0.

9% NaCl (normal saline) isotonic

0.25% NaCl hypotonic
0.45% NaCl hypotonic
2.5% dextrose hypotonic
Lactated Ringer's solution isotonic
D5W (acts as a hypotonic solution in body) isotonic
D5 NaCl hypertonic
D5 in Lactated Ringer's hypertonic
D5 0.45% NaCl hypertonic
ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS:
1. NORMAL SALINE (0.9% NS)-

Intravascular dehydration(running, labor,

fever, etc.

2. LACTATED RINGERS (LR)-

3. D5W (SOME SOURCES CLASSIFY AS HYPOTONIC-

AVOID D5W in

clients at risk for Increase Intracranial Pressure

Hypotonic Solutions
1. 0.5% Normal Saline (HNS or 0.45% NS)-

Treat intracellular dehydration:

-Prolonged dehydration
2. 0.33% Normall Saline ( 1/3 NS)3. 2.5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
Hypertonic Solutions

-Prolonged TPN

1. 5% DEXTROSE IN LACTATED RINGERS (D5LR)- Treat intravascular

dehydration with cellular or interstitial over hydration.
2. 5% DEXTROSE IN 0.45% SALINE (D5 NS)dehydration from blood loss

Treat post-operative

*Treat ascites

3. 5% DEXTROSE IN 0.9% SALINE (D5NS)-

Treat 3rd Spacing

**AVOID in client with kidney or heart failure

ENDOCRINE
Hyperthyroidism
1. Definition: Excessive production of thyroid hormone
2. Causes: Iodine overdose, Thyroid hormone overdose, Graves
disease, Tumors affecting the reproductive system
3. Symptoms: Skin color changes, weight loss, anxiety, possible goiter,
nausea, exophthalmos, diarrhea, hair loss, elevated BP, fatigue,
sweating
4. Tests: Elevated systolic pressure noted, T3/T4 levels increased, TSH
levels reduced
5. Treatment:
o Radioactive iodine
o Surgery
o

Beta-Blockers

Antithyroid Drugs