CHNG I

TNG QUAN V IN I THNG TIN SNG CC NGN

CP CHIN THUT
Trong Qun i ta, in i () thng tin sng cc ngn cp chin
thut c s lng kh ln ln n hng vn chic, xut pht t hai ngun cung
cp chnh, mt l ngun t cc nc XHCN trong ni bt l cc loi in
i ca Lin X (c) nh P105, P108, P109, P123-M, hai l t ngun chin
li phm thu c trong chin tranh ca cc nc TBCN, ch yu l ca M
nh AN/PRC 10, AN/PRC 25, RT 524. Cc loi in i ny tuy c mc
v kh nng hot ng khc nhau, tnh nng k chin thut cng khc nhau,
nhng u c mt s c im chung ch yu. Sau y, chng ta tm hiu mt
s c im chung ca chng trn phng din k thut v bo m thng tin
trong chin u cp chin thut xut kh nng ci tin hin i ho cc
loi in i trn.
1.1. c im ca thng tin v tuyn qun s sng cc ngn cp chin thut
1.1.1. Nhim v, yu cu ca thng tin v tuyn sng cc ngn cp chin thut
Nhim v:
Do tnh cht ca chin u cp chin thut nn thng tin v tuyn
(TTVT) qun s sng cc ngn (SCN) cp chin thut (CCT) c nhim v
m bo thng tin trong chin u cho cc phn i nh, cc cp c s (thp
nht) t cc c nhn, nhm nh, tiu i, trung i, i i n tiu on trong
tc chin c lp v c trong chin u hip ng binh chng.
Yu cu:
Xut pht t nhim v trn, cc yu cu c th i vi TTVT qun s
SCN CCT l:

- Lm vic vi cng sut nh, c ly lin lc ngn, thng thng ti a

ch t 10 30 Km.
- C kch thc nh gn, trng lng nh, d mang xch.
- S dng n gin, thun tin, t khu iu chnh.
- Kh nng lm vic tin cy, nhanh chng, chnh xc.
1.1.2. Dng cng tc v di tn lm vic
Vi u im l di tn rng, di SCN khng t ra yu cu cht ch i
vi b rng ph tn hiu c dng. Bi vy ch thoi iu tn FM (vi b
rng ph

2f 2 FM 1 16 KHz )

vi u im l chng nhiu tt, thc hin

n gin, t gy nhiu ln nhau gia cc c chn lm dng cng tc c

bn ca SCN CCT. Bn cnh , cc ny cn c trang b thm cc
dng cng tc ph na nh ch bo (iu bin AM, n bin SSB, iu tn
FM) cho ph hp vi trong cc trng hp tc chin khc nhau.
V di tn lm vic, bng VHF - nm trong di sng SCN c gi tr nm
trong phm vi 30MHz 300MHz, thng dng cho v tuyn di ng, thng
tin hng hi, hng khng, pht thanh FM thng mi (88MHz n 108MHz),
truyn hnh thng mi (t 54MHz n 216MHz). Tuy nhin, trong lnh vc
qun s thng s dng di t 30MHz n 88MHz. Bn cnh , li dng
mt s cc u im ca di sng ngn th mt s loi qun s CCT cn
cng tc on sau ca di sng ngn, t 20 MHz tr ln. Trong di tn ny,
tu thuc vo quan im thit k, trnh k thut v cng ngh, li c
chia thnh on nh.
V d: Lin X (c) c cc P105, P108, P109. Mi ch bao
trm mt on nh (t 21,5 46,1 MHz), gia cc on nh ny li c mt
phn nh tn s trm nhau lin lc vi nhau khi cn thit. i vi
P123-M th c di tn lm vic rng hn (t 20 51,5 MHz), tuy nhin, li
phi chia thnh hai bng sng. Trong khi , M s dng AN/PRC 25 vi

di tn bao ht c di (t 30 75,95 MHz) ph hp vi xu hng hin nay l

ch to cc c di tn bao ht c di.
1.1.3. c im truyn sng v c ly lin lc
Do khng c s phn x u n t tng ion, thng tin SCN ch yu da
trn sng t v sng trc tip.
Cng sut ca tn hiu ti v tr thu c tnh bng cng thc:
P2

P1.D1.D2 .2 2
.F
( 4r ) 2

(1.1)
Trong :
P1 l cng sut ca tn hiu pht.
D1, D2 l h s nh hng ca cc anten.
l bc sng.

r l c ly lin lc.
F l h s suy hao ph thuc vo mi trng, a hnh thc t.
Vi bc sng nh, cho php thu gn kch thc anten ca thit b, do
SCN l s la chn thch hp cho lin lc di ng trong phm vi hp ca
chin u cp chin thut. Tuy nhin, c ly lin lc trong di SCN b hn ch,
ph thuc nhiu vo a hnh, a vt v thng thng s dng phng php
thu pht sng thng trong phm vi ngn. Do vy m bo c ly lin lc
cng nh m bo tnh an ton, b mt thng la chn lm vic ch
cng sut nh, t mt vi n vi chc W.
1.1.4. Thit b thng tin v tuyn sng cc ngn cp chin thut
Thit b TTVT SCN CCT hay c th l cc in i SCN CCT bao gm
my thu v my pht l chnh. Tuy nhin do in i SCN cp chin thut yu
cu ti thiu v kch thc, trng lng thit b v ch cn lin lc bn song
cng nn thng thit k c phn thu, phn pht trong cng mt thit b v c

th dng chung mt s khi my thu v my pht, v d nh : khi t hp

tn s, mch vo my thu v mch ra my pht, mt s b lc
* My pht gm: Micro, khuch i iu ch, b kch thch, khuch i cng
sut, phi hp anten v h thng iu khin, ngun cung cp. ( Hnh 1.1)
Kch
thch

Khuych i
iu ch

Tin K
CS

K CS

H thng iu khin

Phi hp
anten

Khi
ngun

Hnh 1.1: S khi my pht v tuyn in.

Chc nng chnh ca my pht l:

- To dao ng cao tn (RF).
- iu ch dao ng.
- Khuch i v bc x.

Nhim v ca cc thnh phn nh sau :

- Khuch i iu ch: L b khuch i mc tn hiu Audio a vo

iu ch (thng l FM).
- Kch thch: Lm nhim v to dao ng RF thc hin iu ch tn
hiu. i vi in i SCN cp chin thut c th dng b dao ng ngoi sai
my thu lm b dao ng kch thch hoc lm chun cho b kch thch
n gin v gn nh.
- Khuch i cng sut v tin khuch i cng sut: c nhim v
khuch i tn hiu cng sut yu cu, v vy KCS c th gm mt hay
nhiu tng. Do iu kin c ng ca chin u cp chin thut phi dng
ngun nui cho thit b thng tin l pin hoc acquy nn khi KCS phi m
bo hiu sut khuch i ln gim tiu hao nng lng ti a nht.

- Phi hp anten: Lm nhim v phi hp tr khng gia khi KCS

vi anten.
- H thng iu khin: Dng chung cho c my thu v my pht, n gm
phn giao din vi ngi s dng v phn to ra cc tn hiu iu khin cc
hot ng ca in i.
- Khi ngun: To ra cc mc in p yu cu cho ton b thit b.
* My thu gm: Anten, mch vo, khuch i cao tn, trn tn, dao ng
ngoi sai, khuch i trung gian, hn bin, tch sng, khuch i m tn, tai
nghe ( Hnh 1.2).

Mch
vo

KCT

Trn
tn

KTG, Lc

DNS

H thng
iu khin

HB,
Tch
sng

KAT

Khi ngun

Hnh 1.2: S khi my thu v tuyn

Chc nng chnh ca my thu bao gm chn lc, khuch i, bin i v

tch sng (gii iu ch).

- Chc nng chn lc: L kh nng tch tn hiu c ch khi tp hp
nhiu v tp m ca my thu. c kh nng chn lc cao, trong my thu cn
c nhng mch lc cc loi nhng tn s lm vic khc nhau v c c tnh
khc nhau, t vo nhng v tr ph hp trn ton tuyn thu. V vy u ra
my thu ta nhn c tn hiu c ch t b nh hng ca cc tn hiu khc.
- Chc nng khuch i: Tn hiu c ch u vo my thu nhn c
rt nh, c gi tr t vi micro vn ti vi trm micro vn. cho thit b cui
cng lm vic bnh thng th tn hiu c ch cn c khuch i ln, nh
vy my thu phi c h s khuch i rt ln c 106 hoc cao hn na.

thc hin chc nng khuch i, my thu cn c nhng b khuch i vi

nhng c tnh khc nhau cao tn (KCT), trung tn (KTG), thp tn (KAT),
di dng khuch i di rng hoc khuch i cng hng.
Thng thng chc nng khuch i trong my thu gn lin vi chc
nng chn lc, bi v cc mch chn lc khi c khuch i km theo s cho ta
tnh cht chn lc tt hn.
- Chc nng bin i tn hiu: Gm bin tn t RF v IF v bin i
tm li quy lut iu ch ca tn hiu. gi l qu trnh tch sng hay gii
iu ch. Qu trnh ny c thc hin trn cc b tch sng.
1.2. in i sng cc ngn cp chin thut trong tc chin hin i ca
Qun i ta
1.2.1. Tnh trng hot ng, mt s bn lun xung quanh cht lng ca
in i th h c v hng gii quyt
S lng SCN CCT th h c cn li trong bin ch ca Qun i
ta ln n hng vn chic, trong phn ln gp phi cc loi hng hc khc
nhau vi iu kin sa cha rt kh khn do cc linh kin s dng qu tui
th v hng hc, gi ho, bn cnh l s khan him vt t, linh kin d tr
do ngng sn xut ch to.
V nhim v bo m TTLL trong tc chin c t ln hng u, duy
tr TTLL bng cc th h c l mt yu cu thc tin ca Qun i ta
trong giai on hin ti. gii quyt c th thc hin bng cc gii php
nh : Mua mi, t sn xut hay ci tin. Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy, vic mua
mi cc loi thay th hon ton cc th h in i c cn gp nhiu
kh khn do kh khn v kinh ph, nn kinh t nc ta cha th m bo c
vic u t mi hon ton. Vic t sn xut cc loi mi t trang b
c coi l hng pht trin ng n ca Qun i trong tng lai, nhng
thi im hin ti, trnh khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh nc ta cha cho
php. Ch c hng ci tin, hin i ho l ph hp nht trong giai on hin

nay nhm tip tc duy tr thng tin lin lc (TTLL) bng cc th h in i c

sn, cho php chng ta tn dng c hng vn c cn li trong bin ch,
tit kim ti a cho ngn sch Quc phng v nn kinh t t nc m vn
m bo c yu cu v TTLL .
Mt s nh gi ca cc chuyn gia hng u trong lnh vc TTVT v
cc SCN CCT th h c nh sau :
- Mt s b phn c cng sut ln (nh b KCS trong PRC-25,
RT 524) hay thm ch ton b in i (nh trong P123-M, P105, P108,
P109) s dng cc phn t khuch i l cc n in t (n chn khng).
y l cc linh kin c cht lng v tin cy khng cao, c tui th thp
nn hin nay a phn b gi ho v khng cn vt t linh kin thay th do
cc nh ch to ngng sn xut t lu.
- Cc tng khuch i ch yu vn dng mch cng hng (di hp) sau
thi gian s dng qu lu d sinh ra hin tng lch cng hng, y l
nguyn nhn gim st tin cy ca , khin cc lm vic khng n
nh v vic khi phc sa cha l kh phc tp.
- Cc mch lc trong m ch yu l trong cc tng KTG vn s
dng phng php lc phn b, mi tng khuch i c mt b lc ring,
khin s lng cc b cng hng tng r rt, s cng tr nn phc tp
hn v lch cng hng sau thi gian s dng di ca chm cc b lc ny
dn ti cht lng ca cng gim st i hn na.
- Cc b to dao ng, ch sng v ngoi sai ch yu vn l cc b dao
ng LC, vic hiu chnh bng thch anh ch dng mt s tn s quan
trng . Cc phng php t hp tn s (THTS) n gin, c bn s dng trn
linh kin tng t, c mt s loi kt hp s dng s kt hp, dng
vng so tn, so pha (nh trong AN/PRC 25), tuy nhin ch mc n gin.
Cc l do ny khin kh nng THTS trong cc th h c cn nhiu hn

ch, kh nng n nh tn s km, vic t v thay i tn s l kh phc tp

phc tp.
Chnh t tnh hnh v cc nh gi v th h c nh trn, nn vic
tin hnh ci tin, hin i ho cc SCN CCT th h c tr ln cp bch.
1.2.2. Cc yu cu c bn i vi SCN CCT trong tc chin hin i
Trong phn ny, s gii thiu mt s yu cu quan trng i vi th h
in i hin i rt ra cc yu cu i vi vic ci tin hin i ho cc
loi th h c.
Cc th h SCN CCT hin i cn c cc yu cu v tnh nng k
thut c bn nh sau:
1.2.2.1. SCN CCT phi c cu trc linh hot, c kh nng thch nghi
trong cc iu kin chin u khc nhau
Xy dng thit b in t c nhiu tnh nng, vi mt tch hp cao,
trn mt cu trc m ngi s dng c th la chn cu hnh thch hp l
xu hng chung ca cc thit k hin i hin nay. i vi SCN CCT
nhim v chnh ca n l bo m thng tin thng sut trong thi gian xy ra
tc chin. i tng quan tm nht l thit b gy nhiu ch p, trinh st in
t v thng tin gi t pha i phng. Trong trng hp i phng trinh st
bng cc thit b v tuyn hin i ly trm tin tc hoc pht nhiu ch p
th ngi ta thng s dng cc bin php sau phng chng:
- iu chnh cng sut ph hp.
- S dng phng thc truyn tin nhanh rt ngn thi gian lin lc.
- S dng b m thoi.
- Thay i tn s lin tc (nhy tn).
- Thay i iu ch.
- Thay i phn cc.
- nh hng anten.

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i vi SCN CCT khng cn thit phi s dng ht cc phng

php trn m ch tp trung vo 3 phng php u.
Trong trng hp i phng gy nhiu chn (hoc nhiu ton di), cng
sut nhiu s khng qu ln nhng bo m lin lc c th yu cu cng
sut my pht phi ln. Mt khc, c nhng iu kin chin u yu cu cng
sut ln tng c ly lin lc, nhng cng c trng hp c ly lin lc li
ngn yu cu cng xut va phi chng trinh st in t ca i phng.
Do yu cu v tnh nng thay i cng xut cng l mt yu cu cn thit
i vi in i SCN cp chin thut. Nu modul khuch i cng sut c
t trong in i th s lm cho thit b ny tng khi lng v kch thc
ng k v khng cn thit trong cc iu kin chin u thng thng cp
chin thut. Gii php thch hp cc in i hin i l thit k modul
khuch i cng sut lp ngoi. Vi s la chn ny cng sut my pht c
la chn theo mc v t l thun vi khi lng, kch thc ca in i.
Trong trng hp i phng trinh st ly cp tin tc, th thi gian
truyn tin cng nh bao nhiu th tnh bo mt s cng cao by nhiu. Phng
php truyn tin bng tn hiu thoi rt d b l, lc ny s dng phng php
truyn tin di dng d liu s rt nhanh v hiu qu hn. Nhng dng lnh
ngn gn c son tho trc tip nh mt modul lp ngoi hoc c nhp
t trc trn chin u vo b nh theo quy nh ca ngi ch huy. T
cng c th d dng m ho bo mt thng tin hn.
Trng hp bt buc phi dng tn hiu thoi, hin nay nc ta cng
nghin cu ch to c b m thoi cho thit b v tuyn. Vi in i mang
xch cp chin thut th lp modul m thoi bn ngoi khi cn thit s ph hp
hn l thit k cng trong my.
Trong chin u, cc b phn ca in i mang xch thng do in i
vin mang trc tip i theo ngi ch huy b phn, cn in i ca b phn
s ch huy thng c t ln mt v tr cao . trnh ha lc ca ch, bo

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v sinh mng cho b i khi ch trinh st v tuyn pht hin v tr ca in

i th in i cn c tnh nng iu khin xa bng i dy cp c th t
in i mt v tr cch xa ngi ch huy.
Bn cnh trong cc in i th h c, tuy c kh nng chuyn tip.
nhng hu nh u hot ng ch nhn cng. Trong iu kin tc chin
thng thng cng nh trong iu kin trc canh, yu cu v kh nng chuyn
tip t ng cc in i l rt cn thit thit hi v con ngi khi
gp ho lc ch p ca ch, cng nh m bo kh nng chuyn tip nhanh
chng.
1.2.2.2. in i SCN cp chin thut cn c di tn rng, c nhiu knh
sng cng tc, c kh nng thay i tn s cng tc nhanh chng
Xut pht t thc tin hin nay, k ch c trang b cc phng tin
trinh st, tc chin in t hin i. i phng c th gy nhiu ch p, trinh
st pht hin nghe trm thng tin ca ta. Do vy, trnh c nhiu, gi
b mt tin tc qun s m vn duy tr c lin lc thng sut th i hi cng
tc t chc hip ng thng tin cng phi cht ch, cn phi t chc cng
nhiu ng thng tin vu hi, d tr. Trng hp i phng gy nhiu
ngm, nhiu trt, ngi chin s s dng in i phi lin tc thay i tn
s hot ng trn mt di tn rng.
Tnh cht khn trng ca chin u CCT yu cu thao tc chuyn i
tn s l n gin, thun li nht cho ngi s dng. y l yu cu khi thit
k ci tin cc loi in i SCN sao cho phi ti u ho v giao din s dng,
nhng phi ti a v kh nng t ng iu chnh tn s, t thit lp cc ch
thch nghi, t chn bng tn cng tc
1.2.2.3. SCN CCT phi c kh nng sa cha v thay th nhanh chng,
d dng, lm vic vi tin cy cao
Yu cu ny xut pht t thc tin hin nay, s lng SCN CCT cn
li trong bin ch ca Qun i ta ln n hng vn chic, trong phn ln

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gp phi cc loi hng hc khc nhau vi iu kin sa cha rt kh khn do

cc linh kin s dng qu gi ho, bn cnh l s khan him vt t, linh
kin trong giai on hin nay. Do , yu cu ln nht trong vic ci tin cc
th h ny l phi m bo vic sa cha, thay th cc n v ( ni trc
tip nm gi trang b ) din ra cng n gin, cng d dng cng tt. Nu m
bo c yu cu ny, vic m bo thng tin lin lc s thng sut hn.
tin cy ca c quyt nh ch yu bi nhy v chn lc.
Do yu cu i vi tin cy trong qu trnh lm vic ca chng ng
ngha vi vic m bo nhy v chn lc ca in i theo yu cu. Cc
th h in i c tuy p ng c yu cu v tin cy trong giai on
trc, nhng trong giai on hin nay, vi s pht trin ca khoa hc, k thut
c bit l khoa hc k thut Quc phng, cc in i ny dn dn khng p
ng c yu cu ngy cng cao. Nng cao tin cy ca in i SCN v
vy tr thnh mt yu cu cp bch trong giai on hin nay.
Bng cc bin php k thut mi, ng dng cng ngh cao, ngy nay
chng ta c th ci tin c SCN p ng c cc yu cu trn.
1.2.2.4. in i c kt cu c kh vng chc, thit k n gin gn nh,c
kh nng c ng cao, trin khai nhanh, c bn trc iu kin mi
trng kh hu nhit i.
Mi trng lm vic ca in i SCN cp chin thut ch yu l ngoi
tri. Trong thc t, trn chin u c th din ra bt k iu kin thi tit no
v i phng cng dng mi cch ph hu cc thit b thng tin ca ta.
Do vy, mt thit b d c tnh nng k thut cao nhng khng p ng c
yu cu v vng chc th cng khng th hot ng c trong chin u.
Thit k n gin gn nh qu trnh s dng v mang xch c ng ca
ngi chin s tr nn d dng hn, qu trnh trin khai din ra nhanh chng
hn, m bo tc chin tt hn. iu ny l cn thit v trong th h in i

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c u c kt cu kh cng knh v phc tp. Do mi thit k ci tin cc

tnh nng cho in i u phi tnh ton n yu cu ny.
Tm li, xut pht t yu cu chin thut thng tin ca b i ta c th
rt ra nhng yu cu tnh nng c bn i vi SCN CCT trong chin tranh
hin i nh sau:
- Modul ho vi mt tch hp cao c th d dng sa cha thay th.
- Nng cao nhy v chn lc cho ph hp vi yu cu bo m
thng tin lin lc ngy nay.
- C th thay i cng sut pht tng ng vi c ly lin lc.
- C th kt hp 2 my to thnh mt trm chuyn tip t ng.
- C tnh nng iu khin xa.
- Truyn tin nhanh di dng tin ngn khi lp thm modul truyn d liu.
- C kh nng m ha, bo mt tn hiu thoi khi lp thm modul m
thoi.
- Giao din n gin, trin khai tin li nhanh chng, d dng cho thao
tc ca ngi s dng.
- Kch thc, trng lng gn nh. Kt cu c kh vng chc, chng
c rung, va p v nh hng ca iu kin kh hu mi trng khc
nghit.
- Tiu th ngun tit kim.
Trn y l cc yu cu khng bt buc i vi mt my thu pht v
tuyn SCN bnh thng nhng vi cc qun s, trong cc trn nh khc
nhau, c nhng yu cu chin thut khc nhau vi tnh cht c lit ni chung,
th cc yu cu ny ngy nay tr thnh nhng yu cu thit yu c th
p ng c nhim v bo m lin lc thng sut. Cc yu cu ci tin,
hin i ho cc SCN CCT th h c cng phi c din ra trn c s
ca cc yu cu trn, c vy cc th h c c ci tin mi p ng c
yu cu trong tc chin hin i. Tuy nhin, trong khun kh ca mt n

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tt nghip, ch xin trnh by mt s gii php ch yu ci tin hin i ho

SCN CCT cc chng tip theo.
1.3. Kt lun chng I
T vic nghin cu cc c im v yu cu ca thng tin qun s SCN
nh nu trn, ta nhn thy vai tr quan trng ca cc th h ang
v s c s dng trong Qun i ta. Tuy nhin, p ng c yu cu
ngy cng cao i vi th h hin i ngy nay th bi ton cn phi gii
l mt nhim v kh khn v cp bch. Vic nghin cu gii quyt bi ton
ny c nhiu c quan chc nng bt tay vo nghin cu thc hin, t cp
Cc Khoa hc - Cng ngh - Mi trng, Tng cc K thut n cc t chc
nghin cu ca Qun i khc nh Trung tm Khoa hc Qun s Quc phng,
HVKTQS v c s quan tm ca nhiu nh nghin cu, cc cn b k
thut n cc hc vin, sinh vin lm vic, hc tp trong lnh vc in t vin
thng T xut hin nhiu ti cc cp t thp n cao nghin cu v
vn .
Vi ngha khoa hc v thc tin nh nu trn, n xin c a ra
mt vi sut v phng php ci tin, hin i ho c th cho mt s loi
SCN CCT. Chng II gii thiu v l lun xy dng phng n ci
tin ph hp, chng III s trnh by cch thc ci tin thc t, vi hy vng
gp phn no vo vic gii quyt bi ton hin nay, nhm m bo cho nhim
v TTLL trong chin u v sn sng chin u ca Qun i ta.

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