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Cap.7-13 (Resolução Fox)
Cap.7-13 (Resolução Fox)
[2]
Problem 7.2
[2]
Problem 7.3
Given:
Find:
Dimensionless groups
[2]
Solution:
Denoting nondimensional quantities by an asterisk
A* =
Hence
A
L2
A = L2 A *
y* =
y
L
t* = t
y = Ly*
t=
I* =
t*
I
L4
I = L4 I *
x* =
x
L
x = Lx*
2 y *
4 y *
4 1
L L A *
+ EL 4 LI *
=0
t *2
x *4
L
2 y * E 4 y *
I *
A*
+
=0
t *2 L2 2 x *4
2
E
2 2
L
Problem 7.4
[2]
Problem 7.5
[4]
Problem 7.6
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Recall that the total acceleration is
r
r
r
DV V r
=
+ V V
t
Dt
Nondimensionalizing the velocity vector, pressure, angular velocity, spatial measure, and time, (using a typical velocity magnitude V
and angular velocity magnitude ):
r
r
V
V* =
V
Hence
r
r
V =VV *
r
r
* =
p
p* =
p
x* =
r
r
= *
p = p p *
x
L
t* = t
x = Lx*
V
L
t=
L
t*
V
L
V
The second term on the left of the governing equation is the Coriolis force due to a rotating coordinate system. This is a very
significant term in atmospheric studies, leading to such phenomena as geostrophic flow.
Problem 7.7
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Nondimensionalizing the velocity, pressure, spatial measures, and time:
u* =
u
V
p* =
p
p
x* =
x
L
r* =
r
L
t* = t
V
L
Hence
u =V u*
p = p p *
x = Lx*
r = Dr*
t=
L
t*
V
L t *
L x *
D r *2 r * r *
V 2
DV
L
D
Problem 7.8
Given:
Find:
Dimensionless groups
[2]
Solution:
Denoting nondimensional quantities by an asterisk
x* =
x
L
y* =
y
L
u* =
u
c0
v* =
v
c0
c* =
c
c0
t* =
t c0
L
* =
L c0
Note that the stream function indicates volume flow rate/unit depth!
Hence
x = Lx*
y = Ly*
u = c0 u *
v = c0 v *
c = c0 c *
t=
Lt *
c0
= L c0 *
(
)
(
)
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
+
+
+
+
=0
u
c
v
c
u
v
2
L
L
t
x *2 L
y *2 L
x * y *
L t *
c
*
+
v
*
c
*
+
2
u
*
v
*
=0
t *2
t
x *2
y *2
x * y *
Problem 7.9
[2]
Problem 7.10
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c F
n = 4 parameters
ML
L
t
r = 3 primary dimensions
t2
f V
L3
L2
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
( )
L M
= 3 L2
t L
ML
t2
= M 0 L0 t 0
Summing exponents,
M:
b +1 = 0
b = 1
L : a 3b + 2c + 1 = 0 c = 1
t:
a2=0
a = 2
Hence
1 =
V 2 A
= [1]
F
Ft
L2
L4 t 2
L2
[2]
Problem 7.11
[2]
Problem 7.12
[2]
Given:
That speed of shallow waves depends on depth, density, gravity and surface tension
Find:
Solution:
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c V
n = 5 parameters
f g
L
t
M
L3
L
t2
M
t 2
r = 3 primary dimensions
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
L M
c L
1 = g a b D cV = 2 3 (L ) = M 0 L0t 0
t
t L
M:
b=0
b=0
1
Summing exponents,
Hence
L : a 3b + c + 1 = 0 c =
2
1
t:
2a 1 = 0
a=
2
a
b
L M
c M
2 = g a b D c = 2 3 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0
t
t L
M:
b +1 = 0
b = 1
L : a 3b + c = 0 c = 2
Summing exponents,
Hence
2 a 2 = 0 a = 1
t:
L
t
=
= [1]
h Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions
1
L
2
t
2
L
1 = f ( 2 )
V
= f
2
gD
g D
1 =
V
gD
2 =
gD 2
F
L
2 =
= [1]
L Ft 2 2
L
t 2 L4
V = gD f
2
gD
Problem 7.13
[2]
Problem 7.14
[2]
Problem 7.15
Given:
Find:
Dimensionless groups
[2]
Solution:
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c W
n = 5 parameters
f g
ML
t 2
M
L3
L
t2
M
t 2
r = 3 primary dimensions
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
L
1 = g p W = 2
t
M:
b +1 = 0
L : a 3b + c + 1 = 0
t:
2a 2 = 0
a
Summing exponents,
1 =
W
g p 3
2 =
gp 2
L M
c M
2 = g p = 2 3 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0
t
t L
M:
b +1 = 0
b = 1
L : a 3b + c = 0 c = 2
Hence
t:
2 a 2 = 0 a = 1
a
Summing exponents,
M
c ML
0 0 0
3 (L ) 2 = M L t
t
L
b = 1
c = 3
Hence
a = 1
F
F
L
h Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions
1 =
= [1]
2 =
= [1]
L Ft 2 3
L Ft 2 2
L
L
t 2 L4
t 2 L4
1 Wp
, so 1 and 2 are not unique!
Note: Any combination of 1 and 2 is a group, e.g.,
=
2
Problem 7.16
[2]
Problem 7.17
[2]
Problem 7.18
Given:
Find:
Dimensionless groups
[2]
Solution:
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c T
n = 6 parameters
f F
ML2
2
t
e
1
t
F
ML
t2
M
Lt
t2
r = 3 primary dimensions
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
2
ML
b 1 ML
1 = F a eb cT = 2 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0
t
t t
Summing exponents,
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L:
a+b+2=0
b = 1
t:
2a c 2 = 0
c
Summing exponents,
2 =
e2
F
ML
b1 M
3 = F e = 2 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0
t t
t
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L:
a+b=0
b =1
Hence
t : 2a c 2 = 0 c = 0
a b
T
Fe
ML
b1 M
= M 0 L0t 0
2 = F e = 2 (L )
t Lt
t
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L:
a + b 1 = 0
b=2
Hence
t : 2a c 1 = 0 c = 1
a b
1 =
c=0
a
Summing exponents,
Hence
3 =
e
F
Ft 2 1
F
L
L
2
FL
L
L
t
1 =
= [1]
2 =
= [1]
3 =
= [1]
F
F
FL
1
T
=
, so 1, 2 and 3 are not unique!
Note: Any combination of 1, 2 and 3 is a group, e.g.,
2 e3
Problem 7.19
[2]
Problem 7.20
[2]
Problem 7.21
[2]
[2]
Given: That drain time depends on fluid viscosity and density, orifice diameter, and gravity
Find: Functional dependence of t on other variables
Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem
n
r
m =r
n -m
=5
=3
=3
=2
g
d
L
-3
1
1
t
-2
GROUPS:
t
M
0
L
0
1:
a =
0
0.5
-0.5
b =
c =
t
1
2:
M
1
L
-1
a =
b =
c =
-1
-0.5
-1.5
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
t
-1
3:
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
b =
c =
Hence
1 = t
g
d
t=
and
2 =
d
g
2
f 2 3
gd
1 3
2d 2
t
0
4:
b =
c =
2
gd 3
2
with 1 = f ( 2 )
t
0
Problem 7.23
[2]
Given:
Find:
Dimensionless groups
Solution:
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c P
p
D
d
di
do
n = 8 parameters
ML2
3
t
p
M
Lt 2
D d
1
t
do
di
M
L3
r = 3 primary dimensions
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
M
1 = D P = 3
L
M:
a +1 = 0
L : 3a + b + 2 = 0
c3=0
t:
a
Summing exponents,
b 1 ML
0 0 0
(L ) 3 = M L t
t t
a = 1
b = 5
Hence
c = 3
a
1 =
P
D 5 3
M
b 1 M
= M 0 L0t 0
2 = D p = 3 (L )
2
L
t
Lt
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
p
L : 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2
Summing exponents,
Hence
2 =
D 2 2
t:
c = 2
c2=0
d
d
d
3 =
4 = i
5 = o
The other groups can be found by inspection:
D
D
D
a
1 =
FL
t
2
= [1]
2 =
F
L2
2
= [1]
3 = 4 = 5 =
Ft 2 1
L 2
L4
t
1
P
, so the s are not unique!
=
Note: Any combination of 1, 2 and 3 is a group, e.g.,
2 pD 3
Ft 5 1
L 3
L4
t
L
= [1]
L
Problem 7.24
[2]
Problem 7.25
[2]
Problem 7.26
[2]
Problem 7.27
[3]
Problem 7.28
[2]
Problem 7.29
[3]
[3]
Given: That dot size depends on ink viscosity, density, and surface tension, and geometry
Find: groups
Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem
n
r
m =r
n -m
=7
=3
=3
=4
V
D
L
-3
1
1
t
-1
GROUPS:
M
0
L
1
a =
b =
c =
0
0
-1
M
1
L
0
3:
a =
-1
-2
-1
d
1:
b =
c =
Hence
1 =
d
D
2 =
VD
VD
t
0
M
1
L
-1
2:
a =
b =
c =
-1
-1
-1
M
0
L
1
4:
a =
0
0
-1
t
-2
b =
c =
3 =
V D
2
4 =
L
D
t
-1
t
0
Problem 7.31
[3]
[3]
Given: Speed depends on mass, area, gravity, slope, and air viscosity and thickness
Find: groups
Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem
n
r
m =r
n -m
=7
=3
=3
=4
L
1
1
t
-2
M
0
L
1
t
-1
a =
b =
c =
-0.5
-0.5
0
M
0
L
0
3:
a =
0
0
0
V
1 :
GROUPS:
b =
c =
Hence
1 =
g
1 1
2 2
V2
2 =
t
0
M
1
L
-1
2 :
a =
b =
c =
-0.5
1.5
-1
M
0
L
2
4 :
a =
0
-2
0
b =
c =
3
2
1
2m
2 3
m2 g
3 =
4 =
t
-1
t
0
[3]
Given: Bubble size depends on viscosity, density, surface tension, geometry and pressure
Find: groups
Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem
n
r
m =r
n -m
=6
=3
=3
=3
L
-3
-1
1
M
0
L
1
1:
a =
b =
c =
0
0
-1
M
1
L
0
3 :
a =
0
-1
-1
p
D
t
-2
GROUPS:
b =
c =
Hence
1 =
d
D
2 =
1
1
2 p 2 D
2
pD 2
t
0
M
1
L
-1
2:
a =
b =
c =
-0.5
-0.5
-1
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
t
-2
4:
b =
c =
3 =
Dp
t
-1
t
0
Problem 7.34
[2]
Given:
Find:
Dimensionless groups
Solution:
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c P
max
n = 8 parameters
ML2
3
t
h max
1
t
max
1
t
M
L3
r = 3 primary dimensions
M
Lt
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
2
M
b 1 ML
c
1 = a D bmax
P = 3 (L ) 3 = M 0 L0t 0
L
t t
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L : 3a + b + 2 = 0 b = 5
Hence
t:
c = 3
c3=0
Summing exponents,
1 =
P
3
D max
5
M
b1 M
2 = D = 3 (L )
= M 0 L0t 0
L
t
Lt
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
2 =
L : 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2
Summing exponents,
Hence
2
D max
t:
c = 1
c 1 = 0
f
h
H
5 =
4 =
3 =
The other groups can be found by inspection:
D
D
max
a
c
max
1 =
FL
t
Ft 2 5 1
L 3
L4
t
= [1]
Ft
L2
3 = 4 = 5 = [1]
= [1]
Ft 2 2 1
L
L4
t
1
P
=
, so the s are not unique!
2
2 D 3max
2 =
[3]
Given: Time to speed up depends on inertia, speed, torque, oil viscosity and geometry
Find: groups
Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem
n
r
m =r
n -m
=8
=3
=3
=5
D
T
1
2
t
-1
-2
GROUPS:
Two groups can be obtained by inspection: /D and L /D . The others are obtained below
M
0
L
0
1:
a =
b =
c =
1
0
0
M
1
L
2
3:
a =
2
0
-1
b =
c =
Hence the groups are
D 3
I 2
T
T
Note that the 1 group can also be easily obtained by inspection
t
L
D
t
1
M
1
L
-1
2:
a =
b =
c =
1
3
-1
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
t
0
4:
b =
c =
t
-1
t
0
Problem 7.36
[3]
Problem 7.37
Given:
Find:
Dimensionless groups
[2]
Solution:
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c c
N
p
D
1
L3
D
M
Lt 2
D
L
M
L3
1
t
M
L3
L
t2
n = 9 parameters
M
Lt
r = 3 primary dimensions
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
M
b1 M
1 = D p = 3 (L )
= M 0 L0t 0
2
L
t Lt
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L : 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2
Hence
t:
c = 2
c2=0
a
Summing exponents,
M
2 = D = 3
L
M:
a +1 = 0
L : 3a + b 1 = 0
a
Summing exponents,
t:
c 1 = 0
1 =
b1 M
= M 0 L0t 0
(L )
t Lt
a = 1
b = 2
Hence
2 =
c = 1
3 = cD 3
p
D 2 2
D 2
6 =
g
D 2
4 = N
5 =
= [1]
3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = [1]
1 =
F
L2
Ft 2 2 1
L 2
L4
t
= [1]
2 =
Ft
L2
Ft 2 2 1
L
L4
t
p
1
=
, so the s are not unique!
2
Problem 7.38
[3]
Problem 7.39
[3]
Problem 7.40
[3]
Problem 7.41
[4]
Problem 7.42
[3]
Problem 7.43
[3]
Given:
That the cooling rate depends on rice properties and air properties
Find:
The groups
Solution:
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c dT/dt
cp
n = 8 parameters
T
t
L2
ML
t 2T
t 2T
cp
L2
t 2T
L3
M
Lt
L
t
f V
r = 4 primary dimensions
cp
m = r = 4 repeat parameters
Then n m = 4 dimensionless groups will result. By inspection, one group is c/cp. Setting up a dimensional equation,
d
2
dT L M
c L T
= T 0 M 0 L0t 0
1 = V L c
= 3 (L ) 2
dt t L
t T t
a
b c d
p
Summing exponents,
d + 1 = 0
T:
d =1
M:
b=0
b=0
L : a 3b + c + 2d = 0 a + c = 2 c = 1
a 2d 1 = 0
t:
a = 3
Hence
1 =
dT Lc p
dt V 3
2 =
L c p
2
and
3 =
LV
Hence
c
dT Lc p
, k ,
f
=
c p L2 c LV
dt V 3
p
Problem 7.44
[4]
Problem 7.45
[2]
Given:
Find:
Two groups by inspection; One that is a standard fluid mechanics group; Dimensionless groups
Solution:
Two obvious groups are u/U and y/. A dimensionless group common in fluid mechanics is U/ (Reynolds number)
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c u
dU dx
1
t
L2
t
dU/dx
n = 6 parameters
f U
y U
L
t
m = r = 3 primary dimensions
m = r = 2 repeat parameters
1 =
u
U
2 =
3 =
(dU
dy )
U
4 =
Problem 7.46
[3]
Problem 7.47
[3]
air = 1.24
kg
m
Vair = 5
Then
5 N s
Lratio = 20
w = 999
m
s
w Vw Lw
w
air = 1.8 10
kg
3 N s
m
Fw = 2 kN
3
w air Lair
w air
m 10
1.24 20
Vw = Vair
= Vair
Lratio = 5
air w Lw
air w
s 1.8 10 5 999
Vw = 6.90
Fair
For the same Reynolds numbers, the drag coefficients will be the same so we have
where
w = 10
1
2
A V
2 air air air
m
s
Fw
1
2
A V
2 w w w
Lair
2
=
= Lratio
Aw
Lw
Aair
air
2 Vair
1.24 202 5
Fair = Fw
L
= 2000 N
w ratio Vw
999
6.9
Fair = 522 N
Problem 7.48
[5]
Problem 7.49
[2]
Problem 7.50
[3]
Problem 7.51
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
V
Basic equations
Fr =
Frm =
V = L
Lm m
=
Lp p
Re =
g L
Vm
g Lm
= Frp =
Vp
g Lp
or
so
Lm
Lp
m = p
Lm
Rem =
Vm Lm
m
Vp
Vm
Vp
m
=
p
Lp
Vm
V L
Lm
(1)
Lp
Lm m
Lp p
Lp
Lm
m = 125 rpm
= Rep =
Vp Lp
p
or
Vm
Vp
(2)
10
1
m = 395 rpm
L p m
Lp
=
L m p
Lm
(3)
(We have assumed the viscosities of the sea water and model water are comparable)
Comparing Eqs. 2 and 3
Lm m
Lp
=
Lp p
Lm
Lp
m = p
Lm
m Lp
=
p
Lm
10
m = 125 rpm
1
m = 12500 rpm
Of the two models, the Froude number appears most realistic; at 12,500 rpm serious cavitation will occur. Both flows will likely have
high Reynolds numbers so that the flow becomes independent of Reynolds number; the Froude number is likely to be a good indicator
of static pressure to dynamic pressure for this (although cavitation number would be better).
Problem 7.52
[3]
Problem 7.53
[3]
Problem 7.54
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
From Buckingham
F
2
V D
, V = F ( Re , M)
V D c
= f
For similarity
Rep = Rem
Hence
Rep =
Mp = Mm
and
Vp Dp
p
= Rem =
Vm Dm
m
m D p
Vm = Vp
p D m
From Table A.7 at 68oF
m = 1.08 10
5 ft
p = 1.62 10
4 ft
ft
1.08 10 5
s 10 ft
ft
Vm = 5
2 1
s
4 ft
1.62 10 6 ft
s
Then
Fm
2
m Vm Dm
ft
s
Fp
2
Vm = 20.0
p V p D p
0.00234 slug ft 2
5
3
2
ft s
10 ft
Fp = 0.85 lbf
slug
20 ft 1 ft
1.94
3
s
6
ft
p V p D p
Fp = Fm
m. V 2 D 2
m
m
Fp = 0.231 lbf
Problem 7.55
[2]
Given:
Model of wing
Find:
Model test speed for dynamic similarity; ratio of model to prototype forces
Solution:
We would expect
From Buckingham
F = F ( l , s , V , , )
F
2
V l s
V l , l
= f
m Vm lm
m
where F is the force (lift or drag), l is the chord and s the span
p Vp lp
p
Hence
p lp m
Vm = Vp
m lm p
m = 1.01 10
3 N s
5 N s
p = 1.81 10
1.21 kg
1.01 10 3 N s
3
2
m
m
m 10
Vm = 7.5
kg 1
s
5 N s
998
1.81 10 2
3
m
m
Then
Fm
2
m Vm lm sm
Fp
2
p Vp lp sp
Vm = 5.07
m
s
2
m Vm lm sm
998 5.07
1
1
=
= 3.77
2 l s
7.5
Fp
p
1.21
10
10
p p
Vp
Fm
Problem 7.56
[3]
Problem 7.57
[3]
Given:
Find:
Model flow rate for dynamic similarity (ignoring Re); Power of prototype
Solution:
Q
From Buckingham
Hence
Qm
For dynamic similarity
and
Qp
m Dm
p Dp
m Dm
Qm = Qp
p Dp
m
2000 1
s
800 2
kg
From Table A.10 at 20oC
p = 998
3
m
Pm
Pp
=
3
5
3
5
m m Dm
p p Dp
Qm = 0.4
Then
p p Dp
Pp = Pm
m m
Dm
m
s
m = 1.21
kg
m
800
2
Pp = 75 W
1.21 2000
1
998
Qm = 0.125
Pp = 127 kW
Problem 7.58
Given:
Model of Frisbee
Find:
[2]
Solution:
The functional dependence is F = F ( D , V , , h , , )
From Buckingham
Also
V D D h
= f
,
,
V D
V D
F
m Vm Dm
m
p Vp Dp
m Dm
p Dp
=
Vm
Vp
p D p m
Vm = Vp
m D m p
Vm = 5
Dp Vm
m = p
Dm Vp
4
20
m = 100 rpm
1
5
m
4
( 1) ( 1)
s
1
Vm = 20
m
s
m = 1600 rpm
Problem 7.59
[3]
Problem 7.60
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
From Example 7.2
p
V
, l , e
V D D D
= f
H2O
For dynamic similarity
Oil = 8 10
Oil
2
5 m
so
VH2O =
H2O Oil
H2O
Voil =
VOil
H2O Oil
Oil
H2O = 1.14 10
2
6 m
6 m
1.14 10
Hence
VH2O =
pOil
2
Oil VOil
From Table A.2
s
2
8 10
Then
5 m
m
s
VH2O = 0.0142
m
s
s
2
pH2O
2
H2O VH2O
pH2O =
H2O VH2O
SGOil = 0.92
2
0.0142
1
pH2O =
450 kPa
0.92 1
Oil VOil
pH2O = 98.6 Pa
pOil
Problem 7.61
[3]
Problem 7.62
[3]
Problem 7.63
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
For dynamic similarity
From Wikipedia
Hence for
Vm Dm
m
Vp Dp
m
or
Vm =
Dp
Dm
Vp =
1
V = 0.08 Vp
12.5 p
km
km 1000 m
1 hr
m
= 1.852
= 0.514
hr
hr
km
3600 s
s
m
0.514
s
m
m
Vp = 15 knot = 15 knot
Vp = 7.72
Vm = 0.08 7.72
1 knot
s
s
m
0.514
s
m
m
Vp = 25 knot = 25 knot
Vp = 12.86
Vm = 0.08 12.86
1 knot
s
s
1 knot = 1.852
Vm = 0.618
Vm = 1.03
m
s
m
s
Problem 7.64
[2]
Given:
Find:
Wind tunnel speed and wing frequency; select a better model fluid
Solution:
For dynamic similarity the following dimensionless groups must be the same in the insect and model (these are Reynolds number
and Strouhal number, and can be obtained from a Buckingham analysis)
Vinsect Linsect
air
From Table A.9 (68oF)
Vm Lm
air = 0.00234
slug
ft
insect Linsect
m Lm
=
Vinsect
Vm
air = 1.62 10
insect = 50 Hz
Vinsect = 4
4 ft
s
Linsect
ft
s
Lm
1
10
Linsect m
Linsect
ft
1
ft
Hence in the wind tunnel Vm = Vinsect
= Vinsect
= 4
Vm = 0.4
Lm air
Lm
s 10
s
Vm Linsect
0.4
1
Also
m = insect
= 50 Hz
m = 0.5 Hz
Vinsect Lm
4
10
It is unlikely measurable wing lift can be measured at such a low wing frequency (unless the measured lift was averaged, using
an integrator circuit). Maybe try hot air (200oF) for the model
For hot air try
Hence
Also
hot = 2.4 10
4 ft
Vinsect Linsect
air
m = insect
V
s
Vm Lm
hot
Vm
insect
Linsect
Lm
air = 1.62 10
instead of
4
Linsect hot
ft
1
2.4 10
Vm = Vinsect
= 4
Lm air
s 10 1.62 10 4
= 50 Hz
0.593
4
Hot air does not improve things much. Try modeling in water
w = 1.08 10
Hence
Also
4 ft
1
10
5 ft
Vm Lm
s
Vm = 0.593
ft
s
m = 0.741 Hz
s
5
Linsect w
ft
1 1.08 10
=
Vm = Vinsect
= 4
air
w
Lm air
s 10 1.62 10 4
Vm Linsect
Vm
0.0267 1
m = insect
= insect
Lratio = 50 Hz
Vinsect Lm
Vinsect
4
10
Vinsect Linsect
Vm = 0.0267
ft
s
m = 0.033 Hz
This is even worse! It seems the best bet is hot (very hot) air for the wind tunnel. Alternatively, choose a much smaller wind
tunnel model, e.g., a 2.5 X model would lead to Vm = 1.6 ft/s and m = 8 Hz
Problem 7.65
[3]
Problem 7.66
[2]
Given:
Model of boat
Find:
Solution:
For dynamic similarity
Hence from Eq 2
Using this in Eq 1
Vm Lm
m
Vm
Vp
Vp Lp
(1)
g Lm
g Lp
Vm
g Lm
Vp
Lm
Lp
V m Lm
Lm Lm
Lm
m = p
= p
= p
V p Lp
Lp Lp
Lp
p = 1.3 10
2
6 m
(2)
g Lp
m = 1.3 10
3
2
2
6 m
1
s
5
3
2
m = 1.16 10
2
7m
Problem 7.67
[4]
Problem 7.68
[3]
Given:
Model of automobile
Find:
Factors for kinematic similarity; Model speed; ratio of protype and model drags; minimum pressure for no cavitation
Solution:
For dynamic similarity
m Vm Lm
p Vp Lp
p L p m
Vm = Vp
m L m p
slug
ft
slug
ft
p = 3.79 10
ft
5 lbf s
m = 2.10 10
2
ft
88
Vm = 60 mph
Fm
Then
Hence
For Ca = 0.5
Fp
Fm
= 0.5
0.00234 88 5
=
1.94 29.4 1
so we get
pv = 0.339 psi
Fp
Fm
1
2
pmin = pv + V
4
1.94
so
slug
pmin ptank
1.4
2
2
ptank = pmin +
V = pmin + 0.7 V
2
1
2
V
2
= 0.270
ft
lbf s
1 ft
29.4
3
slug
ft
4
s
12
in
ft
This is the minimum allowable pressure in the water tank; we can use it to find the required tank pressure
pmin = 0.339 psi +
Cp = 1.4 =
ft
s
2
2
m Vm Lm
1
2
V
2
Vm = 29.4
p V p L p
2
pmin pv
Fp
p V p L p
ft
s
0.00234 5 2.10 10
60 mph 1.94 1 3.79 10 7
m Vm Lm
7 lbf s
ft
lbf s
1 ft
29.4
3
slug ft 12 in
s
ft
slug
Problem 7.69
[3]
Problem 7.70
[3]
Problem 7.71
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
For kinematic similarity we need to ensure the geometries of model and prototype are similar, as is the incoming flow field
Fm
CD =
m = 1.21
1
2
m Vm Am
2
kg
p = 1.81 10
5 N s
m
s
1
N s
2
1.21 kg 75 m
kg m
0.1 m
CD = 2 350 N
CD = 1.028
1
2
Fp = p Vp Ap CD
2
Lp
=
= 100
Am
Lm
Ap
with
2
Fp =
m
Vm = 90
km
hr
p Vp Lp
1000 m
1 km
Hence we have
M=
1.40 286.9
Vm
c
250
343
c=
N m
kg K
1 hr
3600 s
10
Vm = 250
m
s
k R T
( 20 + 273) K
= 0.729
Fp = 3.89 kN
p L p m
Lp
Vm = Vp
= Vp
m L m p
Lm
1
kg km 1000 m
1 hr
N s
2
1.21
90
10 m 1.028
3
kg m
2
1 km
3600 s
hr
m
m Vm Lm
Ap = 10 m
kg m
2
s N
c = 343
m
s
Problem 7.72
[4]
Problem 7.73
[3]
Problem 7.74
[2]
[3]
Solution:
V m (m/s)
F m (N)
10
2.2
15
4.8
20
8.7
25
13.3
30
19.6
35
26.5
40
34.5
45
43.8
Fm =
1
2
AmCDVm
Fm = kmVm
or
k m = 0.0219
2
24.3 N/(m/s)
F p = k p V m2
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
137
243
380
547
744
972
1231
1519
50
54.0
F m (N)
50
40
30
20
Model
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
200
250
300
V m (m/s)
F p (kN)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
50
100
150
V p (m/s)
F m (N)
100
y = 0.0219x1.9954
R2 = 0.9999
10
Model
Power Curve Fit
1
10
100
V m (m/s)
F p (kN)
10000
1000
100
10
1
10
100
V p (m/s)
1000
Problem 7.76
[2]
Problem 7.77
CD =
Model:
L=
For water
D
1
V
2
1
1000
1.01E-03
[3]
CD =
D
1
V 2 L2
2
m
3
kg/m
Ns/m2
Wave Drag
V (m/s)
D Wave (N)
3
0
6
0.125
9
0.5
12
1.5
15
3
18
4
20
5.5
2.5E-05
D Friction (N)
0.1
0.35
0.75
1.25
2.75
3.25
2.0E-05
Fr
Re
C D(Wave)
0.958
2.97E+06
0.00E+00
1.916
5.94E+06
6.94E-06
2.873
8.91E+06
1.23E-05
3.831
1.19E+07
2.08E-05
4.789
1.49E+07
2.67E-05
5.747
1.78E+07
2.47E-05
6.386
1.98E+07
2.75E-05
C D(Friction)
2.22E-05
1.94E-05
1.85E-05
1.74E-05
1.78E-05
1.70E-05
1.63E-05
CD 1.5E-05
1.0E-05
5.0E-06
0.0E+00
0
Fr
Ship:
V (knot)
V (m/s)
Fr
Re
L=
15
7.72
0.348
3.82E+08
50
20
10.29
0.465
5.09E+08
D=
1
V 2 L2 C D
2
Friction Drag
3.0E-05
2.5E-05
2.0E-05
CD 1.5E-05
C D(Wave)
C D(Friction)
1.75E-05
1.75E-05
D Wave (N)
D Friction (N)
1303
2316
D Total (N)
1303
2316
1.0E-05
5.0E-06
0.0E+00
0.0.E+00
5.0.E+06
1.0.E+07
1.5.E+07
Re
2.0.E+07
2.5.E+07
[4]
=5
=3
=3
=2
L
-3
t
-1
GROUPS:
p
M
1
L
-1
1:
a =
-1
-2
-2
b =
c =
t
-2
Q
2:
M
0
L
3
a =
b =
c =
0
-1
-3
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
t
-1
3:
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
b =
c =
Hence
1 =
2 D 2
and
2 =
t
0
4:
b =
c =
with 1 = f(2).
D 3
Based on the plotted data, it looks like the relation between 1 and 2 may be parabolic
Hence
Q
Q
= a + b
+ c
D
D 3
D 3
2
The data is
Q (m3/hr)
p (kPa)
0
361
100
349
150
328
200
293
250
230
300
145
325
114
350
59
t
0
=
=
D =
kg/m3
rpm
m
999
750
1
Q /(D 3)
0.00000
0.000354
0.000531
0.000707
0.000884
0.00106
0.00115
0.00124
p /(2D 2)
0.0586
0.0566
0.0532
0.0475
0.0373
0.0235
0.0185
0.00957
0.07
2 2
p /( D )
0.06
0.05
Pump Data
0.04
Parabolic Fit
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
Q /(D 3)
Q
Q
p = 2 D 2 a + b
+ c
D 3
D 3
Finally, data at 500 and 1000 rpm can be calculated and plotted
=
Q (m3/hr)
p (kPa)
rpm
0
159
=
Q (m3/hr)
p (kPa)
500
1000
25
162
50
161
75
156
100
146
150
115
200
68
250
4
25
645
50
649
100
644
175
606
250
531
300
460
350
374
rpm
0
638
p (kPa)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
3
Q (m /hr)
250
300
350
400
Problem 7.79
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
From Buckingham
Q D
= f
,
2 2
D3
Qm
3
hm
then
p Dp
then
and
Pm
Pp = Q h = 1000
From Eq 3
From Eq 1
From Eq 2
Pm
Pp
= 8
Dm
so
Dm
= 2
Qp
Dp
Dm
= 4
hp
Dp
hm
m Dm
Pp
3
p Dp
(1)
(2)
(3)
0.75
m
J
15
= 11.25 kW
s
kg
1 Pm
Dm = Dp
8 Pp
1
5
so
Dm
Qm = Qp 2
Dp
so
Dm
hm = hp 4
Dp
p Dp
Dp
Qm
Pm
and
3
m Dm
Dm
1000 Dm
=
= 8
3
5
5
Pp
500 D 5
p Dp
Dp
p
kg
hp
2
m Dm
Dm
1000 Dm
=
= 4
2
2
2
hp
500 D 2
p Dp
Dp
p
hm
m Dm
m Dm
Dm
1000 Dm
=
=
= 2
Qp
p Dp
500
Dp
Dp
Qm
and
Qp
m Dm
Hence if
Q D
= f
,
3 5
D3
Dm = 0.25 m
1 2.25
8 11.25
m
0.12
2
s
0.25
Qm = 0.75
hm = 15
J
kg
0.12
0.25
1
5
Dm = 0.120 m
Qm = 0.166
hm = 13.8
m
s
J
kg
Problem 7.80
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
There are two problems here: Determine Ft = f1 (D, ,V , , ) and also T = f 2 (D, ,V , , ) . Since is to be ignored, do not
select it as a repeat parameter; instead select D, , as repeats.
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c Ft
n = 6 parameters
Ft
M L
t 2
D
D V
1
t
M
Lt
L
t
M
L3
r = 3 primary dimensions
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
Summing exponents,
b 1 ML
0 0 0
(L ) 2 = M L t
t t
a = 1
Hence
b = 4
c = 2
M
2 = D V = 3
L
M:
a=0
L : 3a + b + 1 = 0
c 1 = 0
t:
b 1 L
= M 0 L0t 0
(L )
t
t
a=0
b = 1
Hence
c = 1
Summing exponents,
M
1 = D Ft = 3
L
M:
a +1 = 0
L : 3a + b + 1 = 0
t:
c2=0
a
Ft
D 4 2
2 =
V
D
M
(L )b 1 M = M 0 L0t 0
3
t Lt
L
3 = a D b c =
1 =
M:
Summing exponents,
L:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2
c 1 = 0
t:
Hence
3 =
c = 1
D 2
1 =
Then
so
or
F
Ft 2 4 1
L 2
L4
t
L
Ft
2
2 = t = [1]
3 = 2L
= [1]
1
Ft
21
L
L
t
L4
t
V
Ft
= f1
,
4 2
2
D
D D
= [1]
1 = f1 ( 2 , 3 )
Ft
V
= g1
4 2
D
D
V
Vm
= p
Dmm D p p
Dm V p
1 400
m =
2000 rpm = 533 rpm
D p Vm
10 150
Ft p
Ft m
(assuming m = p)
=
4 2
Dmm D p4 p2
p =
D p4 p2
10 533
4
Ft p = 4 2 Ft m =
25 lbf = 1.78 10 lbf
Dm m
1
2000
M
4 = D T = 3
L
M:
a +1 = 0
L : 3a + b + 2 = 0
c2=0
t:
a
Summing exponents,
Then
or
b 1 ML
0 0 0
(L ) 2 = M L t
t
t
a = 1
Hence
b = 5
c = 2
4 =
T
D 5 2
V
T
,
= f 2
5 2
2
D
D D
4 = f 2 ( 2 , 3 )
T
V
= g2
5 2
D
D
Tp
Tm
=
5 2
Dmm D 5p p2
D 5p p2
10 533
4
Tp = 5 2 Tm =
7.5 lbf ft = 5.33 10 lbf ft
Dm m
1
2000
Problem 7.81
(see Problem 7.40)
[3]
Problem 7.82
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Given relation
d = D ( We)
V2 D
= D
V 2 D
m m
Dm
dm
=
dp
V 2 D
p p
Dp
Hence
dm
2
5
3
5
1
4
=
dp
10 1
3
5
3
5
2
5
Dm Vm
Dp Vp
6
5
The small scale droplets are 7.5% of the size of the large scale
6
5
dm
dp
= 0.075
Problem 7.83
[2]
Problem 7.84
[3]
Problem 7.85
[3]
Problem 7.86
Given:
Find:
[4]
Solution:
Open-Ended Problem Statement: Frequently one observes a flag on a pole "flapping" in the wind. Explain why this occurs. What
dimensionless parameters might characterize the phenomenon? Why?
Discussion: The natural wind contains significant fluctuations in air speed and direction. These fluctuations tend to disturb the flag
from an initially plane position.
When the flag is bent or curved from the plane position, the flow nearby must follow its contour. Flow over a convex surface tends to
be faster, and have lower pressure, than flow over a concave curved surface. The resulting pressure forces tend to exaggerate the
curvature of the flag. The result is a seemingly random "flapping" motion of the flag.
The rope or chain used to raise the flag may also flap in the wind. It is much more likely to exhibit a periodic motion than the flag
itself. The rope is quite close to the flag pole, where it is influenced by any vortices shed from the pole. If the Reynolds number is
such that periodic vortices are shed from the pole, they will tend to make the rope move with the same frequency. This accounts for
the periodic thump of a rope or clank of a chain against the pole.
The vortex shedding phenomenon is characterized by the Strouhal number, St = fD/V, where f is the vortex shedding frequency, D is
the pole diameter, and D is the wind speed. The Strouhal number is constant at approximately 0.2 over a broad range of Reynolds
numbers.
Problem 7.87
7.2
7.2
Problem 7.87
Problem 8.1
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The governing equations are Re =
The given data is
V D
2
D V
4
Recrit = 2300
Q =
D = 6 in
= 1.62 10
Hence
[1]
Recrit =
or
Q =
Recrit D
4
Q = 2300
D
2
4 ft
1
4 ft
1.62 10
ft
s
4
2
Q = 0.146
ft
s
Llaminar= 69.0 ft
Lmin = 25 D
Lmin = 12.5 ft
Lmax = 20 ft
Lmax = 40 D
Problem 8.2
[2]
Problem 8.3
[3]
Given:
Find:
Flow rate for turbulence in each section; Which become fully developed
Solution:
4 ft
= 1.62 10
L = 5 ft
s
D1 = 1 in
D2 =
1
in
2
D3 =
1
in
4
Recrit = 2300
2
D
4
Then the flow rates for turbulence to begin in each section of pipe are
Re =
Q1 =
Q2 =
Recrit D1
4
Recrit D2
4
or
Q =
Re D
4
Q1 = 2300
1
4 ft
1.62 10
ft
s
4
12
3
Q2 = 0.0122
ft
s
Q3 =
Recrit D3
4
Q1 = 0.0244
ft
s
Q3 = 0.00610
ft
s
Hence, smallest pipe becomes turbulent first, then second, then the largest.
For the smallest pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q3)
For pipe 3
Re3 = 2300
Llaminar = 2.87 ft
Lmin = 25 D3
Lmin = 0.521 ft
Lmax = 0.833 ft
Llaminar = 0.06
Lmax = 40 D3
4 Q3
D1
D 1
Llaminar = 2.87 ft
4 Q3
D2
D 2
Llaminar = 2.87 ft
Llaminar = 0.06
Re2 = 2300
Llaminar = 5.75 ft
Llaminar > L: Fully developed
Lmin = 25 D2
Lmin = 1.04 ft
Lmax = 40 D2
Lmax = 1.67 ft
Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
4 Q2
D1
D 1
L1 = 0.06
L3min = 25 D3
L3min = 0.521 ft
L1 = 5.75 ft
L3max = 40 D3
L3max = 0.833 ft
Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
Re1 = 2300
Llaminar = 11.5 ft
Llaminar > L: Fully developed
Lmin = 25 D1
Lmin = 2.08 ft
Lmax = 40 D1
Lmax = 3.33 ft
Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
L2min = 25 D2
L2min = 1.04 ft
L2max = 40 D2
L2max = 1.67 ft
Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
L3min = 25 D3
L3min = 0.521 ft
L3max = 40 D3
L3max = 0.833 ft
Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
Problem 8.4
[2]
Given:
Find:
Plots of average velocity and volume and mass flow rates for turbulence for air and water
Solution:
From Tables A.8 and A.10
air = 1.23
kg
air = 1.45 10
m
The governing equations are
Re =
V =
V D
w = 999
kg
w = 1.14 10
Recrit = 2300
Recrit
D
5 m
2300 1.45 10
Hence for air
5 m
Vair =
Vair =
D
6 m
2300 1.14 10
For water
Vw =
Q = A V =
Qair =
For water
Qw =
D
2
Vw =
m
0.0334
s
m
0.00262
s
D
Recrit
2
2 Recrit
D V = D
=
D
4
4
D
4
2
5 m
2300 1.45 10
2
6 m
2300 1.14 10
Qair = 0.0262
m
D
s
Qw = 0.00206
m
D
s
Finally, the mass flow rates are obtained from volume flow rates
mair = air Qair
kg
mair = 0.0322
D
m s
mw = w Qw
kg
mw = 2.06
D
m s
6 m
1.23
kg/m3
w =
999
kg/m3
2
air = 1.45E-05 m /s
2
w = 1.14E-06 m /s
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.05
33.350
3.335
0.667
2.62
0.262
D (m)
V w (m/s)
26.2
1.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
Q air (m3/s) 2.62E-06 2.62E-05 2.62E-04 1.31E-03 2.62E-02 6.55E-02 1.31E-01 1.96E-01 2.62E-01
Q w (m3/s) 2.06E-07 2.06E-06 2.06E-05 1.03E-04 2.06E-03 5.15E-03 1.03E-02 1.54E-02 2.06E-02
m air (kg/s) 3.22E-06 3.22E-05 3.22E-04 1.61E-03 3.22E-02 8.05E-02 1.61E-01 2.42E-01 3.22E-01
m w (kg/s) 2.06E-04 2.06E-03 2.06E-02 1.03E-01 2.06E+00 5.14E+00 1.03E+01 1.54E+01 2.06E+01
V (m/s)
1.E+04
1.E+02
Velocity (Air)
Velocity (Water)
1.E+00
1.E-02
1.E-04
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
D (m)
1.E+00
1.E+01
Q (m3/s)
1.E+01
1.E-01
Flow Rate (Air)
Flow Rate (Water)
1.E-03
1.E-05
1.E-07
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
D (m)
m flow (kg/s)
1.E+02
1.E+00
Mass Flow Rate (Air)
Mass Flow Rate (Water)
1.E-02
1.E-04
1.E-06
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
D (m)
1.E+00
1.E+01
Problem 8.5
Problem 8.5
Problem 8.6
[2]
Problem 8.7
[2]
Problem 8.8
[3]
Problem 8.9
[2]
2h
Given:
Find:
y
x
Solution:
du
dy
u ( y) =
2
2
h dp
y
1
2 dx
h
Basic equation
yx =
Then
yx =
y=h
h
2
h b dp
Q = u dA = u b dy =
h
2 dx
h dp 2 y
dp
= y
2
2 dx
dx
h
yx = 1.5 mm
h
1 m
3 N
1.25 10
2
1000 mm
m m
yx = 1.88 Pa
y 2
1 dy
h
Q =
Q
2
1 m
m
3 N
= 1.5 mm
1.25 10 2
b
3
0.5
N s
1000 mm
m m
2 h b dp
3 dx
2
Q
6m
= 5.63 10
b
s
Problem 8.10
[2]
Problem 8.11
[3]
p1
F
Given:
Find:
Solution:
3
Basic equation
Q
a p
=
l
12 L
F
4 F
p = p1 patm =
=
2
A
D
p =
Q =
D a p
12 L
12 in
4
1
4500 lbf
4 in 1 ft
p = 358 psi
= 0.06 0.0209
lbf s
ft
Q =
= 1.25 10
ft
1 ft
lbf 144 in
ft
1
4 in 0.001 in
358 2
2
3
12
12 in
1 ft
1.25 10 lbf s 2 in
in
Check Re:
V =
Re =
Q
Q
=
A
a D
V a
1
1
1
12 in
5 ft
1.25 10
s
.001 in 4 in 1 ft
= 6 10
Re = 0.143
Q = 1.25 10
V =
3 lbf s
10.8
ft
s
= 6.48 10
ft
1 ft
s
0.001 in
s
12 in 6.48 10 4 ft2
4 ft
Re = 0.0184
5 ft
Q = 0.0216
V = 0.143
Vp =
5 ft
1.25 10
1
12 in
in
1 ft
The piston motion is negligible so our assumption of flow between parallel plates is reasonable
ft
s
in
s
Vp = 1.432 10
4 ft
Problem 8.12
[3]
Problem 8.13
[3]
Problem 8.14
[3]
Given:
Hydrostatic bearing
Find:
Solution:
2 x
For a laminar flow (we will verify this assumption later), the pressure gradient is constant
p ( x) = pi 1
W
2
2 x
F = b
pi 1
dx
W
bW
F = pi
2
W =
2 F
pi b
W = 2
2
3
700 10 N
50000 N
m
W = 0.143 m
dp
p
2 p
700 10 N
1
MPa
=
=
= 2
= 9.79
W
2
dx
W
0.143 m
m
m
2
3
Q
h dp
=
l
12 dx
12 Q
l
h =
dp
dx
(Eq. 8.6c)
1
3
6 3
0.15 N s 1 mL 10 m 1 min
2 min m
9.79 106 N
1 mL
60 s
m
Re =
Re =
V D
s
1.6 10
= 1.6 10
3
1 mL 10 m
1 min
min m
1 mL
60 s
h = 1.452 10
Re = 1.04 10
1
3
4m
D Q
h Q
1 Q
=
=
A
bh
l
4
N s
m
h = 12
Check Re:
= 0.15
so flow is very
much laminar
Problem 8.15
[4]
Problem 8.16
Given:
Navier-Stokes Equations
Find:
[2]
Solution:
The Navier-Stokes equations are
u v w
+
+
=0
x y z
1
(5.1c)
2u 2u 2u
u
u
u
p
u
+ u + v + w = g x + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
x
z
y
z
t
x
1
(5.27a)
v v v
v
v
v
p
v
+ u + v + w = g y
+ 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
y
z
y
z
t
x
2
(5.27b)
w w w
w
w
w
p
w
+u
+v
= g z
+w
+ 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x
2
(5.27c)
p
= g
y
which indicates a hydrostatic variation of pressure. In the x direction, after assumption (6) we obtain
Integrating twice
2u p
=0
y 2 x
u=
1 p 2 c1
y + y + c2
2 x
To evaluate the constants, c1 and c2, we must apply the boundary conditions. At y = 0, u = 0. Consequently, c2 = 0. At y = a, u = 0.
Hence
0=
1 p 2 c1
a + a
2 x
which gives
c1 =
1 p
a
2 x
and finally
u=
2
a 2 p y y
2 x a a
Problem 8.17
[5]
Problem 8.18
[5]
Problem 8.19
Given:
Find:
Expression for flow rate; from data determine the type of fluid
[3]
Solution:
n+ 1
n
n h
h p
y
u =
1
k L n + 1 h
1
n
Q = w u dy
h
n+ 1
2 n+ 1
n
n
n
y
1 y
dy = y 1
h
2 n + 1 h
1
n
Q = 2 w u dy
0
2 n+ 1
h p
n h
n
n
Q = 2 w
h 1
( 1)
k L n + 1 2 n + 1
1
n
h p 2 n w h
Q =
k L 2 n + 1
The data is
p (kPa)
Q (L/min)
10
0.451
20
0.759
30
1.01
40
1.15
50
1.41
60
1.57
70
1.66
80
1.85
90
2.05
100
2.25
Q (L/min)
10.0
Data
Power Curve Fit
1.0
y = 0.0974x0.677
R2 = 0.997
0.1
10
Hence
p (kPa)
1/n =
0.677
n =
1.48
100
Problem 8.20
[2]
Problem 8.21
[2]
Problem 8.22
[2]
U1
d
y
x
U2
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Using the analysis of Section 8-2, the sum of forces in the x direction is
dy
dy
dx
dx
+ b dx + p p p + p b dy = 0
y 2
x 2
x 2
y 2
Simplifying
d
dp
=
=0
dy
dx
or
u = c1 y + c2
Boundary conditions:
u ( 0) = U1
Hence
y
u ( y) = U1 + U2 U1
d
c2 = U1
u dy
d u
2
=0
dy
Integrating twice
Q = b d
U2 U1
2
U1 + U2
u ( y = d ) = U2
c1 =
u ( y) = 75 y 0.25
(u in m/s, y in m)
y
Q = b U1 + U2 U1 dx
d
Q
1 m
1
m
= 10 mm
( 0.5 0.25)
b
1000 mm 2
s
Q = 0.00125
m
s
Problem 8.23
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Using the analysis of Section 8-2, the sum of forces in the x direction is
dy dy
dx
dx
+ b dx + p p p + p b dy = 0
x 2
y 2 y 2
x 2
Simplifying
d
dp
=
=0
dy
dx
or
y=0
=0
dy
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields
We need four BCs. Three are obvious
d u
u1 = 0
y = h u1 = u2
u1 = c1 y + c2
y = 2 h
u2 = c3 y + c4
u2 = U
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same
du1
du2
= 2
dy
dy
y=h
c1 h + c2 = c3 h + c4
Hence
0 = c2
c2 = 0
c1 h U = c3 h
and
Hence
1
c1 h U = c3 h = h c1
2
Hence for fluid 1 (we do not need to complete the analysis for fluid 2)
uinterface =
ft
20
s
1 + 1
U = c3 2 h + c4
1 c1 = 2 c3
c1 =
h 1 +
u1 =
h 1 +
1
2
uinterface = 15
ft
s
1 c1 = 2 c3
Problem 8.24
[3]
Given:
Properties of two fluids flowing between parallel plates; applied pressure gradient
Find:
Solution:
Given data
k=
dp
Pa
= 1000
dx
m
1 = 0.5
h = 2.5 mm
N s
2 = 2 1
2 = 1
N s
+ d dy d dy dx dz + p dp dx
dy 2
dy 2
dx 2
Simplifying
d
dp
=
=k
dy
dx
p +
dp dx
dy dz = 0
dx 2
u =k
dy
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields
u1 =
y + c1 y + c2
2 1
u2 =
y + c3 y + c4
2 2
y = h
u1 = 0
(1)
y=0
u1 = u2
(2)
y=h
u2 = 0
(3)
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same
y=0
du1
du2
= 2
dy
dy
(4)
0=
k
2
h c1 h + c2
2 1
c2 = c4
0=
k
2
h + c3 h + c4
2 2
1 c1 = 2 c3
Hence, after some algebra
(
(
k h 2 1
c1 =
2 1 2 + 1
)
)
(
(
k h 2 1
c3 =
2 2 2 + 1
k h
c2 = c4 =
2 + 1
)
)
u1 =
(
(
)
)
2
2 1
k 2
k h
y + y h
2 + 1
2 1
2 + 1
u2 =
(
(
)
)
2
2 1
k 2
k h
y + y h
2 + 1
2 2
2 + 1
uinterface =
k h
2 + 1
uinterface = 4.17 10
3m
The plots of these velocity distributions are shown in the associated Excel workbook, as is the determination of the maximum
velocity.
From Excel
3 m
umax = 4.34 10
The data is
k =
h =
1 =
-1000
2.5
0.5
Pa/m
mm
N.s/m2
2 =
1.0
N.s/m2
-2.50
-2.25
-2.00
0.000
0.979
1.83
NA
NA
NA
-1.75
2.56
NA
y (mm)
-1.50
-1.25
-1.00
-0.75
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
3.17
3.65
4.00
4.23
4.33
4.31
4.17
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.17
4.03
3.83
3.57
3.25
2.86
2.42
1.91
1.33
0.698
0.000
-0.417
4.34
Velocity Distribution Between Parallel Plates
2.5
y (mm)
2.0
1.5
1.0
Lower Velocity
0.5
Upper Velocity
u x 103 (m/s)
0.0
-0.5 0.0
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Problem 8.25
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
a y
y
U y
+
p
2 x a
a
a
2
u=
yx =
(a) For yx = 0 at y = a
0 =
u=
(b) For yx = 0 at y = 0
0 =
u=
U y
U
a
du
U a
y 1
= + p 2
2 a
2 x
dy
a
a
a
p
2 x
2 U
2
a 2 U y
y
2 a
2
a
a
u
y
y
= 2
U
a a
a
p
2 x
2
2 U y
2 a2 a
a
U y
p =
x
y
p =
2 U
2
u
y
=
U a
y /a
y /a (a) u /U (b) u /U
0.0 0.000 0.000
0.1 0.190 0.010
0.2 0.360 0.040
0.3 0.510 0.090
0.4 0.640 0.160
0.5 0.750 0.250
0.6 0.840 0.360
0.7 0.910 0.490
0.8 0.960 0.640
0.9 0.990 0.810
1.0 1.00
1.000
0.50
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.25
0.50
u /U
0.75
1.00
Problem 8.26
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
For a distance R from the center of a disk spinning at speed
V = R
V = 25 mm
1 m
2 rad 1 min
8500 rpm
1000 mm
rev
60 s
V a
V a
=
Re = 22.3
5 m
= 1.45 10
V = 22.3
m
s
m
s
6
0.25 10 m
5 2
s
1.45 10 m
Re = 0.384
5 N s
du
V
=
dy
a
= 1.79 10
m
5 N s
= 1.79 10
22.3
2
s
m
P = A R
P = 1600
P = T
N
2
1
0.25 10
2.5 10
m 25 mm
T = A R
with A = ( 5 mm)
1 m
2 rad 1 min
8500 rpm
1000 mm
rev
60 s
A = 2.5 10
P = 0.890 W
5 2
Problem 8.27
[2]
Problem 8.28
[2]
Problem 8.29
[2]
Given:
Find:
Expression for shear stress; Maximum shear; volume flow rate/mm width; Reynolds number
Solution:
From Example 5.9
u ( y) =
g sin( )
y
hy
2
du
= g sin( ) ( h y)
dy
is a maximum at y = 0
kg
9.81
m
2
N s
kg m
max = 21.3 Pa
h
2
y
g sin( )
Q = u dA = w u ( y) dy = w
h y dy
0
2
0
2
m
4 s
Q
1
kg
m
m
N s
3
= 1.2 1000
9.81 sin( 15 deg) ( 0.007 m )
= 2.18 10
3
2
w
3
1.60 N s kg m
m
s
Q =
g sin( ) w h
3
mm
s
Q
= 217
w
mm
V =
Re =
Q
A
V = 217
w h
mm
V = 31.0
7 mm
mm
s
V h
Re = 1.2 1000
kg
3
m
The flow is definitely laminar
mm
s
31
mm
s
7 mm
m
1 m
1.60 N s 1000 mm
Re = 0.163
Problem 8.30
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Given data
h = 2.5 mm
= 30 deg
1 = 2 10
4 m
2 = 2 1
u =
dy
g sin ( )
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields
u1 =
g sin( ) 2
y + c1 y + c2
2 1
u2 =
g sin( ) 2
y + c3 y + c4
2 2
y=0
u1 = 0
(1)
y=h
u1 = u2
(2)
The third BC comes from the fact that there is no shear stress at the free surface
y = 2 h
du2
=0
dy
(3)
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same
y=h
du1
du2
= 2
dy
dy
g sin ( ) 2
g sin ( ) 2
h + c1 h + c2 =
h + c3 h + c4
2 1
2 2
g sin ( ) 2 h + 2 c3 = 0
g sin ( ) h + 1 c1 = g sin ( ) h + 2 c3
(4)
c1 =
2 g sin ( ) h
1
c2 = 0
c3 =
2 g sin ( ) h
2
2 2 1
c4 = 3 g sin ( ) h
2 1 2
u1 =
g sin ( )
2
4 y h y
2 1
u2 =
g sin ( ) 2 2 1
2
3 h
+ 4 y h y
1
2 2
u2 =
g sin ( ) 2 2 1
2
3 h
+ 4 y h y
1
2 2
g sin ( )
2
4 y h y
2 1
(Note that these result in the same expression if 1 = 2, i.e., if we have one fluid)
Evaluating either velocity at y = h, gives the velocity at the interface
2
uinterface =
3 g h sin ( )
2 1
uinterface = 0.23
m
s
ufreesurface = g h sin ( )
(3 2 + 1)
2 1 2
ufreesurface = 0.268
m
s
h =
2.5
mm
=
30
deg
2
1 = 2.00E-04 m /s
2
2 = 4.00E-04 m /s
0.000
0.250
0.500
0.750
1.000
1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000
2.250
2.500
2.750
3.000
3.250
3.500
3.750
4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000
0.230
0.237
0.244
0.249
0.254
0.259
0.262
0.265
0.267
0.268
0.268
Lower Velocity
Upper Velocity
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
u (m/s)
0.20
0.25
0.30
Problem 8.31
[3]
Given:
Find:
Shear stress on lower plate; Plot shear stress; Flow rate for pressure gradient; Pressure gradient for zero shear; Plot
Solution:
a dp y
y
U y
+
2 dx a
a
a
2
u ( y) =
u = U
For dp/dx = 0
y
a
Q
=
0
l
=
y
U a
u ( y) dy = w U dy =
a
2
0
du
U
=
dy
a
when dp/dx = 0
Q =
1
ft 0.1
5
ft
2
s 12
7 lbf s
= 3.79 10
Q = 0.0208
ft
s
ft
(Table A.9)
ft
2
s 0.1 ft 12 in
= 3.79 10
= 1.58 10
ft
At y = 0.25a, we get
( y = 0.25 a) =
U
dp 1 1
U a dp
+ a =
a
dx 4 2
a 4 dx
lbf
2
2
ft
dp
4 U
ft
12
7 lbf s
4 psi
=
= 4 3.79 10
5
= 0.109
= 7.58 10
2
2
dx
ft
s 0.1 ft
ft
a
ft
0.1
y (in)
0.075
0.05
0.025
110
110
210
310
psi
Problem 8.32
[3]
Given:
Find:
Location and magnitude of maximum velocity; Volume flow in 10 s; Plot velocity and shear stress
Solution:
b dp y
y
U y
+
2 dx b
b
b
2
u ( y) =
du
b dp 2 y 1
1 dp
U
U
=0=
+
=
+
( 2 y b)
2
dy
a
b 2 dx b
b 2 dx
Hence
u = umax
at
y=
U
b
2
dp
b
dx
m
0.0025 m
m
1
3 N s
1.14 10
0.25
2
2
s 0.0025 m 175 N
m
y = 1.90 10
b dp y
y
U y
+
2 dx b
b
b
2
umax =
Hence
y = 1.90 mm
with y = 1.90 mm
m 1.90 1
m
175 N 1.90
2
1.90
+ ( 0.0025 m)
3
3
s 2.5 2
2.5
1.14 10 N s m 2.5
2
umax = 0.25
b
2
2
Q
b dp y
U y
= u ( y) dy = w
+
w 0
2 dx b
b
0
umax = 0.278
Q
w
2
4 m
t = 5.12 10
10 s
Flow = 5.12 10
u
y
b
dp y
y
= +
U
b 2 U dx b
b
2
m
s
y
b dp
U b
dy =
b
12 dx
2
2
Q
1
m
1
m
175 N
3
= 0.25 0.0025 m
( 0.0025 m)
3
3
w
2
s
12
1.14 10 N s m
Flow =
3 N s
y =
= 1.14 10
Q
4 m
= 5.12 10
s
w
m = 5.12 10
3
3 m
m
du
dy
U
b
b dp y
2 1
2 dx b
y/b
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
u/U
1
0.8
y/b
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Problem 8.33
Problem 8.33
Problem 8.34
[4]
Problem 8.35
[3]
Problem 8.36
Given:
Navier-Stokes Equations
Find:
[2]
Solution:
The Navier-Stokes equations are (using the coordinates of Example 8.3, so that x is vertical, y is horizontal)
u v w
+
+
=0
x y z
1
(5.1c)
2u 2u 2u
u
u
u
p
u
+ u + v + w = g x + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
x
z
y
z
t
x
1
(5.27a)
v v v
v
v
v
p
v
+ u + v + w = g y
+ 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
y
z
y
z
t
x
2
(5.27b)
w w w
w
w
w
p
w
+u
+v
= g z
+w
+ 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x
2
(5.27c)
p
=0
y
which indicates the pressure is a constant across the layer. However, at the free surface p = patm = constant. Hence we conclude that p
= constant throughout the fluid, and so
p
=0
x
2u
+ g = 0
y 2
Integrating twice
u=
c
1
gy 2 + 1 y + c2
2
To evaluate the constants, c1 and c2, we must apply the boundary conditions. At y = 0, u = 0. Consequently, c2 = 0. At y = a, du/dy =
0 (we assume air friction is negligible). Hence
(y = ) =
which gives
du
dy
=
y =
g +
c1
=0
c1 = g
and finally
u=
2
g
g 2 y 1 y
1
gy 2 +
y=
2
Problem 8.37
[4]
Problem 8.38
[4]
Problem 8.39
[5]
Solution:
0.0%
7.30%
14.1%
20.3%
25.7%
30.0%
32.7%
33.2%
30.0%
20.8%
0.0%
q
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
For the maximum efficiency point we can use Solver (or alternatively differentiate)
q
0.333
33.3%
The efficiency is zero at zero flow rate because there is no output at all
The efficiency is zero at maximum flow rate p = 0 so there is no output
The efficiency must therefore peak somewhere between these extremes
0.50
Problem 8.41
[5]
Problem 8.42
Problem 8.42
Problem 8.43
Problem 2.59
[5]
Problem 8.44
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
D = 50 mm
= 0.1
N s
m
I = 0.055 kg m
i = 60 rpm
f = 10 rpm
I = Torque = A
L = 1 m
= 1 mm
D
2
where is the angular acceleration and is the viscous stress, and A = D L is the surface area of the bearing
=
U
D
=
d
D
D
D L
=
D L =
4
dt
2
2
Hence
I = I
Separating variables
d
D L
=
dt
4 I
( t) = i e
D L
t
4 I
3
so
t =
4 I
3
D L
ln
f = i e
t = 10 s
D L
t
4 I
Problem 8.45
[2]
Problem 8.46
[2]
Problem 8.47
[2]
p1 D
F
L
Given:
Hyperdermic needle
Find:
Solution:
4
p d
128 L
Basic equation
Q =
F
4 F
p = p1 patm =
=
2
A
D
(Eq. 8.13c; we assume laminar flow and verify this is correct after solving)
12 in
4
1
7.5 lbf
1 ft
0.375
in
5 lbf s
H2O = 2.1 10
2
ft
p =
At 68oF, from Table A.7
p = 67.9 psi
= 5 H2O
V =
lbf 144 in
1 ft
ft
1
12 in
67.9
0.005 in
2
2
4
128
12
in
1
in
1 ft
1.05 10 lbf s
1 ft
in
Q = 8.27 10
Check Re:
4 lbf s
ft
Q =
= 1.05 10
7 ft
Q
Q
=
2
A
d
V d
Re =
Re = 1.94
Q = 1.43 10
s
3
3
3 in
1
4
7 ft
12 in
8.27 10
s .005 in
1 ft
V =
Q = 0.0857
V = 6.07
in
min
ft
s
= 1.94
slug
ft
slug
ft
6.07
ft
s
0.005 in
1 ft
12 in
ft
1.05 10
lbf s
slug ft
2
s lbf
Re = 46.7
Flow is laminar
Problem 8.48
[3]
Given:
Data on a tube
Find:
"Resistance" of tube; maximum flow rate and pressure difference for which electrical analogy
holds for (a) kerosine and (b) castor oil
Solution:
L = 100 mm
D = 0.3 mm
3 N s
= 1.1 10
= 0.82 990
Castor oil:
= 0.25
N s
m
kg
= 2.11 990
kg
m
V = R I
= 812
kg
m
= 2090
kg
m
(1)
The governing equation for the flow rate for laminar flow in a tube is Eq. 8.13c
4
Q =
or
p D
128 L
128 L
p =
(2)
128 L
D
The "resistance" of a tube is directly proportional to fluid viscosity and pipe length, and strongly dependent on the inverse of
diameter
The analogy is only valid for
Re < 2300
Q
2
D
4
or
V D
< 2300
or
Qmax =
D
< 2300
2300 D
4
The corresponding maximum pressure gradient is then obtained from Eq. (2)
pmax =
128 L
D
Qmax = 7.34 10
Qmax = 6.49 10
Qmax =
3
7m
3
5m
32 2300 L
D
The analogy fails when Re > 2300 because the flow becomes turbulent, and "resistance" to flow is then no longer linear with
flow rate
Problem 8.49
[4]
Problem 8.50
[4]
Problem 8.51
Problem 8.51
Problem 8.52
Problem 8.52
Problem 8.53
Problem 8.52
[4]
Problem 8.54
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
D = 0.2 in
Given data
L = 50 ft
p = 1 psi
1 = 0.02
lbf s
ft
2 = 0.03
lbf s
ft
From Section 8-3 for flow in a pipe, Eq. 8.11 can be applied to either fluid
u=
2
r c1
p + ln ( r) + c2
4 x
2
p c1
r
+
ln ( r) + c2
4 1 L
1
r=
u2 =
D
2
2
p c3
r
+
ln ( r) + c4
4 2 L
2
u2 = 0
(1)
r=
D
4
u1 = u2
(2)
The third BC comes from the fact that the axis is a line of symmetry
du1
r=0
dr
=0
(3)
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same
r=
D
4
(4)
D
2 p + c3 ln D + c = 0
4
4 2 L
2 2
D
D
c1
4
p
D
4 p + c3 ln D + c
+
ln + c2 =
4
4 1 L
4 2 L
1 4
2 4
c1
=0
r 0 1 r
D p 4 c1
D p 4 c3
+
=
+
8 L
D
8 L
D
lim
du1
du2
= 2
dr
dr
2
D p 2 + 3 1
c2 =
1 2
64 L
c3 = 0
2 D 2 (2 + 3 1)
u1 ( r) =
r
4 2
4 1 L
2
D p
c4 =
16 L 2
(Note that these result in the same expression if 1 = 2, i.e., if we have one fluid)
u2 ( r) =
2
D
4 2 L
uinterface =
3 D p
64 2 L
uinterface =
3 0.2
ft
1
lbf 144 in
ft 1
2
2
0.03 lbf s 50 ft
64 12
in 1 ft
uinterface = 1.25 10
3 ft
D p 2 + 3 1
umax =
64 1 2 L
umax =
1 0.2
lbf 0.03 + 3 0.02 ft 1
ft 1
2
64 12
0.02 0.03 lbf s 50 ft
in
umax = 1.88 10
0.1
Inner fluid
Outer fluid
r (in)
0.075
0.05
0.025
510
110
Velocity (ft/s)
1.510
210
3 ft
Problem 8.55
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation
(Eq. 4.18a)
p1
D
D
+ w D L p2
=0
4
4
or
1
1 m
1
3 N
w = 35 10
150 mm
2
4
1000 mm 10 m
m
Since w is negative it acts to the left on the fluid, to the right on the pipe wall
w =
(p2 p1) D
4 L
w = 131 Pa
p D
4 L
Problem 8.56
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation
(Eq. 4.18a)
D
p1
4
Second, solve for when flow is occuring:
Fglue =
p1
D
D
+ w D L p2
=0
4
4
Here p1 is again the tank pressure and p2 is the pressure at the pipe exit; the pipe exit pressure is patm = 0 kPa gage. Hence
2
Fpipe = Fglue = w D L =
D
p1
4
We conclude that in each case the force on the glue is the same! When the cap is on the glue has to withstand the tank pressure;
when the cap is off, the glue has to hold the pipe in place against the friction of the fluid on the pipe, which is equal in magnitude to the
pressure drop.
2
Fglue =
1 m
3 N
2.5 cm
250 10 2
4
100 cm
m
Fglue = 123 N
Problem 8.57
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation
(Eq. 4.18a)
1
lbf 144 in
w = 1
2
2
2
ft
in
1 in
W H
w = p2 p1
2 ( W + H) L
or
w = p
H
L
2 1 +
1 ft
1 ft
9.5 in
12 in
1 +
30 ft
12 in
30 ft
Since w < 0, it acts to the left on the fluid, to the right on the channel wall
w = 0.195
lbf
ft
w = 1.35 10
W
psi
Problem 8.58
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Given data
p1 = 4.5
kPa
m
p2 = 11
kPa
m
D = 30 mm
D
p
4 x 1
w1 = 33.8 Pa
w2 =
D
p
4 x 2
w2 = 82.5 Pa
Because both flows are at the same nominal flow rate, the higher pressure drop must correspond to the turbulent flow,
because, as indicated in Section 8-4, turbulent flows experience additional stresses. Also indicated in Section 8-4 is that
for both flows the shear stress varies from zero at the centerline to the maximums computed above at the walls.
The stress distributions are linear in both cases: Maximum at the walls and zero at the centerline.
Problem 8.59
[3]
Problem 8.60
[3]
Problem 8.61
[3]
u/U
0.996
0.981
0.963
0.937
0.907
0.866
0.831
0.792
0.742
0.700
0.650
0.619
0.551
y/R
0.898
0.794
0.691
0.588
0.486
0.383
0.280
0.216
0.154
0.093
0.062
0.037
u/U
0.997
0.998
0.975
0.959
0.934
0.908
0.874
0.847
0.818
0.771
0.736
0.690
Equation 8.22 is
u/U
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.10
1.00
y/R
Re = 50,000
Re = 500,000
At Re = 500,000
Hence
1/n = 0.161
n = 6.21
Hence
1/n = 0.117
n = 8.55
Problem 8.62
[3]
Problem 8.63
Problem 8.63
Problem 8.64
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic Equation: The kinetic energy coefficient, is given by
V 3dA
(8.26b)
m& V 2
2
2
y 3 y
u = umax 1
= V 1
a 2 a
2
2
since
3
umax = V .
2
Substituting
V 3dA
m& V 2
u 3dA
V AV 2
1 u
1
= dA =
A AV
wa
a
2
a
2
2 u
u
a V wdy = a 0 V dy
Then
3
3
31
1
3
2 a u umax y 3
=
= (1 2 ) d
d
a
a 2 0 umax V
2 0
2
where =
y
a
2
Evaluating,
(1 )
2 3
= 1 3 2 + 3 4 6
3
=
2
31
3
0 (1 3 + 3 )d = 2
2
3 5 1 7 27 16
3
+ 5 7 = 8 35 = 1.54
0
Problem 8.65
[3]
Problem 8.66
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Equation 8.26b is
V dA
mrate Vav
where V is the velocity, mrate is the mass flow rate and Vav is the average velocity
1
n
V = U 1
mrate = R Vav
R
2.
r
3
3
V dA = 2 r U 1 dr
2 2 3
n
2 r U3 1 r dr = 2 R n U
( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n)
R
0
r
To integrate substitute
m = 1
Then
r = R ( 1 m)
R
dm =
dr
R
dr = R dm
0
3
n
2 r U3 1 r dr = 2 R ( 1 m) m n R dm
1
R
0
Hence
3
3
+1
3
n
n
V dA = 2 R m m
R dm
0
2 2
3
2 R n U
3
V
d
A
=
( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n)
V dA
2 2
2 R n U
( 3+ n) ( 3+ 2 n)
=
2
2
3
mrate Vav
R Vav
2 n
U
=
Vav ( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n)
( )
Vav
U
(Eq. 8.23)
2 n
( n + 1) ( 2 n + 1)
ReVav =
Vav
U
3
(Eq. 8.24)
ReU
2
2 n
U
=
Vav ( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n)
(Eq. 8.27)
A value of ReU leads to a value for n; this leads to a value for Vav/U; these lead to a value for ReVav and
The plots of , and the error in assuming = 1, versus ReVav are shown in the associated Excel workbook
Re U
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
2.50E+06
5.00E+06
7.50E+06
1.00E+07
n
5.50
6.22
6.76
7.08
7.30
8.02
8.56
8.88
9.10
9.82
10.4
10.7
10.9
V av/U
0.776
0.797
0.811
0.818
0.823
0.837
0.846
0.851
0.854
0.864
0.870
0.873
0.876
Re Vav
7.76E+03
1.99E+04
4.06E+04
6.14E+04
8.23E+04
2.09E+05
4.23E+05
6.38E+05
8.54E+05
2.16E+06
4.35E+06
6.55E+06
8.76E+06
1.09
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
Error
8.2%
6.7%
5.9%
5.4%
5.1%
4.4%
3.9%
3.7%
3.5%
3.1%
2.8%
2.6%
2.5%
1.08
1.05
1.03
1.00
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+06
1E+07
Re Vav
Error in assuming = 1
vs Reynolds Number
Error
10.0%
7.5%
5.0%
2.5%
0.0%
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
Re Vav
Problem 8.67
Given:
Find:
Head loss
[2]
Solution:
2
2
p
V1
V2
p2
hlT
1
Basic equation
+
+ z1
+
+ z2 =
= HlT
2 g
2 g
g
g
g
Then
p1 p2 V1 V2
HlT =
+
+ z1 z2
2 g
g
3
2
2
2
m
kg m
s
1
s
3 N
2
2 m
+ 1.75 3.5
+ ( 2.25 3) m
2 1000 kg
2
9.81 m 2
s 9.81 m
HlT = ( 70 45) 10
In terms of energy/mass
s N
hlT = g HlT
hlT = 9.81
m
2
HlT = 1.33 m
1.33 m
N s
kg m
hlT = 13.0
N m
kg
Problem 8.68
[2]
Given:
Find:
Head loss for horizontal pipe; inlet pressure for different alignments; slope for gravity feed
Solution:
Given or available data
D = 50 mm
= 1000
kg
m
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+ 1 2 + g z1 + 2 2 + g z2 = hlT
(8.29)
p1 = 588 kPa
p2 = 0 kPa
(Gage pressures)
z1 = z2
V1 = V2
hlT =
p1 p2
hlT = 588
J
kg
For an inclined pipe with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data
z1 = 0 m
Equation 8.29 becomes
z2 = 25 m
p1 = p2 + g z2 z1 + hlT
p1 = 833 kPa
For a declining pipe with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data
z1 = 0 m
Equation 8.29 becomes
z2 = 25 m
p1 = p2 + g z2 z1 + hlT
p1 = 343 kPa
For a gravity feed with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data
p1 = 0 kPa
Equation 8.29 becomes
hlT
z2 = z1
g
(Gage)
z2 = 60 m
Problem 8.69
Given:
Find:
Inlet velocity
Solution:
Basic equation
[2]
2
2
p
p
h
V1
V2
1
2
lT
+
+
z
+
z
g
1 g
2 = g = HlT
2
g
2
Then
V2 V1 = 2 V1
V1 = 3 V1 =
2 p1 p2
+ 2 g z1 z2 2 g HlT
V1 =
2 p1 p2
+ g z1 z2 g HlT
V1 =
2
m
kg m 9.81 m
m
3 N
50 10
+
( 2) m 9.81 1 m
2 1000 kg
2
2
2
3
m
s N
s
s
V1 = 3.70
m
s
Problem 8.70
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation from Example 8.7
V2 =
2 g z1 z2
L + 8 + 1
where
L = 680 ft
V2 = 8.97
V2 =
D = 4 in
ft
s
2 32.2
z1 z2 = 80 ft
80 ft
0.04
680
4
12
+ 8 + 1
V2 = 7.88
ft
s
Hence
Q = V2 A = V2
D
4
Q = 7.88
ft 4
7.48 gal 60 s
ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
Q = 309 gpm
(From Table G.2 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal)
Problem 8.71
[2]
Given:
Increased friction factor for water tower flow, and reduced length
Find:
Solution:
Basic equation from Example 8.7
V2 =
2 g z1 z2
L + 8 + 1
L = 380 ft
V2 =
2 32.2
D = 4 in
ft
2
80 ft
z1 z2 = 80 ft
1
0.04
380
4
12
+ 8 + 1
V2 = 10.5
ft
s
Hence
Q = V2 A = V2
D
4
Q = 10.5
ft 4
7.48 gal 60 s
ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
Q = 411 gpm
(From Table G.2 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal)
Problem 8.72
Given:
Find:
Head loss
Solution:
Basic equation
[2]
2
2
p
h
p
V1
V2
lT
1
2
+
+ z1
+
+ z2 =
= HlT
g
g
g
2
g
g
oil
oil
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) SG = 0.9 (Table A.2)
Then
HlT =
p1 p2
SGoil H2O g
+ z1 z2
3
2
1
m
kg m
s
3 N
+ ( 45 115) m
2 0.9 1000 kg
2
9.81 m
In terms of energy/mass
hlT = g HlT
HlT = 825 m
s N
hlT = 9.81
m
2
825 m
N s
kg m
hlT = 8.09
kN m
kg
Problem 8.73
[2]
Problem 8.74
[2]
Problem 8.75
[2]
Problem 8.76
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
h
V3
V4
3
4
lT
g + 2 g + z3 g + 2 g + z4 = g = HlT
2
2
p
p
h
V3
V2
3
2
pump
= Hpump for flow from 2 to 3
g + 2 g + z3 g + 2 g + z2 =
g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) V2 = V3 = V4 (constant area pipe)
Then for the pump
Hpump =
p3 p2
g
3
2
m
kg m
s
3 N
2 1000 kg
2
9.81 m
N s
kg m
hpump = 300
3
2
m
kg m
s
3 N
+ ( 0 35) m
2 1000 kg
2
9.81 m
HlT = 10.9 m
hpump = g Hpump
hpump = 9.81
m
2
30.6 m
s
For the head loss from 3 to 4
HlT =
p3 p4
g
hlT = g HlT
N m
kg
+ z3 z4
HlT = ( 450 0) 10
In terms of energy/mass
Hpump = 30.6 m
s N
s N
hlT = 9.81
m
2
10.9 m
N s
kg m
hlT = 107
N m
kg
Problem 8.77
[2]
Problem 8.78
[2]
Problem 8.79
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Given data
D = 75 mm
From Appendix A
= 1000
p
Pa
= 0.075
L
m
kg
m
= 4 10
kg
mrate = 0.075
s
4 N s
The governing equations between inlet (1) and exit (2) are
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z
1 2
1
2 2
2 = hl
(8.29)
hl = f
L V
D 2
V1 = V2 = V
f =
2 D
L V
(p1 p2)
mrate
V =
Hence
f =
Re =
(8.34)
2
D
4
2 D p
2 L
V
V D
2 D p
2 L
V
V = 0.017
m
s
f = 0.0390
Re = 3183
Problem 8.80
[3]
Solution:
Using the add-in function Friction factor from the web site
e/D =
Re
500
1.00E+03
1.50E+03
2.30E+03
1.00E+04
1.50E+04
1.00E+05
1.50E+05
1.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+07
1.50E+07
1.00E+08
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0489
0.0338
0.0313
0.0251
0.0246
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0234
0.0234
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0512
0.0376
0.0356
0.0313
0.0310
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0549
0.0431
0.0415
0.0385
0.0383
0.0380
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0619
0.0523
0.0511
0.0490
0.0489
0.0487
0.0487
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0747
0.0672
0.0664
0.0649
0.0648
0.0647
0.0647
0.0647
0.0647
0.0647
f
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0473
0.0309
0.0278
0.0180
0.0166
0.0116
0.0109
0.0081
0.0076
0.0059
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0474
0.0310
0.0280
0.0185
0.0172
0.0134
0.0130
0.0122
0.0121
0.0120
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0474
0.0312
0.0282
0.0190
0.0178
0.0147
0.0144
0.0138
0.0138
0.0137
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0477
0.0316
0.0287
0.0203
0.0194
0.0172
0.0170
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0481
0.0324
0.0296
0.0222
0.0214
0.0199
0.0198
0.0197
0.0197
0.0196
0.100
e/D =
0.010
0.001
1.0E+02
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.04
Re
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
Problem 8.81
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.0327
0.0270
0.0242
0.0230
0.0223
0.0209
0.0204
0.0201
0.0200
0.0197
0.0197
0.0196
0.0196
0.0342
0.0291
0.0268
0.0258
0.0253
0.0243
0.0239
0.0238
0.0237
0.0235
0.0235
0.0234
0.0234
0.0383
0.0342
0.0325
0.0319
0.0316
0.0309
0.0307
0.0306
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0440
0.0407
0.0395
0.0390
0.0388
0.0383
0.0381
0.0380
0.0380
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0534
0.0508
0.0498
0.0494
0.0493
0.0489
0.0488
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0750
0.0731
0.0724
0.0721
0.0720
0.0717
0.0717
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.0338
0.0288
0.0265
0.0256
0.0251
0.0241
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0234
0.0234
0.0376
0.0337
0.0322
0.0316
0.0313
0.0308
0.0306
0.0305
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0431
0.0402
0.0391
0.0387
0.0385
0.0381
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0523
0.0502
0.0494
0.0492
0.0490
0.0488
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0738
0.0725
0.0720
0.0719
0.0718
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
f0
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.0310
0.0244
0.0208
0.0190
0.0179
0.0149
0.0131
0.0122
0.0116
0.0090
0.0081
0.0066
0.0060
0.0311
0.0247
0.0212
0.0195
0.0185
0.0158
0.0145
0.0139
0.0135
0.0124
0.0122
0.0120
0.0120
0.0313
0.0250
0.0216
0.0200
0.0190
0.0167
0.0155
0.0150
0.0148
0.0140
0.0139
0.0138
0.0137
0.0318
0.0258
0.0226
0.0212
0.0204
0.0186
0.0178
0.0175
0.0173
0.0168
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
f
0.0309
0.0245
0.0209
0.0191
0.0180
0.0150
0.0132
0.0122
0.0116
0.0090
0.0081
0.0065
0.0059
0.0310
0.0248
0.0212
0.0196
0.0185
0.0158
0.0144
0.0138
0.0134
0.0123
0.0122
0.0120
0.0120
0.0312
0.0250
0.0216
0.0200
0.0190
0.0166
0.0154
0.0150
0.0147
0.0139
0.0138
0.0138
0.0137
0.0316
0.0257
0.0226
0.0212
0.0203
0.0185
0.0177
0.0174
0.0172
0.0168
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
0.0324
0.0268
0.0240
0.0228
0.0222
0.0208
0.0202
0.0200
0.0199
0.0197
0.0197
0.0196
0.0196
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.29%
0.39%
0.63%
0.69%
0.71%
0.65%
0.52%
0.41%
0.33%
0.22%
0.49%
1.15%
1.44%
0.36%
0.24%
0.39%
0.38%
0.33%
0.04%
0.26%
0.41%
0.49%
0.51%
0.39%
0.15%
0.09%
0.43%
0.11%
0.19%
0.13%
0.06%
0.28%
0.51%
0.58%
0.60%
0.39%
0.27%
0.09%
0.06%
0.61%
0.21%
0.25%
0.35%
0.43%
0.64%
0.64%
0.59%
0.54%
0.24%
0.15%
0.05%
0.03%
Error (%)
0.88%
1.27%
0.60%
1.04%
0.67%
1.00%
0.73%
0.95%
0.76%
0.90%
0.72%
0.66%
0.59%
0.47%
0.50%
0.37%
0.43%
0.31%
0.16%
0.10%
0.10%
0.06%
0.03%
0.02%
0.02%
0.01%
1.86%
1.42%
1.11%
0.93%
0.81%
0.48%
0.31%
0.23%
0.19%
0.06%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
2.12%
1.41%
0.98%
0.77%
0.64%
0.35%
0.21%
0.15%
0.12%
0.03%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
2.08%
1.21%
0.77%
0.58%
0.47%
0.24%
0.14%
0.10%
0.08%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
1.68%
0.87%
0.52%
0.38%
0.30%
0.14%
0.08%
0.06%
0.05%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
0.100
f0
0.010
0.001
1E+04
e/D = 0
e/D = 0.0001
e/D = 0.0002
e/D = 0.0005
e/D = 0.001
e/D = 0.002
e/D = 0.005
e/D = 0.01
e/D = 0.02
e/D = 0.05
1E+05
1E+06
Re
1E+07
1E+08
Problem 8.82
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.0322
0.0265
0.0237
0.0226
0.0220
0.0207
0.0202
0.0200
0.0199
0.0197
0.0197
0.0197
0.0197
0.0335
0.0285
0.0263
0.0254
0.0250
0.0241
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0235
0.0235
0.0235
0.0374
0.0336
0.0321
0.0316
0.0313
0.0308
0.0306
0.0305
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0430
0.0401
0.0391
0.0387
0.0385
0.0382
0.0381
0.0381
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0524
0.0502
0.0495
0.0492
0.0491
0.0489
0.0488
0.0488
0.0488
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0741
0.0727
0.0722
0.0720
0.0719
0.0718
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.0338
0.0288
0.0265
0.0256
0.0251
0.0241
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0234
0.0234
0.0376
0.0337
0.0322
0.0316
0.0313
0.0308
0.0306
0.0305
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0431
0.0402
0.0391
0.0387
0.0385
0.0381
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0523
0.0502
0.0494
0.0492
0.0490
0.0488
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0738
0.0725
0.0720
0.0719
0.0718
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
f0
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.0309
0.0244
0.0207
0.0189
0.0178
0.0148
0.0131
0.0122
0.0116
0.0090
0.0081
0.0066
0.0060
0.0310
0.0245
0.0210
0.0193
0.0183
0.0156
0.0143
0.0137
0.0133
0.0123
0.0122
0.0120
0.0120
0.0311
0.0248
0.0213
0.0197
0.0187
0.0164
0.0153
0.0148
0.0146
0.0139
0.0139
0.0138
0.0138
0.0315
0.0254
0.0223
0.0209
0.0201
0.0183
0.0176
0.0173
0.0172
0.0168
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
f
0.0309
0.0245
0.0209
0.0191
0.0180
0.0150
0.0132
0.0122
0.0116
0.0090
0.0081
0.0065
0.0059
0.0310
0.0248
0.0212
0.0196
0.0185
0.0158
0.0144
0.0138
0.0134
0.0123
0.0122
0.0120
0.0120
0.0312
0.0250
0.0216
0.0200
0.0190
0.0166
0.0154
0.0150
0.0147
0.0139
0.0138
0.0138
0.0137
0.0316
0.0257
0.0226
0.0212
0.0203
0.0185
0.0177
0.0174
0.0172
0.0168
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
0.0324
0.0268
0.0240
0.0228
0.0222
0.0208
0.0202
0.0200
0.0199
0.0197
0.0197
0.0196
0.0196
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.01%
0.63%
0.85%
0.90%
0.92%
0.84%
0.70%
0.59%
0.50%
0.07%
0.35%
1.02%
1.31%
0.15%
0.88%
1.19%
1.30%
1.34%
1.33%
1.16%
0.99%
0.86%
0.17%
0.00%
0.16%
0.18%
0.26%
1.02%
1.32%
1.40%
1.42%
1.25%
0.93%
0.72%
0.57%
0.01%
0.09%
0.18%
0.19%
0.46%
1.20%
1.38%
1.35%
1.28%
0.85%
0.48%
0.30%
0.20%
0.11%
0.15%
0.19%
0.20%
Error (%)
0.64%
0.73%
1.22%
1.03%
1.21%
0.84%
1.07%
0.65%
0.94%
0.52%
0.47%
0.16%
0.19%
0.00%
0.07%
0.07%
0.01%
0.10%
0.15%
0.18%
0.18%
0.19%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.55%
0.51%
0.28%
0.16%
0.09%
0.07%
0.13%
0.16%
0.17%
0.19%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.19%
0.11%
0.00%
0.06%
0.09%
0.15%
0.18%
0.18%
0.19%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.17%
0.14%
0.16%
0.17%
0.18%
0.19%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.43%
0.29%
0.24%
0.23%
0.22%
0.21%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.100
f
0.010
0.001
1E+04
e/D = 0
e/D = 0.0001
e/D = 0.0002
e/D = 0.0005
e/D = 0.001
e/D = 0.002
e/D = 0.005
e/D = 0.01
e/D = 0.02
e/D = 0.05
1E+05
1E+06
Re
1E+07
1E+08
Problem 8.83
[2]
Problem 8.84
[2]
Problem 8.85
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hlm
2
2
Basic equations
hlm = K
V2
Q = V A
2
D2
2.5
=
For an included angle of 120 and an area ratio
= = 0.25 we find from Table 8.3K = 0.27
A1
5
D1
2
2
2
p
V2
1 V1 p2 V2
4 Q
Hence the energy equation becomes
with
+
V1 =
+ 2 = K 2
2
A2
V2 =
4 Q
2
D 2
8 Q ( 1 + K)
2
2
p2 = p1 ( 1 + K) V2 V1 = p2
2
4
4
2
D2
D1
2
3
3
8
kg 0.003 mm 1 m
3 N
p2 = 200 10
1000
( 1 + 0.27)
2
2
3
s
1000 mm
p2 = 200 kPa
1
( 0.025 m)
N s
4 kg m
( 0.05 m)
1
Repeating the above analysis for an included angle of 180o (sudden contraction) K = 0.41
2
3
3
8
kg 0.003 mm 1 m
3 N
p2 = 200 10
1000
( 1 + 0.41)
2
2
3
s
1000 mm
p2 = 200 kPa
N s
4
4 kg m
( 0.025 m)
( 0.05 m)
1
The flow rate has a typo: it is much too small, and should be Q = 0.003
2
3
8
kg 0.003 m
3 N
( 1 + 0.27)
p2 = 200 10
1000
2
2
3
s
m
s
Q = 0.003
not
1
( 0.025 m)
p2 = 177 kPa
K = 0.41
1
( 0.025 m)
N s
4 kg m
( 0.05 m)
1
Repeating the above analysis for an included angle of 180o (sudden contraction)
2
3
8
kg 0.003 m
3 N
( 1 + 0.41)
p2 = 200 10
1000
2
2
3
s
mm
s
N s
4
kg m
( 0.05 m)
1
p2 = 175 kPa
Problem 8.86
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
Basic equations
+
+ g z1
+
+ g z2 = hlm
2
2
hlm = K
V1
Q = V A
p = H2O g h
A1
From continuity V2 = V1
= V1 AR
A2
Hence
2
2
2
2
p
V1
1 V1 p2 V1 AR
+ 2 +
= K 2
2
2 p2 p1
2
D1
75 = 0.111
AR =
=
225
D2
Solving for V1
V1 =
Also
kg
m
5
N s
p2 p1 = H2O g h = 1000
9.81
m
= 49.1 Pa
3
2 1000
kg m
m
s
Hence
V1 =
1 AR K
K = 0.8
2 49.1
1.23 kg
(1 0.111
Q = V1 A1 =
D 1
4
V1
Q =
0.8
kg m
2
N s
V1 = 20.6
m
s
75
m
m 20.6
s
1000
Q = 0.0910
m
s
Q = 5.46
m
min
Problem 8.87
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
Basic equations
+
+ g z1
+
+ g z2 = hlm
2
2
hlm = K
V2
Q = V A
A2
From continuity V1 = V2
= V2 AR
A1
Hence
2
2
2
2
p
V2
1 V2 AR p2 V2
+
+ 2 = K 2
2
Solving for V2
V2 =
Hence
V2 =
2 p1 p2
1 AR + K
2 0.5
lbf
2
D 2
4
V2
V2 = 7.45
1
ft
Q =
ft 7.45
4 12
s
K = 0.4
12 in
ft
1
slug ft
2
2
1.94
slug
1
ft
1 0.25 + 0.4
lbf s
in
Q = V2 A2 =
2
D2
1
AR =
= = 0.25
2
D1
ft
Q = 0.0406
s
ft
s
3
ft
Q = 2.44
min
Q = 18.2 gpm
Problem 8.88
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Given data
D1 = 400 mm
D2 = 200 mm
The governing equations between inlet (1) and exit (2) are
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z
1 2
1
2 2
2 = hl
where
hl = K
V2
(8.40a)
+ K
2
2
2
2
2
D = V2 D2 = Q
4 1
4
V1
or
D1
V 2 = V 1
D2
so
2
4
V1 D1
p =
(
1
+
K
)
1
D
2
2
Hence
(8.29)
2
4
V1 D1
g h =
(
1
+
K
)
1
D
2
2
D1
g h =
( 1 + K) 1
2
2
D
D 2 2
1
4
or
D 4
1
g h =
( 1 + K) 1
2
4 D
D1 2
Q = k h
8 Q
g D1
where
k=
D2
AR =
D1
K = 0.4
D 4
1
(
1
+
K
)
1
8
D
AR = 0.25
Using this in the expression for k, with the other given values
2
k=
g D1
D
1
( 1 + K) 1
D2
5
2
= 0.12
m
s
L
min
k = 228
1
2
mm
The plot of theoretical Q versus flow rate h is shown in the associated Excel workbook
D1 =
400
mm
D1 =
K =
200
0.4
mm
k =
228
L/min/mm1/2
h (mm) Q (L/min)
0.010
23
0.020
32
0.030
40
0.040
46
0.050
51
0.075
63
0.100
72
0.150
88
0.200
102
0.250
114
0.300
125
0.400
144
0.500
161
0.600
177
0.700
191
0.767
200
100
10
0.01
0.10
h (mm)
1.00
Problem 8.89
[3]
Given:
Find:
Expression for minor head loss; compare with Fig. 8.15; plot
Solution:
We analyse the loss at the "sudden expansion" at the vena contracta
The governing CV equations (mass, momentum, and energy) are
Assume:
1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow at each section 4) Horizontal: no body force
5) No shaft work 6) Neglect viscous friction 7) Neglect gravity
Vc Ac = V2 A2
pc A2 p2 A2 = Vc Vc Ac + V2 V2 A2
or (using Eq. 1)
pc p2 = Vc
pc
p2
2
2
Qrate = uc +
+ Vc Vc Ac + u2 +
+ V 2 V 2 A 2
or (using Eq. 1)
(1)
Ac
A2
V2 Vc
(2)
Qrate
hlm = u2 uc
=
mrate
Vc V2
2
pc p2
(3)
hlm =
Vc V2
+ Vc
Ac
A2
V2 Vc
2
2
Vc V2
2 Ac V2
hlm =
1
+ Vc
2
A2 Vc
Vc
From Eq. 1
Cc =
Ac
V2
A2
Vc
Hence
hlm =
Vc
2
2
1 Cc + Vc Cc Cc 1
hlm =
Vc
1 Cc + 2 Cc 2 Cc
2
hlm =
But we have
Vc
hlm = K
1 Cc
V2
(4)
2
Vc V2
Vc
2
= K
Cc
= K
2
2
Vc
(1 Cc)
K =
Cc
So, finally
K =
1
Cc
where
A2
Cc = 0.62 + 0.38
A1
This result, and the curve of Fig. 8.15, are shown in the associated Excel workbook. The agreement is reasonable.
(5)
A 2/A 1
K CV
K Fig. 8.15
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.376
0.374
0.366
0.344
0.305
0.248
0.180
0.111
0.052
0.013
0.000
0.50
0.40
1.0
0.30
0.20
0.8
Theoretical Curve
Fig. 8.15
0.10
0.5
0.01
0.00
0.3
0.0
0.00
0.25
0.50
Area Ratio AR
0.75
1.00
Problem 8.90
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
Basic equations
+
+ g z1
+
+ g z2 = hlT
2
2
V2
L V2
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ K
2
D 2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) L << so ignore hl 5) Reentrant
Hence between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
2
V1
2
+ g z1
V2
= K
V2
A2
From continuity V1 = V2
A1
2
Hence
V2 A2
V2
V2
= K
+ g h
2
A1
2
2
Solving for V2
V2 =
Hence
V2 =
2 g h
2 9.81
m
2
Q = V2 A2
1 m
K = 0.78
A2
1 + K A
350
1 + 0.78
3500
Q = 3.33
m
s
350 mm
2
1000 mm
1 m
Q = 1.17 10
3
3m
The flow rate could be increased by (1) rounding the entrance and/or (2) adding a diffuser (both somewhat expensive)
V2 = 3.33
m
s
Q = 0.070
m
min
Problem 8.91
[3]
Problem 8.92
[2]
Problem 8.93
[3]
Given:
Find:
Volume flow rate using hole; Using short pipe section; Using rounded edge
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hlT
2
2
V2
L V2
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ K
2
D 2
g z1
Solving for V2
V2 =
V2
2
= K
V2
2 g h
( 1 + K)
V2 =
2 32.2
ft
2
10 ft
Kpipe = 0.78
Kround = 0.28
1
( 1 + 0.5)
V2 = 20.7
ft
s
Q = V2 A2
Q = 20.7
V2 =
ft
2 32.2
10 ft
s
Q = V2 A2
Q = 19.0
ft 0.5
7.48 gal 60 s
ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
1
( 1 + 0.78)
ft
s
V2 = 19.0
2
ft
0.5
12
7.48 gal
1 ft
ft
s
60 s
Q = 12.7 gpm
1 min
Q = 11.6 gpm
Hence the change in flow rate is 11.6 12.7 = 1.1 gpm The pipe leads to a LOWER flow rate
V2 =
2 32.2
ft
2
10 ft
s
Q = V2 A2
Q = 22.4
1
( 1 + 0.28)
ft
s
0.5
12
ft
V2 = 22.4
ft
7.48 gal
60 s
1 ft
1 min
Q = 13.7 gpm
Q = V A
Problem 8.94
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Given data
D1 = 100 mm
D2 = 150 mm
hlm = K
V1
V1
= Cpi Cp
2
2
1
Cpi = 1
and
(8.44)
(8.42)
AR
K = 1
Cp
(1)
AR
D2
AR =
D1
AR = 2.25
The pressure recovery coefficient Cp is obtained from Eq. 1 above once we select K; then, with Cp and AR specified, the minimum value of
N/R1 (where N is the length and R1 is the inlet radius) can be read from Fig. 8.15
(a)
K = 0.2
Cp = 1
Cp = 0.602
AR
From Fig. 8.15
N
= 5.5
R1
R1 =
N = 5.5 R1
(b)
K = 0.35
Cp = 1
D1
2
R1 = 50 mm
N = 275 mm
1
2
Cp = 0.452
AR
From Fig. 8.15
N
=3
R1
N = 3 R 1
N = 150 mm
Problem 8.95
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
Cp =
p2 p1
1
2
V 1
2
(8.41)
hlm = K
Given data
D1 = 2 in
1
2
p = p2 p1 = V1 Cp
2
V1
[3]
V1
= Cpi Cp
2
D2 = 3.5 in
Cpi = 1
(8.44)
(8.42)
AR
N = 6 in
(N = length)
Q = 750 gpm
(1)
Combining Eqs. 8.44 and 8.42 we obtain an expression for the loss coefficient K
K = 1
Cp
(2)
AR
The pressure recovery coefficient Cp for use in Eqs. 1 and 2 above is obtained from Fig. 8.15 once compute AR and the dimensionless
length N/R1 (where R1 is the inlet radius)
D2
The aspect ratio AR is AR =
D1
R1 =
AR =
R1 = 1 in
Hence
3.5
D1
2
AR = 3.06
N
=6
R1
From Fig. 8.15, with AR = 3.06 and the dimensionless length N/R1 = 6, we find Cp = 0.6
3
4
gal
1 ft
1 min 1
750
V1 =
V1 =
ft
lbf s
1 ft
76.6 0.6
3
slug ft 12 in
2
s
ft
1
1
K = 1
Cp
K = 1
0.6
2
2
AR
3.06
p =
1.94
slug
V1 = 76.6
ft
s
p = 23.7 psi
K = 0.293
Problem 8.96
[4]
Problem 8.97
[3]
Given:
Sudden expansion
Find:
Expression for minor head loss; compare with Fig. 8.15; plot
Solution:
The governing CV equations (mass, momentum, and energy) are
Assume:
1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow at each section 4) Horizontal: no body force
5) No shaft work 6) Neglect viscous friction 7) Neglect gravity
V1 A1 = V2 A2
p1 A2 p2 A2 = V1 V1 A1 + V2 V2 A2
or (using Eq. 1)
p1 p2 = V1
p1
p2
2
2
Qrate = u1 +
+ V1 V1 A1 + u2 +
+ V 2 V 2 A 2
or (using Eq. 1)
A1
A2
V2 V1
(2)
hlm = u2 u1
=
mrate
hlm =
V1 V2
+ V1
Qrate
A2
V1 V2
A1
(1)
V2 V1
p1 p2
2
2
V1 V2
2 A1 V2
hlm =
1
+ V1
2
A2 V1
V1
(3)
From Eq. 1
AR =
A1
A2
Hence
hlm =
V1
V1
2
hlm = K
Finally
V1
1 AR
2
2
hlm =
V2
) + V12 AR (AR 1)
)
1 AR + 2 AR 2 AR
V1
= ( 1 AR)
K = ( 1 AR)
2 V1
This result, and the curve of Fig. 8.15, are shown in the associated Excel workbook. The agreement is excellent
AR
K CV
K Fig. 8.15
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.00
0.81
0.64
0.49
0.36
0.25
0.16
0.09
0.04
0.01
0.00
1.00
0.60
Theoretical Curve
0.8
0.38
0.25
Fig. 8.15
0.5
0.10
0.3
0.01
0.00
0.0
0.00
0.25
0.50
Area Ratio AR
0.75
1.00
Problem 8.98
[3]
Problem 8.99
Given:
Sudden expansion
Find:
[2]
Solution:
The governing equation is
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1 2
1
2 2
2 = hlT
(8.29)
V
hlT = hl + K
2
Assume:
V1 A1 = V2 A2
so
V2 = AR V1
p1
V1
(1)
2
p1
V1
+ K
2
2
V1
2
or (using Eq. 1)
p2 p1
V1
p
2
=
=
1 AR K
Solving for V1
V1 =
Vinviscid =
2 p
1 AR K
2 p
< V1
1 AR
pinvscid =
2
compared to
p =
V1
2
A1
V 2 = V 1
A2
V1
2
1 AR
1 AR K
Hence a given flow rate would generate a larger p for inviscid flow
Problem 8.100
[4]
e
d
Flow
Nozzle
Short pipe
Given:
Find:
Change in flow rate when short pipe section is added; Minimum pressure; Effect of frictionless flow
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hlT
2
2
V2
L V2
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ K
2
D 2
Q = V A
g z1
Solving for V2
V2 =
V2
2
V2
= Knozzle
2
2 g z1
(1 + Knozzle)
Knozzle = 0.28
For a rounded edge, we choose the first value from Table 8.2
Hence
V2 =
2 32.2
ft
2
5 ft
1
( 1 + 0.28)
V2 = 15.9
ft
s
ft
0.5
7.48 gal
60 s
Q = 15.9
ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
Q = V2 A2
Q = 9.73 gpm
When a small piece of pipe is added the energy equation between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (3) becomes
2
g z1
V3
2
V2
V2
= Knozzle
+ Ke
2
2
From continuity
A2
V 3 = V 2
= V2 AR
A3
Solving for V2
V2 =
2 g z1
AR2 + K
nozzle + Ke
2
D2
1 = 0.25
AR =
=
=
A3
2
D3
Ke = 0.6
A2
ft
Q = 0.0217
s
Hence
V2 =
2 32.2
ft
2
5 ft
(0.25
V2 = 18.5
+ 0.28 + 0.6
ft
s
Q = V2 A2
Q = 18.5
ft 0.5
7.48 gal
60 s
ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
Q = 11.32 gpm
Q = 0.0252
ft
s
Q
0.0252 0.0217
=
= 16.1 %
Q
0.0217
Comparing results we see the flow increases from 0.0217 ft3/s to 0.0252 ft3/s
The flow increases because the effect of the pipe is to allow an exit pressure at the nozzle LESS than atmospheric!
The minimum pressure point will now be at Point 2 (it was atmospheric before adding the small pipe). The energy
equation between 1 and 2 is
2
2
p
V2
2 V2
g z1
+
= Knozzle
2
2
Solving for p2
V2
p2 = g z1
K
+ 1)
2 ( nozzle
Hence
p2 = 1.94
slug
ft
32.2
ft
2
lbf s
1
ft
18.5 ( 0.28 + 1)
slug ft
2
s
2
5 ft
p2 = 113
If the flow were frictionless the the two loss coeffcients would be zero. Instead of V2 =
We'd have
V2 =
ft
2 g z1
AR2 + K
nozzle + Ke
2 g z1
2
AR
If V2 is larger, then p2, through Bernoulli, would be lower (more negative)
lbf
which is larger
p2 = 0.782 psi
Problem 8.101
[2]
Problem 8.102
[4]
Given data:
L = 15.3 m
D = 3.18 mm
K ent = 1.4
=
2
Computed results:
Re = 2300 (Transition Re )
V = 0.723 m/s
=
1
(Turbulent)
f = 0.0473 (Turbulent)
d = 6.13 m
Energy equation:
(Using Solver )
59.9
Error
0.00%
Problem 8.104
[2]
Problem 8.105
Given:
Data on a tube
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The given data is
L = 100 mm
= 1.1 10
D = 0.3 mm
3 N s
= 0.82 990
kg
3
= 812
kg
(Kerosene)
V = R I
(1)
V1
V2
1
2
+ 1 2 + g z1 + 2 2 + g z2 = hl
e
2
D
1
2.51
L V
(8.34)
hl = f
= 2.0 log
+
D 2
f
3.7 Re f
(8.29)
(8.37)
Q
2
D
2
p1 p2
L V
L 4
= f
= f
D 2
or
p =
8 f L
2
D
R=
p
Q
(2)
8 f L Q
2
The "resistance" of a tube is not constant, but is proportional to the "current" Q! Actually, the dependence is not quite linear,
because f decreases slightly (and nonlinearly) with Q. The analogy fails!
The analogy is hence invalid for
Re > 2300
Q
D
2
D
4
> 2300
or
V D
> 2300
or
Q >
2300 D
4
Q = 7.34 10
3
7m
Given data:
L =
D =
=
SG ker =
mm
mm
w =
1.01E-03
0.82
N.s/m2
990
kg/m3
=
kg/m3
812
(Appendix A)
Computed results:
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
Re
"R" (109
Pa/m3/s)
1.0E-06 14.1
2.0E-06 28.3
4.0E-06 56.6
6.0E-06 84.9
8.0E-06 113.2
1.0E-05 141.5
2.0E-05 282.9
4.0E-05 565.9
6.0E-05 848.8
8.0E-05 1131.8
3.4E+03
6.8E+03
1.4E+04
2.0E+04
2.7E+04
3.4E+04
6.8E+04
1.4E+05
2.0E+05
2.7E+05
0.0419
0.0343
0.0285
0.0257
0.0240
0.0228
0.0195
0.0169
0.0156
0.0147
1133
1855
3085
4182
5202
6171
10568
18279
25292
31900
The "resistance" is not constant; the analogy is invalid for turbulent flow
1.E+04
"R"
(109 Pa/m3/s)
1.E+02
1.E+00
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
3
Q (m /s)
1.0E-04
Given data:
L =
D =
=
= 1.01E-03
m
=
mm
998
(All flows turbulent)
(Table A.8)
K ent =
0.5
(Table 8.2)
N.s/m2
kg/m3
(Square-edged)
Computed results:
Q (L/min) V (m/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
Re
2.1E+03
4.2E+03
6.3E+03
8.4E+03
1.0E+04
1.3E+04
1.5E+04
1.7E+04
1.9E+04
2.1E+04
f
0.0305
0.0394
0.0350
0.0324
0.0305
0.0291
0.0280
0.0270
0.0263
0.0256
d (m)
0.704
3.63
7.27
11.9
17.6
24.2
31.6
39.9
49.1
59.1
50
d (m)
25
0
0
6
Q (L/min)
10
12
Problem 8.107
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
L V
hl = f
D 2
Here
V =
Then
Re =
64
f =
Re
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
V D
hl = f
Laminar
4
m
1
0.003
0.04 m
Re = 2.39
hl =
Turbulent
V = 2.39
m
s
0.04 m
2
s
0.00005 m
64 L V
Re D 2
m
s
Re = 1912
2.39 m
25 m
64
s
hl =
2
1912 0.04 m
L V
D 2
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
[3]
hl = 643
ft
Re =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
V D
V =
4
m
1
0.003
0.01 m
Re = 38.2
Given
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
L V
D 2
V = 38.2
m
s
0.01 m
2
s
0.00005 m
m
s
Re = 7640
e = 0.046 mm
f = 0.0389
38.2 m
25 m
s
hl = 0.0389
2
0.01 m
hl = f
2
5 ft
2
7.64 10
ft
= 1188
2
5 ft
2
hl = 7.64 10
Problem 8.108
[2]
Problem 8.109
[2]
Problem 8.109
[3]
Find: Plot elevation as a function of flow rate; fraction due to minor losses
Solution:
L =
D =
e/D =
K ent =
K exit =
250
50
0.003
0.5
1.0
200
150
z (m)
= 1.01E-06 m2/s
3
Q (m /s) V (m/s)
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.000
0.255
0.509
0.764
1.02
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.04
2.29
2.55
2.80
3.06
3.31
3.57
3.82
4.07
4.33
4.58
4.84
5.09
Re
0.00E+00
1.26E+04
2.52E+04
3.78E+04
5.04E+04
6.30E+04
7.56E+04
8.82E+04
1.01E+05
1.13E+05
1.26E+05
1.39E+05
1.51E+05
1.64E+05
1.76E+05
1.89E+05
2.02E+05
2.14E+05
2.27E+05
2.40E+05
2.52E+05
100
z (m) h lm /h lT
0.000
0.0337 0.562 0.882%
0.0306 2.04 0.972%
0.0293 4.40 1.01%
0.0286 7.64 1.04%
0.0282 11.8 1.05%
0.0279 16.7 1.07%
0.0276 22.6 1.07%
0.0275 29.4 1.08%
0.0273 37.0 1.09%
0.0272 45.5 1.09%
0.0271 54.8 1.09%
0.0270 65.1 1.10%
0.0270 76.2 1.10%
0.0269 88.2 1.10%
0.0269 101
1.10%
0.0268 115
1.11%
0.0268 129
1.11%
0.0268 145
1.11%
0.0267 161
1.11%
0.0267 179
1.11%
50
0
0.0000
0.0025
0.0050
3
Q (m /s)
0.0075
0.0100
1.1%
h lm /h lT
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.0000
0.0025
0.0050
3
Q (m /s)
0.0075
0.0100
Problem 8.110
Given:
Find:
Solution:
[2]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z
1
2 = hlT
2
2
Basic equations
V1
L V1
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ Kexit
2
D 2
V
L V
V
p1 = g z2
+ f
+ Kexit
2
2
D 2
Solving for p1
= 1.94
Re =
slug
V D
ft
Flow is turbulent:
Given
Kexit = 1.0
p1 = 1.94
slug
ft
32.2
ft
2
50 ft + .0150
5 ft
= 1.08 10
Re = 10
ft
9
s
ft
5 2
s 12
1.08 10 ft
(Table 8.1)
Re = 6.94 10
Turbulent
e
= 0.0002
D
so
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f = 0.0150
f
3.7 Re f
2
L V
so we find
p1 = g z2 + f
D 2
4 mile
0.75 ft
5280 ft
1mile
ft lbf s
10
2
s slug ft
1
4 lbf
2
p1 = 4.41 10
ft
p1 = 306 psi
Problem 8.111
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
2
V1
V2
1
2
L V
+
+
g
+
g
z
=
h
h
=
h
+
h
=
f
+
1
2
lT lT
l
lm
2
2
D 2
Minor
Le V 2
f
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore additional length of elbows
L
min
Q = 350
V =
= 1.01 10
2
6 m
L =
p1
p2
m
s
0.05 m
6 2
s
1.01 10 m
V = 2.97
m
s
5
Re = 1.47 10
f = 0.0201
L = 5.81 m
2
= f
e
4
= 6.56 10
D
4
L
0.001 m
1 min 1
350
1 L
min
60 s 0.05 m
Re = 2.97
5.25 + 2.5 m
Le
D
= 13
Le V
L V
+ 2 f
D 2
D 2
2
Le
V L
p = p1 p2 = f
+ 2
2 D
D
kg
3
.0201 2.97
p1
p2
5.81 + 2 13 N s
s
0.05
kg m
L = ( 5.25 + 2.5) m
Solving for p
V D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
p = 1000
Re =
Solving for p
V =
e = 0.15 mm
Given
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
L = 7.75 m
2
Le V
L V
= f
+ f
D 2
D 2
2
V L Le
p = p1 p2 = f
+
2 D D
p = 25.2 kPa
Le
D
= 30
p = 1000
kg
3
m
For Case (c)
Solving for p
L = ( 5.25 + 2.5) m
p1
p2
L = 7.75 m
= f
m
7.75 + 30 N s
s
0.05
kg m
.0201 2.97
p = 32.8 kPa
Le
D
= 30
Le V
L V
+ 3 f
D 2
D 2
2
Le
V L
p = p1 p2 = f + 3
2 D
D
p = 1000
kg
3
.0201 2.97
Hence we conclude Case (a) is the best and Case (c) is the worst
m
7.75 + 3 30 N s
s
0.05
kg m
p = 43.4 kPa
Problem 8.112
[2]
Problem 8.113
[3]
c
h
LA
d
LB
Given:
Find:
Required average speed; Estimate feasibility of constant head tank; Pressure drop over 5 m
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+ 2 + g z1 + 2 + g z2 = hlT
LA V A
LB V B
hlT = hA + hB = fA
+ fB
DA 2
DB 2
We wish to have
ReB = 10
Hence, from
ReB =
V B D B
VB =
2
6 m
VB = 10 1.01 10
We will also need
DB
V A = V B
DA
ReA =
VA DA
ReB
DB
1
0.025 m
VA = 4.04
m 2.5
s 5
ReA = 1.01
2
6 m
= 1.01 10
VB = 4.04
m
s
VA = 1.01
m
s
m
s
0.05 m
6 2
s
1.01 10 m
ReA = 5 10
For tube A
For tube B
e = 0.0015 mm
Given
DA
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
3.7 ReA fA
fA
Given
D
1
B
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
3.7
fB
ReB fB
g LA + h
VB
2
LA V A
LB V B
= fA
+ fB
DA 2
DB 2
fA = 0.0210
fB = 0.0183
Solving for LA
LA =
VB
LB
1 + fB
g h
2
DB
2
fA VA
DA 2
LA =
1
m
20
m
4.04 1 + 0.0183
9.81 2 0.5 m
2
s
0.025
s
1
0.0210
m
9.81
1.01
2
0.05 m
2
s
s
m
LA = 12.8 m
p = 1000
kg
3
or
2
L VB
p = fB
DB 2
2
0.0183
5 m
m
N s
4.04
kg m
2
0.025 m
s
p = 29.9 kPa
Given data:
L =
D =
m
mm
e =
0.26
mm
(Table 8.1)
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m2
=
kg/m3
999
(Appendix A)
Gate valve L e/D =
8
Elbow L e/D =
30
(Table 8.4)
Computed results:
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
2.26
3.40
4.53
5.66
6.79
7.92
9.05
10.2
11.3
12.4
13.6
Re
1.70E+05
2.54E+05
3.39E+05
4.24E+05
5.09E+05
5.94E+05
6.78E+05
7.63E+05
8.48E+05
9.33E+05
1.02E+06
p (kPa)
f
0.0280 28.3
0.0277 63.1
0.0276
112
0.0276
174
0.0275
250
0.0275
340
0.0274
444
0.0274
561
0.0274
692
0.0274
837
0.0274
996
Q (m /s) V (m/s)
800
600
400
200
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
3
Q (m /s)
0.05
0.06
0.07
Problem 8.115
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
Dh =
4 A
Pw
e = 0
(Smooth)
L V
p = p1 p2 = f
Dh 2
or
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
Q
A
But we have
V =
V = 1250
= 1.62 10
4 ft
V Dh
Hence
Re =
Dh = D =
Dh =
But
h=
ft
1 min
1
2
min
60 s
1 ft
= 0.00234
ft
Re = 20.8
4 A
so
Dh =
ar
h =
ft
s
at 68oF
ft
s
5
Dh = 1.284 10 Dh
4
2
s 1.62 10 ft
4
2
1 ft
4 A
4 b h
2 h ar
=
=
Pw
2 ( b + h)
1 + ar
slug
V = 20.8
b h
A
=
ar
ar
(Dh in ft)
Dh = 1.13 ft
where
ar =
or
h=
b
h
A
ar
and
Dh =
2 ar
A
1 + ar
Given
Dh = 1.13 ft
5 1
Re = 1.284 10 Dh
ft
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2 ar
A
1 + ar
ar = 1
Dh =
Given
D
1
h
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Re = 1.45 10
f = 0.0167
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
p
3 lbf
= 7.51 10
3
L
ft
Dh = 1 ft
5 1
Re = 1.284 10 Dh
ft
Re = 1.28 10
f = 0.0171
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
p
3 lbf
= 8.68 10
3
L
ft
8.68 10
7.51 10
= 15.6 %
7.51 10
ar = 2
Given
Dh =
2 ar
A
1 + ar
Dh = 0.943 ft
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
5 1
Re = 1.284 10 Dh
ft
Re = 1.21 10
f = 0.0173
p
3 lbf
= 9.32 10
3
L
ft
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
9.32 10
7.51 10
3
= 24.1 %
7.51 10
ar = 3
Given
Dh =
2 ar
A
1 + ar
Dh = 0.866 ft
D
1
h
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
5 1
Re = 1.284 10 Dh
ft
Re = 1.11 10
f = 0.0176
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
0.01 7.51 10
7.51 10
Note that f varies only about 7%; the large change in p/L is primarily due to the 1/Dh factor
p
lbf
= 0.01
3
L
ft
= 33.2 %
Problem 8.116
Problem 8.116
Problem 8.117
Given:
Find:
Supply pressure
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z
1
2 = hlT
2
2
L V
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+
D 2
Minor
V2
K
2
Vn
Vn
V
L V
= f
+ Ke + 4 Kc
+ Kn
2
2
D 2
From continuity
D
Vn =
V
D2
V
2
Solving for p1
p1 =
= 1.94
Flow is turbulent:
5 ft
slug
= 1.08 10
V D
Re = 15.3
1 ft
V = 15.3
ft
3
s
ft
5 2
s 12
1.08 10 ft
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
4
ft
0.75
4
L
D
+ Ke + 4 Kc +
(1 + Kn)
D2
e
= 0.004
D
p1 =
V =
ft
Re =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
V =
and
1.94
Re = 3.54 10
Turbulent
f = 0.0287
lbf s
ft
250
3
15.3 0.0287
+ 0.5 + 4 0.5 + ( 1 + 0.02)
3
1
s
slug ft
ft
slug
4 lbf
2
p1 = 2.58 10
ft
p1 = 179 psi
ft
s
Problem 8.118
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
D 2
p1
L V
+ g z1 + g z2 = f
D 2
and
V =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
V =
4
m
1 min
1
0.2
2
min
60 s
( 0.025 m)
V = 6.79
m
s
In this problem we can compute directly f and Re, and hnece obtain e/D
2 D p1 p2
Solving for f
f =
+ g z1 z2
2
L V
0.025 s
m
kg m
m
3 N
+ 9.81 6 m
( 700 525) 10 2
2
2
1000 kg
6
6.79 m
m
s N
s
f = 2
2
6 m
Flow is turbulent:
Given
e = 0.15 mm
Re =
V D
Re = 6.79
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Re = 1.68 10
e
= 0.0134
D
e
= 0.006
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
In this problem
L V
p = p1 p2 = g z2 z1 + f
D 2
Hence
pnew = 1000
kg
3
m
Compared to pold = 175 kPa we find
m
s
0.025 m
6 2
s
1.01 10 m
f = 0.0423
9.81
f = 0.0326
( 6 m) +
0.0326
2
2
2
6
m N s
6.79
0.025
s kg m
= 30.6 %
Choose data:
L =
D =
e =
=
=
m
mm
mm
(Laminar)
(Turbulent)
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m
3
= 999 kg/m
(Appendix A)
K ent =
0.5
(Square-edged)
(Table 8.2)
2
Computed results:
Q (L/min) V (m/s) Re
0.200
0.472 1413
0.225
0.531 1590
0.250
0.589 1767
0.275
0.648 1943
0.300
0.707 2120
0.325
0.766 2297
0.350
0.825 2473
0.375
0.884 2650
0.400
0.943 2827
0.425
1.002 3003
0.450
1.061 3180
Regime
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
f
0.0453
0.0403
0.0362
0.0329
0.0302
0.0279
0.0462
0.0452
0.0443
0.0435
0.0428
1.00
H (m)
0.199
0.228
0.258
0.289
0.320
0.353
0.587
0.660
0.738
0.819
0.904
0.75
H (m)
Laminar
Turbulent
0.50
0.25
0.00
1000
The flow rates are realistic, and could easily be measured using a tank/timer system
The head required is also realistic for a small-scale laboratory experiment
Around Re = 2300 the flow may oscillate between laminar and turbulent:
Once turbulence is triggered (when H > 0.353 m), the resistance to flow increases
requiring H >0.587 m to maintain; hence the flow reverts to laminar, only to trip over
again to turbulent! This behavior will be visible: the exit flow will switch back and
forth between smooth (laminar) and chaotic (turbulent)
1500
2000
Re
2500
3000
3500
Problem 8.120
[4]
Problem 8.121
[2]
Problem 8.122
Given:
Find:
Flow rate
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z
1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
D 2
Solving for V
p2
p
L V
= f
D 2
2 D p
L f
V =
V =
V D
We also have
Re =
= 1.08 10
(1)
2 D p
L
k=
k =
1
3
300
lbf
2
5 ft
c =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
(2)
where
1
s
ft
5 2
3
1.08 10 ft
In addition
12 in
ft
slugft
2
1 ft 1.94 slug s lbf
in
Re = c V
or
40
k = 2.57
c =
ft
s
4 s
c = 3.09 10
ft
(3)
f = 0.1
V =
then
V = 8.12
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 2.51 10
V = 10.7
ft
Re = c V
Re = 3.31 10
V = 10.7
ft
Re = c V
Re = 3.31 10
f
Given
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0573
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0573
Q = V
D
4
V =
k
f
V =
k
f
Q = 10.7
ft
s
1
7.48 gal
60 s
ft
3
4 3
1 min
1 ft
Q = 419 gpm
Problem 8.123
Given:
Drinking of a beverage
Find:
Solution:
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
Basic equations
L V
D 2
hl = f
p2
g z1
+ g z2 = f
L V
D 2
The negative gage pressure the mouth must create is therefore due to two parts
pgrav = g z2 z1
pfric = f
12
gal
128
Q =
e = 5 10
V =
(68oF)
Given
Then
V =
2
5 ft
= 1.08 10
Re =
V D
Q = 2.51 10
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
e
D
slug
pfric = 1.94
slug
ft
V = 11.5
ft
32.2
ft
2
0.0272
pfric
pfric + pgrav
0.2
12
ft
ft
s
1.08 10
Re = 1.775 10
5 2
ft
f = 0.0272
1
2
ft
6
0.2
= 77 %
lbf s
slugft
pgrav = 31.2
ft
2
ft
lbf s
11.5
slug ft
2
s
1
lbf
and gravity is
These results will vary depending on assumptions, but it seems friction is significant!
pfric = 105
lbf
ft
pgrav
pfric + pgrav
= 23 %
(from Googling!)
in
1
12 in
4
3 ft
2.51 10
s 0.2 in
1 ft
Re = 11.5
pgrav = 1.94
3 ft
1 ft
7.48 gal
ft
and
5 s
4 Q
D
L V
D 2
Problem 8.124
[2]
Problem 8.125
[2]
Problem 8.126
[2]
Problem 8.127
[2]
Problem 8.128
[2]
Problem 8.129
Given:
Galvanized drainpipe
Find:
Solution:
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
Basic equations
hl = f
L V
D 2
L V
Hence the energy equation becomes g z1 g z2 = g z1 z2 = g h = f
D 2
V =
Solving for V
k=
2 D g h
=
L f
2 D g
2 D g
f
k =
V =
h=L
(1)
2 0.075 m 9.81
k = 1.21
s
V D
We also have
Re =
= 1.01 10
Re = c V
or
6 m
where
c = 0.075 m
1.01 10
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
In addition
(2)
c=
m
s
4 s
e = 0.15 mm
(3)
c = 7.43 10
(Table 8.1)
f = 0.01
V =
then
V = 12.13
f
Given
Given
Given
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0236
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0237
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0237
e
D
V =
V = 7.90
V = 7.88
V = 7.88
V =
k
f
V =
k
f
Re = c V
Re = 9.01 10
Re = c V
Re = 5.86 10
Re = c V
Re = 5.85 10
Re = c V
Re = 5.85 10
Q = V
D
4
Q = 7.88
m
2
( 0.075 m)
s 4
Q = 0.0348
m
s
Q
=
Aroof
m
0.0348
s
2
500 m
100 cm
60 s
cm
= 0.418
1 m
1 min
min
Problem 8.130
Problem 8.130
100
25
100
kPa
mm
m
Computed results:
3
4
e/D V (m/s) Q (m /s) x 10
0.000 1.50
7.35
0.005 1.23
6.03
0.010 1.12
5.49
0.015 1.05
5.15
0.020 0.999
4.90
0.025 0.959
4.71
0.030 0.925
4.54
0.035 0.897
4.40
0.040 0.872
4.28
0.045 0.850
4.17
0.050 0.830
4.07
Re
37408
30670
27953
26221
24947
23939
23105
22396
21774
21224
20730
Regime
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
p (kPa)
f
0.0223
100
0.0332
100
0.0400
100
0.0454
100
0.0502
100
0.0545
100
0.0585
100
0.0623
100
0.0659
100
0.0693
100
0.0727
100
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
It is not possible to roughen the tube sufficiently to slow the flow down to
a laminar flow for this p . Even a relative roughness of 0.5 (a physical
impossibility!) would not work.
0.01
0.02
e/D
0.03
0.04
0.05
100
25
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m
3
=
999 kg/m
(Water - Appendix A)
2
m
mm
10.0
Computed results:
L (km) V (m/s) Q (m3/s) x 104
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
5.0
10
15
19
21
25
30
0.40
0.319
0.270
0.237
0.158
0.105
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.078
0.065
1.98
1.56
1.32
1.16
0.776
0.516
0.452
0.452
0.452
0.383
0.320
Re
10063
7962
6739
5919
3948
2623
2300
2300
2300
1951
1626
Regime
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
p (kPa)
f
0.0308
100
0.0328
100
0.0344
100
0.0356
100
0.0401
100
0.0454
100
0.0473
120
0.0278
90
0.0278
99
0.0328
100
0.0394
100
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
20.2%
10.4%
1.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Laminar
Turbulent
Q (m3/s)
x 104
1.0
0.1
0
10
20
L (km)
30
40
Given data:
p =
D =
L =
153
75
100
kPa
mm
m
Computed results:
e/D V (m/s)
0.000 3.98
0.005 2.73
0.010 2.45
0.015 2.29
0.020 2.168
0.025 2.076
0.030 2.001
0.035 1.937
0.040 1.882
0.045 1.833
0.050 1.790
Q (m3/s)
0.0176
0.0121
0.0108
0.0101
0.00958
0.00917
0.00884
0.00856
0.00832
0.00810
0.00791
Re
2.98E+05
2.05E+05
1.84E+05
1.71E+05
1.62E+05
1.56E+05
1.50E+05
1.45E+05
1.41E+05
1.37E+05
1.34E+05
Regime
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
p (kPa)
f
0.0145
153
0.0308
153
0.0382
153
0.0440
153
0.0489
153
0.0533
153
0.0574
153
0.0612
153
0.0649
153
0.0683
153
0.0717
153
It is not possible to roughen the tube sufficiently to slow the flow down to
a laminar flow for this p.
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Computed results:
L (m) V (m/s)
Q (m3/s)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0.00606
0.00519
0.00467
0.00431
0.004036
0.003821
0.003645
0.003496
0.003368
0.003257
1.37
1.175
1.056
0.975
0.913
0.865
0.825
0.791
0.762
0.737
Re
1.03E+05
8.80E+04
7.92E+04
7.30E+04
6.84E+04
6.48E+04
6.18E+04
5.93E+04
5.71E+04
5.52E+04
Regime
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
p (kPa)
f
0.1219
153
0.0833
153
0.0686
153
0.0604
153
0.0551
153
0.0512
153
0.0482
153
0.0459
153
0.0439
153
0.0423
153
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Q (m /s)
0.010
0.005
0.000
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
e/D
Q (m3/s)
0.005
0.000
0
200
400
600
L (m)
800
1000
1200
Given data:
p2 =
600
(Closed)
D = 150
L = 200
Q = 0.75
(Open)
kPa
(Table 8.1)
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m2
= 999 kg/m3
(Water - Appendix A)
mm
m
m3/min
Computed results:
Closed:
Fully open:
H =
61.2
(Eq. 1)
V =
Re =
f =
Partially open:
5.91
m/s
8.85E+05
0.0228
0.104
Error
0%
m3/s
3
Q =
0.75 m /min
V =
0.71 m/s
Re = 1.06E+05
f = 0.0243
p2 =
591
kPa
(Eq. 3)
Problem 8.135
Given:
Syphon system
Find:
Solution:
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z
1
2 = hlT
2
2
Basic equations
hlT = f
L V
+ hlm
D 2
g z1
V2
2
R
=9
D
Le
= 28
V =
Le = 56 D
We also have
Re =
= 1.14 10
(1)
L Le
1 + Kent + f +
D D
Le = 2.8 m
V D
or
2
6 m
= 56
h = 2.5 m
and
L = 4.51 m
Re = c V (2)
where
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
c=
c = 0.05 m
e
D
Le
2 g h
Solving for V
In addition
Kent = 0.78
Le V
V
L V
V
= g z1
= f
+ Kent
+ f
2
2
D 2
D 2
1.14 10
4 s
c = 4.39 10
e = 0.0015 mm
(3)
(Table 8.1)
f = 0.01
V =
then
2 g h
L Le
1 + Kent + f +
D D
V = 3.89
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.71 10
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
2 g h
V =
Le
L
1 + Kent + f +
D D
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
2 g h
V =
L Le
1 + Kent + f +
D D
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
V =
2 g h
L Le
1 + Kent + f +
D D
f = 0.0164
V = 3.43
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.50 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.49 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.49 10
f = 0.0168
V = 3.40
m
s
f = 0.0168
V = 3.40
m
s
3 V3
L V
V
g z1
+
+ g z3 = g z1
+
+ g z3 = f
+ Kent
+ f
2
2
2
D 2
D 2
where we have
Le
D
= 28
0.45
L = 0.6 +
m
2
L = 1.31 m
L Le
V
p3 = g (z1 z3)
1 + Kent + f +
D D
p3 = 1000
kg
3
9.81
( 0.45 m) 3.4
m
1.31 + 28 N s
1 + 0.78 + 0.0168
s
0.05
kg m
2
p3 = 35.5 kPa
Problem 8.136
[4]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z
1
2 = hlT
2
2
Basic equations
hlT = f
L V
V
+ Kent
2
D 2
V2
g z1
V
L V
V
= g z1
= f
+ Kent
2
2
D 2
2 g h
Solving for V
V =
We also have
Re =
= 1.01 10
(1)
1 + K + f L
ent
D
V D
Re = c V (2)
or
6 m
where
c = 0.025 m
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
e
D
In addition
h = ( 1.5 + 3.5) m
and
1.01 10
4 s
c = 2.48 10
e = 0.26 mm
(3)
c =
h = 5m
(Table 8.1)
f = 0.01
V =
Given
Given
2 g h
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
2 g h
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
then
V = 6.42
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.59 10
f = 0.0388
V = 4.89
m
s
f = 0.0389
Re = c V
Re = 1.21 10
V =
Given
2 g h
V = 4.88
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.21 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.21 10
f = 0.0389
2 g h
V = 4.88
1 + K + f L
ent
D
m
s
Q = V
D
4
Q = 4.88
f = 0.01
Given
1 + K + f L
ent
D
2 g h
V = 5.06
1 + K + f
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V = 5.06
1 + K + f L
ent
D
D
4
f = 0.01
V =
V = 6.83
m
s
m
s
Q = 5.06
r
3.75
=
= 0.15
D
25
m
hr
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.69 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.25 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.25 10
f = 0.0389
2 g h
Q = V
Q = 8.62
f = 0.0388
then
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
3
3 m
Kent = 0.5
V =
Q = 2.4 10
2 g h
V =
Given
m
2
( 0.025 m)
s 4
m
s
( 0.025 m)
Q = 2.48 10
3
3 m
Q = 8.94
m
hr
Kent = 0.04
then
2 g h
1 + K + f L
ent
D
V = 7.73
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.91 10
Given
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
Given
2 g h
V = 5.40
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
Given
f = 0.0387
Re = c V
Re = 1.34 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.34 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.34 10
f = 0.0389
2 g h
V = 5.39
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
m
s
m
s
f = 0.0389
2 g h
V = 5.39
1 + K + f L
ent
D
m
s
Q = V
D
4
Q = 5.39
m
2
( 0.025 m)
s 4
In summary:
Renentrant: Q = 8.62
m
hr
Q = 2.65 10
Square-edged:
m
Q = 8.94
hr
3
3 m
Q = 9.52
3
Rounded:
m
Q = 9.52
hr
m
hr
Problem 8.137
[4]
Problem 8.138
[5]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor loss at entrance (L >>; verify later)
Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the hose exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes
2
g z1
Solving for V
V =
We also have
Re =
V2
2
2 g h
(1)
1 + f L
V D
h = 10 ft
initially
where
c=
2
6 m
10.8
ft
s
= 1.94 10
5 ft
1
s
ft
5 2
12
1.94 10 ft
m
s
3 s
c = 4.30 10
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
In addition
and
Re = c V (2)
or
= 1.8 10
c =
V
L V
= g z1
= f
2
D 2
(3)
with
ft
e = 0.01 in
D = 1 in
f = 0.01
V =
Given
then
2 g h
1 + f L
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0393
V = 9.59
V =
ft
s
2 g h
1 + f L
V = 5.12
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 4.12 10
Re = c V
Re = 2.20 10
Given
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0405
V =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0405
V =
2 g h
1 + f L
2 g h
1 + f L
D
4
V = 5.04
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 2.17 10
V = 5.04
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 2.17 10
Note:
Q = 5.04
ft 1
ft
s 4 12
L
= 24.3
D
Ke = 0.5
hlm < hl
Q = 0.0275
ft
s
Q = 12.3 gpm
Given
Given
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0405
V =
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0415
V =
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0415
V =
Q = V
D
4
Q = 3.52
2 g h
1 + f L
2 g h
1 + f
2 g h
1 + f
ft 1
ft
s 4 12
V = 3.57
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.53 10
V = 3.52
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.51 10
V = 3.52
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.51 10
Q = 0.0192
ft
s
Q = 8.62 gpm
Given
Given
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0415
V =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0452
V =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0454
V =
Q = V
D
4
Q = 1.51
ft
s
2 g h
1 + f
2 g h
1 + f L
2 g h
1 + f L
ft
V = 1.58
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 6.77 10
V = 1.51
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 6.50 10
V = 1.51
ft
Re = c V
Re = 6.48 10
12
Q = 0.00824
ft
s
Q = 3.70 gpm
Initially we have dQ/dt = -12.3 gpm, then -8.62 gpm, then -3.70 gpm. These occur at h = 10 ft, 5 ft and 1 ft. The corresponding
volumes in the tank are then Q = 7500 gal, 3750 gal, and 750 gal. Using Excel we can fit a power trendline to the dQ/dt versus
Q data to find, approximately
1
dQ
2
= 0.12 Q
dt
t=
1
0.06
( 7500
where dQ/dt is in gpm and t is min. Solving this with initial condition Q = 7500 gpm when t = 0 gives
Q)
t =
1
0.06
( 7500
750) min
t = 987 min
t = 16.4 hr
Problem 8.139
Problem 8.139
Problem 8.140
Problem 8.140
Problem 8.141
= f
L V 2
D 2
"Old school":
or
p f V 2
=
L
D 2
p p Q0
=
L L 0 Q
Q (gpm)
20
18
16
Flow (gpm)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
Flow
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
0.02
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
Q (ft3/s)
D=
e=
=
=
V (ft/s)
Re
0.00279
0.511
3940
0.00334
0.613
4728
0.00390
0.715
5516
0.00446
0.817
6304
0.00501
0.919
7092
0.00557
1.021
7881
Rate versus Pressure
0.00613
1.123
8669
0.00668
1.226
9457
0.00724
1.328
10245
0.00780
1.430
11033
0.00836
1.532
11821
0.00891
1.634
12609
0.00947
1.736
13397
0.01003
1.838
14185
0.01058
1.940
14973
0.01114
2.043
15761
0.01170
2.145
16549
0.01225
2.247
17337
0.01281
2.349
18125
0.01337
2.451
18913
0.01393
2.553
19701
0.01448
2.655
20489
0.01504
2.758
21277
0.01560
2.860
22065
0.01615
2.962
22854
0.01671
3.064
23642
0.017270.04 3.166
24430
0.06
0.01783
3.268
25218
Pressure
Drop (psi/ft)
0.01838
3.370
26006
0.01894
3.472
26794
0.01950
3.575
27582
0.02005
3.677
28370
1
0.00015
1.08E-05
1.94
in
ft
ft2/s
slug/ft3
p (old
p (psi/ft)
school) (psi)
0.0401
0.00085
0.00085
0.0380
0.00122
0.00115
0.0364
0.00166
0.00150
0.0350
0.00216
0.00189
0.0339
0.00274
0.00232
0.0329
0.00338
0.00278
Drop
0.0321
0.00409
0.00328
0.0314
0.00487
0.00381
0.0307
0.00571
0.00438
0.0301
0.00663
0.00498
0.0296
0.00761
0.00561
0.0291
0.00865
0.00628
0.0286
0.00977
0.00698
0.0282
0.01095
0.00771
0.0278
0.01220
0.00847
0.0275
0.01352
0.00927
0.0272
0.01491
0.01010
0.0268
0.01636
0.01095
0.0265
0.01788
0.01184
0.0263
0.01947
0.01276
0.0260
0.02113
0.01370
0.0258
0.02285
0.01468
School" 0.01569
0.0255"Old 0.02465
0.0253Exact0.02651
0.01672
0.0251
0.02843
0.01779
0.0249
0.03043
0.01888
0.0247
0.03249
0.02000
0.08
0.10
0.0245
0.03462
0.02115
0.0243
0.03682
0.02233
0.0242
0.03908
0.02354
0.0240
0.04142
0.02477
0.0238
0.04382
0.02604
Problem 8.142
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z
1
2 = hl
2
2
L V2
hl = f
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses
The flow rate is low and it's oil, so try assuming laminar flow. Then, from Eq. 8.13c
p =
128 Q L
D
128 Q L
D =
or
lbf s
0.0209
For SAE 10W oil at 100oF (Fig. A.2, 38oC)
2 N s
= 3.5 10
ft
N s
m
= 7.32 10
SGoil = 0.92
Re = 0.92 1.94
ft
1
4
Q
4 Q
V =
=
2
A
D
4
ft
12 1
V =
0.02
s 0.488 ft
so
Re =
slug
ft
15.4
ft
s
0.488
12
ft
4 lbf s
2
128
ft
in
1 ft
4 lbf s
D =
7.32 10
0.02
165 ft
s
( 3000 2750) lbf 12 in
ft
Hence
1
4
D = 0.0407 ft
D = 0.488 in
V = 15.4
ft
s
SGoil H2O V D
ft
7.32 10
lbf s
lbf s
slug ft
Hence the flow is laminar, Re < 2300. The minimum diameter is 0.488 in, so 0.5 in ID tube should be chosen
Re = 1527
Problem 8.143
Given:
Find:
Solution:
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hlT
2
2
Basic equations
V2
Le V 2
L V2
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ Kent
+ f
2
D 2
D 2
p2
g z2
p2
6 m
We also have
Q = 6
3
3m
Q = 6 10
p = g h
and
(1)
for rentrant, and from Table 8.4 two standard elbows lead to
L
s
Le V
V
L V
V
= f
+ Kent
+ f
2
2
D 2
D 2
g z2
V L Le
h2 = z2
f +
+ Kent
2 g D D
Kent = 0.78
V2
Le
D
= 2 30 = 60
(Table A.8)
z2 = 3.5 m L = ( 3.5 + 4.5) m
L = 8m
h2 = 6 m
Equation 1 is tricky because D is unknown, so V is unknown (even though Q is known), L/D and Le/D are unknown, and Re
and hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simultaneously by varying D,
but here we try guesses:
D = 2.5 cm
V =
4 Q
D
Given
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V L Le
h2 = z2
f +
+ Kent
2 g D D
V = 12.2
m
s
Re =
V D
Re = 2.02 10
f = 0.0238
D = 5 cm V =
4 Q
D
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
h2 = 78.45 m
V = 3.06
m
s
f = 0.0219
but we need -6 m!
Re =
V D
Re = 1.01 10
V L Le
h2 = z2
f +
+ Kent
2 g D D
D = 5.1 cm
V =
4 Q
D
Given
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V L Le
h2 = z2
f +
+ Kent
2 g D D
h2 = 6.16 m
V = 2.94
m
s
but we need -6 m!
Re =
f = 0.0219
h2 = 5.93 m
To within 1%, we can use 5-5.1 cm tubing; this corresponds to standard 2 in pipe.
V D
Re = 9.92 10
Problem 8.144
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
Dh 2
Dh =
4 A
Pw
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses
Hence for flow between the inlet (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
p1
p2
p
L V
= f
Dh 2
and
4 b h
2 h ar
2 h ar
For a rectangular duct Dh =
=
=
h ( 1 + ar)
2 ( b + h)
1 + ar
2
p = f L
Hence
= h ar
V ( 1 + ar)
Q ( 1 + ar)
f L Q ( 1 + ar) 1
= f L
2 2 h ar
3
5
2 2 h ar
4
2 A
ar
h
Solving for h
2 b
A = b h = h
and also
p = H2O g h
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h=
3
4 p
ar
1
5
(1)
ft
min
We are given
Q = 2850
L = 100 ft
and also
p = H2O g h
p = 1.94
e = 0 ft
slug
ft
= 0.00234
= 1.62 10
ft
2
4 ft
slug
ft
32.2
ar = 2
1.25
lbf s
ft
12
slug ft
p = 6.51
lbf
ft
(Table A.9)
Equation 1 is tricky because h is unknown, so Dh is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and
hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simmultaneously by varying h, but
here we try guesses:
f = 0.01
Dh =
Given
2 h ar
1 + ar
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h =
3
4 p
ar
1
5
Dh = 0.796 ft
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
h = 0.597 ft
V =
V = 66.6
h ar
Re =
V Dh
f = 0.0142
Re = 3.27 10
ft
s
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h =
3
4 p
ar
Dh =
1
5
h = 0.641 ft
Dh = 0.855 ft
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
Dh =
h = 0.643 ft
Dh = 0.857 ft
Given
Dh =
Re =
ft
s
5
Re = 3.05 10
f = 0.0144
V =
Re =
Q
2
V = 57.5
V Dh
ft
s
Re = 3.04 10
f = 0.0144
1
5
h = 0.643 ft
V =
2 h ar
1 + ar
V Dh
h ar
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V = 57.8
1
5
2 h ar
1 + ar
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h =
3
4 p
ar
Q
2
h ar
2 h ar
1 + ar
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h =
3
4 p
ar
V =
Q
2
h ar
Dh = 0.857 ft
Re =
V Dh
V = 57.5
ft
s
5
Re = 3.04 10
In this process h and f have converged to a solution. The minimum dimensions are 0.642 ft by 1.28 ft, or 7.71 in by 15.4 in
Problem 8.145
[3]
Problem 8.146
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
Dh 2
Dh =
4 A
Pw
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses
Hence for flow between the inlet (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
p1
p2
p
L V
= f
Dh 2
4 h h
=h
2 ( h + h)
Dh =
Hence
p = f L
p = H2O g h
and also
A = h h = h
V
Q
f L Q
= f L
=
2
5
2 h
2 h A
2 h
f L Q 2
2 p
and
1
5
Solving for h
h=
We are given
Q = 2
and also
p = H2O g h
(1)
m
s
L = 25 m
p = 1000
kg
3
e = 0.046 mm
(Table 8.1)
N s
kg m
9.81
m
= 1.21
5 m
kg
= 1.50 10
0.015 m
p = 147 Pa
(Table A.10)
Equation 1 is tricky because h is unknown, so Dh is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and
hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simmultaneously by varying h, but
here we try guesses:
f = 0.01
Dh = h
Given
f L Q 2
2 p
1
5
h =
Dh = 0.333 m
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
h = 0.333 m
V =
Q
h
Re =
V Dh
f = 0.0152
V = 18.0
2
5
Re = 4.00 10
m
s
f L Q 2
2 p
1
5
h =
h = 0.362 m
Dh = h
Dh = 0.362 m
D
h
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
f L Q 2
2 p
h =
V =
Re =
V = 15.2
h
V Dh
m
s
5
Re = 3.68 10
f = 0.0153
1
5
h = 0.363 m
V =
Q
2
V = 15.2
m
s
In this process h and f have converged to a solution. The minimum dimensions are 0.363 m by 0.363 m, or 36.3 cm by 36.3 cm
Fluid is not specified: use water (basic trends in plot apply to any fluid)
Given data:
p =
100
kPa
L =
100
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m2
3
=
999 kg/m
(Water - Appendix A)
Computed results:
D (mm) V (m/s) Q (m3/s) x 104 Re
0.5
0.00781 0.0000153
4
1.0
0.0312
0.000245
31
2.0
0.125
0.00393
250
3.0
0.281
0.0199
843
4.0
0.500
0.0628
1998
5.0
0.460
0.0904
2300
6.0
0.530
0.150
3177
7.0
0.596
0.229
4169
8.0
0.659
0.331
5270
9.0
0.720
0.458
6474
10.0
0.778
0.611
7776
Regime
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
p (kPa)
f
16.4
100
2.05
100
0.256
100
0.0759
100
0.0320
100
0.0473
100
0.0428
100
0.0394
100
0.0368
100
0.0348
100
0.0330
100
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6
3
Q (m /s)
x 104 0.4
Laminar
Turbulent
0.2
0.0
0.0
2.5
5.0
D (mm)
7.5
10.0
Problem 8.148
Given:
Find:
Solution:
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
Basic equations
hl = f
L V
D 2
A =
and also
D
4
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses
Hence for flow between the inlet (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
p1
p2
p
L V
= f
D 2
p = f
Hence
L V
L Q
8 f L Q
= f
=
2
2 5
D 2
D 2 A
D
Solving for D
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
We are given
Q = 1200 gpm
and also
= 1.94
1
5
(1)
L = 500 ft
e = 0.01 ft
5 ft
slug
ft
= 1.08 10
p = 50 psi
(Table A.7)
Equation 1 is tricky because D is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and hence f are unknown!
We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simultaneously by varying D, but here we try guesses:
f = 0.01
V =
4 Q
D
V = 12.1
ft
V = 23.7
ft
s
Re =
V D
Re = 8.32 10
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f = 0.0543
f
3.7 Re f
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
Given
D = 0.379 ft
Given
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
1
5
1
5
D = 0.531 ft
V =
4 Q
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0476
Re =
V D
Re = 5.93 10
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
1
5
D = 0.518 ft
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
1
5
D = 0.519 ft
V =
4 Q
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
4 Q
D
Given
V =
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
1
5
D = 0.519 ft
V =
4 Q
D
V = 12.7
ft
s
Re =
V D
Re = 6.09 10
Re =
V D
Re = 6.08 10
Re =
V D
Re = 6.08 10
f = 0.0481
V = 12.7
ft
s
f = 0.0480
V = 12.7
ft
s
In this process D and f have converged to a solution. The minimum diameter is 0.519 ft or 6.22 in
Problem 8.149
Problem 8.149
Problem 8.150
[3]
Problem *8.151
[4]
Problem *8.152
Problem 8.151
Problem *8.152
Problem 8.153
Given:
Find:
Power required
Solution:
Basic equations
[2]
2
2
p
ps Vs
d Vd
hpump =
+
+ g zd +
+ g zs
2
2
V =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
Vs =
4
lbm
1 slug
ft
12 1
25
s
32.2 lbm 1.94 slug 3 ft
Vd =
4
lbm
1 slug
ft
12 1
25
s
32.2 lbm 1.94 slug 2 ft
Then
pd ps Vd Vs
hpump =
+
2
Vs = 8.15
ft
s
ps = 2.5 psi
Vd = 18.3
ft
s
pd = 50 psi
and
p p V 2 V 2
d
s
d
s
Wpump = mpump
+
Note that the software cannot render a dot, so the power is Wpump and mass flow rate is mpump!
lbm
1 slug
lbf 12 in
ft
1
2
2
Wpump = 25
( 50 2.5)
+ 18.3 8.15
2 1 ft
1.94 slug 2
s
32.2 lbm
in
2
) ft
Wpump = 5.69 hp
For an efficiency of = 70 %
Wrequired =
Wpump
lbf s
slug ft
2
1 hp
550
ft lbf
s
Wrequired = 8.13 hp
Problem 8.154
Given:
Find:
Power required
Solution:
Basic equations
[1]
2
2
p
ps Vs
d Vd
hpump =
+
+ g zd +
+ g zs
2
2
V =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
hpump =
so
Vs = Vd
pd ps
p
=
and
p
p
Wpump = mpump
= Q
= Q p
Note that the software cannot render a dot, so the power is Wpump and mass flow rate is mpump!
3
L 0.001 m
3 N
Wpump = 25
75 10
2
1 L
s
m
Wpump = 1.88 kW
For an efficiency of = 80 %
Wrequired =
Wpump
Wrequired = 2.34 kW
Problem 8.155
[3]
Problem 8.156
[4]
Problem 8.157
[3]
Problem 8.158
[4]
Problem 8.159
[4]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V2
V3
2
3
+
+
g
+
g
2
3 = hl
2
2
L V2
hl = f
D 2
V3
2
+ g z3 =
p4
V4
2
+ g z4
2
2
p
p
V2
V1
2
1
+ 2 + g z2 + 2 + g z1 = hpump
2
p2 p3
p
L V
=
= f
D 2
or
2 p D
f L
V =
We need to iterate to solve this for V because f is unknown until Re is known. This can be done using Excel's Solver, but here:
p = 750 kPa
L = 100 m
e = 0
D = 3.5 cm
2
6 m
kg
= 1000
= 1.01 10
m
Make a guess for f f = 0.01
Given
2 p D
V = 5.92
f L
m
s
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2 p D
V = 5.81
f L
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
e
D
V = 7.25
m
s
Re =
V D
Re = 2.51 10
f = 0.0150
V =
Given
2 p D
f L
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
Given
V =
Re =
V D
Re = 2.05 10
f = 0.0156
m
s
Re =
f = 0.0156
V D
Re = 2.01 10
V =
2 p D
f L
V = 5.80
2
Q = V A =
p3
D
V
4
V4 =
V3
+ g z3 =
Q =
p4
m
s
m
2
( 0.035 m) 5.80
4
s
V4
2
+ g z4
so
3
2
m
kg m
m
3 N
+ 5.80
2 1000 kg
2
s
(p2 p1)
Ppump
= Q p2 p1
so
3
3m
Q = 0.335
m
min
2 p3 p4
2
+ V3
p1 = 350 kPa
Ppump = Q
V4 =
V4 = 37.9
s N
p
p
V2
V1
2
1
+
+
g
+
g
2
1 = hpump
2
2
Re = 2.01 10
Q = 5.58 10
2 700 10
V D
Prequired =
Re =
hpump =
m
s
p2 p1
p2 = 1450 kPa
where Ppump and mpump are the pump power and mass flow rate
(software cannot render a dot!)
Ppump = 5.58 10
Prequired =
3
3 m
6.14 kW
70 %
3 N
2
( 1450 350) 10
Ppump = 6.14 kW
Prequired = 8.77 kW
Problem 8.160
Problem 8.160
Problem 8.161
[4]
Problem 8.162
[5]
Given data:
L =
D =
pump =
e =
m
mm
0.26 mm
(Table 8.1)
2
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m
70%
= 999 kg/m
(Appendix A)
Gate valve L e/D =
8
Elbow L e/D =
30
(Table 8.4)
Computed results:
Re
f
0.0280
0.0277
0.0276
0.0276
0.0275
0.0275
0.0274
0.0274
0.0274
0.0274
0.0274
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
2.26
3.40
4.53
5.66
6.79
7.92
9.05
10.2
11.3
12.4
13.6
1.70E+05
2.54E+05
3.39E+05
4.24E+05
5.09E+05
5.94E+05
6.78E+05
7.63E+05
8.48E+05
9.33E+05
1.02E+06
0.0419
9.48
7.11E+05 0.0274
Power =
29.1
kW
(Eq. 3)
p (kPa)
(Eq 1)
28.3
63.1
112
174
250
340
444
561
692
837
996
p (kPa)
(Eq 2)
735
716
690
656
615
566
510
446
375
296
210
487
487
1200
1000
p (kPa)
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
800
600
Circuit
400
Pump
200
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Q (m3/s)
Error
Using Solver !
0
0.05
0.06
0.07
Given data:
2
e =
Computed results:
0.5
Q (ft3/s)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
V (ft/s)
4.58
5.50
6.42
7.33
8.25
9.17
10.08
11.00
11.92
12.83
13.75
Re
7.06E+05
8.47E+05
9.88E+05
1.13E+06
1.27E+06
1.41E+06
1.55E+06
1.69E+06
1.83E+06
1.98E+06
2.12E+06
f
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
26.1
12.0
1.84E+06
0.0531
Power =
750
L =
D =
pump =
lbfs/ft
2.10E-05
slug/ft3
1.94
(Appendix A)
hp
(Eq. 3)
2500
20
70%
ft
in
in
p (psi) (Eq 1) p (psi) (Eq 2)
11.3
135.0
16.2
130.6
22.1
125.4
28.9
119.4
36.5
112.6
45.1
105.0
54.6
96.6
64.9
87.4
76.2
77.4
88.4
66.6
101.4
55.0
76.8
76.8
Error
0.00
Using Solver !
Computed results:
3
0.25
Q (ft /s)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
V (ft/s)
4.58
5.50
6.42
7.33
8.25
9.17
10.08
11.00
11.92
12.83
13.75
Re
7.06E+05
8.47E+05
9.88E+05
1.13E+06
1.27E+06
1.41E+06
1.55E+06
1.69E+06
1.83E+06
1.98E+06
2.12E+06
f
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
27.8
12.8
1.97E+06
0.0410
Power =
702
hp
in
p (psi) (Eq 1) p (psi) (Eq 2)
8.71
135.0
12.5
130.6
17.1
125.4
22.3
119.4
28.2
112.6
34.8
105.0
42.1
96.6
50.1
87.4
58.8
77.4
68.2
66.6
78.3
55.0
67.4
Error
0.00
67.4
Using Solver !
(Eq. 3)
120
Pipe (e = 0.5 in)
Pipe (e = 0.25 in)
Pump
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
15
20
Q (ft3/s)
25
30
Given data:
Computed results:
L =
30
0.5
12
0.03
1.1
Dh =
K =
f =
=
m
m
kg/m3
Q (m /s)
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
V (m/s)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
2.51
10.06
768
Error
0.00
p (Pa)
1000
800
600
Duct
Fan
400
200
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
3
Q (m /s)
2.0
2.5
3.0
Using Solver !
Problem 8.166
Problem 8.166
The workbook for Example 8.11 is modified for use in this problem
Pipe Data:
Pipe
0
1
2
3
4
L (m)
D (mm)
e (mm)
300
400
100
100
75
75
75
75
75
75
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Fluid Properties:
=
999
kg/m3
0.001
N.s/m2
Available Head:
p =
Flows:
Heads:
Constraints:
250
kPa
Q 0 (m3/s)
0.00928
Q 1 (m3/s)
0.00306
Q 2 (m3/s)
0.00311
Q 3 (m3/s)
0.00311
Q 4 (m3/s)
0.00623
V 0 (m/s)
2.10
V 1 (m/s)
0.692
V 2 (m/s)
0.705
V 3 (m/s)
0.705
V 4 (m/s)
1.41
Re 0
1.57E+05
Re 1
5.18E+04
Re 2
5.28E+04
Re 3
5.28E+04
Re 4
1.06E+05
f0
0.0245
f1
0.0264
f2
0.0264
f3
0.0264
f4
0.0250
p 0 (kPa)
216.4
p 1 (kPa)
33.7
p 2 (kPa)
8.7
p 3 (kPa)
8.7
p 4 (kPa)
24.8
(1) Q 0 = Q 1 + Q4
0.00%
(2) Q 4 = Q 2 + Q 3
0.01%
(3) p = p 0 + p 1
0.03%
(4) p = p 0 + p 4 + p 2
0.01%
(5) p 2 = p 3
0.00%
Error:
0.05%
Vary Q 0, Q 1, Q 2, Q 3 and Q 4
using Solver to minimize total error
The workbook for Example Problem 8.11 is modified for use in this problem
Pipe Data:
Pipe
A
B
C
D
L (ft)
D (in)
e (ft)
150
150
150
150
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
0.00085
0.00085
0.00085
0.00085
Fluid Properties:
=
1.94
slug/ft3
2.10E-05
lbfs/ft2
Available Head:
p =
Flows:
Heads:
Constraints:
50
psi
Q A (ft3/s)
0.103
Q B (ft3/s)
0.077
Q C (ft3/s)
0.026
Q D (ft3/s)
0.103
V A (ft/s)
8.41
V B (ft/s)
6.28
V C (ft/s)
4.78
V D (ft/s)
8.41
Re A
9.71E+04
Re B
7.25E+04
Re C
3.68E+04
Re D
9.71E+04
fA
0.0342
fB
0.0345
fC
0.0397
fD
0.0342
p A (psi)
19.5
p B (psi)
11.0
p C (psi)
11.0
p D (psi)
19.5
(5) Q A = Q D
0.00%
(6) Q A = Q B + Q C
0.05%
(7) p = p A + p B + p D
0.00%
(8) p B = p C
0.00%
Error:
0.05%
Vary Q A, Q B, Q C, and Q D
using Solver to minimize total error
Problem *8.169
[4]
Problem 8.170
Problem 8.170
Problem 8.171
Given:
Find:
Pressure drop
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation
Dt
D1
mactual = K At 2 p1 p2 = K At 2 p
= 980
7 m
kg
= 4.40 10
m
V =
s
3
1
4
L 0.001 m
20
2
1 L
( 0.15 m )
s
m
s
ReD1 = 1.13 0.15 m
7 2
s
4.40 10 m
Q
A
ReD1 =
V =
V D
Dt
D1
75
150
V = 1.13
m
s
5
ReD1 = 3.85 10
= 0.5
K = 0.624
Then
2
2
mactual 1
Q 1 = Q
p =
K At 2 K At 2 2 K At
1
kg L 0.001 m
1
4
1
p = 980
20
3
2
1 L
2
s
0.624
m
( 0.075 m)
p = 25.8 kPa
Problem 8.172
[2]
Problem 8.173
[2]
Given:
Find:
Flow rate
Solution:
Basic equation
C A t
mactual =
C A t
2 p1 p2 =
4
1
2 p
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re
=
Dt
D1
3
6
Also
p = Hg g h = SGHg g h
Then
mactual
Q =
=
4
Hence
V =
C D t
2 p =
4
4 1
2 SGHg g h =
1 0.5
1
0.99 ft
4
4
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D 1
V =
6 ft
C A t
Q =
= 0.5
2 13.6 32.2
ft
2
C D t
Q = 1.49
ft
s
V = 7.59
ft
s
1 ft
2
1.49
2 SGHg g h
1 ft
s
1
4 1
ft
s
V D1
ReD1 = 7.59
3
Q = 1.49
ft
s
ft 1
s
ft
6 2
s 2
9.96 10 ft
ReD1 = 3.81 10
Given data:
H =
L =
D =
Dt =
30
200
100
40
0.40
m
m
mm
mm
(Fig. 8.14)
(Fig. 8.14)
(Fig. 8.23)
2
N.s/m
=
kg/m3
999
(Water - Appendix A)
Computed results:
Orifice loss coefficient:
K =
Flow system:
V
Q
Re
f
0.61
(Fig. 8.20
Assuming high Re )
2.25
m/s
3
m /s
0.0176
2.24E+05
0.0153
p =
265
kPa
Right (m /s)
294
293
17.6
Error
0.5%
17.6
Error
0.0%
Total Error
0.5%
Problem 8.175
[2]
Problem 8.176
Given:
Find:
Flow rate
Solution:
Basic equation
mactual =
C A t
[2]
C A t
2 p1 p2 =
4
1
2 p
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re
=
Then
Dt
mactual
Q =
=
4
V =
25
50
= 0.5
2
C A t
C D t
2 p =
4
4 1
2 p
3
m
kg m
3 N
2 1000 kg
2
0.99 ( 0.025 m )
1 0.5
Q =
Hence
D1
2 150 10
Q = 8.69 10
V =
1
4
3m
8.69 10
s
( 0.05 m ) 2
V = 4.43
m
s
2
6 m
V D
ReD1 = 4.43
Q = 8.69 10
m
s
0.05 m
6 2
s
1.01 10 m
3
3m
ReD1 = 2.19 10
3
Q = 0.522
m
min
s N
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D 1
3m
Problem 8.177
[3]
Problem 8.178
[4]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equation
C A t
mactual =
C A t
2 p1 p2 =
4
1
2 p
Assumptions: 1) Neglect density change 2) Use ideal gas equation for density
=
Then
= 60
Rair T
lbf
2
in
12 in
lbm R
1 slug
1
1 ft 53.33 ft lbf 32.2 lbm ( 68 + 460) R
= 9.53 10
3 slug
ft
For incompressible flow V must be less than about 100 m/s or 330 ft/s at the throat. Hence
mactual = V2 A2
mactual = 9.53 10
ft
1
3 slug
330 ft
3
s 4 4
slug
mactual = 0.154
s
ft
Dt
D1
3
6
Also
p = Hg g h
and in addition
1 mactual
4
p =
1
C A t
2
= 0.5
h =
p
Hg g
(1 4)
mactual
h =
2 Hg g
C A t
so
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re
h =
Hence
(1 0.54)
2
3
2
2
1
ft
s
slug
4 4
0.154
3
13.6 1.94 slug 32.2 ft
0.99 1 ft
s
9.53 10 slug
ft
V =
Q
A
4 mactual
D 1
5 ft
V =
ft
9.53 10
slug
1 ft
2
0.154
h = 0.581 ft
h = 6.98 in
slug
V = 82.3
V D1
ReD1 = 82.3
ft
s
1
2
ft
slug
mactual = 0.154
s
s
1.08 10
5 2
ft
and pressure
ReD1 = 3.81 10
h = 6.98 in
Hg
ft
s
Problem 8.179
[4]
Problem 8.180
Problem 8.180
Problem 8.181
[1]
V 1, A 1
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
Cp =
p2 p1
p1
1
2
V 1
2
V1
2
+ g z1 =
V 2, A 2
p2
V2
2
+ g z2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) All the assumptions of the Bernoulli equation 2) Horizontal flow 3) No flow separation
2
From Bernoulli
p2 p1
V1
V2
V1 A1
V1
=
2
2
2
2
A2
Hence
V
p2 p1
1
1 V1 A1
Cp =
=
2
1
1
2
2 2
A2
V 1
V1
2
2
Finally
Cp = 1
1
2
using continuity
2
A1
= 1
A2
AR
This result is not realistic as a real diffuser is very likely to have flow separation
Problem 8.182
Problem 8.182
Problem 8.183
[4]
Problem 8.184
Problem 8.184
Problem 8.185
Problem 8.158
8.158
Problem 8.158
Problem 8.158
Problem 8.185
Problem 8.185
Problem 9.1
Given:
Model of riverboat
Find:
[2]
Solution:
U x
U x
=
Basic equation
Rex =
= 1.30 10
Hence
xp =
xm =
2
6 m
Rex
U
xp
18
(Table A.8)
xp = 0.186 m
xp = 18.6 cm
xm = 0.0103 m
xm = 10.3 mm
U = 3.5
m
s
Problem 9.2
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Governing equations:
The critical Reynolds number for transition to turbulence is
VL crit/ =500000
Re crit =
The critical length is then
L crit = 500000/V
Tabulated or graphical data:
=
3.79E-07
=
0.00234
(Table A.9, 68oF)
lbf.s/ft2
slug/ft3
Computed results:
V (mph)
L crit (ft)
10
13
15
18
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
5.52
4.42
3.68
3.16
2.76
1.84
1.38
1.10
0.920
0.789
0.690
0.614
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
V (mph)
60
70
80
90
100
Problem 9.3
[3]
Given:
Boeing 757
Find:
Solution:
U x
U x
=
Basic equation
Rex =
= 1.50 10
Hence
xp =
At 10,000 m
T = 223.3 K
2
5 m
Rex
U
Rex = 5 10
(Table A.10)
xp = 0.104 m
xp = 10.4 cm
(Table A.3)
T = 49.8 C
U = 260
km
hr
= 0.414
kg
b T
S
T
1+
Hence
b T
1+
S
T
b = 1.458 10
kg
m s K
= 1.458 10
1
2
S = 110.4 K
5 N s
2
SL
= 0.3376
xp =
= 0.3376 SL
Hence
kg
SL = 1.225
= 3.53 10
Rex
U
2
5m
xp = 0.0747 m
m
s
xp = 7.47 cm
U = 850
km
hr
Problem 9.4
[2]
Given:
Flow around American and British golf balls, and soccer ball
Find:
Solution:
U D
U D
=
Basic equation
ReD =
For air
= 1.62 10
4 ft
ReD = 2.5 10
(Table A.9)
Hence
U =
D = 41.1 mm
Hence
U =
D = 8.75 in
Hence
U =
ReD
D
ReD
D
ReD
D
U = 289
ft
s
U = 197 mph
U = 88.2
m
s
U = 300
ft
s
U = 205 mph
U = 91.5
m
s
ft
s
U = 37.9 mph
U = 16.9
m
s
U = 55.5
Problem 9.5
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
U D
U D
=
Basic equation
ReD =
For SAE 10
= 1.1 10
For
ReD = 1
For
ReD = 2.5 10
ReD = 2.5 10
For water
= 1.01 10
For
ReD = 2.5 10
2
4 m
U =
ReD
D
ReD
D
U = 0.011
U = 2750
m
s
m
s
U = 1.10
cm
s
which is reasonable
we need to increase the sphere diameter D by a factor of about 1000, or reduce the viscosity b
the same factor, or some combination of these. One possible solution is
2
6 m
U =
D = 1 cm
and
U =
D = 10 cm
and
ReD
D
U = 2.52
m
s
which is reasonable
Problem 9.6
[2]
Given:
Find:
Speed at which boundary layer becomes turbulent; Speed at which 90% is turbulent
Solution:
U x
U x
=
Basic equation
Rex =
For air
= 1.62 10
x = 8 ft
4 ft
Rex = 5 10
(Table A.9)
Hence
U =
Rex
Hence
ft
s
Rex
U = 10.1
U = 6.90 mph
U =
U = 101
ft
s
U = 69.0 mph
Problem 9.7
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Governing equations:
The critical Reynolds number for transition to turbulence is
Re crit =
UL crit/ = 500000
1.46E-06
110.4
kg/m.s.K1/2
K
[2]
Computed results:
z (km)
T (K)
/0
/0
L crit/L 0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
288.2
284.9
281.7
278.4
275.2
271.9
268.7
265.4
262.2
258.9
255.7
249.2
1.0000
0.9529
0.9075
0.8638
0.8217
0.7812
0.7423
0.7048
0.6689
0.6343
0.6012
0.5389
1.000
0.991
0.982
0.973
0.965
0.955
0.947
0.937
0.928
0.919
0.910
0.891
1.000
1.04
1.08
1.13
1.17
1.22
1.28
1.33
1.39
1.45
1.51
1.65
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
242.7
236.2
229.7
223.3
216.8
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
218.6
220.6
222.5
224.5
226.5
0.4817
0.4292
0.3813
0.3376
0.2978
0.2546
0.2176
0.1860
0.1590
0.1359
0.1162
0.0993
0.0849
0.0726
0.0527
0.0383
0.0280
0.0205
0.0150
0.872
0.853
0.834
0.815
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.800
0.806
0.812
0.818
0.824
1.81
1.99
2.19
2.41
2.67
3.12
3.65
4.27
5.00
5.85
6.84
8.00
9.36
10.9
15.2
21.0
29.0
40.0
54.8
10
20
z (m)
30
Problem 9.8
[2]
1.225
kg/m3
(Table A.3)
= 1.79E-05 N.s/m2
(Sutherland)
0.414
kg/m3 =
998
slug/ft3
= 1.01E-03 N.s/m2
= 1.46E-05 N.s/m
(Table A.8)
(Sutherland)
(Table A.3)
Computed results:
0.05
0.10
0.5
1.0
5.0
15
20
25
30
50
100
200
1000
0.00051
U (m/s)
0.0073
0.0176
1.0
L crit (m)
0.0
0.0
1.E-02
Water
Air (Sea level)
Air (10 km)
1.E+00
1.E+02
U (m/s)
1.E+04
Problem 9.9
[2]
Problem 9.10
[2]
Problem 9.11
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
3
u 3 y 1 y
=
for which u = U at y =
U 2 2
du
u (0) = 0
=0
dy y =
u 3
1 3
= (0) (0) = 0
U 2
2
3 1 3 y2
3 1 32
du
=0
= U
=
U
3
3
dy
2 2 y =
2 2
At y = 0
At y =
u
u
dy = 1 dy
U
U
0
For *:
* = 1
Then
1
1
* 1 u
u y
u
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
0 U
U 0 U
0
1
u 3
= 3
2
U 2
1
1
1
*
u
1 3
3 2 1 4 3
= 1 d = 1 + d = + = = 0.375
0 U
2
2
4
8 0 8
with
Hence
u
U
0
u
u
1 dy =
U
U
0
1 dy
U
For :
Then
1
1
1 u u
u
u
u
u y
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
0U U
U U 0 U U
0
Hence
1u
=
0 U
1 3 3
1 3
9 2 1 3 3 4 1 6
u
3
3
1 d = 1 + d = + d
2
2 2
2
2
4
2
2
4
U
0
0
3 2 3 3 1 4 3 5 1 7
39
= 0.139
= + =
4
4
8
10
28 0 280
1
Problem 9.12
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
3
u
y
y y
= 2 2 + for which u = U at y =
U
u (0) = 0
du
dy
=0
y =
u
3
4
= 2(0) 2(0) + (0) = 0
U
1
1
du
y2
y3
2
3
= U 2 6 3 + 4 4
= U 2 6 3 + 4 4 = 0
dy
y =
At y = 0
At y =
u
u
dy = 1 dy
U
U
0
For *:
* = 1
Then
1
1
u y
* 1 u
u
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
U 0 U
0 U
0
with
u
= 2 2 3 + 4
U
*
u
1
1
3
= 1 d = (1 2 + 2 3 4 )d = 2 + 4 5 =
= 0.3
U
2
5 0 10
0
0
1
Hence
u
u
u
u
1 dy = 1 dy
U U
U U
0
0
For :
Then
1
1
u
u y
1 u u
u
u
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
U U 0 U U
0U U
0
Hence
u
u
= 1 d = (2 3 + 4 )(1 2 + 3 4 )d = (2 4 2 2 3 + 9 4 4 5 4 6 + 4 7 8 )d
0U U
0
0
1
2 4 3 1 4 9 5 4 7 1 8 1 9
37
= + + =
= 0.117
3
2
5
7
2
9 0 315
1
Problem 9.13
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
u
y
= 2
U
u
y
= 2 2 +
U
u (0) = 0
du
dy
) (
0< y<
2 1
=0
y =
u
= 2 (0) = 0
U
du
1
=U 2 2
0 so it fails the outer BC.
dy
y =
At y = 0
At y =
This simplistic distribution is a piecewise linear profile: The first half of the layer has velocity gradient
= 1.414
, and the
For *:
u
u
* = 1 dy = 1 dy
U
U
0
0
Then
1
1
* 1 u
u
u y
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
0 U
U 0 U
0
u
1
= 2
0 < <
U
2
u
= 2 2 + 2 1
U
with
) (
1
< <1
2
Hence
*
u
= 1 d =
U
0
1
(1
12
2 d +
[1 (2 2 ) (
1
12
)]
1
2 1 d =
2 2
12
1
2
2 1 + ( 1)
2
0
2
2 2
1 2
* 1
2 1
2 3
2
= 0.396
=
=
+
2
8
4
8
4
4
For :
u
u
u
u
= 1 dy = 1 dy
U U
U U
0
0
Then
1 u
=
0 U
u
u
1 dy =
U
U
0
u y
u
1 d =
U 0 U
1 d
U
u
u
= 1 d =
0U U
1
12
2 1 2 d +
12
2 1
1
= 2 2
+
2
3
3
0
[((2 2 ) + (
))( (
) (
2 1 1 2 2
))]
2 1 d
12
1
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 ( 1) 2 2 ( 1) =
+
=
= 0.152
2
8 12 24
6 12
1 2
Problem 9.14
[2]
Problem 9.15
[3]
Problem 9.16
[2]
Problem 9.17
[2]
Problem 9.18
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
= 800
kg
U = 3
m
s
L = 3 m
= 25 mm
b = 1 m
Governing equations:
Mass
Momentum
Assumptions:
(1) Steady flow (2) No pressure force (3) No body force in x direction (4) Uniform flow at a
Mass
( U b ) + u b dy + mab = 0
0
u
y
=
=
U
Hence
1
mab = U b U dy = U b U b
0
2
dy
= d
1
mab = U b
2
kg
mab = 30
s
Momentum
Rx = U ( U ) + mab uab + u u b dy
0
uab = U
Note that
and
2
2
u u b dy = U b d
0
0
2
2
Rx = U b + U b U + U b dy
2
0
2
R x = U b +
U +
1
3
1
2
R x = U b
6
Rx = 30 N
We are able to compute the boundary layer drag even though we do not know the viscosity because it is the viscosity that creates the
boundary layer in the first place
Problem 9.19
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The given data is
= 800
kg
U = 3
m
s
L = 1 m
= 14 mm
b = 3 m
Governing equations:
Mass
Momentum
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No pressure force (3) No body force in x direction (4) Uniform flow at a
Applying these to the CV abcd
Mass
( U b ) + u b dy + mab = 0
0
u
y
=
=
U
Hence
1
mab = U b U dy = U b U b
0
2
dy
= d
1
mab = U b
2
kg
mab = 50.4
s
Momentum
Rx = U ( U ) + mab uab + u u b dy
0
uab = U
Note that
R x = U b +
2
2
u u b dy = U b d
0
0
2
2
U b U + U b dy
0
2
R x = U b +
and
1
2
R x = U b
6
U +
1
3
Rx = 50.4 N
We should expect the drag to be larger than for Problem 9.18 because the viscous friction is mostly
concentrated near the leading edge (which is only 1 m wide in Problem 9.18 but 3 m here). The reason viscous
stress is highest at the front region is that the boundary layer is very small ( <<) so = du/dy ~ U/ >>
Problem 9.20
[3]
Problem 9.21
[2]
Given:
Find:
Displacement thickness at exit; Percent change in uniform velocity through test section
Solution:
The solution involves using mass conservation in the inviscid core, allowing for the fact that as the boundary layer grows it
reduces the size of the core. One approach would be to integrate the 1/7 law velocity profile to compute the mass flow in
the boundary layer; an easier approach is to simply use the displacement thickness!
Basic equations
disp =
(4.12)
1 u dy
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction outside boundary layer 4) Flow along streamline 5) Horizontal
1
7
and
u
y
=
U
w = 20 cm
h = 20 cm
U A = const
Udesign = 50
Q = Udesign Adesign
Q =2
We also have
in = 10 mm
exit = 25 mm
m
s
Adesign = w h
Adesign = 0.04 m
disp =
1 dy =
U
0
0
Hence
m
s
1
1
1 dy = 1 7 d
where
in
8
dispin = 1.25 mm
dispexit =
exit
8
dispexit = 3.125 mm
disp =
)(
)(
Ain = 0.0390 m
Aexit = 0.0375 m
or
Uin = Udesign
Also
Adesign
Uexit = Udesign
Aexit
Ain
Uin = 51.3
m
s
Uexit = 53.3
Uexit Uin
Uin
m
s
= 3.91 %
Problem 9.22
[2]
Given:
Find:
Uniform velocity at exit; Change in static pressure through the test section
Solution:
Basic equations
u
disp = 1 dy
U
0
(4.12)
p V
+
+ g z = const
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction outside boundary layer 4) Flow along streamline 5) Horizontal
U A = const
and
u
y
=
U
U1 = 25
m
s
1 = 20 mm
h = 25 cm
A = h
We also have
A = 625 cm
2 = 30 mm
Hence
1
7
u
disp = 1 dy =
U
0
0
1
1
1 y dy = 1 7 d
0
where
disp =
1
8
disp1 = 2.5 mm
disp2 =
disp2 = 3.75 mm
(
)
2
A2 = (h 2 disp2)
A1 = h 2 disp1
A1 = 600 cm
A2 = 588 cm
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
The pressure change is found from Bernoulli
Hence
p =
2
2
U1 U2
A1
U2 = U1
A2
or
p1
U1
2
p2
p = 15.8 Pa
U2 = 25.52
U2
2
with
= 1.21
kg
3
Problem 9.23
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The solution involves using mass conservation in the inviscid core, allowing for the fact that as the boundary layer grows it reduces the size
the core. One approach would be to integrate the 1/7 law velocity profile to compute the mass flow in the boundary layer; an easier approa
is to simply use the displacement thickness!
The given or available data (from Appendix A) is
= 1.23
kg
U1 = 12.5
m
s
D = 100 mm
1 = 5.25 mm
2 = 24 mm
Governing equations:
Mass
2
p V
+
+ g z = constant
Bernoulli
(4.24)
The displacement thicknesses can be computed from boundary layer thicknesses using Eq. 9.1
1
u
7
disp = 1 dy = 1 d =
8
U
0
0
disp1 =
1
8
disp1 = 0.656 mm
disp2 =
disp2 = 3 mm
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
A1
U 2 = U 1
A2
or
The two areas are given by the duct cross section area minus the displacement boundary layer
A1 =
Hence
D 2 disp1
A1 = 7.65 10
3 2
A2 =
D 2 disp2
A1
U2 = U1
A2
For the pressure drop we can apply Bernoulli to locations 1 and 2 to find
A2 = 6.94 10
U2 = 13.8
p1 p2 = p =
2
2
U U1
2 2
m
s
p = 20.6 Pa
3 2
Problem 9.24
[2]
Given:
Find:
Uniform velocity at Point 2; Change in static pressure through the test section
Solution:
Basic equations
(4.12)
u
disp = 1 dy
U
0
p V
+
+ g z = const
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction outside boundary layer 4) Flow along streamline 5) Horizontal
U A = const
and
u
y
=
U
U1 = 60
ft
s
1 = 0.4 in
W = 12 in
A = W
We also have
A = 144 in
2 = 0.5 in
Hence
1
7
u
disp = 1 dy =
U
0
0
1
1
1 y dy = 1 7 d
0
where
disp =
1
8
disp1 = 0.050 in
disp2 =
2
8
(
)
2
A2 = (W 2 disp2)
A1 = W 2 disp1
disp2 = 0.0625 in
2
A1 = 142 in
A2 = 141 in
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
The pressure change is found from Bernoulli
Hence
p =
p1
or
2
U1
2
p2
A1
U2 = U1
A2
U2 = 60.25
with
= 0.00234
ft
s
U2
2
ft
4
2
2
U1 U2
slug
p = 2.47 10
psi
p = 0.0356
lbf
ft
H2O = 1.94
slug
ft
h =
p
H2O g
h = 0.00684 in
Problem 9.25
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equations
(4.12)
p V
+
+ g z = const
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction outside boundary layer 4) Flow along streamline 5) Horizontal
For this flow
U A = const
U0 = 100
We also have
disp2 = 0.035 in
A2 = h 2 disp2
ft
s
U1 = U0
h = 3 in
A1 = h
A1 = 9 in
A2 = 8.58 in
( U1 A1 ) + ( U2 A2 ) = 0
The pressure change is found from Bernoulli
Hence
p =
p1
or
2
U1
2
2
2
U U2
2 1
p2
A1
U2 = U1
A2
U2 = 105
with
= 0.00234
ft
s
U2
2
slug
ft
p = 8.05 10
psi
p = 1.16
lbf
ft
Problem 9.26
[3]
Problem 9.27
[3]
Problem 9.28
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The solution involves using mass conservation in the inviscid core, allowing for the fact that as the boundary layer grows it reduces the size
core. One approach would be to integrate the 1/7 law velocity profile to compute the mass flow in the boundary layer; an easier approach i
simply use the displacement thickness!
The average wall stress can be estimated using the momentum equation for a CV
The given and available (from Appendix A) data is
= 1.23
kg
3
m
s
U1 = 15
L = 6 m
D = 400 mm
2 = 100 mm
Governing equations:
Mass
Momentum
2
Bernoulli
p V
+
+ g z = constant
(4.24)
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No pressure force (3) No body force in x direction
The displacement thickness at location 2 can be computed from boundary layer thickness using Eq. 9.1
1
disp2 =
0
Hence
disp2 =
disp2 = 12.5 mm
A1 =
1
1 u dy = 1 7 d = 2
2
8
U
0
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
A1
U 2 = U 1
A2
or
2
A1 = 0.126 m
The area at location 2 is given by the duct cross section area minus the displacement boundary layer
A2 =
D 2 disp2
A2 = 0.11 m
Hence
A1
U2 = U1
A2
U2 = 17.1
m
s
For the pressure change we can apply Bernoulli to locations 1 and 2 to find
p1 p2 = p =
Hence
2
2
U U1
2 2
p = 40.8 Pa
p2 ( gage) = p1 ( gage) p
p2 = p
p2 = 40.8 Pa
For the average wall shear stress we use the momentum equation, simplified for this problem
D
2
2
2
2
2
p A1 D L = U1 A1 + U2 D 2 2 +
2 r u dr
4
D
1
7
where
y
u ( r) = U2
2
The integral is
7
y
D
2
2
2 r u dr = 2 U2 y dy
2
2
D
r=
and
D
y
2
dr = dy
D
2
2
D 2
2
2
2 r u dr = 7 U2 2
9 8
D
2
Hence
p A1 + U1 A1 U2
= 0.461 Pa
D 2 2
D L
7 U2 2
Problem 9.29
Problem 9.29
Problem *9.30
[2]
Problem *9.31
[3]
Problem *9.32
[3]
Problem *9.33
[3]
Problem *9.34
[4]
Problem 9.35
[4]
Given:
Find:
Point at which u = 0.95U; Slope of streamline; expression for skin friction coefficient and total drag; Momentum thicknes
Solution:
Basic equation: Use results of Blasius solution (Table 9.1 on the web), and = y
f' =
u
= 0.9130
U
at
= 3.5
f' =
u
= 0.9555
U
at
= 4.0
x
U
= 3.5 +
4 ft
= 1.62 10
Hence
y =
dy
v
=
dx
u
U = 15
and
x
U
( 4 3.5)
( 0.95 0.9310)
( 0.9555 0.9310)
ft
s
= 3.89
x = 7.5 in
y = 0.121 in
u = U f'
where
and
v=
1 U
( f' f )
x
2
dy
1 U
( f' f )
( f' f )
1
1
1
=
( f' f )
=
dx
2
x
f'
U f'
2 U x
f'
2 Rex
We have
Rex =
U x
Rex = 5.79 10
f = 1.8377
at
= 3.5
f = 2.3057
at
= 4.0
f = 1.8377 +
( 2.3057 1.8377)
( 4.0 3.5)
( 3.89 3.5)
f = 2.2027
dy
1
( f' f )
=
= 0.00326
dx
f'
2 Rex
The shear stress is
w =
u+
v =
w = U
U d f
x d2
and at = 0
d f
2
= 0.3321
w = 0.3321 U
U
x
w = 0.3321 U
F D = w dA = w b dx
U
1
2
dx
FD = 0.3321
b dx = 0.3321 U
1
U
Rex
0
2
x
0
2
FD = 0.3321 U
w
U
L =
We have
d
dx
or
F D = U b L
d =
w
U
0.6642
ReL
dx
1 FD
0.6642 L
w dx =
=
2
2 b
ReL
U 0
U
1
L = 3 ft
L =
b 2 L
U
1
2
ReL =
0.6642 L
ReL
U L
ReL = 2.78 10
L = 0.0454 in
U
= 0.3321
U x
Rex
Problem *9.36
Given:
Find:
[5]
Solution:
The equation to be solved is
d3 f
d 3
+ f
d2 f
d 2
=0
(9.11)
df
= 0 at = 0
d
df
= 1 at
d
Recall that these somewhat abstract variables are related to physically meaningful variables:
f=
(9.12)
u
= f
U
and
=y
f n+1 f n + f n
(1)
f n+1 f n + f n
(2)
f n+1 f n + f n
th
In these equations, the subscripts refer to the nth discrete value of the variables, and = 10/N is the step
size for (N is the total number of steps).
But from Eq. 9.11
f =
1
f f
2
f n+1 f n + f n f n
2
(3)
Equations 1 through 3 form a complete set for computing f , f , f . All we need is the starting condition
for each. From Eqs. 9.12
f 0 = 0 and f 0 = 0
We do NOT have a starting condition for f ! Instead we must choose (using Solver) f 0 so that the last
condition of Eqs. 9.12 is met:
f N = 1
0.01
Make a guess for the first f ''; use Solver to vary it until f 'N = 1
Count
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
9
10
8
11
12
6
13
14
4
15
16
2
17
18
0
19
0.0 20
21
22
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.20
0.21
0.22
f
f'
f''
0.0000
0.0000
0.3303
0.0000
0.0033
0.3303
0.0000
0.0066
0.3303
0.0001
0.0099
0.3303
0.0002
0.0132
0.3303
0.0003
0.0165
0.3303
0.0005
0.0198
0.3303
Blasius
0.0007 Velocity
0.0231 Profile
0.3303
0.0009
0.0264
0.3303
0.0012
0.0297
0.3303
0.0015
0.0330
0.3303
0.0018
0.0363
0.3303
0.0022
0.0396
0.3303
0.0026
0.0429
0.3303
0.0030
0.0462
0.3303
0.0035
0.0495
0.3303
0.0040
0.0528
0.3303
0.0045
0.0562
0.3303
0.0051
0.0595
0.3303
0.0056
0.0628
0.3303
0.4
0.6
0.0063
0.0661
0.3302
0.0069
0.0694
u/U = f '0.3302
0.0076
0.0727
0.3302
0.8
1.0
Problem 9.37
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Governing equations:
m /s
1.50E-05
(Table A.10, 20oC)
Computed results:
U (m/s)
x crit (m)
1
7.5
2
3.8
3
2.5
4
1.9
5
1.5
10
0.75
x (m)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
0.000
0.025
0.050
0.075
0.100
0.2
0.5
1.5
1.9
2.5
3.8
5.0
0.00
3.36
4.75
5.81
6.71
9.49
15.01
25.99
29.26
33.56
41.37
47.46
0.00
2.37
3.36
4.11
4.75
6.71
10.61
18.38
20.69
23.73
29.26
0.00
1.94
2.74
3.36
3.87
5.48
8.66
15.01
16.89
19.37
0.00
1.68
2.37
2.91
3.36
4.75
7.50
13.00
14.63
0.00
1.50
2.12
2.60
3.00
4.24
6.71
11.62
0.00
1.06
1.50
1.84
6.0
7.5
51.99
58.12
U = 1 m/s
U = 2 m/s
U = 3 m/s
U = 4 m/s
U = 5 m/s
U = 10 m/s
60
50
(mm)
40
30
20
10
0
0
4
x (m)
1
u
u y
* = 1 dy = 1 d = (1 2 + 2 )d = 2 + 3 =
3 0 3
U
U
0
0
0
Hence
L =
0.25 m
U =
1.75 m/s
Computed results:
0.0000
0.0125
0.0250
0.0375
0.0500
0.0625
0.0750
0.0875
0.1000
0.1125
0.1250
0.1375
0.1500
0.1625
0.1750
0.1875
0.2000
0.2125
0.2250
0.2375
0.2500
0.00.E+00
2.17.E+04
4.33.E+04
6.50.E+04
8.66.E+04
1.08.E+05
1.30.E+05
1.52.E+05
1.73.E+05
1.95.E+05
2.17.E+05
2.38.E+05
2.60.E+05
2.82.E+05
3.03.E+05
3.25.E+05
3.47.E+05
3.68.E+05
3.90.E+05
4.12.E+05
4.33.E+05
0.000
0.155
0.219
0.269
0.310
0.347
0.380
0.410
0.439
0.465
0.491
0.515
0.537
0.559
0.581
0.601
0.621
0.640
0.658
0.676
0.694
10.40
7.36
6.01
5.20
4.65
4.25
3.93
3.68
3.47
3.29
3.14
3.00
2.89
2.78
2.69
2.60
2.52
2.45
2.39
2.33
2.5
10
2.0
1.5
w (Pa)
Re x
and * (mm)
x (m)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.00
0
0.05
0.10
x (m)
0.15
0.20
0.25
Problem 9.39
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
u
y y
= 2
U
Basic equations:
L = 0.25 m
5.48
=
x
Rex
b = 1 m
U = 1.75
m
s
= 1000
kg
3
d
2
=
U
dx
u
u
=
1 dy
U
U
0
where
2 d
For U = const
w = U
L
L
2 d
2
FD = w dA = w b dx = U b dx = U b 1 d
0
dx
0
1
1
2
u
u
2
2
2
3
4
=
1 d = 2 1 2 + d = 2 5 + 4 d =
15
U
U
0
0
0
dx
=
From Table A.8 at
20oC
)(
FD = U b L
15
2
6 m
= 1.01 10
L = L
5.48
ReL
2
L =
15 L
2
FD = U b L
ReL =
U L
L = 2.08 mm
L = 0.278 mm
FD = 0.850 N
ReL = 4.332 10
Problem 9.40
[2]
Problem 9.41
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The given data is
= 800
kg
= 0.02
N s
m
ReL =
U L
U = 3
m
s
L = 3 m
b = 1 m
ReL = 3.6 10
The maximum Reynolds number is less than the critical value of 5 x 105
Hence:
Governing equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
(9.22)
0.730
(9.23)
Rex
F D = w b dx
0
L
1
2
F D = U b
2
0.73
U x
FD = 0.73 b L U
Repeating for
L = 1 m
FD = 0.73 b L U
dx
FD = 26.3 N
b = 3 m
3
FD = 45.5 N
Problem 9.42
Given:
Triangular plate
Find:
Drag
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
3
2
L = 0.50 cm
From Table A.10 at 20oC
= 1.21
ReL =
U = 5
U L
ReL = 1443
so definitely laminar
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
FD = w w( x) dx
0
FD =
m
s
W = 50 cm
kg
m
Hence
Rex
L = 0.433 cm
5 m
= 1.50 10
0.730
1
2 W
U
2
L
w ( x) = W
x
L
0.730
0.730 x
2
dx =
U x dx
2
L
U x
0
3
2 W
The integral is
1
3
2
2
x dx = L 2
0
3
so
FD = 0.243 W L U
FD = 4.19 10
2 FD = 8.38 10
Problem 9.43
[3]
Given:
Triangular plate
Find:
Drag
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
3
2
L = 0.50 cm
From Table A.10 at 20oC
Rex
L = 0.433 cm
5 m
= 1.50 10
0.730
= 1.21
ReL =
U = 5
ReL = 1443
so definitely laminar
kg
m
U L
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
Hence
3
0.730 1 x
0.730
1
L
2
2
dx =
FD = U W
U W
2
2
U x
0
L
The integral is
m
s
W = 50 cm
FD = w w( x) dx
0
w( x) = W 1
1
1
2
x 2 x dx
L
1
3
1
1
2
2
x 2 x dx = 2 L 2 2 L = 4 L
L
3 L
3
FD = 0.487 W L U
FD = 8.40 10
Note: For two-sided solution
The drag is much higher (twice as much) compared to Problem 9.42. This is because w is largest near the
leading edge and falls off rapidly; in this problem the widest area is also at the front
2 FD = 1.68 10
Problem 9.44
Given:
Parabolic plate
Find:
Drag
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
0.730
Rex
W
2
L =
W = 25 cm
L = 6.25 cm
25 cm
U = 7.5
m
s
Note: "y" is the equation of the upper and lower surfaces, so y = W/2 at x = L
From Table A.10 at 20oC
5 m
= 1.50 10
= 1.21
kg
m
ReL =
U L
ReL = 3.12 10
so just laminar
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
Hence
3
0.730 x
L
0.730
1
L
2
2
dx =
FD = U W
U W
1 dx
2
2
L 0
U x
FD = w w( x) dx
0
w ( x) = W
x
L
FD = 0.365 W L U
FD = 2.20 10
Note: For two-sided solution
2 FD = 4.39 10
Problem 9.45
[4]
Given:
Parabolic plate
Find:
Drag
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
0.730
cf =
Rex
W
2
L =
W = 25 cm
L = 6.25 cm
25 cm
U = 7.5
m
s
Note: "y" is the equation of the upper and lower surfaces, so y = W/2 at x = 0
From Table A.10 at 20oC
5 m
= 1.50 10
= 1.21
kg
m
U L
ReL =
3
4
ReL = 3.12 10
so just laminar
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
Hence
3
0.730 1 x
L
0.730
1
L
2
2
dx =
FD = U W
U W
2
2
U
FD = w w( x) dx
0
w( x) = W 1
x
L
FD =
i
L x
x
L ln
L
2
L x +
x
1
dx =
x L
1
0.730
2
3
2
1
x
1
dx
L
so
1
x
1
dx = 0.393 m
L
U W
1
x
1
dx
L
The drag is much higher compared to Problem 9.44. This is because w is largest near the leading edge
and falls off rapidly; in this problem the widest area is also at the front
FD = 3.45 10
2 FD = 6.9 10
Problem 9.46
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
0.730
cf =
L = 7.5 cm
= 1.01 10
W = 7.5 cm
6 m
= 998
ReL =
m
s
U L
ReL = 7.43 10
so definitely laminar
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
F D = w W dx
0
FD =
U = 1
kg
m
Hence
Rex
1
2
U W
2
1
0.730
0.730
2
dx =
dx
U W x
2
U x
0
3
2
The integral is
1
1
2
2
x
dx = 2 L
0
so
FD = 0.730 W L U
FTotal = 4 FD
FTotal = 0.0602 N
For both sides:
L = 4 7.5 cm
FD = 0.0150 N
2 FTotal = 0.120 N
L = 0.30 m
FComposite = 0.730 W L U
FComposite = 0.0301 N
For both sides:
2 FComposite = 0.0602 N
The drag is much lower on the composite compared to the separate plates. This is because w is largest near the
leading edges and falls off rapidly; in this problem the separate plates experience leading edges four times!
Problem 9.47
[2]
Problem 9.48
[3]
Problem 9.49
[3]
Problem 9.50
[3]
Problem 9.51
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD = 2 w dA
du
w =
dy
at y = 0, and also
L = 0.35 m
W = 1 m
U = 0.8
2
6 m
= 1.30 10
= 1000
y
= U
du
U
w =
=
dy
2 d
w = U
1
dx
0
(1)
m
s
3
5
ReL = 2.15 10
so laminar
w =
Separating variables
d =
Hence
u
u
2 d
1 d = U ( 1 ) d
U
U
dx 0
1
2
dx =
0
6
so
2 d
w = U
dx
1
2 d
U (2)
6
dx
U
1
2 d
= U
6
dx
2
dx
or
6
=
x + c
2
U
or
=
x
6
U
12
U
but (0) = 0 so c = 0
12
3.46
=
Rex
Rex
L
FD = 2 w dA = 2 W
1
1
U
U
U
U
2
2
dx =
dx
dx = 2 W U
x
12
3
0
0
The integral is
u
u
1 d
U
U
u = U
The integral is
Then
kg
m
U L
ReL =
2 d
w = U
dx
1
x 2 dx = 2 L
0
FD =
2
3
W L U
so
3
FD =
2 W U
3
FD = 0.557 N
U L
Problem 9.52
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The given data is
h = 30 mm
Appendix A
= 1.23
2 = 10 mm
U2 = 22.5
m
s
w = 1 m
(Arbitrary)
kg
3
Governing equations
Mass
Before entering the duct, and in the the inviscid core, the Bernoulli equation holds
2
p V
+
+ g z = constant
2
(4.24)
disp2 =
disp2 = 5 mm
From the definition of the displacement thickness, to compute the flow rate, the uniform flow at location 2 is assumed to
take place in the entire duct, minus the displacement thicknesses at top and bottom
A2 = w h 2 disp2
A2 = 0.02 m
Then
Q = A2 U2
Q = 0.45
m
s
A2
A1
where
A1 = w h
U2
A1 = 0.03 m
U1 = 15
m
s
p1
U1
2
p1 = 138 Pa
(Static pressure)
p2 = 311 Pa
(Static pressure)
The static pressure falls continuously in the entrance region as the fluid in the central core accelerates into a
decreasing core
The stagnation pressure at location 2 (measured, e.g., with a Pitot tube as in Eq. 6.12), is indicated by an application
of the Bernoulli equation at a point
pt
p u
+
where pt is the total or stagnation pressure, p = p2 is the static pressure, and u is the local velocity, given by
u
y
=
U2
2
y 2
u = U2
2 < y
h
2
1
2
pt = p2 + u
2
[3]
h =
U2 =
2 =
30
22.5
10
mm
m/s
mm
=
p2 =
1.23
-311
kg/m3
Pa
0.00
2.25
4.50
6.75
9.00
11.25
13.50
15.75
18.00
20.25
22.50
22.50
22.50
22.50
22.50
22.50
-311.00
-307.89
-298.55
-282.98
-261.19
-233.16
-198.92
-158.44
-111.74
-58.81
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
15
10
y (mm)
5
0
-400
-300
-200
-100
p t (Pa gage)
The stagnation pressure indicates total mechanical energy - the curve indicates significant loss close to the walls
and no loss of energy in the central core.
Problem 9.53
Given data:
U =
L =
10
5
m/s
m
Tabulated data:
= 1.45E-05 m2/s
(Table A.10)
[3]
Computed results:
x (m)
Re x
0.00
0.125
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.700
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00
3.00
4.00
0.00E+00
8.62E+04
1.72E+05
2.59E+05
3.45E+05
4.83E+05
5.17E+05
6.90E+05
1.03E+06
1.38E+06
2.07E+06
2.76E+06
5.00
3.45E+06
94.1
94.1
Laminar
Turbulent
Transitional
50
25
0
0
3
x (m)
The speeds U at which transition occurs at specific points are shown below
x trans
(m)
5
4
3
2
1
U (m/s)
1.45
1.81
2.42
3.63
7.25
Problem 9.54
[3]
Given:
Find:
Mass flow rate across ab; Momentum flux across bc; Distance at which turbulence occurs
Solution:
Basic equations: Mass
Momentum
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) No pressure force 3) No body force in x direction 4) Uniform flow at ab
The given or available data (Table A.9) is
U = 165
ft
s
Consider CV abcd
= 0.75 in
b = 10 ft
= 0.00234
slug
ft
slug
mad = 0.241
s
mad = U b
Mass
mad + u b dy + mab = 0
0
4 ft
= 1.62 10
u
y
=
U
1
7
1
7
dy = d
Hence
7
7
m.ab = U b U d = U b U b
0
8
1
mab = U b
8
slug
mab = 0.0302
s
mfbc =
0
mfbc =
7
9
7
2
2
7
u V dA = u u b dy = U b d = U b
0
0
9
2
U b
mfbc = 31
slug ft
2
From momentum
Transition occurs at
Rex = 5 10
and
Rx = U b mab U mfbc
Rex =
U x
xtrans =
Rx = 3.87 lbf
Rex
U
xtrans = 0.491 ft
Problem 9.55
[3]
Problem 9.56
[3]
Problem 9.57
Given:
Triangular plate
Find:
Drag
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
Rex
3
2
L = 0.50 cm
From Table A.10 at 20oC
0.0594
L = 0.433 cm
5 m
= 1.50 10
= 1.21
ReL =
U = 25
U L
ReL = 7217
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.0594
w = cf U = U
1
2
2
FD = w w( x) dx
0
Rex
L
1
2 W
F D = U
2
L
0.0594 x
w( x) = W
The integral is
x
L
5
9
5 W
0.0594
5
dx =
U
x dx
1
2
L
0
U x
4
9
5
x 5 dx = L 5
0
9
m
s
W = 50 cm
kg
m
Hence
1
5
so
FD = 0.0165 W L U
1
5
FD = 4.57 10
2 FD = 9.14 10
Problem 9.58
Given:
Parabolic plate
Find:
Drag
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
0.0594
Rex
1
5
W
2
L =
W = 25 cm
L = 6.25 cm
25 cm
U = 25
m
s
Note: "y" is the equation of the upper and lower surfaces, so y = W/2 at x = L
From Table A.10 at 20oC
5 m
= 1.50 10
= 1.21
kg
m
ReL =
U L
ReL = 1.04 10
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.0594
w = cf U = U
1
2
2
FD = w w ( x) dx
0
Rex
w ( x) = W
x
L
Hence
x
9
1 1
3
0.0594
0.0594
1
L
2
5
2 5
10
dx =
FD = U W
U W L x dx
1
2
2
5
U x
FD = 0.0228 W L U
1
5
FD = 0.0267 N
Note: For two-sided solution
2 FD = 0.0534 N
Problem 9.59
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
0.0594
Rex
L = 7.5 cm
= 1.01 10
1
5
W = 7.5 cm
2
6 m
= 998
ReL =
kg
3
U L
ReL = 7.43 10
so turbulent
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.0594
w = cf U = U
1
2
2
F D = w W dx
0
Rex
5
1
9
5
0.0594
0.0594
1
2
5
dx =
dx
FD = U W
U W
x
1
0
2
5
U x
0
L
The integral is
m
s
Hence
U = 10
1
4
5
x 5 dx = L 5
0
4
so
FD = 0.371 W L U
1
5
FTotal = 4 FD
FD = 13.9 N
FTotal = 55.8 N
For both sides:
2 FTotal = 112 N
L = 4 7.5 cm
L = 0.30 m
FComposite = 0.371 W L U
1
5
FComposite = 42.3 N
For both sides:
2 FComposite = 84.6 N
The drag is much lower on the composite compared to the separate plates. This is because w is largest near the
leading edges and falls off rapidly; in this problem the separate plates experience leading edges four times!
Problem 9.60
[3]
Problem 9.61
[3]
Problem 9.62
[3]
Problem 9.63
[3]
Problem 9.64
[3]
Problem 9.65
[3]
Problem 9.66
[3]
Problem 9.67
[3]
Problem 9.68
[3]
Given:
Find:
Velocity at location 2; pressure drop; length of duct; position at which boundary layer is 20 mm
Solution:
The given data is
D = 150 mm
Table A.10
= 1.23
1 = 10 mm
2 = 30 mm
U1 = 25
m
s
2
5 m
kg
= 1.45 10
Governing equations
Mass
0.382
=
1
x
Rex
(9.26)
p V
+
+ g z = constant
(4.24)
disp1 =
disp2 =
disp =
disp1 = 1.25 mm
8
2
disp2 = 3.75 mm
From the definition of the displacement thickness, to compute the flow rate, the uniform flow at locations 1 and 2 is
assumed to take place in the entire duct, minus the displacement thicknesses
A1 =
D 2 disp1
A1 = 0.0171 m
A2 =
2
D 2 disp2
4
A2 = 0.0159 m
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
or
A1
U2 = U1
A2
U2 = 26.8
m
s
U1
p2 U2
=
+
2
p1 p2 = p =
2
2
U U1
2 2
p = 56.9 Pa
The static pressure falls continuously in the entrance region as the fluid in the central core accelerates into a decreasing core.
If we assume the stagnation pressure is atmospheric, a change in pressure of about 60 Pa is not significant; in addition, the velocity changes
about 5%, again not a large change to within engineering accuracy
To compute distances corresponding to boundary layer thicknesses, rearrange Eq.9.26
0.382
=
= 0.382
1
x
U x
Rex
1
5
so
5
4
x =
U
0.382
1 U 1
0.382
1
4
x1 =
5
4
2 U 2
0.382
x1 = 0.382 m
1
4
x2 =
For location 3
x2 = 1.533 m
x2 x1 = 1.15 m
3 = 20 mm
disp3 =
A3 =
D 2 disp3
A1
U3 = U1
A3
3
8
disp3 = 2.5 mm
2
A3 = 0.017 m
U3 = 25.9
5
4
3 U 2
0.382
x3 =
x3 x1 = 0.542 m
m
s
1
4
x3 = 0.923 m
(Depends on value selected)
1
4
Problem 9.69
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The given data is
L = 360 m
B = 70 m
D = 25 m
kg
= 1020
m
s
U = 6.69
m
P = 9.7 MW
P = 1.30 10 hp
P
70 %
Pprop =
Ps = 120% Pprop
= 40 %
Q =
t =
Qtotal = Q t
Ps
Pprop = 1.86 10 hp
4
Ps = 2.23 10 hp
Q = 1.42 10
x
U
x = 2000 mi
8 BTU
hr
t = 134 hr
10
Qtotal = 1.9 10
BTU
From buoyancy the total ship weight equals the displaced seawater volume
Mship g = g L B D
Mship = L B D
Mship = 1.42 10 lb
Moil = 1.06 10 lb
q = 20000
E = q Moil
BTU
lb
BTU
but for the ship
epipeline = 120
ton mi
The ship uses only about 15% of the energy of the pipeline!
13
E = 2.13 10
Qtotal
E
BTU
= 0.089 %
Qtotal
eship =
Moil x
BTU
eship = 17.8
ton mi
Problem 9.70
Given:
Find:
Momentum fluxes
[3]
Solution:
2
mf = u w dy
0
u
y
=
=
U
(1)
u
y
= sin = sin
U
2
2
(2)
u
y
y
2
= 2 = 2 ( )
U
u = U f ( )
2
2
mf = U w f ( ) d
0
2
mf = U w d
0
mf = U w sin d
2
0
2
mf = U w 2 ( ) d
0
(3)
y =
1
(4)
mf =
1
2
U w
3
mf =
1
2
U w
2
The linear profile has the smallest momentum, so would be most likely to separate
mf =
8
15
U w
Problem *9.71
Solution:
[4]
Computed results:
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
y / =
0.0
0.0125
0.025
0.050
0.10
0.15
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Turbulent
u/U
0.00
0.53
0.59
0.65
0.72
0.76
0.79
0.88
0.93
0.97
1.00
Laminar
0.5
Turbulent
0.3
0.0
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
u/U
Problem 9.72
[2]
Problem 9.73
Problem 9.73
Problem 9.74
[4]
Problem 9.75
[5]
Given:
Find:
Maximum inlet speed for laminar exit; Pressure drop for parabolic velocity in boundary layers
Solution:
Basic equations:
5.48
=
x
Rex
Retrans = 5 10
p V
+
+ g z = const
2
5 m
= 1.50 10
Retrans =
For
Retrans = 5 10
Umax =
disp
2 = L
kg
L = 3 m
m
Retrans
L
5.48
Retrans
Umax = 2.50
3 2
h = 15 cm
m
s
U1 = Umax
U1 = 2.50
disp2 = 0.00775 m
U1 w h = U2 w h 2 disp2
h
U2 = U1
h 2 disp2
U2 = 2.79
m
s
Since the boundary layers do not meet Bernoulli applies in the core
p1
p =
From hydrostatics
U1
2
p2
U2
2
2
2
U U1
2 2
p = H2O g h
with
2
2
p = p1 p2 = U2 U1
2
p = 0.922 Pa
H2O = 1000
kg
3
m
h =
p
H2O g
h = 0.0940 mm
m
s
2 = 0.0232 m
1
u
2
=
1 d = 1 2 + d =
3
U
0
0
disp2 =
From continuity
Umax L
Then
= 1.21
h = 0.00370 in
Problem 9.76
Problem 9.76
Problem 9.77
Problem 9.77
Problem 9.78
[2]
Problem 9.79
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
FD
Basic equations:
CD =
L = 7.5 cm
= 1.01 10
1
2
V A
2
W = 7.5 cm
6 m
0.0742
ReL
1
5
V L
FTotal = 4 FD
CD =
0.0742
ReL
L = 0.300 m
ReL =
1
5
1
2
The drag (one side) is then FD = CD V A
2
ReL = 7.43 10
CD = 0.00497
FD = 1.39 N
L = 4 7.5 cm
3 2
1
2
The drag (one side) is then FD = CD V A
2
A = 5.625 10
kg
m
ReL =
= 998
A = W L
V L
FTotal = 5.58 N
For both sides:
2 FTotal = 11.2 N
A = W L
A = 0.0225 m
ReL = 2.97 10
CD = 0.00377
FD = 4.23 N
2 FD = 8.46 N
The drag is much lower on the composite compared to the separate plates. This is because w is largest near the
leading edges and falls off rapidly; in this problem the separate plates experience leading edges four times!
V = 10
m
s
Problem 9.80
[3]
Problem 9.81
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
1
2
V A
2
We "unwrap" the cylinder to obtain an equivalent flat plate
Hence at
L = 125 ft
D = 12 ft
z = 40000 ft
z = 12192 m
z = 12000 m
SL
= 0.2546
Hence
A = 4712 ft
V = 500 mph
with
SL = 0.002377
slug
ft
z = 13000 m
= 0.2176
SL
z = 12192 m
( 0.2176 0.2546)
= 0.2546 +
( 12192 12000) = 0.255
SL
( 1300 12000)
= 0.255 SL
= 0.000606
slug
ft
A = L D
b T
1
2
with
S
1+
T
b T
1+
kg
m s K
1
2
= 1.42 10
S = 110.4 K
1
2
5 N s
= 2.97 10
7 lbf s
ft
T
ReL =
b = 1.458 10
T = 216.7 K
and also
0.455
V L
ReL = 1.87 10
2.58
CD = 0.00195
1
2
F D = C D V A
2
FD = 1500 lbf
P = FD V
P = 1.100 10
log ReL
6 ft lbf
P = 1999 hp
Problem 9.82
[3]
Given data:
L =
B =
D =
80
35
5
1.21E-05
ft
ft
ft
ft2/s
(Table A.7)
1.94
slug/ft
A =
3600
ft2
(Table A.7)
Computed results:
U (mph)
Re L
CD
P (hp)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
9.70E+06
1.94E+07
2.91E+07
3.88E+07
4.85E+07
5.82E+07
6.79E+07
7.76E+07
8.73E+07
9.70E+07
1.07E+08
1.16E+08
1.26E+08
1.36E+08
1.45E+08
0.00285
0.00262
0.00249
0.00240
0.00233
0.00227
0.00222
0.00219
0.00215
0.00212
0.00209
0.00207
0.00205
0.00203
0.00201
0.0571
0.421
1.35
3.1
5.8
9.8
15
22
31
42
56
72
90
111
136
9
U (mph)
12
15
Problem 9.84
[3]
Problem 9.85
[4]
Problem 9.86
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
Fy = 0
h = 10 mm
From Table A.8 at 20oC
Hence
Also
Solving for V
2
6 m
= 1.01 10
= 998
0.0742
CD =
ReL
L = 0.5 m
kg
1
5
A = W L
SG = 1.5
for water
FD + Fbuoyancy W = 0
FD = W Fbuoyancy = g h A ( SG 1)
4
5
1
5 1
1
0.0742
1
0.0742
2
2
2
FD = 2 CD A V = 2
A V =
W L V = 0.0742 W L V
1
1
2
2
2
5
V L
4
5
1
5 1
H2O g h W L ( SG 1) = 0.0742 W L V
2
1
5
g h ( SG 1) L
V =
0.0742
Repeating for
1
2
V A
2
W = 1 m
ReL
Hence
FD
CD =
5
g h ( SG 1) L
V =
0.0742
V L
9
5
5
9
V = 3.41
V L
L = 1 m
9
5
5
9
m
s
ReL = 1.69 10
V = 3.68
m
s
ReL = 3.65 10
The short side vertical orientation falls more slowly because the largest friction is at the region of the leading edge ( tails off as the
boundary layer progresses); its leading edge area is larger. Note that neither orientation is likely - the plate will flip around in a chaotic
manner
Problem 9.87
[4]
Problem 9.88
[4]
Problem 9.89
[4]
Given data:
Lp =
409
Ap =
Lm =
19500
5.11
Am =
SG =
=
=
3.05
1.025
2.26E-05
1023
ft
ft2
ft (1/80 scale)
ft2
(Table A.2)
(Table A.2)
lbf.s/ft2
slug/ft3
Computed results:
Model
Fr
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
Wave
"Resistance"
0.00050
0.00075
0.00120
0.00150
0.00200
0.00300
0.00350
0.00320
Viscous
Total
Wave
U (ft/s)
"Resistance" "Resistance"
Drag (lbf)
0.0052
0.0057
1.28
0.641
0.0045
0.0053
2.57
3.85
0.0040
0.0052
3.85
13.9
0.0038
0.0053
4.49
23.6
0.0038
0.0058
5.13
41.0
0.0036
0.0066
5.77
77.9
0.0035
0.0070
6.42
112
0.0035
0.0067
7.70
148
Viscous
Drag (lbf)
6.67
23.1
46.2
59.7
78.0
93.5
112
162
Total
Drag (lbf)
7.31
26.9
60.0
83.3
119
171
224
309
Total
Wave
Viscous
250
F (lbf)
200
150
100
50
0
0
6
U (ft/s)
Prototype
Fr
Wave
"Resistance"
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.00050
0.00075
0.00120
0.00150
0.00200
0.00300
0.00350
0.00320
Wave
Viscous
Total
Viscous
Total
Drag
Drag
(lbf
Drag (lbf x
U (ft/s)
"Resistance" "Resistance"
6
6
x 10 )
(lbf x 106)
10 )
0.0017
0.0022
11.5
0.328
1.12
1.44
0.0016
0.0024
23.0
1.97
4.20
6.17
0.0015
0.0027
34.4
7.09
8.87
16.0
0.0015
0.0030
40.2
12.1
12.1
24.1
0.0013
0.0033
45.9
21.0
13.7
34.7
0.0013
0.0043
51.6
39.9
17.3
57.2
0.0013
0.0048
57.4
57.5
21.3
78.8
0.0013
0.0045
68.9
75.7
30.7
106
Total
Wave
80
F (lbf x 10 )
60
6
Viscous
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
U (ft/s)
For the prototype wave resistance is a much more significant factor at high speeds!
60
70
80
Problem 9.90
[1]
Problem 9.91
Given:
Fishing net
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
1
2
V A
2
We convert the net into an equivalent cylinder (we assume each segment does not interfere with its neighbors)
d =
1
in
32
n1 =
n2 =
L = 40 ft
W = 5 ft
LT = L1 + L2
= 1.94
V = 7 knot
V = 11.8
W
D
n1 = 160
Total length
L1 = n1 L
L1 = 6400 ft
L
D
n2 = 1280
Total length
L2 = n2 W
L2 = 6400 ft
LT = 12800 ft
A = 33.3 ft
slug
ft
3
in
8
Spacing: D =
V d
= 1.21 10
Red = 2543
For a cylinder in a crossflow at this Reynolds number, from Fig. 9.13, approximately
Hence
1
2
F D = C D V A
2
FD = 3611 lbf
P = FD V
P = 42658
ft lbf
s
CD = 0.8
P = 77.6 hp
ft
s
Problem 9.92
[2]
Problem 9.93
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The given data or available data is
R = 0.6 m
P = 350 W
= 60 rpm
= 1099
kg
3
m
For a ring, from Table 9.3
CD = 1.2
T = 55.7 N m
1 T
2 R
FD =
V = R
FD = 46.4 N
V = 3.77
m
s
The drag and velocity of each ring are related using the definition of drag coefficient
CD =
FD
1
2
A V
2
FD
A =
But
A =
do = 125 mm
di =
1
2
V C D
2
A = 4.95 10
2
2
d di
4 o
2 4 A
do
di = 96.5 mm
3 2
Problem 9.94
[2]
Problem 9.95
Given data:
M =
Vi =
Vf =
CD =
8500
400
100
1.42
kg
km/hr
km/hr
(Table 9.3)
= 1.23 kg/m
Single: D = 6 m
Triple: D = 3.75 m
[3]
Computed results:
A = 28.3 m2
A = 11.0 m2
0.0 0.0
1.0 96.3
2.0 171
3.0 233
4.0 285
5.0 331
6.0 371
7.0 407
8.0 439
9.0 469
9.29 477
0.0 0.0
1.0 94.2
2.0 165
3.0 223
4.0 271
5.0 312
6.0 348
7.0 380
7.93 407
9.0 436
9.3 443
400
302
243
203
175
153
136
123
112
102
100
400
290
228
187
159
138
122
110
100
91
89
V (km/hr)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
One Parachute
Three Parachutes
6
t (s)
10
One Parachute
Three Parachutes
300
V (km/hr)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
100
200
300
x (m)
400
500
Problem 9.96
[3]
Given data:
M = 9500 kg
V i = 350 km/hr
V f = 100 km/hr
x f = 1200 m
C D = 1.42 (Table 9.3)
= 1.23 kg/m
Computed results:
Single:
A = 11.4 m2
D = 3.80 m
Triple:
A = 3.8 m2
D = 2.20 m
0.0
216.6
393.2
542.2
671.1
784.7
886.3
978.1
1061.9
1138.9
1200.0
350
279
232
199
174
154
139
126
116
107
100
Aircraft Velocity versus Time
350
300
250
V (km/hr)
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
t (s)
20
25
200
400
600
800
x (m)
1000
1200
Problem 9.97
[2]
Problem 9.98
[2]
Problem 9.99
[2]
Problem 9.100
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
The given data or available data is
FR = 7.5 N
M = 65 kg
CD = 1.2
= 1.23
A = 0.25 m
kg
m
FD =
V = 30
1
2
A V C D
2
km
hr
FD = 12.8 N
P = FD + FR V
Now, with a headwind we have
Vw = 10
P = 169 W
km
hr
V = 24
km
hr
The aerodynamic drag is greater because of the greater effective wind speed
FD =
1
2
A V + V w C D
2
FD = 16.5 N
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force FD + FR, moving at the cyclist's speed
P = V FD + FR
P = 160 W
With the wind supporting her the effective wind speed is substantially lower
VW = 10
FD =
1
2
km
V = 40
hr
A V V W C D
km
hr
FD = 12.8 N
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force FD + FR, moving at the cyclist's speed
P = V FD + FR
This is more than the power she can generate
P = 226 W
She loses the bet
P = 0.227 hp
Problem 9.101
[3]
Given:
Find:
Performance hindered and aided by wind; repeat with high-tech tires; with fairing
Solution:
The given data or available data is
FR = 7.5 N
M = 65 kg
CD = 1.2
= 1.23
A = 0.25 m
kg
m
V = 30
1
2
A V C D
2
FD =
P = FD + FR V
Vw = 10
km
hr
FD = 12.8 N
P = 169 W
P = 0.227 hp
km
hr
The aerodynamic drag is greater because of the greater effective wind speed
FD =
1
2
A V + V w C D
2
(1)
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force FD + FR, moving at the cyclist's speed is
P = V FD + FR
(2)
Combining Eqs 1 and 2 we obtain an expression for the cyclist's maximum speed V cycling into a
headwind (where P = 169 W is the cyclist's power)
Cycling into the wind:
P = FR +
1
2
A V + Vw CD V
(3)
This is a cubic equation for V; it can be solved analytically, or by iterating. It is convenient to use Excel's Goal Seek (or
Solver). From the associated Excel workbook
V = 24.7
From Solver
km
hr
By a similar reasoning:
Cycling with the wind:
P = FR +
1
2
A V Vw CD V
(4)
km
hr
From Solver
V = 35.8
FR = 3.5 N
1
2
P = FR + A V CD V
2
This is a again a cubic equation for V; it can be solved analytically, or by iterating. It is convenient to use Excel's Goal
Seek (or Solver). From the associated Excel workbook
V = 32.6
From Solver
km
hr
V = 26.8
km
hr
V = 39.1
km
hr
V = 29.8
km
hr
V = 42.1
km
hr
km
hr
7.5
65
0.25
1.2
N
kg
m2
=
V =
Vw =
1.23
30
10
kg/m3
km/hr
km/hr
Computed results:
F D = 12.8 N
P = 169 W
Using Solver :
[3]
3.5
Using Solver :
3.5
0.9
Problem 9.102
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The given data or available data is
FR = 7.5 N
M = 65 kg
CD = 1.2
= 1.23
A = 0.25 m
kg
m
V = 30
1
2
A V C D
2
FD =
P = FD + FR V
= 5 deg
km
hr
FD = 12.8 N
P = 169 W
P = 0.227 hp
For steady speed the cyclist's power is consumed by working against the net force (rolling resistance, darg, and gravity)
Cycling up the hill:
P = FR +
1
2
A V CD + M g sin( ) V
2
This is a cubic equation for the speed which can be solved analytically, or by iteration, or using Excel's Goal Seek
or Solver. The solution is obtained from the associated Excel workbook
V = 9.47
Vw = 10
km
hr
From Solver
km
hr
The aerodynamic drag is greater because of the greater effective wind speed
FD =
1
2
A V + V w C D
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force (rolling resistance, drag, and gravity) moving at the cyclist's speed is
Uphill against the wind:
P = FR +
A V + Vw CD + M g sin ( ) V
V = 8.94
km
hr
Pedalling downhill (no wind) gravity helps increase the speed; the maximum speed is obtained from
Cycling down the hill:
1
2
A V CD M g sin ( ) V
2
P = FR +
From Solver
km
hr
Pedalling downhill (wind assisted) gravity helps increase the speed; the maximum speed is obtained from
Wind-assisted downhill:
1
2
P = FR + A V Vw CD M g sin ( ) V
2
From Solver
km
hr
Freewheeling downhill, the maximum speed is obtained from the fact that the net force is zero
Freewheeling downhill:
FR +
V =
Wind assisted:
FR +
1
2
A V CD M g sin ( ) = 0
2
M g sin ( ) FR
1
A C D
2
V = 58.1
km
hr
V = 68.1
km
hr
1
2
A V Vw CD M g sin ( ) = 0
2
V = Vw +
M g sin ( ) FR
1
A C D
2
[3]
7.5
65
0.25
1.2
N
kg
m2
=
V =
Vw =
=
1.23
30
10
5
kg/m
km/hr
km/hr
deg
Computed results:
1
2
FD = A V CD
2
P = FD + FR V
Cycling up the hill:
Using Solver :
Uphill against the wind:
Using Solver :
Using Solver :
Wind-assisted downhill:
Using Solver :
P = FR +
Left (W)
169
1
2
FD =
12.8
P =
169
AV CD + M gsin( ) V
2
Right (W)
169
Error
0%
V (km/hr)
9.47
P = FR + A V + Vw CD + M gsin( ) V
2
Left (W)
169
Right (W)
169
Error
0%
V (km/hr)
8.94
P = FR + A V CD M gsin( ) V
2
Left (W)
169
Right (W)
169
Error
0%
V (km/hr)
63.6
P = FR + A V Vw CD M gsin( ) V
2
Left (W)
169
Right (W)
169
Error
0%
V (km/hr)
73.0
Problem *9.103
[3]
FBnet
FD
y
x
Given:
Find:
Wlatex
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
FB = air g Vol
1
2
V A
2
The above figure applies to each balloon
For the horizontal forces FD T sin ( ) = 0
(1)
Here
D
FBnet = FB W = air He g
6
RHe = 386.1
Rair = 53.33
(2)
1
Mlatex =
oz
10
Wlatex = Mlatex g
ft lbf
lbm R
THe = 530 R
ft lbf
lbm R
D = 9 in
We have (Table A.6)
FBnet = air He g
D
6
FD = T sin ( ) =
But we have
1
1
2
2 D
FD = CD air V A = CD air V
4
2
2
CD air D
From Table A.9
4 ft
= 1.63 10
Rair Tair
slug
ft
air = 0.00233
ft
V = 9.00
CD = 0.4
with
ft
s
V D
Red = 4.14 10
We are okay!
slug
FD = 0.0167 lbf
pair
He = 0.000354
sin ( )
Hence
RHe THe
cos ( )
8 FD
air =
pHe
FBnet Wlatex
Tair = 530 R
He =
= 65 deg
V =
F = 0
= 60 deg
8 FD
V =
CD air D
The Reynolds number is Red =
For the next balloon
V D
V D
V D
V D
8 FD
2
V D
V = 2.58
CD air D
V = 1.82
FD = 0.00449 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
FD = 0.00283 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
FD = 0.00137 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
with
CD = 0.4
ft
s
4
We are okay!
CD = 0.4
We are okay!
= 5 deg
with
ft
s
Red = 1.19 10
FD = 0.00544 lbf
We are okay!
CD air D
V =
V = 3.71
= 10 deg
Red = 1.71 10
V =
CD = 0.4
ft
s
8 FD
with
We are okay!
CD air D
The Reynolds number is Red =
Red = 2.15 10
= 20 deg
V =
V = 4.67
FD = 0.00777 lbf
ft
s
8 FD
CD = 0.4
We are okay!
CD air D
Red = 2.37 10
= 30 deg
V = 5.14
with
ft
s
FD = 0.00927 lbf
We are okay!
V =
Red = 2.83 10
= 35 deg
CD air D
V = 6.15
CD = 0.4
ft
s
V D
V =
Red = 3.09 10
8 FD
with
We are okay!
CD air D
= 45 deg
V = 6.71
FD = 0.0135 lbf
ft
s
V =
V = 8.09
Red = 3.72 10
= 50 deg
CD air D
V D
V =
ft
s
FD = 0.000680 lbf
V D
Red = 8367.80
We are okay!
In summary we have
ft
s
h = ( 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 ) ft
30
h (ft)
20
10
V (ft/s)
10
Problem 9.104
[2]
FB
FD
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
F = 0
FB = g Vol
1
2
V A
2
The above figure applies to the sphere
For the horizontal forces FD T sin ( ) = 0
(1)
T cos ( ) + FB W = 0
Here
D = 1 ft
(2)
5 ft
SG = 0.25
= 1.94
= 45 deg
FB W
cos ( )
slug
ft
D
( 1 SG) tan( )
6
Hence
F D = g
But we have
1
1
2
2 D
F D = C D V A = C D V
4
2
2
8 FD
V =
C D D
The Reynolds number is Red =
Try
V D
CD = 0.15
V D
V = 8.97
FD = 24.5 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
ft
s
Red = 6.36 10
V =
8 FD
C D D
Red = 1.04 10
V = 14.65
ft
s
Problem 9.105
[2]
Fn
W
Given:
Find:
Solution:
CD =
Basic equations:
M = 0
FD
1
2
V A
2
Fn =
and
1
2
V n A C D
2
Hence
M g sin ( ) =
The data is
= 1.225
1
2 D
( V cos ( ) )
CD
4
2
kg
V = 15
m
s
D = 25 mm
8 M g
V =
D C D
CD = 1.17
V cos ( ) D CD
M =
8 g sin ( )
Rearranging
= 10 deg
M = 0.0451 kg
tan( )
cos ( )
V = 35.5
m tan( )
s cos ( )
V (m/s)
60
40
20
10
20
30
40
Angle (deg)
50
60
70
(Table 9.3)
Problem 9.106
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The given data or available data is
D = 50 mm
R = 80 mm
= 1.23
kg
3
The drag coefficients for a cup with open end facing the airflow and a cup with open end facing downstream are, respectively, from Table 9
CDopen = 1.42
CDnotopen = 0.38
1
2
The equation for computing drag is FD = A V CD
2
A =
where
D
4
(1)
A = 1.96 10
3 2
Assuming steady speed at steady wind speed V the sum of moments will be zero. The two cups that are momentarily parallel to the flow
will exert no moment; the two cups with open end facing and not facing the flow will exert a moment beacuse of their drag forces. For eac
the drag is based on Eq. 1 (with the relative velocity used!). In addition, friction of the anemometer is neglected
1
1
2
2
M = 0 = A ( V R ) CDopen R A ( V + R ) CDnotopen R
2
2
or
( V R ) CDopen = ( V + R ) CDnotopen
This indicates that the anemometer reaches a steady speed even in the abscence of friction because it is the relative
velocity on each cup that matters: the cup that has a higher drag coefficient has a lower relative velocity
Rearranging for
k=
V R C
V
Dopen = + R CDnotopen
Hence
CDnotopen
1+
CDopen
R
k =
CDnotopen
CDopen
k = 0.251 m
k = 0.0948
km
hr
rpm
For the actual anemometer (with friction), we first need to determine the torque produced when the anemometer is stationary but
about to rotate
Minimum wind for rotation is
Vmin = 1
km
hr
Tf = 7.75 10
N m
or
2 Tf
2
2
( V R ) CDopen ( V + R ) CDnotopen =
R A
km
hr
V = 10
= 104 rpm
= 1.12 %
Problem 9.107
[2]
Problem 9.108
[2]
Problem 9.109
[3]
Problem 9.110
[3]
W =
CD =
A =
=
1970's Sedan
4500
lbf
0.5
24
0.00234
ft2
slug/ft3
Current Sedan
3500
lbf
0.3
20
(Table A.9)
ft2
Computed results:
V (mph)
F D (lbf)
1970's Sedan
F T (lbf)
P (hp)
F D (lbf)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
12.1
18.9
27.2
37.0
48.3
61.2
75.5
91.4
109
128
148
170
193
218
245
273
302
79.6
86.4
94.7
104
116
129
143
159
176
195
215
237
261
286
312
340
370
4.24
5.76
7.57
9.75
12.4
15.4
19.1
23.3
28.2
33.8
40.2
47.5
55.6
64.8
74.9
86.2
98.5
6.04
9.44
13.6
18.5
24.2
30.6
37.8
45.7
54.4
63.8
74.0
84.9
96.6
109
122
136
151
Current Sedan
F T (lbf)
58.5
61.9
66.1
71.0
76.7
83.1
90.3
98.2
107
116
126
137
149
162
175
189
204
P (hp)
3.12
4.13
5.29
6.63
8.18
10.0
12.0
14.4
17.1
20.2
23.6
27.5
31.8
36.6
42.0
47.8
54.3
V (mph)
F D (lbf)
F R (lbf)
V (mph)
F D (lbf)
F R (lbf)
47.3
67.5
67.5
59.0
52.5
52.5
120
P (hp)
90
60
30
0
20
30
40
50
60
V (mph)
70
80
90
100
Problem 9.112
[3]
Given:
Data on a bus
Find:
Power to overcome drag; Maximum speed; Recompute with new fairing; Time for fairing to pay for itself
Solution:
1
2
Basic equation: FD = A V CD
2
P = FD V
V = 50 mph
FD =
The power available is
1
2
A V C D
2
V = 73.3
FD = 478 lbf
ft
s
A = 80 ft
CD = 0.95
P = 3.51 10
slug
ft
4 ft lbf
P = FD V
= 0.00234
P = 63.8 hp
Pmax = 450 hp
1
2
Pmax = A Vmax CD Vmax
2
1 A C D
2
Vmax =
or
1
2
A V C D
2
FD = 428 lbf
Pmax
1 A C D
2
Pmax
Vmax =
Vmax = 141
ft
s
Pnew = 3.14 10
4 ft lbf
Vmax = 146
ft
dollars
Costday = 200
day
Pnew
Gain = 89.5 %
dollars
Costdaynew = 179
day
Saving = 21.1
Saving
Pnew = 57.0 hp
1
3
The cost per day is reduced by improvement in the bus performance at 50 mph
Cost
CD = 0.85
Pnew = FD V
1
3
dollars
= 7.02 month
day
Problem 9.113
[3]
Problem 9.114
[4]
Given:
Find:
Speed for aerodynamic drag to exceed rolling resistance; maximum speed & acceleration at 55 mph;
Redesign change that has greatest effect
Solution:
1
2
Basic equation: FD = A V CD
2
P = FD V
M = 2750 lbm
A = 18.5 ft
Pengine = 165 hp
FR = 0.01 M g
CD = 0.32
= 0.00234
slug
ft
FR = 27.5 lbf
To find the speed at which aerodynamic drag first equals rolling resistance, set the two forces equal
Hence
V =
2 FR
A C D
V = 63.0
ft
s
FD =
V = 80.7
1
2
V A C D
2
1
2
V A C D = F R
2
V = 43.0 mph
To find the drive train efficiency we use the data at a speed of 55 mph V = 55 mph
The aerodynamic drag at this speed is
ft
s
Pengine = 12 hp
FD = 45.1 lbf
Pused = FD + FR V
Pused
Pused = 10.6 hp
= 88.7 %
Pengine
P
V
The maximum acceleration at 55 mph is when we have maximum thrust, when full engine power is used.
Because of drive train inefficiencies the maximum power at the wheels isPmax = Pengine
Hence the maximum thrust is
Tmax =
amax =
Pmax
Pmax = 146 hp
Tmax FD FR
M
ft
amax = 10.8
2
s
Pengine = 165 hp
The maximum speed is obtained when the maximum engine power is just balanced by power consumed by drag and rolling
resistance
2
1
Pmax = Vmax A CD + FR Vmax
2
This is a cubic equation that can be solved by iteration or by using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver
= + 5 %
= 93.7 %
Pmax = Pengine
Pmax = 155 hp
2
1
Pmax = Vmax A CD + FR Vmax
2
CDnew = 0.29
1
2
Pmax = Vmax A CDnew + FR Vmax
2
FRnew = 0.93 % M g
1
2
Pmax = Vmax A CD + FRnew Vmax
2
Problem 9.115
[4]
Problem 9.116
Given:
Find:
Calibration constant
[5]
Solution:
The given data or available data is
D = 50 mm
R = 80 mm
= 1.23
kg
3
The drag coefficients for a cup with open end facing the airflow and a cup with open end facing downstream are, respectively, from Table 9
CDopen = 1.42
CDnotopen = 0.38
Assume the anemometer achieves steady speed due to steady wind speed V
k=
R
Relative velocity
= Vcos - R
V
Vcos
In this more sophisticated analysis we need to compute the instantaneous normal relative velocity.
From the sketch, when a cup is at angle , the normal component of relative velocity is
Vn = V cos ( ) R
(1)
The relative velocity is sometimes positive sometimes negatiive. From Eq. 1, this is determined by
R
c = acos
V
For
0 < < c
Vn > 0
c < < 2 c
Vn < 0
c < < 2
Vn > 0
90
(2)
180
270
360
Vn ( )
FD =
where
A =
1
2
A V n C D
2
D
4
(3)
A = 1.96 10
3 2
In Eq. 3, the drag coefficient, and whether the drag is postive or negative, depend on the sign of the relative velocity
For
0 < < c
CD = CDopen
FD > 0
c < < 2 c
CD = CDnotopen
FD < 0
c < < 2
CD = CDopen
FD > 0
The torque is
1
2
T = F D R = A V n C D R
2
1
Tav =
1
T d = T d
1
Tav =
1 1
2
A Vn CDopen R d
A Vn CDnotopen R d
2
2
Using Eq. 1
A R
2
2
Tav =
CDopen ( V cos ( ) R) d CDnotopen ( V cos ( ) R) d
2
2
A R
V
V
Tav =
CDopen
cos ( ) R d CDnotopen cos ( ) R d
2
V
=k
The integral is
1
2
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
f ( ) = k cos ( ) sin ( ) + 2 k R sin ( ) + R
2
2
Hence
Tav =
A R
C
f c CDnotopen f ( ) f c
2 Dopen
( )
( ))
For steady state conditions the torque (of each cup, and of all the cups) is zero. Hence
( )
( )) = 0
CDopen f c CDnotopen f ( ) f c
or
CDnotopen
f c =
f ( )
CDopen + CDnotopen
Hence
CDnotopen
1
2 1
2
2
2
k cos c sin c + c 2 k R sin c + R c =
k + R
2
2
2
C
+
C
Dopen
Dnotopen
R
c = acos
Hence
( )
( ) ( )
( )
or
R
c = acos
k
CDnotopen
R
1
R
R
R
2 1 R
2
2
2
k sin acos + acos 2 k R sin acos + R acos =
k + R
2 k
k 2
k
k
k CDopen + CDnotopen 2
This equation is to be solved for the coefficient k. The equation is highly nonlinear; it can be solved by iteration or
using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver
From the associated Excel workbook
k = 0.316 m
k = 0.119
km
hr
rpm
50
80
1.42
C Dnotopen =
0.38
0.316
0.119
m
km/hr/rpm
mm
mm
Error
0%
[5]
Problem 9.117
[4]
Problem 9.118
[4]
Problem 9.119
[5]
Problem 9.120
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equation:
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
P = FD V
V = 55 mph
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
CD =
A = 180 ft
FD = 771 lbf
P = FD V
4 ft
V L
0.455
2.58
log ReL
1
2
F D = A V C D
2
ft
s
A = L h
= 1.62 10
V = 80.7
L = 45 ft
h = 4 ft
slug
ft
CD = 0.05
L
h
CD = 0.563
4 ft lbf
P = 6.22 10
= 0.00234
ReL = 2.241 10
1610
ReL
CD = 0.00258
FD = 3.53 lbf
This is the drag on one side. The total drag is then 2 FD = 7.06 lbf . This is VERY much less than the banner
drag. The banner drag allows for banner flutter and other secondary motion which induces significant form drag.
P = 113 hp
Problem 9.121
Given:
Find:
Bending moment
[1]
Solution:
1
2
A V C D
2
Basic equation:
FD =
V = 120
km
hr
V = 33.3
A = L D
= 1.225
m
s
A = 0.018 m
kg
3
L = 1.8 m
2
5 m
= 1.50 10
m
V D
D = 10 mm
Re =
Re = 2.22 10
CD = 1.0
FD =
L
M = FD
2
M = 11.0 N m
1
2
A V C D
2
FD = 12.3 N
Problem 9.122
Given:
Find:
Bending moment
[1]
Solution:
1
2
A V C D
2
Basic equation:
FD =
V = 45
m
s
L = 0.45 m
2
A = L W
= 1.225
W = 35 m
A = 15.75 m
2
5 m
kg
3
= 1.50 10
ReL = 1.35 10
m
For a flat plate, check Re
ReL =
CD =
V L
0.0742
ReL
FD =
The bending moment is then
1
5
1740
ReL
1
2
A V C D
2
W
M = FD
2
CD = 0.00312
FD = 61.0 N
M = 1067 N m
Problem 9.123
Given:
Find:
[4]
Solution:
1
2
A V C D
2
Basic equation:
FD =
= 20 rpm
= 1.225
L = 0.45 m
5 m
kg
m
w = 35 m
= 1.50 10
V ( w) L
Remax = 2.20 10
The transition Reynolds number is 500,000 which therefore occurs at about 1/4 of the maximum radial distance; the boundary layer is
laminar for the first quarter of the blade. We approximate the entire blade as turbulent - the first 1/4 of the blade will not exert much
moment in any event
L
L
V( r ) =
r
Re( r ) =
Hence
CD =
0.0742
ReL
dFD =
1
5
1740
=
ReL
0.0742
L r
1
5
1
1
5
5
1740
= 0.0742
r
L
L
r
1
2
2
dA V CD = L V CD dr
2
2
1740
1
r
L
dM = dFD r
Hence
1
2
M =
1 dM =
L V CD r dr
0
w
1
2
M = L
2
0
M = 1.43 kN m
5
1
2 3
5
r 1 dr
M =
L r 0.0742
r 1740
L
L
14
5
0.0742 r 5 1740 r 2 dr
L
L
P = M
19
5
1
1740 3
2 5 0.0742
5
M = L
w
w
2
3 L
19 L
P = 3.00 kW
Problem 9.124
[2]
Problem 9.125
[2]
Problem 9.126
[2]
Problem 9.127
[2]
Problem 9.128
Given:
3 mm raindrop
Find:
Terminal speed
[2]
Solution:
1
2
A V C D
2
Basic equation:
FD =
D = 3 mm
H2O = 1000
F = 0
kg
3
air = 1.225
m
Summing vertical forces
M g FD = M g
M = H2O
D
6
1
2
A V CD = 0
2 air
M = 1.41 10
Check Re
Re =
V D
V = 8.95
Buoyancy is negligible
2 M g
CD air A
= 1.50 10
kg
A =
D
4
A = 7.07 10
6 2
CD = 0.4
Assume the drag coefficient is in the flat region of Fig. 9.11 and verify Re later
V =
2
5 m
kg
m
s
3
Re = 1.79 10
Actual raindrops are not quite spherical, so their speed will only be approximated by this result
Problem 9.129
[3]
Problem 9.130
[3]
Problem 9.131
[3]
F n2
Fn1
W
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
CD =
M = 0
FD
1
2
V A
2
1
D
Summing moments at the pivotW L sin( ) Fn1 L L Fn2 = 0
2
2
Fn =
1
2
V n A C D
2
= 1.225
5 N s
kg
= 1.8 10
D = 25 mm
d = 3 mm
Red =
V d
V = 15
m
s
L = 40 mm
= 10 deg
Red = 3063
CD2 = 0.9
Hence
Fn1 =
Fn2 =
1
2 D
( V cos ( ) )
CD1
4
2
1
2
Fn1 = 0.077 N
D
2
( V cos ( ) ) L d CD2
2
Fn2 = 0.00992 N
The drag on the support is much less than on the disk (and moment even less), so results will not be much different from those of Problem 9
2
1
1
D 1
D
2 D
2
M L g sin ( ) = L ( V cos ( ) )
CD1 + L ( V cos ( ) ) L d CD2
4
2
2
2 2
2
V cos ( ) 1
D
D
2
M =
D CD1 + 1
L d CD2
4 g sin ( ) 2
2
2 L
M = 0.0471 kg
4 M g tan( )
1
cos ( ) 1
D
D
2
D CD1 + 1
L d CD2
2
2
L
2
Rearranging
V = 35.5
80
V (m/s)
60
40
20
10
20
30
40
Angle (deg)
50
60
70
m tan( )
s cos ( )
Problem 9.132
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The given data or available data is M = 57 gm
Then
A =
D
4
D = 64 mm
= 1.45 10
CD = 0.5
FD = M g
FD =
Vt =
Re =
= 1.23
kg
3
3 2
A = 3.22 10
2
5 m
1
2
A V C D
2
M g
1
A C D
2
Vt D
Vt = 23.8
m
s
Re = 1.05 10
Check!
dV
1
2
= M g V A CD
dt
2
2
d
V = g k V
dt
or
Separating variables
dV = t
g k V2
0
g
Hence
V ( t) =
Evaluating at V = 0.95Vt
0.95 Vt =
dx
=
dt
k =
where
A C D
k = 0.0174
2 M
dV =
g
k
V
1
g k
k
V
g
atanh
tanh( g k t)
g
k
tanh( g k t)
g
tanh( g k t)
k
t =
1
g k
atanh 0.95 Vt
x=
g
k
tanh( g k t) dt
t = 4.44 s
1
m
Note that
tanh( a t) dt = a ln ( cosh ( a t) )
Hence
x ( t) =
Evaluating at V = 0.95Vt
t = 4.44 s
1
ln (cosh ( g k t))
k
so
x ( t) = 67.1 m
Problem 9.133
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
FD
CD =
1
2
A V
2
Given or available data is D = 2 cm
V = 30
m
s
CL =
FL
1
2
A V
2
(Rod)
L = 25 cm
FL = 50 N
b = 60 cm
c = 15 cm
FH = 6 N
Note that the horizontal force FH is due to drag on the airfoil AND on the rod
= 1.225
kg
3
2
5 m
= 1.50 10
m
For the rod
Rerod =
V D
Arod = L D
Rerod = 4 10
Arod = 5 10
1
2
FDrod = CDrod Arod V
2
Hence for the airfoil
A = b c
CD =
3 2
FDrod = 2.76 N
FD = FH FDrod
FD
1
2
A V
2
CD = 0.0654
CDrod = 1.0
CL =
FD = 3.24 N
FL
1
2
A V
2
CL = 1.01
CL
CD
= 15.4
(Airfoil)
Problem 9.134
[3]
Problem 9.135
[4]
Problem 9.136
[3]
Problem 9.137
[4]
Problem 9.138
[4]
Problem 9.139
[4]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The given data or available data is
M = 57 gm
Then
A =
D
4
CD =
24
Re
D = 64 mm
A = 3.22 10
Re
3 2
Re 1
24
CD =
= 1.45 10
1 < Re 400
0.646
CD = 0.5
400 < Re 3 10
CD = 0.000366 Re
0.4275
3 10 < Re 2 10
6
CD = 0.18
Re > 2 10
FD =
Assume
CD = 0.5
Vt =
Re =
M g
1
A C D
2
Vt D
Vt = 23.8
m
s
Re = 1.05 10
2
5 m
= 1.23
kg
3
M a = M
dV
1
2
= M g V A CD
dt
2
Hence the time to reach 95% of terminal speed is obtained by separating variables and integrating
0.95 Vt
t=
1
g
A C D
2 M
dV
V
For the distance to reach terminal speed Newton's second law is written in the form
M a = M V
dV
1
2
= M g V A CD
dx
2
Hence the distance to reach 95% of terminal speed is obtained by separating variables and integrating
0.95 Vt
x=
V
g
A C D
2 M
dV
V
These integrals are quite difficult because the drag coefficient varies with Reynolds number, which varies with
speed. They are best evaluated numerically. A form of Simpson's Rule is
f ( V) dV = 3 f V0 + 4 f V1 + 2 f V2 + 4 f V3 + f VN
(( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ))
where V is the step size, and V0, V1 etc., are the velocities at points 0, 1, ... N.
Here
V0 = 0
0.95 Vt
VN = 0.95 Vt
V =
t = 4.69 s
x = 70.9 m
These results compare to 4.44 s and 67.1 m from Problem 9.132, which assumed the drag coefficient was constant and analytically
integrated. Note that the drag coefficient IS essentially constant, so numerical integration was not really necessary!
[4]
Given data:
M =
=
D =
CD =
57
1.23
64
0.5
gm
kg/m3
mm
(Fig. 9.11)
= 1.45E-05 m2/s
Computed results:
A = 0.00322 m2
V t = 23.8 m/s
N =
20
V = 1.19 m/s
For the time:
V (m/s)
Re
0
1.13
2.26
3.39
4.52
5.65
6.78
7.91
9.03
10.2
11.3
12.4
0
4985
9969
14954
19938
24923
29908
34892
39877
44861
49846
54831
CD
5438
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
13.6
14.7
15.8
16.9
18.1
19.2
20.3
21.5
22.6
59815
64800
69784
74769
79754
84738
89723
94707
99692
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
W
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
f (V ) W xf (V )
0.102
0.102
0.103
0.104
0.106
0.108
0.111
0.115
0.119
0.125
0.132
0.140
0.102
0.409
0.206
0.416
0.212
0.432
0.222
0.458
0.238
0.499
0.263
0.561
0.00
0.115
0.232
0.353
0.478
0.610
0.752
0.906
1.08
1.27
1.49
1.74
0.000
0.462
0.465
1.41
0.955
2.44
1.50
3.62
2.15
5.07
2.97
6.97
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
0.151
0.165
0.183
0.207
0.241
0.293
0.379
0.550
1.05
0.302
0.659
0.366
0.828
0.483
1.17
0.758
2.20
1.05
2.05
2.42
2.89
3.51
4.36
5.62
7.70
11.8
23.6
4.09
9.68
5.78
14.03
8.72
22.5
15.4
47.2
23.6
Problem 9.140
[4]
Given:
Find:
Time to reach surface; plot depth as function of time; repeat for different sizes
Solution:
The given data or available data is
d0 = 0.3 in
h = 100 ft
w = 1000
kg
SG = 1.025
(Table A.2)
m
2
7 m
= SG w
= 1.05 8.03 10
The density of air is negligible compared to that of water, so Newton's second law is applicable with negligible MdV/dt
M
dV
= 0 = F = FB FD
dt
or
FB = FD
(1)
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
(2)
For a sphere, assuming high Reynolds number, from Fig. 9.11 CD = 0.5
The volume of the sphere increases as the bubble rises and experiences decreased pressure. Assuming the air is an isothermal
idea gas
p0 Vol0 = p Vol
where p0 and Vol0 are the initial pressure and volume (at depth h), and p and Vol are the pressure and
volume at any depth
p0 = patm + g h p = patm + g ( h x)
Hence
(patm + g h) 6 d0
3
= patm + g ( h x) d
(patm + g h)
d = d0
patm + g ( h x)
(3)
3 1 2 2
d = d V C D
6
2 4
V =
4 g d
3 CD
V =
patm + g h
4 g d0
3 CD patm + g ( h x)
Strictly speaking, to obtain x as a function of t we would have to integrate this expression (V = dx/dt).
1
6
x = 0
V0 = 0.446
x = h
V = 0.563
m
s
m
s
we see that the velocity varies slightly. Hence, instead of integrating we use the approximation dx = Vdt where dx is an increment of
displacement and dt is an increment of time. (This amounts to numerically integrating)
Note that the Reynolds number at the initial depth (the smallest Re) is
Re0 =
V0 d0
d0 = 0.3 in
t = 63.4 s
d0 = 5 mm
t = 77.8 s
d0 = 15 mm
t = 45.1 s
Re0 = 4034
[4]
where
Given data:
h = 100 ft
h = 30.5 m
3
w = 1000 kg/m
SG = 1.025 Table A.2)
C D = 0.5 (Fig. 9.11)
= 1025 kg/m3
p atm = 101 kPa
Computed results:
d 0 = 0.3 in
d 0 = 7.62 mm
d0 =
d0 =
mm
15
mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
63.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
77.8
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.1
0
2.23
4.49
6.76
9.1
11.4
13.8
16.1
18.6
21.0
23.6
30.5
0.446
0.451
0.455
0.460
0.466
0.472
0.478
0.486
0.494
0.504
0.516
0.563
0
1.81
3.63
5.47
7.32
9.19
11.1
13.0
14.9
16.9
18.8
20.8
22.9
25.0
27.1
29.3
30.5
0.362
0.364
0.367
0.371
0.374
0.377
0.381
0.386
0.390
0.396
0.401
0.408
0.415
0.424
0.435
0.448
0.456
0
3.13
6.31
9.53
12.8
16.1
19.5
23.0
26.6
30.5
0.626
0.635
0.644
0.655
0.667
0.682
0.699
0.721
0.749
0.790
30
25
20
x (m)
15
10
Initial Diameter = 5 mm
Initial Diameter = 0.3 in
Initial Diameter = 15 mm
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
t (s)
60
70
80
Problem 9.141
Given:
Find:
Maximum height
[4]
Solution:
The given data or available data is M = 57 gm
Then
A =
D
4
CD =
24
Re
CD =
D = 64 mm
Vi = 50
m
s
= 1.45 10
A = 3.22 10
5 m
3 2
Re 1
24
1 < Re 400
0.646
Re
CD = 0.5
400 < Re 3 10
0.4275
CD = 0.000366 Re
3 10 < Re 2 10
CD = 0.18
Re > 2 10
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
dV
1
2
= V A CD M g
dt
2
M a = M
For the maximum height Newton's second law is written in the form
M a = M V
dV
1
2
= V A CD M g
dx
2
Vi
0
V
V
dV
dV =
xmax =
A C D 2
A C D 2
V g
V + g
2 M
2 M
V
0
i
This integral is quite difficult because the drag coefficient varies with Reynolds number, which varies with
speed. It is best evaluated numerically. A form of Simpson's Rule is
f ( V) dV =
f V0 + 4 f V1 + 2 f V2 + 4 f V3 + f VN
(( )
( )
where V is the step size, and V0, V1 etc., are the velocities at points 0, 1, ... N.
( )
( ) ( ))
= 1.23
kg
m
Here
V0 = 0
VN = Vi
becomes
CD = 0.5
Vi
the integral
Vi
xmax = 48.7 m
V =
xmax =
0
xmax =
V
dV
A C D 2
V + g
2 M
A C D 2
M
ln
Vi + 1
A CD 2 M g
xmax = 48.7 m
The two results agree very closely! This is because the integrand does not vary much after the first few steps so the numerical
integral is accurate, and the analytic solution assumes CD = 0.5, which it essentially does!
Given data:
M =
V0 =
57
50.0
= 1.23
D =
64
CD =
0.5
gm
m/s
kg/m3
mm
(Fig. 9.11)
= 1.45E-05 m2/s
Computed results:
A = 0.00322 m2
N =
20
V = 2.50 m/s
V (m/s)
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
25.0
27.5
30.0
32.5
35.0
37.5
40.0
42.5
45.0
47.5
50.0
Re
0
11034
22069
33103
44138
55172
66207
77241
88276
99310
110345
121379
132414
143448
154483
165517
176552
187586
198621
209655
220690
CD
0.000
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
W
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
f (V ) W xf (V )
0.000
0.252
0.488
0.695
0.866
1.00
1.09
1.16
1.19
1.21
1.21
1.20
1.18
1.15
1.13
1.10
1.06
1.03
1.00
0.970
0.940
0.000
1.01
0.976
2.78
1.73
3.99
2.19
4.63
2.39
4.84
2.42
4.80
2.36
4.62
2.25
4.38
2.13
4.13
2.00
3.88
0.940
[4]
Problem 9.142
[3]
Given:
Find:
Drag on carrier; Additional fuel used; Effect on economy; Effect of "cheaper" carrier
Solution:
Basic equation:
FD
CD =
1
2
A V
2
w = 1 m
V = 100
h = 50 cm
km
hr
V = 27.8
H2O = 1000
kg
3
r = 10 cm
m
s
d = 85 %
FE = 12.75
A = w h
A = 0.5 m
km
L
FE = 30.0
mi
gal
BSFC = 0.3
m
= 1.225
5 m
kg
= 1.50 10
m
From the diagram
Additional power is
Additional fuel is
r
= 0.2
h
FD V
P =
d
so
kg
kW hr
s
1
2
FD = CD A V
2
CD = 0.25
FD = 59.1 N
P = 1.93 kW
FC = BSFC P
FC = 1.61 10
4 kg
FC = 0.00965
kg
min
Fuel consumption of the car only is (with SGgas = 0.72 from Table A.2)
FC =
V
FE
SGgas H2O
FCT = FC + FC
FE =
r
=0
h
Additional power is
P =
so
FD V
d
V
FCT
SGgas H2O
CD = 0.9
P = 6.95 kW
FC = 1.57 10
3 kg
FCT = 1.73 10
FE = 11.6
s
3 kg
km
L
1
2
FD = CD A V
2
FC = 0.0941
FCT = 0.104
FE = 27.2
kg
min
kg
min
mi
gal
FD = 213 N
Additional fuel is
FC = BSFC P
FC = 5.79 10
4 kg
FCT = FC + FC
FE =
Cost =
The cost of the trip of with the rounded carrier ( FE = 11.6
V
SGgas H2O
FCT
FC = 0.0348
FCT = 2.148 10
FE = 9.3
km
L
3 kg
FCT = 0.129
FE = 21.9
kg
min
mi
gal
$ 3.50
with a rental discount = $ 5 less than the rounded carrier is then
gal
d
p discount
FE
Cost = 69.47 $
Cost = 59.78 $
km
) is then
L
Cost =
kg
min
d
p
FE
Hence the "cheaper" carrier is more expensive (AND the environment is significantly more damaged!)
Problem 9.143
[4]
Problem 9.144
[4]
Problem 9.145
[4]
Problem 9.146
[4]
CV
a rf y dV =
CV
v xyz dV +
CV
r
r
v xyz V xyz dA
1
AV 2 C D
2
(1)
where
f (V , t ) =
Ve m& e 12 AV 2 C D
M 0 m& e t
(2)
where Vn+1 and Vn are the n + 1th and nth values of V, fn is the function given by Eq. 2 evaluated at the nth
step, and t is the time step.
The initial condition is
V0 = 0 at t = 0
0.0
17.0
34.1
51.2
68.3
85.5
102
119
136
152
168
184
200
214
229
243
256
269
282
293
305
33.9
34.2
34.3
34.3
34.2
34.0
33.7
33.3
32.8
32.2
31.5
30.7
29.8
28.9
27.9
26.9
25.8
24.7
23.6
22.5
21.4
17.0
34.1
51.2
68.3
85.5
102
119
136
152
168
184
200
214
229
243
256
269
282
293
305
315
Without drag:
V n (m/s) f n V n+1 (m/s)
0.0
17.0
34.1
51.3
68.7
86.2
104
122
140
158
176
195
213
232
251
270
289
308
328
348
368
33.9
34.2
34.5
34.8
35.1
35.4
35.6
35.9
36.2
36.5
36.9
37.2
37.5
37.8
38.1
38.5
38.8
39.1
39.5
39.8
40.2
17.0
34.1
51.3
68.7
86.2
104
122
140
158
176
195
213
232
251
270
289
308
328
348
368
388
Trajectory of a Rocket
400
300
V (m/s)
200
Without Drag
100
With Drag
0
0
8
t (s)
10
12
Problem 9.147
[5]
Problem 9.148
[5]
Problem 9.149
Problem 9.149
Problem 9.150
Problem 9.150
Problem 9.151
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equation:
CD =
FD
1
2
A V
2
L = 50 m
A = L D
= 1.21
P = FD V
D = 5 mm
A = 0.25 m
kg
3
V = 175
5 m
Hence
1
2
P = CD A V V
2
V = 48.6
m
s
= 1.50 10
m
V D
Re =
km
hr
Re = 1.62 10
CD = 1.0
P = 17.4 kW
1
2
Pfaired = CD A V V
2
Pfaired = 1.04 kW
P = P Pfaired
P = 16.3 kW
Thus
P
= 94 %
P
Problem 9.152
[4]
Problem 9.153
[4]
Problem 9.154
[1]
Problem 9.155
[5]
Problem 9.156
Given:
Find:
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
FD
CD =
1
2
A V
2
FD = T
km
V = 225
hr
= 1.21
kg
3
CL =
FL
1
2
A V
2
FL = W
m
V = 62.5
s
P = T V
CL = 0.45
CD = 0.065
M = 900 kg
m
Hence
Also
1
2
FL = CL A V = M g
2
FL
FD
CL
CD
FL = M g
T = FD
T = 1275 N
P = T V
P = 79.7 kW
A =
2 M g
C L V
FL = 8826 N
A = 8.30 m
CD
FD = FL
CL
FD = 1275 N
Problem 9.157
[2]
Problem 9.158
Given:
Data on an airfoil
Find:
[2]
Solution:
The given data or available data is
= 1.23
kg
m
L = 1.5 m
w = 2 m
V = 12
m
s
CL = 0.72
CD = 0.17
Then
A = w L
A = 3m
W = FL
and
T = FD
FL = 191 N
FL = 43 lbf
FL =
1
2
A V C L
2
W = M g = FL
or
M =
FD =
T = FD
T = 45.2 N
P = T V
P = 542 W
g
1
2
A V C D
2
M = 19.5 kg
M = 43 lb
FD = 45.2 N
FD = 10.2 lbf
P = 0.727 hp
The model ultralight is just feasible: it is possible to find an engine that can produce about 1 hp that weighs less than about 45 lb
Problem 9.159
[3]
Problem 9.160
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The given data or available data is
= 1.23
kg
m
m
V = 63
s
The governing equations for steady flight are
M = 1000 kg
A = 10 m
CL = 0.72
CD = 0.17
W = M g = FL
T = FD
FL =
CL =
= 3 deg
CD = 0.0065
M g
CL = 0.402
1
2
A V
2
(Note that this does NOT allow for aspect ratio effects on lift and drag!)
1
2
A V C D
2
FD =
FD = 159 N
and
T = FD
T = 159 N
P = T V
P = 10 kW
The maximum "g"'s occur when the angle of attack is suddenly increased to produce the maximum lift
From Fig. 9.17
CL.max = 1.72
FLmax =
A V CL.max
2
FLmax = 42 kN
FLmax
Hence
aperp =
In terms of "g"s
aperp
= 4.28
g
m
aperp = 42
2
s
Note that this result occurs when the airplane is banking at 90o, i.e, when the airplane is flying momentarily in a circular
flight path in the horizontal plane. For a straight horizontal flight path Newton's second law is
M aperp = FLmax M g
FLmax
Hence
aperp =
In terms of "g"s
aperp
= 3.28
g
m
aperp = 32.2
2
s
Problem 9.161
Given:
Data on an airfoil
Find:
[3]
Solution:
m
s
A = b c
ar =
= 1.23
kg
m
A = 3m
b
c
c = 1.5 m
b = 2 m
ar = 1.33
and
T = FD
CDi = 0.012
FL =
1
2
A V C L
2
CD = CDi +
ar
CD = 0.48
FL = 372 N
FL = 83.6 lbf
W = M g = FL
or
M =
FD =
T = FD
T = 127.5 N
P = T V
P = 1.53 kW
g
1
2
A V C D
M = 37.9 kg
M = 83.6 lb
FD = 127.5 N
FD = 28.7 lbf
P = 2.05 hp
NOTE: Strictly speaking we have TWO extremely stubby wings, so a recalculation of drag effects (lift is unaffected) gives
b = 1 m
c = 1.5 m
and
A = b c
A = 1.5 m
ar =
b
c
ar = 0.667
CL
CD = CDi +
ar
CD = 0.948
FD = 56.6 lbf
The drag is
1
2
F D = 2 A V C D
2
FD = 252 N
Engine thrust is
T = FD
T = 252 N
P = T V
P = 3.02 kW
P = 4.05 hp
Problem 9.162
[3]
Problem 9.163
[3]
Problem 9.164
Given:
Data on an airfoil
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The given data or available data is
Vold = 225
m
s
= 1.23
kg
m
Assuming the old airfoil operates at close to design lift, from Fig. 9.19
A = 180 m
CL = 0.3
10
arold =
1.8
arold = 5.56
CDi = 0.0062
CL
Then
CDold = CDi +
arold
arnew = 8
CDold = 0.0114
CL
Hence
CDnew = CDi +
arnew
1
2
P = T V = FD V = A V CD V
2
CDnew = 0.00978
If the old and new designs have the same available power, then
1
1
2
2
A Vnew CDnew Vnew = A Vold CDold Vold
2
2
3
or
CDold
Vnew = Vold
CDnew
Vnew = 236
m
s
Problem 9.165
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
CL =
1
2
A V
2
The given data or available data are
= 0.002377
slug
ft
FL
1
2
A V
2
R = 3250 ft
V = 150 mph
V = 220
ft
s
P = FD V
F = M a
M = 10000 lbm
M = 311 slug
A = 225 ft
ar = 7
Assuming the aircraft is flying banked at angle , the vertical force balance is
FL cos ( ) M g = 0
or
1
2
A V CL cos ( ) = M g
2
or
1
M V
2
A V CL sin ( ) =
2
R
(1)
Then from Eq 1
FL =
Hence
CL =
M g
cos ( )
FL
1
2
A V
2
tan( ) =
V
R g
= atan
P = FD V
= 24.8 deg
FL = 1.10 10 lbf
CL = 0.851
CL
(2)
V2
R g
CD = CDinf +
ar
5 ft lbf
P = 1.15 10
P = 209 hp
CD = 0.040
Problem 9.166
[4]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
1
2
A V
2
The given data or available data are
= 0.002377
slug
ft
A = 225 ft
FL
CL =
1
2
A V
2
R = 3250 ft
P = FD V
F = M a
M = 10000 lbm
M = 311 slug
ar = 7
The minimum velocity will be when the wing is at its maximum lift condition. From Fig . 9. 17 or Fig. 9.19
CL = 1.72
CDinf = 0.02
CL
CD = CDinf +
ar
CD = 0.155
Assuming the aircraft is flying banked at angle , the vertical force balance is
FL cos ( ) M g = 0
or
1
2
A V CL cos ( ) = M g
2
or
1
M V
2
A V CL sin ( ) =
2
R
(1)
(2)
Equations 1 and 2 enable the bank angle and the velocity V to be determined
2
M V
2
M g
R
2
2
+
=1
sin ( ) + cos ( ) =
1
1
2
2
2
L
L
or
M V
R
A V CL
+ M g =
4
2 2
2 2
M g
V =
A CL
4
2
tan( ) =
V
R g
V = 149
M
R
ft
s
V = 102 mph
V2
R g
= atan
= 12.0 deg
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
P = FD V
FD = 918 lbf
5 ft lbf
P = 1.37 10
P = 249 hp
The analysis is repeated for the maximum speed case, when the lift/drag coefficient is at its minimum
value. From Fig. 9.19, reasonable values are
CL = 0.3
CDinf =
47.6
CL
CD = CDinf +
ar
CL
2 2
M g
V =
V = ( 309.9 + 309.9i)
2
A CL
M
2
4
R
CD = 0.0104
ft
s
CDinf = 0.0065
CL
2
A CL
M
2
4
R
2
tan( ) =
The drag is then
FD =
V
R g
1
2
A V C D
2
CD = CDinf +
ar
CD = 0.0203
m
s
V = 204 mph
V2
R g
= 40.6 deg
2 2
M g
V =
V = 91.2
= atan
FD = 485 lbf
P = FD V
5 ft lbf
P = 1.45 10
P = 264 hp
Problem 9.167
[4]
Problem 9.168
[3]
Problem 9.169
Given:
Car spoiler
Find:
[4]
Solution:
To perform the investigation, consider some typical data
For the spoiler, assume
b = 4 ft
c = 6 in
kg
= 1.23
A = b c
m
From Fig. 9.17 a reasonable lift coefficient for a conventional airfoil section is
Assume the car speed is
V = 55 mph
FL =
1
2
A V C L
2
CL = 1.4
FL = 21.7 lbf
This is a relatively minor negative lift force (about four bags of sugar); it is not likely to produce a noticeable
difference in car traction
The picture gets worse at 30 mph:
FL = 6.5 lbf
For a race car, such as that shown on the cover of the text, typical data might be
b = 5 ft
In this case:
c = 18 in
A = b c
FL = 1078 lbf
Hence, for a race car, a spoiler can generate very significant negative lift!
A = 7.5 ft
V = 200 mph
A = 2 ft
Problem 9.170
Problem 9.170
Problem 9.171
[5]
Problem 9.172
[5]
Problem 9.173
[5]
Problem 9.174
[2]
Problem 9.175
[2]
Problem 9.176
[2]
Problem 9.177
[2]
Problem 9.178
[3]
Problem 9.179
[4]
Given:
Baseball pitch
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
M = 5 oz
Compute the Reynolds number
F = M a
FL
CL =
1
2
A V
2
slug
= 0.00234
3
ft
C = 9 in
D =
4 ft
= 1.62 10
C
V D
Re =
L = 60 ft
s
2
D = 2.86 in
A =
D
4
A = 6.45 in
V = 80 mph
Re = 1.73 10
This Reynolds number is slightly beyond the range of Fig. 9.27; we use Fig. 9.27 as a rough estimate
The ball follows a trajectory defined by Newton's second law. In the horizontal plane (x coordinate)
2
V
FL = M aR = M ax = M
R
FL =
and
1
2
A V C L
2
Solving for R
R =
D
= 1.5
2 V
Hence
= 1.5
x + R cos ( ) = R
C L A
2 V
D
(1)
R = 463.6 ft
to
D
= 1.8
2 V
= 14080 rpm
= 1.8
where
sin ( ) =
Hence
L
x + R 1 = R
R
Solving for x
L
x = R R 1
R
x = 3.90 ft
2 V
D
L
R
= 16896 rpm
Problem 9.180
[4]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
1
2
A V
2
kg
= 1.21
3
m
M = 420 gm
F = M a
FL
CL =
Basic equations:
C = 70 cm
D =
= 1.50 10
D = 22.3 cm
V D
Re =
2
5 m
L = 10 m
A =
D
4
This Reynolds number is beyond the range of Fig. 9.27; however, we use Fig. 9.27 as a rough estimate
The ball follows a trajectory defined by Newton's second law. In the horizontal plane (x coordinate)
2
and
FL =
R=
x + R cos ( ) = R
(1)
where
sin ( ) =
Hence
L
x + R 1 = R
R
Solving for R
R =
Hence, from Eq 1
CL =
D
= 1.2
2 V
Hence
= 1.2
(L2 + x2)
2 x
2 M
R A
2 V
D
R = 50.5 m
CL = 0.353
= 3086 rpm
L
R
A = 0.0390 m
Re = 4.46 10
V
FL = M aR = M ax = M
R
x = 1 m
1
2
A V C L
2
V = 30
m
s
Problem 10.1
[2]
Problem 10.2
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)
slug
ft
= 1500 rpm
r1 = 4 in
r2 = 7.5 in
1 = 30 deg
2 = 20 deg
Q
= Vrb sin ( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U
Vt1 = 0
U1 = r1
Hence
b1 = 1.5 in
Vrb =
Vn
sin ( )
U1
so
cos ( ) = U
b2 = 1.5 in
Vn
sin ( )
Q
cot( )
2 r b
( )
Q
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
U1 = 52.4
ft
s
3
( )
ft
Q = 7.91
s
Q = 2 r1 b1 U1 tan 1
Q = 3552 gpm
slug
mrate = 15.4
s
mrate = Q
U2 = r2
U2 = 98.2
( )
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
Hence
The head is
H =
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
Vt2 = 53.9
ft
s
Wm = 81212
ft lbf
s
Wm = 148 hp
H = 164 ft
Problem 10.3
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
slug
ft
= 3500 rpm
Q = 150 gpm
Vrb2 = 17.5
Q = 0.334
ft
s
ft
s
Win = 6.75 hp
= 67 %
and
U2 = r2
2 = 90 deg
Vt1 = 0
Wm = U2 mrate = r2 mrate
with
Wm = Win
Wm = 4.52 hp
and
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 0.648
s
Hence
r2 =
Also
From continuity
Hence
( )
Wm
2
mrate
( )
r2 = 0.169 ft
Vn2 = 17.5
r2 = 2.03 in
ft
s
b2 = 0.0180 ft
b2 = 0.216 in
Problem 10.4
[2]
Problem 10.5
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)
slug
ft
= 1250 rpm
r1 = 3 in
r2 = 9.75 in
b1 = 1.5 in
b2 = 1.125 in
1 = 60 deg
2 = 70 deg
Q = 1500 gpm
Q = 3.34
Q
= Vrb sin( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U
U1 = r1
Vrb =
Vn
sin ( )
cos ( ) = U
U1 = 32.7
ft
s
Vn
sin( )
Q
cot( )
2 r b
U2 = r2
U2 = 106.4
( )
Vt1 = 22.9
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
( )
Vt2 = 104
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 6.48
s
Hence
The head is
H =
Q
Vt1 = U1
cot 1
2 r1 b1
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
Wm = 66728
ft lbf
s
Wm = 121 hp
H = 320 ft
Problem 10.6
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)
slug
ft
= 575 rpm
r1 = 15 in
r2 = 45 in
b1 = 4.75 in
b2 = 3.25 in
1 = 40 deg
2 = 60 deg
Q = 80000 gpm
Q = 178
Q
= Vrb sin( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U
U1 = r1
Vrb =
Vn
sin ( )
cos ( ) = U
U1 = 75.3
ft
s
Vn
sin( )
Q
cot( )
2 r b
U2 = r2
U2 = 226
( )
Vt1 = 6.94
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
( )
Vt2 = 210
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 346
s
Hence
The head is
H =
Q
Vt1 = U1
cot 1
2 r1 b1
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
7 ft lbf
Wm = 1.62 10
Wm = 2.94 10 hp
H = 1455 ft
Problem 10.7
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)
kg
3
r2 = 7.5 cm
= 1750 rpm
b2 = 2 cm
2 = 65 deg
Q = 225
m
hr
Q
2 r2 b2
Q = 0.0625
m
s
Vn2 = 6.63
m
s
From continuity
Vn2 =
From geometry
Vn2
Vt2 = U2 Vrb2 cos 2 = U2
cos 2
sin 2
U2 = r2
Hence
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
Vt2 = 10.7
mrate = Q
kg
mrate = 62.5
s
Hence
Wm = U2 Vt2 mrate
The head is
H =
( )
( )
U2 = 13.7
( )
Wm
mrate g
( )
m
s
m
s
Vt1 = 0
(axial inlet)
Wm = 9.15 kW
H = 14.9 m
Problem 10.8
[2]
Given:
Find:
Rotational speed for zero inlet velocity; Theoretical head; Power input
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)
slug
ft
r1 = 3 in
r2 = 9.75 in
b1 = 1.5 in
b2 = 1.125 in
1 = 60 deg
2 = 70 deg
Q = 4000 gpm
Q = 8.91
Q
= Vrb sin( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U
U1
Vn
sin( )
( )
Q
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
Q
2
2 r1 b1
We can now find U2
Vrb =
sin( )
Q
cot ( )
2 r b
or
r1
( )
U2 = r2
Vn
cos ( ) = U
cot 1
( )
( )
Q
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
= 105
U2 = 85.2
rad
s
= 1001 rpm
ft
s
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
Vt2 = 78.4
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 17.3
s
Wm = U2 Vt2 mrate
Wm = 1.15 10
The head is
H =
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
ft
s
5 ft lbf
Wm = 210 hp
H = 208 ft
Problem 10.9
[2]
Given:
Find:
Draw inlet and exit velocity diagrams; Inlet blade angle; Power
Solution:
Vn =
Basic equations:
Q
2 r b
U1 = R1
Velocity diagrams:
Q = 800 gpm
Q = 1.8
U1 = 17.5
Q
2 R2 b2
Vn2 =
b2 = 0.375 in
= 2000 rpm
slug
ft
R2 = 7.5 in
ft
s
Vn2 = 14.5
ft
s
2 = 75 deg
U2 = R2
ft
s
Vn1 =
R2
R1
U2 = 131
Vn2
ft
s
Vn1 = 109
ft
s
Vt2
Vrb1
V n1 = V1 (Vt1 = 0)
Vrb2
V2
Vn2
U2
U1
Then
Vn1
1 = atan
U1
From geometry
Then
Wm = U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1 Q
1 = 80.9 deg
( )
Vt1 = 0.2198
( )
Wm = 5.75 10
Vt2 = 127.1
ft
s
Wm = 105 hp
Note: In earlier printings the flow rate was given as 8000 gpm not 800 gpm; water at 1089 ft/s would be quite dangerous!
Problem 10.10
[2]
Problem 10.11
[3]
Given:
Find:
Shutoff head; Absolute and relative exit velocitiesTheoretical head; Power input
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)
slug
R1 = 1 in
R2 = 7.5 in
b2 = 0.375 in
2 = 75 deg
Q = 800 gpm
Q = 1.8
At the exit
U2 = R2
U2 = 131
At shutoff
Vt2 = U2
Vt2 = 131
Vn2 =
ft
= 2000 rpm
Vn2 = 15
2 R2 b2
( )
Vrb2 =
( )
V2 =
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
H0 =
1
U2 Vt2
g
H0 = 533 ft
ft
s
Vn2
Vrb2 = 15.0
( )
sin 2
Vt2 = 127.0
V2 = 128
Vt2
2 = atan
Vn2
Wm = U2 Vt2 Q
H =
Wm
Q g
ft
Vn2 + Vt2
ft
ft
s
2 = 83.5 deg
4 ft lbf
Wm = 5.75 10
Wm = 105 hp
H = 517 ft
Problem 10.12
[2]
Given:
Find:
Inlet blade angle for no tangential inlet velocity at 125,000 gpm; Head; Power
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)
slug
ft
= 575 rpm
r1 = 15 in
r2 = 45 in
b1 = 4.75 in
2 = 60 deg
Q = 125000 gpm
Q = 279
b2 = 3.25 in
Q
= Vrb sin( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U
U1
U1 = r1
Hence
1 = acot
Also
U2 = r2
Vrb =
Vn
sin( )
( )
Q
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
cos ( ) = U
or
U1 = 75.3
ft
s
Vn
sin( )
Q
cot ( )
2 r b
2 r1 b1 U1
( )
cot 1 =
ft
s
2 r1 b1 U1
1 = 50 deg
U2 = 226
( )
ft
s
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
Vt2 = 201
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 540
s
Hence
The head is
H =
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
7 ft lbf
Wm = 2.45 10
Wm = 44497 hp
H = 1408 ft
Problem 10.13
[3]
Problem 10.14
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is
= 999
kg
3
Q = 50
= 1750 rpm
L
s
Win = 45 kW
b2 = 10 mm
= 75 %
D = 300 mm
The governing equation (derived directly from the Euler turbomachine equation) is
Vt2 =
Wm
U2 Q
Vt1 = 0
We have
U2 =
Hence
Vt2 =
Wm
U2 Q
Vt2 = 24.6
m
s
From continuity
Vn2 =
Q
D b2
Vn2 = 5.31
m
s
hence
U2 = 27.5
m
s
and
Wm = Win
Wm = 33.8 kW
With the exit velocities determined, can be determined from exit geometry
tan( ) =
Vn2
U2 Vt2
or
Vn2
U2 Vt2
= atan
= 61.3 deg
Problem 10.15
[3]
Problem 10.16
Given:
Impulse turbibe
Find:
[1]
Solution:
The governing equation is the Euler turbomachine equation
r1 = r2 = R
U1 = U2 = U
Vt1 = V U
Vt2 = ( V U) cos ( )
and
mflow = Q
Hence
Tshaft = [ R ( V U) cos ( ) R ( V U) ] Q
The power is
Wout = Q U ( V U) ( 1 cos ( ) )
These results are identical to those of Example 10.5. The proof that maximum power is when U = V/2 is hence also
the same and will not be repeated here.
Problem 10.17
[3]
Given:
Find:
Flow rate for zero inlet tangential velocity; outlet flow angle; power; head
developed
Solution:
The given or available data is
= 999
kg
3
= 1200 rpm
= 70 %
1 = 25 deg
r2 = 150 mm
m
r1 = 90 mm
b1 = 10 mm
b2 = 7.5 mm
2 = 45 deg
The governing equations (derived directly from the Euler turbomachine equation) are
Vt2
2 = atan
Vn2
From geometry
Vn1
Vt1 = 0 = U1 Vrb1 cos 1 = r1
cos 1
sin 1
Vn1 =
Hence
(1)
( )
( )
( )
Q
2 r1 b1
Q
r1
=0
2 r1 b1 tan 1
( )
Q = 2 r1 b1 tan 1
( )
Q = 29.8
Q = 0.0298
The power, head and absolute angle at the exit are obtained from direct computation using Eqs. 10.2b, 10.2c, and 1 above
U1 = r1
U1 = 11.3
U2 = r2
U2 = 18.8
From geometry
Vn2
Vt2 = U2 Vrb2 cos 2 = r2
cos 2
sin 2
Vn2 =
( )
Q
2 r2 b2
( )
Vn2 = 4.22
m
s
( )
m
s
Vt1 = 0
m
s
m
s
Hence
Vn2
Vt2 = r2
tan 2
Vt2 = 14.6
Vt2
2 = atan
Vn2
2 = 73.9 deg
Wm = U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1 Q
H =
( )
m
s
Wm = 8.22 kW
H = 28.1 m
1
U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1
g
This is the power and head assuming no inefficiency; with = 70%, we have (from Eq. 10.8c)
Wh = Wm
Wh = 5.75 kW
Hp = H
Hp = 19.7 m
(This last result can also be obtained from Eq. 10.8a Wh = Q g Hp)
Problem 10.18
Given:
Find:
[1]
Solution:
Q g H
Wm
Basic equations:
w = 1000
kg
m
Wm
Solving for H
H =
SG = 0.72
w Q g
Q = 0.025
m
s
H = 52.0 m
Hg =
Wm
SG w Q g
Wm = 15 kW
= 85 %
H = 171 ft
Hg = 72.2 m
Hg = 237 ft
Problem 10.19
[3]
Given:
Find:
Draw inlet velocity diagram; Design speed for no inlet tangential velocity; Outlet angle; Head; Power
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)
r2 = 150 mm
kg
Q = 30
Velocity diagrams:
b1 = 7.5 mm
b2 = 6.25 mm
Q = 0.030
m
s
Vt2
Vrb1
V n1 = V1 (Vt1 = 0)
Vrb2
Vrb =
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U
U1
Solving for
= Vrb sin ( )
2 r b
Vn
sin ( )
( )
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
Q
2
2 r1 b1
U1 = r1
2 r2 b2
Vn2
U2
Vn =
V2
U1
From continuity
Vn2 =
2 = 40 deg
L
s
Hence
1 = 25 deg
Vn2 = 5.09
m
s
or
( )
cot 1
U1 = 18.2
cos ( ) = U
Vn
Vn1
sin ( )
Vn2
Q
2 r b
r1
m
s
2 r1 b1
rad
s
U2 = r2
( )
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
A1
A2
cot( )
Q
= 243
( )
cot 1 = 0
= 2318 rpm
U2 = 36.4
Vt2 = 30.3
s
m
s
r1 b1
r2 b2
Vt2
2 = atan
Vn2
2 = 80.5 deg
Hence
Wm = U2 Vt2 Q
The head is
H =
Wm
Q g
Wm = 33.1 kW
H = 113 m
Problem 10.20
[4]
Problem 10.21
[4]
Given:
Find:
Flow rate; Theoretical head; Power; Pump efficiency at maximum efficiency point
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)
kg
3
r2 = 7.5 cm
b2 = 2 cm
2 = 65 deg
= 1750 rpm
= 183
rad
s
U2 = 13.7
m
s
Vn2 = 6.9
m
s
U2 = r2
Q = 0.065
From continuity
Vn2 =
From geometry
Vn2
Vt2 = U2 Vrb2 cos 2 = U2
cos 2
sin 2
Hence
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
m
s
Q
2 r2 b2
( )
( )
( )
( )
V2 =
Vt2 = 10.5
Vn2 + Vt2
Hideal =
V2 = 12.6
U2 Vt2
m
s
Hideal = 14.8 m
Tfriction = 10 %
Wmideal
Tfriction = 10 %
= 10 %
Q g Hideal
Q Hideal
Tfriction = 5.13 N m
Vt1 = 0
(axial inlet)
Hactual = 60 %
V2
2 g
0.75
Vn2
2 g
Q g Hactual
Q g Hideal + Tfriction
Hactual = 3.03 m
= 18.7 %
25
Efficiency (%)
20
15
10
5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Q (cubic meter/s)
The above graph can be plotted in Excel. In addition, Solver can be used to vary Q to maximize . The results are
3
Q = 0.0282
m
s
Wm = Q g Hideal + Tfriction
= 22.2 %
Hideal = 17.3 m
Wm = 5.72 kW
Hactual = 4.60 m
Problem 10.22
[2]
Problem 10.23
[2]
= 1000 kg/m3
0.017
0.026
0.038
60
59
54
19
22
26
10.0
15.0
20.1
52.7%
68.4%
77.4%
0.045
0.063
50
37
30
34
22.1
22.9
73.6%
67.3%
H (m)
(%)
0.045
50.6
76.9%
100%
H
60
H (m)
40
50%
30
20
25%
10
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
3
Q (m /s)
0.05
0.06
0%
0.07
(%)
75%
50
= 1000 kg/m3
62
62
61
22
26
30
10.9
17.0
20.9
49.8%
65.5%
69.8%
0.050
0.058
0.081
57
53
41
34
37
45
28.0
30.2
32.6
82.2%
81.5%
72.4%
H (m)
(%)
0.058
53.4
82.1%
70
60
H (m)
40
50%
30
20
25%
10
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Q (m3/s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0%
0.09
(%)
75%
50
Problem 10.26
[3]
Given:
Find:
Dynamic head at inlet and exit; Hydraulic power input; Pump efficiency; Motor size; Electric power required
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.8a)
(Eq. 10.8b)
(Eq. 10.8c)
slug
ft
p1 = 17.5 psi
Then
Hp1 =
p1
g
= 2750 rpm
e = 85 %
z1 = 8.25 ft
V1 = 9
ft
s
Q = 65 gpm
Q = 0.145
p2 = 75 psi
z2 = 30 ft
V1
2 g
+ z1
Hp1 = 49.9 ft
Hp2 =
p2
g
ft
s
T = 6.25 lbf ft
V2 = 12
ft
s
V2
2 g
+ z2
ft lbf
Wh = g Q Hp2 Hp1
Wh = 1405
Wm = T
Wm = 1800
Hp2 = 205 ft
Wh = 2.55 hp
s
ft lbf
Wm = 3.27 hp
Wh
p =
Wm
p = 78.0 %
Wm
We =
e
We = 2117
ft lbf
s
We = 3.85 hp
We = 2.87 kW
Problem 10.27
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.8a)
(Eq. 10.8b)
(Eq. 10.8c)
slug
ft
T = 4.75 lbf ft
= 3000 rpm
p = 75 %
e = 85 %
p1 = 12.5 psi
z1 = 6.5 ft
V1 = 6.5
ft
s
T p
Q = 65 gpm
Q = 0.145
z2 = 32.5 ft
V2 = 15
Hp =
2
2
p2 = p1 + V1 V2 + g z1 z2 + g Hp
p2 = 53.7 psi
Also
Wh = g Q Hp
Wh = 1119
Wh
Wm =
p
Wm = 1492
Wm
We =
e
We = 1756
ft
s
ft
s
Hp = 124 ft
Q g
ft lbf
s
ft lbf
s
ft lbf
s
Wh = 2.03 hp
Wm = 2.71 hp
We = 2.38 kW
Problem 10.28
[2]
Problem 10.29
[2]
Problem 10.30
[2]
Problem 10.31
[2]
Problem 10.32
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equation:
(Eq. 10.22b)
(Eq. 10.8c)
kg
3
= 2875 rpm
p = 70 %
Q = 0.016
m
s
Hence
Then
h = g H
NS =
h = 392
Q
h
1
2
3
4
(H is energy/weight. h is energy/mass)
NS = 0.432
Wh
Wm =
p
Wm =
Q g H
p
Wm = 8.97 kW
H = 40 m
Problem 10.33
[3]
Given:
Data on a pump
Find:
Shutoff head; best efficiency; type of pump; flow rate, head, shutoff head and power at 900 rpm
Solution:
The given or available data is
= 999
kg
Ns = 1.74
D = 500 mm
Q = 0.725
m
s
H = 10 m
Wh = Q g H
Wm = 90 kW
(10.8a)
1 3
2 4
Ns = Q h
(7.16a)
2
H 0 = C1 =
U2
Similarity rules
Q1
1 D1
Q2
2 D2
h1
(10.19a)
h = g H
h2
2
P1
(10.19b)
2 D2
= 608 rpm
Wh = 71 kW
Wh
p =
Wm
p = 78.9 %
2 2 D2
J
kg
Wh = Q g H
H0 =
P2
3
4
1
2
U2
1 1 D1
h = 98.1
Ns h
Q
1 D1
= 63.7
rad
s
(10.19a)
U2 =
m
s
U2 = 15.9
Hence
U2
H0 =
Q1
1
Q2
h1
h2
H0
2
or
Also
or
H0 = 25.8 m
'
Q' = Q
H' = H
Q
Q'
=
'
H'0
'
H'
'
'
H'0 = H0
'
m
Q' = 1.07
s
H' = 21.9 m
H'0 = 56.6 m
U'2
(Alternatively, we could have used H'0 =
)
g
P1
1
P2
2
or
Wm
3
W'm
3
'
'
W'm = Wm
W'm = 292 kW
Problem 10.34
[3]
Problem 10.35
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
(Eq. 10.2c)
kg
3
Q = 0.025
= 1750 rpm
m
s
2 = 60 deg
Vn2 = 3.5
b2 = 1.25 cm
m
s
Q
2 r2 b2
From continuity
Vn2 =
Hence
Q
r2 =
2 b2 Vn2
r2 = 0.0909 m
Then
'
V'n2 =
V
n2
m
V'n2 = 2.30
s
Also
U'2 = ' r2
m
U'2 = 11.0
s
Finally
H' =
( )
U'2 V't2
g
m
V't2 = 9.80
s
H' = 10.9 m
r2 = 9.09 cm
Problem 10.36
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Wh
p =
Wm
Wh = Q g H
Basic equations:
The given or available data is
= 1000
kg
3
6 L
Qtotal = 110 10
day
Qtotal = 1.273
Wh = Qtotal g H
Wh = 125 kW
Wm =
Wh
Wm = 192 kW
192
= 5.12 , or at least six pumps
37.5
Qtotal
Hence
H = 32.8 ft
N = NScu
Q = 3363 gpm
H
Q
3
4
1
2
N = 473
m
s
H = 10 m
Q = 0.212
m
s
Q = 212
L
s
= 65 %
Problem 10.37
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Wh = Q g H
Basic equations:
Wh
p =
Wm
kg
3
Wm = 35 hp
H = 50 ft
= 60 %
WmTotal = 7 Wm
WmTotal
Q =
WmTotal = 245 hp
WhTotal = 304 kW
3
WhTotal
g H
QTotal
6
QTotal = 71.95
NScu = 2500
N = NScu
H
Q
3
4
1
2
Q = 12.0
Hence
ft
s
N = 641
ft
s
Q = 5382 gpm
Problem 10.38
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The governing equations are the similarity rules
Speed (rpm) =
2
Q (gal/min)
Q
0
0
500
250000
1000
1000000
1500
2250000
2000
4000000
2500
6250000
3000
9000000
3500
12250000
4000
16000000
1760
Speed (rpm) = 1000 Speed (rpm) = 1200 Speed (rpm) = 1400 Speed (rpm) = 1600
H (ft) H (fit)
Q (gal/min) H (ft)
Q (gal/min) H (ft)
Q (gal/min) H (ft)
Q (gal/min) H (ft)
170
161
0
52.0
0
74.9
0
102.0
0
133.2
160
160
284
51.7
341
74.5
398
101.3
455
132.4
155
157
568
50.7
682
73.0
795
99.3
909
129.7
148
152
852
49.0
1023
70.5
1193
96.0
1364
125.4
140
144
1136
46.6
1364
67.1
1591
91.3
1818
119.2
135
135
1420
43.5
1705
62.6
1989
85.3
2273
111.4
123
123
1705
39.7
2045
57.2
2386
77.9
2727
101.7
110
109
1989
35.3
2386
50.8
2784
69.2
3182
90.4
95
93
2273
30.2
2727
43.5
3182
59.1
3636
77.2
180
1000 rpm
160
1200 rpm
1400 rpm
140
H (ft)
1600 rpm
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Q (gal/min)
3000
3500
4000
4500
Problem 10.39
[2]
Problem 10.40
[3]
Problem 10.41
[3]
Problem 10.42
[3]
Problem 10.43
[3]
Problem 10.44
10.20
10-4
10.20
Problem 10.44
Problem 10.45
[4]
Problem 10.46
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Wh = Q g H
Basic equations:
Wmech
Wh
NS =
kg
3
1
2
1
2
Wp = 17.5 MW
5
4
Hp = 45 m
p = 120 rpm
hp = Hp g
hp = 441
Hm = 10 m
Wm = 35 kW
hm = Hm g
hm = 98.1
where sub p stands for prototype and sub m stands for model
2
p Wp
NS =
1
2
hp
NS =
1
2
Hp
2
p Dp
Also
Qp
p Dp
1
2
1
2
m = NS
5
4
hm
Wm
Hm
2
so
m Dm
Qm
so
m Dm
5
4
rad
m = 42.9
s
1
2
Dm
Dp
p Hm
= 0.138
m Hp
m Dm
Qm = Qp
p Dp
NScu =
NS = 0.822
5
4
hm
1
2
m Wm
N ( rpm) P ( hp)
H ( ft)
5.4
1
2
= 35.7
= 93 %
m = 409 rpm
Wmech
Wmech
=
Wh
Q g H
Hence from
and also
Qm =
Wm
g Hm
Qp =
Wp
g H p
3
Qm = 0.384
m
s
Qp = 42.6
m
s
Problem 10.47
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Wh = Q g H
Basic equation:
Q1
1 D1
Q2
2 D2
(10.19a)
1 D1
h2
2
P1
(10.19b)
2 D2
Nm = 100 rpm
1 1 D1
Np = 125 rpm
= 1000
P2
2 2 D2
(10.19a)
kg
3
m
3
Qm = 1
From Eq. 10.8a
From Eq. 10.19a (with Dm/Dp = 1/3)
m
s
Hm = 4.5 m
Whm = Qm g Hm
Qp
p Dp
p Dp
p
3
Qp = Qm
= 3 Qm
m Dm
m
or
m Dm
hp
2
Qm
Qp = 27 Qm
Whm = 44.1 kW
Qp = 33.8
Nm
hm
p Dp
Np
m
s
g Hp
or
m Dm
2
p Dp
p
2
Hp = Hm
= 3 Hm
m Dm
m
From Eq. 10.19c (with Dm/Dp = 1/3)
Pp
3
p Dp
m Dm
Np
Whp = 243 Whm
Nm
g Hm
2
m Dpm
Np
Hp = 9 Hm
Nm
3
Pm
3
p Dp
or
Hp = 63.3 m
5
p Dp
p
5
Whp = Whm
= 3 Whm
m Dm
m
Whp = 20.9 MW
Problem 10.48
[4]
Problem 10.49
[5]
Problem 10.50
[2]
Given:
Find:
Temperature for dynamically similar operation at 1750 rpm; Flow rate and head; Comment on NPSH
Solution:
Basic equation:
Re1 = Re2
1 D1
1 = 3500 rpm
1 = 1.23 10
For D = constant
V1 D
Re1 =
Q1
1 D
and also
H1
2
1 D
2 D2
5 ft
H1
3
H2
1 D1
2 D2
Q1 = 20 gpm
H1 = 60 ft
2
2 = 1
1
2 = 6.15 10
s
or
6 ft
( 120 110)
( 6.15 6.68)
( 6.05 6.68)
Q2
2 D
Q2
2 = 1750 rpm
1 D D
2 D D
= Re2 =
1
2
6 ft
T2 = 110 +
Q1
H2
2
2 D
T2 = 118 degrees F
or
2
Q2 = Q1
1
or
2
H2 = H1
1
Q2 = 10 gpm
H2 = 15 ft
The water at 118oF is closer to boiling. The inlet pressure would have to be changed to avoid cavitation. The increase between runs
1 and 2 would have to be p = pv2 pv1 where pv2 and pv1 are the vapor pressures at T2 and T1. From the steam tables (find them
by Googling!)
p = pv2 pv1
p = 1.36 psi
Problem 10.51
[3]
Given:
Find:
NPSHA at inlet for field temperature water; Suction head to duplicate field conditions
Solution:
Basic equation:
1
2
NPSHA = pt pv = pg + patm + V pv
2
Ds = 10 cm
Dd = 7.5 cm
H = 125 m
Q = 0.025
zinlet = 50 cm
= 1000
m
s
kg
m
pg = pinlet + g zinlet
From continuity
Vs =
4 Q
2
D s
Hence
= 3500 rpm
pg = 145 kPa
Vs = 3.18
m
s
pv = 169 kPa
1
2
NPSHA = pg + patm + Vs pv
2
In the laboratory we must have the same NPSHA. From Table A.8 (or steam tables - try Googling!) at 27oC
Hence
pg = NPSHA patm
Vs + pv
2
pg = 20.3 kPa
NPSHA
= 27.5 ft
g
pv = 3.57 kPa
Q (m3/s x 103)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Q2
1.00E+02
4.00E+02
9.00E+02
1.60E+03
2.50E+03
3.60E+03
4.90E+03
NPSHR (m)
2.2
2.4
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
5.1
NPSHR (fit)
2.2
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.6
4.2
5.0
2.12
m
3
Q (m3/s x 103)
NPSHR (m)
81.2
6.00
3 2
5.88E-04 m/(m /s x 10 )
NPSHR (m)
5
4
Curve Fit
2
1
0
0
15
30
3
3
Q (m /s x 10 )
45
60
75
Problem 10.53
[4]
Given data:
L =
e =
D =
K ent =
Computed results:
6
0.26
15
0.5
L e /D =
30
H0 =
Re
f
NPSHA (m) NPSHR (m)
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
0.010
0.566 8.40E+04 0.0247
16.0
3.30
0.015
0.849 1.26E+05 0.0241
16.0
3.68
0.020
1.13 1.68E+05 0.0237
15.9
4.20
m
mm
cm
0.025
1.41
2.10E+05 0.0235
15.8
4.88
0.030
1.70
2.52E+05 0.0233
15.7
5.70
0.035
0.040
0.045
1.98
2.26
2.55
2.94E+05 0.0232
3.36E+05 0.0232
3.78E+05 0.0231
15.6
15.5
15.4
6.68
7.80
9.08
0.050
2.83
4.20E+05 0.0230
15.2
10.5
kg/m
0.055
3.11
4.62E+05 0.0230
15.0
12.1
= 1.01E-06 m /s
0.060
0.065
0.070
3.40
3.68
3.96
5.04E+05 0.0230
5.46E+05 0.0229
5.88E+05 0.0229
14.8
14.6
14.4
13.8
15.7
17.7
0.0625
3.54
5.25E+05 0.0229
14.7
14.7
m
3
A =
H =
p atm =
3000
6
101
m/(m /s)
m
kPa
pv =
2.34
kPa
1000
Error
0.00
Head (m)
15
NPSHA
NPSHR
10
5
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Q (m3/s)
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Given data:
Computed results:
T (oC) p v (kPa) (kg/m3) (m3/s)
0
0.661
1000
1.76E-06
5
0.872
1000
1.51E-06
10
1.23
1000
1.30E-06
15
1.71
999
1.14E-06
20
2.34
998
1.01E-06
L =
e =
D =
K ent =
L e /D =
H0 =
6
0.26
15
0.5
30
3
m
mm
cm
A =
H =
p atm =
3000
6
101
3
2
m/(m /s)
m
kPa
= 1000 kg/m
= 1.01E-06 m2/s
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Use Solver
3.17
4.25
5.63
997
996
994
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
0.06290 3.56
0.06286 3.56
0.06278 3.55
0.06269 3.55
0.06257 3.54
8.96E-07 0.06240
8.03E-07 0.06216
7.25E-07 0.06187
3.53
3.52
3.50
Re
3.03E+05
3.53E+05
4.10E+05
4.67E+05
5.26E+05
f
NPSHA (m) NPSHR (m)
0.0232
14.87
14.87
0.0231
14.85
14.85
0.0230
14.82
14.82
0.0230
14.79
14.79
0.0229
14.75
14.75
5.91E+05 0.0229
6.57E+05 0.0229
7.24E+05 0.0228
14.68
14.59
14.48
14.68
14.59
14.48
7.38
992
6.59E-07 0.06148 3.48 7.92E+05 0.0228
14.34
14.34
9.59
990
6.02E-07 0.06097 3.45 8.60E+05 0.0228
14.15
14.15
12.4
988
5.52E-07 0.06031 3.41 9.27E+05 0.0228
13.91
13.91
15.8
986
5.09E-07 0.05948 3.37 9.92E+05 0.0228
13.61
13.61
19.9
983
4.72E-07 0.05846 3.31 1.05E+06 0.0228
13.25
13.25
25.0
980
4.40E-07 0.05716 3.23 1.10E+06 0.0227
12.80
12.80
31.2
978
4.10E-07 0.05548 3.14 1.15E+06 0.0227
12.24
12.24
38.6
975
3.85E-07 0.05342 3.02 1.18E+06 0.0227
11.56
11.56
47.4
972
3.62E-07 0.05082 2.88 1.19E+06 0.0227
10.75
10.75
57.8
969
3.41E-07 0.04754 2.69 1.18E+06 0.0227
9.78
9.78
70.1
965
3.23E-07 0.04332 2.45 1.14E+06 0.0227
8.63
8.63
84.6
962
3.06E-07 0.03767 2.13 1.05E+06 0.0228
7.26
7.26
101
958
2.92E-07 0.02998 1.70 8.71E+05 0.0228
5.70
5.70
to make the sum of absolute errors between NPSHA and NPSHR zero by varying the Q 's
Error
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NPSHR increases with temperature because the p v increases; NPHSA decreases because decreases and p v increases
Q (m3/s)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
T (oC)
60
70
80
90
100
Problem 10.56
[2]
Problem 10.57
[2]
Problem 10.58
[3]
Given:
Find:
System head curve; Flow rate when pump off; Loss, Power required and cost for 1 m3/s flow rate
Solution:
Basic equations:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+ 1 2 + g z1 + 2 2 + g z2 = hlT hp
hlT = f
L V
V
(K for the exit)
+ K
2
D 2
where points 1 and 2 are the reservoir free surfaces, and hp is the pump head
H =
Note also
h
g
Wh
p =
Wm
Pump efficiency:
L V
V
hp + K
2
D 2
= 1000
D = 40 cm
e = 0.26 mm
2
6 m
kg
= 1.01 10
L V
V
hp = g z2 + f
+ K
2
D 2
(Table 8.1)
(Table A.8)
V =
4 Q
D
Re =
V D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Q = 1
m
s
V = 7.96
L V
V
Hp = z2 + f
+ K
2 g
D 2 g
Re = 3.15 10
f = 0.0179
Hp = 33.1 m
40
Head (m)
30
20
10
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
20
Q (cubic meter/s)
0.8
L V
V
Hp = z2 + f
+ K
2 g
D 2 g
The above graph can be plotted in Excel. In Excel, Solver can be used to find Q for Hp = 0
3
At
Q = 1
m
s
we saw that
Hp = 33.1 m
4
p = 92 %
Wh = g Hp Q
Wh = 325 kW
Wh
Wm =
p
Wm 2 = 706 kW
If electricity is 10 cents per kW-hr then the hourly cost is about $35
If electricity is 15 cents per kW-hr then the hourly cost is about $53
If electricity is 20 cents per kW-hr then the hourly cost is about $71
Q = 0.557
m
s
Problem 10.59
Problem 10.59
Problem 10.60
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Given or available data:
L1 =
D1 =
L2 =
D2 =
e =
3000
9
1000
6
0.00085
ft
in
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
=
K ent =
K exp =
Q loss =
1.23E-05
0.5
1
75
2
ft /s (Table A.7)
(Fig. 8.14)
gpm
[3]
The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below.
To find the operating condition, Goal Seek is used to vary Q 1
so that the error between the two heads is zero.
Q 1 (gpm)
Q 2 (gpm)
V 1 (ft/s)
V 2 (ft/s)
Re 1
Re 2
f1
f2
H lT (ft)
H pump (ft)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
25
125
225
325
425
525
625
0.504
1.01
1.51
2.02
2.52
3.03
3.53
0.284
1.42
2.55
3.69
4.82
5.96
7.09
30753
61506
92260
123013
153766
184519
215273
11532
57662
103792
149922
196052
242182
288312
0.0262
0.0238
0.0228
0.0222
0.0219
0.0216
0.0215
0.0324
0.0254
0.0242
0.0237
0.0234
0.0233
0.0231
0.498
3.13
8.27
15.9
26.0
38.6
53.6
55.6
54.5
52.8
50.4
47.3
43.5
39.0
Q 1 (gpm)
Q 2 (gpm)
V 1 (ft/s)
V 2 (ft/s)
Re 1
Re 2
f1
f2
H lT (ft)
H pump (ft)
627
552
3.162
6.263
192785
254580
0.0216
0.0232
42.4
42.4
Error)
0%
600
700
800
40
30
20
Pump
System
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
Q (gal/min)
500
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) :
L =
500
e =
0.046
D =
20
K ent =
mm (Table 8.1)
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
60
(Two)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)
cm
= 1.01E-06 m2/s (Table A.8)
z2 =
7.5
m
0.5
(Fig. 8.14)
Q2
H p (m)
V (m/s)
Re
0.000
0.025
0.050
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.00000
0.00063
0.00250
0.00563
0.01000
0.01563
0.02250
27.5
27.0
25.0
22.0
18.0
13.0
6.5
0.00
0.80
1.59
2.39
3.18
3.98
4.77
0
157579
315158
472737
630317
787896
945475
0.0000
0.0179
0.0164
0.0158
0.0154
0.0152
0.0150
H0 =
27
H p (fit) H lT + z 2 (m)
27
27
25
22
18
12.9
6.5
7.5
9.0
13.1
19.7
28.7
40.2
54.1
A = 9.30E+02 /(m3/s)2
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
0.0803
2.56
Re
506221 0.0157
21.4
0.00%
Repeating for:
D =
30
cm
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
Re
0.1284
1.82
539344 0.0149
12.1
12.1
0.00%
Repeating for:
D =
40
cm
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
Re
0.1413
1.12
445179 0.0148
8.9
8.9
0.00%
40
H (m) 30
20
10
0
0.00
0.03
0.06
Q (m3/s)
0.09
0.12
0.15
Problem 10.62
[3]
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
z =
ft
-50
K ent =
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
0.5
1
30
(Fig. 8.14)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
H0 =
180
V (ft/s)
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
180
176
164
145
119
84.5
42.7
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
ft
A = 1.52E-05 ft/(gpm)2
H pump (fit) H lT + z (ft) Error)
Re
f
623829 0.0146
68.3
68.3
0%
Q (gpm) V (ft/s)
2705
7.67
150
H (ft)
100
50
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Q (gal/min)
For the valve setting to reduce the flow by half, use Solver to vary the value below to minimize the error.
L e/D valve =
Q (gpm) V (ft/s)
1352
3.84
26858
H pump (fit) H lT + z (ft) Error)
Re
f
311914 0.0158 151.7
151.7
0%
Problem 10.63
[3]
Given:
Find:
Delivery through series pump system; valve position to reduce delivery by half
Solution:
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected):
L =
1200
D =
12
e =
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
K ent =
0.5
in
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
30
L e/D valve =
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
ft
(Fig. 8.14)
(Table 8.4)
Q 2 (gpm)
H pump (ft)
H pump (fit)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3250
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
180
176
164
145
119
85
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
9.22
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
749610
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
0.0144
f
0.0145
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
73.3
73.3
Error)
0%
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3066
8.70
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
359
351
329
291
237
169
85
38
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
76.1
ft
ft/(gpm)2
Re
707124
400
350
300
H (ft) 250
200
150
100
50
0
0
1000
2000
Q (gal/min)
3000
For the valve setting to reduce the flow by half, use Solver to vary the value below to minimize the error.
L e/D valve =
50723
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
1533
4.35
Re
353562
f
0.0155
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
287.7
287.7
Error)
0%
4000
Problem 10.64
[3]
Given:
Find:
Delivery through parallel pump system; valve position to reduce delivery by half
Solution:
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected):
L =
1200
D =
12
e =
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
K ent =
0.5
in
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
30
L e/D valve =
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
ft
(Fig. 8.14)
(Table 8.4)
Q 2 (gpm)
H pump (ft)
H pump (fit)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
180
176
164
145
119
85
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
9.93
11.35
12.77
14.18
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
807273
922597
1037922
1153247
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
0.0143
0.0142
0.0141
0.0140
f
0.0141
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
100.3
100.3
Error)
0%
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
4565
12.95
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
180
179
176
171
164
156
145
133
119
103
85
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
80.1
89.0
98.9
110.1
ft
ft/(gpm)2
Re
1053006
200
150
H (ft)
100
50
0
0
1000
2000
Q (gal/min)
3000
For the valve setting to reduce the flow by half, use Solver to vary the value below to minimize the error.
L e/D valve =
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2283
6.48
9965
Re
526503
f
0.0149
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
159.7
159.7
Error)
0%
4000
5000
Problem 10.65
[4]
Given:
Find:
Reduction in delivery through system after 20 and 40 years (aging and non-aging pumps)
Solution:
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) :
L =
D =
e =
1200
12
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
ft
K ent =
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
0.5
1
30
(Fig. 8.14)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)
New System:
Q (gpm)
Q 2 (gpm)
H pump (ft)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
68.3
68.3
Error)
0%
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
180
176
164
145
119
84.5
42.7
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
ft
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2705
7.67
ft/(gpm)2
Re
623829
f
0.0146
150
H (ft)
100
50
0
0
500
1000
1500
Q (gal/min)
2000
2500
3000
V (ft/s)
2541
7.21
Re
586192
f
0.0295
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
81.4
81.4
Re
572843
f
0.0354
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
85.8
85.8
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
79.3
79.3
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
78.8
78.8
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
163 gpm
6.0% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
221 gpm
8.2% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
252 gpm
9.3% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
490 gpm
18.1% Loss
V (ft/s)
2484
7.05
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2453
6.96
Re
565685
f
0.0296
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2214
6.28
Re
510754
f
0.0358
3500
Problem 10.66
Given:
Find:
[4]
Solution:
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) :
L =
D =
e =
1200
12
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
K ent =
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
0.5
1
30
(Fig. 8.14)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)
ft
Q 2 (gpm)
H pump (ft)
H pump (fit)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3250
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
180
176
164
145
119
85
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
9.22
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
749610
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
0.0144
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
359
351
329
291
237
169
85
38
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
76.1
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
ft
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3066
8.70
ft/(gpm)2
Re
707124
f
0.0145
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
73.3
73.3
Error)
0%
400
350
300
H (ft) 250
200
150
100
50
0
0
1000
2000
Q (gal/min)
3000
V (ft/s)
2964
8.41
Re
683540
f
0.0291
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
92.1
92.1
Re
674713
f
0.0349
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
98.9
98.9
f
0.0291
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
90.8
90.8
f
0.0351
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
94.1
94.1
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
102 gpm
3.3% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
141 gpm
4.6% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
151 gpm
4.9% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
294 gpm
9.6% Loss
V (ft/s)
2925
8.30
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2915
8.27
Re
672235
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2772
7.86
Re
639318
4000
Problem 10.67
[4]
Given:
Find:
Delivery through parallel pump system; reduction in delivery after 20 and 40 years
Solution:
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) :
L =
D =
e =
1200
12
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
ft
K ent =
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
0.5
1
30
(Fig. 8.14)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)
Q (gpm)
Q (gpm)
H pump (ft)
H pump (fit)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
180
176
164
145
119
85
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
9.93
11.35
12.77
14.18
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
807273
922597
1037922
1153247
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
0.0143
0.0142
0.0141
0.0140
f
0.0141
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
100.3
100.3
Error)
0%
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
4565
12.95
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
180
179
176
171
164
156
145
133
119
103
85
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
80.1
89.0
98.9
110.1
ft
ft/(gpm)2
Re
1053006
200
150
H (ft)
100
50
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Q (gal/min)
V (ft/s)
3906
11.08
Re
900891
f
0.0284
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
121.6
121.6
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
660 gpm
14.4% Loss
Re
855662
f
0.0342
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
Error)
Flow reduction:
127.2
127.2
0%
f
0.0285
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
114.6
114.6
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
860 gpm
18.8% Loss
f
0.0347
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
106.4
106.4
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
1416
31.0%
V (ft/s)
3710
10.52
856
18.7%
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3705
10.51
Re
854566
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3150
8.94
Re
726482
Problem 10.68
[3]
Problem 10.69
[3]
Problem 10.70
[3]
10.69
10.65
10.69
Problem 10.71
8.155
[3]
Problem 10.72
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z
1
2 = hlT hp
2
2
V1
L V1
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ Kexit
2
D 2
( z2) = f
+
+ Kexit
Hp
2 g
D 2 g
g 2 g
Note that we compute head per unit weight, H, not head per unit mass, h, so the
energy equation between Point 1 and the free surface (Point 2) becomes
Solving for Hp
2
2
2
p1
V
L V
V
Hp = z2
+ f
+ Kexit
2 g
g 2 g
D 2 g
= 1.94
slug
ft
e = 0.00015 ft
5 ft
= 1.08 10
(Table 8.1)
Given
Kexit = 1.0
Re =
V D
Re = 6.94 10
e
= 0.0002
D
so
p1
g
D
V
4
f = 0.0150
2
p1
L V
Hp = z2
+ f
g
D 2 g
so we find
2
p1
L V
Hp = z2
+ f
g
D 2 g
= 15 ft
Q =
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Flow is turbulent:
Note that
Hp = 691 ft
Q = 4.42
ft
s
Q = 1983 gpm
For this combination of Q and Hp, from Fig. D.11 the best pump appears to be a Peerless two-stage 10TU22C operating at 1750 rpm
After 10 years, from Problem 10.65, the friction factor will have increased by a factor of 2.2 f = 2.2 0.150
We now need to solve
2
p1
L V
Hp = z2
+ f
g
D 2 g
V =
p1
2 D g
Hp z2 +
f L
g
V = 2.13
Q =
D
V
4
f = 0.330
ft
s
Q = 0.94
ft
s
Q = 423 gpm
Much less!
Problem 10.73
8.156
[3]
Problem 10.74
[3]
Pipe Data:
Pipe
A
B
C
D
L (ft)
D (in)
e (ft)
150
150
150
150
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
0.00085
0.00085
0.00085
0.00085
Fluid Properties:
=
1.94
slug/ft3
2.10E-05
lbfs/ft2
Q =
300
Flow Rate:
=
Flows:
Heads:
Constraints:
0.668
gpm
ft3/s
Q A (ft3/s)
0.668
Q B (ft3/s)
0.499
Q C (ft3/s)
0.169
Q D (ft3/s)
0.668
V A (ft/s)
54.47
V B (ft/s)
40.67
V C (ft/s)
31.04
V D (ft/s)
54.47
Re A
6.29E+05
Re B
4.70E+05
Re C
2.39E+05
Re D
6.29E+05
fA
0.0335
fB
0.0336
fC
0.0384
fD
0.0335
p A (psi)
804.0
p B (psi)
448.8
p C (psi)
448.8
p D (psi)
804.0
(8) p B = p C
0.00%
(6) Q = Q B + Q C
0.00%
Error:
0.00%
Vary Q B and Q C
using Solver to minimize total error
P (hp)
Q (gpm)
p (psi)
2057
300
360
This is a very high pressure; a sequence of pumps would be needed
For the pump:
Given data:
L
e
D
K
L ea /D
=
=
=
=
=
Computed results: Set up Solver so that it varies all flow rates to make the total head error zero
300
0.26
20
1.5
90
m
mm
cm
Re a
8.62E+00
1.00E+05
1.44E+05
1.77E+05
Re b
4.42E+05
4.54E+05
4.66E+05
4.78E+05
L eb /D =
80
26.0
0.110
0.033
1.03
2.05E+05 0.0221
26.0
0.078
2.47
4.89E+05 0.0215
26.0
0.00
Ha =
24
26.5
0.116
0.036
1.16
2.30E+05 0.0220
26.5
0.079
2.52
5.00E+05 0.0215
26.5
0.00
Hb =
15
27.0
0.121
0.040
1.27
2.52E+05 0.0219
27.0
0.081
2.58
5.11E+05 0.0214
27.0
0.00
27.5
0.126
0.043
1.38
2.73E+05 0.0218
27.5
0.083
2.63
5.21E+05 0.0214
27.5
0.00
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
0.131
0.135
0.139
0.144
0.148
0.046
0.049
0.052
0.054
0.057
1.47
1.56
1.65
1.73
1.81
2.92E+05
3.10E+05
3.27E+05
3.43E+05
3.59E+05
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
0.084
0.086
0.088
0.089
0.091
2.69
2.74
2.79
2.84
2.89
5.32E+05
5.42E+05
5.52E+05
5.62E+05
5.72E+05
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
= 1000 kg/m3
= 1.01E-06 m2/s
0.0218
0.0217
0.0217
0.0217
0.0216
For the pump head less than the upper reservoir head flow will be out of the reservoir (into the lower one)
Total Error:
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
3
Q (m /s)
0.12
0.13
0.0214
0.0214
0.0214
0.0214
0.0214
0.14
0.15
0.00
Problem 10.77
[4]
8.158
Problem 10.78
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equation:
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V4
1
4
g + 2 g + z1 g + 2 g + z4 = HlT Hp
HlT = f
Le V
L V
V
+ f
+ K
2 g
D 2 g
D 2 g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) V2 = V3 = V4 (constant area pipe)
Given or available data
= 1000
6 m
kg
m
= 1.01 10
pv = 2.34 kPa
(Table A.8)
Q = 0.075
p2 = 150 kPa
p3 = 450 kPa
D = 15 cm
e = 0.046 mm
z1 = 20 m
z4 = 35 m
V =
Le
Four elbows:
NPSHA =
p2 +
p3 p2
g
4 Q
V = 4.24
= 4 12 = 48
1
2
V pv
2
(Fig. 8.16)
Square inlet:
m
s
m
s
Kent = 0.5
NPSHA = 16.0 m
g
Hp = 30.6 m
m
or Q = 1189 gpm and Hp = 30.6 m or Hp = 100 ft, from Appendix
s
D. Fig. D3 a Peerless4AE11 would suffice
2
2
Le V 2
L V
V
We do not know the pipe length L! Solving the energy equation for it:z1 z4 = HlT Hp = f
+ f
+ Kent
Hp
2 g
D 2 g
D 2 g
Hence for a flow rate of Q = 0.075
For f
Given
Re =
V D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Re = 6.303 10
and
f = 0.0161
e
4
= 3.07 10
D
L =
Le Kent D
z1 z4 + Hp D
2
f
D
f V
2 g D
From Problem 10.65, for a pipe D = 0.15 m or D = 5.91 in, the aging over 10 years leads to
L = 146 m
fworn = 2.2 f
Vworn =
Hence
Qworn =
D
Vworn
4
2 g z1 z4 + Hp
m
Vworn = 2.88
L
s
L
e
+ Kent
fworn +
D D
Qworn = 0.0510
m
s
3
Q = Qworn Q
Check f
Reworn =
Vworn D
Q = 0.0240
Given
Q
= 32.0 %
Q
m
s
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
3.7
f
Reworn f
f = 0.0165
Problem 10.79
8.124
Problem 10.79
Problem 10.80
Problem 10.80
Problem 10.81
Problem 10.81
Problem 10.82
[4]
Problem 10.83
[4]
8.169
Problem 10.84
[4]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V2
V3
2
3
+
+
g
+
g
2
3 = hl
2
2
L V2
hl = f
D 2
V2
V1
2
1
+ 2 + g z2 + 2 + g z1 = hpump
2
p2 p3
p
L V
=
= f
D 2
or
2 p D
f L
V =
We need to iterate to solve this for V because f is unknown until Re is known. This can be done using Excel's Solver, but here:
p = 750 kPa
L = 100 m
e = 0
Given
V = 7.25
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2 p D
V = 5.92
f L
Re =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2 p D
V = 5.81
f L
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
e
D
V =
2 p D
f L
m
s
= 1000
2
6 m
kg
= 1.01 10
m
V D
Re =
Re = 2.51 10
f = 0.0150
V =
Given
2 p D
f L
V =
Given
V =
D = 3.5 cm
V D
Re = 2.05 10
f = 0.0156
m
Re =
V D
Re = 2.01 10
f = 0.0156
V = 5.80
m
s
Re =
V D
Re = 2.01 10
Q =
D
V
4
Q = 5.578 10
3
3m
We have
p1 = 350 kPa
2
2
p
p
V2
V1
2
1
+ 2 + g z2 + 2 + g z1 = hpump
so
hpump =
p2 p1
Q = 0.335
or
Hpump =
m
min
p2 = 1450 kPa
p2 p1
Hpump = 112 m
m
We need a pump that can provide a flow of Q = 0.335
or Q = 88.4 gpm, with a head of Hpump = 112 m or Hpump = 368 ft
min
From Appendix D, Fig. D.1 we see that a Peerless 2AE11 can provide this kind of flow/head combination; it could also
handle four such hoses (the flow rate would be 4 Q = 354 gpm). An impeller diameter could be chosen from
proprietary curves.
Wh
The required power input is
where we choose p = 75 % from Fig. 10.15
Wm =
p
Wm =
Prequired =
Ppump
Q g Hpump
Prequired =
p
6.14 kW
70 %
Wm = 8.18 kW
Prequired = 8.77 kW
or
4 Wm = 32.7 kW
for four
4 Prequired = 35.1 kW
for four
w = 1000
kg/m3
3
4
5
53
51
45
2.05
2.37
2.60
1.56
2.00
2.21
76.1%
84.4%
84.9%
6
7
8
35
23
11
2.62
2.61
2.40
2.06
1.58
0.86
78.6%
60.5%
36.0%
p (mm)
(%)
4.57
47.2
86.1%
100%
50
75%
30
50%
20
25%
10
0%
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Q (m3/s)
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
(%)
p (mm)
40
w = 1000
kg/m3
air = 1.225
kg/m3
2
air = 1.50.E-05 m /s
L=
15
m
Assume smooth ducting
53
51
45
35
23
11
2.05
2.37
2.60
2.62
2.61
2.40
1.56
2.00
2.21
2.06
1.58
0.86
7.08
76.1%
84.4%
84.9%
78.6%
60.5%
36.0%
H (m)
V (m/s)
0.472
31.73
Answers:
Q (m3/s)
5.75
Re
9.99.E+05
f
0.0116
H (m)
Q (m3/s)
H (m)
0.394
7.08
0.472
100%
50
30
50%
20
25%
10
0
0%
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Q (m3/s)
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
(%)
p (mm)
75%
3.5
23.3
0.00%
60
3.0
Duct
p (mm)
Error in p
40
23.3
At Q =
h dyn =
5.75
4
m3/s
mm
w = 1000
kg/m3
air = 1.225
kg/m3
V =
Hence
8.00
m/s
A = 0.71838 m2
Fitting a 2nd order polynomial to each set of data we find
h t = -0.12Q 2 + 0.585Q + 4.7986
53
51
45
35
2.05
2.37
2.60
2.62
1.09
1.94
3.02
4.36
5.41
5.29
4.80
3.94
1.59
2.08
2.36
2.32
7
8
23
11
2.61
2.40
5.93
7.74
2.89
1.87
1.99
1.47
(%)
61.3%
90.8%
4.98
4.73
2.30
100%
75%
50%
Ph
2
25%
1
0%
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Q (m3/s)
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
(%)
h t (cm), Ph (kW)
ht
Problem 10.88
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
h' '
=
h
D'
P' '
=
P
D'
We choose data from the middle of the table above as being in the region of the best efficiency
3
Q = 5
m
s
h = 45 mm
P = 2.62 kW
and
= 650 rpm
D = 1 m
Q' = 14
m
s
h' = 25 mm
These equations are the scaling laws for scaling from the table data to the new fan. Solving for scaled fan speed, and
diameter using the first two equations
1
2
' =
Q h'
Q'
h
3
4
D' = D
1
2
Q' h
Q h'
1
4
D' = 1.938 m
Q = 7
m
s
' =
h = 23 mm
1
2
Q h'
Q' h
3
4
P = 2.61 kW
D' = D
1
2
Q' h
Q h'
1
4
D' = 1.385 m
Hence it looks like the largest fan (1.375 m) will be the only fit; it must run at about 500 rpm. Note that it will NOT be running at
best efficiency. The power will be
P' = P
' D'
D
P' = 5.67 kW
Problem 10.89
[4]
Problem 10.90
[4]
10.89
10.89
10.89
Problem 10.91
[3]
Problem 10.92
[3]
V1
V2 = V3 = V
d e
y
2h
x
CS
V4
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equation:
(4.26)
Assumption: 1) Atmospheric pressure on CS 2) Horizontal 3) Steady w.r.t. the CV 4) Use velocities relative to CV
The x-momentum is then
) (
V1 = 0 mph
From continuity
D
mrate = V A = V
4
1
V4 + V1
2
lbm
where mrate = 90
is the mass flow rate
s
V4 = 90 mph
so
V =
1
V4 + V1
2
4 mrate
Hence
D =
For V1 = 0
T = mrate V4 V1
When in motion
V1 = 30 mph
T = mrate V4 V1
V = 45 mph
slug
ft
D = 4.76 ft
= 0.002377
with
T = 369 lbf
and
V =
1
V4 + V1
2
T = 123 lbf
so
V4 = 2 V V1
V4 = 60 mph
Problem 10.93
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Assume the aircraft propeller coefficients in Fi.g 10.40 are applicable to this propeller.
At V = 0, J = 0. Extrapolating from Fig. 10.40b
We also have
D = 1.5 m
n = 1800 rpm n = 30
m
s
CF = 0.16
J =
V
n D
rev
s
and
kg
3
m
2
F T = C F n D
J = 0.278
2
= 1.225
FT = 893 N
(Note: n is in rev/s)
CP = 0.44
P = C P n D
FT = 809 N
and
CF = 0.145
P = 111 kW
Problem 10.94
[3]
y
x
U
V
d
CS
Y
X
Given:
Find:
Propulsive efficiency
Solution:
Basic equation:
(4.26)
(4.56)
Assumption: 1) Atmospheric pressure on CS 2) Horizontal 3) Steady w.r.t. the CV 4) Use velocities relative to CV
The x-momentum is then
or
The useful work is then
lbm
where mrate = 90
is the mass flow rate
s
FD = mrate ( V U)
FD U = mrate ( V U) U
mrate
U2
V2
2
2
(mrate) + (mrate) =
(V U )
2
2
2
Hence
mrate ( V U) U
mrate
2
With
U = 450 mph
and
V U
2 ( V U ) U
(V
V = 1200 mph
2
1+
V
U
=
2
1+
V
U
= 54.5 %
Problem 10.95
[4]
9.89
9.89
Problem 10.96
[4]
V2 = V3 = V
d e
y
2h
x
V1
CS
V4
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Assumption: 1) Atmospheric pressure on CS 2) Horizontal 3) Steady w.r.t. the CV 4) Use velocities relative to CV
Applying the energy equation to steady, incompressible, uniform flow through the moving CV gives the minimum power input requiremen
V 2 V 2
1
4
Pmin = mrate
2
2
Puseful = V1 T = V1 mrate V4 V1
or
V1 mrate V4 V1
V 2 V 2
1
4
mrate
2
2
V1 V4 V1
)(
1
V4 V1 V4 + V1
2
2 V1
V1 + V4
When in motion
V1 = 30 mph
V1 = 0 mph
and
V4 = 90 mph
2 V1
V1 + V4
2 V1
V1 + V4
= 50 %
= 0%
Problem 10.97
[4]
9.170
9.170
Problem 10.98
Section 10-5.
[5]
Problem 10.99
[2]
Problem 10.100
[2]
V1
U = R
Vj
Given:
Pelton turbine
Find:
Solution:
2
2
p
p
h
V1
Vj
1
j
lT
+
+
z
+
z
g
1 g
j = g
2
g
2
Basic equations
V
hlT = hl + hlm = K
2
Tideal = Q R Vj U ( 1 cos ( ) )
= 165 deg
Assumptions: 1) pj = pamt 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and j is approximately 1 4) Only minor loss at nozzle 5) z1 = zj
Given data
Then
V1 = 15 mph
V1 = 22
d = 7.5 in
D = 8 ft
R =
p1g
g
V1
2 g
Vj
2 g
K Vj
g 2
and
d
Q = Vj
4
Hence
P = Q g H
or
ft
Q = 97.2
s
= 86 %
D
2
ft
s
Vj =
K = 0.04
= 1.94
slug
ft
2
p
1g V1
+
2
2
1+K
Vj = 317
ft
s
p1g V1
H =
+
2 g
g
H = 1622 ft
P = 15392 hp
U = 149
run =
ft
U
R
Urun
Urun = Vj
Tideal = Q R Vj U ( 1 cos ( ) )
Hence
T = Tideal
T = 2.14 10 ft lbf
U = 0
rad
= 356 rpm
rad
run = 79.2
s
At runaway
= 37.2
D
2
Tstall = Q R Vj ( 1 cos ( ) )
Problem 10.101
[2]
Problem 10.102
[2]
Problem 10.103
[3]
10.13
10.13
Problem 10.104
[3]
Problem 10.105
[3]
Given:
Find:
1) Operating speed 2) Wheel diameter 4) Jet diameter 5) Compare to multiple-jet and double-overhung
Solution:
Vj =
Basic equations:
2 g H
NS =
1
2
1
2
h
Model as optimum. This means. from Fig. 10.10
Given or available data
H = 350 m
5
4
P
Q g H
U = 0.47 Vj
P = 15 MW
= 1.94
Vj =
2 g H
Vj = 82.9
m
s
Q =
U = 0.47 Vj
U = 38.9
NS =
= N S
Q = 4.91
( g H)
P
D =
2 U
m
s
NScu
NS = 0.115
43.46
P
g H
1
2
= 89 %
We need to convert from NScu (from Fig. 10.17) to NS (see discussion after Eq. 10.18b).
with
slug
ft
Then
Q = Vj Aj
m
s
5
4
1
2
(1)
= 236 rpm
Dj =
4 Q
V j
(2)
Dj = 0.275 m
D = 3.16 m
(3)
For multiple (n) jets, we use the power and flow per jet
n = n
From Eq 1
Results:
n =
From Eq. 2
n ( n) =
Djn =
Dj
n
Djn ( n) =
and
Dn =
Dn ( n) =
236
333
0.194
2.23
408
0.159
1.82
471
0.137
1.58
527
0.123
1.41
rpm
0.275 m
3.16 m
D
n
from Eq. 3
H =
25
NOTE: Earlier printings had H incorrectly as 20 m, which gives efficiencies > 100%
= 1000 kg/m
R = 2.00 m
=
300 rpm
Q (m3/hr) F (N) T (Nm) P (kW) (%)
44
86
124
157
211
257
33
72
107
140
194
233
66
144
214
280
388
466
2.07
4.52
6.72
8.80
12.19
14.64
69.2%
77.2%
79.6%
82.2%
84.8%
83.6%
=
325 rpm
Q (m3/hr) F (N) T (Nm) P (kW) (%)
44
86
124
157
211
257
29
63
96
124
175
213
58
126
192
248
350
426
1.97
4.29
6.53
8.44
11.91
14.50
65.9%
73.2%
77.4%
78.9%
82.9%
82.8%
16
(300 rpm)
14
90%
P (kW)
10
(325 rpm)
70%
P (300 rpm)
60%
50%
P (325 rpm)
40%
30%
4
20%
2
10%
0
0
50
100
150
Q (m3/hr)
200
250
0%
300
(%)
80%
12
Problem 10.107
[4]
Problem 10.108
[3]
f =
=
R =
=
0.02
1.94
2.00
80%
slug/ft
m
3
D (in) V (m/s) Q (ft /s) Ph (hp)
10
21.1
11.5
9.10
12
23.2
18.2
17.22
14
25.0
26.7
29.54
16
26.7
37.3
47.13
18
28.4
50.1
71.18
20
29.9
65.2 102.93
Pm (hp)
7.28
13.78
23.63
37.71
56.95
82.34
15.7
26.5
35.4
43.75 35.00
The smallest standard size is 16 in.
Pm (hp)
12
14
D (in)
16
18
20
Problem 10.110
[2]
Problem 10.111
[4]
Problem 10.112
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
CP =
P
1
3
2
V R
2
CPmax = 0.3
Hence, for
V = 10
Also
1
3
2
P = CPmax V R
2
m
s
X =
at
R
V
X = 0.8
X V
R
P = 144 W
and we have
= 1.225
kg
3
m
and
D = 1 m
= 16
rad
s
R =
D
2
R = 0.5 m
= 153 rpm
Problem 10.113
[3]
Problem 10.114
[2]
Problem 10.115
Problem 10.115
Problem 10.115
Problem 10.116
10.45
Problem 10.116
Problem 10.116
Problem 11.1
Given:
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n
A = Bw y
A = 3.00 m
n = 0.015
Q =
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
1
2
R =
and
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
S0 = 0.0005
3
Q = 3.18
m
s
R = 0.600 m
Problem 11.2
Given:
Find:
Depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2
m
For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2.5 m and flow rate Q = 3
we find from Table 11.2
s
n = 0.015
and
A = Bw y
S0 = 0.0004
2
3
Bw y
1
2
Q = Bw y
S0
n
Bw + 2 y
2
3
Bw y
=
Bw + 2 y
Solving for y
Q n
B w S0
1
2
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical
root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually
Q n
= 0.900 .
iterate, as below, to make the left side evaluate to
B w S0
1
2
2
3
For
y = 1
( m)
Bw y
= 0.676
Bw + 2 y
2
3
For
y = 1.2
( m)
2
3
For
y = 1.23
( m)
Bw y
= 0.894
Bw + 2 y
Bw y
= 0.865
Bw + 2 y
2
3
For
y = 1.24
( m)
y = 1.24
(m)
Bw y
= 0.904
Bw + 2 y
R=
Bw y
B w + 2 y
Problem 11.3
Given:
Find:
Depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
1
2
Bw = 8 ft
z = 2
Q = 100
ft
s
S0 = 0.0004
n = 0.015
2
3
1.49
Q =
A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
A = Bw + z y y = ( 8 + 2 y) y
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
(8 + 2 y 5)
1
2
R=
(Bw + z y) y
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( 8 + 2 y) y
8 + 2 y 5
1.49
( 8 + 2 y) y
2
=
( 8 + 2 y) y
0.0004 = 100
0.015
8 + 2 y 5
5
3
2
3
= 50.3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.
For
y = 2
( ft)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
(8 + 2 y 5)
For
y = 2.6
( ft)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
(8 + 2 y 5)
The solution to three figures is
5
3
2
3
= 30.27
For
y = 3
( ft)
(8 + 2 y 5)
5
3
2
3
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
= 49.81
For
y = 2.61
( ft)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
(8 + 2 y 5)
y = 2.61
(ft)
5
3
2
3
= 65.8
5
3
2
3
= 50.18
Problem 11.4
Given:
Find:
Depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2
Bw = 2.5 m
z = 2
Q = 3
m
s
S0 = 0.0004
n = 0.015
2
3
1
Q = A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
A = Bw + z y y = ( 8 + 2 y) y
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
(2.5 + 2 y 5)
1
2
R =
( Bw + z y) y
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( 2.5 + 2 y) y
2.5 + 2 y 5
1
( 2.5 + 2 y) y
2
=
( 2.5 + 2 y) y
0.0004 = 3
0.015
2.5 + 2 y 5
5
3
2
3
= 2.25
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.
For
y = 1
( m)
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
For
y = 0.81
( m)
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
The solution to three figures is
5
3
2
3
= 3.36
For
y = 0.8
(m)
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
5
3
2
3
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
= 2.23
For
y = 0.815
(m)
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
y = 0.815
(m)
5
3
2
3
= 2.17
5
3
2
3
= 2.25
Problem 11.5
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p1
g
V1
2 g
+ y1 =
p2
g
V2
2 g
+ y2 + h
V1
2 g
+ y1 =
V2
2 g
+ y2
3
Q = V A
y1 = 2 m
Q = 8.5
so
V1 =
2
Q
b y
1 + y =
1
2 g
m
s
Q
b y1
and
V2 =
Q
b y2
Q
b y
2 + y
2
2 g
(1)
2
Q
b y
1 + y = 2.10 m
1
2 g
The only unknown on the right is y2. The left side evaluates to
To find y2 we need to solve the non-linear equation. We must do this numerically; we may use the Newton method or similar, or
Excel's Solver or Goal Seek. Here we interate manually, starting with an arbitrary value less than y1.
2
y2 = 0.5 m
Q
b y
2 + y = 2.14 m
2
2 g
For
y2 = 0.505 m
Q
b y
2 + y = 2.11 m
2
2 g
Hence
y2 = 0.507 m
Then
V2 =
For
For
y2 = 0.51 m
Q
by
2 + y = 2.08 m
2
2 g
y2 = 0.507 m
Q
by
2 + y = 2.10 m
2
2 g
Q
b y2
V2 = 5.59
m
s
For
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 2.51
Problem 11.6
Given:
Data on flume
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n
A = 18 ft
n = 0.013
Q =
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
1
2
R =
and
S0 =
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
1 ft
1000 ft
3
Q = 85.5
ft
s
R = 1.50 ft
S0 = 0.001
Problem 11.7
Given:
Data on flume
Find:
Slope
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n
A = 18 ft
R =
Bw y
R = 1.20 ft
Bw + 2 y
n = 0.0145
For wood (not in Table 11.1) a Google search finds n = 0.012 to 0.017; we use
S0 =
3
1.49 A R
n Q
S0 = 1.86 10
with
Q = 90
ft
s
Problem 11.8
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2
2
3
Hence
Q =
1
2 Bw
Bw
S0
n
3
1
2
R=
S0
1
2
n 3
2
3
Bw
8
3
or
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
2
3
3 Q
Bw =
n
1
S 2
0
Q = 20
m
s
S0 = 0.003
n = .013
Bw = 2.36 m
n = .020
Bw = 2.77 m
Bw
Bw + 2 Bw
3
8
Bw
3
Problem 11.9
Given:
Find:
Bed slope
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n
Bw = 2.4 m
n = 0.020
A = Bw + z y y
Hence
z = 1
Q n
S0 =
3
A R
A = 4.32 m
y = 1.2 m
R =
Q = 7.1
( Bw + z y) y
R = 0.746 m
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
S0 = 1.60 10
m
s
Problem 11.10
Given:
Find:
Required dimensions
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n
z = 1
S0 = 0.001
n = 0.013
A = z y = y
R =
Q = 10
z y
=
2
2 1 + z
Hence
Solving for y
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
y =
2 n Q
S0
1
2
2
3
m
s
y
2 2
1 2 y
1
y
S0 = n y
n
2 2
8
3
1
3
1
S0
8
1
2
8
3
1
y S0
2 n
1
2
3
8
y = 2.20 m
Problem 11.11
Given:
Find:
Discharge
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n
d0 = 1 m
y = 0.25 m
y 0
2
= 2 asin
d0
2
+ 180 deg
= 120 deg
n = 0.022
S0 = 0.01
A =
1
2
( sin ( ) ) d0
8
A = 0.154 m
R =
1
sin ( )
1
d
4
0
R = 0.147 m
Q =
1
n
2
3
1
3
2 m
A R S0
s
m
Q = 0.194
s
Problem 11.12
Given:
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n
d0 = 1 m
= 180 deg
A =
1
2
( sin( ) ) d0
8
A = 0.393 m
R =
1
sin( )
1
d
4
0
R = 0.25 m
n = 0.022
1
3
2 m
Q = A R S0
s
n
Q = 0.708
m
s
S0 = 0.01
Problem 11.13
Given:
Find:
Depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n
and also
R=
2
3
1.49
Q =
A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
2
3
S0 =
and
1
2
Bw + 2 y
6 y
6 + 2 y
S0 = 0.001
2
3
1.49
6 y
2
=
6 y
0.001 = 85.5
0.010
6 + 2 y
85.5 0.010
1 ft
1000 ft
Bw y
1
2
1.49 .001 6 6
2
3
or
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
2
3
= 0.916
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with Problem 11.6's
depth
For
y = 3
( feet)
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
For
y = 2.5
( feet)
y = 2.47
( feet)
= 1.191
For
y = 2
( feet)
2
3
= 0.931
For
y = 2.45
( feet)
( 6 + 2 y)
= 0.916
y = 2.47
(feet)
2
3
= 0.684
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
5
3
2
3
( 6 + 2 y)
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
For
2
3
5
3
2
3
= 0.906
Problem 11.14
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2
Bw = 2.4 m
n = 0.020
A = Bw + z y y = ( 2.4 + y) y
2
3
1
Q = A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
1
2
z = 1
Q = 15
R =
m
s
S0 = 0.00193
( Bw + z y) y
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( 2.4 + y) y
2.4 + 2 y 2
1
( 2.4 + y) y
2
=
( 2.4 + y) y
0.00193 = 15
0.020
2.4 + 2 y 2
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
2
3
= 6.83
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a larger depth
than Problem 11.9's.
For
y = 1.5
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
For
y = 1.71
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
= 5.37
For
y = 1.75
( m)
2
3
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
The solution to three figures is
2
3
5
3
= 6.89
For
y = 1.70
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(m)
= 7.2
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
y = 1.70
2
3
2
3
= 6.82
Problem 11.15
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2
Bw = 2.4 m
n = 0.010
A = Bw + z y y = ( 2.4 + y) y
2
3
1
Q = A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
1
2
z = 1
Q = 7.1
R =
m
s
S0 = 0.00193
( Bw + z y) y
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( 2.4 + y) y
2.4 + 2 y 2
1
( 2.4 + y) y
2
=
( 2.4 + y) y
0.00193 = 7.1
0.010
2.4 + 2 y 2
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
2
3
= 1.62
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a shallower depth
than that of Problem 11.9.
For
y = 1
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
For
y = 0.77
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
= 2.55
For
y = 0.75
( m)
2
3
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
The solution to three figures is
2
3
5
3
= 1.60
For
y = 0.775
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(m)
= 1.53
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
y = 0.775
2
3
2
3
= 1.62
Problem 11.16
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n
d0 = 1 m
S0 = 0.01
A =
1
1
2
( sin( ) ) d0 = ( sin( ) )
8
8
R =
1
sin( )
1
sin( )
1
d = 1
4
0
4
2
3
1
2
1
Q = A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for
2
3
( sin ( ) )
5
3
m
s
n = 0.022
Q = 0.3
2
3
1 1
1
sin ( )
2
=
( sin ( ) ) 1
0.01 = 0.3
0.022 8
4
= 1.33
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a half-full channe
For
= 180 deg
For
= 135 deg
2
3
2
3
( sin ( ) )
( sin ( ) )
= 136 deg
From geometry
y =
5
3
5
3
= 3.14
For
= 140 deg
= 1.30
d0
1 cos
2
2
For
= 136 deg
y = 0.313 m
2
3
2
3
( sin ( ) )
( sin ( ) )
5
3
5
3
= 1.47
= 1.33
Problem 11.17
[2]
Given:
Triangular channel
Find:
Proof that wetted perimeter is minimized when sides meet at right angles
Solution:
From Table 11.2
A = z y
P = 2 y 1 + z
P = 2
A
z
with A = constant
A
A 1 + z
2
1 + z = 2
z
z
For optimizing P
dP
z 1
A
=
2
dz
z
z z + 1
=0
or
z = 1
For z = 1 we find from the figure that we have the case where the sides are inclined at 45o, so meet at 90o. Note that we have only
proved that this is a minimum OR maximum of P! It makes sense that it's the minimum, as, for constant A, we get a huge P if we set
z to a large number (almost vertical walls); taking the second derivative at z = 1 results in a value of 2 A, which is positive, so we
DO have a minimum.
Problem 11.18
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
2
V
2 g
Basic equation:
E = y+
Bw = 20 ft
E = y+
1
2
z =
S0 = 0.0016
2 A g
E = y+
Hence in terms of y
Q = 400
ft
s
A = Bw + z y y
n = 0.025
2 2
2 Bw + z y y g
2
2
2
Bw Q
dE
Q z
Q
=0 =1
=1
2
3
3
2
3
3
dy
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
Hence
g y Bw + y z
= Bw Q
2
7
6 ft
2
The only unknown on the right is y. The right side evaluates to Bw Q = 3.20 10
To find y we need to solve the non-linear equation. We must do this numerically; we may use the Newton method or similar, or
Excel's Solver or Goal Seek. Here we interate manually, starting with an arbitrary value
For
For
For
y = 1 ft
y = 2.5 ft
g y Bw + y z
y = 2.19 ft g y Bw + y z
Also
g y Bw + y z
A = Bw + z y y
= 2.77 10
7
5 ft
2
For
7
6 ft
2
For
7
6 ft
2
For
y = 2 ft
= 4.82 10
y = 2.2 ft
y = 2.20 ft
g y Bw + y z
= 3.17 10
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
= 2.38 10
= 3.22 10
so critical speed is
V =
Q
A
7
6 ft
2
= 3.22 10
7
6 ft
2
y = 2.20 ft
A = 46.4 ft
7
6 ft
2
V = 8.62
ft
s
Problem 11.19
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n
Q = 400
ft
s
S0 = 0.0016
R=
Solving for y
20 + 1 y y
(20 + y 5)
y = 5
( ft)
( ft)
20 + y 5
5
3
= 250
2
3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can u
one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or
we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We
start with an arbitrary depth
20 + 1 y y
( 20 + y 5 )
y = 4.85
20 + 1 y y
2
=
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
1
2
n = 0.025
(Bw + z y) y
20 + 1 y y
1
1
1
1
2
2
Q = A R S0 =
20 + y y
0.0016 = 400
n
0.025
2 20 + y 5
2
3
Hence
For
1
2
1
A = Bw + z y y = 20 + y y
2
For
z =
y = 4.83 ft
V =
Q
A
= 265
2
3
20 + 1 y y
( 20 + y 5 )
5
3
2
3
For
y = 4.9
20 + 1 y y
( ft)
(20 + y 5)
5
3
= 252
For
y = 4.83
20 + 1 y y
( ft)
Then
A = Bw + z y y
V = 3.69
ft
s
A = 108 ft
= 256
2
3
( 20 + y 5 )
5
3
2
3
5
3
= 250
Problem 11.20
[3]
Given:
Trapezoidal channel
Find:
Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/y versus y for two different side slopes
Solution:
1
A = Bw y + 2 y y z = Bw + z y y
2
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z
We are to plot
R=
R
=
y
A
=
P
(Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
(Bw + z y)
with
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
Bw = 2 m
z =
1
tan( 30 deg)
z = 1.73
z =
1
tan( 60 deg)
z = 0.577
Problem 11.20
[3]
Given:
Trapezoidal channel
Find:
Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/y versus y for two different side slopes
Solution:
Given data:
Bw = 2 m
Computed results:
= 30o = 60o
z = 1.73 z = 0.577
y (m) R /y
R /y
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
0.717
0.691
0.669
0.651
0.636
0.622
0.610
0.600
0.591
0.582
0.575
0.568
0.725
0.693
0.665
0.640
0.618
0.598
0.580
0.564
0.550
0.537
0.524
0.513
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
0.562
0.556
0.551
0.546
0.542
0.538
0.534
0.531
0.527
0.524
0.522
0.519
0.516
0.514
0.503
0.494
0.485
0.477
0.469
0.462
0.455
0.449
0.443
0.437
0.432
0.427
0.422
0.418
0.6
R /y
0.4
z = 1.73
z = 0.577
0.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
y (m)
2.5
3.0
Problem 11.21
[3]
Given:
Circular channel
Find:
Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/d0 versus d0 for a range of depths
Solution:
The area is (from simple geometry or Table 11.2)
2
d0
d0
d0
1 d0
d0
A =
+ 2 sin cos =
+
sin cos
8
8
4
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
d0
d0
d0
d0
d0
A =
+
sin( 2 ) =
sin( ) =
( sin( ) )
8
8
8
8
8
P =
d0
2
d0
A
=
P
( sin( ) )
R =
We are to plot
R
1
sin( )
= 1
d0
4
d0
1
sin( )
1
d
4
0
d0 d0
d0
+
cos =
1 cos
2
2
2
2
or
y
1
= 1 cos
d0
2
2
Problem 11.21
[3]
Given:
Circular channel
Find:
Solution:
Given data
( )
y /d 0
R /d 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0.000
0.008
0.030
0.067
0.117
0.179
0.250
0.329
0.413
0.500
0.587
0.671
0.000
0.005
0.020
0.043
0.074
0.109
0.147
0.184
0.219
0.250
0.274
0.292
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
0.750
0.821
0.883
0.933
0.970
0.992
1.000
0.302
0.304
0.300
0.291
0.279
0.264
0.250
0.4
0.3
R /d 0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
y /d 0
0.6
0.8
1.0
Problem 11.22
Given:
Find:
[5]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2
z = 2
Q = 10
A = Bw + z y y
m
s
S0 = 0.001
n = 0.020
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z
We need to vary Bw and y to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized. Instead of two
independent variables Bw and y, we eliminate Bw by doing the following
A
z y
y
Bw =
Hence
P =
A
2
A
2
z y + 2 y 1 + z
y
1
A
2
A
z + 2 1 + z
2
y y
y
P =0
0=
P=
and so
and
z + 2 1 + z
A =0
or
A = 2 y 1 + z z y
we find
A = Bw + z y y = 2 y 1 + z z y
Comparing to
A = Bw + z y y
Hence
Bw = 2 y 1 + z 2 z y
Then
A = Bw + z y y = y 2 1 + z z
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z = 4 y 1 + z 2 z y
and
Hence
R=
2
3
1
Q = A R S0
n
Q =
) (
A
y 2 1 + z z
2 1 + z z
=
=
y
P
2
2
4 1 + z 2 z
4 y 1 + z 2 z y
(2
1
2
5
3
1+z z
1 2
2
2 1 + z z y S 2
= y 2 1 + z z
0
n
2
4 1 + z 2 z
) (
2
3
S0
1
2
2
3
8
3
n 4 1 + z 2 z
Solving for y
3
n 4 1 + z2 2 z
y =
Q
5
1
2
2
2 1 + z z S0
Finally
3
8
y = 1.69
(m)
Bw = 0.799
(m)
Bw = 2 y 1 + z 2 z y
Problem 11.23
Given:
Find:
Normal depth
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n
Bw = 20 ft
z = 1.5
Q = 1000
ft
s
S0 = 0.0002
n = 0.014
Q =
Hence
Solving for y
A = Bw + z y y = ( 20 + 1.5 y) y
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
(20 + 2 y
1
2
R =
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( Bw + z y) y
1.49
( 20 + 1.5 y) y
( 20 + 1.5 y) y
0.0002
0.014
20 + 2 y 3.25
1
2
( 20 + 1.5 y) y
20 + 2 y 3.25
5
3
3.25)
2
3
= 664
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.
For
y = 7.5
( ft)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
(20 + 2 y
For
y = 7.35
( ft)
3.25)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
(20 + 2 y
5
3
2
3
= 684
For
y = 7.4
( ft)
(20 + 2 y
5
3
3.25)
2
3
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
= 658
For
y = 7.38
( ft)
y = 7.38
(ft)
3.25)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
(20 + 2 y
5
3
2
3
= 667
5
3
3.25)
2
3
= 663
Problem 11.24
Given:
Trapezoidal channel
Find:
[5]
Solution:
A = Bw + z y y
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z
We need to vary Bw and y (and then z!) to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized.
Instead of two independent variables Bw and y, we eliminate Bw by doing the following
A
z y
y
Bw =
Taking the derivative w.r.t. y
Hence
P =0
and
0 =
A
2
z y + 2 y 1 + z
y
1
A
2
z + 2 1 + z
A
2
y y
y
P =
P =
and so
z + 2 1 + z
A =0
2
A = 2 y 1 + z z y
or
(1)
y
Now we optimize A w.r.t. z
Hence
2 y z
A =
y = 0
or
2 z =
or
z=
z +1
z +1
2
4 z = z + 1
1
3
1 2
1 1 2 4
y =
y =
3 3
3
3
A = 2 y 1 + z z y = 2 y 1 +
A = Bw + z y y = Bw +
A = Bw +
1
4
2
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z = Bw + 2 y 1 + = Bw +
y = Bw + 2 Bw = 3 Bw
3
3
In summary we have
z =
and
Bw =
y y =
3 y
1
= atan
z
y y
we find
= 60 deg
Bw = 3
1
2
y
y =
3
3
3 y
1
3
2
P
=
1
P
3
We have proved that the optimum shape is equal side and bottom lengths, with 60 angles i.e., half a hexagon!
Problem 11.25
[3]
Given:
Rectangular channel
Find:
Solution:
Given data:
B=
20
ft
1
Specific energy:
Q2 3
Critical depth: y c =
gB 2
Q2 1
2
E = y +
2
2 gB y
Q =
0
0.50
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
Q =
25
0.60
0.67
0.84
1.02
1.22
1.41
1.61
1.81
2.01
2.21
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
Q =
75
1.37
1.21
1.14
1.22
1.35
1.51
1.69
1.87
2.05
2.25
2.44
2.63
2.83
3.02
3.52
4.01
4.51
5.01
Q =
125
2.93
2.28
1.75
1.61
1.62
1.71
1.84
1.99
2.15
2.33
2.51
2.69
2.88
3.07
3.55
4.04
4.53
5.02
Q =
200
6.71
4.91
3.23
2.55
2.28
2.19
2.21
2.28
2.39
2.52
2.67
2.83
3.00
3.17
3.63
4.10
4.58
5.06
y c (ft)
E c (ft)
0.365
0.547
0.759
1.14
1.067
1.60
1.46
2.19
y (ft)
Q=0
Q = 25 cfs
Q = 75 cfs
Q = 125 cfs
Q = 200 cfs
0
0
E (ft)
Problem 11.26
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
q2
1
3
yc =
E = y+
Bw = 2 m
y = 1 m
2 g A
3
y
2 c
A = Bw y
Emin =
z = 30 cm
B = 1.6 m
Given data:
E = y+
Q 2
Bw
yc =
1
3
zcrit = E Emin
2 g Bw
yc = 0.528 m
1
2
E = 1.07 m
Emin =
3
y
2 c
Emin = 0.791 m
zcrit = 0.282 m
Hence we have z = 0.3 m > zcrit = 0.282 m so the hump IS sufficient for critical flow
B = 1.6 m
Q 2
B
yc =
g
1
3
yc = 0.612 m
Emin =
y
2 c
Emin = 0.918 m
Hence we have E = 1.073 m > Emin = 0.918 m so the restriction is insufficient for critical flow
(a) For both, we can use the minimum energy from case (b)
zcrit = E Emin
Emin = 0.918 m
zcrit = 0.155 m
Hence we have z = 0.3 m > zcrit = 0.155 m so in this case the conditions ARE sufficient for critical flow
Q = 2.4
m
s
Problem 11.27
Given:
Find:
Critical depth
Solution:
Basic equations:
q2
yc =
g
1
3
[1]
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n
For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2 m and depth y = 1.5 m we find from Table 11.2
A = Bw y
A = 3.00 m
n = 0.015
Q =
Hence
q =
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
Q
Bw
1
2
R =
and
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
R = 0.600 m
S0 = 0.0005
3
Q = 3.18
m
s
q = 1.59
m
s
q2
yc =
1
3
yc = 0.637 m
Problem 11.28
Given:
Find:
Critical depth
Solution:
q2
[1]
1
3
Basic equations:
yc =
Given data:
Bw = 2.5 m
Q = 3
Q
Bw
q = 1.2
Hence
q =
m
s
m
s
q2
yc =
1
3
yc = 0.528 m
Problem 11.29
Given:
Rectangular channel
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Given data:
Specific force:
B=
20
ft
F =
Q2
By 2
+
gBy
2
3
Specific Force, F (ft )
y (ft)
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Q =
0
0.10
0.40
1.60
3.60
6.40
10.00
14.40
19.60
25.60
32.40
40.00
48.40
57.60
67.60
78.40
90.00
122.50
160.00
202.50
250.00
Q =
25
9.80
5.25
4.03
5.22
7.61
10.97
15.21
20.29
26.21
32.94
40.49
48.84
58.00
67.97
78.75
90.32
122.78
160.24
202.72
250.19
Q =
75
87.44
44.07
23.44
18.16
17.32
18.73
21.68
25.84
31.06
37.25
44.37
52.37
61.24
70.96
81.52
92.91
125.00
162.18
204.44
251.75
Q =
125
242.72
121.71
62.26
44.04
36.73
34.26
34.62
36.93
40.76
45.88
52.13
59.43
67.71
76.93
87.07
98.09
129.43
166.07
207.89
254.85
Q=0
Q = 25 cfs
Q = 75 cfs
Q = 125 cfs
Q = 200 cfs
4.5
Q =
200
621.22
310.96
156.88
107.12
84.04
72.11
66.16
63.97
64.42
66.91
71.06
76.63
83.48
91.49
100.58
110.70
140.25
175.53
216.30
262.42
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
y (ft)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
3
F (ft )
120
140
160
180
Problem 11.30
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equations:
V
E = y+
2 g
R =y
Vave n
(Wide channel) Sf =
2
R 3
ave
x =
Ea Eb
Sf S0
Given data:
q = 4.646
Hence we find
Va =
m
s
ya = 0.457 m
q
ya
m
s
Va = 10.2
yb = 0.5 m
Vb =
q
yb
Va
Then
Ea = ya +
2 g
and
Vave =
Ra = ya
Then
Finally
Vave n
Sf =
2
R 3
ave
x =
Ea Eb
Sf S0
Vave = 9.73
Rb = yb
2
Sf = 0.101
x = 8.40 m
Vb = 9.29
Vb
Ea = 5.73 m
Va + Vb
n = 0.020
S0 = 0.003
m
s
Eb = yb +
2 g
Eb = 4.90 m
m
s
Rave =
Ra + Rb
2
Ra = 0.457 m
Problem 11.31
Given:
Find:
[4]
Solution:
V 2 V 2
2
1
y +
2 g 2 g
x =
Bw = 20 ft
Basic equations:
S0 Sf
z =
Sf =
and
nV
3
1.49 R
1
2
S0 = 0.0016
n = 0.025
Q = 400
ft
s
y1 = 5 ft
We need to modify the specific energy equation to allow for the emergy correction coefficient (Section 8-6): instead of
y2 = 4.80 ft
V
2 g
, the kinetic
Hence
V
where = 1.1
2 g
V 2 V 2
2
1
y +
2 g 2 g
x =
S0 Sf
S0 = 0.0016
Then
V1 =
V2 =
= 1.1
y = y1 y2
y = 0.200 ft
(Bw + z y) y
R=
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
Q
A1
Q
A2
V1 =
V2 =
(Bw + z y1) y1
V1 = 3.56
ft
Q
Bw + z y2 y2
V2 = 3.72
ft
Vave =
V1 + V2
m
Vave = 1.11
2
s
R1 =
(Bw + z y1) y1 R
2
Bw + 2 y1 1 + z
1 = 3.61 ft
R2 =
(Bw + z y2) y2
2
Bw + 2 y2 1 + z
R2 = 3.50 ft
Rave =
Then
Finally
R1 + R2
Rave = 3.55 ft
Vave n
Sf =
2
1.49 R 3
ave
V 2 V 2
2
1
y +
2 g 2 g
x =
S0 Sf
Sf = 0.000687
x = 197 ft
Problem 11.32
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
E = y+
V
2 g
(11.14)
In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy point
3
Q = V Bw y or
E = y +
V =
Q
Bw y
with
Q
= 10
Bw
ft
Q 1
Q 1
= y+
2 B 2 g y2
Bw y 2 g
w
2
Q 1
dE
= 0
= 1
dy
B 2 g y3
w
q2
1
3
yc =
=
B 2 g
w
2
y =
B 2 g
w
2
or
1
3
y = 1.46 ft
1
3
V =
Q
Bw y
V = 6.85
V =
g D
Emin = y +
ft
s
V
2 g
= constant
E is a minimum when
ft
s
Emin = 2.19 ft
D = y
V =
g D
V = 6.85
ft
s
Problem 11.33
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
E = y+
V
2 g
(11.14)
3
Q = V Bw y
E = y +
V =
or
Q
Bw y
ft
s
Q
= 10
Bw
ft
with
Q 1
Q 1
= y+
2 B 2 g y2
Bw y 2 g
w
= constant
E = 2 2.19 ft
and
E = 4.38 ft
1 = E
2 B 2 g y2
w
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with
a y larger than the critical, and evaluate the left side of the equation so that it is equal to E = 4.38 ft
For
For
1 = 2.39 ft
2 B 2 g y2
w
2
y = 2 ft
y+
y = 4.5 ft
Q2 1
= 4.58 ft
y+
2 B 2 g y2
w
1
= 4.10 ft
2 B 2 g y2
w
y+
For
y = 4 ft
For
Q2 1
= 4.38 ft
y = 4.30 ft y +
2 B 2 g y2
w
Hence
y = 4.3 ft
For
y = 0.5 ft
For
Q2 1
= 4.33 ft
y = 0.65 ft y +
2 B 2 g y2
w
Hence
y = 0.645 ft
1 = 2.55 ft
2 B 2 g y2
w
2
y = 1 ft
y+
For
y = 0.6 ft
Q2 1
= 4.92 ft
y+
2 B 2 g y2
w
For
Q2 1
= 4.38 ft
y = 0.645 ft y +
2 B 2 g y2
w
For
1 = 6.72 ft
2 B 2 g y2
w
y+
Problem 11.34
Given:
Find:
Critical depth
[3]
Solution:
2
E = y+
Basic equation:
V
2 g
(11.14)
In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy point
A = Bw + z y y
Hence for V
V =
E = y +
Bw = 8 ft
and
Q = 300
z = 0.5
3
Q
Q
=
A
Bw + z y y
and
ft
s
Q
1
Bw + z y y 2 g
dE
Q z
Q
= 1
=0
2
3
3
2
dy
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
E is a minimum when
Q z
g y Bw + y z
Q
3
) =1
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
g y Bw + y z
=1
or
Q B w + 2 y z
3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below, to make the left side equal unity
) = 41
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
Q (Bw + 2 y z)
= 1.33
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
y = 1 ft
y = 3 ft
) = 1.03
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
y = 3.25 ft
Q Bw + 2 y z
Q Bw + 2 y z
y = 3.28 ft
) = 0.251
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
Q (Bw + 2 y z)
= 0.809
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
y = 5 ft
y = 3.5 ft
) = 0.998
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
y = 3.28 ft
Q Bw + 2 y z
Q Bw + 2 y z
3
Problem 11.35
Given:
Triangular channel
Find:
Critcal depth
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
E = y+
V
2 g
(11.14)
2
A = z y
Hence for V
V =
E = y +
E is a minimum when
dE
Q
1
= 1 4
=0
2
5
dy
z y 2 g
Q
Q
=
2
A
z y
2
Q 1
2 2 g
z y
2
2 Q
y=
z2 g
1
5
[2]
Problem 11.36
Given:
Trapezoidal channel
Find:
Critcal depth
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
E = y+
V
2 g
(11.14)
A = Bw + z y y
Hence for V
V =
E = y +
Bw = 8 ft
and
Q = 300
E is a minimum when
dE
Q z
Q
=1
=0
2
3
3
2
dy
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
Q z
g y Bw + y z
Q Bw + 2 y z
g y Bw + y z
) =1
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
ft
s
Q
1
Bw + z y y 2 g
z = 0.5
3
Q
Q
=
A
Bw + z y y
and
=1
Problem 11.37
Given:
Find:
Flow rate
[2]
Solution:
p1
V1
Basic equation:
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2
g
2 g
g 2 g
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
V =
b1 = 2 ft
or
y1 = 1 ft
Q
by
b2 = 1 ft
y2 = 0.75 ft
Solving for Q
Q =
2 g y1 y2
2
1 1
b y b y
2 2 1 1
Q
Q
b y
1 1 + y = b2 y2 + y
1
2
2 g
2 g
3
Q = 3.24
ft
s
Problem 11.38
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p1
g
V1
2 g
p2
+ y1 =
V2
2 g
+ y2 + h
V
+y
2 g
E1 = E2 + h
Q
b y
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
or
V =
b = 10 ft
y1 = 1 ft
h = 4 in
Hence we find
V1 =
Q
b y1
V1 = 10
Q = 100
ft
s
ft
s
E1 =
and
V1
2 g
+ y1
E1 = 2.554 ft
V2
Q
E1 = E2 + h =
+ y2 + h =
+ y2 + h
2 2
2 g
2 g b y2
Hence
or
2 g b y2
+ y2 = E1 h
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y2
so the left side of the equation equals E1 h = 2.22 ft
For
For
y2 = 1 ft
y2 = 1.4 ft
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 2.55 ft
For
+ y2 = 2.19 ft
For
y2 = 1.5 ft
2 g b y2
y2 = 1.3 ft
y2 = 1.30 ft
Hence
Note that
V2 =
so we have
Fr1 =
Q
b y2
V1
g y1
V2 = 7.69
Fr1 = 1.76
ft
s
and
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 1.19
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 2.19 ft
+ y2 = 2.22 ft
2 g b y2
Problem 11.39
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
2
p1
Basic equation:
V1
2 g
p2
+ y1 =
V2
2 g
+ y2 + h
V
+y
2 g
E1 = E2 + h
Q
b y
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
or
V =
b = 10 ft
y1 = 0.9 ft
h = 0.2 ft
Hence we find
V1 =
Q
b y1
V1 = 2.22
Q = 20
ft
s
ft
s
and
Hence
E1 =
V1
2 g
+ y1
E1 = 0.977 ft
V2
Q
E1 = E2 + h =
+ y2 + h =
+ y2 + h
2 2
2 g
2 g b y2
or
2 g b y2
+ y2 = E1 h
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y2
so the left side of the equation equals E1 h = 0.777 ft
For
For
y2 = 0.9 ft
y2 = 0.6 ft
Hence
y2 = 0.61 ft
Note that
V2 =
so we have
Fr1 =
Q
b y2
V1
g y1
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 0.977 ft
For
+ y2 = 0.773 ft
For
y2 = 0.5 ft
2 g b y2
y2 y1
and
V2 = 3.28
Fr1 = 0.41
y1
y2 = 0.61 ft
= 32.2 %
ft
s
and
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 0.74
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 0.749 ft
+ y2 = 0.777 ft
2 g b y2
Problem 11.40
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
2
p1
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2 + h
g
2 g
g 2 g
Basic equation:
V1
V
+y
2 g
E1 = E2 + h
Q
by
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
or
V =
b = 10 ft
y1 = 0.3 ft
h = 0.1 ft
Hence we find
V1 =
Q
b y1
V1 = 6.67
Q = 20
ft
s
ft
s
and
Hence
E1 =
V1
2 g
+ y1
E1 = 0.991 ft
V2
Q
E1 = E2 + h =
+ y2 + h =
+ y2 + h
2 2
2 g
2 g b y2
or
2 g b y2
+ y2 = E1 h
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y2
so the left side of the equation equals E1 h = 0.891 ft
For
For
y2 = 0.3 ft
y2 = 0.33 ft
Hence
y2 = 0.334 ft
Note that
V2 =
so we have
Fr1 =
Q
b y2
V1
g y1
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 0.991 ft
For
+ y2 = 0.901 ft
For
y2 = 0.35 ft
2 g b y2
y2 y1
and
V2 = 5.99
Fr1 = 2.15
y1
y2 = 0.334 ft
= 11.3 %
ft
s
and
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 1.83
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 0.857 ft
+ y2 = 0.891 ft
2 g b y2
Problem 11.41
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
2
p1
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2 + h
g
2 g
g 2 g
Basic equation:
V1
V
+y
2 g
E1 = E2 + h
At each section
Q = V A = V1 b y1 = V2 b y2
y1 = 2 ft
V1 = 3
y1
V2 = V1
y2
ft
s
h = 0.5 ft
V1
Hence
E1 =
Then
V1 y1 1
E1 = E2 + h =
+ y2 + h =
+ y2 + h
2
2 g
2 g
y2
2 g
+ y1
E1 = 2.14 ft
2
V2
or
V1 y1 1
+ y2 = E1 h
2
2 g
y2
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y2
so the left side of the equation equals E1 h = 1.64 ft
2
For
y2 = 2 ft
For
y2 = 1.3 ft
Hence
y2 = 1.31 ft
Note that
y1
V2 = V1
y2
so we have
Fr1 =
V1
g y1
V1 y1 1
+ y2 = 2.14 ft
2
2 g
y2
2
V1 y1
2 g
y2 = 1.5 ft
For
+ y2 = 1.63 ft
y2 = 1.31 ft
For
y2
V2 = 4.58
Fr1 = 0.37
ft
s
and
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 0.71
V1 y1 1
+ y2 = 1.75 ft
2
2 g
y2
V1 y1
2 g
1
2
y2
+ y2 = 1.64 ft
Problem 11.42
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p1
V1
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2 + h
g
2 g
g 2 g
Noting that p1 = p2 = patm, and V1 is approximately zero (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes
y1 =
V2
+ y2
2 g
Q
m
= 6.0
b
s
y2 = 0.6 m
Hence
Q = V2 A2 = V2 b y2
or
Then upstream
V 2
2
y1 =
+ y2
2 g
y1 = 5.70 m
V2 =
Q
b y2
V2 = 10
m
s
The maximum flow rate occurs at critical conditions (see Section 11-2), for constant specific energy
In this case
V2 = Vc =
g yc
Hence we find
y1 =
Hence
yc =
Vc
2 g
+ yc =
y
3 1
Q
= Vc yc
b
g yc
2 g
+ yc =
y
2 c
yc = 3.80 m
m
s
Vc =
3
Q
= 23.2
b
m
g yc
Vc = 6.10
m
s
Problem 11.43
Given:
Find:
Flow rate
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p1
V1
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2 + h
g
2 g
g 2 g
V1
2 g
+ y1 =
V2
+ y2
2 g
b = 3 ft
y1 = 6 ft
y2 = 0.9 ft
Also
Q = V A
so
V1 =
2
Solving for Q
Q =
Note that
V1 =
V2 =
2 g b y1 y2
y1 + y2
Q
b y1
Q
b y2
and
V2 =
Q
b y2
Q
Q
by
1 + y = b y2 + y
1
2
2 g
2 g
Q
b y1
ft
Q = 49.5
s
V1 = 2.75
ft
V2 = 18.3
ft
Fr1 =
Fr2 =
V1
g y1
V2
g y2
Fr1 = 0.198
Fr2 = 3.41
Problem 11.44
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2
q2
[4]
1
3
yc =
R =
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
2.45 y
2.45 + 2 y
n = 0.015
and also
Q =
Hence
2
3
1
A R S0
n
Solving for y
S0 = 0.0004
and
1
2
5
3
( 2.45 + 2 y)
2
3
2
3
1
2.45 y
2.45 y
0.0004
0.015
2.45
+ 2 y
5.66 0.015
Q = 5.66
1
2
2
3
or
m
s
1
2
= 5.66
5
3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
2
3
= 0.898
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with the given depth
For
y = 1.52
( m)
5
3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
For
y = 1.95
( m)
(m)
= 0.639
For
y = 2
( m)
2
3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
5
3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
y = 1.98
2
3
5
3
= 0.879
For
y = 1.98
( m)
2
3
= 0.908
5
3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
2
3
= 0.896
q =
Q
Bw
q = 2.31
m
s
q2
yc =
1
3
yc = 0.816 m
Hence the given depth is 1.52 m > yc, but 1.52 m < yn, the normal depth. This implies the flow is subcritical (far enough upstream it is dep
1.98 m), and that it draws down to 1.52 m as it gets close to the wier. There is no jump.
Problem 11.45
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
b = 4 m
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
y1 = 0.4 m
yc =
y2 = 1.7 m
1 + 8 Fr1 = 1 + 2
q2
1
3
y2
y1
y2
1 + 2 1
y1
Fr1 =
Fr1 = 3.34
Hence
V1 = Fr1 g y1
V1 = 6.62
Then
Q = V1 b y1
Q = 10.6
V1
g y1
m
s
3
q2
Fr1 =
and
m
s
q =
Q
b
q = 2.65
m
s
1
3
yc =
Also
V2 =
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
Q
b y2
yc = 0.894 m
V2 = 1.56
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Hl = 0.808 m
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 0.808 m
Fr2 = 0.381
Problem 11.46
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
ft
s
Q
= 20
b
ft
Also
Q = V A = V b y
Hence
V1 =
Q
b y1
Then
y2 =
y1
1 +
2
V2 =
Q
b y2
y1 = 1 ft
V1 = 20.0
ft
s
Fr1 =
2
1 + 8 Fr1
g y1
Fr1 = 3.53
y2 = 4.51 ft
V2 = 4.43
ft
s
Fr2 =
2
2
V1
V2
The energy loss is Hl = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
V1
V2
g y2
Hl = 2.40 ft
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 2.40 ft
Fr2 = 0.368
Problem 11.47
Given:
Find:
Jump depth
[1]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
y1
1
1 +
2
1 + 8 Fr1
ft
s
Q
= 30
b
ft
Also
Q = V A = V b y
Hence
V1 =
Q
b y1
Then
y2 =
y1
1 +
2
Note:
V2 =
Q
b y2
y1 = 1.3 ft
V1 = 23.1
ft
s
2
1 + 8 Fr1
Fr1 =
V1
g y1
Fr1 = 3.57
y2 = 5.94 ft
V2 = 5.05
ft
s
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 0.365
Problem 11.48
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
ft
s
Q = 200
b = 10 ft
Also
Q = V A = V b y
Hence
V1 =
Q
b y1
Then
y2 =
y1
1 +
2
V2 =
Q
b y2
V1 = 16.7
y1 = 1.2 ft
ft
s
Fr1 =
2
1 + 8 Fr1
g y1
Fr1 = 2.68
y2 = 3.99 ft
V2 = 5.01
ft
s
Fr2 =
2
2
V1
V2
The energy loss is Hl = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
V1
V2
g y2
Hl = 1.14 ft
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 1.14 ft
Fr2 = 0.442
Problem 11.49
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
b = 5 ft
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
y1 = 0.66 ft
y2 = 3.0 ft
1 + 8 Fr1 = 1 + 2
y2
y1
Fr1 =
y2
1 + 2 1
y1
Fr1 = 3.55
Hence
V1 = Fr1 g y1
V1 = 16.4
Then
Q = V1 b y1
Q = 54.0
Also
V2 =
Fr1 =
and
V1
g y1
ft
s
3
Q
b y2
ft
s
V2 = 3.60
ft
s
Fr2 =
2
2
V1
V2
The energy loss is Hl = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
V2
g y2
Hl = 1.62 ft
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 1.62 ft
Fr2 = 0.366
Problem 11.50
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
y1 = 0.9 m
Then Fr1 is
Fr1 =
Hence
y2 =
Then
Q = V1 b y1 = V2 b y2
V1 = 25
V1
y1
1 +
2
V1
m
s
Fr1 = 8.42
g y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
y2 = 10.3 m
y1
V2 = V1
y2
V2 = 2.19
m
s
E1 = y1 +
2 g
V2
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
E1 = 32.8 m
E2 = y2 +
2 g
E2 = 10.5 m
H l = E1 E2
Hl = 22.3 m
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
E2
E1
= 0.321
Hl = 22.3 m
Problem 11.51
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
y1 = 0.4 m
b = 1 m
Then
Q = V1 b y1 = V2 b y2
V1 =
Then Fr1 is
Fr1 =
Hence
y2 =
and
V2 =
V1
y1
1 +
2
2
1 + 8 Fr1
Q
b y2
V1 = 16.3
m
s
y2 = 4.45 m
V2 = 1.46
m
s
E1 = y1 +
2 g
V2
Q
b y1
m
s
Fr1 = 8.20
g y1
V1
Q = 6.5
E1 = 13.9 m
E2 = y2 +
2 g
E2 = 4.55 m
H l = E1 E2
Hl = 9.31 m
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 9.31 m
Problem 11.52
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
3
Basic equations:
2
2
Q = Cd 2 g B' H
3
where
Given data:
B = 1.6 m
Q = 0.5
Cd = 0.62
and
B' = B 0.1 n H
with
n = 2
Hence we find
Rearranging
m
s
2
2
2
2
Q = Cd 2 g B' H = Cd 2 g ( B 0.1 n H) H
3
3
( B 0.1 n H) H
3
2
3 Q
2 2 g C d
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for H and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.
For
For
For
For
H = 1 m
H = 0.3 m
H = 0.31 m
H = 0.316 m
3 Q
2 2 g Cd
= 0.273 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
H + P = 2.5 m
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
5
2
= 1.40 m
5
2
= 0.253 m
= 0.265 m
= 0.273 m
For
5
2
5
2
5
2
For
For
H = 0.5 m
H = 0.35 m
H = 0.315 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
H = 0.316 m
P = 2.5 m H
P = 2.18 m
3
2
3
2
3
2
= 0.530 m
= 0.317 m
= 0.272 m
5
2
5
2
5
2
Problem 11.53
Given:
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q = Cw B H
3
2
where
Cw = 3.33
and
Q = Cw B H
3
2
Q = 26.6
ft
s
B = 8 ft
P = 2 ft
H = 1 ft
Problem 11.54
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
3
Basic equations:
2
2
Q = Cd 2 g B' H
3
where
Given data:
B = 1.5 m
Q = 0.5
Cd = 0.62
and
B' = B 0.1 n H
with
n = 2
Hence we find
Rearranging
m
s
2
2
2
2
Q = Cd 2 g B' H = Cd 2 g ( B 0.1 n H) H
3
3
( B 0.1 n H) H
3
2
3 Q
2 2 g Cd
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for H and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.
For
For
For
For
H = 1 m
H = 0.3 m
H = 0.34 m
H = 0.331 m
3 Q
2 2 g Cd
= 0.273 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
H + P = 2.5 m
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
5
2
= 1.30 m
5
2
= 0.237 m
= 0.284 m
= 0.273 m
For
5
2
5
2
5
2
For
For
H = 0.5 m
H = 0.35 m
H = 0.33 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
H = 0.331 m
P = 2.5 m H
P = 2.17 m
3
2
3
2
3
2
= 0.495 m
= 0.296 m
= 0.272 m
5
2
5
2
5
2
Problem 11.55
Given:
Find:
Flow head
[1]
Solution:
5
Basic equation:
2
Q = Cd 2 g tan H
15
2
H =
8
Cd 2 g tan
15
2
Q
where
Cd = 0.58
2
5
H = 0.514 m
= 60 deg
Q = 150
L
s
Problem 11.56
Given:
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q = Cw H
5
2
where
H = 1.5 ft
Cw = 2.50
Q = Cw H
5
2
Q = 6.89
ft
s
for
= 90 deg
Problem 11.57
Given:
Find:
Weir coefficient
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q = Cw H
5
2
where
H = 180 mm
Cw =
Q
H
5
2
Cw = 1.45
Q = 20
L
s
Problem 12.1
Given:
Find:
Change in p, T and
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
h2 h1 = cp T2 T1
p = R T
h2 h1 = 0
so
T2 T1 = 0
or
The filter acts as a resistance through which there is a pressure drop (otherwise there would be no flow. Hence
p1
p2
1 T1
2 T2
Hence
p2
p1
s = R ln
so
T1 p2
p2
2 = 1 = 1
T2 p1
p1
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
p2
and
< 1
p1
T = constant
p2 < p1
Hence
2 < 1
so
s > 0
Problem 12.2
[2]
Problem 12.3
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
Then
p1 = 101 kPa
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
T2 = ( 285 + 273) K
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 287
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
s = 71.0
J
kg K
J
kg K
s 0
s > 0
Temperature T
Entropy s
Problem 12.4
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equation:
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
1k
k
The lowest temperature implies an ideal (reversible) process; it is also adiabatic, so s = 0, and
p1
T 2 = T 1
p2
T1 = ( 68 + 460) R
The process is
p1
T2 = T1
p2
1k
k
Temperature T
Hence
Entropy s
T2 = 950 R
T2 = 490 F
k = 1.4
Problem 12.5
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p = R T
u = q w
u = cv T
u = 0
Vol2 = 2 Vol1
so
2 =
2 1
so
p2 =
1
p
2 1
M = Vol = const
p2
p1
and
2 T 2
1
=
1 T 1
2
p2 =
200 kPa
2
Hence
T2 = 20 F
Note that
T2
p2
1
s = cp ln R ln = R ln = 0.693 R
2
T1
p1
T = 0
T2 = T1
p2 = 100 kPa
Problem 12.6
[2]
Given:
Supercharger
Find:
Solution:
Basic equation:
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
p = Rair T
h = q w
h = cp T
T2
p2
s = 0 = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
h = w
T2
or
T1
ft
s
p2
p1
k1
k
p1 = 14.7 psi
= 70 %
k = 1.4
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
Rair = 53.33
T2 = 1140 R
T2 = 681 F
p2 = 215 psi
1
Q 2 = Q 1
2
p1 T2
Q2 = Q1
p2 T1
Q2 = 0.0737
Q1 = 0.5
p2
p1
wideal = cp T
ft lbf
lbm R
k1
k
Hecne
T2 =
We also have
mrate = 1 Q1 = 2 Q2
T1
p1
From the ideal gas equation 1 =
Rair T1
1 = 0.00233
ft
Hence
Pideal = 1 Q1 cp T2 T1
Pactual =
Pideal
slug
or
1 = 0.0749
ft
s
lbm
ft
Pideal = 5.78 kW
Pactual = 8.26 kW
A supercharger is a pump that forces air into an engine, but generally refers to a pump that is driven directly by the engine, as
opposed to a turbocharger that is driven by the pressure of the exhaust gases.
Problem 12.7
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p = R T
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
u = cv T
h = cp T
T1 = ( 250 + 273) K
T2 = ( 50 + 273) K
J
cv = 717.4
kg K
k =
Then
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
p1
T2
T1
p2 =
k = 1.4
T2
p
T1 1
s = 346
J
kg K
u = 143
kJ
kg
h = 201
kJ
kg
h = cp T2 T1
R = cp cv
p2 = 1.85 MPa
u = cv T2 T1
p2
cp
cv
p1 = 3 MPa
J
K
S = M s
S = 1729
U = M u
U = 717 kJ
H = M h
H = 1004 kJ
R = 287
J
kg K
Problem 12.8
[3]
Given:
Air in a piston-cylinder
Find:
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
T1 = ( 100 + 273) K
T2 = ( 1200 + 273) K
R = 287
J
kg K
cv = cp R
J
cv = 717
kg K
q = cp dT
q = cp T2 T1
q = 1104
q = cv dT
q = cv T2 T1
q = 789
T ds = dh v dp
dh
dT
= cp
T
T
ds =
But
q = T ds
Hence
q = cp dT
J
cp = 1004
kg K
T ds = du + p dv
du
dT
= cv
T
T
ds =
But
q = T ds
Hence
q = cv dT
Heating to a higher temperature at constant pressure requires more heat than at constant volume: some of the heat is used
to do work in expanding the gas; hence for constant pressure less of the heat is available for raising the temperature.
From the first law:
Constant pressure:
kJ
kg
q = u + w
Constant volume:
q = u
The two processes can be plotted using Eqs. 11.11b and 11.11a, simplified for the case of constant pressure and
constant volume.
T2
p2
s2 s1 = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
so
T2
s = cp ln
T1
T2
v2
s2 s1 = cv ln + R ln
T1
v1
so
T2
s = cv ln
T1
kJ
kg
[3]
100
T2 =
R =
cp =
cv =
1200
287
1004
717
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
T (K)
a) s J/kgK)
b) s J/kgK)
373
473
573
673
773
873
973
1073
1173
1273
1373
0
238
431
593
732
854
963
1061
1150
1232
1308
0
170
308
423
522
610
687
758
821
880
934
1500
T (K)
1250
1000
750
500
a) Constant Pressure
b) Constant Volume
250
0
0
250
500
750
s (J/kg.K)
1000
1250
1500
Problem 12.9
Given:
Find:
[4]
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 287
J
kg K
p1 = 100 kPa
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
cp
cv
cv = cp R
J
cv = 717
kg K
k =
T3 = ( 2750 + 273) K
V1 = 500 cc
V2 =
V1
8.5
k = 1.4
V2 = 58.8 cc
V4 = V1
Computed results:
M =
T v
Hence
V1
T2 = T1
V2
k1
V1
p2 = p1
V2
kg
p2 = 2002 kPa
V2
p1 V1 p2 V2
W12 =
p ( V ) dV =
V
k1
1
T3
p3 = p2
T2
p v = constant
T2 = 690 K
V3 = V2
= constant
V1
p ( V) = p1
Hence
M = 5.95 10
R T1
k1
The work is
p1 V1
and
s = constant
W12 = 169 J
V3 = 58.8 cc
p3 = 8770 kPa
Q12 = 0 J
(Isentropic)
V = V2 = constant
and
T
s = cv ln
T2
W23 = 0 J
(From 12.11a)
Q23 = M u = M cv dT
Q23 = M cv T3 T2
Q23 = 995 J
Hence
V3
T4 = T3
V4
k1
V3
p4 = p3
V4
T4 = 1284 K
V3
p ( V) = p3
The work is
W34 =
p4 = 438 kPa
and
p3 V3 p4 V4
k1
s = constant
W34 = 742 J
Q34 = 0 J
T
s = cv ln
T4
W41 = 0 J
V = V4 = constant
and
(From 12.11a)
Q41 = M cv T1 T4
The efficiency is
Wnet
Q23
r =
V1
V2
Otto = 57.5 %
Plots of the cycle in pV and Ts space are shown in the associated Excel workbook
Q41 = 422 J
Wnet = 572 J
= 57.5 %
1
Otto = 1
k1
r
r = 8.5
[4]
Solution:
The given, available, or computed data is:
R =
cp =
287
1004
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
cv =
k =
717
1.4
J/kg.K
T1 =
293
p1 =
100
kPa
V1 =
500
cc
T2 =
690
p2 =
2002
kPa
V2 =
58.8
cc
T3 =
3023
p3 =
8770
kPa
V3 =
58.8
cc
T4 =
1284
p4 =
438
kPa
V4 =
500
cc
V (cc)
p (kPa)
T (K)
s J/kgK)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
100
116
137
165
204
264
361
540
952
2002
2176
2901
3626
4352
5077
5802
6527
7253
7978
8770
4172
2364
1580
1156
896
722
599
508
438
410
375
341
307
273
239
205
171
137
100
293
306
320
338
359
387
423
474
558
690
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3023
2445
2078
1852
1694
1575
1481
1403
1339
1284
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
293
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
160
366
526
657
767
863
947
1023
1091
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1111
1049
980
905
820
724
614
483
323
100
p (kPa)
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
1000
1250
V (cc)
T (K)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
250
500
750
s (J/kg.K)
Problem 12.10
Given:
Find:
[4]
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 287
p1 = 100 kPa
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
V2 =
V1
J
kg K
V2 = 40 cc
12.5
M =
Computed results:
V3 = V2
Hence
V4 = 1.75 V3
V4 = 70 cc
M = 5.95 10
k1
T v
V1
p2 = p1
V2
T2 = 805 K
The work is
W12 =
V
V5 = V1
4
p v = constant
kg
(12.12c)
p2 = 3435 kPa
and
V2
p ( V) dV =
p1 V1 p2 V2
T3
p3 = p2
T2
k = 1.4
= constant (12.12a)
k1
V1
p ( V) = p1
Hence
cp
cv
V1 = 500 cc
R T1
k =
T3 = ( 3000 + 273) K
p1 V1
V1
T2 = T1
V2
J
cv = 717
kg K
cv = cp R
k 1
s = constant
W12 = 218 J
Q12 = 0 J
(Isentropic)
V3 = V2
V3 = 40 cc
p3 = 13963 kPa
V = V2 = constant
T
s = cv ln
T2
and
W23 = 0 J
Q23 = M u = M cv dT
p4 = p3
p = p3 = constant
Q23 = M cv T3 T2
Q23 = 1052 J
p4 = 13963 kPa
V4
T4 = T3
V3
T4 = 5728 K
and
T
s = cp ln
T3
(From Eq. 12.11b)
W34 = p3 V4 V3
W34 = 419 J
V4
T5 = T4
V5
Q34 = M cp T4 T3
Q34 = 1465 J
k1
T5 = 2607 K
Hence
V4
p5 = p4
V5
V4
p ( V) = p4
The work is
W45 =
p5 = 890 kPa
and
p4 V4 p5 V5
s = constant
W45 = 1330 J
k1
Q45 = 0 J
V = V5 = constant
and
T
s = cv ln
T5
(From Eq. 12.11a)
Q51 = M cv T1 T5
Q51 = 987 J
The efficiency is
Wnet
Qadded
Qadded = 2517 J
= 60.8 %
W51 = 0 J
Wnet = 1531 J
This is consistent with the expression from thermodynamics for the diesel efficiency
r k1
c
diesel = 1
k1 k ( r 1)
r
c
V1
r =
V4
rc =
V3
V2
r = 12.5
rc = 1.75
diesel = 58.8 %
The plots of the cycle in pV and Ts space are shown in the associated Excel workbook
[4]
Solution:
The given, available, or computed data is:
R =
cp =
287
1004
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
cv =
k =
717
1.4
J/kg.K
T1 =
293
p1 =
100
kPa
V1 =
500
cc
T2 =
805
p2 =
3435
kPa
V2 =
40
cc
T3 =
3273
p3 =
13963
kPa
V3 =
40
cc
T4 =
5728
p4 =
13963
kPa
V4 =
70
cc
T5 =
2607
p5 =
890
kPa
V5 =
500
cc
V (cc)
p (kPa)
T (K)
s J/kg.K)
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
75.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
42.8
45.8
48.9
51.9
55.0
58.1
61.1
64.2
67.2
70.0
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
100
137
204
264
361
540
952
1425
2514
3435
3840
4266
5333
6399
7466
8532
9599
10666
11732
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
8474
4803
3210
2349
1820
1466
1216
1031
890
853
768
683
597
512
427
341
256
171
100
293
320
359
387
423
474
558
626
736
805
900
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3273
3500
3750
4000
4250
4500
4750
5000
5250
5500
5728
4966
4222
3763
3441
3199
3007
2851
2720
2607
2500
2250
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
293
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
180
255
415
546
657
752
837
912
981
1105
1173
1242
1307
1368
1425
1479
1531
1580
1627
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1637
1562
1477
1381
1271
1140
980
774
483
100
p (kPa)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
V (cc)
T (K)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
500
1000
s (J/kg.K)
1500
2000
Problem 12.11
[3]
Problem 12.12
[2]
Problem 12.13
[3]
Problem 12.14
[3]
Given:
Find:
Efficiency at which power required is 30 MW; plot required efficiency and exit temperature as functions of efficiency
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
R = 518.3
J
kg K
J
cp = 2190
kg K
J
cv = 1672
kg K
cv = cp R
k =
cp
cv
k = 1.31
m
s
T1 = ( 13 + 273) K
V1 = 32
Wcomp = 30 MW
D = 0.6 m
The governing equation is the first law of thermodynamics for the compressor
2
2
V2
V1
Mflow h2 +
h +
= Wcomp
2 1
2
2
2
V2 V1
Wcomp = Mflow cp ( T2 T1) +
or
We need to find the mass flow rate and the temperature and velocity at the exit
p1 2
Mflow = 1 A1 V1 =
D V1
R T1 4
The exit velocity is then given by
p1 2
Mflow =
D V1
R T1 4
p2 2
Mflow =
D V2
R T2 4
V2 =
kg
Mflow = 36.7
s
4 Mflow R T2
2
(1)
p2 D
The exit velocity cannot be computed until the exit temperature is determined!
2
4 Mflow R T2
V12
p D 2
In this complicated expression the only unknown is T2, the exit temperature. The equation is a quadratic, so is solvable
explicitly for T2, but instead we use Excel's Goal Seek to find the solution (the second solution is mathematically
T2 = 660 K
correct but physically unrealistic - a very large negative absolute temperature). The exit temperature is
If the compressor was ideal (isentropic), the exit temperature would be given by
T p
1k
k
= constant
(12.12b)
Hence
p1
T2s = T1
p2
1k
k
T2s = 529 K
h2s h1
h2 h1
or
with
V2 =
4 Mflow R T2
p2 D
and
T2s T1
= 65.1 %
T2 T1
T2 = T1 +
T2s T1
2
2
V2 V1
Wcomp = Mflow cp (T2 T1) +
The dependencies of T2 and Wcomp on efficiency are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
cp =
cv =
k =
T1 =
p1 =
V1 =
p2 =
D =
W comp =
518.3
2190
1672
1.31
286
601
32
8101
0.6
30
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
36.7
kg/s
K
kPa
m/s
kPa
m/s
MW
Computed results:
M flow =
Use Goal Seek to vary T 2 below so that the error between the left and right sides is zero!
T2 =
LHS (MW)
30.0
T 2s =
660
RHS (MW)
30.0
529
65.1%
Error
0.00%
[3]
85%
80%
70%
50%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
T 2 (K)
V 2 (m/s)
W comp (MW)
572
590
634
773
894
981
1097
1259
1503
1908
4.75
4.90
5.26
6.41
7.42
8.14
9.11
10.45
12.47
15.84
23
24
28
39
49
56
65
78
98
130
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
20%
10%
0%
2500
T (K)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Problem 12.15
[4]
Problem 12.16
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
T atm =
53.3
519
ft.lbf/lboR
R
p atm =
14.7
psi
k =
V rate =
200
0.1
lbf/ft3
ft3/min
Computing equations:
Computed results:
air = 0.0765
M rate =
0.000128
lb/ft3
lb/s
[3]
r (in)
p (psi)
(lb/ft3)
V ball (ft3)
M ball (lb)
t (s)
V/V rate
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
29.2
30.0
30.7
31.4
32.2
32.9
33.6
34.3
35.1
0.152
0.156
0.160
0.164
0.167
0.171
0.175
0.179
0.183
0.303
0.351
0.403
0.461
0.524
0.592
0.666
0.746
0.831
0.0461
0.0547
0.0645
0.0754
0.0876
0.101
0.116
0.133
0.152
0.00
67.4
144
229
325
433
551
683
828
0.00
42.5%
41.3%
40.2%
39.2%
38.2%
37.3%
36.4%
35.5%
44%
V/V flow
42%
40%
38%
36%
34%
0
250
500
t (s)
750
1000
Problem 12.17
[3]
Given:
Sound wave
Find:
Estimate of change in density, temperature, and velocity after sound wave passes
Solution:
Basic equation:
p = R T
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
du = cv dT
dh = cp dT
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Constant specific heats 3) Isentropic process 4) infinitesimal changes
Given or available data
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
p1 = 100 kPa
c =
c = 343
k R T 1
dp = 20 Pa
k = 1.4
Then
dVx =
1
dp
1 c
dp = c d
so
1 = 1.19
d =
dp
d = 1.70 10
Hence
dp d
dT = T1
p1 1
4 kg
kg
3
dVx = 0.049
m
s
For the change in temperature we start with the ideal gas equation
Dividing by the ideal gas equation we find
J
kg K
m
s
c
p1
The air density is 1 =
R T1
R = 286.9
and differentiate dp = d R T + R dT
dp
d dT
=
+
p
T
dT = 0.017 K
dT = 0.030 F
Problem 12.18
[3]
Given:
Sound wave
Find:
Estimate of change in density, temperature, and velocity after sound wave passes
Solution:
Basic equations:
p = R T
Ev =
dp
d
dp
d
p
Hence
Ev =
in
= const
and so
p
Ev = k
dp
d
dp
d
dp
p
= k
d
Ev = k p
For gradual compression (isothermal) we can use the ideal gas equation
Hence
E v = ( R T ) = p
p = R T
so
dp = d R T
Ev = p
We conclude that the "stiffness" (Ev) of air is equal to kp when rapidly compressed and p when gradually compressed. To give an idea of v
For water
Ev = 2.24 GPa
Rapid compression
Ev = k p
Gradual compression Ev = p
Ev = 141 kPa
Ev = 101 kPa
Problem 12.19
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Ev
Basic equation:
c=
Ev = 200
GN
m
c =
Ev
SG w
L = 1 m
M = 0.25 kg
M
L
D
4
L
t
c =
E v = c
c = 5054
m
s
4
L
c
t = 1.98 10
D = 1 cm
t = 0.5 ms
kg
= 3183
m
c = 2000
w = 1000
kg
m
t =
SG = 7.83
m
s
Ev = 12.7
GN
2
t = 0.198 ms
t = 198 s
Problem 12.20
Given:
Hunting dolphin
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Ev
Basic equation:
c=
L = 1000 m
SG = 1.025
Ev = 2.42
GN
2
m
For the seawater
c =
Ev
SG w
c = 1537
t =
L
c
w = 1000
kg
m
s
t = 0.651 s
t = 651 ms
Problem 12.21
Given:
Submarine sonar
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Ev
Basic equation:
c=
t = 25 s
SG = 1.025
Ev = 2.42
GN
2
m
For the seawater
c =
Ev
SG w
c = 1537
L = c t
x =
L
2
m
s
L = 38.4 km
x = 19.2 km
w = 1000
kg
3
Problem 12.22
Given:
Find:
Mach numbers
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
c=
k R T
Available data
R = 286.9
At
z = 1600 ft
J
kg K
M=
V
c
k = 1.4
z = 488 m
T = 288.2 K +
( 284.9 288.2) K
( z 0m)
( 500 0) m
and we have
V = 400 mph
and we have
V = 725 mph
T = 285 K
Hence
c =
k R T
c = 338
M =
m
s
V
c
M = 0.529
Repeating at
z = 50000 ft
z = 15240 m
Hence
c =
c = 295
k R T
M =
V
c
c = 757 mph
m
s
T = 216.7 K
c = 660 mph
M = 1.10
Problem 12.23
[1]
Problem 12.24
[1]
V = 500 mph
R = 286.90 J/kgK
k = 1.40
(Table A.6)
T (K)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
288.2
284.9
281.7
278.4
275.2
271.9
268.7
265.4
262.2
258.9
255.7
249.2
242.7
236.2
229.7
223.3
c (m/s) c (mph)
340
338
336
334
332
330
329
326
325
322
320
316
312
308
304
299
661
658
654
650
646
642
639
635
631
627
623
615
607
599
590
582
M
0.756
0.760
0.765
0.769
0.774
0.778
0.783
0.788
0.793
0.798
0.803
0.813
0.824
0.835
0.847
0.859
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0
2000
4000
6000
z (m)
8000
10000
Problem 12.26
Given:
Fireworks displays!
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
c=
k R T
TJuly = ( 75 + 460) R
L = 1 mi
Hence
cJuly =
ft
cJuly = 1134
s
L
tJuly =
cJuly
In January
TJan = ( 5 + 460) R
Hence
cJan =
L
tJan =
cJan
k Rair TJuly
k Rair TJan
tJuly = 4.66 s
ft
cJan = 1057
s
tJan = 5.00 s
k = 1.4
Rair = 53.33
ft lbf
lbm R
p2 =
10
MPa
p1 =
p =
5
5
MPa
MPa
Data on specific volume versus temperature can be obtained fro any good thermodynamics text (try the Web!)
p1
p2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.0009977
0.0009996
0.0010057
0.0010149
0.0010267
0.0010410
0.0010576
0.0010769
0.0010988
0.0011240
0.0011531
0.0009952
0.0009973
0.0010035
0.0010127
0.0010244
0.0010385
0.0010549
0.0010738
0.0010954
0.0011200
0.0011482
2.52
2.31
2.18
2.14
2.19
2.31
2.42
2.68
2.82
3.18
3.70
1409
1472
1514
1528
1512
1470
1437
1366
1330
1254
1162
1600
1500
1400
c (m/s)
1300
1200
1100
1000
0
50
100
o
T ( C)
150
200
Problem 12.28
[3]
Section 12-2
Problem 12.29
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
286.9
1.4
J/kg.K
Computing equation:
c = kRT
Computed results:
(Only partial data is shown in table)
z (m)
T (K)
c (m/s)
288.2
284.9
281.7
278.4
275.2
271.9
268.7
265.4
262.2
258.9
255.7
249.2
242.7
236.2
229.7
223.3
340
338
336
334
332
330
329
326
325
322
320
316
312
308
304
299
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
300
275
250
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
z (m)
60000
70000
80000
90000 100000
Problem 12.30
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T0 =
T 10k =
286.9
1.4
288.2
223.3
J/kg.K
K
K
Computing equations:
Computed results:
-0.00649
K/m
z (km)
T (K)
dc/dz (s-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
288.2
281.7
275.2
268.7
262.2
255.8
249.3
242.8
236.3
229.8
223.3
-0.00383
-0.00387
-0.00392
-0.00397
-0.00402
-0.00407
-0.00412
-0.00417
-0.00423
-0.00429
-0.00435
(Using T at z = 10 km)
m =
-0.0040
-0.0041
-0.0042
-0.0043
-0.0044
0
6
z (km)
10
Problem 12.31
Given:
Find:
[1]
Solution:
k R T
= asin
c=
T = ( 77 + 460) R
M = 1.9
Hence
c =
c = 1136
ft
s
V = M c
V = 2158
ft
s
= asin
= 31.8 deg
k Rair T
M =
V
c
Basic equations:
k = 1.4
V = 1471 mph
Rair = 53.33
ft lbf
lbm R
Problem 12.32
[1]
Problem 12.33
[1]
Problem 12.34
[2]
Problem 12.35
[2]
Problem 12.36
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
T = ( 30 + 273) K
M=
V
c
= asin
h = 3500 m
The time it takes to fly from directly overhead to where you hear it is
The distance traveled, moving at speed V, is
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
J
kg K
t = 5 s
x = V t
tan( ) =
sin ( ) =
1
c
=
M
V
Dividing Eq. 2 by Eq 1
cos ( ) =
c V t
c t
=
V h
h
sin ( )
h
h
=
=
cos ( )
x
V t
(1)
(2)
Note that we could have written this equation from geometry directly!
m
s
We have
c =
k R T
c = 349
Hence
M =
1
sin ( )
M = 1.15
V = M c
V = 402
so
= acos
c t
m
s
Note that we assume the temperature of the air is uniform. In fact the temperature will vary over 3500 m, so the Mach
cone will be curved. This speed and Mach number are only rough estimates
= 60.1 deg
Problem 12.37
[2]
Problem 12.38
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
V = 1000
m
s
M =
V
c
= asin
h = 3 km
The time it takes to fly from directly overhead to where you hear it is
x=
k = 1.4
t =
R = 286.9
J
kg K
x
V
h
tan( )
The temperature is not constant so the Mach line will not be straight. We can find a range of t by considering the temperature range
At h = 3 km we find from Table A.3 that
k R T
T = 268.7 K
c =
Hence
= asin
= 19.2 deg
T = 288.2 K
c =
k R T
Hence
= asin
c = 329
m
s
c = 340
m
s
= 19.9 deg
M =
and
x =
h
tan( )
x =
x = 8625 m
M =
and
h
tan( )
Thus we conclude that the time is somwhere between 8.62 and 8.29 s. Taking an average
V
c
V
c
x = 8291 m
M = 3.04
t =
x
V
t = 8.62 s
M = 2.94
t =
x
V
t = 8.55 s
t = 8.29 s
Problem 12.39
[3]
h
x = Vt
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
V = 1000
m
s
M =
V
c
= asin
h = 3 km
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
J
kg K
x = h tan( )
The temperature is not constant so the Mach line will not be straight ( is not constant). We can find a range of and x by
considering the temperature range
At h = 3 km we find from Table A.3 that
T = 268.7 K
k R T
c =
Hence
= asin
= 19.2 deg
T = 288.2 K
c =
k R T
Hence
= asin
c = 329
m
s
c = 340
m
s
= 19.9 deg
V
c
and
M =
x = h tan( )
x = 1043 m
and
M =
x = h tan( )
x = 1085 m
Thus we conclude that the distance is somwhere between 1043 and 1085 m. Taking an average
V
c
x = 1064 m
M = 3.04
M = 2.94
Problem 12.40
Problem 12.40
Problem 12.41
Given:
Speed of automobile
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Consider the automobile at rest with 60 mph air flowing over it. Let state 1 be upstream, and point 2 the
stagnation point on the automobile
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
J
kg K
R = 287
k = 1.4
V1 = 60 mph
( k 1) 2
= 1 +
M
0 = 1 1 +
or
1 =
c1 =
V1 = 26.8
( k 1)
2
M1
2
(12.20c)
1
k1
p1
1 = 1.201
R T1
k1
2
2
M1
0 = 1.205
kg
3
m
m
c1 = 343
s
k R T1
1
k1
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
1
k1
V1
M1 =
c1
m
s
0 = 1 1 +
p1 = 101 kPa
M1 = 0.0782
kg
m
0 1
0
= 0.305 %
This is an insignificant change, so the flow can be considered incompressible. Note that M < 0.3, the
usual guideline for incompressibility
V1 = 120 mph
0 = 1 1 +
k1
2
2
M1
1
k1
0 = 1.216
kg
m
V1 = 53.6
m
s
V1
M1 =
c1
M1 = 0.156
0 1
0
= 1.21 %
Problem 12.42
Given:
Find:
[5]
Solution:
A sound wave is refracted when the speed of sound varies with altitude in the atmosphere. (The variation in sound speed is caused by
temperature variations in the atmosphere, as shown in Fig. 3.3)
Imagine a plane wave front that initially is vertical. When the wave encounters a region where the temperature increase with altitude
(such as between 20.1 km and 47.3 km altitude in Fig. 3.3), the sound speed increases with elevation. Therefore the upper portion of
the wave travels faster than the lower portion. The wave front turns gradually and the sound wave follows a curved path through the
atmosphere. Thus a wave that initially is horizontal bends and follows a curved path, tending to reach the ground some distance from
the source.
The curvature and the path of the sound could be calculated for any specific temperature variation in the atmosphere. However, the
required analysis is beyond the scope of this text.
Problem 12.43
Plot of percentage density change; Mach number for 1%, 5%, and 10% change
Solution:
The given or available data is:
k =
1.4
Computing equation:
[2]
Computed results:
/ o
M
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
0.1%
0.5%
1.1%
2.0%
3.1%
4.4%
5.9%
7.6%
9.4%
11%
14%
16%
18%
21%
23%
26%
29%
31%
34%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
M
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Problem 12.44
Given:
Find:
Stagnation pressure
[1]
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
V = 250
First we need
c =
k R T
m
s
k R T
p0 = p 1 +
M =
p0
V
c
T = ( 50 + 273) K
c = 299
k 1 2
M
2
m
s
then
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k 1
p = 28 kPa
M =
k
k 1
p0 = 44.2 kPa
V
c
k = 1.4
M = 0.835
R = 286.9
J
kg K
Problem 12.45
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
k = 1.4
p0 = 48 kPa
p = 27.6 kPa
T = ( 55 + 273) K
Hence
so
= constant
p
=
0
p0
(12.12c)
1
k
0
0
p0
=
=
1 =
1
k
= 48.5 %
Problem 12.46
Given:
Find:
[1]
Solution:
k R T
p0
V
c
Basic equations:
c=
Vcar = 55 mph
Vcar = 80.7
k = 1.4
Rair = 53.33
T = 288.2 K
or
Hence
c =
c = 1116
k Rair T
M =
ft
s
k 1 2
M
2
= 1 +
Vplane = 807
ft
s
ft lbf
lbm R
T = 519 R
k
k 1
p
k 1
2
= 1 +
Mcar
p0
2
ft
s
Mcar =
Vcar
Mcar = 0.0723
k
k 1
= 0.996
Note that the Bernoulli equation would give the same result!
At h = 30000 ft or h = 9144 m ,interpolating from Table A.3
T = 229.7 K +
Hence
c =
k Rair T
( 223.3 229.7) K
( 9144 9000)
( 10000 9000)
c = 995
p
k1
2
= 1 +
Mplane
p0
2
ft
s
Mplane =
k
k1
= 0.649
T = 229 K
Vplane
c
Mplane = 0.811
T = 412 R
Problem 12.47
Given:
Aircraft flying at 12 km
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
M = 2
M =
h = 12 km
SL = 1.225
kg
m
p0
V
c
= 0.2546 SL
p0 = p 1 +
Also
c =
Hence
pdyn =
= 0.312
k 1 2
M
2
k R T
1
2
V
2
k 1 2
M
2
pdyn =
1
2
V
2
J
kg K
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
p = 0.1915 pSL
p = 19.4 kPa
Hence
= 1 +
k
k 1
k
k 1
c = 295
p0 = 152 kPa
m
s
V = M c
V = 590
m
s
T = 216.7 K
Problem 12.48
[1]
Problem 12.49
[1]
Problem 12.50
[1]
Problem 12.51
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
R = 287
J
kg K
Hence
p0 = p 1 +
p0 p = 8.67 kPa
a) Assuming compressibility
c =
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
M = 0.65
T = 223.3 K
p = 26.4 kPa
p0
p
k 1 2
M
2
k R T
k 1 2
= 1 +
M
2
k
k1
(12.20a)
k
k1
c = 300
p0 = 35.1 kPa
m
s
V = M c
V = 195
m
s
b) Assuming incompressibility
Here the Bernoulli equation applies in the form
Hence
so
V =
2 p0 p
= 0.412
R T
V = 205
2
p0
p V
+
=
2
kg
3
)
V =
2 p0 p
m
s
In this case the error at M = 0.65 in computing the speed of the aircraft using Bernoulli equation is
205 195
= 5.13 %
195
Problem 12.52
[1]
Problem 12.53
[2]
Given:
Find:
Mach number and aircraft speed errors assuming incompressible flow; plot
Solution:
The governing equation for pressure change is:
Hence
p0
k 1 2
= 1 +
M
p
2
k
k1
(12.20a)
k
k1
k 1 2
p = p 1 +
M
1
2
p0
p = p0 p = p
1
p
(1)
For each Mach number the actual pressure change can be computed from Eq. 1
2
p0
p V
+
=
Using Eq. 1
V
Mincomp =
=
c
Mincomp =
2 p
k R T
so
V =
2 p
k R T
k 1
2
k 1 2
1 +
M
1
k
2
Mincomp M
M
=
M
M
V = M c
V = M k R T
Vinc = Mincomp k R T
The error in using Bernoulli to estimate the speed from the pressure difference is
Vincomp V
V
=
V
V
The computations and plots are shown in the associated Excel workbook
2 p0 p
=
2 p
286.9
1.4
216.7
Computing equations:
J/kg.K
K
[2]
Computed results:
c =
M
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
295
m/s
M incomp
M/M
V (m/s)
V incomp (m/s)
V/V
0.100
0.201
0.303
0.408
0.516
0.627
0.744
0.865
0.994
0.13%
0.50%
1.1%
2.0%
3.2%
4.6%
6.2%
8.2%
10.4%
29.5
59.0
88.5
118
148
177
207
236
266
29.5
59.3
89.5
120
152
185
219
255
293
0.13%
0.50%
1.1%
2.0%
3.2%
4.6%
6.2%
8.2%
10.4%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
V/V
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
0
50
100
150
V (m/s)
200
250
300
Problem 12.54
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
M = 2.5
T = ( 15 + 273) K
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
T0 = T 1 +
M =
p0
c=
Then
k R T
V
c
Basic equations:
p0 = p 1 +
mrate = A V
We need
c =
and also
Then
k 1 2
M
2
k R T
p
R T
mrate = A V
k 1 2
M
2
T0
T
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
2
p = 35 kPa
A = 0.175 m
T0 = 648 K
T0 = 375 C
J
kg K
k 1 2
M
2
Also
= 1 +
k
k 1
k
k 1
c = 340
p0 = 598 kPa
m
s
= 0.424
V = M c
kg
3
kg
mrate = 63.0
s
V = 850
m
s
Problem 12.55
[2]
Problem 12.56
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
FL
CL =
M =
CD =
1
2
V A
2
M = 1.8
2
p = p0 1 +
T0
1+
Then
c =
and
V = M c
We also need
Finally
k 1 2
M
2
k 1
2
T0
T
= 1+
p0 = 200 psi
Rair = 53.33
FL = 12000 lbf
ft lbf
lbm R
k
k 1
p = 34.8 psi
T = 123 F
c = 1183
ft
s
V = 2129
FL
1
2
V A
2
FD
1
2
V A
2
k1 2
M
2
1
2
V A
2
T = 583 R
p
Rair T
CD =
k 1 2
M
2
k Rair T
CL =
= 1 +
FD
k = 1.4
T =
T0 = ( 500 + 460) R
A = 100 in
p0
V
c
k
k 1
c = 807 mph
ft
s
= 0.00501
V = 1452 mph
slug
ft
CL = 1.52
CD = 0.203
FD = 1600 lbf
Problem 12.57
[2]
Problem 12.58
[2]
Problem 12.59
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
R = 287
M1 = 0.1
J
kg K
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
p1 = 1000 kPa
M2 = 0.7
T2 = ( 5.62 + 273) K
p2 = 136.5 kPa
T01 = T1 1 +
k 1
2
M1
2
T01 = 293.6 K
T01 = 20.6 C
T02 = T2 1 +
k 1
2
M2
2
T02 = 293.6 K
T02 = 20.6 C
p01 = p1 1 +
p02 = p2 1 +
Note that
k 1
2
M1
2
k1
2
2
M2
k
k 1
k
k1
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
V1 = M1 k R T1
V1 = 34.3
m
s
s = 480
V2 = M2 k R T2
V2 = 229
J
kg K
m
s
Although there is friction, suggesting the flow should decelerate, because the static pressure drops so much, the net
effect is flow acceleration!
The entropy increases because the process is adiabatic but irreversible
(friction).
q
From the second law of thermodynamics ds
: becomes ds > 0
T
Problem 12.60
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
R = 287
p1 = 500 kPa
M1 = 0.5
M2 = 0.2
J
kg K
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
T2 = ( 18.57 + 273) K
p2 = 639.2 kPa
kg
Mrate = 0.05
s
T01 = T1 1 +
k1
2
M1
2
T01 = 811.7 K
T01 = 539 C
T02 = T2 1 +
k 1
2
M2
2
T02 = 256.5 K
T02 = 16.5 C
The fact that the stagnation temperature (a measure of total energy) decreases suggests cooling is taking place.
For the heat transfer:
p01 = p1 1 +
p02 = p2 1 +
Q = 27.9 kW
2
M1
k
k 1
2
M2
k
k 1
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
s = 1186
J
kg K
Problem 12.61
[3]
Problem 12.62
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
Then
c=
k R T
M=
V A = const
p1 = 400 kPa
T1 = 325 K
p2 = 275 kPa
T2 = 450 K
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
p1
1 = 4.29
R T1
Also
c2 =
p02 = p2 1 +
kg
2 =
J
kg K
R T2
2 = 2.13
kg
q = 160
2
M2
so
m
s
kJ
kg
V2
M2 =
c2
k
k1
m
c2 = 425
s
k1
m
s
p2
V2 = 302
V2 V1
k R T2
q = cp T2 T1 +
k 1 2
M
2
R = 286.9
1
V2 = V1
2
V2 V1
Q
= q = h2 h1 +
dm
2
= 1 +
V1 = 150
V A = const
Hence
V2
Q
h1 +
+
= h2 +
2
2
dm
1 =
V1
and from
We also have
p0
V
c
k
k1
M2 = 0.711
Problem 12.63
[2]
Problem 12.64
[2]
Given:
Find:
Stagnation conditions at inlet and exit; change in specific entropy; Plot on Ts diagram
Solution:
Basic equations:
Then
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k 1
T0
T
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
M1 = 0.4
p1 = 625 kPa
T1 = ( 1250 + 273) K
M2 = 0.8
p2 = 20 kPa
T2 = ( 650 + 273) K
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
T01 = T1 1 +
k 1
2
M1
2
p01 = p1 1 +
k 1
2
M1
2
T02 = T2 1 +
k1
2
M2
2
p02 = p2 1 +
k1
2
M2
2
k
k1
p02 = 30 kPa
s = 485
T 01
p1
p 02
T 02
p2
T01 = 1299 C
k
k 1
p01
T1
J
kg K
T01 = 1572 K
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
T2
J
kg K
T02 = 768 C
Problem 12.65
[3]
Problem 12.66
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
Vcrit =
2 k
R T0
k+1
crit
k + 1
1
k1
The interior conditions are the stagnation conditions for the flow
Given or available data
T0 = 271.9 K
kg
SL = 1.225
0 = 0.7812 SL
0 = 0.957
kg
3
Then
crit =
k + 1
2
The mass flow rate is
1
k1
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
kg
Vcrit =
crit = 0.607
4 kg
mrate = 1.83 10
2 k
R T0
k+1
R = 286.9
J
kg K
Vcrit = 302
m
s
Problem 12.67
[1]
Problem 12.68
Given:
Find:
Critical conditions
[1]
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
RHe = 386.1
ft lbf
lbm R
k = 1.66
T0
Tcrit
p0
T0 = 3600 R
k+1
2
k + 1
=
pcrit 2
Tcrit =
p0 = ( 725 + 14.7)psi
T0
Tcrit = 2707 R
k +1
2
k
k 1
p0
pcrit =
k + 1
2
Vcrit =
k RHe Tcrit
Vcrit = 7471
p0 = 740 psi
ft
s
k
k 1
absolute
Problem 12.69
[1]
Problem 12.70
Given:
Find:
Critical conditions
[1]
Solution:
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
R = 287
J
kg K
k = 1.4
T0
Tcrit
p0
T0 = ( 1500 + 273) K
k+1
2
k + 1
=
pcrit 2
Tcrit =
T0
p0
pcrit =
k + 1
2
Vcrit =
k R Tcrit
Vcrit = 770
p0 = 140 kPa
Tcrit = 1478 K
k +1
2
k
k 1
T0 = 1773 K
m
s
k
k 1
absolute
Problem 13.1
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
h1 +
V2
= h2 +
2
= const
T0 = ( 70 + 273) K
p0 = 101 kPa
p = 25 kPa
D = 15 cm
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
mrate = A V
A =
V1
p
= 0
p0
0 =
1
k
T p
= const
R = 286.9
D
4
( 1k)
k
J
kg K
A = 0.0177 m
p0
0 = 1.026
R T0
kg
3
kg
= 0.379
We can apply the energy equation between the tank (stagnation conditions) and the point in the nozzle to find the velocity
2
h0 = h +
V
2
V =
2 h 0 h =
p0
T = T0
p
Then
V =
2 cp T0 T
mrate = A V
V = 476
2 cp T0 T
( 1k)
k
T = 230.167 K
T = 43.0 C
m
s
kg
mrate = 3.18
s
c =
k Rc T
= 304
m
s
M =
V
c
M = 1.57
Problem 13.3
[2]
Given:
Find:
Speed and Mach number; Mass flow rate; Sketch the shape
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
h1 +
V1
V2
= h2 +
2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Isentropic 3) Uniform flow 4) Superheated steam can be treated as ideal gas
Given or available data
T0 = ( 450 + 273) K
p0 = 6 MPa
p = 2 MPa
D = 2 cm
k = 1.30
R = 461.4
J
kg K
(Table A.6)
From the steam tables (try finding interactive ones on the Web!), at stagnation conditions
J
s0 = 6720
kg K
h0 = 3.302 10
6 J
J
and
s = s0 = 6720
kg K
p = 2 MPa
T = 289 C
2 h 0 h
V =
mrate = A V =
Hence
mrate =
c =
A V
v
k R T
V = 781
A V
v
kg
6 J
h = 2.997 10
m
s
2
A =
kg
v = 0.1225
D
4
A = 3.14 10
4 2
kg
mrate = 2.00
s
c = 581
m
s
M =
V
c
M = 1.35
m
kg
Problem 13.4
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k1
c=
k R T
m
s
T1 = ( 10 + 273) K
p1 = 150 kPa
V1 = 120
p2 = 50 kPa
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
c1 =
m
c1 = 337
s
Hence
V1
M1 =
c1
k R T1
M1 = 0.356
Hence
Solving for M2
p0 = p1 1 +
M2 =
k1
2
M1
2
p0
p2
k1
2
= 1 +
M2
2
k
k1
k1
2 p0
1
k 1 p2
p0 = 164 kPa
M2 = 1.42
k
k1
J
kg K
Problem 13.5
[2]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
ftlbf/lbmoR
R =
k =
T1 =
53.33
1.4
560
p1 =
30
psi
ft/s
V1 =
1750
M2 =
2.5
c1 =
1160
M1 =
1.51
p 01 =
111
psi
p 02 =
111
psi
p2 =
6.52
psi
Then
ft/s
Problem 13.6
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T0 =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
523
200
J/kgK
K
kPa
A =
cm2
p2 =
50
kPa
Hence we can write two equations, but have three unknowns (M 1, M 2, and p 0)!
We also know that states 1 and 2 have the same area. Hence we can write Eq. 13.7d twice:
0.512
p0 =
239
A* =
0.759
cm
For:
M2 =
1.68
kPa
p0 =
239
kPa
0.00%
A* =
0.759
cm2
0.00%
Sum
The stagnation density is then obtained from the ideal gas equation
0 =
1.59
kg/m3
The density at critical state is obtained from Eq. 13.7a (or 12.22c)
* =
Errors
1.01
kg/m
V* =
418
m/s
m rate =
0.0321
kg/s
0.00%
Problem 13.8
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
k1 2
M
2
= 1+
c =
1 + k 1 M2
A
1
2
=
k +1
Acrit
M
k R T
T1 = ( 32 + 460) R
p1 = 25 psi
M1 = 1.75
T2 = ( 225 + 460) R
k = 1.4
Rair = 53.33
2
D1 = 3 ft
Hence
A1 =
T0 = T1 1 +
k 1
2
M1
2
D 1
4
A1 = 7.07 ft
T0 = 793 R
T0 = 334 F
ft lbf
lbm R
2 T0
1
k 1 T2
We also have
c2 =
Hence
V2 = M2 c2
From state 1
Acrit =
ft
c2 = 1283
s
k Rair T2
V2 = 1141
A1 M1
1 + k 1 M 2
1
2
k+ 1
Hence at state 2
M2 = 0.889
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
k1
2
Acrit 1 + 2 M2
A2 =
k+ 1
M2
ft
s
Acrit = 5.10 ft
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
A2 = 5.15 ft
k +1
2 ( k 1)
Problem 13.10
[2]
Flow rate; area and pressure at downstream location; sketch passage shape
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
A1 =
286.9
1.4
0.25
T1 =
283
p1 =
15
kPa
V1 =
590
m/s
T2 =
410
M2 =
0.75
J/kg.K
m2
Then
(12.18)
c1 =
337
M1 =
1.75
m/s
0.185
kg/m3
m rate =
27.2
kg/s
(13.7d)
A* =
0.180
m2
A2 =
0.192
m2
(13.7a)
p 01 =
79.9
kPa
p 02 =
79.9
kPa
p2 =
55.0
kPa
Problem 13.11
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is
R = 287 J/kgK
k = 1.4
T 0 = 293 K
p 0 = 101 kPa
Dt =
1 cm
2
A t = 0.785 cm
p * = 53.4 kPa
Hence for p = 100 kPa down to this pressure the flow gradually increases; then it is constant
c V = M c = p /RT
3
(m/s) (m/s)
(kg/m )
343
41
1.19
342
58
1.18
342
71
1.18
341
82
1.17
341
92
1.16
340
101
1.15
337
138
1.11
335
168
1.06
332
195
1.02
329
219
0.971
326
242
0.925
322
264
0.877
318
285
0.828
315
306
0.778
313
313
0.762
313
313
0.762
313
313
0.762
313
313
0.762
313
313
0.762
Flow
(kg/s)
0.00383
0.00539
0.00656
0.00753
0.00838
0.0091
0.0120
0.0140
0.0156
0.0167
0.0176
0.0182
0.0186
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
Using critical conditions, and Eq. 13.9 for mass flow rate:
53.4
1.000
244
313
313
0.762
0.0185
(Note: discrepancy in mass flow rate is due to round-off error)
p
M
T (K)
(kPa) (Eq. 13.7a) (Eq. 13.7b)
100
0.119
292
99
0.169
291
98
0.208
290
97
0.241
290
96
0.270
289
95
0.297
288
90
0.409
284
85
0.503
279
80
0.587
274
75
0.666
269
70
0.743
264
65
0.819
258
60
0.896
252
55
0.974
246
53.4
1.000
244
53
1.000
244
52
1.000
244
51
1.000
244
50
1.000
244
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.000
50
60
70
80
p (kPa)
90
100
Problem 13.12
[2]
Solution:
The given or available data is
R =
k =
T0 =
286.9
1.4
293
J/kgK
p0 =
101
kPa
Dt =
At =
0.785
cm
cm2
p* =
53.4
kPa
K
De =
2.5
Ae =
4.909
cm
cm2
For the CD nozzle, we can compute the pressure at the exit required for this to happen
A* =
A e/A * =
0.785
6.25
M e = 0.0931
p e = 100.4
cm2
(= A t)
or
3.41
(Eq. 13.7d)
or
67.2
Hence we conclude flow occurs in regimes iii down to v (Fig. 13.8); the flow is ALWAYS choked!
p*
M
T * (K)
c*
V * = c * = p /RT
(kPa) 13.7a) (Eq. 13.7b) (m/s)
(m/s)
(kg/m3)
53.4
1.000
244
313
313
0.762
(Note: discrepancy in mass flow rate is due to round-off error)
Flow
(kg/s)
0.0187
0.0185
Problem 13.13
[3]
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
53.33
1.4
500
ftlbf/lbmoR
o
p0 =
45
psia
pe =
14.7
psia
m rate =
2.25
lbm/s
(13.7a)
Me =
1.37
(13.10c)
Then
At = A* =
0.0146
ft2
(13.7d)
L (ft)
M
0.069
0.086
0.103
0.120
0.137
0.172
0.206
0.274
0.343
0.412
0.480
0.549
0.618
0.686
0.755
0.823
0.892
0.961
1.000
1.098
1.166
1.235
1.304
1.372
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
14.6
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
A (ft 2)
p (psia)
0.1234
0.0989
0.0826
0.0710
0.0622
0.0501
0.0421
0.0322
0.0264
0.0227
0.0201
0.0183
0.0171
0.0161
0.0155
0.0150
0.0147
0.0146
0.0146
0.0147
0.0149
0.0152
0.0156
0.0161
44.9
44.8
44.7
44.5
44.4
44.1
43.7
42.7
41.5
40.0
38.4
36.7
34.8
32.8
30.8
28.8
26.8
24.9
23.8
21.1
19.4
17.7
16.2
14.7
A (ft2)
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0
10
15
20
L (ft)
p (psia)
10
L (ft)
12
14
16
18
20
Problem 13.14
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
pb
p0
= 0.583
p0 = 60 psi
k = 1.4
Since
T0
p = R T
Rair = 53.33
Mt =
and
Tt =
ft lbf
lbm R
ct =
t =
k1
2 p0
1
k1
pt
T0
1+
k1
2
Mt
k Rair Tt
pt
Rair Tt
mrate = t At Vt
k1 2
M
2
T0 = ( 200 + 460) R
Hence
= 1+
At =
2
D
4 t
pt = pb
Mt = 0.912
Tt = 566 R
Tt = 106 F
Vt = ct
Vt = 1166
t = 5.19 10
ft
s
3 slug
ft
slug
mrate = 0.528
s
lbm
mrate = 17.0
s
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
Dt = 4 in
At = 0.0873 ft
k
k 1
Problem 13.15
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
p0
k 1 2
M
2
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
= 1 +
m
s
p1 = 350 kPa
V1 = 150
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
k
k 1
M1 = 0.5
pb = 250 kPa
J
kg K
Hence
so
p0
pt
k 1
2
M1
2
k 1
2
= 1 +
Mt
2
Mt =
k
k 1
where
Also
V1 = M1 c1 = M1 k R T1
Then
T0 = T1 1 +
Hence
Tt =
Then
ct =
Finally
Vt = Mt ct
T0
k1
2
Mt
1+
2
k R Tt
p0
= 0.602
(Not choked)
k
k 1
k1
2 p0
1
k1
pt
k1
pb
p0 = 415 kPa
2
M1
pt = pb
pt = 250 kPa
Mt = 0.883
or
1 V1
T1 =
k R M1
T1 = 224 K
T0 = 235 K
T0 = 37.9 C
Tt = 204 K
Tt = 69.6 C
m
ct = 286
s
Vt = 252
m
s
T1 = 49.1 C
Problem 13.16
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
At =
286.9
1.4
1
J/kg.K
cm2
We need to establish whether each nozzle is choked. There is a large total pressure drop so this is likely.
However, BOTH cannot be choked and have the same flow rate. This is because Eq. 13.9a, below
(13.9b)
indicates that the choked flow rate depends on stagnation temperature (which is constant) but also
stagnation pressure, which drops because of turbulent mixing in the middle chamber. Hence BOTH nozzles
cannot be choked. We assume the second one only is choked (why?) and verify later.
T 01 =
p 01 =
p e1 =
We make a guess at the pressure at the first nozzle exit:
NOTE: The value shown is the final answer! It was obtained using Solver !
p 02 =
This will also be tank 2 stagnation pressure:
p3 =
Pressure in tank 3:
Temperature and pressure in tank 1:
308
650
527
K
kPa
kPa
527
65
kPa
kPa
M e1 =
T e1 =
0.556
290
e1 =
6.33
341
190
0.120
c e1 =
V e1 =
m rate =
K
kg/m3
m/s
m/s
kg/s
First Nozzle!
For the presumed choked flow at the second nozzle we use Eq. 13.9a, with T 01 = T 02 and p 02:
m rate =
0.120
kg/s
For the guess value for p e1 we compute the error between the two flow rates:
m rate =
0.000
Use Solver to vary the guess value for p e1 to make this error zero!
Note that this could also be done manually.
kg/s
Second Nozzle!
Problem 13.17
[2]
Problem 13.19
[2]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
A1 =
286.9
1.4
0.05
J/kg.K
T1 =
276.3
V1 =
200
m/s
p atm =
101
kPa
m2
Then
(12.18)
c1 =
333
M1 =
0.60
m/s
p* =
101
kPa
(12.22a)
p0 =
191
kPa
(13.7a)
Then
p1 =
150
kPa
1.89
kg/m3
m rate =
18.9
kg/s
(13.7d)
Hence
A* =
0.0421
m2
At =
0.0421
m2
Problem 13.20
[2]
Problem 13.21
[2]
Problem 13.23
[2]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T0 =
286.9
1.4
273
At =
0.001
2
m rate =
J/kg.K
K
m2
kg/s
pe =
p*
Hence
Te =
T*
228
228
-45.5
Also
Me =
Hence
Ve =
K
o
1
V* =
Then
ce
(12.18)
ce =
302
m/s
Ve =
302
m/s
Hence
6.62
kg/m3
432
kPa
817
kPa
(13.9a)
Then
m choked =
m choked =
2.00
m rate
kg/s
Correct!
Problem 13.24
[2]
Given:
Find:
Initial mass flow rate; Ts process; explain nonlinear mass flow rate
Solution:
Basic equations:
Then
T0
T
= 1+
pb = p0 10 kPa
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
A =
2
D
4
J
kg K
Avena = 65 % A
pb
p0
p0
k 1 2
= 1 +
M
pvena
2
= 0.901
Mvena =
Then
Tvena =
Then
cvena =
and
Also
vena =
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
mrate = A V
pb = 91 kPa
T0 = ( 20 + 273) K
D = 5 mm
2
Avena = 12.8 mm
(Not choked)
k
k 1
k1
2 p0
1
k 1 pvena
so
Finally
p0 = 101 kPa
Hence
p0
k1 2
M
2
k
k1
T0
k1
2
Mvena
1+
2
k R Tvena
pvena
R Tvena
where
pvena = pb
pvena = 91 kPa
Mvena = 0.389
Tvena = 284 K
Tvena = 11.3 C
m
cvena = 338
s
Vvena = 131
vena = 1.12
kg
3 kg
mrate = 1.87 10
The Ts diagram will be a vertical line (T decreases and s = const). After entering the tank there will be turbulent mixing (s increases) and th
comes to rest (T increases). The mass flow rate versus time will look like the curved part of Fig. 13.6b; it is nonlinear because V AND va
Problem 13.25
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
p = R T
c=
p0 = 101 kPa
Tatm = ( 20 + 273) K
pf = 45 kPa
Tf = Tatm
At =
2
d
4
k R T
f =
f = 0.535
k 2
We have choked flow so mrate = At p0
R T0 k + 1
t =
d = 1 mm
R = 286.9
pb = pf
pb
so
D = 50 cm
J
kg K
p0
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
J
cp = 1004
kg K
3
D
3
V = 0.131 m
= 0.446
(Choked)
M = 0.0701 kg
Hence
kg
k 2
mchoked = At p0
R T0 k + 1
T0 = Tatm
k = 1.4
At = 0.785 mm
pf
R Tf
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
mrate = A V
The flow will be choked if pb/p0 < 0.528; the MAXIMUM back pressure is
The final density is
k
k1
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
t =
or
M
mrate
4 kg
mrate = 1.873 10
t = 374 s
mrate
M = mrate t
t = 6.23 min
The air in the tank will be cold when the valve is closed. Because =M/V is constant, p = RT = const x T, so as the temperature rises to
ambient, the pressure will rise too.
T2
p2
For the entropy change during the charging process is given by s = cp ln R ln where T1 = Tatm
T1
p1
and
p1 = p0
p2 = pf
Hence
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
s = 232
T2 = Tatm
J
kg K
Problem 13.26
[3]
Problem 13.27
[3]
Problem 13.28
[3]
Problem 13.29
[3]
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
286.9
1.4
398
At =
M =
m rate =
25
25
0.05
Because p b = 0
Hence the flow is choked!
pe =
p*
Hence
Te =
T*
J/kg.K
K
mm2
kg
kg/s
332
Te =
332
58.7
Also
Me =
Hence
Ve =
1
V* =
Then
ce
(12.18)
ce =
365
m/s
Ve =
365
m/s
e =
0.0548
pe =
5.21
kg/m3
9.87
kPa
m choked =
Then
m choked =
0.050
m rate
kg/s
Correct!
pe At Max = mrateV
ax =
or:
1.25
ax =
m/s2
m rate V + p e At
M
Problem 13.30
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k1
p = R T
c=
k R T
mrate = A V
(4.33)
p0 = 20 MPa
d = 10 mm
pb = patm
T0
Ve = ce
pe =
Ve = 313
p0
1 + k 1
Then
k
k1
mrate = e Ae Ve
Hence
ax =
so
Te = 244 K
1 + k 1
Ae =
T0 = ( 20 + 273) K
p0
= 5.05 10
Ae = 78.5 mm
3
J
kg K
R = 286.9
2
MCV = 65 kg
Te = 29 C
ce =
e =
k R Te
m
s
pe = 10.6 MPa
kg
mrate = 3.71
s
pb
2
d
4
k = 1.4
m
ax = 30.5
2
s
pe
R Te
e = 151
kg
3
Problem 13.32
Given:
Find:
[4]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
dVCV + V dACS = 0
t
= const
(4.12)
p1 = 2.75 MPa
T1 = 450 K
D = 2 m
M = 30 kg
t = 30 s
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
pb = patm
so
pb
p1
= 0.037
V =
3
D
6
V = 4.19 m
J
kg K
= const
T2 =
p2
2 R
1 = 21.3
R T1
so
kg
3
M1 = 1 V
2
p2 = p1
1
M2 = 59.2 kg
p2 = 1.55 MPa
T2 = 382 K
2 =
pb
p2
M2
V
2 = 14.1
or
= 0.0652
At =
p0ave =
T1 + T2
2
p1 + p2
2
(Still choked)
M
t tave Vtave
kg
m
T2 = 109 C
M
= mtave = tave At Vtave
t
M1 = 89.2 kg
M2 = M1 M
p1
T0ave = 416 K
p0ave = 2.15 MPa
Hence the average temperature and pressure (critical) at the throat are
T0ave
Ttave =
Hence
Finally
1 + k 1
Vtave =
At =
k R Ttave
M
t tave Vtave
Ttave = 347 K
and
p0ave
ptave =
1 + k 1
Vtave = 373
m
s
At = 2.35 10
tave =
4 2
ptave
R Ttave
At = 235 mm
Dt =
4 At
Dt = 0.0173 m
Dt = 17.3 mm
k
k1
tave = 11.4
kg
3
Problem 13.33
Given:
Find:
[4]
Solution:
T0
Basic equations:
= 1+
p0
k1 2
M
2
p1 = 35 psi
1 = 0.1
lbm
ft
c1 =
Hence
V1
M1 =
c1
k1
2
M1
2
k + 1
M2 =
From M1 we find
p2 = 25 psi
c1 =
p1
ft
c1 = 1424
s
k = 1.25
p0 = 37.8 psi
pcrit = 21.0 psi
k1
2 p0
1
k 1 p2
1 + k 1 M 2
1
2
k+ 1
A1 = 1 ft
k
k1
k
k1
M1 A1
Acrit =
ft
s
1 + k 1 M2
A
1
2
=
k+ 1
Acrit
M
M1 = 0.351
p0
Then we have
V1 = 500
k 1 2
M
2
p0 = p1 1 +
Then
= 1 +
k
k1
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
p = const
A V = const
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
so
so
M2 = 0.830
Acrit = 0.557 ft
k1
2
Acrit 1 + 2 M2
A2 =
k+ 1
M2
p1
2 = 1
p2
1
k
A1 1
V2 = V1
A2 2
2 = 0.131
lbm
ft
V2 = 667
ft
s
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
A2 = 0.573 ft
Problem 13.34
Problem 13.34
Problem 13.34
Problem 13.35
[4]
Problem 13.36
Given:
Find:
Flow rate
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
= 1+
p0
p
k 1 2
M
2
= 1 +
p0 = 150 kPa
T0 = ( 35 + 273) K
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
Me =
Then
Te =
Also
ce =
e =
Finally
k1 2
M
2
J
kg K
k1
2 p0
1
k 1 pe
1 + k 1 M 2
e
2
pe
R Te
mrate = e Ve Ae
m
ce = 332
s
e = 1.28
mrate = V A
pe = 101 kPa
Ae =
2
D
4
D = 2.75 cm
2
Ae = 5.94 cm
Me = 0.773
T0
k R Te
k
k1
kg
3
kg
mrate = 0.195
s
Te = 275 K
Te = 1.94 C
Ve = Me ce
Ve = 257
m
s
Problem 13.37
[2]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T0 =
53.33
1.4
560
Ae =
pb =
Me =
1
14.7
2
pe =
pb
pe =
14.7
ft.lbf/lbm.oR
o
in2
psia
psia
p0 =
115
psia
(13.7d)
Hence
A* =
0.593
in2
At =
0.593
in2
(13.10a)
m choked =
1.53
lb/s
Problem 13.38
Problem 13.38
Problem 13.39
[2]
Problem 13.43
Problem 13.43
Problem 13.44
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
p0
p
d = 25 cm
Then
T0
1 + k 1 M 2
e
2
Ve = Me ce
p0 = 4 MPa
c=
k R T
mrate = A V
T0 = 3250 K
Ae =
2
d
4
k = 1.25
R = 300
J
kg K
Ae = 491 cm
Me = 3.12
Te = 1467 K
Ve = 2313
mrate = e Ae Ve
p = R T
Hence
k 1 2
M
2
k1
2 p0
1
k 1 pe
Me =
= 1 +
k
k1
m
s
ce =
k R Te
and
kg
mrate = 19.3
s
Rx = pe patm Ae + Ve mrate
Rx = 43.5 kN
m
ce = 742
s
e =
pe
R Te
e = 0.170
kg
3
Problem 13.47
[3]
Problem 13.48
[4]
Given:
Find:
Throat pressure; Mass flow rate; Thrust; Thrust increase with diverging section; Exit area
Solution:
Basic equations:
J
kg K
k = 1.29
R = 188.9
p0 = 35 MPa
T0 = ( 20 + 273) K
p0
1 + k 1
pt = pcrit
Throat is critical so
mrate = t Vt At
Tt =
Vt =
k
k 1
pt = 19.2 MPa
T0
k1
1+
2
k R Tt
Tt = 256 K
Vt = 250
m
s
At =
t =
dt
4
pt
R Tt
mrate = t Vt At
At = 1.963 10
t = 396
7 2
kg
3
kg
mrate = 0.0194
s
Rx ptgage At = mrate Vt
ptgage = pt patm
Rx = 8.60 N
When a diverging section is added the nozzle can exit to atmospheric pressure
pe = patm
k1
k
2 p0
Me =
1
k 1 pe
Te =
ce =
T0
1+
k1
2
Me
2
1
2
Me = 4.334
Te = 78.7 K
m
ce = 138
s
k R Te
Ve = Me ce
Ve = 600
m
s
Rx = mrate Ve
11.67 N 8.60 N
= 35.7 %
8.60 N
mrate = e Ve Ae
Ae =
mrate
e Ve
and
e =
pe
T0
pt
Tt
Conv.
Nozzle
CD
Nozzle
Te
s
e = 6.79
R Te
Ae = 4.77 10
p0
pb
Rx = 11.67 N
kg
3
m
6 2
Ae = 4.77 mm
Problem 13.49
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T0 =
188.9
1.29
293
J/kgK
pb =
101
kPa
Dt =
0.5
mm
At =
0.196
mm2
pe =
pb
pe =
101
kPa
44.6
MPa
(13.7a)
Me =
4.5
(13.7b)
Te =
74.5
K
(12.18)
Then
ce =
134.8
m/s
Ve =
606
m/s
(13.10a)
m choked =
0.0248
kg/s
Problem 13.50
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
T0
Basic equations:
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
c=
1 + k 1 M2
A
1
2
=
k+ 1
Acrit
M
k R T
T0 = ( 80 + 460) R
p0 = 14.7 psi
k = 1.4
Rair = 53.33
p1 = 13 psi
ft lbf
lbm R
A =
D
4
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
D = 1 in
A = 0.785 in
M1 =
k1
2 p0
1
k 1 p1
c1 =
Also
1 =
M1 = 0.423
m
c1 = 341
s
k Rair T1
p1
1 = 0.0673
Rair T1
mrate = 1 V1 A
hence
M2 = 1
We also have
c2 =
From continuity
1 V1 = 2 V2
k Rair T2
1+
k1
2
M1
T1 = 521 R
T1 = 61.7 F
m
s
V1 = M1 c1
V1 = 144
T2 = 450 R
T2 = 9.7 F
V2 = c2
V2 = 1040
lbm
mrate = 0.174
s
T0
T2 =
k1
1+
2
ft
c2 = 1040
s
V1
2 = 1
V2
p2 = 2 Rair T2
T0
lbm
ft
Hence
Hence
T1 =
2 = 0.0306
ft
s
lbm
ft
p2 = 5.11 psi
The flow will therefore choke for any back pressure (pressure at the exit) less than or equal to this pressure
(From Fanno line function
p1
pcrit
= 2.545
at
M1 = 0.423
so
pcrit =
p1
2.545
Check!)
Problem 13.51
[4]
Solution:
ftlbf/lbmoR
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T0 =
187
710
p0 =
25
psi
pe =
24
psi
Me =
0.242
Te =
702
p* =
5.34
T* =
592
o
Btu/lbm R
o
ftlbf/lbm R
R
psi
o
We can now use Fanno-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers:
T /T *
0.242
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
1.186
1.185
1.184
1.183
1.181
1.180
1.179
1.177
1.176
1.174
1.173
1.171
1.170
1.168
1.166
1.165
1.163
1.161
1.159
1.157
1.155
1.153
o
T ( R)
702
701
701
700
699
698
720
697
697 700
696
695 680
694
660
T (o693
R)
692 640
691
690 620
689 600
688
687 580
686
0
685
684
682
c (ft/s)
1299
1298
1298
1297
1296
1296
1295
1294
1293
1292
1292
1291
1290
1289
1288
1287
1286
1285
1284
1283
1282
1281
s
o
(ftlbf/lbm R)
Eq. (12.11b)
315
4.50
24.0
0.00
325
4.35
23.2
1.57
337
4.19
22.3
3.50
350 Ts Curve
4.03 (Fanno)
21.5
5.35
363
3.88
20.7
7.11
376
3.75
20.0
8.80
388
3.62
19.3
10.43
401
3.50
18.7
11.98
414
3.39
18.1
13.48
427
3.28
17.5
14.92
439
3.19
17.0
16.30
452
3.09
16.5
17.63
464
3.00
16.0
18.91
477
2.92
15.6
20.14
489
2.84
15.2
21.33
502
2.77
14.8
22.48
514
2.70
14.4
23.58
527
2.63
14.0
24.65
2.56
13.7 30
25.68
10539
20
40
552
2.50
13.4
26.67
.
o
s (ft lbf/lbm
564
2.44
13.0 R)
27.63
576
2.39
12.7
28.55
V (ft/s)
p /p *
p (psi)
50
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.151
1.149
1.147
1.145
1.143
1.141
1.138
1.136
1.134
1.132
1.129
1.127
1.124
1.122
1.119
1.117
1.114
1.112
1.109
1.107
1.104
1.101
1.098
1.096
1.093
1.090
1.087
1.084
1.082
1.079
1.076
1.073
1.070
1.067
1.064
1.061
1.058
1.055
1.052
1.048
1.045
1.042
1.039
1.036
1.033
1.029
1.026
1.023
1.020
1.017
1.013
1.010
1.007
1.003
1.000
681
1280
589
2.33
12.4
29.44
680
1279
601
2.28
12.2
30.31
679
1277
613
2.23
11.9
31.14
677
1276
625
Velocity
V 2.18
Versus M11.7
(Fanno) 31.94
676
1275
638
2.14
11.4
32.72
675
1274
650
2.09
11.2
33.46
1400
674
1273
662
2.05
11.0
34.19
672 1200 1271
674
2.01
10.7
34.88
671
1270
686
1.97
10.5
35.56
669 1000 1269
698
1.93
10.3
36.21
668
1267
710
1.90
10.1
36.83
800
667
1266
722
1.86
9.9
37.44
V (ft/s)
665
733
1.83
9.8
38.02
600 1265
664
1263
745
1.80
9.6
38.58
400 1262
662
757
1.76
9.4
39.12
661
1260
769
1.73
9.2
39.64
200
659
1259
781
1.70
9.1
40.14
658
792
1.67
8.9
40.62
0 1258
656
1256
804
1.65
8.8
41.09
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
655
1255
815
1.62
8.6
41.53
M
653
1253
827
1.59
8.5
41.96
652
1252
839
1.57
8.4
42.37
650
1250
850
1.54
8.2
42.77
648
1248
861
1.52
8.1
43.15
647
1247
873
1.49
8.0
43.51
645
1245
884
Pressure
p 1.47
Versus M7.8(Fanno)43.85
643
1244
895
1.45
7.7
44.18
642
1242
907
1.43
7.6
44.50
30
640
1240
918
1.41
7.5
44.80
638
1239
929
1.38
7.4
45.09
25
636
1237
940
1.36
7.3
45.36
635 20
1235
951
1.35
7.2
45.62
633
1234
962
1.33
7.1
45.86
631
1232
973
1.31
7.0
46.10
p (psi) 15
629
1230
984
1.29
6.9
46.31
628 10
1228
995
1.27
6.8
46.52
626
1227
1006
1.25
6.7
46.71
624
1225
1017
1.24
6.6
46.90
5
622
1223
1027
1.22
6.5
47.07
620
1221
1038
1.20
6.4
47.22
0
619
1219
1049
1.19
6.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 47.370.8
617
1218
1059
1.17
6.3
47.50
M 6.2
615
1216
1070
1.16
47.63
613
1214
1080
1.14
6.1
47.74
611
1212
1091
1.13
6.0
47.84
609
1210
1101
1.11
6.0
47.94
607
1208
1112
1.10
5.9
48.02
605
1206
1122
1.09
5.8
48.09
603
1204
1132
1.07
5.7
48.15
601
1202
1142
1.06
5.7
48.20
600
1201
1153
1.05
5.6
48.24
598
1199
1163
1.04
5.5
48.27
596
1197
1173
1.02
5.5
48.30
594
1195
1183
1.01
5.4
48.31
592
1193
1193
1.00
5.3
48.31
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
Problem 13.52
[4]
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T0 =
p0 =
pe =
187
710
25
2.5
Me =
2.16
Te =
368
p* =
6.84
T* =
592
ftlbf/lbmoR
Btu/lbmoR
ftlbf/lbmoR
R
psi
psi
psi
o
We can now use Fanno-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers:
T /T *
T (oR)
2.157
2
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.9
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.8
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.7
0.622
0.667
0.670
0.673
0.676
0.679
0.682
0.685
0.688
0.691
0.694
0.697
0.700
0.703
0.706
0.709
0.712
0.716
0.719
0.722
0.725
0.728
0.731
0.735
0.738
0.741
0.744
0.747
0.751
0.754
0.757
0.760
368
394
396
398
400
402
403
405
407
409
410
o
R)
T (412
414
416
418
420
421
423
425
427
429
431
433
435
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
c (ft/s)
V (ft/s)
940
974
976
978
980
982
985
987
989
991
993
996
998
1000
1002
1004
1007
1009
0 1011 5
1013
1015
1018
1020
1022
1024
1027
1029
1031
1033
1036
1038
1040
2028
1948
1942
1937
1931
1926
1920
1914
1909
1903
1897
1892
1886
1880
1874
1868
1862
1856
1850
10
1844
1838
1832
1826
1819
1813
1807
1801
1794
1788
1781
1775
1768
s
(ftlbf/lbmoR)
Eq. (12.11b)
0.37
2.5
0.00
0.41
2.8
7.18
0.41
2.8
7.63
0.41 (Fanno)
2.8
8.07
Curve
0.42
2.9
8.51
0.42
2.9
8.95
0.42
2.9
9.38
0.43
2.9
9.82
0.43
2.9
10.25
0.43
3.0
10.68
0.44
3.0
11.11
0.44
3.0
11.54
0.44
3.0
11.96
0.45
3.1
12.38
0.45
3.1
12.80
0.45
3.1
13.22
0.46
3.1
13.64
0.46
3.1
14.05
0.46
15
20 3.2
25 14.46 30
0.47
3.2 o
14.87
.
s (ft lbf/lbm
0.47
3.2 R)
15.28
0.47
3.2
15.68
0.48
3.3
16.08
0.48
3.3
16.48
0.49
3.3
16.88
0.49
3.3
17.27
0.49
3.4
17.66
0.50
3.4
18.05
0.50
3.4
18.44
0.50
3.5
18.82
0.51
3.5
19.20
0.51
3.5
19.58
p /p *
Ts
p (psi)
35
40
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.61
1.6
1.59
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.5
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.4
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.3
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.2
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.1
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.764
0.767
0.770
0.774
0.777
0.780
0.784
0.787
0.790
0.794
0.797
0.800
0.804
0.807
0.811
0.814
0.817
0.821
0.824
0.828
0.831
0.834
0.838
0.841
0.845
0.848
0.852
0.855
0.859
0.862
0.866
0.869
0.872
0.876
0.879
0.883
0.886
0.890
0.893
0.897
0.900
0.904
0.907
0.911
0.914
0.918
0.921
0.925
0.928
0.932
0.935
0.939
0.942
0.946
0.949
0.952
0.956
0.959
0.963
0.966
0.970
0.973
0.976
0.980
0.983
0.987
0.990
0.993
0.997
1.000
452
1042
454
1045
456
1047
458
1049
460
1051
462
1054
464
1056
466
1058
468
1060
470
1063
472
1065
2500
474
1067
476
1069
478 2000 1072
480
1074
482 1500 1076
484
1078
V (ft/s)
486
1080
1000
488
1083
490
1085
500 1087
492
494
1089
496
0 1092
498
1094
2.0
500
1096
502
1098
504
1101
506
1103
508
1105
510
1107
512
1110
514
1112
516
1114
8
518
1116
520 7
1118
522
1121
6
524
1123
527 5
1125
529
1127
p (psi) 4
531
1129
533 3
1132
535 2
1134
537
1136
539 1
1138
541 0
1140
543
2.0 1143
545
1145
547
1147
549
1149
551
1151
553
1153
555
1155
557
1158
559
1160
561
1162
564
1164
566
1166
568
1168
570
1170
572
1172
574
1174
576
1176
578
1179
580
1181
582
1183
584
1185
586
1187
588
1189
590
1191
592
1193
1761
0.52
3.5
19.95
1755
0.52
3.6
20.32
1748
0.53
3.6
20.69
1741
0.53
3.6
21.06
1735
0.53
3.7
21.42
1728
0.54
3.7
21.78
1721
0.54
3.7
22.14
1714
0.55
3.7
22.49
1707
Velocity
V 0.55
Versus M 3.8
(Fanno) 22.84
1700
0.56
3.8
23.18
1693
0.56
3.8
23.52
1686
0.57
3.9
23.86
1679
0.57
3.9
24.20
1672
0.58
3.9
24.53
1664
0.58
4.0
24.86
1657
0.59
4.0
25.18
1650
0.59
4.0
25.50
1642
0.60
4.1
25.82
1635
0.60
4.1
26.13
1627
0.61
4.1
26.44
1620
0.61
4.2
26.75
1612
0.62
4.2
27.05
1605
0.62
4.3
27.34
1597
0.63
4.3
27.63
1.8
1.6
1.4
1589
0.63
4.3
27.92
M4.4
1582
0.64
28.21
1574
0.65
4.4
28.48
1566
0.65
4.5
28.76
1558
0.66
4.5
29.03
1550
0.66
4.5
29.29
1542
Pressure
p 0.67
Versus M4.6
(Fanno)29.55
1534
0.68
4.6
29.81
1526
0.68
4.7
30.06
1518
0.69
4.7
30.31
1510
0.69
4.8
30.55
1502
0.70
4.8
30.78
1493
0.71
4.8
31.01
1485
0.71
4.9
31.24
1477
0.72
4.9
31.46
1468
0.73
5.0
31.67
1460
0.74
5.0
31.88
1451
0.74
5.1
32.09
1443
0.75
5.1
32.28
1434
0.76
5.2
32.48
1426
0.76
5.2
32.66
1417
0.77
5.3
32.84
1.8
1.6
1.4
1408
0.78
5.3
33.01
M 5.4
1399
0.79
33.18
1390
0.80
5.4
33.34
1381
0.80
5.5
33.50
1372
0.81
5.6
33.65
1363
0.82
5.6
33.79
1354
0.83
5.7
33.93
1345
0.84
5.7
34.05
1336
0.85
5.8
34.18
1327
0.86
5.9
34.29
1318
0.87
5.9
34.40
1308
0.87
6.0
34.50
1299
0.88
6.0
34.59
1290
0.89
6.1
34.68
1280
0.90
6.2
34.76
1271
0.91
6.2
34.83
1261
0.92
6.3
34.89
1251
0.93
6.4
34.95
1242
0.94
6.5
34.99
1232
0.96
6.5
35.03
1222
0.97
6.6
35.06
1212
0.98
6.7
35.08
1203
0.99
6.8
35.10
1193
1.00
6.8
35.10
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
Problem 13.53
[2]
Problem 13.54
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
T0
Basic equations:
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
p0
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k1
T2
p2
s = cp ln Rair ln
T1
p1
T0 = ( 250 + 460) R
p0 = 145 psi
p1 = 125 psi
k = 1.4
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
Rair = 53.33
c=
k R T
T2 = ( 150 + 460) R
ft lbf
lbm R
2 p0
1
k 1 p1
M1 =
M1 = 0.465
Then
M2 = 0.905
V1 = 595
c2 =
k Rair T2
ft
c2 = 1211
s
V2 = M2 c2
V2 = 1096
ft
s
V1
2 = 1
V2
2 = 0.269
lbm
p1
Rair T1
1 = 0.4960
p2 = 60.8 psi
M1 = 0.465
so
Finally
T1
Tcrit
so
M2 = 0.907
p2
pcrit
ft
s
lbm
ft
pcrit
Tcrit
T1 = 221 F
V1 = M1 c1
p1
= 1.031
M1
T1 = 681 R
ft
c1 = 1279
s
p2 = 2 Rair T2
T2
k Rair T1
Then
mrate = 1 V1 A = 2 V2 A
Hence
1+
k1
c1 =
1 =
Also
T0
2 T0
1
k 1 T2
T1 =
ft
T2
p2
s = cp ln Rair ln
T1
p1
T1
= 1.150
Tcrit =
= 2.306
pcrit =
= 1.119
p2 = 1.119 pcrit
1.150
p1
2.3060
s = 0.0231
Btu
lbm R
Tcrit = 329 K
p2 = 60.7 psi
Check!)
Problem 13.57
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
T0
Basic equations:
Fs = p1 A p2 A + Rx = mrate V2 V1
T1 = ( 100 + 460) R
p1 = 18.5 psi
k = 1.4
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
M1 = 2
T2
p2
s = cp ln Rair ln
T1
p1
2
M2 = 1
Rair = 53.33
A = 1 in
ft lbf
lbm R
=
T1 T0
k 1
2
1+
M2
2
Also c1 =
1 =
1+
k Rair T1 V1 = M1 c1
p1
Rair T1
mrate = 1 V1 A
1 = 0.0892
V1 = 2320
lbm
ft
1+
ft
s
2
k 1
2
M1
M2
c2 =
T2 = 840 R
V2 = 1421
ft
s
V1
2 = 1
V2
2 = 0.146
lbm
so
p2 = 2 Rair T2
Rx = p2 p1 A + mrate V2 V1
Rx = 13.3 lbf
Finally
T2
p2
s = cp ln Rair ln
T1
p1
s = 0.0359
M1 = 2
T1
Tcrit
p1
pcrit
T1
T2
p1
p2
= 0.6667
= 0.4083
ft
p2 = 45.3 psi
Hence
T2 = 380 F
k Rair T2 V2 = M2 c2
mrate = 1 V1 A = 2 V2 A2
lbm
mrate = 1.44
s
T2 = T1
so
k 1
Btu
lbm R
T2 =
p2 =
p1
0.4083
T1
0.667
p2 = 45.3 psi
T2 = 840 R
Check!)
Problem 13.59
[4]
Problem 13.61
[4]
Problem 13.62
[2]
Problem 13.63
[2]
Given:
Find:
Length of pipe
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0 = ( 250 + 460) R
p0 = 145 psi
p1 = 125 psi
T2 = ( 150 + 460) R
D = 2 in
k = 1.4
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
Rair = 53.33
k1
k
2 p0
M1 =
1
k 1 p1
T0
T1
= 1+
k1
2
M1
2
1
2
so
M1 = 0.465
T1 =
T0
1 + k 1 M 2
1
2
k+ 1
2
1
=
=
pcrit
p2
M1
k1
2
1+
M1
2
p1
p1
pcrit =
Also, for
T2
Tcrit
p1
2.3044
= 1.031
T1 = 681 R
T1 = 221 F
= 1.150
Tcrit =
fave Lmax1
1 M1
k + 1 ( k + 1) M1
=
+
ln
= 1.3923
2
Dh
2 k
1 + k 1 M 2
k M1
2
1
2
ft lbf
lbm R
1
2
T1
= 2.3044
Tcrit
T2
Tcrit
1+
=
1+
k1
2
M1
2
Tcrit = 592 R
k+ 1
2
k+ 1
2
k1
2
M2
2
leads to
M2 =
2
k1
k + 1 Tcrit
Then
Also
1 =
p1
Rair T1
1.150
Tcrit = 132 F
fave Lmax2
1 M2
k + 1 ( k + 1) M2
=
+
ln
= 0.01271
2
2 k
Dh
1 + k 1 M 2
k M2
2
2
2
T1
T2
M2 = 0.906
1 = 0.496
lbm
ft
V1 = M1 k Rair T1
V1 = 595
ft
s
= 4.48 10
7 lbf s
Re1 =
and
Re1 = 3.41 10
ft
Combining results
e
4
= 9 10
D
e = 0.00015 ft
f = 0.01924
2
ft
f
L
f
L
12
ave max1
D ave max2
L12 =
( 1.3923 0.01271)
=
Dh
Dh
f
.01924
1 V1 D
so
L12 = 12.0 ft
Problem 13.65
Problem 13.65
Problem 13.67
Example 13.7
Example 13.7
[3]
Problem 13.68
[3]
Problem 13.69
Problem 13.69
Problem 13.70
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Assumptions: 1) Isentropic flow in nozzle 2) Adiabatic flow in tube 3) Ideal gas 4) Uniform flow
Given or available data:
J
kg K
k = 1.40
R = 286.9
p0 = 1.35 MPa
T0 = 550 K
k 1
k
2 p0
p1 = 15 kPa
D = 2.5 cm
L = 1.5 m
1
2
M1 = 3.617
fave Lmax
1 M1
k + 1 ( k + 1) M1
=
+
ln
= 0.599
2
Dh
2
k
k
1
2
k M1
M1
2 1 +
2
Hence
k + 1 ( k + 1) M1
D 1 M1
fave =
+
ln
2
2 k
L k M
k 1 M 2
2 1 +
1
1
2
k+ 1
2
1
=
=
pcrit
p2
M1
k1
2
1+
M1
2
p1
p2 =
p1
p1
1
2
k+ 1
2
1
M
k1
2
1 1 + 2 M1
p = p1 p2
These calculations are a LOT easier using the Excel Add-ins!
fave = 0.0100
1
2
= 0.159
p2 = 94.2 kPa
p = 79.2 kPa
Problem 13.71
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
p1 = 18.5 psi
M1 = 2
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
k = 1.4
M2 = 1
A = 1 in
Rair = 53.33
ft lbf
lbm R
k+ 1
2
1
=
=
= 0.4082
pcrit
p2
M1
k1
2
1+
M1
2
p1
so
p1
pcrit =
p1
fave Lmax1
1 M1
k + 1 ( k + 1) M1
=
+
ln
= 0.3050
2
Dh
2
k
k
1
2
k M1
M1
2 1 +
2
0.4082
and at M2 = 1
fave Lmax2
1 M2
k + 1 ( k + 1) M2
=
+
ln
=0
2
Dh
2
k
k
1
2
k M2
M2
2 1 +
2
Also
1 =
p1
lbm
1 = 0.089
3
Rair T1
ft
V1 = M1 k Rair T1
= 3.96 10
7 lbf s
V1 = 2320
e = 0.00015 ft
e
3
= 1.595 10
D
ft
s
4 A
D = 1.13 in
D =
1 V1 D
so
Re1 =
and
Re1 = 1.53 10
ft
f = .02222
1.13
Combining results
ft
12
D fave Lmax2 fave Lmax1
L12 =
=
( 0.3050 0)
Dh
Dh
f
.02222
L12 = 1.29 ft
L12 = 15.5 in
These calculations are a LOT easier using the Excel Add-ins! The M and p plots are shown in the associated Excel workbook
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
M
2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.75
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
f = 0.0222
p * = 45.3 kPa
D =
1.13 in
0.000
0.015
0.031
0.047
0.063
0.080
0.097
0.115
0.133
0.151
0.169
0.187
0.205
0.223
0.240
0.256
0.271
0.284
0.295
0.302
0.305
0
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
4.1
4.9
5.8
6.7
7.7
8.6
9.5
10.4
11.3
12.2
13.0
13.8
14.5
15.0
15.4
15.5
0.408
0.423
0.439
0.456
0.474
0.493
0.513
0.534
0.557
0.581
0.606
0.634
0.663
0.695
0.728
0.765
0.804
0.847
0.894
0.944
1.000
18.49
19.18
19.90
20.67
21.48
22.33
23.24
24.20
25.22
26.31
27.47
28.71
30.04
31.47
33.00
34.65
36.44
38.37
40.48
42.78
45.30
45
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
M 1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
40
35
30 p (psi)
25
M
Pressure
20
15
8
x (in)
12
16
Problem *13.73
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
V1
T0
V2
Q
+
= h2 +
2
dm
h1 +
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
p1 = 350 kPa
M1 = 0.1
From continuity
mrate = 1 V1 A = 2 V2 A
so
1 V1 = 2 V2
Also
p = R T
M =
p1
R T1
and
M1 c1 =
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
Basic equations:
V
c
mrate = V A
V = M c
or
p2
M c
R T2 2 2
Since
T1 = T2
Hence
p1
M2 =
M
p2 1
From energy
V2
V1
Q
= h2 +
h
+
= h02 h01 = cp T02 T01
dm
2 1
2
c1 = c2
p1 M1 = p2 M2
so
M2 = 0.233
2
T0
T
= 1+
k1
2
p2 = 150 kPa
or
T0 = T 1 +
k1
2
2
M
p02
Since T = const, but M2 > M1, then T02 > T01, and
Q
>0
dm
p01
T02
T 01
p2
p1
c
Problem *13.74
Given:
Find:
[5]
Solution:
f Lmax
1 k M
p = R T
T1 = ( 15 + 273) K
p1 = 1.5 MPa
V1 = 60
D = 15 cm
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
From continuity
1 V1 = 2 V2
or
Since
T1 = T2
and
V = M c = M k R T
p1
M2 = M1
p2
c1 =
m
c1 = 340
s
V1
M1 =
c1
M1 = 0.176
Then
At M1 = 0.176
At M2 = 0.529
Hence
k R T1
p1
M2 = M1
p2
f Lmax1
D
f L12
D
1 k M1
1 k M2
2
k M2
f Lmax2
L12 = 18.2
D
f
T1
2
+ ln k M1 = 18.819
k M1
f Lmax2
p1
M2 = 0.529
2
2
+ ln k M2 = 0.614
f Lmax1
D
L12 = 210 m
mrate = V A
Basic equations:
+ ln k M
k M
m
s
V1 =
f = 0.013
J
kg K
p2
T2
V2
p2 = 500 kPa
Problem *13.75
[2]
Problem *13.76
Problem *13.76
Problem 13.78
[4]
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T0 =
p0 =
pe=
187
710
25
24
Me =
0.242
Te =
702
p* =
10.82
T* =
2432
ftlbf/lbmoR
Btu/lbmoR
ftlbf/lbmoR
R
psi
psi
psi
o
We can now use Rayleigh-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers:
T /T *
0.242
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.289
0.304
0.325
0.346
0.367
0.388
0.409
0.430
0.451
0.472
0.493
0.514
0.535
0.555
0.576
0.595
0.615
0.634
0.653
0.672
0.690
0.708
0.725
T (oR)
702
740
790
841
892
943
3000
994
1046
2500
1097
11492000
1200
T (o1250
R) 1500
1301
13511000
1400
1448 500
1496
0
1543
1589
0
1635
1679
1722
1764
c (ft/s)
1299
1334
1378
1422
1464
1506
1546
1586
1624
1662
1698
1734
1768
1802
1834
1866
1897
1926
1955
1982
2009
2035
2059
V (ft/s)
315
334
358
384Ts
410
437
464
492
520
548
577
607
637
667
697
728
759
790
50 821
852
884
916
947
s
(ftlbf/lbmoR)
Eq. (12.11b)
2.22
24.0
0.00
2.21
23.9
10.26
2.19
23.7
22.81
2.18(Rayleigh)
23.6
34.73
Curve
2.16
23.4
46.09
2.15
23.2
56.89
2.13
23.1
67.20
2.12
22.9
77.02
2.10
22.7
86.40
2.08
22.5
95.35
2.07
22.4
103.90
2.05
22.2
112.07
2.03
22.0
119.89
2.01
21.8
127.36
2.00
21.6
134.51
1.98
21.4
141.35
1.96
21.2
147.90
1.94
21.0
154.17
160.17
100 1.92
15020.8
200
250
1.91 .
20.6o
165.92
s (ft lbf/lbm
1.89
20.4 R)
171.42
1.87
20.2
176.69
1.85
20.0
181.73
p /p *
p (psi)
300
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
0.742
0.759
0.775
0.790
0.805
0.820
0.834
0.847
0.860
0.872
0.884
0.896
0.906
0.917
0.927
0.936
0.945
0.953
0.961
0.968
0.975
0.981
0.987
0.993
0.998
1.003
1.007
1.011
1.014
1.017
1.020
1.022
1.024
1.025
1.027
1.028
1.028
1.029
1.029
1.028
1.028
1.027
1.026
1.025
1.023
1.021
1.019
1.017
1.015
1.012
1.009
1.006
1.003
1.000
1805
2083
979
1.83
19.8
186.57
1845
2106
1011
1.81
19.6
191.19
1884
2128
1043
1.80
19.4
195.62
Velocity
V Versus
M (Rayleigh)
1922
2149
1075
1.78
19.2
199.86
1958
2170
1107
1.76
19.0
203.92
3000
1993
2189
1138
1.74
18.8
207.80
2027
2208
1170
1.72
18.6
211.52
2500
2060
2225
1202
1.70
18.4
215.08
2091
2242
1233
1.69
18.2
218.48
2000
2122
2258
1265
1.67
18.0
221.73
2150
2274
1296
1.65
17.9
224.84
V (ft/s) 1500
2178
2288
1327
1.63
17.7
227.81
2204 1000 2302
1358
1.61
17.5
230.65
2230
2315
1389
1.60
17.3
233.36
2253
1420
1.58
17.1
235.95
500 2328
2276
2339
1450
1.56
16.9
238.42
2298
1481
1.54
16.7
240.77
0 2350
2318
1.53
16.5
0.22361 0.3 15110.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 243.010.8
2337
2370
1541
1.51
16.3
245.15
M16.1
2355
2379
1570
1.49
247.18
2371
2388
1600
1.47
15.9
249.12
2387
2396
1629
1.46
15.8
250.96
2401
2403
1658
1.44
15.6
252.70
2415
2409
1687
1.42
15.4
254.36
2427
2416
1715
1.41
255.93
Pressure
p Versus
M 15.2
(Rayleigh)
2438
2421
1743
1.39
15.0
257.42
2449
2426
1771
1.37
14.9
258.83
30
2458
2431
1799
1.36
14.7
260.16
2466
2435
1826
1.34
14.5
261.41
25
2474
2439
1853
1.33
14.4
262.59
2480
2442
1880
1.31
14.2
263.71
20
2486
2445
1907
1.30
14.0
264.75
2447
1933
1.28
13.9
265.73
p 2490
(psi) 15
2494
2449
1959
1.27
13.7
266.65
2497 10
2450
1985
1.25
13.5
267.50
2499
2451
2010
1.24
13.4
268.30
2501 5
2452
2035
1.22
13.2
269.04
2502
2452
2060
1.21
13.1
269.73
2502 0
2452
2085
1.19
12.9
270.36
2501
2452
2109
1.18
12.8
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 270.940.8
2500
2451
2133
1.17
12.6
271.47
M 12.5
2498
2450
2156
1.15
271.95
2495
2449
2180
1.14
12.3
272.39
2492
2448
2203
1.12
12.2
272.78
2488
2446
2226
1.11
12.0
273.13
2484
2444
2248
1.10
11.9
273.43
2479
2441
2270
1.09
11.7
273.70
2474
2439
2292
1.07
11.6
273.92
2468
2436
2314
1.06
11.5
274.11
2461
2433
2335
1.05
11.3
274.26
2455
2429
2356
1.04
11.2
274.38
2448
2426
2377
1.02
11.1
274.46
2440
2422
2398
1.01
10.9
274.51
2432
2418
2418
1.00
10.8
274.52
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
Problem 13.79
[4]
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T0 =
p0 =
pe =
187
710
25
2.5
Me =
2.16
Te =
368
p* =
7.83
T* =
775
ftlbf/lbmoR
Btu/lbmoR
ftlbf/lbmoR
R
psi
psi
psi
o
We can now use Rayleigh-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers:
T /T *
T (oR)
2.157
2
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.9
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.8
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.7
0.475
0.529
0.533
0.536
0.540
0.544
0.548
0.552
0.555
0.559
0.563
0.567
0.571
0.575
0.579
0.584
0.588
0.592
0.596
0.600
0.605
0.609
0.613
0.618
0.622
0.626
0.631
0.635
0.640
0.645
0.649
0.654
368
410
413
416
418
421
424
427
430
433
436
o
R)
T (440
443
446
449
452
455
459
462
465
468
472
475
479
482
485
489
492
496
499
503
507
c (ft/s)
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
940
993
996
1000
1003
1007
1010
1014
1017
1021
1024
1028
1032
1035
1039
1043
1046
1050
0 1054 10
1057
1061
1065
1069
1073
1076
1080
1084
1088
1092
1096
1100
1104
V (ft/s)
2028
1985
1982
1979Ts
1976
1973
1970
1966
1963
1960
1957
1953
1950
1946
1943
1939
1936
1932
1928
20
1925
1921
1917
1913
1909
1905
1901
1897
1893
1889
1885
1880
1876
p /p *
0.32
0.36
0.37
0.37
Curve
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.42
30
0.43
s
0.43
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.48
s
(ftlbf/lbmoR)
Eq. (12.11b)
2.5
0.00
2.8
13.30
2.9
14.15
2.9
14.99
(Rayleigh)
2.9
15.84
2.9
16.69
3.0
17.54
3.0
18.39
3.0
19.24
3.0
20.09
3.1
20.93
3.1
21.78
3.1
22.63
3.2
23.48
3.2
24.32
3.2
25.17
3.2
26.01
3.3
26.86
40 3.3
50 27.70 60
3.3 o
28.54
.
(ft lbf/lbm
3.4 R)
29.38
3.4
30.22
3.4
31.06
3.5
31.90
3.5
32.73
3.5
33.57
3.6
34.40
3.6
35.23
3.6
36.06
3.7
36.89
3.7
37.72
3.7
38.54
p (psi)
70
80
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.61
1.6
1.59
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.5
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.4
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.3
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.2
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.1
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.658
0.663
0.668
0.673
0.677
0.682
0.687
0.692
0.697
0.702
0.707
0.712
0.717
0.722
0.727
0.732
0.737
0.742
0.747
0.753
0.758
0.763
0.768
0.773
0.779
0.784
0.789
0.795
0.800
0.805
0.811
0.816
0.822
0.827
0.832
0.838
0.843
0.848
0.854
0.859
0.865
0.870
0.875
0.881
0.886
0.891
0.896
0.902
0.907
0.912
0.917
0.922
0.927
0.932
0.937
0.942
0.946
0.951
0.956
0.960
0.965
0.969
0.973
0.978
0.982
0.986
0.989
0.993
0.997
1.000
510
1107
514
1111
517
1115
521
1119
525
1123
529
1127
532
1131
536
1135
540
1139
544
1143
548
1147
2500
551
1151
555
1155
559 2000 1159
563
1164
567 1500 1168
571
1172
V (ft/s)
575
1176
1000
579
1180
583
1184
500 1188
587
591
1192
595
0 1196
599
1200
2.0
603
1204
607
1208
612
1213
616
1217
620
1221
624
1225
628
1229
632
1233
636
1237
9
641
1241
645 8
1245
649 7
1249
653
1253
6
657
1257
5
662
1261
p (psi)
666 4
1265
670 3
1269
674
1273
2
678
1277
682 1
1281
686 0
1285
690
2.0 1288
694
1292
699
1296
703
1300
706
1303
710
1307
714
1310
718
1314
722
1318
726
1321
730
1324
733
1328
737
1331
741
1334
744
1337
747
1341
751
1344
754
1347
757
1349
761
1352
764
1355
767
1358
769
1360
772
1362
775
1365
1872
1867
1863
1858
1853
1849
1844
1839
1834
Velocity
V
1829
1824
1819
1814
1809
1803
1798
1793
1787
1782
1776
1770
1764
1758
1752
1.8
1746
1740
1734
1728
1721
1715
1708
Pressure
p
1701
1695
1688
1681
1674
1667
1659
1652
1645
1637
1629
1622
1614
1606
1.81598
1589
1581
1573
1564
1555
1546
1537
1528
1519
1510
1500
1491
1481
1471
1461
1451
1441
1430
1420
1409
1398
1387
1376
1365
0.48
3.8
39.36
0.48
3.8
40.18
0.49
3.8
41.00
0.49
3.9
41.81
0.50
3.9
42.62
0.50
3.9
43.43
0.51
4.0
44.24
0.51
4.0
45.04
0.52
4.1
45.84
Versus
M (Rayleigh)
0.52
4.1
46.64
0.53
4.1
47.43
0.53
4.2
48.22
0.54
4.2
49.00
0.54
4.3
49.78
0.55
4.3
50.56
0.56
4.3
51.33
0.56
4.4
52.10
0.57
4.4
52.86
0.57
4.5
53.62
0.58
4.5
54.37
0.58
4.6
55.12
0.59
4.6
55.86
0.60
4.7
56.60
0.60
4.7
57.33
1.6
1.4
0.61
4.8
58.05
M4.8
0.61
58.77
0.62
4.9
59.48
0.63
4.9
60.18
0.63
5.0
60.88
0.64
5.0
61.56
0.65
5.1
62.24
Versus
M (Rayleigh)
0.65
5.1
62.91
0.66
5.2
63.58
0.67
5.2
64.23
0.68
5.3
64.88
0.68
5.3
65.51
0.69
5.4
66.14
0.70
5.5
66.76
0.71
5.5
67.36
0.71
5.6
67.96
0.72
5.6
68.54
0.73
5.7
69.11
0.74
5.8
69.67
0.74
5.8
70.22
0.75
5.9
70.75
0.76
6.0
71.27
1.6
1.4
0.77
6.0
71.78
M 6.1
0.78
72.27
0.79
6.2
72.75
0.80
6.2
73.21
0.80
6.3
73.65
0.81
6.4
74.08
0.82
6.4
74.50
0.83
6.5
74.89
0.84
6.6
75.27
0.85
6.7
75.63
0.86
6.7
75.96
0.87
6.8
76.28
0.88
6.9
76.58
0.89
7.0
76.86
0.90
7.1
77.11
0.91
7.1
77.34
0.92
7.2
77.55
0.93
7.3
77.73
0.94
7.4
77.88
0.95
7.5
78.01
0.97
7.6
78.12
0.98
7.6
78.19
0.99
7.7
78.24
1.00
7.8
78.25
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
Problem 13.80
[2]
Problem 13.81
[2]
Problem 13.82
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
p = R T
At section 1
1 =
p1
From momentum
V2 =
From continuity
1 V1 = 2 V2
+ V1
p2
p2 = 500 kPa
k = 1.4
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 286.9
c1 =
m
c1 = 340
s
kg
3
V1 = 119
m
s
V2 = 466
m
s
2 = 3.09
T2 = 564 K
T2 = 291 C
and
T02 = T2 1 +
k 1
with
T01 = T1 1 +
k 1
Then
Q
Btu
kJ
= cp T02 T01 = 164
= 383
dm
lbm
kg
k R T1
V1
2 = 1
V2
T2 =
2 R
kg
m
T02 = 677 K
T02 = 403 C
2
M1
T01 = 295 K
T01 = 21.9 C
(Momentum)
J
kg K
2
M2
M1 = 0.35
Hence
p1 p2 = 1 V1 V2 V1
(Energy)
V1 = M1 c1
1 V1
p1 = 1 MPa
1 = 12.1
R T1
p1 p2
Q
= cp T02 T01
dm
T0
T0crit
so
= 0.4389
T0crit =
T01
0.4389
M2 = 1
Problem 13.83
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
p = R T
Btu
Given or available data h1 = 25
lbm
Then
1 = 100
lbm
ft
2
D
4
h0 = h +
V
2
p1 p2 = 1 V1 V2 V1
h2 = 65
Btu
lbm
2 = 0.850
A =
mrate
V1 =
1 A
ft
V1 = 8.03
s
h01 = h1 +
2
mrate
V2 =
2 A
ft
V2 = 944
s
V2
lbm
ft
lbm
mrate = 1.85
s
D = 0.65 in
A = 0.332 in
p = 1 V1 V2 V1
V1
h02 = h2 +
2
Q = 107
Btu
s
p = 162 psi
h01 = 25.0
Btu
lbm
h02 = 82.8
Btu
lbm
Problem 13.84
[3]
Problem 13.86
[3]
Problem 13.87
[3]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
p0
k1 2
M
2
= 1+
2
D
4
A = 78.54 cm
k = 1.4
p1
At state 1
1 =
From continuity
mrate
V1 =
1 A
From momentum
p1 p2 =
M2 = 1
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 286.9
c1 =
m
c1 = 331
s
kg
3
m
s
then
From continuity
1 V1 =
or
p1
p1
M1 c1 =
M k R T1 =
R T1
R T1 1
k R T1
T2
T02 = T2 1 +
k1
p02 = p2 1 +
2
k1
2
M2
2
M2
Q
MJ
= cp T02 T01 = 1.12
dm
kg
T01
T0crit
T01
p
2
2
k R T M = k p M
R T
p2 = 31.1 kPa
k p1 M1
= 2 V2 =
R
T1
k
k1
J
kg K
M1 = 0.215
1 + k M 2
1
p2 = p1
1 + k M 2
2
T02 = 1394 K
V1
M1 =
c1
V = c M =
but
p2 M2
T2 = T1
p1 M1
p2 M2
T1
Finally
D = 10 cm
mrate
2
2
V2 V1 = 2 V2 1 V1
A
p1 p2 = k p2 M2 k p1 M1
Then
kg
mrate = 0.5
s
V1 = 71.2
p1 = 70 kPa
Hence
Hence
1 = 0.894
R T1
p1 M1
mrate = A V
Q
= cp T02 T01
dm
k 1 2
M
2
p = R T
mrate
V2 V1
A
p1 p2 =
= 1 +
k
k1
k p2 M2
R
T2
T2 = 1161 K
T01 = T1 1 +
p01 = p1 1 +
p0 = p02 p01
T01
= 0.1975 T02 =
T02
0.1975
T2 = 888 C
k1
2
k1
2
2
M1
2
M1
T01 = 276 K
k
k1
p0 = 13.5 kPa
T02 = 1395 K
Problem 13.88
[3]
Problem 13.93
[3]
Maximum heat addition; Outlet conditions; Reduction in stagnation pressure; Plot of process
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
T1 =
p1 =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
1004
773
1.5
0.5
p02
J/kgK
T02
J/kgK
K
MPa
p2
T
p01
T01
T1
T2
d
p1
c
From
p1 = 1 RT1
1=
6.76
kg/m3
From
V1 = M 1 kRT1
V1 =
279
m/s
s
Using built-in function IsenT (M,k):
T 01 /T 1 =
1.05
T 01 =
812
1.19
p 01 =
1.78
MPa
M2 =
Using built-in function rayT0 (M,k), rayp0 (M,k), rayT (M,k), rayp (M,k), rayV (M,k):
*
T 01 /T 0* =
T0 =
0.691
1174 K
*
p 01 /p 0 =
T /T * =
*
p /p =
/ =
*
p0 =
T* =
1.114
0.790
1.60
MPa
( = p 02)
978
( = T 02)
( = p 2)
1.778
p =
0.844
0.444
3.01
MPa
3
kg/m
-182
kPa
p 012 p 01 =
Q
dm
-0.182
MPa
= c p (T02 T01 )
Q /dm =
364
kJ/kg
( = T 02)
( = 2)
Problem 13.94
[3]
Problem 13.95
[3]
Problem 13.96
[3]
Problem 13.97
Problem 13.97
Problem 13.98
Problem 13.98
Problem 13.99
Given:
Find:
[3]
V
Shock speed Vs
c (Vs)
Solution:
Shock at rest
2
M1 +
k1
2
Basic equations:
M2 =
p2
p1
V = M c = M k R T
2 k M 2 1
1
k 1
1 + k 1 M 2 k M 2 k 1
1
1
2
2
=
2
T1
k + 1 M 2
1
2
T2
2 k
2 k1
M1
k+1
k+1
k = 1.4
M1 =
Then we have
1 + k 1 M 2 k M 2 k 1
1
1
2
2
T2 = T1
2
k + 1 M 2
1
2
M2 =
R = 286.9
J
kg K
k + 1 p2 + k 1
2 k p1 k + 1
p2 = 30 MPa
2
2
M1 +
k1
T2 = 14790 K
T2 = 14517 C
M2 = 0.382
2 k M 2 1
1
k 1
m
V1 = M1 k R T1
V1 = 5475
V2 = M2 k R T2
V2 = 930
V = Vs V2
V = 4545
V2 = Vs V
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
M1 = 16.0
But we have
p1 = 101 kPa
Vs = V1
Vs = 5475
These results are unrealistic because at the very high post-shock temperatures experienced, the specific heat ratio will NOT
be constant! The extremely high initial air velocity and temperature will rapidly decrease as the shock wave expands in a
spherical manner and thus weakens.
m
s
Problem 13.100
[3]
Given:
Find:
Mach numbers at the shock and at exit; Stagnation and static pressures before and after the shock
Solution:
1 + k 1 M2
A
1
2
=
k+ 1
Acrit
M
2
2
M1 +
k1
M2 =
Normal shock
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
Rair = 53.33
2
At = 1.5 in
p1
p02
2 k
2 k1
M1
k+1
k+1
= 1 +
p2
2 k M 2 1
1
k 1
k = 1.4
p0
p01
k 1 2
M
2
k
k1
k + 1 M 2
1
1 + k 1 M12
2
k
k1
2 k M 2 k 1
1
k + 1
k + 1
ft lbf
lbm R
As = 2.5 in
T0 = ( 175 + 460) R
(Shock area)
Ae = 3.5 in
1
k1
Because we have a normal shock the CD must be accelerating the flow to supersonic so the throat is at critical state.
Acrit = At
As
= 1.667
1 + k 1 M 2
1
1
2
At this area ratio we can find the Mach number before the shock from the isentropic relation
=
k+ 1
Acrit
M1
Acrit
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
As
Solving iteratively (or using Excel's Solver, or even better the function isenMsupfromA from the Web site!)
M1 = 1.985
p1 =
p01
1 + k 1 M 2
1
2
k
k1
p1 = 16.4 psi
Also
M2 =
2
2
M1 +
k1
M2 = 0.580
2 k M 2 1
1
k 1
k + 1 M 2
1
1 + k 1 M12
2
p02 = p01
k
k1
2 k M 2 k 1
1
k + 1
k + 1
and
1
k1
2 k
2 k 1
p2 = p1
M1
k + 1
k + 1
p2 = 72.4 psi
Finally, for the Mach number at the exit, we could find the critical area change across the shock; instead we find the
new critical area from isentropic conditions at state 2.
1 + k 1 M 2
2
2
Acrit2 = As M2
k+ 1
Ae
Acrit2
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
2
Acrit2 = 2.06 in
= 1.698
1 + k 1 M 2
e
1
2
At this area ratio we can find the Mach number before the shock from the isentropic relation
=
k+ 1
Acrit2
Me
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
Ae
Solving iteratively (or using Excel's Solver, or even better the function isenMsubfromA from the Web site!)
These calculations are obviously a LOT easier using the Excel functions available on the Web site!
Me = 0.369
Problem 13.101
[2]
Given:
Find:
Air speed
Solution:
Basic equations:
p1 p2 = 1 V1 V2 V1
Rair = 53.33
k 1
2 p02
1
k 1
p2
At state 2
M2 =
From momentum
p1 p2 = 2 V2 1 V1
p1 p2 = k p2 M2 k p1 M1
1 p2
2
1 + k M2 1
k p1
M1 =
Also
c1 =
Then
V1 = M1 c1
k Rair T1
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
p02 = 10 psi
M2 = 0.574
p1
= 4.571 we find
p
2
2
k R T M = k p M
R T
but
V = c M =
or
2
2
p1 1 + k M1 = p2 1 + k M2
M1 = 2.01
ft
c1 = 827
s
ft
s
V1 = 1822
p2
p2 = 8 psi
ft lbf
lbm R
V1 = 1666
p1 = 1.75 psi
k = 1.4
Hence
p0
(Momentum)
k
k1
M1 = 2.02
ft
s
M2 = 0.573 Check!)
Problem 13.103
[2]
Problem 13.104
[2]
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T 01 =
1250
p1 =
20
M1 =
2.5
1 =
300.02
V1 =
764
2.25
ftlbf/lbmR
0.0685
Btu/lbmR
Btu/lbmR
R
psi
p1 = 1 RT1
kg/m3
m/s
T1 =
728
143
psi
556
96
0.513
2.14
V 2 = M 2 kRT 2
From
T
s = c p ln 2
T1
T2 =
p2 =
7.13
V2 =
867
s =
0.0476
37.1
ft/s
R ln 2
p1
Btu/lbmR
ftlbf/lbmR
1188
Problem 13.106
[2]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T 01 =
286.9
1.4
550
p 01 =
650
M1 =
2.5
J/kgK
K
kPa
17.09
0.513
7.13
p1 =
38
kPa
p2 =
271
kPa
p2 =
543
kPa
1.20
p 02 = p 01
Problem 13.107
[2]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T1 =
53.33
1.4
445
p1 =
V1 =
2000
mph
c1 =
1034
ft/s
M1 =
2.84
ftlbf/lbmR
o
0.0685
Btu/lbmR
psi
2933
ft/s
793
ft/s
c1 = kRT1
Then
0.486
3.70
0.378
Then
V2 =
1
V1
2
V2 =
541
mph
28.7
143
psi
p 02 =
54.2
psi
p 01 p 02 =
89.2
psi
Problem 13.108
[2]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T1 =
53.33
1.4
452.5
p1 =
14.7
psi
V1 =
1750
mph
c1 =
1043
ft/s
M1 =
2.46
ftlbf/lbmR
o
0.0685
Btu/lbmR
R
2567
ft/s
p2 =
101
psi
p2 p1 =
86.7
psi
781
ft/s
p2 =
197
psi
p2 p1 =
182
psi
c1 = kRT1
Then
0.517
3.29
6.90
Then
V2 =
1
V1
2
V2 =
532
mph
16.1
1.20
Problem 13.109
[2]
Problem 13.111
[2]
Problem 13.112
Given:
Normal shock
Find:
Rankine-Hugoniot relation
[4]
Solution:
Basic equations:
Momentum:
p1 + 1 V1 = p2 + 2 V2
Energy:
h1 +
1
1
2
2
V1 = h2 + V2
2
2
Mass:
1 V1 = 2 V2
Ideal Gas:
p = R T
)(
2 h2 h1 = 2 cp T2 T1 = V1 V2 = V1 V1 V1 + V2
p2 p1 = 1 V1 2 V2 = 1 V1 V1 V2
Hence
V1 V2 =
Using this in Eq 1
(1)
p2 p1
1 V1
p2 p1
p2 p1
V2 p2 p1
2 cp T2 T1 =
V1 + V2 =
1 +
1 +
=
1 V1
1
1
V1
1
1
= (p2 p1) +
2
1 2
p2
2 cp
2 R
p1
1
1
= (p2 p1) +
1 R
1 2
Collecting terms
cp p2 2
2
k p2 2 p2
= 2
= 1 + 1
R p1 1
k 1 p1 1
p1 1
p2 2 k
1
p1 k 1
p2
p1
2 k 2 2
1
k 1 1 1
2 k
1
k 1
( k + 1) ( k 1)
2 k 2
1
=
1
k 1 1 1
2
1
=0
( k + 1) 2
1
( k 1) 1
( k + 1)
( k 1)
or
or
p2
p1
( k + 1)
=
( k 1)
( k + 1) ( k 1)
1
2
k+1
k1
2
1
(= 6 for air)
Problem 13.113
[3]
Problem 13.114
[3]
Problem 13.115
[3]
Problem 13.117
[3]
Problem 13.119
[4]
Problem 13.120
[2]
Problem 13.121
[2]
Problem 13.124
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T 01 =
p 01 =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
550
700
2.75
A1 =
25
cm2
Ae =
40
cm2
J/kgK
K
kPa
Equations and Computations (assuming State 1 and 2 before and after the shock):
25.14
p1 =
28
kPa
2.51
T1 =
219
3.34
A 1* = A t =
7.49
cm2
p 02 =
284
kPa
Me=
0.279
pe=
269
Also:
So:
Then the mass flow rate is:
1 =
0.4433
c1 =
V1 =
297
815
m rate =
m rate =
kg/m3
m/s
m/s
1 V 1A 1
0.904
kg/s
0.492
1.356
A1
A 2* =
18.44
Hence:
1.06
cm2
kPa
Problem 13.125
[2]
Problem 13.128
[3]
Problem 13.129
[3]
Problem 13.131
[3]
Problem 13.132
[4]
Problem 13.133
[3]
Problem *13.135
[5]
Problem *13.136
[2]
Problem *13.137
[4]
Problem 13.138
[3]
Given:
Normal shock
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
M2n =
2
2
M1n +
k 1
(13.48a)
2 k M 2 1
1n
k 1
M2n = M2 sin ( )
(13.47b)
2
2
M1n +
k 1
M2n
M2 =
=
sin( )
1+
M2 =
2 k M 2 1
1n
k 1
=
sin( )
2
2
M1n +
k 1
2 k M 2 1 sin( ) 2
1n
k 1
2
( k 1) M1n
2 k 1 sin( ) 2
k 1 M1n2
2 k sin ( ) 2
k 1
M2 =
k1
2 k sin ( )
Problem 13.139
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
80
M1 =
2.5
35
J/kg.K
kPa
o
M 1n =
1.43
M 1t =
2.05
p2 =
178.6
V t1 =
V t2
Hence
c t1 M t1 =
(T 1)
1/2
c t2 M t2
M t1 = (T 2)1/2 M t2
M 2t = (T 1/T 2)1/2 M t1
Hence
T 2/T 1 =
1.28
M 2t =
1.81
kPa
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.726
1.95
= - sin-1(V 2n/V 2)
or
= - sin-1(M 2n/M 2)
=
13.2
570
kPa
0.513
23.6
Problem 13.140
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
3
J/kg.K
19.5
90.0
(13.47a)
Computed results:
(o)
M 1n
p 2/p 1
19.5
20
30
40
50
60
70
75
80
85
90
1.00
1.03
1.50
1.93
2.30
2.60
2.82
2.90
2.95
2.99
3.00
1.00
1.06
2.46
4.17
5.99
7.71
9.11
9.63
10.0
10.3
10.3
p 2/p 1
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
0
30
60
( )
o
90
Problem 13.141
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
V1 =
286.9
1.4
1250
V2 =
650
35
J/kg.K
m/s
m/s
o
V 1t = V 1cos()
(1)
For V 2t
V 2t = V 2cos( - )
(2)
(3)
62.5
(13.48d)
(13.49)
For
35.0
62.5
M1 =
3.19
M 1n =
2.83
9.15
(13.47a)
Problem 13.142
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
M1 =
T1 =
p 2 /p 1 =
286.9
1.4
3.25
283
5
J/kg.K
For
p 2 /p 1 =
5.00
M 1n =
2.10
40.4
(13.47a)
o
(13.49)
23.6
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.561
M2 =
1.94
(13.47b)
Problem 13.143
[4]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
T1 =
286.9
1.4
288
10
J/kg.K
K
o
From Fig. 13.29 the smallest Mach number for which an oblique shock exists
at a deflection = 10o is approximately M 1 = 1.4.
By trial and error, a more precise answer is
(using built-in function Theta (M ,, k )
M1 =
1.42
=
=
67.4
10.00
c1 =
V1 =
340
483
o
o
m/s
m/s
(13.49)
4) Use Solver to maximize by varying
o
5) If is not 10 , make a new guess for M 1
6) Repeat steps 1 - 5 until = 10
Computed results:
()
()
67.4
56.7
45.5
39.3
35.0
31.9
27.4
22.2
19.4
17.6
16.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
M1
1.42
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Sum:
0.0%
4
M
Problem 13.144
[4]
Solution:
R =
k =
T1 =
p1 =
V1 =
286.9
1.4
276.5
75
1200
60
c1 =
333
M1 =
3.60
J/kg.K
K
kPa
m/s
o
m/s
Computed results:
( )
()
( ) Needed
()
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
22.00
24.00
26.00
28.00
30.00
47.1
44.2
41.5
38.9
36.4
34.1
31.9
29.7
27.7
25.7
23.9
22.1
20.5
18.9
17.5
16.1
30.0
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
30.0
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Sum:
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
M 1n
p 2 (kPa)
T 2 (oC)
2.64
2.51
2.38
2.26
2.14
2.02
1.90
1.79
1.67
1.56
1.46
1.36
1.26
1.17
1.08
1.00
597
539
485
435
388
344
304
267
233
202
174
149
126
107
90
75
357
321
287
255
226
198
172
148
125
104
84
66
49
33
18
3
597
357
Max:
8)
9)
10)
p 2 (kPa)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
25
30
( )
o
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
( )
o
20
Problem 13.145
[4]
Solution:
R =
k =
T1 =
p1 =
V1 =
286.9
1.4
276.5
75
1200
60
c1 =
333
M1 =
3.60
J/kg.K
K
kPa
m/s
o
m/s
From Fig. 13.29, at this Mach number the smallest deflection angle for which
an oblique shock exists is approximately = 35o.
3.60
=
=
65.8
37.3
o
o
(13.49)
3) Use Solver to maximize by varying
For a deflection angle the angle of attack is
= - /2
=
7.31
Computed results:
(o)
(o)
(o) Needed
(o)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.31
47.1
48.7
50.4
52.1
54.1
57.4
58.1
58.8
59.5
60.4
61.3
62.5
64.4
65.8
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.5
35.8
36.0
36.3
36.5
36.8
37.0
37.3
37.3
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.5
35.7
36.0
36.2
36.5
36.7
37.0
37.2
37.3
Sum:
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
M 1n
2.64
2.71
2.77
2.84
2.92
3.03
3.06
3.08
3.10
3.13
3.16
3.19
3.25
3.28
0.0%
Max:
p 2 (kPa)
597
628
660
695
731
793
805
817
831
845
861
881
910
931
T 2 (oC)
357
377
397
418
441
479
486
494
502
511
521
533
551
564
931
564
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
p 2 (kPa)
900
800
700
600
500
0
o
( )
500
T 2 ( C)
550
450
400
350
300
0
4
(o)
Problem 13.146
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
70
M1 =
2.75
=
c =
7
1.5
J/kg.K
kPa
o
(1)
p1
pU =
70.0
kPa
7.0
26.7
M 1n =
1.24
For
(13.48d)
From Eq 1
p2 =
113
pL =
p2
pL =
113
kPa
L =
64.7
kN/m
kPa
Problem 13.147
[3]
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
75
M1 =
2.75
U =
L =
c =
15
2
J/kg.K
kPa
(1)
U =
U =
For
U =
5.00
U =
25.1
M 1n(U) =
1.16
p2 =
106
pU =
p2
pU =
106
L =
L =
15
L =
15.00
L =
34.3
kPa
kPa
M 1n(L) =
1.55
From Eq 1
p2 =
198
pL =
p2
pL =
198
kPa
L =
183
kN/m
kPa
Problem 13.148
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
k =
p1 =
M1 =
1.4
75
4
M2 =
2.5
33.6
kPa
From M 1 and
From M 2, , and
21.0
M 1n =
M 2n =
2.211
0.546
(1)
We can also obtain M 2n from Eq. 13.48a (using built-in function normM2fromM (M ,k ))
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.546
(2)
We need to manually change so that Eqs. 1 and 2 give the same answer.
Alternatively, we can compute the difference between 1 and 2, and use
Solver to vary to make the difference zero
Error in M 2n =
0.00%
p2 =
415
kPa
Problem 13.149
[4]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
k =
p1 =
1.4
50
M1 =
7.5
kPa
o
p 01
p 01 =
1837
kPa
p 02 =
1837
kPa
7.5
49.8
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
(1)
2 =
1 -
2 =
42.3
(Compression!)
o
2 =
42.3
M2 =
2.64
p2 =
86.8
M2 =
2.64
kPa
p3 =
690
kPa
For slowing the flow down from M 1 with only a normal shock, using Eq. 13.41d
p =
517
kPa
Problem 13.150
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
k =
M1 =
1.4
2.5
=
p1 =
7.5
50
kPa
We choose by iterating or by using Goal Seek to target (below) to equal the given
Using built-in function theta (M, ,k )
=
7.50
29.6
1.233
0.822
2.19
p 2/p 1 =
1.61
p2 =
80.40
Pressure ratio
We repeat the analysis of states 1 to 2 for states 2 to 3, to analyze the second oblique shock
We choose for M 2 by iterating or by using Goal Seek to target (below) to equal the given
Using built-in function theta (M, ,k )
=
7.50
33.5
Then M 2n (normal to second shock!) can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a)
M 2n =
1.209
0.837
1.91
1.54
p3 =
124
Pressure ratio
Problem 13.151
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
k =
M1 =
1.4
2.5
=
p1 =
30
50
kPa
7.99
1.250
0.813
2.17
p 2/p 1 =
1.66
p2 =
82.8
Pressure ratio
We repeat the analysis for states 1 to 2 for 2 to 3, for the second oblique shock
We choose for M 2 by iterating or by using Goal Seek to target (below) to equal the previous
Using built-in function theta (M, ,k )
=
7.99
34.3
Then M 2n (normal to second shock!) can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a)
M 2n =
1.22
0.829
1.87
1.58
p3 =
130
Pressure ratio
Problem 13.152
[3]
Pressure changes
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
p =
M =
1 =
286.9
1.4
95
1.5
15
2 =
15
J/kg.K
kPa
o
o
and
Deflection =
a - b = (M a) - (M b)
11.9
1 =
1 -
1 =
1 +
1 =
26.9
(1)
1 =
26.9
M1 =
2.02
For
43.3
kPa
2 -
2 =
2 + 1 +
2 =
41.9
(Note that instead of working from the initial state to state 2 we could have
worked from state 1 to state 2 because the entire flow is isentropic)
From 2, and Eq. 13.55
(using built-in function Omega (M , k ))
For
2 =
41.9
M2 =
2.62
16.9
kPa
Problem 13.153
[3]
Solution
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
p2 =
M2 =
286.9
1.4
10
4
1 =
15
2 =
15
J/kg.K
kPa
and
Deflection =
a - b = (M a) - (M b)
65.8
2 - 2
1 =
50.8
1 =
50.8
M1 =
3.05
(1)
38.1
kPa
2 -
= 2 - (2 + 1)
=
35.8
(Note that instead of working from state 2 to the initial state we could have
worked from state 1 to the initial state because the entire flow is isentropic)
From , and Eq. 13.55
(using built-in function Omega (M , k ))
For
=
M =
35.8
2.36
110
kPa
Problem 13.154
[4]
Static and stagnation pressures due to: oblique shock; compression wave
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
50
M1 =
3.5
35
35
J/kg.K
kPa
For
35.0
57.2
M 1n =
2.94
p2 =
496
kPa
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.479
Hence
(13.47b)
1.27
p 02 = p 2/(p 02/p 2)
p 02 =
1316
kPa
p 02 =
p 01
p 01 =
3814
kPa
p 02 =
3814
kPa
(13.48b)
p 02/p 01 =
0.345
(using built-in function Normp0fromM (M ,k )
p 02/p 01 =
0.345
(using p 02 from the shock and p 01)
-35.0
(Compression )
o
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
58.5
2 =
1 +
2 =
23.5
2 =
23.5
M2 =
1.90
Applying Eq. 1
572
kPa
(1)
Problem 13.155
[3]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R
k
p
M
=
=
=
=
=
c =
286.9
1.4
70
2.75
7
1.5
J/kg.K
kPa
o
(1)
pU =
70
-7.0
kPa
and
Deflection =
L - = (M L) - (M )
(2)
44.7
L -
L =
L =
37.7
L =
37.7
ML =
2.44
Applying Eq. 2
From Eq 1
pL =
113
kPa
L =
64.7
kN/m
Problem 13.156
[4]
Solution:
The given or available data is:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
50
M1 =
1.75
=
c =
18
1
J/kg.K
kPa
o
L = (p L - p U)c cos()
(1)
D = (p L - p U)c sin()
(2)
18
For
18.0
62.9
M 1n =
1.56
p2 =
133.2
pL =
p2
pL =
133.2
kPa
kPa
p 02 =
p 01
p 01 =
266
kPa
p 02 =
266
kPa
18.0
(Compression )
o
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
19.3
2 =
1 +
2 =
37.3
2 =
37.3
M2 =
2.42
17.6
pU =
p2
pU =
17.6
kPa
From Eq. 1
L =
110.0
kN/m
From Eq. 2
D =
35.7
kN/m
kPa
(3)
Problem 13.157
Given:
Find:
Solution:
The given or available data is:
k =
p1 =
1.4
50
M1 =
1.75
=
c =
kPa
o
12
1
(1)
(2)
find
find
p2
and
pL =
p2
[4]
p 02 =
p 01
(13.7a)
find
p 02 =
=
Deflection
266
kPa
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
(3)
1 =
19.3
2 =
1 +
(4)
find
M2
p2
(o)
(o)
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
4.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
16.00
16.50
17.00
17.50
18.00
35.3
35.8
36.2
36.7
38.7
39.7
45.5
53.4
55.6
56.8
58.3
60.1
62.9
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
4.00
5.00
10.0
15.0
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Sum: 0.0%
M 1n
p L (kPa)
2 ( )
2 from M 2 ( )
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.05
1.09
1.12
1.25
1.41
1.44
1.47
1.49
1.52
1.56
51.3
52.7
54.0
55.4
61.4
64.5
82.6
106.9
113.3
116.9
121.0
125.9
133.4
19.8
20.3
20.8
21.3
23.3
24.3
29.3
34.3
35.3
35.8
36.3
36.8
37.3
19.8
20.3
20.8
21.3
23.3
24.3
29.3
34.3
35.3
35.8
36.3
36.8
37.3
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Sum: 0.0%
M2
p U (kPa)
L (kN/m)
D (kN/m)
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.89
1.92
2.11
2.30
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.42
48.7
47.4
46.2
45.0
40.4
38.3
28.8
21.3
20.0
19.4
18.8
18.2
17.6
2.61
5.21
7.82
10.4
20.9
26.1
53.0
82.7
89.6
93.5
97.7
102.7
110
0.0227
0.091
0.205
0.364
1.46
2.29
9.35
22.1
25.7
27.7
29.9
32.4
35.8
L/D
115
57.3
38.2
28.6
14.3
11.4
5.67
3.73
3.49
3.38
3.27
3.17
3.08
L and D (kN/m)
120
100
80
Lift
Drag
60
40
20
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
(o)
Lift/Drag of an Airfoil
as a Function of Angle of Attack
140
120
L/D
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
(o)
12
14
16
18
20
Problem 13.158
[4]
Drag coefficient
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
95
2
=
=
0
10
J/kg.K
kPa
o
o
(1)
(2)
(3)
/2
(13.49)
=
=
5.0
34.3
M 1n =
1.13
For
o
o
p2 =
125.0
pF =
p2
pF =
125.0
kPa
kPa
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.891
Hence
(13.47b)
1.82
p 02 =
742
kPa
M 1 = M 2 (shock)
M1 =
1.82
p 01 = p 02 (shock)
p 01 =
742
kPa
p 0 = constant
p 02 =
p 01
p 02 =
742
10.0
kPa
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
21.3
2 =
1 +
2 =
31.3
2 =
M2 =
31.3
2.18
p2 =
71.2
pR =
p2
pR =
71.2
CD =
0.0177
kPa
kPa
(3)
Problem 13.159
[4]
FU
1
FL
RU
RL
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
95
2
=
=
12
10
J/kg.K
kPa
o
o
(1)
and the force component parallel to the major axis, per area, is
F H/sc = 1/2tan(/2){(p FU + p FL) - (p RU + p RL)}
(2)
(3)
C L = F L/(1/2V 2A )
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
+ /2
17
For
=
=
17.0
48.2
o
o
M 1n =
1.49
p2 =
230.6
p FL =
p2
p FL =
230.6
kPa
kPa
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.704
M2 =
(13.47b)
1.36
(13.7a)
p 02 =
693
kPa
1.36
p 01 = p 02 (shock)
p 01 =
693
kPa
p 0 = constant
p 02 =
p 01
p 02 =
693
10.0
kPa
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
7.8
2 =
1 +
2 =
17.8
2 =
M2 =
17.8
1.70
141
p RL =
p2
p RL =
141
kPa
kPa
(3)
2.0
p 0 = constant
p 02 =
p 01
p 01 =
p 02 =
743
743
- /2
7.0
kPa
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
26.4
2 =
1 +
2 =
33.4
2 =
M2 =
33.4
2.27
62.8
p FU =
p2
p FU =
62.8
kPa
kPa
2.0
p 0 = constant
p 02 =
p 01
(3)
p 01 =
p 02 =
TOTAL deflection
743
743
+ /2
17.0
kPa
kPa
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
26.4
2 =
1 +
2 =
43.4
For
43.4
2.69
32.4
p RU =
p2
p RU =
32.4
kPa
p FL =
p RL =
p FU =
p RU =
230.6
140.5
62.8
32.4
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
From Eq 1
F V/sc =
138
kPa
From Eq 2
F H/sc =
5.3
kPa
From Eq 7
CL =
0.503
From Eq 8
CD =
0.127
(3)