111-187 - Prot of MV and LV Systems - Quazvin PDF

Protection of Medium and Low
Voltage DistributionSystems
Page 111
2007-08
Author
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

PTD SE PTI
Table of Content
Network Structures
Typical Calculation procedures
Protection Principles and Co-ordination:
- Overcurrent Protection (relay, MCB, fuses)
- Distance Protection
Page 112
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Urban network structure
Building A
Building B
Building C
Building D
Page 113
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Industrial network structures

Central substation
Ring network
Page 114
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Urban low voltage network
open point
400 V three phases

Meshed systems radial systems
Page 115
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Typical Calculation Procedures
Page 116
2007-08
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PTD SE PTI
Short-circuit current calculations

U0 = Un/3
Page 117
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Simple Short - Circuit Calculation
Page 118
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI

Overcurrent Protection (Relays, MCBs, fuses)
Page 119
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Typical fuse and LC circuit breaker

tripping characteristics
Page 120
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Selectivity of Low Voltage Fuses
Page 121
2007-08
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PTD SE PTI
Selective tripping of fuses in meshed networks
Siemens LV-Fuses:
Selectivity (only
Fuse F3 blows) is
guranteed at high
currents up to a
ratio of :
I K1
0.8
I K1 + I K 2
Cable of same cross-section
Same LV fuses
Page 122
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Selectivity: Circuit Breaker Downstream Fuse
I
s
tA
Id
ts
td
Page 123
2007-08
Author
current dependent delayed overload trip

short time delayed overcurrent trip
safety margin
pick-up current of the s-release
melting time of the fuse
delay time of the s-release

PTD SE PTI
Selectivity: Fuse Downstream Circuit Breaker
> 1s
Overload
range
Selectivity check
in the short-circuit range by
I2t - comparison
> 70ms
Page 124
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Selectivity: Three similar infeeding transformators
Necessary CB protection functions:

1. Inverse time Overload element a
2. Short time delayed I>>-element z
Page 125
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Tripping Characteristic in Medium- and High-Voltage Network
Page 126
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
CT-connections dependent on neutral-earthing
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
Obsolete!
Obsolete!
Only in old
substations,
no more
recommended!
2- phase connection for

isolated networks
Practised only with

electromechanical
protection. !
2- phase + earth connection

for an increased earth fault sensitivity
3- phase connection for

earthed networks
Now generally applied,
independent of neutral-earthing
Page 127
2007-08
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PTD SE PTI
Measurement (analog) and digital calculation of earth current

L3
L2
L1
L2
L3
E
IR
relay
L3
c.t.s
L2
Digital relay
c.t.s
L1
L1
L2
L2
L3
L3
Calculated:
IR = I1 + I2 + I3
IR = IL1 + IL2 + IL3

Holmgreen connection
Page 128
2007-08
Author

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High sensitive earth fault relaying using a window-type CT
3 I0 = IL1 + IL2 + IL3
L1 L2
IFault
L3
Ishield
Iearth
Page 129
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Coordination of overcurrent relays: time grading
0,1
1,3
1,3
0,5
0,5
0,1
Page 130
0,1
0,9
0,9
0,1
0,1
2007-08
Author
0,1
0,1
Starting from the

furthest
downstream
located relay, the
operating time is
step by step
increased in
direction of the
infeed.
0,1

PTD SE PTI
Coordination of overcurrent relays: Current grading

f
U {kV}
{}
ZN = N
S'K {MVA}
2
Current grading
U {%} UN {kV}
ZTr = K
100 SN {MVA}
2
fault location
Example: >> for faults at HV-side
1
Netz
UN
SK
ZN
SN
uK
ZTr
Page 131
= 100 kV
= 5 GVA
= 2,4
= 20 MVA
= 10%
= 60,5
2007-08
K
in 1
110 kV
= 26,5 kA
3 2,4
in 2
110 kV
= 2,4 kA
3 62,9
Author
line impedance
neglected!

PTD SE PTI
Selectivity by current grading
~
>, t3 0,1 s
>>, t1 0,15 s
>, t2 0,3 s
K
>>
>
t2
t3
t1
Page 132
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Definite and inverse overcurrent relay characteristics
t = 700 ms
t = 400 ms
t = 100 ms
Page 133
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Inverse time characteristics acc. To IEC 60255
100
Normal inverse:
[s]
10
t=
NI
13.5
1
I
1
Ip
x Tp
Extremely inverse:
1.0
VI
t=
EI
Page 134
I

Ip
x Tp
0.02
Very inverse:
DT (4 s)
0.1
0.14
t=
10
2007-08
100
Author
80
2
I
1
Ip
x Tp
I / Ip
PTD SE PTI
Normal inverse setting characteristic
[s]
Normal inverse:
t=
0.14
I

Ip
x Tp
0.02
NI setting characterisic of
the relay 7SJ6 (Siemens)
I / Ip
Page 135
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Application of different O/C characteristics
Definite time (DT)

Easy to coordinate
Constant tripping time independent of infeed variation and fault location
Normal inverse (NI)

Relativey small change in time per unit of change of current.
Most frequenly used in utility and industrial circuits.
Especially applicable where the fault magnitude is nmainly dependent on
the system generating capacity at the time of fault.
Very inverse (VI)

Suitable if there is a substantial reduction of fault current as the fault
distance from the power source increases.
Extemely inverse (EI)

Suitable for protection of distribution feeders with peak currents on
switching in (refrigerators, pumps, water heaters and so on).
Particular suitable for grading with fuses.
Page 136
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Fault current dependent on the fault location

ZS
Infeed
250MVA,
11 kV
ZL
0,4
0,1 /km
0.4 /km
11kV
250MVA
Equivalent circuit
100%
0.1 /km (cable)
fault
current
0.4 /km (OH-Line)
Current grading
depends on the SIR ratio!
1km
fault location
Page 137
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PTD SE PTI
Time grading: definite and inverse time characteristics
ZS
X
51
51
IF
X
51
fault location
tg
tg
Page 138
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Time grading of normal inverse time characteristics

Grading requirement:
t g12 = t g 23 = 200 400 ms
0.14 Tp ,n
Isc

I
p
= 200 400 ms +
0.02
tg12
0.14 Tp ,n +1
Isc

I
p
0.02
Tp,n
tg23
0.02
200 400 ms Isc

= Tp,n +1 +
1
0.14
I p
Conventional grading principle: Isc = maximum SC-current in the network
Page 139
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Disk emulation: Simulatin of the induction disc
Disk
position
Trip
3 Ip
2 Ip
0,4 Ip
With
Without
Disc emulation
Reset
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
t [s]
Page 140
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PTD SE PTI
Combined use of inverse and definit time characteristics
The back-up tripping time can be reduced by

Combining inverse and definite time characteristics
ms
gain of
tripping
time
Page 141
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PTD SE PTI
Overcurrent protection co-ordination
Page 142
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PTD SE PTI
Two definite overcurrent relays in series
Page 143
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Protection scheme acceleration
Page 144
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PTD SE PTI
Definite overcurrent protection in cable ring
Page 145
2007-08
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Protection in closed cable ring
Page 146
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PTD SE PTI
Cable ring with advanced protection
Page 147
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PTD SE PTI
Co-ordination of distance protection at infeeding cables

and overcurrent protection at downstream feeder cables
Page 148
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Advanced overcurrent protection

Reverse interlocking principle
Direction of power flow
51
2
blocking bus
t0 = 50ms
t= xx ms
feeder protection blockins the

the fast 50ms-stage at the
infeeding relay via blocking
bus and is only tripping its own CB
2
51
51
Pick-up
Pick-up.
51
Infeeding relay trips within 50ms,

as blocking bus is not activated
Pick-up.
M
1
Page 149
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Directional comparison + reverse interlocking

Fault between station B C
A
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t2
I>,t1
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
R 1.2
R 1.1
R5
I>,t
R4
I>,t
R6
I>,t
Undelayed tripping for

busbar faults (t3 ca. 50ms)
and cable faults using only
one relay per feeder!!
Page 150
R 2.2
R 2.1
2007-08
Author
R1.1
R1.2
R2.1
R2.2
R3.1
R3.2
R4
R5
R6
R 3.1
R 3.2
forward, blocked by R1.2

reverse, is blocking R1.1
forward, is blocking BB-protection and trips
forward, trips
no action
no action
no action
PTD SE PTI

Fault at outgoing feeder
A
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
R 1.2
R 1.1
R5
Page 151
I>,t
R4
I>,t
R6
I>,t
2007-08
R 3.1
R 2.2
R 2.1
Author
R 3.2
R1.1
R1.2
R2.1
R2.2
R3.1
R3.2
R4
R5

no action
no action
R6
is blocking BB-protection and trips

PTD SE PTI

Fault at busbar B
A
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
R 1.2
R 1.1
R 2.2
R 2.1
I>,t
R5
I>,t
I>,t
Page 152
2007-08
Author
R1.1
R4 R1.2
R2.1
R2.2
R6 R3.1
R3.2
R4
R5
R6
R 3.1
I>,t1
R 3.2

reverse, is blocking R1.1 and trips BB-protection
reverse, is blocking R2.2 and trips BB-protection
forward, is blocked by R2.1
no action
no action
no action
PTD SE PTI

- Distance Protection
Page 153
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PTD SE PTI
Basic principle of distance protection
Undelayed trip in first zone

breaker failure
Trip in second (back-up) zone

delayed with second zone time
e.g. in case of breaker failure
etc.
Graphical
representations:
Tripping zones in the impedance plane
Page 154
2007-08
Author
grading chart

PTD SE PTI
Zone 1 - Setting guidelines
Line characteristic
X1
Recommendation for Zone 1 settings:

X1 80...90% of line reactance
R1 100% of arc resistance
R1E 100% of arc resistance
R1
R1E
t1 = 0 ms
If the measured impedance is within the set characteristic

and the set time has expired, a TRIP command is issued
Page 155
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Distance protection: Zone characteristics
wa
for
rds
Line
Inclined with line angle

Angle prevents overreach of
Z1 on faults with fault
resistance that are fed from
both line ends
Z5
Z4
Z2
Z1B
Z1
rev
ers
e
Load
Load
forw
Z3
rev
e
ers
Page 156
2007-08
Distance zones
Author
ard
Fault detection (7SA6)

no fault detection polygon: the
largest zone determines the
fault detection characteristic
simple setting of load
encroachment area with
Rmin and Load

PTD SE PTI
Comparison of zone characteristics: MHO versus polygonal
Page 157
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Grading of the zones - radial network
Z3
Z2
Z1
>>
>t
ZT
Z1 = 0.85 ZA-B
Z2 = 0.85 (ZA-B + 0.85 ZB-C)
Z3 = 0.85 [ ZA-B + ZB-C + 0.85 ZC-D ]
Page 158
2007-08
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PTD SE PTI
Grading of the zones - infeed at both ends
grading time
(s)
0.6
0.3
Ring with grading towards opposite line end
Page 159
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
1st Zone Settings
Normal Situation
No relay in the next station
Z1.zone= 0.85 x ZA,B
Z2.zone = 0.85 x (ZA,B + ZB,C)
Spur line
Transformer
Z1.zone = 1.20 x ZA,B
Page 160
2007-08
Z1.zone=Z2.zone=Z3zone
Author
Z1.Zone = 0.85 x Ztransf.
Z1.zone=Z2.zone=Z3.zone

PTD SE PTI
2nd Zone Settings
C
Z2.zone = 0.90 x ( ZA,B + 0.85 x min {ZB} )
2nd zone impedance grading acc. to the
shortest 1st zone setting and the next
busbar ( ZB,D < ZB,C < ZB,F ), hereby spur
lines are neglected (ZB,E).
Z2.zone = 0.90 x ( ZA,B + 0,85 x ZB,D )
Page 161
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PTD SE PTI
2nd Zone Settings in Case of Short and Long Lines in Series
Example
long line
Page 162
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Author
short cable line

PTD SE PTI
2nd Zone Settings in Case of Short and Long Lines in Series
Protection strategy 1
R1
R2
Alternative:
Protection relay R2 at
the terminal B can be
graded with 2nd zone
in reverse direction.
Z2.zone = 0.85 x ( ZAB + 0.85 x ZAC ) < 1.00 ZAB

Comment: absolutely selective grading schedule, but short-circuit
faults on the last part of long line will be tripped in the 3rd zone.
Protection strategy 2
Z2.zone = 1.2 x ZAB

Comment: fast 1st zone and 2nd zone will trip all short-circuit faults on
the long line, but no selective tripping in the 2nd and higher zones.
Page 163
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PTD SE PTI
3rd Zone Settings
Z3.zone = 0.85 x ( ZA,B + 0.85 ( ZB,C + 0.85 x ZC,E ) )

ZB,C + 0.85 x ZC,E < ZB,D + 0.85 x ZD,G
Grading according to the shortest 2nd zone of the outgoing lines at
the next station . Fault at station C will not be cleared with 3rd zone!
Page 164
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PTD SE PTI
3rd Zone Settings
Page 165
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PTD SE PTI
Infeed Cable with Distance Protection
Page 166
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Author

PTD SE PTI
Impedance Plan with Relay Zone Reach
Page 167
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PTD SE PTI
Coordination of Relays, Fuses and

LV-Circuit breakers
Case Study
Page 168
2007-08
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PTD SE PTI
Inverse time Relay Setting Parameters
I>
Phase Fault :
Ip
I>
I >>
I >>>
Tp
T>
T >>
T >>>
*)
T>
I >>
T >>
Earth Fault :
I Ep TEp
I E> T E>
I E>>
T E>>
*)
I >>>
T >>>
*) characteristic
Page 169
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
Definite Time Relay SettingCharacteristics
time [s]
I>
T>
I >>
T >>
current [A]
Page 170
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Author

PTD SE PTI
Relay inverse Time Characteristics acc. to IEC and BS142
time [s]
Ip
normal inverse
Tp
very inverse
Typ
extremly inverse
I>
T>
current [A]
Page 171
2007-08
Author

PTD SE PTI
LV Circuit Breaker Setting Parameters
Phase Fault : Ir
Id
Ii
tc
td
ti
Ir
tc
Id
Earth Fault :
td
Ig
tg
I2t=const.
Page 172
2007-08
Author
Ii
ti

PTD SE PTI
Protection Area - Motor
thermal
Motor curve
I rated
I start
Page 173
2007-08
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Short-circuit current
bandwidth

PTD SE PTI
Protection Area - Transformer
thermal
Curve
SC limit
secondary
In
Rush
SC limit
primary
time limit of
Protection below
Page 174
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PTD SE PTI
Example:
Page 175
2007-08
Network
20/6/0.4 kV
Author

PTD SE PTI
Data base for short circuit calculation
Page 176
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PTD SE PTI
Short circuit calculation results
Page 177
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PTD SE PTI
Summary of results - maximum 3-phase short circuit
Page 178
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PTD SE PTI
Summary of results - minimum 2-phase short circuit
Page 179
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PTD SE PTI
CT data and protection devices
Page 180
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PTD SE PTI
Protection Coordination Motor feeder
Requirements:
Ip ~ 110 % * In,motor
tmot[Istart,motor] < tcurve
Istart,motor < I>> < Isc,min
Page 181
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PTD SE PTI
Protection Coordination (1) Transformer feeder 20/0,4kV
Check settings !!!
Page 182
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Author

PTD SE PTI
Requirements HV side:
I> ~ I>>sec.side
T> = T>>sec side + 1 time step
I>> > Isc,max of sec. side
I>> < Isc,min of prim side
Requirements LV side:
Ip ~ 1.1 * In,tr
I>> ~ 3 4 * In,tr
I>> < Isc,min
Page 183
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PTD SE PTI
Page 184
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PTD SE PTI
Page 185
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PTD SE PTI
Protection Coordination Transformer 20/6kV
Page 186
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PTD SE PTI
Check Protection Coordination Motor & Transformer
Page 187
2007-08
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PTD SE PTI

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Protection of Medium and Low

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Urban network structure

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Industrial network structures

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Urban low voltage network

400 V three phases

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Typical Calculation Procedures

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Short-circuit current calculations

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Simple Short - Circuit Calculation

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Protection Principles and Co-ordination:

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Typical fuse and LC circuit breaker

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Selectivity of Low Voltage Fuses

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Selective tripping of fuses in meshed networks

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Selectivity: Circuit Breaker Downstream Fuse

current dependent delayed overload trip

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Selectivity: Fuse Downstream Circuit Breaker

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Selectivity: Three similar infeeding transformators

Necessary CB protection functions:

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Tripping Characteristic in Medium- and High-Voltage Network

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

CT-connections dependent on neutral-earthing

2- phase connection for

Practised only with

2- phase + earth connection

3- phase connection for

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Measurement (analog) and digital calculation of earth current

IR = IL1 + IL2 + IL3

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

High sensitive earth fault relaying using a window-type CT

3 I0 = IL1 + IL2 + IL3

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Coordination of overcurrent relays: time grading

Starting from the

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Coordination of overcurrent relays: Current grading

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Selectivity by current grading

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Definite and inverse overcurrent relay characteristics

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Inverse time characteristics acc. To IEC 60255

Normal inverse setting characteristic

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Application of different O/C characteristics

Definite time (DT)

Normal inverse (NI)

Very inverse (VI)

Extemely inverse (EI)