Climate Change Policy Assignment 2:

Adaptation 4118ENV
Griffith University
Faezeh Samadani S2799295

Due Date: 3rd November 2014

Course Convenour: Dr Michael Howes

ABSTRACT
Climate change has been depicted as a high risk at all levels of the government
and the serious risks posses. The Queensland Government faces challenges of
dealing with extreme weather conditions and acclimating to the impacts of
climate change. All the different levels of government need form a more
integrated approach to respond to these challenges. The report summaries the
findings the key climate change adaptation issues in Queensland. The report
then undertook the findings to investigate the powers established to the levels of
government under the Australian Constitution and Queensland Local
Government Act, and then it identifies each role of Commonwealth, State, and
Local governments role in climate change. Mores, the report sums up with
delivering a more appropriate, effective and efficient climate change adaptation
policies.

Introduction

Queensland has become no stranger to the harsh impacts that surround global
warming. (Queensland Government, 2012). With the current level of climatic
inconsistency and coastal growth, there is no denying the fact that Australia is
mainly frail when it comes to the impacts of climate change (Bonyhady et al,
2010; DCCEE, 2011, Munasinghe & Stwart 2005). Researchers have warned
Queensland is more likely to be pretentious by dangerous weather measures,
rains, sea level rise and temperature (Queensland Government, 2012).
Communities that are less advantaged socioeconomically, further burdening
their lifestyles, particularly feel the results of climate change. (OBrian et al,
2006). Adaptation events are intended to reduce the opposing impacts on both
humans and natural systems (Queensland Government, 2012). Climate change
adaptation can be restrained through the procedures of flexibility building within
life and infrastructure.
The report will sketch the key climate change adaptation issues that need to be
preached in Queensland. To discourse the issue of climate change adaptation,
the powers arranged to each level of government under the Australian
Constitution and Queensland Local Government Act are discussed in detail. The
responsibilities of Commonwealth (National), State and Local Government should
require are mentioned. The approaches that are used by the three levels of
government are outlined for the reason of delivering appropriate, effective and
efficient climate change adaptation policies. Having outlined the roles of each
level of government in Australia, these aspects will help to further the process of
adapting to climate change in Queensland.

Key climate change adaptation issues in Queensland

Human Settlement
Queenslands human settlement refers to the greater capitals and settlements,
as well as smaller societies within the state. Todays increasing economy and
livability attracts new citizens to many parts of the state. To accommodate this
growth and maintain the attractiveness of the region, significant planning for
climate resilient settlements and buildings need to be made. Human settlement
is a significant feature of climate change extenuation. Contingent of the position
of human settlement there are diverse influence on lives. Coastal communities
are unprotected to other usual threats such as sea level rise and cyclones. The
summer 2010-2011 is an example of the exposed state of Queenslands
settlements to severe floods and cyclonic events (Queensland Government,
2011). Furthermore, Urban and Regional Planning as well as coastal management
methods should be applied for the drive of flexibility towards climate change
(GCCC, 2013; Queensland Government, 2011).

Infrastructure
Infrastructure provides the necessary structures that exist to advocate
human settlements. These may vary from transport, communications,
energy, water, emergency amenities and communal infrastructure (e.g.
schools and hospitals) (Queensland Government, 2011; GCCC, 2013). The
susceptibility of Queenslands substructure was drawn in the 2010-2011
floods. Thus, making it one of the issues needed to address climate
change adaptation in Queensland. The State of vulnerability varies around
Queensland fitting to the position, age and plan and structure materials
(Queensland Government, 2011). It is significant to produce more
infrastructure flexibility for the drive of less public conflicts and reducing
conservation (GCCC, 2013). An adaptation policy is essential in identifying
both private and public infrastructures for the determination of tackling
adaptation issues successfully. A methods approach, which arranges
adaptation for serious infrastructure, adjustment is required to lessen the
probabilities of gush of infrastructure insufficiency, during and subsequent
severe weather events.
Ecosystem
Queensland is the home-based to a diversity of continental and marine
ecosystems. The State entails more than 1,350 ecosystems, caring for 80
per cent of native birds and includes 50 per cent of native reptiles, frogs
and different plant classes (Queensland Government, 2011). Climate
change is recognized to have a simple impact on biodiversity of
Queenslands ecosystems (GCCC, 2013). Queensland faces potentially
overwhelming biodiversity harm as a consequence of enduring changes in
temperature and rainfall, the expected impact of sporadic severe weather
events, and the continuing effect of non-climatic influences, such as
environmental harm, contamination and intrusive species.
Biodiversity delivers assistance for the security of all citizens as well as
support the constant growth of the economy (GCCC, 2013; Queensland
Government, 2011). Therefore, an adaptive management exercise has to
be applied for the purpose of attribute of life as well as tackling species
extinction matters.

Urban planning and management

Queenslands growing population continues to increase by the years, its retaining
substantial development pressure on news parts of the region. Queensland
inherits most of its legacy of planning for making choices and land use pledges
based on expected historical period elements such as the floods. Areas of current
infrastructure and settlements are unprotected to the expected impacts of
climate change and this puts pressure on buildings and resources, and the
people who work and live nearby, at a risk of harm. The fundamental focus of
planners is to achieve new development exposure at a minimum while
maintaining the future risk too, but urban renewal and population pressures on
current settlement has to accommodate for the increased contact to climate
associated hazards. Planning decisions have to take into consideration when it
comes to climate change situations to guide future scheme and police
expansion.

Water Management
Queenslands water management program focuses on the shortage of
water as a fundamental resource. It deals with the variable, often lack of,
severe rainfalls and stream course that lead to water deficiencies and
floods. Therefore, representing the consequences of climate change on
the state. The 2010-2011 floods Queenslanders erudite the implication of
water sources, such as the dams and water catchments that held back a
lot of the water (Queensland Government, 2011; GCCC, 2013). The
inevitable growth in population in the approaching periods will exist
important tasks to the management of Queenslands water reserves.
Climate change adaptation represents that preservation and running of
water must be effective and applicable. The Queensland Government has
made development with arranging its water provisions for the effects of
climate change. They have already devoted profoundly in water security
strategies and infrastructure in current years, including the South East
Queensland Water Grid, Regional Water Supply Strategies, Water
conservation measures, Water recycling and desalination plants
(Queensland Government, 2011). Though, further modification plans is
essential for the persistence of additional development of water sources
(Queensland Government, 2011).
Primary Industries
Sectors in Queensland are the ones that have to face the challenges by
climate change particularly persons liable on natural capitals (Queensland
Government, 2013). Primary industry is one of the main economic and

social wellbeing drivers that contribute to Queensland. Though, the

primary division is somewhat vulnerable to the consequences of climate
due to amplified temperatures that have influences on water availability,
especially on, upsurge weed and pests and, land degradation (Queensland
Government, 2013). Primary sector will be challenged as it is dependent
on natural resources, various positions and for various productions these
direct effects will harvest improved efficiency and productivity.
Consequently, the smallest long-term surge, such as the growth in
temperature would knowingly disturb the manufacture of agriculture and
forestry.

Emergency Management
Over the years there has been a shift in disaster management methods,
formally focused on response to a tougher importance on all hazards
tactic in the deterrence or mitigation of the costs (Pitman 2006, COAG
2002). The Disaster Management Act and the Fire and Rescue Service Act
1990 are of Queenslands emergency achievements in improving the daily
lives of people, with the of Queensland Government and the assistance of
volunteers and private agencies (Queensland Government, 2011).
Emergency management organizations are accountable for formulating
and recuperating from natural disasters and severe weather events. The
main influence on emergency management organizations would be the
escalated weight from climate change linked issues. Climate change could
potentially increase the frequency and intensity of natural disasters,
including changes in the geographic pattern of these events. There needs
to be applicable land use management and planning to address the
impacts of natural disasters on people so their more than likely cut and
reduce the weight on emergency management organizations (GCCC,
2013).
Human Health
With the current and continuous changes inflicted on natural systems as a
importance of climate change, it is inevitable that the environment is
going to be hit with increased stress due to human interactions with it.
There are many factors to do with the environment that directly and
indirectly affect the health of humans. Directly, we are faced with
environmental issues from thermal stress, flood and fire injury and
unfortunately fatalities too. Indirectly we see things such as disease, such
as the Ross River fever, pollution through food and water source and

ecological deprivation, as seen in poor air quality and produce destruction

(McMicheal et al 2003; Confalonieri et al 2007; Patz et al 2005). Human
wellbeing is affected by severe weather patterns that are a part of climate
change, including drastic heat waves, rapid cyclones and severe flash
flooding (Queensland Government 2013). Undoubtedly, these events
impact health indirectly, also having an impact on both the social and
economic. Its the more vulnerable citizens, such as the sick, elderly and
low income earners, they are at greater jeopardy of feeling the
consequences of debilitating climate change. The efficiency of the
Queensland Governments conversion in the health subdivisions will be
dependent on the capacity of the states current health care and safety
systems to formulate and answer to augmented weight caused by climate
change (Queensland Government, 2011).

Powers granted under Australian Constitution and

Queensland Local Government Act

National

Powers granted under Australian Constitution

and Queensland Local Government Act
- There is no straight declarations concerning
climate change in the Australian Constitution
(ACECRC, 2011)
- Making of legislation relating to climate change is
under section 52 and 52 of the Act
- Section 51 (xxix) gives power over outside
associations- this includes the influence to apply
international treaties such as the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto
Protocol
Proposes and limits the Commonwealths
power to legally allow a national emissions
trading system within Australia.
Adoption of international laws such as
Kyoto Protocol and converting them into
domestic laws.
- Section 52 (i) gives power by the Commonwealth
for public purposes
Need to have active public participation
and involvement when making current and

State

future decisions for climate change and the

affects that may rise from the situation.
It is a direct impact on lifestyle for the
public, needs to be addressed by the seat
of the government of the Commonwealth
Implementing laws, in particular, in particular
brought by the Kyoto Protocol and out in place as
national laws -on the estates that are suitable to
the Koowarta v Bjelke-Peterson (1982)153 CLR
To build community flexibility and producing the
right environments for people to adjust (NCCARF,
2013)
To lead a national improvement (NCCARF, 2013)
In CSIRO: Exploring climate change and providing
scientific facts.
The National Climate Change adaptation research
facility mentions: To deliver scientific statistics for
government organisations.
The Dept. Climate Change: is now stopped
The Dept. Sustainability, Environment, Water,
Population and Communities: mentions there
needs to be adequate environmental care, water
policy, air quality, land preservation, capitals and
climatology.
The BOM: Weather study and change forecasts.
Dept. Infrastructure & Transport: Built, preserve
and design infrastructure.
Under the Australian Constitution controls are not
designated for the Commonwealth Government
are specified to State Government (Hows &
Dedekorkut-Howes, 2010).
The residual power arrangements the State
Government is accountable for environmental
legislations and climate change related
legislation (SPA, 2009).
Queensland Government has engaged in
addressing risks by land use strategies and plans,
especially the Queensland Coastal Plan and
Statutory Regional Plans through State and
National
building
standards
(Queensland
Government, 2011).
Queensland Government has recruited strategy
that will after a period recover the potential of
ecosystems to logically familiarize to current

Local

change. The development of endangered areas,

the security of the Great Barrier Reef and the
Wet Tropics (Queensland Government, 2011).
Queensland Government has heavily devoted in
water safety strategy and infrastructure. This
includes the South East Queensland Water Grid,
Regional Water Supply Strategies, Water
conservation measures, Water recycling and
desalinations plans (Queensland Government,
2011; GCCC, 2013).
Queensland Government has subsidized in a $3.2
million ClimateQ enterprise Helping Primary
Producers Adapt to climate change, and to help
and manage the development of climate risk
organization matrix to measure hazards, effects
and
adaptation
possibilities
(Queensland
Government, 2011).
Queensland Government delivers health facilities
and enforced a variety of initiatives to keep the
health
of
Queenslanders
(Queensland
Government, 2011; GCCC, 2013).
The Dept. Transport & Main Roads: Development,
handling and bringing for Queenslands large
network of transport.
Energex: Has a communal state involvement in
sustainable energy.
Maritime safety: Security of waterways.
State Emergency Service (SES): Help and aid
throughout disaster events.
Tourism Queensland: Encouragement of Tourism.
No reference of Local Government in the Federal
Constitution (Howes & Dedekorkut-Howes,
2010).
Local Government controls is extracted from
Queensland Government Act 2009
Section 9 of Local Government Act 2009 outlines
(1) A local government has the power to do
anything that is obligatory or appropriate for the
good rule and local government of its local
government area.
(2) A local government can only do something
that the State can allow to do.
(4) A local government can exercise its powers(a) Inside the local government area;

All councils strategies must encounter the

essential goals of the State Government.
Under the Disaster Management Act 1993 the
accountability of the Local Government to
produce adversity tactics and running initiatives.
The Sustainable Planning Act 2009 permits
boards to grow their tactical land use plans for
the determination of planning systems (UNDP,
2012).
The Council of Mayors: To support the standards
and performance in greatest curiosity for Local
Government councils.

The roles of Commonwealth, Queensland and local

governments in regards to climate change.

Nation
al

What should be the role of each government?

- Commonwealth Government should advocate the
lodgment of climate change alteration deliberation
in strategy making procedure (Howes & Dedekorkut,
2010).
- Priority areas for actions on coastal management,
water supply, infrastructure protection, maintaining
natural systems, disaster management and aiding
agriculture (Howes & Dedekorkut, 2010).
- There needs to be a strong management in
directing ways of assimilating the three levels of
Government (Taylor et al, 2013).
- Installation of boards for both State and Federal
policy results. Especially, examination of the cost of
climate change hazards and charge of adaptation
strategies (Mazmanian et al, 2012; Taylor et al,
2013).
- Deliver the National science with material for all to
comprehend.
- To achieve and incorporate Commonwealth and
Assets and programs.
- Providing
direction
on
national
adaptation
improvements by working together and integrating
all three levels of government,

State

To maintain a durable, supple economy and a welltargeted communal safety net.

Range the Carbon Tax after June 2014.
The Department of Climate Change- framework
based on reducing GHG productions, adapting the
inevitable impacts of climate change, and shaping a
global issue.
COAG Working Group on Climate Change and
Water- growth of state emissions trading scheme,
creation of a nationwide renewal energy goal and
urban and rural water improvement.
Supplemental power on preparation for flood risks,
evolving adaptation initiatives for coastal areas that
are at high risk and unprotected coastal groups,
address fences to alteration on climate flexibility
improvement (Queensland Government, 2011;
Australian Government, 2013).
Producing
adaptation
enterprises
for
the
minimization of infrastructure outbursts, especially
throughout and after extreme weather conditions.
Health care and preservation scheme for improved
weight
from
climate
change
(Queensland
Government, 2011).
Cooperating with all levels of government as a part
of a national prediction strategy to progress and
execute a reliable plan for climate change modeling
and evaluating (Australian Government, 2013).
Administering
threats
from
climate
change
influences to each part such as emergency
management,
transport,
land-use
planning,
environment, health services and public housing
(Australian Government, 2013).
Collaborating with authority and regulations for the
perseverance of decision making that is already
leaning with planning contexts (Taylor et al, 2013;
Australian Government, 2013).
Understanding climate change elasticity and
adaptive capability through hazard management,
market instruments, planning, property and
ecological legislation and strategy (Australian
Government, 2013).
Ensuring States climate change diminution and
adaptation determinations are acknowledged by the
best accessible local and national information and
involvement.

Local

Department of Environment and Resource

Management (DERM)- responsibly for managing
natural supply management, including water, land,
cultural heritage, regional, rural and coastal
management.

Ensure policies and regulations under their

jurisdiction, especially local development and
planning for regulations, to implement climate
change alteration initiative, that is steady with
State and Commonwealth Government methods
(Australian Government, 2013).
Verifying all local councils at a local level to achieve
concerns that cross local council restrictions (Taylor
et al, 2013; Steele and Gleeson, 2009).
State Government must escort Local Government in
accepting government outlook because the State
Government has contact to main cabinet ministers
(Althaus et al, 2013).
Providing capitals to build capability for local
governments to encounter the goals of climate
change adaptation (IPCC, 2007)

Developing and delivering climate change adaptation

policies

For all the levels of government to work in conjunction with another the
meaning of appropriate, effective, and effectual climate change
adaptation procedures must be comprehended. Appropriateness is how
strategy is directed and if a rational methodology was recognized (Howes,
2013). Efficiency is applied to be cost-effectives and doesnt produce any
damaging outcomes to the economy. Effectiveness refers to whether or
not the policy applied encounters the goals and purposes of the policy
(Howes, 2013). These importance adaptation developments form a wellconstructed groundwork for a optimistic policy tool that define the impact
of climate change and what it can impose on communities.
The knowledge behind climate change is multifaceted; the philosophies
behind the role of government levels should be strong. It is considerate for
all levels of government to work in conjunction for drive of emerging and

distributing a more appropriate, effective, and efficient climate change

adaptation policies. In saying this though, governments have writhed to
grow and implement initiatives when climate change skeptics and
powerful industries continue to postpone measures (Howes & Dedekorkut,
2010). Climate change is depicted as wicked problem and is not willingly
supple enough with procedures and planning solutions. It is harder to
understand because it exacerbates the situation further, there is a lack of
response towards the right agreement on an appropriate response, it
requires a great deal from governmental support, and needs cooperation
from both industries and the community (Howes & Dedekorkut, 2010).
This compound issue originates from the key organizations of current
government where they intended to discourse the problems in the
nineteenth century (Beck, 1992; Howes, 2005). In saying so, it was not
planned to adopt the current intricate environmental matters, thus not
being entirely relevant to the problem that are faced with todays climate
change issues. There are other strategies that can contribute to the
appropriateness, effectiveness, and efficiency application of climate
change and adaptation policies.
To better apply the efficiency and effectiveness of climate change
adaptation strategies, the perception of policy production must be
carefully comprehended. Althaus et al (2013) explains the eight-step cycle
exhibited below.

The

Figure 1 above:
eight-step
policy
cycle
(Source:
Althaus et al,
2013)

While climate change is considered a wicked problem, the fundamentals

of the policy cycle become less simple. It makes it challenging to subsidize
to an appropriate, effective, and efficient application of climate change
and adaptation policies (Howes, 2013).
Over approaches such as allocation, collaboration and involvement,
federal government has accustomed their influences through the
delegations powers of the State Government (Howes, 2013). Cooperation
between State Government to act on the Commonwealth Governments
behalf has also strengthened the strategies progress. This collaboration is
known to be the most shared approach in guaranteeing success.
Collaboration occurs when federal, state and sometimes-local
government join for the purpose of decision-making to agree on a
common set of goals and coordinate applications of influences and
policies (Howes & Dedekorkut, 2010). The Intergovernmental Agreement
on the Environment brought the concept of the governmental National
Environmental Protection Council (NEPC). The involvement policy is where
Federal Government increases its control to take regulates of a problem
(Howe, 2005; Toyne, 1994). This happens when a state submits their duty
powers or hands their power to control companies. The federal
government uses power to supply for platforms that evade all the states,
such as Landcare, this funds for all conservational restoration to
community organisations (Howes, 2005; Howes, 2005).
There has been a struggle of power after the amalgamation of Councils in
Queensland in turf wars, and no collaboration among the stages of
government (Liebrecht & Howes, 2006). The included no help of the
general collaboration of the governments. Tackling climate change
problems have remained compound and deliberate. Other methods are
essential to be taken under thought to pose for applicable decisionmaking. Support is necessary when it comes to deliberation where
governments work together to come up with what to do programs for
the public. Interacting should happen for the drive on connecting national
governments (FCCC COPs) and as well as binding state and local
governments (COAG). The local governments should be connected (ICLEI)
as well as climate change deliberations for businesses and NGOs.
Government activities, such as the SEQ Regional and Infrastructure Plans,
should be applied suitably beside with money associated instruments (e.g.
the carbon tax, ETC and grants as well as Kyoto and CDM). The Renewable
Energy Target and National Greenhouse, Energy Reporting Schemes and
Clean Energy Future Legislation Laws should be employed to produce
officials for the drive of operative adaptation instruments. These
mechanisms can work in conjunction with another to create an

appropriate, efficient
government.

and

effective

between

the

three

levels

of

Improving the policy cycle

Identifying Issues

The interior and exterior drivers would agree that difficulties need to be
tackled, would be comprehensible with explanations, government
movements would be apparent as administratively suitable and ministers
responsibility to recognize and address issues. Concentrating on the
recognized climate change matter under the IPCC Working Group 1 (2007)
is needed, outlined the important increase of carbon dioxide, average
global temperatures and average sea level.
A climate changed is portrayed as wicked problem due to its want of
pellucidity and consistency with interior and exterior drivers, the figures
classify that development to strategy and preparation program should be
made (Voets et al. 2008 p.774). To make this successful the issue of
wicked problem needs to be more transport in order to work efficiently.
Policy Analysis

The study of policy provides to expressing clarifications for the problems

recognized. The IPCC Working Group 2 have studied that climate change
is produced by human productions and thus causing damage to built
resources, food manufacture reduction, water accessibility reduction,
augmented health risks and affect the more vulnerable members of the
community. The suggested activities would form more vulnerable
communities due to mortifying from worldwide down to local level.
This achievement of goals would cut global productions by 50-70% by
2050 (Queensland Government, 2011). The restrictive temperature rise
to less than 2 degrees Celsius would be a lead goal. Subsidizing to the
accomplishment of results that involve spending approximately 1% of the
GDP per year as well as boosting governments to assume references from
experts in the field would be highly beneficial.
Policy Instruments

The five-policy cycle mechanisms would be well applied by encouraging

the three levels of government to collectively work in order to achieve
climate change adaptation. The five policy planning mechanisms is
grounded upon advocacy, network, money, government action, and law,
are measured into the sets of suitability, competence, efficiency, fairness,
appropriateness and workability (Althaus et al, 2013). The executive of
appropriateness of the five policy planning mechanisms, that climate
change adaptation would be operative. This cannot be definite because
the volume of adaptation in the country and region is different (OBrian et
al, 2006, pg 20). When they work together, it is inevitable that would
provide to the agreement of the different levels of government.
Effectively, the 5 instruments must be used in climate change policy
frequently.

Coordination
The significance of coordination and cross-disciplinary communication is a
substantial characteristic of the eight-policy cycle. Climate change is
alleged as a wicked issue there are ways of shortening the concerns
through management approaches (Voets et al. 2008 p. 774). The
approaches suggested are based on scopes of coordination through
involved government developments. Proposing a lead representative to
coordinate others, creating interdepartmental committees, making a
board of governance for exact problems and accepting case management
methods would depict the most ideal outcome. These tools would
significantly improve the management of climate change adaptation
issues, while including all levels of government within developments
(Howes, 2013). The involved government project must stand by the ICASA
collaboration strategies. Concentrating the walls such as silo mentality,
cost shifting and turf wares, while integrating deferential methods such
as suppleness, cooperating and communication (Queensland Government,
2011). These would reassure the drive of cross-section problem based
funded company and thus urge clear overall policy, stable purposes,
discussion and effective communication.

Implementation

The procedure of application is one of the most important steps of the

policy cycle. The implementation of policies is an important component in
guaranteeing the accomplishment of bringing Government policies (DPMC,

2012). The implementation necessities are certain circumstances that

need to be active, need of a coercive and non-coercive mechanisms and
lastly changing of the current instruction. Coercive and non-coercive
policies have been executed in countries such as USA, China and India
(Howes, 2013). Ideally, it could be applied on a international basis through
appropriate consideration and application of the policy cycle steps.
Australia has made employment of both extenuations and adaptation
policy implementation, cant be classified as a frontrunner or a footdragger relating to other countries. With the planned policies of the five
policy instruments above, Australia would be a primary country in
executing appropriate, effective and efficient climate change adaptation
strategies.
Evaluation
Athaus et al (2013) climaxes three key mechanisms that produce effective
evaluation process.
- How well was the policy implemented and did it meet its objectives?
- Was the agency accountable for the implementation of a policy of a
policy?
- Did it provide important areas for future policy making?
The above queries must be questioned throughout the assessment
process and it should be a constant application during the policy cycle
(Figure 1) to measure the strategies and tactics on the foundation of
efficiency, effectiveness and appropriateness. As stated above, the four
approaches can be associated for the drive of summiting objectives,
pursuing pointers, overpowering opposition and readdressing the flow of
capitals (Howes, 2013).
Conclusion

Overall, the report has drawn the substantial climate change adaptation
matters related with Queensland. Powers of three levels of government
maintain in the Australian Constitution and Queensland Local Government
Act have been explained and delineated for the perseverance of assisting
Queensland with climate change adaption. The responsibilities of level of
government have been explained for the tenacity of delineating ways of
adapting to climate change. The three levels of government should handin-hand work together to improve and distribute a better climate change
adaptation policy, permitting the states of Australia to benefit form the
wide variety of appropriate actions concerning climate change. It is

indispensable that climate change policy tackles can successfully provide

declarations to deal with the need of climate change adaptation.

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