. (2000), p. 613 Further reading = Peter J. Booker (1963). A History of Engineering Drawing, London: Northgate = Franz Maria Feldhaus (1963). The History of Technical Drawing = Wolfgang Lefevre ed. (2004). Picturing Machines 1400-1700 : How technical drawings shaped early engineering practice. MIT Press, 2004. ISBN 0-262-12269-3 External links = Historical technical diagrams and drawings (http://history nasa. gow/diagrams/diagrams. htm) at NASA Wikimedia Commons has ry: media related to Technical = A history of CAD (http://www.cadazz.com/cad-software- ‘roving history htm) = Drafting Standards (http://www. draftsperson net/index. php title=Category:Drafting_Standards) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia org/w/index. php title=Technical_drawingg&oldid=662891768" Categories: Architecture occupations | Engineering occupations | Infographies | Technical drawing Drawings = This page was last modified on 18 May 2015, at 05:59. = Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. tp/lenwikipediaorgwih/Techrica_ drawing soo