1

- .

1. 20

1.1

1831

Faraday

.
,
.
, ,
.
Faraday

James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell
1860 Maxwell

. Maxwell

1888
Maxwell Heinrich Hertz
Maxwell .
Maxwell .

.

2
Maxwell

.
, , Maxwell .
, ,
.
Michelson & Morley 1887
. 1

( )
Lorentz .

, .
Lorentz FitzGerald
1892 Michelson


.
Lorentz
.
Lorentz 1904. Lorentz

.


Maxwell,
. Lorentz
. ,
Lorentz
. Lorentz
Lorentz
.
1905

3
Lorentz. Lorentz
,
.

,

,
. 2
Lorentz
.


,
, Maxwell
.
,
,
Annalen der Physik 1905
Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter korper.
William de Sitter
1913 ,
.
Lorentz 1909
1915 .

,

1915 . ,
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. 3

1.2
, ,
4 . , ,

. 1900
,
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. 5
6

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5
8
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9 .

,
,
=h
.
,
.

,
.
1924 De Broglie


. de Broglie
10 . , , 1925,

Bose Einstein,

.
C.J. Davinsson L.H. Germer G. P. Thomson
1927. ,
, .
,

.
1925 Schrodinger Heisenberg

. Schrodinger
.
de Broglie
(
) .

6
de Broglie

Schrodinger
1926
.
Shrodinger
.
,
Schrodinger, Vernend Heisenberg
1925. Shrodinger

(
Shrodinger Heisenberg
).
Born Pascual Jordan
. de
Broglie
. Born Jordan
,
, Shrodinger,

. Born - Jordan
.
Shrodinger
.
Schrodinger
, ,
.

11 .
Heisenberg Born
Born, .
,
.

7
-
. Heisenberg
. Heisenberg
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.

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20 .
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8



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a priori, ()
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.

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9
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10

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11
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3.

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,
1940-60.
1920.
: 1)
Hobbes, Locke Hume. 2)
, 19
20 Hilbert, Peano, Frege
Russell. 3)
, .

3.1 -
.
20 ,
(Wittgenstein), (Frege), (Russel)
(Whitehead), ,
,

.

.
.
(Principia Mathematica, Whitehead & Russell, 1910-13),

12
. ,
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,
. , Russell Whitehead
,
.
(Kant)
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,

. ( 1935)

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13

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14
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15
,

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a priori ,

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"Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology"
,
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16

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17

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(background theory).
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18
. ,

(..
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19
..
,
17 .
.
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,
.
,
. ,
.
, Reichenbach ,
Carnap :
.

,
.

( )
Bernstein, J. ([1973] 1995). . . . : ..
Brown, H. I. ([1977] 1993). , :
. : . , . , . , . .
: . . : ... ( 1),
Chalmers, A. F. ([1978-1992] 1994). ;
, . : . .
: . . : ... ( 1, 2),
Powers, J. ([1991] 1993). : : . ,
.. : . : ..
Salmon, . . .. ([1992] 1998). . : .
, . , . . : . .
: ... ( 2: 2.5, 3: 3.5)

20

- Carnap R.
-" " (1935) . . 1976
-", " "Meaning and Necessity"
University of Chicago Press 1988, 205-221
. " " - . ,
1997
- " Quine " .
" " - . ,
1997
-
, , 1988
-
, ,1991
- Quine W.V.
-Pursuit Of Truth Harvard University Press, 1992
-From a Logical Point of View, Harvard University Press, 1961
-"Five Milestones of Empiricism" "Theories and Things"
Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass, 1981 . 67-72.,
" ", ,
11/1, 1992 "" . .. .
-o , - . , .
-"Tow Dogmas of Empiricism" , From a Logical Point of View 1961 ,
. ,
- . , 1997
-"Use and its Place in Meaning" D. Reidel Publishing Company, Jerusalem 1976
-"Epistemology Naturalized" Ontological Relativity and Other Essays , New
York: Columbia University Press, 1969
- Romanos D.George
-Quine and Analytic Philosophy, A Bradford Book, MIT Press, 1983
-
- : " Carnap Quine", - . , 1997
-Schuldenfrei Richard
-"Quine in Perspective" The Journal of Philosophy, LXIX, 1972 5-16,
. 12/3 1994
"" ..
-Sommers Frederic
-"Naturalism and Realism" Midwest Studies in Philosophy Volume XIX
Philosophical Naturalism University of Notre Dame Press , Indiana 1994
-Stich Stephen
-"Naturalizing Epistemology: Quine, Simon and the Prospects For Pragmatism"
Philosophy and Cognitive Science , Cambridge University Press 1993
-Strawson P. and Grice H.
-"In Defense of a Dogma" from The Philosophical Review , LXV (1056), 141-58
-Stroud Barry
-"Naturalized Epistemology" The significance of Philosophical scepticism,
Oxford University Press 1984

21
4.
1

Michelson & Morley. Michelson
1881 Michelson & Morley 1887.


.

.


. .

,
. ,

.
Michelson



, .

.
,

,



.

22

Michelson

1905. ,


.
Michelson ,
,
. ,
.

,

,
,
(Bernstein .
62).
Michelson & Morley
Maxwell .
, 1892 George Frances
FitzGerald .
Michelson
,
.

Michelson. .
1895 Lorentz,
Michelson
.

. .

23

,
.

.

.
.

100.000 km .

.
. 1,42
425 ,

300.000 km .
, (

)
.
1,42 sec (
)

300.000 km , =x/t.
Lorentz
1905 ,
, .
300.000 km
1 second.
1,42 second 425.000 km
1 second 1
300.000 km.

24

, ,
( 425.000 km 300.000 km)
( 1,42 s 1s)
.
3

1915

. , ,

. ,



.
Albert Michelson
.
1931 Michelso 79
Michelson
. Lorentz

. Lorentz 1928,

Herman Minkowski
1909 .
Minkowski
.
Minkowski

Lorentz

. Minkowski

.
1916 ,

25

.

, .
4

..
. . +
: , , .
. 1799
Proust
. 1808 Dalton

. Dalton
, .
5

, ,

.


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.
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( )
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,

. , ,

,
, ,
.

26

1902 1904

Boltzmann Gibbs
1905.

.
1905 Brown
.
7

19

Christian Hugens Tomas Yang
Augost Frenerich
. 19
,
Maxwell.
Maxwell ,

.
8

. 1922

Brown.
1905
.
9

Boltzmann . E ,
, ,


.

27

10

de Broglie

.

, de Broglie
, Bohr,
.
(
=1) (
=3, =4 ). , ,
.
=2,
2/2 . n
=1/n(2).
Bohr =h/n .
Bohr de Broglie.
Bohr
de Broglie.
Bohr
.
, ,
=10-8 cm,
,

. Davisson - Germer

.

,
.
.

.

28

Thomson
, .
11

Born Jordan, ,

. Born Jordan
.
Schrodinger .
Schrodinger,

, ,
.
,
.


Schrodinger .
.
12

Born
. Born
.

, .
(Max Born Einsteins Statistical Theories Schilpp, Albert Einstein:
Philosopher - Scientist, 163-164.)
13

Mach
.
Mach .

29

Mach . Mach
1910.
Mach

. 1916
. Mach
. Mach 1897
,

, .
:
,
.

.
, , ,
, Lorentz Lorentz

.

, , .
14

. ,

.
, .
20 , , .
, ,

, .

30

.
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15

a priori . ,
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. a priori
,

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, ,
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,

. Born

,

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31

. Pierre Laplace 1825 (

:
,
)
.

.


17

.. ,
,
,

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, ..

, ,