Li ni u

Trong x hi hin i th thng tin, tri thc chnh l nhng nhn t quan
trng nht trong i sng kinh t x hi ca tng quc gia ni ring v ton th gii
ni chung. Chnh v th nn mi nc u dnh mt s u t thch ng cho
nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh lm n by cho s pht trin ca cc
nghnh kinh t quc dn khc. Ngay t khi mi ra i truyn hnh chng t l
mt phng tin thng tin i chng rt quan trng trong i sng kinh t x hi.
N khng ch l mt cng c thng tin ph bin kin thc, gii tr n thun m
tr thnh phng tin khng th thiu trong mi gia nh. Truyn hnh cung cp tin
tc v cc s kin chnh tr, vn ho th thao, thng tin kinh t x hit khp ni
trn th gii n tng c nhn, tng gi, tng pht. Truyn hnh l cu ni quan
trng gia con ngi vi th gii bn ngoi.
Cng vi s ra i ca k thut s th cng ngh truyn hnh c mt s
pht trin nhy vt v cht bng vic s ho tn hiu truyn hnh. Cng ngh truyn
hnh s ra i c nhiu u im hn hn so vi truyn hnh tng t nh : tnh
chng nhiu cao, cht lng m thanh, hnh nh tt v ng u, dn dng c
nhiu k xo phc tp m truyn hnh tng t khng th thc hin c, c th
ghi nhiu hay lu tr trong thi gian di khng lm nh hng n cht lng hnh
nh. Bn cnh l s pht trin ca nghnh cng ngh in t tin hc ni chung
cng l mt s h tr c lc truyn hnh ngy cng hon thin hn, phc v tt
hn cho nhu cu ngy cang cao ca con ngi trong x hi hin i. C th ni
truyn hnh s l tng lai ca cng ngh truyn hnh.

Phn I : Gii thiu chung v truyn hnh s

1 Chng I : Truyn hnh s v nhng vn
trn con ng chuyn i cng ngh
Truyn hnh s l tn gi mt h thng truyn hnh mi m tt c cc thit b
k thut t Studio cho n my thu u lm vic theo nguyn l k thut s. Trong
, mt hnh nh quang hc do camera thu c qua h thng ng knh, thay v
c bin i thnh tn hiu in bin thin tng t nh hnh nh quang hc ni
trn (c v chi v mu sc) s c bin i thnh mt dy tn hiu nh phn
(dy cc s 0 v 1) nh qu trnh bin i tng t_s.

1.1.

Mt s vn trong bin i tn hiu truyn hnh.

Trong qu trnh bin i tn hiu truyn hnh, c mt s vn ch yu c

t ra:

1.1.1.

La chn phn gii cho mt hnh nh s:

di ca dy tn hiu nh phn biu din mt nh s l mt trong nhng ch

tiu cht lng ca k thut s ho tn hiu truyn hnh. N phn nh sng, ti ,
mu sc ca hnh nh c ghi nhn v chuyn i. V nguyn tc, di ca t
m nh phn cng ln th qu trnh bin i cng cht lng, n c xem nh
phn gii ca qu trnh s ho.
Tuy nhin, phn gii cng ch n mt gii hn nht nh l tho
mn kh nng ca h thng k thut hin nay cng nh kh nng phn bit ca mt
ngi xem. phn gii tiu chun hin nay l 8 bt.

1.1.2.

La chn tn s ly mu .

Gi tr tn s ly mu ng nhin phn nh phn tch ca hnh nh s.

Nhng mc ch ca s la chn l tm c mt s gi tr ti u gia mt bn l
cht lng v mt bn l tnh kinh t ca thit b. Tn s ly mu cn c xc nh
sao cho hnh nh nhn c c cht lng cao, tn hiu truyn vi tc bt nh v
mch thc hin n gin.
C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n vic la chn tn s v t l gia tn s ly
mu tn hiu chi v tn s ly mu tn hiu hiu mu (trong bin i tn hiu video
thnh phn).
Tn s ly mu tn hiu truyn hnh ph thuc h thng truyn hnh mu. Nu
ly mu tn hiu video tng hp, nht thit tn s ly mu phi l mt bi s ca
tn s sng mang mu. Thng thng: fsa= 34 fsc
Vi : fsa : Tn s ly mu
fsc : Tn s sng mang mu
2

Nu khng tho mn iu ny, s xut hin thm cc thnh phn tn hiu ph

do lin hp gia fsa v fsc hoc hi ca fsc trong ph tn hiu ly mu, c bit thnh
phn tn hiu (fsa- 2fsc) s gy mo tn hiu video tng t c khi phc li t tn
hiu s. Loi mo ny c gi l mo iu ch cho (intermodulation).
Mo iu ch cho khng xut hin nu bin i tn hiu video thnh phn.
Do vy, nu bin i tn hiu video thnh phn, khi nim tn s ly mu l bi s
nguyn ln tn s sng mang mu l khng cn thit.
C th chn tn s ly mu cho tn hiu tng hp nh sau:

PAL

fsa = 3fsc
13,3 MHz

fsa= 4fsc
17,7 MHz

NTSC

10,7 MHz

14,3 MHz

Bng I.1.1: Tn s ly mu tn hiu Video

Theo cc nghin cu cho thy, s c rt nhiu li ch nu chn tn s ly mu

l s nguyn ln tn s dng:
fsa= nfH.
Vi tn s dng ca cc h truyn hnh hin nay :
* Tiu chun 625/50: fH = 15625 MHz.
* Tiu chun 525/60: fH = 15734,25 MHz.
th tn s f = 13,5 MHz l tn s duy nht l bi s chung ca tn s dng
cho c hai h truyn hnh.
13,5 MHZ = 864 x fH i vi 625 dng.
= 858 x fH i vi 525 dng.
Mt iu v cng may mn l : theo nghin cu ca cc t chc quc t, khi
tn s ly mu ti gn phm vi 13 MHz, cht lng nh khi phc s rt tt, nu
tn s ly mu gim nh hn 13 MHz, cht lng nh gim i r rt.
Bi vy, tn s ly mu fsa = 13,5 MHz l tn s c cc t chc quc t
tha nhn hin nay.
V t l gia tn s ly mu tn hiu chi v tn s ly mu tn hiu hiu mu,
c mt s tiu chun nh sau:

Y
14
12
4
4
4
4
2

CR
7
6
4
2
2
1
1

CB
7
6
4
2
0
1
1

Bng I.1.2: T l ly mu tn hiu chi

v tn hiu mu
Hai t hp u khng c s dng v khng c s lin h vi tn s dng.
Dng thc c s dng ph bin nht l 4:2:2. C ngha l tn s ly mu tn hiu
chi gp hai ln tn s ly mu cc tn hiu hiu mu.

Trong tiu chun truyn hnh s quc t Rec_601 do t chc ITU_R qui nh,
t l tn s ly mu l 4:2:2. y cng l cu trc s dng trong tiu chun truyn
hnh phn gii cao, mn hnh rng vi tn s ly mu tn hiu chi l 18 MHz.

1.1.3.

La chn cu trc mu.

Nu coi hnh nh s l tp hp ca cc con s th vic sp xp, b tr chng

theo mt quy lut no l c li nht. Mc ch ca vn l gim ti thiu cc hin
tng vin, bng, nng cao phn tch ca hnh nh.
Vic ly mu khng nhng ph thuc theo thi gian m cn ph thuc vo ta
cc im ly mu . V tr cc im ly mu hay cn gi l cu trc mu c
xc nh theo thi gian, trn cc dng v cc mnh. Tn s ly mu ph hp vi
cu trc mu s cho php khi phc hnh nh tt nht. Do vy, tn s ly mu v
cu trc ly mu phi thch hp theo c ba chiu t,x,y.
C ba dng lin kt v tr cc im ly mu c s dng cho cu trc ly mu
tn hiu video . l:
Cu trc trc giao:
i vi cu trc trc giao, cc mu trn cc dng k nhau c sp xp thng
hng theo chiu ng. Cu trc ny l c nh theo mnh v nh, tn s ly mu
tho mn tiu chun Nyquish nn cn s dng tc bt rt ln.

Dng 1, mnh 1
4

Dng 1, mnh 2

Dng 2, mnh 1
Dng 2, mnh 2

Vi cc t l ly mu 4:2:2 v 4:2:0, v tr cc im ly mu cho trn hnh v sau:

Ly mu 4: 2: 2

Ly mu 4: 2: 0
Ly mu tn hiu chi
Ly mu tn hiu G-Y
Ly mu tn hiu B-Y

Hnh I.1.2: V tr cc im ly mu theo hai tiu

chun 4:2:2 v 4:2:0

i vi tiu chun 4:2:2 , trn mt dng tch cc:

im u ly mu ton b 3 tn hiu : tn hiu chi v hai tn hiu
hiu mu.
im tip theo ly mu tn hiu chi, khng ly mu hai tn hiu
hiu mu. Khi gii m, mu c ni suy t im nh trc.
Cu trc quincux mnh.
i vi cu trc quincux mnh, cc mu trn cc dng k nhau thuc mt
mnh xp thng hng theo chiu ng. Cc mu trn cc mnh khc nhau lch
nhau mt na chu k ly mu. Vi vic sp xp thng hng cc mu cho php gim
5

tn s ly mu theo dng ca mnh th nht. Song ph tn cu trc ca mnh th

hai c th b lng ph ca ph tn c bn, y l nguyn nhn gy mo chi tit nh.

Dng 1, mnh 1
Dng 1, mnh 2
Dng 2, mnh 1
Dng 2, mnh 2

Hnh I.1.3: Cu trc ly mu quincux mnh

Cu trc quincux dng.

i vi cu trc quincux dng, cc mu trn cc dng k nhau ca mt mnh

s lch nhau na chu k ly mu. Cc mu trn cc dng tng ng ca hai mnh
cng lch nhau na chu k ly mu .
Dng 1, mnh 1
Dng 1, mnh 2
Dng 2, mnh 1
Dng 2, mnh 2

Hnh I.1.4: Cu trc ly mu quincux dng

1.1.4.

La chn tn hiu s ho.

Khi s ho tn hiu truyn hnh, c hai phng thc:

Bin i trc tip tn hiu video mu tng hp (Composite Signal).
Phng php bin i ny cho ta dng s c tc bt thp. Song tn hiu
video s tng hp cn mang y cc khim khuyt ca tn hiu video tng t,
nht l hin tng can nhiu chi-mu.
Bin i ring cc tn hiu video thnh phn (Component Signal):
Cc tn hiu video thnh phn l cc tn hiu chi, hiu mu R-Y, hiu mu BY hoc cc tn hiu mu c bn : R,G,B c ng thi truyn theo thi gian hoc
ghp knh theo thi gian.
6

Phng php bin i tn hiu video thnh phn tuy cho tc dng bt ln
hn song khc phc c cc nhc im ca tn hiu s video tng hp. Mt
khc, bin i tn hiu video thnh phn khng cn ph thuc vo dng h truyn
hnh mu PAL, SECAM, NTSC nn to thun li cho vic trao i cc chng trnh
truyn hnh, tin ti xy dng mt chun chung v truyn hnh s cho ton th gii.
Bi vy, cc t chc truyn thanh, truyn hnh quc t u khuyn co s dng hnh
thc bin i ny.

1.2.

Qu trnh chuyn i cng ngh tng t-s.

Chng ta c gng chuyn i cng ngh t truyn hnh tng t sang truyn
hnh s, qu trnh chuyn i cng ngh da theo nguyn tc chuyn i tng phn
v xen k.
Cam
(analog)

Dng
(analog)

Analog

Studio
(analog)

Dng
(A/D)

B chuyn
i

Cam
(digital)

My thu
(analog)
Hp
Set_top

Dng
(digital)

My thu
(analog)
My thu
(digital)

Studio
(digital)

Dng
(D/A)

Digital

Pht

Hnh I.1. 5:

Thu

Qu trnh chuyn i cng ngh t truyn hnh tng t

sang truyn hnh s

Khi nim tng phn v xen k c hiu l s xut hin dn cc camera s

gn nh, cc studio s, cc phng phn phi pht sng s tin n mt dy truyn
sn xut hon ton s.
M hnh trn cng cho chng ta thy rng: n mt giai on no , s xut
hin tnh trng song song cng tn ti c hai h thng cng ngh. l thi k bt
u ra i my pht s ng thi cc my thu hon ton s v cc hp SETTOP l
cc hp chuyn i (t s sang tng t) dnh cho cc my thu thng thng hin
nay.
L do cho vic chuyn i tng phn v xen k l do chi ph ti chnh cng
nh phi bo m duy tr sn xut v pht sng thng xuyn.
7

2 Chng II : Tng quan v truyn hnh s

2.1.

c im ca pht thanh, truyn hnh s.

t b tc ng ca nhiu so vi truyn hnh tng t.

C kh nng nn ln hn vi cc tn hiu truyn hnh m thanh v hnh

nh.
C kh nng p dng k thut sa li.
Do ch truyn i cc gi tr 0 v 1 nn cc tn hiu m thanh, hnh nh,
tn hiu iu khin, d liu u c x l ging nhau.
C th kho m d dng.
i hi cng sut truyn dn thp hn.
Cc knh c th nh v tng i d dng.
Cc h thng iu ch c pht trin sao cho c kh nng chng c
hin tng bng hnh v sai pha.
Cht lng dch v gim nhanh khi my thu khng nm trong vng phc
v.
i hi tn s mi cho vic pht thanh, truyn hnh qung b.
Ngi xem phi mua my mi hoc s dng b chuyn i SETTOP.
Nhng s u t mi c yu cu v cc phng tin ti cc trm pht.

2.2.

S khi tng qut ca mt h thng pht thanh, truyn

hnh s .
S khi ca mt h thng pht thanh, truyn hnh s nh sau:

Tn hiu video , audio tng t c bin i thnh tn hiu s. Tn hiu ny

c tc bt rt ln nn cn phi qua b nn gim tc bt ca chng. Cc
lung tn hiu ny c a ti b ghp knh (MUX) ri a ti b iu ch v
pht i.
pha thu thc hin qu trnh ngc li, tn hiu thu s c gii iu ch v
a ti b phn knh (DEMUX). Tn hiu t b phn knh c gii nn sau
c chuyn i s _tng t.

Video

Video Subsys
Encode and
Comp

Data

Data Subsys
Encode and
Comp

Audio

MUX

Transport
Encode
(m chp,
m xon)

Channel
Coding

Modulation
Trasmitter

Transport
Decode

Channel
Decoding

Receiver

Audio Subsys
Encode and
Comp

Video Video Subsys

Decode and
Exp
Data

Data Subsys
Decode and
Exp

DE_
MUX

Audio Audio Subsys

Decode and
Exp

Hnh I.2.1: S khi h thng truyn hnh s

2.3.
Thu, pht v truyn dn tn hiu truyn hnh s.
2.3.1.
Truyn dn tn hiu truyn hnh s .
Vic s dng k thut s truyn tn hiu Video i hi phi xc nh tiu
chun s ca tn hiu truyn hnh, phng php truyn hnh c cht lng nh
thu khng km hn cht lng nh trong truyn hnh tng t.
C th s dng cc phng thc truyn dn sau cho tn hiu truyn hnh s:
Truyn qua cp ng trc:
truyn tn hiu video s c th s dng cp ng trc cao tn. Knh c th
c nhiu lm nh hng n cht lng truyn v sai s truyn. V d nhiu nhit.
Ngc li, nhiu tuyn tnh ca knh s khng xy ra trong trng hp
truyn s vi cc thng s ti hn.

 t c cht lng truyn hnh cao, cp c chiu di 2500km cn m

bo mc li trn on trung chuyn l 10 -11 10-10.
rng knh dng cho tn hiu video bng khong 3/5 tc bit ca tn
hiu. rng knh ph thuc vo phng php m ho v phng php ghp knh
theo thi gian cho cc tn hiu cn truyn v rng hn nhiu so vi rng knh
truyn tn hiu truyn hnh tng t.
Truyn tn hiu truyn hnh s bng cp quang.
Cp quang c nhiu u im trong vic truyn dn tn hiu s so vi
cp ng trc:

Bng tn rng cho php truyn cc tn hiu s c tc cao.

suy hao thp trn mt n v chiu di.
Suy gim gia cc si quang dn cao (80 dB).
Thi gian tr qua cp quang thp.

Mun truyn tn hiu video bng cp quang phi s dng m truyn thch
hp. pht hin c li truyn ngi ta s dng thm cc bit chn. M sa sai
thc t khng s dng trong cp quang v suy gim ng truyn < 20 dB, li
xut hin nh v c th b qua c.
Truyn tn hiu truyn hnh s qua v tinh:
Knh v tinh khc vi knh cp v knh pht sng trn mt t l c bng
tn rng v s hn ch cng sut pht. Khuch i cng sut ca cc Transponder
lm vic gn nh bo ha trong cc iu kin phi tuyn. Do s dng iu ch
QPSK l ti u.
Cc h thng truyn qua v tinh thng cng tc di tn s c Ghz.
VD: Bng Ku:
ng ln: 14 15GHz
ng xung: 11,7 12,5 GHz.
Pht sng truyn hnh s trn mt t :
H thng pht sng truyn hnh s mt t s dng phng php iu
ch COFDM (ghp knh theo tn s m trc giao). COFDM l h thng c kh
nng chng nhiu cao v c th thu c nhiu ng, cho php bo v pht sng
s trc nh hng ca can nhiu v cc knh ln cn.
H thng COFDM hot ng theo nguyn tc iu ch dng d liu bng
nhiu ti trc giao vi nhau. Do mi ti iu ch vi mt dng s liu, bao nhiu
ln iu ch th by nhiu ti.
Cc tn hiu s liu c iu ch M - QAM, c th dng 16 - QAM hoc 64
- QAM. Ph cc ti iu ch c dng sinx/x trc giao. C ngha cc ti k nhau c
gi tr cc i ti cc im 0 ca ti trc .
iu ch v gii iu ch cc ti thc hin nh b bin i Fourier nhanh
FFT di dng FFT 2K v FFT 8K. Vi loi vi mch trn c th thit k cho hot
10

ng ca 6785 ti. Cc hng RACE c thit b pht sng truyn hnh cho 896 ti,
hng NTL cho 2000 ti.

2.3.2.

Thu tn hiu truyn hnh s.

Qu trnh thu hnh l thc hin ngc li ca cng vic pht hnh. My thu
hnh s v my thu hnh tng t v mt nguyn l ch khc nhau phn trung tn
(IF), cn phn cao tn (RF) l hon ton ging nhau. S khc nhau ch yu t phn
trung tn n phn gii iu ch v x l tn hiu u ra. Nu my thu tng t s
dng cc b iu ch v gii iu ch tng t (AM, FM) th my thu s s dng
b gii iu ch s (PSK, QAM, OFDM hoc VSB). Phn x l tn hiu ca hai
loi my thu l hon ton khc nhau do bn cht khc nhau ca hai loi tn hiu s
v tng t.

2.3.2.1.

S khi thit b SET-TOP-BOX.

S lng my thu hnh tng t hin nay rt ln, vic pht chng trnh truyn
hnh s khng c lm nh hng n vic thu truyn hnh tng t bnh thng.
Truyn hnh s bao gm c hnh nh c phn gii cao (HDTV) ln phn gii
tiu chun (SDTV) v my thu hnh c th thu c chng trnh truyn hnh theo
nh dng ca mnh. V d khi pht mt chng trnh c cht lng HDTV v
SDTV , ngi xem c my thu hnh HDTV s thu c hnh nh c cht lng cao,
trong khi ngi xem ch c my thu hnh bnh thng vn c th xem c
chng trnh truyn hnh nhng c cht lng SDTV.
c th p ng c vic thu chng trnh truyn hnh s bng my thu
tng t, nhiu hng sn xut thit b m gi l SET-TOP-BOX trc khi i
n truyn hnh s hon ton.
S khi ca mt hp SETTOP nh sau:

QPSK

QAM

Decoder hnh
MPEG-2

B phn knh MPEG-2

OFDM

Decoder ting
MPEG-2

Processor

Cc khi iu khin

Hnh I.2.2 : S khi hp SETTOP

11

Video

Audio

Tn hiu trung tn t sau b trn c a n cc b gii iu ch tng ng

(COFDM, VSB i vi truyn hnh mt t ; QPSK i vi truyn hnh v tinh ;
QAM i vi truyn hnh cp). Sau chng c a ti b tch tn hiu
(Demultiplexer) MPEG-2 tch ring tn hiu hnh, ting v cc tn hiu b
xung. Trong mt knh truyn hnh thng thng c th truyn 4 n 5 knh truyn
hnh SDTV theo tiu chun MPEG-2. Tip theo, tn hiu c bin i trong cc b
x l c bit (b gii m MPEG , b bin i DAC...). Cc tn hiu u ra c
a n cc thit b tng ng.
Mt phn t quan trng ca SET-TOP-BOX l khi iu khin. Cng vi vic
s dng k thut s, s lng cc chng trnh truy nhp c th ln n vi trm.
Vic tm cc chng trnh m ngi xem quan tm khng phi l n gin. V th
trong tn hiu MPEG-2 c c thng tin b xung m t cc chng trnh truyn hnh.
Nhim v ca khi iu khin l hnh nh ho cc thng tin ny v cho bit h thu
bao c quyn thu chng trnh m h mun khng (cc chng trnh u c gi
m thu tin).
My thu hnh c ni vi trung tm pht hnh qua ng in thoi. Qua ,
ngi xem c th yu cu chng trnh cn xem (Video-on-Demand) hoc mua bn
qua truyn hnh, ng k v my bay, t vn v mt vn g ... chnh l
truyn hnh tng tc, c s tham gia tch cc ca ngi xem trong cc chng
trnh truyn hnh .

2.3.2.2.

Phn tch s khi chi tit my thu s ca h thng DSS

(Direct Satellite System-H thng truyn hnh v tinh).

S khi my thu truyn hnh s c th c ba loi gii iu ch cho ba mi

trng truyn lan tng ng (v tinh, cp, mt t) do cc mi trng truyn lan
khc nhau c nh dng khc nhau.
ng truyn cp s dng iu ch QAM nhiu trng thi (16, 32, 64
v c th 128, 256 trng thi).
Vic tng s trng thi s lm tng dung lng knh thng tin nhng ng
thi lm gim tnh chng nhiu ca tn hiu. Bng cch iu ch ny, dung lng
mt knh cp c di rng 8 MHz vi kh nng truyn dng d liu 38 40 Mb/s,
c th truyn c 6 chng trnh truyn hnh thng thng hoc hai chng trnh
HDTV.
ng truyn v tinh c c tnh phi tuyn do cu to ca cc b khuch
i trn cc Transponder v tinh c bo ho su. l l do cc ng truyn
v tinh s dng iu pha PSK . Di thng ca mi knh truyn hnh v tinh t nht
24 MHz rng c th truyn hai chng trnh truyn hnh cht lng studio
hoc 5 6 chng trnh c cht lng thp (h PAL).
Vic xc nh tiu chun truyn dn pht sng mt t c kh khn
nhiu v phi m bo tnh chng nhiu trong trng hp phn x sng in t t
cc vt cn khc nhau.
12

 M hin s dng tiu chun VSB. Loi iu ch ny c u im trong mt

knh 6 MHz NTSC c th pht sng mt chng trnh truyn hnh c phn gii
cao HDTV.
Chu u, sau nhiu nm nghin cu, ngi ta quyt nh s dng iu ch
COFDM cho c truyn thanh ln truyn hnh. Hai u im ln ca k thut iu
ch ny l : chng nhiu gy ra do truyn lan sng nhiu ng v c kh nng lp
mt mng my pht ch bi mt tn s (mt knh truyn hnh trn ton chu u).
c im ny rt quan trng i vi chu u l ni mng my pht kh dy
c, kh tm thy knh cn trng.
Sau y, ta tm hiu s khi chi tit my thu hnh s ca hng RCA (thuc
hng Thomson Consumer Electronic) phc v trong h thng DSS ca M.
DSS (Direct Satellite System) l h thng truyn hnh s v tinh thng mi
u tin M v cng l u tin trn th gii bt u hot ng t nm 1994.
Trong nm u tin k t ngy khai trng bn c trn mt triu t hp thu
cc chng trnh truyn hnh. T hp ny rt ging my thu v tinh thng thng ,
gm anten Parabol ng knh 45 cm v my thu ring (SET-TOP-BOX). Hin nay,
t hp c hai v tinh trn qu o, mi ci c 16 transponder cng sut 120 W v
rng knh 24 MHz. H thng c th truyn khong 150 chng trnh truyn
hnh vi gi thu bao 10 40 USD mi thng.
Trc tin, ta tm hiu h thng pht.
S khi phn pht:
Tt c cc tn hiu hnh, ting, s liu ca mi chng trnh c nn c lp.
Tn hiu hnh v ting c bin i ph hp vi tiu chun MPEG-2. Tt c tn
hiu sau nn c ghp thnh mt lung bt tn hiu . y s dng nguyn tc
Multiplex thng k c ngha tc bt ca cc chng trnh khc nhau l khc
nhau v ph thuc ni dung hnh nh trong cc chng trnh. Multiplexer tn dng
mt cch ti u dung lng truy nhp ca knh truyn, chia s tc bt ln hn
cho cc chng trnh c cc on nh yu cu tc bt ln (v d cc trn u
bng ) bng vic gim tc bt ca cc chng trnh khc t phc tp hn
cng thi im. Tn hiu s c t hp thnh cc gi tin c cc byte tin tc. Phn
header ca gi cho php nhn bit cc dng tin tc c truyn trong gi v
chng trnh c lin quan n n.

13

Coder
hnh

Tn hiu
ting

Coder
ting

S liu b
xung

Coder
s liu

Khi m

Multiplexer

Tn hiu
hnh

Bo him
li truyn

Coder
QPSK

Truy nhp c
iu kin

Tuyn cao
tn

Anten

Hnh I.2.3: S khi phn pht ca h thng DSS

Sau khi Multiplexer, tn hiu c chuyn n khi m. Khi ny c iu

khin bi h thng my tnh ct gi thng tin ca tt c thu bao. Tn hiu s b
xung cho php cc thu bao c quyn thu cc chng trnh c ci m.Vic ch
dn v chng trnh ang xem cng c ci trong tn hiu ny gip ngi xem c
th nh hng nhanh ni dung ca chng trnh do s lng chng trnh qu ln.
Sau khi m, mi on tin cng vi tiu c bo v bi 16 byte m ReedSalomon cho php sa 9 bt sai trong on. Tip theo, tn hiu s c iu ch
sng mang QPSK ri c chuyn ln di tn Ku v pht ln v tinh.
S khi my thu :
Tn hiu s pht t v tinh thu c bi anten parabol offset v khi thu hnh
s (khuch i v dch tn t Ku xung 950 - 1450 MHz c ngha l di trung tn
th nht). Tn hiu ny c truyn bng cp n my thu. So vi my thu hnh v
tinh tng t, cu to bn trong my thu hnh v tinh s hon ton khc v nguyn
tc. N bao gm b tuner, b gii iu ch QPSK, b gii m MPEG v khi u
ra. u ra my thu bao gm c tn hiu s ln tng t c th ni trc tip n
my thu hnh tng t.
B tuner hai cp: trung tn 1 v trung tn 2 (480 MHz). Sau khuch i v
lc, tn hiu c di tn 70 MHz. Vic x l tn hiu s c bt u t v tr ny.
Sau y l mt cch gii quyt k thut ca my thu dng IC ca hng VLSI
Technology Inc.

14

Khi u vo
VES4143X
VES5453X

DRAM
512K

DRAM

Demultiplexer
MPEG-2
VES2020

Decoder
MPEG-2

Coder
NTSC/PAL

Miroprocessor
iu khin
Cc khi
u ra
Cc phm
iu khin

Giao in
bn phm

u ra s
HDTV
m thanh
L, R

iu khin
xa

My thu
/k xa

Card thng
minh

u c
card

B iu
ch TV

Knh cao
tn 3/4

Y, C r,Cb
NTSC/PAL

UHF/VHF

Hnh I.2.4: S khi my thu (phn x l tn hiu)

Tn hiu t tuner c truyn n khi IC VES4143X trong c b gii

iu ch QPSK, khi tng hp s ng b tn hiu cng cc b lc tn hiu ra v
khi t ng iu chnh khuch i. Khi ny c th lm vic vi tc cc i 63
Mbit/s. Hng VLSI cng sn xut khi 4143 dng cho truyn hnh cp trong b
gii iu ch QPSK c thay bng b gii iu ch QAM. Tn hiu sau gii iu
ch c a n khi VESS5453X c nhim v loi b cc bit bo v tn hiu s
gc trc li truyn. Trong h thng DSS c hai mc bo v: mc u tin dng m
Reed - Solomon v mc th hai dng m chp. T khi VES5453X cng c th c
c li khi truyn cho php chnh anten thu. Tn hiu s sau khi c loi b m
bo v s n khi VES2020 trong c b phn knh (Demultiplexer) cc tn
hiu MPEG-2. Nhim v ca khi ny l tch lung tn hiu s chung trong cc
knh s liu ca chng trnh truyn hnh c yu cu (trong mt knh c th c
ng thi nhiu chng trnh truyn hnh). Khi VES2020 to li tn hiu ng h
ca tn hiu gc v iu khin b nh ng RAM c vai tr b m (buffer).

15

T b gii m MPEG -2 tn hiu c a n b DAC to li tn hiu tng

t. Sau n b Coder PAL/SECAM v b iu ch c th a n u vo
anten.
Cu trc bn trong my thu v b m h thng DSS phc tp hn rt nhiu so
vi tuner truyn hnh v tinh tng t. Tuy nhin thao tc my khng phc tp hn.
Tt c cc khi ca my thu c iu khin bi Microprocessor. Microprocessor
c lnh ca ngi xem t bn phm mt trc my hoc khi iu khin t xa.
Ngoi ra khi ny cn hin th ni dung thng tin c pht cng vi chng trnh
v phc v c vic c card thng minh. Trn card ny cha thng tin gii m
cc chng trnh truyn hnh. Gi tr card l c thi hn v ngi s dng ch gii
m c nhng chng trnh m h thu bao. Ngoi ra, trong my thu cn c
modem gip ngi s dng yu cu chng trnh cn xem v thanh ton cc
chng trnh truyn hnh tr tin (Pay Per Wiew).
Kt lun:
Nhng u im chnh ca my thu truyn hnh s l:
Cht lng hnh nh c ci thin ngay bn trong my v khng
c hin tng nhiu ln nhau gia cc khi nh trong h thng tng t.
My thu hnh s khng cn l mt cng c nghe nhn thng
thng m tr thnh mt mt xch quan trng trong c s h tng thng tin
multimedia (thng tin a phng tin) v cc chc nng v cng phong ph.
Gii php SET - TOP - BOX l gii php ti u cho giai on
chuyn tip t truyn hnh tng t sang truyn hnh s.
Tuy cu trc ca my thu hnh s phc tp nhng vi s pht trin ca cng
ngh in t hin nay v nhu cu i tr i vi n, gi my thu s r dn. V d
gi my thu RCA vo thi im u nm 1996 l t 500 n 900 USD v nay
gim nhiu v cc hng khc cng sn xut v cnh tranh gi. Gn y hng VLSI
trnh din mt chp n gm tt c cc khi ca my thu tr tuner, b nh
DRAM v b gii m PAL. D on rng gi my thu s gim xung cn 100
200 USD trong vi nm ti.

16

3 Chng III : mt s tiu chun truyn hnh

s hin nay trn th gii
Chun truyn dn truyn hnh s (DTV_ Digital television) s dng qu trnh
nn v x l s c kh nng truyn dn ng thi nhiu chng trnh TV trong
mt dng d liu, cung cp cht lng nh khi phc tu theo mc phc tp ca
my thu.
DTV l mt s thay i ng k trong nn cng nghip sn sut v qung b
cc sn phm truyn hnh. N mang li tnh mm do tuyt vi trong s dng do c
nhiu dng thc nh khc nhau trong nn s.
Hin nay trn th gii tn ti song song ba tiu chun truyn hnh s. l:
ATSC (Advance Television System Commitee) ca M.
DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) ca Chu u.
EDTV_II (Enhanced Definition Television) ca Nht.

3.1.
Chun ATSC
3.1.1.
c im chung
H thng ATSC c cu trc dng lp, tng thch vi m hnh OSI 7 lp ca
cc mng d liu. Mi lp ATSC c th tng thch vi cc ng dng khc cng
lp. ATSC s dng dng thc gi MPEG-2 cho c Video, Audio v d liu ph.
Cc n v d liu c di c nh ph hp vi sa li, ghp dng chng trnh,
chuyn mch, ng b, nng cao tnh linh hot v tng thch vi dng thc ATM.
Tc bt truyn ti 20 MHz cp cho mt knh n HDTV hoc mt knh
TV chun a chng trnh.
Chun ATSC cung cp cho c hai mc HDTV (phn gii cao) v SDTV
(truyn hnh tiu chun). c tnh truyn ti v nn d liu ca ATSC l theo
MPEG-2, s cp chi tit trong cc phn sau.
ATSC c mt s c im nh sau:

17

Tham s

c tnh

Video

Nhiu dng thc nh (nhiu phn gii khc nhau). Nn nh

theo MPEG-2 , t MP @ ML ti MP @ HL.

Audio

m thanh Surround ca h thng Dolby AC-3 .

D liu ph

Cho cc dch v m rng (v d hng dn chng trnh,

thng tin h thng, d liu truyn ti ti computer)

Truyn ti

Dng ng gi truyn ti a chng trnh. Th tc truyn ti

MPEG-2

Truyn dn RF

iu ch 8-VSB cho truyn dn truyn hnh s mt t

My thu

16-VSB cho phn phi mng cp khng tiu chun ho

Bng I.3.1: c im c bn ca ATSC

3.1.2.

Phng php iu ch VSB ca tiu chun ATSC

Phng php iu ch VSB bao gm hai loi chnh: Mt loi dnh cho pht
sng mt t (8 - VSB) v mt loi dnh cho truyn d liu qua cp tc cao (16 VSB). C hai u s dng m Reed - Solomon, tn hiu pilot v ng b tng on
d liu. Tc biu trng (Symbol Rate) cho c hai u bng 10,76Mb/s. VSB cho
pht sng mt t s dng m sa sai Trellis 3bit/Symbol. N c gii hn t s tn
hiu trn nhiu (SNR) l 14,9dB v tc d liu bng 19,3 Mb/s.
D liu c truyn theo tng khung d liu. Khung d liu bt u bng
on d liu ng b mnh u tin v ni tip bi 312 on d liu khc. Sau
n on d liu ng b mnh th 2 v 312 on d liu ca mnh sau.
828 biu trng
ng b mnh s 1

312 on d liu

D liu
46,8s
ng b mnh s 2

D liu

Hnh I.3.1: Khung d liu

VSB
77,7s

18

Mi on d liu bao gm 4 biu trng dnh cho ng b on d liu v

828 biu trng d liu.
Mt gi truyn ti MPEG - 2 cha 188 byte d liu v 20 byte tng suy
cho 298 byte. Vi t l m ho 2/3, u ra ca m sa sai ta c:
208 x 3/2 = 312 bytes
312 bytes x 8 bit = 2496 bit
Tm li mt on d liu cha 2496 bit.
Cc biu trng s c iu ch theo phng thc nn sng mang vi hu
ht di bin di. Tn hiu pilot c s dng phc hi sng mang ti u thu,
c cng thm ti v tr 350 KHz pha trn gii hn di di tn.

3.1.2.1.

My pht VSB.

S khi ca mt my pht theo phng thc iu ch VSB c dng nh

sau.
D liu

Ngu
nhin ho
d liu

M ho
Reed Solomon

Tro
d liu

M ho
Trellis

Anten

Phch
ln tn
s cao

iu ch
VSB

Gi tn
hiu pilot

Ghp
knh

ng b

Hnh I.3.2: S khi my pht VSB

Khi ngu nhin ho d liu c thc hin bng mch hoc tuyt i v
chui tn hiu gi ngu nhin c chiu di ti a l 16 bt. D liu qua khi ngu
nhin c ngu nhin ho k c vi d liu l hng s. Cc byte ng b on,
mnh d liu v khi byte tng suy ca m Reed - Solomon khng b ngu nhin
ho. Sau khi c ngu nhin ho, tn hiu c m ho bi m Reed - Solomon.
B tro d liu vi 87 on d liu tri d liu t u ra ca m trn mt khong
thi gian di hn tng kh nng chng li t bin. D liu cn c m ho
Trellis trc khi ghp knh vi tn hiu ng b.
Tn hiu ng b mnh c s dng vi 5 mc ch:
- Xc nh im bt u ca mi on d liu.
- c s dng nh tn hiu chun ti u thu.
- Xc nh ch lm vic ca mch lc tn hiu NTSC.
19

- c s dng nh tn hiu d on h thng

- Reset my thu.
Tn hiu pilot c gi c th ti to li sng ti u thu. D liu gc c
lc bi b lc phc to hai thnh phn tn hiu ng pha v trc pha. Hai thnh
phn ny c bin i sang dng tn hiu tng t v c iu ch vung gc,
to tn hiu trung tn VSB vi phn ln di bin tn di c loi b.
3.1.2.2.

My thu VSB.
Tn hiu
ng b

iu chnh
knh

Gii ngu
nhin

Tch sng
ng b

Lc
NTSC

Gii m
Reed-Solomon

Mch
sa

Gii tro
d liu

Rt
pha

Gii m
Trellis

Hnh I.3.3: S khi my thu VSB

Tn hiu sau khi i qua mch iu chnh knh, mch tch sng ng b c
a ti b lc NTSC. B lc NTSC c 7 im Zero trong bng tn 6 MHz. Trong
sng mang hnh trng vi im th 2, sng mang mu trng vi im th 6 v
sng mang ting trng vi im th 7. Mch lc NTSC lm gim can nhiu ca tn
hiu NTSC cng knh song mt khc cng lm gim cht lng hnh nh i vi
nhiu trng. V vy nu khng c can nhiu hoc can nhiu t mch t ng tt.

3.2.
Chun DVB
3.2.1.
c im chung
Chun DVB c s dng Chu u, truyn ti Video s MPEG-2 qua cp,
v tinh v pht truyn hnh mt t.
Chun DVB c mt s c im nh sau:
M ho Audio tiu chun MPEG-2 lp II .
M ho Video chun MP @ ML .
phn gii nh ti a 720 x 576 im nh.
D n DVB khng tiu chun ho dng thc HDTV nhng h thng truyn ti
chng trnh c kh nng vn dng vi d liu HDTV.
20

Tc dng truyn ti t 1,5 n 15 Mbps.

H thng truyn hnh c th cung cp cc c nh 4:3 ; 16: 9 v 20: 9
ti tc khung 50 MHz
Tiu chun pht truyn hnh s mt t dng phng php iu ch
COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing).
DVB gm mt lot cc tiu chun. Trong c bn l:
DVB - S: H thng truyn ti qua v tinh. B rng bng thng mi b
pht p t 11 n 12 G hz.
H thng DVB -S s dng phng php iu ch QPSK (Quadratue Phase Shift Keying), mi sng mang cho mt b pht p. Tc bit truyn ti ti a
khong 38,1Mbps
DVB -C: H thng cung cp tn hiu truyn hnh s qua mng cp, s
dng cc knh cp c dung lng t 7 n 8 MHz v phng php iu ch
64_QAM (64 Quadratue Amplitude Modulation). DVB-C c mc SNR (t s
Signal/noise) cao v iu bin k sinh (Intermodulation) thp.
Tc bit lp truyn ti MPEG - 2 ti a l 38,1 Mbps
DVB - T: H thng truyn hnh mt t vi cc knh 8MHz. Tc bit
ti a 24 Mbps. S dng phng php iu ch RF mi l COFDM

#2

#n

Ghp knh chng trnh

Chng
trnh #1

Ghp knh dng chng

trnh v dng truyn ti
Truyn ti a
chng trnh

M ho u
cui cp

iu ch
QAM

Mng cp

Truyn ti a
chng trnh

iu ch
QPSK

V tinh

M ho knh

Truyn ti a
chng trnh

M ho knh

iu ch
COFDM

Truy nhp
c iu kin

Hnh I.3.4: Cc dng thc truyn dn DVB in hnh

21

Truyn hnh
mt t

3.2.2.

Phng php iu ch COFDM trong tiu chun DVB

Li ch nht ca COFDM l ch dng d liu cn truyn ti c phn

phi cho nhiu sng mang ring bit. Mi sng mang c x l ti mt thi im
thch hp v c gi l mt COFDM Symbol.
Do s lng sng mang ln, mi sng mang li ch truyn ti mt phn ca
dng bt nn chu k ca mt biu trng kh ln so vi chu k ca mt bt thng tin.
Trn thc t chu k ca mt biu trng c th ln n 1 ms. Thit b u thu khng
ch gii m cc biu trng c truyn mt cch ring l m cn thu thp cc sng
phn x t mi hng do vy bin sng phn x t dng tn hiu c hi thnh
thng tin c ch gp phn lm tng lng biu trng nhn c ti u thu. Thi
gian thit b thu ch i trc khi x l tn hiu c gi l khong bo v Tg. Loi
tn hiu phn x c trng ca mng a tn l tn hiu ti t mt i pht ln cn
no pht cng biu trng COFDM. Tn hiu nay khng th phn bit c vi
tn hiu phn x truyn thng v v vy cng s c x l nh mi tn hiu phn
x khc nu chng ti my thu trong khong thi gian bo v Tg. Tg cng ln th
khong cch ti a gia cc my pht hnh cng ln. Tuy nhin v gc l thuyt
thng tin Tg c gi tr cng nh cng tt bi l Tg l khong thi gian khng c
s dng trong knh truyn nn Tg ln s lm gim dung lng ca knh.
Vi Tg = 200s, khong cch ti a gia cc my pht hnh c cng biu
trng bng:
D x C x Tg = 3 x 108m/s x 200 x 10-6s = 60km
Nu ton b chu k ca biu trng bng 1s th thi gian c ch trong mt
chu k bng:
1ms - 200s = 800s
Khong cch gia cc sng mang COFDM s bng:
f =

1
= 1,25kHz
800s

Trong mt knh thng thng (8 MHz) c th cha ti 6000 sng mang

truyn song song v mi sng mang truyn ti mt phn ca dng bt thng tin.
La chn v iu ch sng mang COFDM:
C nhiu thng s c la chn cho phng php iu ch COFDM
trong bao gm: s sng mang trong mt chu k biu trng, khong thi gian
bo v Tg, phng php iu ch i vi tng sng mang, phng thc ng b v
nhiu thng s khc.

22

Nu khong bo v Tg = 200 s, s sng mang trong mt knh bng 6000 v

COFDM c thc hin bng php bin i Fourier ri rc ngc IDFT bng chp
c kh nng tnh ton 213 = 8192 v l gi tr gn nht i vi con s 6000. S la
chn Tg = 200s ng ngha vi vic s dng b gii iu ch 8k ti thit b thu.
Song do chi ph cho cc b gii iu ch 8k cn ln nn phng n hp l hn l s
dng Tg = 50s, tng s sng mang bng 1500 knh trong 8 MHz. Vi phng n
ny ch cn s dng chp 2k thc hin php IDFT.
Cc sng mang ring bit c iu ch QPSK, 16-QAM hoc 6-QAM. Vic
la chn phng php iu ch s nh hng trc tip n dung lng ca knh
truyn cng nh kh nng i ph vi tp v can nhiu. T l m ho thch hp ca
m sa sai cng gp phn ci thin cht lng h thng.
T l m ho

QPSK

16-QAM

64-QAM

1/2
2/3
2/3
5/6
7/8

0,62 bit/s/Hz
0,83 bit/s/Hz
0,93 bit/s/Hz
1,04 bit/s/Hz
1,09 bit/s/Hz

1,24 bit/s/Hz
1,66 bit/s/Hz
1,87 bit/s/Hz
2,07 bit/s/Hz
2,18 bit/s/Hz

1,87 bit/s/Hz
2,49 bit/s/Hz
2,8 bit/s/Hz
3,11 bit/s/Hz
3,27 bit/s/Hz

Bng I.3.2: Hiu sut nn trong tiu chun DVB

23

PHn II: Nn tn hiu trong truyn hnh s

1 Chng I : Tng quan v nn
1.1.
Khi nim chung
1.1.1.
Mc ch ca nn
Vi cng ngh hin nay, cc thit b u c di thng nht nh.Cc dng s
tc cao yu cu di thng rt rng vt qu kh nng cho php ca thit b. Mt
cch s b, nn l qu trnh lm gim tc bit ca cc dng d liu tc cao m
vn m bo cht lng hnh nh hoc m thanh cn truyn ti.

1.1.2.

Bn cht ca nn

Khc vi ngun d liu mt chiu nh ngun m, c tuyn a chiu ca

ngun hnh nh cho thy: ngun nh cha nhiu s d tha hn cc ngun thng
tin khc. l:
S d tha v mt khng gian (spatial redundancy):
Cc im nh k nhau trong mt mnh c ni dung gn ging nhau.
S d tha v mt thi gian (temporal redundancy):
Cc im nh c cng v tr cc mnh k nhau rt ging nhau.
S d tha v mt cm nhn ca con ngi:
Mt ngi nhy cm hn vi cc thnh phn tn s thp v t nhy cm vi s
thay i nhanh, tn s cao.
Do vy, c th coi ngun hnh nh l ngun c nh (memory source).
Nn nh thc cht l qu trnh s dng cc php bin i loi b i cc s
d tha v loi b tnh c nh ca ngun d liu, to ra ngun d liu mi c lng
thng tin nh hn. ng thi s dng cc dng m ho c kh nng tn dng xc
sut xut hin ca cc mu sao cho s lng bt s dng m ho mt lng
thng tin nht nh l nh nht m vn m bo cht lng theo yu cu.
Nhn chung qu trnh nn v gii nn mt cch n gin nh sau:

24

D liu

M ho

Bin i

D liu nn

Qu trnh nn
D liu nn

Bin i
ngc

Gii m

D liu

Qu trnh gii nn

Hnh II.1.1: S khi qu trnh nn v gii nn

Bin i:
Mt s php bin i v k thut c s dng loi b tnh c nh ca
ngun d liu ban u, to ra mt ngun d liu mi tng ng cha lng
thng tin t hn. V d nh k thut to sai s d bo trong cng ngh DPCM hay
php bin i cosin ri rc ca cng ngh m ho chuyn i. Cc php bin i
phi c tnh thun nghch c th khi phc tn hiu ban u nh php bin i
ngc.
M ho:
Cc dng m ho c la chn sao cho c th tn dng c xc sut xut
hin ca mu. Thng thng s dng m RLC (run length coding: m ho lot di)
v m VLC (variable length coding): gn cho mu c xc sut xut hin cao t m
c di ngn sao cho cha ng mt khi lng thng tin nhiu nht vi s bit
truyn ti t nht m vn m bo cht lng yu cu.

1.1.3.

Phn loi nn:

Cc thut ton nn c th phn lm hai loi: Nn khng tn tht (lossless

compression) v nn c tn tht (lossy compression).
Thut ton nn khng tn tht khng lm suy gim, tn hao d liu.
Do vy, nh khi phc hon ton chnh xc vi nh ngun.
Cc thut ton nn c tn tht chp nhn loi b mt s thng tin
khng quan trng nh cc thng tin khng qu nhy cm vi cm nhn ca con
ngi t c hiu sut nn cao hn, Do vy, nh khi phc ch rt gn ch
khng phi l nh nguyn thy.

25

i vi nn c tn tht, cht lng nh l mi yu t v cng quan trng, Tu

theo yu cu ng dng m cc mc loi b khc nhau c s dng, cho mc
cht lng theo yu cu.

1.2.

Mt s dng m ho s dng trong cc cng ngh nn.

Cc dng m ho s dng trong cng ngh nn u tn dng c xc sut

xut hin mu nhm t c di m trung bnh (s bit trung bnh cn m
ho mt mu) l nh nht. Tuy nhin, di ny c mt gii hn di m khng
mt phng php m ho no c th cung cp di t m trung bnh nh hn.
l entropy ca ngun tn hiu.

1.2.1.

Khi nim entropy ca ngun tn hiu:

Khi nim entropy ca ngun tn hiu c s dng o lng thng tin

mt ngun tin cha ng.
Mt ngun tin c N mu {s1,s2,..,sN} vi xc sut xut hin cc mu tng
ng l {p(s1), p(s2),.., p(sN)}. Khi , entropy ca ngun tin c nh ngha nh
sau:
N

H = P ( S i ). log 2 P ( S i )
ii =1

V d mt ngun tin gm cc mu {1,0} vi:

+ xc sut xut hin mu 1 l 0,8.
+ xc sut xut hin mu 0 l 0,2.
Khi entropy ca ngun l:
H = - (0,8.log20,8 + 0,2.log20,2)
= 0,7219 bit
Entropy ca ngun tin quy nh gii hn di tc bit ti u ra b m
ho. Phng php m ho no c di m trung bnh (s bit trung bnh cn m
ho mt mu) cng gn gi tr H th phng php m ho cng hiu qu.

1.2.2.

M ho lot di RLC (run length coding):

Do c s lin h tng h gia cc im nh ln cn nn trong nh s thng

c cc chui im lp li, c bit d thy i vi nh nh phn. Khi , nu s
dng s m thay th dy cc im ging nhau, c th tit kim s bit cn
m ho. tng ny c pht trin trong mt dng m gi l m ho lot di
(RLC). Trong m ny im i din u tin c thay th bng mt biu trng v
xem nh im xut pht, cn di dy dng thay th lot di.
phn cch gia hai dy c 2 gii php nh sau:
Dng s chy di v m ngun nu m ngun khng phi l s hoc
mt biu trng c bit thay th m ngun l s.
Thit k t m cho mi lot di v kt hp m ngun.
26

V d: $$$$$$$**^^^^^^**$$$$$$$ m ho thnh: 7$2*6^2*7$

i vi nh nh phn ta thay m ngun {0,1} bi hai k hiu {w,b}.
V d 000001111111111111111100 m ho thnh: 5w17b2w.

1.2.3.

M di thay i VLC (variable length coding) (m

Huffman):

Trong cc cng ngh nn, m Huffman l dng m c s dng ph bin

nht. Bng m Huffman c th cho di m trung bnh m ho cho mt mu l
nh nht do tn dng xc sut xut sut hin ca cc mu trong ngun tn hiu.
Trong , mu c xc sut xut hin cao nht s c gn vi mt t m c di
ngn nht.
Mc d c di m thay i song m Huffman vn c kh nng gii m
ng do c thuc tnh tin t duy nht (khng c bt c t m no li l phn u
ca t m tip theo).
xy dng cy m Huffman gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Hai nt t do vi trng lng thp nht c nh v.
Bc 2: Nt cha cho hai nt ny c thit lp. N c trng lng
bng tng trng lng ca hai nt con.
Bc 3: Nt cha c lit k vo danh sch cc nt t do v hai nt
con c xo khi danh sch.
Bc 4: Mt trong hai nt con c k hiu nh ng dn t nt cha
v m ho bit 0. Nt cn li c thuc tnh thit lp l bt 1.
Cc bc c lp li cho n khi ch cn li mt nt t do. Nt ny
c nh du l gc ca cy.
Phng php m ho thng k Huffman s tr nn nng n khi s tin ca
ngun qu ln. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta dng mt bin php ph gim
nh cng vic m ho. Trc tin lit k cc tin ca ngun theo th t xc sut
gim dn, Sau ghp thnh tng nhm tin c tng xc sut gn bng nhau. Dng
mt m u m ho cc tin trong cng mt nhm. Sau xem cc nhm tin nh
mt khi tin v dng phng php Huffman m ho cc khi tin. T m cui
cng tng ng vi mi tin ca ngun gm hai phn: mt phn l m Huffman v
mt phn l m u.
Xt v d thit lp cy m Huffman cho mt ngun tin cha cc mu :
{s0, s1, ..,s7} vi xc sut xut hin ln lt l :
p(si) = {0,1;0,19;0,21;0,3;0,05;0,05;0,07;0,03}.
Cy m Huffman xy dng cho ngun tin ny nh sau:

27

Lit k
xc sut
1

P(s0)=0,1
P(s1)=0,19

1
1

P(s2)=0,21

0011
0,4
0,18

P(s5)=0,05

0,08
0

P(s6)=0,07

1
0,13

P(s4)=0,05

11

1
1,0

P(s3)=0,3

P(s7)=0,03

T m

Thit k m

10
01

0001
00101
0000

00100

Hnh II.1.2: V d v m Huffman

Mc d m Huffman hiu qu nhng chng ta phi hiu rng m ho

Huffman ch ti u khi bit trc xc sut ca m ngun v mi biu trng ca
m ngun c m ho bng mt s bit nguyn.
c bit m ho Huffman c pht trin cho nh s nhng p dng cho rt
nhiu loi nh, mi nh c xc sut xut hin biu trng ca ring n. Do m
Huffman khng phi l ti u cho bt c loi nh c bit no.

1.2.4.

M ho d on (Predictive coding):

Nh ni, ngun nh cha mt lng thng tin rt ln. Nu m ho trc tip

ngun tin ny theo PCM, tc dng bit thu c s rt cao. Mt khc, ngun nh
li cha ng s d tha v tnh c nh: gia cc im nh ln cn c mi quan
h tng h vi nhau.
M ho d on c xy dng da trn nguyn tc c bn nh sau:
Li dng mi quan h tng h ny, t gi tr cc im nh ln cn,
theo mt nguyn tc no c th to nn mt gi tr gn ging im nh hin
hnh. Gi tr ny c gi l gi tr d bo.
Loi b i tnh c nh ca ngun tn hiu bng mt b lc c bit
c p ng u ra l hiu gia tn hiu vo s(n) v gi tr d bo ca n.

28

 Thay v lng t ho trc tip cc mu im nh, m ho d on

lng t v m ho cc sai s d bo ti u ra b lc.
Sai s d bol s chnh lch gia gi tr d bo v gi tr thc ca mu
hin hnh. Do ngun sai s d bo(error prediction source) l ngun khng c
nh v cha ng lng thng tin thp, nn s bit cn m ho s gim i rt
nhiu.
Phng php to im nh da trn tng gi tr ca im d on v sai s d
bo gi l iu ch xung m vi sai (DPCM).

e(k)

i(k) +

e(k)

Lng t ho

_
+

i(k)
B d on

i(k)
+

Hnh II.1.3 a: B m ho DPCM

e(k)

i(k)
+

e(k)

B d on

i(k)

Hnh II.1.3b: B gii m DPCM

i(k): Mu im tun t.
e(k): Chnh lch d on (sai s d on).
e(k ) :Gi tr d on ca e(k) vi li lng t q(k).
M ho d on ng mt vai tr v cng quan trng trong cc chun nn nh:
MPEG, JPEG, JBIG nhm to mt hiu sut nn cao.

1.2.5.

M ho chuyn i (Transform coding)

Trong phng php m ho chuyn i, tnh c nh ca ngun tn hiu c

loi b i bng mt php bin i. Mt khi cc im nh c chuyn sang min
29

tn s theo mt ma trn bin i ph hp. T khi N gi tr mu im ln cn nhau

s={s(n),s(n+1),.., s(n-N+1)}, thu c khi N h s c= (c1, c2,.., cN).
Php bin i ny c tnh thun nghch, cc h s ny hon ton c th hi
phc thnh gi tr tn hiu ban u bng php chuyn i ngc.
So vi ngun gi tr thc ca im nh, ngun cc h s l khng c nh. Mt
khc, thng tin ca ngun nh tp trung phn ln cc thnh phn tn s thp, nn
trong khi cc h s, thng tin cng tp trung ti mt s t cc h s chuyn i ci.
Do vy s gim c lng bit nu m ho cc h s ny thay cho vic m ho trc
tip cc mu,
S lng bit m ho cn c th gim hn na nu li dng c im ca mt
ngi khng nhy cm vi sai s tn s cao. Bi vy,c th s dng bc lng
t th cho cc h s ng vi tn s cao m khng lm gim st cht lng nh
khi phc.
Hnh v sau y minh ho qu trnh m ho chuyn i cho nh s:

q
p

BPq

Bin i 2
chiu

Lng t, m
ho entropy

Hnh II.1.4a: Qu trnh m ho chuyn i hai chiu

q
Gii m
entropy

Bin i
ngc 2 chiu

BPq

Hnh II.1.4b: Qu trnh gii m chuyn i hai chiu

nh s c chia thnh cc khi c pq. Cc khi ny s c chuyn i

sang min tn s. Cc h s bin i s c lng t ho v m ho. Qu trnh
gii m s p dng php bin i ngc i vi cc h s hi phc nh ban u.

30

Trong m ho chuyn i, mt iu v cng quan trng l phi chn c

php bin i ph hp c kh nng gim ti a mi quan h tng h gia cc
im nh trong cng mt khi.
Bn thn php bin i trong m ho chuyn i khng nn d liu. Song
nu lng t ho cc h s, rt nhiu h s tn s cao s quy trn v gi tr 0. Vic
la chn bng lng t v s bit m ho cho cc h s cng rt quan trng do phn
ln hiu sut nn d liu tp trung trong qu trnh ny. Cui cng, m ho entropy
c chn gim ti a tc dng bt.
Php bin i tt nht, cho bnh phng sai s ca nh khi phc nh nht l
php bin i Karhumen_Loeve (KL) nhng php bin i ny khng ph hp cho
nhiu ng dng ca nh s. Do vy, trong nn nh s, s dng ph bin mt php
bin i khc gi l php bin i cosin ri rc (Discrete Cosine TransformDCT).
Bin i cosin 1 chiu (1D-DCT) dnh cho mt dy cc im nh.Vic
chuyn i mt khi nm im nh sang min tn s c thc hin bng chuyn
i DCT 2 chiu (2D-DCT).

31

3 Chng II : Mt s cng ngh nn Video

Hai cng ngh nn c s dng ph bin nht hin nay l: cng ngh nn
iu xung m vi sai (Differential pulse code modullation_DPCM) v m ho
chuyn i(Transform Coding_TC). Chng ng vai tr quan trng trong rt
nhiu tiu chun nn nh: JPEG, JBIG, MPEG.

2.1. Nn Video cng ngh : iu xung m vi sai-DPCM

(Differential Pulse Code Modulation).
y l mt phng php nn nh quan trng v hiu qu. Nguyn l c bn
ca n l: ch truyn ti tn hiu vi sai gia mu cho v tr d bo (c to ra t
cc mu trc ).
Hu ht cc cch thc nn nh u c s dng vng lp DPCM.

2.1.1. X l gii tng h trong cng ngh DPCM.

Cng ngh DPCM thc hin loi b tnh c nh v cc thng tin d tha ca
ngun tn hiu bng mt b lc c bit c p ng u ra l hiu s gia mu u
vo v gi tr d bo ca chnh n. Rt nhiu gi tr vi sai ny gn 0 nu cc im
nh bin i ng u. Cn vi nh c nhiu chi tit , gi tr sai s d bo c th
ln. Khi c th lng t ho chng bng bc lng t cao hn do c im ca
mt ngi khng nhy cm vi nhng chi tit c tng phn cao, thay i
nhanh. S gim tc bit y thu c t qu trnh lng t ho v m ho .
Hnh v sau y minh ho qu trnh lm suy gim entropy ca ngun tn
hiu:

32

a: bin cc im nh ban u

Bin
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

t
b: Chnh lch bin gia
cc im k cn

Vng nh
ng u

Vng nh
ng u

-255

Vng nh
nhiu chi tit

255
Sai s d bo
e = V-P

C: Bin i sai s d bo theo linh hot nh

Hnh II.2.1 : S gim entropy ca ngun tn hiu

2.1.2. K thut to d bo
Nh cp, nu trc tip lng t ho v m ho cc mu ca mt ngun
nh vi y thng tin d tha v quan h tng h gia cc im nh th hiu
sut nn s rt thp do lng thng tin ca ngun qu ln. Do vy trong cc cng
ngh nn, cn loi b i tnh c nh ca ngun tn hiu, tc thc hin gii tng
h (deccorelation) gia cc mu im ln cn nhau.
Trong cng ngh nn iu xung m vi sai DPCM, qu trnh gii tng h
c thc hin bng mt b lc c p ng u ra l hiu s gia cc mu im
lin tip u vo v mt gi tr d bo ca mu im to c da trn gi tr
cc mu ln cn theo mt qui lut nht nh.
Trong mc ny, chng ta xt cc lut to gi tr d bo cho mu im hin
hnh t cc im ln cn n.

33

2.1.2.1. Sai s d bo (Prediction error)_ Yu t nh gi cht lng

d bo.
B to d bo c nhim v to ra gi tr im tip theo t gi tr cc im
truyn ti trc c lu tr. Qu trnh to d bo cng tt th s sai khc gia
gi tr thc ca mu hin hnh v tr d bo cho n (gi l sai s d bo) cng nh.
Khi , tc dng bit cng c gim nhiu.
Chng ta cn phi phn bit gia sai s d bo v sai s lng t. Hai khi
nim ny c bn cht khc nhau:
Sai s d bo (prediction error) ch l s chnh lch gia gi tr d bo
v gi tr thc. N khng lm tn tht thng tin dn n suy gim cht lng nh.
Gi tr sai s ny quyt nh tc bit gim i nhiu hay t, tc nh hng n hiu
sut nn.
Sai s lng t (quantization error) l sai s c trng cho s tn tht
d liu dn n lm suy gim cht lng nh phc hi.
Chng ta c th quan st cht lng to d bo bng mn hin th tn hiu sai
s d bo. nh to c cng en tc gi tr tn hiu ny cng nh v vic to d
bo cng chnh xc.

2.1.2.2. To d bo cho nh truyn hnh_ Cc phng thc thc hin.

D bo cho nh truyn hnh c thc hin vi dng d liu nh n thun
(khng cha ng tn hiu m thanh). Phng php qut in hnh trong truyn
hnh l qut cch dng. Cc dng khng c qut lin tip nhau m chia lm hai
mnh: mnh chn cha thng tin ca dng chn, mnh l gm cc dng l xut
hin gia hai mnh chn lin tip nhau. Mt khung (frame) tng ng vi mt nh
s gm mt mnh chn v mt mnh l k nhau.
T phng php qut , c cc phng php to d bo nh sau:
To d bo trong mnh (Intrafield Prediction):
Ch s dng cc im thuc na nh (mt mnh) to d bo. D bo trong
mnh khng tn dng c quan h gia cc im nh ln cn nhau theo chiu
ng nn c th cho sai s d bo cao.
To d bo trong nh (Intraframe Prediction):
Vi s h tr ca mt b nh mnh, d bo trong nh s dng tt c cc im
thuc c hai mnh ca mt khung to d bo. Nh vy s li dng c quan h
tng h ca cc im ln cn theo c phng ngang v phng ng nn d bo
chnh xc hn, cho sai s d bo nh hn.
To d bo lin mnh (Interfield prediction):

34

Phng php to d bo ny s dng c khung hin hnh v khung tham chiu

khc. D bo lin mnh ch s dng mt mnh (chn hoc l) cc khung khc
nhau.
To d bo lin nh (Interframe prediction):
Phng php ny s dng c hai mnh cc nh k nhau.
Mnh trc

= im
c m ho

im t mnh trc

= im
s dng cho
d bo

Hnh II.2.2 : To d bo
a: D bo trong mnh (Intrafield)
c: D bo lin mnh (Interfield)

b: D bo trong nh (Intraframe)
d: D bo lin nh (Interframe)

Mnh
chn

Mnh l

Thi
gian

Khung
Thi
gian

35

2.1.2.3. To d bo Intra (Intra prediction)

i vi d bo intra, gi tr d bo ca im hin hnh s l tng gi tr cc
im ln cn a,b,c,d ca n theo mt trng s xc nh.
S (n) = ka.s(a) + kb.s(b) + kc.s(c) +kd.s(d)

Thng thng, ka + kb +kc + kc = 1 v gi tr im truyn ti thng khng

vt qu gi tr trung bnh xung quanh.
Nu ka= 1, kb= kc = kd = 0 ta c d bo mt chiu (1_D prediction). D bo
ny cho gi tr tt nu nh c ra theo chiu ngang. Nu nh c ra ng (theo chiu
ngang gi tr im nh bin i nhiu) th sai s to ra s ln.
Nh vy, 1_D prediction s cho sai s d bo nh nu ra nh ng chiu d
bo.
B to d bo hai chiu (2_D prediction) s dng tt c cc gi tr a,b,c,d theo
lut trng s ln nht tp trung cho im st bn tri im cn d bo. D bo 2_D
tt cho nh b mt (tc nh khng c s thay i theo ra). Nu nh c s thay i
r rt gi tr cc im nh theo mt ng ra nht nh th d bo 2_D li cho sai
s d bo ln hn khi s dng d bo 1_D c chiu ph hp.

Mnh l

Mnh chn

b
c

b
kb

kc

1/8

kd

1/4

d
1/8

1/2
ka

Hnh II.2.3: D bo trong mnh hai chiu n gin

Chnh v l do ny, trong nn nh s, c mt phng php to tr d bo s

dng kt hp tt c cc loi d bo intra gi l d bo thch nghi.
To d bo thch nghi (Adaptive prediction):
Trong phng php to d bo ny, tu thuc c im ca tng vng nh, s
c s la chn b to d bo ph hp. i vi vng nh c ra ng, s dng d
36

bo 1_D theo chiu ng, nu vng nh c ra ngang, dng d bo 1_D chiu

ngang. Cn vng nh b mt (s bin i gi tr im nh theo hai chiu l nh
nhau) th ph hp vi to d bo 2 chiu.
Lut to d bo ny thch nghi theo tn hiu nn cht lng d bo rt cao, sai
s d bo nh. Nu quan st nh to bi tn hiu sai s d bo thch nghi ta s thy
mc en ca nh rt cao hn khi s dng cc phng php to d bo ring r.
Sau y l minh ho cht lng cc phng php to d bo. nh quan st
c t ngun tn hiu sai s d bo cng en tc tn hiu sai s d bo cng nh
v qu trnh d bo cng chnh xc.
D bo thch nghi n gin nht l trong trng hp ch phi la chn gia hai
b to d bo mt chiu theo phng ngang v phng thng ng. Khi , mt
php so snh gi tr im nh theo hai phng c thc hin. Nu s bin i gi
tr nh ln cn theo chiu no ln hn, b to d bo theo chiu c s dng.

2.1.2.4. To d bo Inter
Vic to d bo s c cht lng cao hn nu s dng nhiu im nh c cng
to (x,y) trong mt chui nh lin tip nhau.
Trong d bo Inter cn c khi nim b chuyn ng. To d bo Inter c
b chuyn ng c s dng trong cc cng ngh nn nhm t c hiu sut
nn cao. Phng php to d bo ny s c cp chi tit khi ni v chun nn
MPEG.

2.1.2.5. S gim tc dng bit t vic to gi tr d bo.

Bng mt s php tnh ton chng ta c th thy c hiu sut ca cng ngh
DPCM so vi lng t v m ho trc tip bin cc im nh nh PCM tuyn
tnh.
Nu bin i PCM tuyn tnh cc im nh c trung bnh bnh phng sai
s lng t 2(q) chng ta cn mt dng s c tc :
1
2PCM
RPCM = ---- x10 x log ------ + C1
6
2(q)
Vi 2PCM: nng lng mt chiu tn hiu nh.
C1 : hng s ph thuc vo lng t ho v mt phn b.
Tng t, tc dng bit ca DPCM cng vi gi tr trung bnh bnh phng
sai s (MSE: mean square error) 2(q) cho php l:
1
2DPCM
RDPCM = ----- x10 x log ------ + C2
6
2(q)
Vi

2DPCM : nng lng mt chiu tn hiu sai s d bo.

37

C2

: hng s ph thuc qu trnh lng t ho cc bin vi sai.

1
2PCM
RPCM - RDPCM = ---- x10 x log --------- + C1 - C2
6
2DPCM
Trong cng ngh DPCM do s dng m ho entropy (m Huffman) nn gi
tr hng s C2 nh hn C1.
Nh vy:

Mt khc, nng lng tn hiu nh (2PCM) l rt ln hn nng lng tn hiu

vi sai (2DPCM) cho nn tc dng bt gim i nhiu nu s dng iu xung m vi
sai. l hiu sut nn ca cng ngh DPCM.

2.1.3. Lng t ho sai s d bo.

Gi tr bin vi sai ph thuc vo tnh cht nh. Trong vng nh thun
nht, gi tr ny thng nh. i vi cc ra nh v nh c nhiu chi tit, gi tr d
bo s km chnh xc i dn ti sai s d bo s ln ln. Do nhng c im ny,
nu s dng b lng t ho tuyn tnh vi mt bc lng t, s gy ra nhiu li:
Ti vng nh thun nht, gi tr d bo vi sai sp x bng 0. Bc lng
t ln gy ra nhiu ht.
Ti vng nh c ra hoc nhiu chi tit, bc tng phn gia cc
im nh cao dn ti mt gi tr sai s d bo ln lm qu ti thang lng t.
dc tn hiu gii m khng theo kp dc tn hiu thc t ti cc ra. Bi vy cc
nt nh khng r rng, nho nhot.
Tt c vn ny s gii quyt c nu s dng b lng t phi tuyn c
bc lng t ln dn theo ln mu a vo lng t. Mt khc s dng lng
t ho phi tuyn cn tn dng c c tnh ca mt ngi l km nhy cm vi
cc sai s ti vng nh c ra v nhiu chi tit. Do vy tit kim c s bit cn
dng m ho thng tin.
Bc lng t qa
nh_trn

Tn hiu u
vo s (n)
Tn hiu gii
m s1(n)

Bc lng t qa
ln_Nhiu ht

Hnh II.2.4 : nh hng ca lng t ho

38

2.1.4. Khi nim b chuyn ng (motion compensation) v vecto

chuyn ng (motion vector).
Trong dng tn hiu Video thng thng, cc khung lin nhau thng ging
nhau. Do vy trong d bo Interframe mt chiu (tc ly khung lin trc lm nh
d bo cho khung lin sau), gi tr d bo rt gn gi tr nh thc t dn ti sai s
d bo nh, tc dng bit d liu nh.
Khi c chuyn ng xy ra, cc im c cng v tr trong hai khung lin
nhau l rt khc bit. Do vy sai s d bo tng ln, tc bit tng ln v hiu sut
nn gim. Vi trng hp nh ng, nu chn nh d bo l khung lin trc s
khng hp l. to mt khung d bo ti u y ta phi s dng khi nim b
chuyn ng (motion compensation).
Do chuyn ng, s tng ng gi tr im nh ca hai khung k nhau s
gim nhng ni dung nh ch thay i theo nguyn tc: vt th xut hin
khung trc ch thay i v tr khung nh k sau. Nh vy c th ti to li s
tng ng gia hai khung nh bng php d bo hng chuyn ng ca vt th,
di chuyn vt th ti v tr mi. l khi nim b chuyn ng.
Qu trnh tm kim hng chuyn ng ca vt th gi l c lng chuyn
ng (motion estimation). Kt qu v s chuyn dch ca vt th theo hai hng
x,y c phn nh bng gi tr vecto gi l vecto chuyn ng (motion vector).
Khi c chuyn ng, nh d bo khng phi l nh k trc m l nh c
b chuyn ng.
Gi tr sai s d bo:
P = khung trc - khung hin hnh + vecto chuyn ng
Nn vn gi c gi tr rt nh.
Nu quan st sai s d bo, ta d thy c cht lng d bo c b chuyn
ng. nh to bi tn hiu sai s bin i c b chuyn ng en hn rt nhiu vi
trng hp d bo khng b chuyn ng.

2.1.5. c lng chuyn ng bng phng php tm kim khi

tng ng (Block matching).
C nhiu thut ton c lng chuyn ng nhng s dng ph bin nht
l block matching. K thut block matching d on chuyn ng ca mt
khi kch thc (nxm) im nh trong khung hnh hin ti bng s tng quan vi
cc im khung hnh trc v sau . Khi ny c so snh vi khi tng
ng bng cch tm kim trong vng kch thc (m+2p x n+2p) khung hnh trc
hoc sau nh minh ho di y:

39

Khi trc

Khi 8x8

Vng tm
kim

Khung trc (n)

Hng chuyn
ng

Khung hin
hnh

Khung hin hnh (n+1)

Hnh II.2.5 : Vecto chuyn ng gia hai khung k tip

Trong cc h thng trin khai MPEG in hnh, match block (hay cn gi
macroblock) l 16x16 im v thng s p =6.
C nhiu k thut block matching cho d on vecto chuyn ng c
pht trin v c gi tr trong khoa hc nh:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Gii thut tm kim vt cn.

Gii tht ba bc tm kim.
Gii thut tm kim logarit hai chiu.
Gii thut tm kim hai hng lin hp.
Gii thut tm kim mt chiu song song c th bc.
Gii thut kt cu phn tng, phn loi s khc nhau gia cc im nh.

Nhng k thut block matching cho d on chuyn ng tm kim vecto

chuyn ng bng gi tr hm nh nht. C nhng gi tr hm sau:
a) Hm gi tr chnh lch tuyt i (MAD: Mean-Absolute-Difference)
1
n/2
m/2
MAD(dx,dy) = ----- / F(i, j) - G(i+dx, j+dy)/
mn i = -n/2 j = -m/2
Trong :
F(i, j): i din Macroblock (mxn) t khung hnh hin ti.
G(i, j): i din cho Macroblock ging nhau t khung hnh tham
kho (qu kh hoc tng lai).
(dx,dy): i din cho vecto tm kim a phng.

40

i vi h thng MPEG in hnh, c m=n=16 v p=6 th hm MAD tr

thnh:
1
8
8
MAD(dx,dy) = ----- / F(i, j) - G(i+dx, j+dy)/
256 i = - 8 j = - 8
b) Gi tr chnh lch bnh phng (MSD: Mean squared difference)
c xc nh nh sau:
1
MSD(dx,dy) = ----mn

n/2

m/2

[ F(i, j) - G(i+ddx, J+dy)]2

i = - n/2 j = - m/2

c) Hm tng quan giao nhau (CCF).

i j F(i, j) x G(i+dx, j+dy)
CCF (dx,dy) = -----------------------------------------{i j F2(i, j) ij G2(i+dx, j+dy)}1/2
Trong , hm gi tr chnh lch tuyt i c xem nh ng c tt nht cho
cc ng dng ca Video v n d thc hin trong phn cng. Hm MSD v CCF c
hiu qu tuy nhin qu phc tp thc hin phn cng.
gim bt s tnh ton phc tp cc gi tr hm MAD, MSD, CCF th
Ghavani v Mills ngh tiu ch cho block matching n gin gi l: phn loi
s khc bit gia cc im nh (Pixel Difference Classification-PDC).
PDC(dx,dy) = T(dx,dy,i,j)
i j

Trong :
(dx,dy) = {-p,p}
T(dx,dy,i,j): l gi tr nh phn i din cho s khc nhau gia cc im
nh.
1 nu F(i,j) -G(i+dx,j-dy) t
T(dx,dy,i,j) =
0 trong cc trng hp cn li
Vi t l mt gi tr ngng xc nh trc.

2.1.6. H thng DPCM c b chuyn ng.

B to d bo bn thu c khi nh khung (frame memory or frame store)
lu tr d liu khung trc tnh ton o c chuyn ng bng cch so snh
41

gia khung c v khung mi. T to dng khung d bo c b chuyn ng

u ra b to d bo.
Vic thc hin o c chuyn ng bn pht cn c vo khung hin ti m
bn thu cha c, bi vy mt php o nh vy khng th ng thi tin hnh c
bn thu v bn pht mc d thng tin vecto chuyn ng l cn cho bn thu to
d bo. Cho nn thng tin v chuyn ng (cc vecto chuyn ng ca cc MB
(Macroblock)) c truyn ti bn thu nh mt knh ph.
H thng DPCM c b chuyn ng l h thng c b to d bo khng nhn
qu.

Video V +
vo

Lng t
ho

eq

M ho
entropy

+
P

B to d
bo

B m ho DPCM

Knh +

Knh

Gii m
entropy

eq

V= tn hiu u vo
e = V-P = sai s d bo
eq = sai s lng t
V= eq + P = tn hiu khi phc

u ra
gii m

+
P
B to d
bo

B gii m DPCM

Hnh II.2.9 : M ha / Gii m DPCM

2.2. Nn Video cng ngh: M ho chuyn i (TC_ Transform

Coding).
Cng ngh m ho chuyn i c mt vai tr v cng quan trng trong nn
nh truyn hnh. Nu cng ngh DPCM ch cho nh cht lng cao ti tc dng
bit cao th cng ngh nn m ho chuyn i transform coding c kh nng s
dng cng mt thut ton cho mt di tc bit v ch lm suy gim cht lng
nh phc hi ti tc dng bit v cng thp.
42

2.2.1. X l gii tng h trong cng ngh TC.

Trong khi cng ngh iu xung m vi sai DPCM x l tn hiu trong min
thi gian th cng ngh m ho chuyn i TC x l tn hiu trong min tn s.
Vic loi b tnh c nh ca ngun tn hiu c thc hin bng mt php
bin i c tnh thun nghch chuyn mt khi cc im nh trong min thi gian
thnh khi cc h s trong min tn s (mi h s i din cho mt tn s tn hiu
ca khi) bng php bin i thun v hi phc cc im nh t khi cc h s
bng php chuyn i nghch.
Php bin i ph hp nht cho nn tn hiu Video l php bin i cosin ri
rc (discrete cosine transform- DCT). Thay v lng t ho v m ha trc tip bin
im nh, ngi ta s lng t ho v m ho cc h s DCT.

2.2.2. Bin i cosin ri rc (Discrete cosine transform- DCT)

DCT l php bin i gi tr mt khi cc im nh thnh mt khi cc h s
trong min tn s.
Cng thc tnh ton cho DCT 2 chiu vi ma trn vung gi tr im NxN sinh
ra ma trn vung h s tun t nh sau:
N 1 N 1
1
(2 x + 1)u (2 y + 1)v
C (u ).C (v ) f ( x, y ) cos
cos 2 N

2
N
2N

u =0 v =0

F (u, v ) =
Trong :

F (u, v) = H s ca khi DCT NxN

f ( x, y ) = Gi tr mu ca khi NxN im nh
u = Tn s trc ngang 0 < u < 7)
v = Tn s trc ng 0 < v < 7)
1
nu u, v = 0
C (u ), C (v) =
2
C (u ), C (v) = 1
nu u, v = 1,2,..,7

DCT c mt tnh cht quan trng. l tnh bin i thun nghch. C ngha
l t khi cc h s , c th hi phc gi tr cc im nh ban u theo cng thc
chuyn i ngc nh sau:
f ( x, y ) =

1
2N

N 1

N 1

x =0

y =0

[(2 x + 1)u ]
(2 y + 1)v
C (u ).C ( v ).F (u , v ) cos
cos

2N
2N

Trong k thut nn nh s, kch c khi c chn l 8x8 v cc l do sau:

Th nht, vic nghin cu ch ra rng hm hip phng sai
(coverriance) suy gim rt nhanh khi khong cch pixel m hm hip phong
43

sai c nh ngha vt qu 8. V vy m phng php nn s dng vic loi b

cc thng tin d tha v khng gian khng cn quan tm n cc khi pixel ln
hn 8.
Th hai l tin li cho vic tnh ton v thit k mch cng.
Khi 8x8 sau c bin i ti vng tn s bng bin i 2_D DCT. u
ra b bin i s l 64 gi tr biu din cc h s ca cc thnh phn tn s trong
khi 8x8. Nh ni, hu ht cc thng tin v khi nm vng tn s thp v gi
tr cc h s tn s cao rt nh do gi tr cc pixel gn nhau thng ging nhau.
Nh vy, biu thc bin i DCT thun cho nn nh s nh sau:

C (u ).C ( v ) 7
F (u , v ) =

4
j =0

k =0

(2 j = 1)u
f (i , k ) cos
16

H s u tin c: u = v = 0.
Khi :
1 7
F (0,0) =
8 j =0

(2 k = 1)v
cos

16

f (i, k )

k =0

H s ny l 1/8 tng gi tr cc im nh trong khi, i din cho mc nng

lng trung bnh ca cc im nh. Gi l h s DC (tn s = 0).
Cc h s cn li, i din cho cc thnh phn tn s khng gian cao hn. Gi
l cc h s AC. S bin i (mc chch lch) gi tr bin cc im nh theo
hng no cng ln th cc h s AC theo hng cng cao.
Nu trong khi nh c s d tha khng gian ln th rt nhiu h s AC xp
x hoc bng 0.
Sau y l v d v php bin i DCT 1 chiu cho 8 gi tr tn hiu chi ca
dy 8 im nh lin tip nhau:
Trong :
b, c: Biu din gi tr trung bnh DC v s thay i mc chi ca cc
im nh.
d:
S bin i bin gia 8 im nh trong di tn t 0 Hz n
6,75 Hz
Php bin i DCT chia di ph ny ra lm 8 bng, s cho 8 h s xc nh
nng lng ph ca sng trong tng di bng tn ny.

44

8 im chi lin tip t mt dng

98 92 95 80 75 82 68 50

Mc DC
im chi

Bin
im chi

0 T0 2T0 3T0

Thi gian

a: Bin chi ca 8 im lin tip

S bin i
chi
ca im

b: Mc nng lng trung bnh ca khi 1x8

Nng lng

Thi gian

c: s bin i so vi mc trung bnh

Fs/2 Tn s

d: Ph ca khi 1x8 im chi

Nng lng

Nng lng

Thi gian

F0 2F0 3F0

Fs/2

Tn s

Tn s

591105 -18 28 -34 14 18 3

e: S chia bng tn ph chi

H s DC

H s AC

f: Khi 1x8 h s DCT

Hnh II.2.10 : Php bin i DCT mt chiu

Bin i DCT 2 chiu thc cht c xy dng t hai bin i DCT (1 chiu
theo chiu ngang v theo chiu thng ng).
Php bin i cosin ri rc hai chiu cho mt khi 8x8 im nh c minh
ho bng v d sau y:

45

Hng
u
tin

Khi 8x8 gi tr im nh
95
94
92
91
88
86
84
82

80
78
77
75
73
71
69
67

75
74
72
70
68
66
64
62

50
49
47
45
43
41
39
37

0 T0 2T0 3T0

Hng
cui
cng

50

T0 2T0 3T0

Thi gian

Bin
im

Thi gian

Bin
im chi

Ct
cui
cng

68
67
65
63
61
59
57
55

Chiu ng

Tn s
u
chiu ngang

Tn s

Nng lng

Thi gian
(Chiu ng)

Nng
lng

Thi gian
(Chiu ng)

98
Bin
im

82
81
79
77
75
73
71
69

92
91
89
87
85
83
81
79

Ct
u
tin

98
97
95
93
91
89
87
85

Bin
im chi

Khi 8x8 h s bin i DCT

Hnh II.2.11 : Bin i DCT 2 chiu khi 8x8 im nh

46

Trn thc t, php bin i DCT cho mt gi tr h s DC cao v cc ga tr

h s AC rt nh. Gi tr im _ im ca khi thay i theo hng no cng nhiu
th gi tr cc h s AC theo hng tng ng cng cao.
Bn thn DCT khng nn d liu , n khng lm gim tc bt . Bi vy,
nn d liu ngi ta phi lng t ho cc h s DCT theo mt bng trng s
nht nh sao cho s cc h s khc 0 ng vi lng thng tin trong mt khi l
nh nht. ng thi , cc h s DCT cng c qut theo mt cch c bit s
h s 0 i lin nhau nhiu nht nhm gim s bt cn dng cho m ho h s DCT.

2.2.3. Lng t ho cc h s DCT.

Qa trnh lng t ho v m ho cc h s DCT chnh l cc qu trnh lm
gim tc bt v bn thn php bin i DCT khng nn thng tin. y l khu
nhy cm nht trong mt h thng nn v n quyt nh trc tip cht lng nh
khi phc.

2.2.3.1. c tnh th gic ca mt ngi.

Mt ngi khng nhy cm vi cc thnh phn tn s cao tc l km pht hin
sai s ti nhng vng nh c nhiu chi tit, bin i nhanh. Hn na s phn gii
theo hng xin t nh hng ti cht lng nh hn cc hng ngang v thng
ng. iu ny c ngha rng, sai s lng t ca cc h s DCT khc nhau l
khng u. Sai s ca cc h s tn s cao cng nh h s theo ng cho t nh
hng hn ti cht lng nh khi phc.
minh ho iu ny ta xt v d sau y:
Trong bng h s DCT ca nh, lm nhiu i mi na nh gi tr ba h s:
Na bn tri lm sai khc ba h s C11, C12, C21 ca tn s thp.
Na bn phi lm sai khc ba h s C1010, C1011, C1110 ca tn s cao.
Th nhn thy rng: mc d mc nhiu l nh nhau cho c hai na nh song d
dng nhn thy li na bn tri hn (cht lng nh km hn).
iu ny cho thy hon ton c th s dng b lng t ho c bc lng t
th hn cho cc h s DCT tn s cao v theo hng cho.

2.2.3.2. Lng t ho ly mu tng vng (zonal sampling).

Phng php lng t ho cc h s DCT n gin nht l ly mu theo tng
vng (zonal sampling) theo nguyn tc nh sau: loi b mt phn h s tn s cao
m m ho phn cn li bng s lng bt c nh. C th hiu y nh mt b
lng t cha mt bc lng t duy nht. Mc d phng php ny n gin
nhng n c rt nhiu hn ch:

47

 Khng tn dng c c tnh th gic ca con ngi l khng nhy cm

vi tn s cao, cng nh khng tn dng c c tnh kh nhn bit sai s trong
vng nh c linh hot cao.
T m c di c nh khng cho s ti u trong vic gim tc bit.
c bit khi dng ng b lng t ho tuyn tnh. Mt t m s c truyn i
cho d gi tr h s lng t l 0. C rt nhiu h s DCT sau khi lng t tr v
gi tr 0 dn ti hiu sut nn rt thp.

2.2.3.3. Lng t ho c trng s.

y l phng php lng t ho ti u cho nn nh. Trong s dng b
lng t ho tuyn tnh c mt di cc bc lng t. Mi h s DCT khc nhau s
c lng t tuyn tnh theo bc lng t ph hp. Bc lng t ny c
quyt nh da trn nhiu yu t.
l:
Bng trng s HVS weighting table.
c tnh cm nhn ca mt ngi ch nhy cm vi tn s thp v hng
bin i dc, ngang m khng nhy cm vi tn s cao cng nh s thay i theo
hng cho, dn ti mc quan trng ca cc h s tu thuc vo v tr. Nhng h
s tn s cao v theo hng cho c th c lng t ho theo bc lng t th
hn.
iu ny c nghin cu v lit k trong mt bng trng s dnh cho
lng t ho gi l HVS weighting table. V d bng trng s c mc nh trong
tiu chun nn JPEG nh sau:
0
k

17 18 24 47 99 99 99 99

0
k

13 11 10 16 24 40 51 56

18 21 26 66 99 99 99 99

12 12 14 19 26 58 60 65

24 26 56 99 99 99 99 99

14 13 16 24 40 57 69 58

47 66 99 99 99 99 99 99

14 17 22 29 51 87 80 62

99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99

18 22 37 56 68 109 103 77

99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99

24 35 51 64 81 104 113 92

99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99

49 64 78 87 103 121 120 101

99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99

72 92 95 98 112 100 103 99

Bng trng s cho tn

hiu chi

Bng trng s cho tn

hiu mu

Bng II.2.12 :Trng s lng t ho ca chun

JPEG cho tn hiu chi v tn hiu mu
48

 Mc linh hot ca tng vng nh.

Nh ta bit, li m ho kh nhn bit hn trong vng nh c linh hot
cao nn ti y c th s dng bc lng t ln hn.
Ngi ta tin hnh phn on nh v o c mc linh hot M cho tng on.
T to ra mt tc nhn trng s ak (k =1, . . .,M) cho M mc. Tham s ak ny s
cng nh nu mc linh hot cng cao v ch c nh gi cho h s AC bi h s
DC cha nng lng trung bnh ca khi. Ch c cc h s AC xc nh tng
phn v bin thin gi tr cc im nh trong khi.
c tuyn ca b m d liu.
C th d dng nhn thy s bit truyn ti ca mi on nh tu thuc vo
ni dung ca on nh . V d: vi on nh c tng phn thp, s bit m
ho s thp v nng lng ca c on s tp trung ht vo h s DC. Vi vng nh
c hot tnh cao, ngoi h s DC cn c mt s cc h s AC cn m ho dn n
lm tng s bit. Trong khi , tc cc knh truyn ti lun l hng s, nn cc
bit m ho phi c a qua mt b nh m iu chnh tc bit u ra
khng thay i cho d c s bin thin ca tc bit u vo.
Dung lng ca b nh ny hn ch nn kh nng trn b nh l hon ton
c th xy ra khi tc bit u vo qu ln. trnh iu ny, cn c s iu
khin b nh m. Trng thi B ca b nh to ra mt tc nhn trng s f(B) tc
ng ln thang lng t. B cng ln (b m cng y) th trng s cng nh tc
bc lng t cng ln gim bt tc bit u vo.
F(B)

Trng s
Rng

Na

Mc

Hnh II.2.13 : c tuyn ca b m d liu:

khi b m y, ln bc lng t tng ln
49

Tng hp tt c cc tc nhn xt :
Trng s t bng HVS: wij
Trng s mc linh hot: ak
Trng s tnh trng b m: f(B).
Kt hp vi nhau tc ng ln thang ng t c bc lng t ph hp nht
cho cc h s DCT. Cht lng b lng t cng cao nu s kt hp ny cng
chnh xc. Khi , cht lng nh khi phc l tt nht trong khi vn t c tc
dng bit thp.
Thng thng, bc lng t thp cho h s DC v AC tn s thp, bc
lng t th dnh cho cc h s AC tn s cao.

2.2.4. Qut cc h s DCT.

Dng s l dng truyn ti cc bit ni tip theo thi gian. Do vy cn mt
qu trnh sp xp cc h s DCT lng t trong ma trn hai chiu thnh dy mt
chiu ni tip nhau. Qu trnh gi l qut h s DCT.
Theo nghin cu, c hai dng thc qut cho s h s 0 ng cnh nhau ln
nht, to thun li cho vic gim tc bit khi m ho. l qut zig_zag v
qut lun phin alternate.
DC

DC

AC

AC

Qut alternate

Qut Zigzag

Hnh II.2.14 : Qut cc h s DCT

2.2.5. M ho cc h s DCT.
Sau khi qut, cc h s DCT gm rt nhiu h s 0 i lin nhau nn c m
ho bng lot di RLC (run length coding) ri tip tc m ho bng m Huffman
VLC (varriable length coding) sao cho gim ti thiu c tc dng bit.
50

Vic m ho c qui nh bi cc bng m. ng vi mu u vo i chiu

theo bng m s cho t m u ra tng ng.

Hng

Gi tr h s

NA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
.....

0
-1
1
-3..-2
2..3
-7,-5,-5,-4
4,5,6,7
-15.......-8
8.....15
-36........-31
31.......36
-63.......-32
32.........63
-127......-68
68........127
-255.....-128
128.....255
...........

Bng II.2.2 : Gi tr h s AC v phn hng

7
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

T m cho tn hiu
mu
1111 110
1111 10
1111 0
1110
110
101
01
00
100
00
01
101
110
1110
1111 0
1111 10

T m cho tn hiu
chi
1111 1110
1111 110
1111 10
1111 0
1110
110
10
01
00
01
10
110
1110
1111 0
1111 10
1111 110

1111 110

1111 1110

Vi sai gi tr DC

Hng

-255......-128
-127......-64
-63......-32
-31......-16
-15......-8
-7......-4
-3......-2
-1
0
1
2......3
4......7
8......15
16......31
32......63
64......127
128......255

Bng II.2.3 : Bng m ho Huffman cho h s DC

51

Chui 0

Hng

di m

T m

00

0
0
0
0

2
3
4
5

2
3
4
5

01
100
1011
11010

0
0
...
1

6
7
...
1

6
7
...
4

111000
1111000
....
1100

1
1
1
....

2
3
4
....

6
7
9
....

111001
1111001
111110110
....

2
2
...
3

1
2
.....
1

5
8
....
6

11011
11111000
....
111010

3
...
4
5

2
....
1
1

9
...
9
7

111110111
....
111011
1111010

6
7
8
9

1
1
1
1

7
8
8
9

1111011
11111001
11111010
111111000

10
11
...

1
1
....

9
9
....

111111001
1111111010
....

1010

End
of Block

Bng II.2.4 : Bng m Huffman cho h s AC mc nh trong

tiu chun JPEG

Hnh v sau y minh ho qu trnh qut v m ho mt khi cc h s DCT :

52

Chui qut Zig_Zag

AC 07
DC AC 01
40 10 -2 2 -1 0

AC 70

AC 77

1
40
10
3
0
0
-2
+2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1

RLC
25
0 10
0 3
2 -2
0 2
7 -1
EOB

VLC
1110 11001
1011 1010
01 10
1111000 01
01 01
11111001 0
1010

EOB

1110 11001 1011 01 11 11111000 01 01 01 11111001 0 1010

Khi h s DCT sau khi m ho VLC c i din bi 48 bt

Hnh II.2.15 : Qut Zig_Zag v m ho Huffman

2.2.6. H thng nn Video cng ngh m ho chuyn i.

S khi h thng nn nh s dng cng ngh m ho chuyn i nh
sau:
Cc tn hiu chi Y v mu (CR, CB) c a vo b nh dng khi (block).
Mt Macroblock gm hai khi Y v hai khi tn hiu mu CR, CB. u ra b nh
dng khi, cc mu im s c sp xp thnh cc khi 8x8. Bn khi (hai khi Y
v hai khi mu CR, CB) to nn mt khi Macroblock (MB). Cc MB s c x l
lng t, m ho c lp vi nhau.
Cc MB im nh c chuyn i sang vng tn s bng b chuyn i
cosin ri rc DCT. Khi h s DCT c lng t ho v m ho theo m RLC v
VLC. B lng t ho s chu s tc ng ca 4 yu t sau:

Trng s ca bng HVS.

S phn loi nng lng khi.
Tn hiu iu khin chim c b nh.
Khi ID.
53

 cho bc lng t ph hp vi tng h s DCT.

Block ID (Identification Block) l cc khi im cho php tn hiu chi v mu
c lng t ho c lp vi nhau..
Do tc dng bit m ho thay i nn cn phi s dng mt b nh m
gi c nh tc dng bit u ra.

Khi 8x8 h
s DCT

Khi 8X8 gi tr
im nh

Khi h s DCT
lng t ho

98 92 95 80 75 -82 68 50

590 66 -18 26 -34 14 18 3

40 10 -2

97 91 94 79 74 62 67 49

35 0

95 89 94 77 72 79 65 47

-1 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0
-1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

93 87 90 75 70 77 63 45
91 85 88 73 68 75 61 43
89 83 88 71 66 73 59 41
87 81 84 69 64 71 57 39
65 79 83 67 62 69 55 37

0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 -1 0 0

0 0

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0 0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0

1110 110

0..3

01 11

2..2

11110010
010

EOB

La chn tc
bit u ra

Lng t
ho

Block ID

25

Bng m
Huffman

Phn loi
nng lng khi

DCT

VLC

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

Bng
trng s
HVS

Y nh dng
CB Block v
CR Macroblock

RLC

Zig_Zag

RLC

VLC

B m

iu khin chim c b m Tham s

qut

Hnh II.2.16: Nn nh theo cng ngh Transform Coding

S khi gii nn nh sau:

54

Lung
d
liu
ra

Bng trng
s HVS

Bng m
Huffman

VLC

RLC

Qut
Zig_Zag
ngc

Gii
lng t
ho

IDCT

Gii nh dng
Block v
Macroblock

Y
CB
CR

Gii m
DPCM h s
DC

Hnh II.2.17: Gii m DCT

2.3. S kt hp cc cng ngh nn.

Nu s dng mt cch tch bit, khng c cng ngh nn no c kh nng to
mt qu trnh nn c dng bit ra tc thp m vn m bo cht lng nh t
yu cu. Bi vy mi cch thc nn hin nay u l s kt hp chun xc gia cc
cng ngh nn. S kt hp ny sau c chun ho tr thnh cc tiu chun nn:
JPEG, JBIG, MPEG.
C th hiu mt cch n gin, kt hp cc cng ngh nn l to ra mt qu
trnh nn nhiu bc nhm t c hiu sut nn cao.
Tiu chun nn ph bin hin nay l MPEG,s dng kt hp hai cng ngh
nn: iu xung m vi sai DPCM v M ho chuyn i (Transform coding) .
S kt hp ny cn c gi l DPCM/DCT cn bng (hybrid DPCM/DCT).
S khi qu trnh nn nh sau:

55

Khung
sai s d
bo
Khung
Video
vo

Bin i
DCT

Lng t
ho

M ho
VLC

Ghp
knh

Gii
lng t
ho

Khung
d bo

Bin i
DCT
ngc

+
B chuyn
ng

Tr c
nh
c lng
chuyn ng

Vecto chuyn ng

VLC

Hnh II.2.18: M ho DCT d bo c b chuyn ng

(B m ho MPEG-2)
y chnh l s khi b m ho MPEG-2 .
Qu trnh nn nh sau:
nh truyn i c nh dng thnh cc khi 8x8 im nh. Cc khi
ny s c x l c lp vi nhau.
Trc tin s dng cng ngh DPCM lin nh (Interframe DPCM) c b
chuyn ng.
Nh trnh by , trong cng ngh ny thc hin cc qu trnh sau:
S dng k tht to d bo lin nh (Interprediction) c b chuyn
ng to c khung d bo rt tng ng vi khung hin hnh.
To sai s d bo l hiu gia khung hin hnh v khung d bo c
b chuyn ng ca n. Khung sai s d bo (Predetion error frame) c lng
thng tin rt thp.
56

 Khung sai s d bo s c chuyn sang min tn s bng php bin

i cosin ri rc, v tip tc c nn bng cng ngh m ho chuyn i
transform coding xt trong mc 2.2 v truyn sang pha thu.
Vecto chuyn ng kt qu ca qu trnh c lng chuyn ng s c
ghp knh vi thng tin gi sang bn thu phc v cho qu trnh to d bo c b
chuyn ng bn thu khi khi phc nh.
B cng 1: ly hiu gia khung d bo v khung hin hnh to khung
sai s d bo.
Do qu trnh c lng v b chuyn ng cng nh to d bo cho
khung (n+1) cn s dng khung (n) v chnh bn thn khung (n+1). Nn sai s d
bo ca khung (n) chuyn i DCT v lng t ho s c khi phc li bng
gii lng t v chuyn i DCT ngc ri cng vi d bo ca khung (n) bng b
cng 2.
Kt qu khung (n) c phc hi cng khung (n+1) a t u Video vo
c a ti b c lng chuyn ng so snh, tnh ton vecto chuyn ng
to khung d bo (n+1).
Ton b phn nm trong khi gch ri chnh l b to d bo (predictor)
ca cng ngh DPCM.
B m d liu u ra nhm iu chnh tc bit ra n nh d c s
bin thin tc u vo.

57

Chng III: Nn video theo chun MPEG

Cc cng ngh nn nh iu xung m vi sai -DPCM, M ho chuyn iTransform Coding v mt s cng ngh nn khc c kt hp vi nhau nhm to
mt cch thc nn nh c hiu sut cao, cht lng nh khi phc tt.
S kt hp ny c tiu chun ho trong cc tiu chun nn s dng hin nay
: JPEG, JBIG, MPEG.

3.1.

Khi qut v cc tiu chun nn

Ti sao cn phi c cc tiu chun nn ?

Cc t chc quc t tiu tn hng triu USD pht trin cc tiu chun
nn. Nh vy, c th thy, cc tiu chun nn l cn thit.
Hiu mt cch n gin, tiu chun nn cng nh ngn ng chnh thng ca
mt t nc. Quc gia c nhiu dn tc vi nhiu ngn ng khc nhau. Nhng
thun li cho giao tip, cn mt ngn ng chnh thng trn ton lnh th. Nh
vy, cha kho y l s d dng trong giao tip. Chng ta cn cc tiu chun
nn thun tin trao i gia cc h thng khc nhau.
Vy ti sao cn c nhiu tiu chun nn ?
Cu tr li tht n gin: Chng ta c nhiu ng dng i hi nhiu tiu
chun khc nhau. Khng c bt c mt tiu chun nn no c th p ng c tt
c cc yu cu ng dng .
Cc tiu chun nn gm hai mc: mc quc gia v mc quc t.
mc quc gia c: ANSI (American National Standard Institute)
AIIM (Association of Image and Information)
Ti Canada c t chc tiu chun ca Canada
(Canadian Standards Association and the Standards Council of Canada).
mc quc t c: ISO (International Standards Organization)
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
ITU (International Telecommunication Union, CCITT)
V mt s t chc khc.
Cc tiu chun nn vi ng dng ca chng c khi qut trong bng sau y:

58

Chun
CCITT
CCITT
JPEG
JBIG
CCITT
MPEG
MPEG
MPEG

T.4
T.6
H.261
- 1
- 2
- 4

Phm vi ng dng
Fax, nh d liu
Fax, nh d liu
nh.
Fax, nh d liu
in thoi hnh
nh, lu tr d liu s (DSM)
nh, HDTV, DSM
Truyn thanh thng thng, qung b, cm nhn
t xa

Bng II.3.1: Khi qut cc tiu chun nn

Trong s , c s dng ph bin v c phm vi ng dng rng ri l
MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group).
Chun nn MPEG: MPEG l mt chui cc chun bao gm: MPEG-1,
MPEG-2 v MPEG- 4. Trong MPEG-1 l c bn. MPEG-2 v MPEG- 4 l s
pht trin v m rng t MPEG-1.
MPEG-1 cn c gi l tiu chun ISO/IEC 11172 l chun nn
audio v video vi tc khong 1,5 Mb/s.
MPEG-2 nn tn hiu video v audio vi mt di tc bt t 1,5 ti
60 Mb/s.
Tiu chun ny cn c gi l chun quc t ISO/IEC 13818, l chun nn
nh ng v m thanh. N cung cp mt di cc ng dng nh: lu tr d liu s,
truyn hnh qung b v truyn thng.
MPEG- 4 l s hp nht cung cp cho rt nhiu ng dng truyn
thng, truy cp, iu khin d li m thanh s nh: in thoi hnh, thit b u
cui a phng tin (multimedia) , th in t v cm nhn t xa. MPEG- 4 cho
kh nng truy cp rng ri v hiu sut nn rt cao.

3.2.

Nn Video theo MPEG-1

Tiu chun MPEG-1 gm 4 phn:
Phn 1: H thng (ISO/IEC 11172-1)
Phn 2: Nn video (ISO/IEC 11172-2)
Phn 3: Nn Audio (ISO/IEC 11172-3)
Phn 4: Kim tra (ISO/IEC 11172- 4)

59

MPEG-1 nghin cu cch thc ghp ni mt hoc vi dng d liu cha thng
tin thi gian hnh thnh nn mt dng d liu. N cung cp qui tc c php ng
b ho qu trnh pht li cho mt di ng dng Video rng.
MPEG-1 coi nh chuyn ng nh dng thc d liu my tnh (gm cc im
nh). Cng nh cc d liu my tnh (nh v vn bn), nh video chuyn ng c
kh nng truyn v nhn bng my tnh v mng truyn thng. Chng cng c th
c lu tr trong cc thit b lu tr d liu s nh a CD, a Winchester v
quang.
MPEG-1 cung cp c cc ng dng i xng v khng i xng:
Trong ng dng khng i xng, nh ng c nn mt ln, sau
gii nn nhiu ln truy cp thng tin, v d tr chi games.
Trong ng dng i xng, qu trnh nn v gii nn phi cn bng
nhau. VD: in thoi hnh, th in t.
t c hiu sut nn cao m vn gi tt cht lng nh phc hi, chun
MPEG-1 s dng c cng ngh nn trong nh (Intraframe) v lin nh (Interframe)
loi b c c s d tha khng gian v thi gian.
Do MPEG-1 c pht trin cho lu tr d liu s nn i hi c s truy cp
ngu nhin (Random Access). Cch thc m ho tt nht cho truy cp ngu nhin
l m ho Intraframe n thun. Song do s d tha thng tin v thi gian cha
c loi b nn hiu sut nn rt thp. Do vy trong tiu chun nn MPEG-1, c
s cn bng gia nn trong nh (Intraframe) v nn lin nh (Interframe) bng cch
s dng cc cng ngh sau y:

B chuyn ng
D bo
Ni suy
Bin i cosine ri rc
Lng t ho
M ho di thay i (m Huffman-VLC)

Tc l c s kt kt hp hai cng ngh nn DPCM v Trasform Coding. Thut

ton nn MPEG-1 s dng b chuyn ng khi gim s d tha thi gian vi
vecto chuyn ng cho mi khi kch thc 16 x16 im nh.
B chuyn ng c s dng cho c d bo nhn qu v khng nhn qu
D bo nhn qu to d bo nh hin hnh t nh trc .
D bo khng nhn qu to d bo cho nh hin hnh da trn nh
trong qu kh v c tng lai.

60

Vng lp DPCM c s dng to khung sai s d bo. Sau ,cng ngh

m ho chuyn i chuyn khung sai s ny sang min tn s nn cc h s nh
lng t ho v m ho Huffman trc khi truyn ti hay lu tr.

3.2.1.

Cc thnh phn nh c bn trong chun nn MPEG

Cc tiu chun MPEG cu trc d liu dng lp. Bao gm cc thnh phn c
bn sau y:
Khi (Block): L n v c bn cho chuyn i DCT. Bao gm 8x8
im nh tn hiu chi hoc tn hiu mu.
Macro Block: L nhm cc khi DCT tng ng vi thng tin ca
mt ca s 16x16 im nh gc. C nhiu dng Macro Block khc nhau ph thuc
vo cu trc ly mu c s dng.
4:4:4 Macroblock

4:2:2 Macroblock
1

10

11

12

CB

CR

Y/G

CB/B

4:2:0 Macroblock
1

5
CB

CR/R

4:1:1 Macroblock
6

CR

3
Y

CB

CR

Hnh II.3.1 : Cu trc Macroblock ca cc dng ly mu

Phn u (header) ca Macroblock cha thng tin phn loi (Y hay Cb, CR)
v vector b chuyn ng tng ng.
Lt (slice): c cu thnh t mt hay mt s MB lin tip nhau.
Phn header ca slice cha thng tin v v tr ca n trong nh v tham s qut
lng t (quantized scaling factor). Kch c ca slice quyt nh bi mc bo v l
cn c trong ng dng v b gii m s b qua slice b li. H s mt chiu DC
c nh v ti im bt u mi slice.
nh: Lp nh cho bn thu bit v loi m ho khung I,P,B). Phn
header mang th t truyn ti ca khung bn thu hin th khung theo ng th
61

t, ngoi ra cn c mt s thng tin b sung nh thng tin ng b, phn gii v

vecto chuyn ng.
Nhm nh (group of picture): Gm cu trc cc nh I,B v P. Mi
nhm bt u bng nh I cung cp im vo ra v tm kim. Phn header cha 25
bit thi gian v ch iu khin cho VTR v thng tin thi gian.
Trong MPEG c cc cu trc nhm nh in hnh nh sau:

Khung
F1
CCIR_ 601
nguyn thu

Khung
nn

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

F8

F9

F10

Cu trc IBBPBBPBBI

Cu trc IB

Cu trc IBP

Cu trc IP

Hnh II.3.2 : Cc cu trc nhm nh trong tiu chun MPEG

Chui Video (Video Sequence): lp chui bao gm phn header,
mt hoc mt s nhm nh (Picture Group) v phn kt thc chui Sequence end
Code).

62

Thng tin quan trng nht ca phn header l kch thc (dc, ngang) ca
mi nh, tc bit, tc nh v dung lng i hi b m d liu bn thu.
Thng tin chui nh v phn header ca chui l dng bit m ho, cn gi l
dng video c bn.

Khi 8x8 im nh

4:2:0
2

CB

CR

4
Y

Slice
1

nh (Khung)

Nhm nh (GOP)

Hnh II.3.3 : Cu trc dng d liu video MPEG

63

Lp chui nh
(sequence
layer)

Lp nhm nh
(GOP layer)

Sequence
header

Sequence end code

Chui Video #1

Chui Video #2

Dng s cp
Chui Video #n

GOP header

GOP #p

GOP #p+1

GOP #p+2

GOP #p+3

GOP #p+4

GOP #p+5

Khung B

Khung P

Khung B

Khung I

Khung B

Frame header
Lp khung
(frame layer)

Khung I
Slice header

Lp lt
(slice layer)

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

Lp MB
(macrokblock c im MB Vecto chuyn ng Khi Y Khi Y Khi Y Khi Y Khi Cb KhiCR
layer)

Lp khi DCT
(block layer)

Cc h s DCT EOB

8x8 im chi
D liu khung CCIR_601

Hnh II.3.4: Cu trc lp d liu trong MPEG

3.2.2.

S phn loi nh MPEG

Tiu chun nn video MPEG nh ngha 3 loi nh: nh I, nh B v nh P.

3.2.2.1.

nh I: (Intra - Coded Picture)

Cc nh I c m ho theo mode Intra c th gii m m khng cn s

dng d liu t bt c mt nh no khc. c im ca phng php m ho ny
nh sau:
Ch loi b c s d tha khng gian.
64

 Dng cc im trong cng mt khung to d bo.

Khng c b chuyn ng.
Cc thng tin c m ho r rng, minh bch nn s lng bt yu
cu ln.
Do c m ho Intra, nh I bao gi cng l nh u tin trong mt nhm nh
hay mt chui nh. N cung cp thng tin khi ng cc nh tip theo trong nhm.

3.2.2.2.

nh P (Predictive Code Picture)

nh P c m ho lin nh mt chiu (Interframe mt chiu):

D bo Inter mt chiu.
nh d bo c to nh tham chiu trc (d bo nhn qu).
nh tham chiu ny c th l nh I hoc nh P gn nht.
C s dng b chuyn ng. Thng tin c lng chuyn ng ca
cc khi nm trong vecto chuyn ng (motion vecto). Vecto ny xc nh
Macroblock no c s dng t nh trc.
Do vy nh P bao gm c nhng MB m ho Inter (I - MB) l nhng
macroblock cha thng tin ly t nh tham chiu v nhng MB m ho Intra l
nhng MB ch thng tin khng th mn t nh trc.
nh P c th c s dng lm nh tham chiu to d bo cho nh sau.
3.2.2.3.

nh B (Bidirectionally Predicted Pictures)

nh B l nh m ho lin nh hai chiu.Tc l :

C s dng b chuyn ng.
D bo khng nhn qu, nh d bo gm cc macroblock ca c
khung hnh trc v sau .
Vic s dng thng tin ly t nh trong tng lai hon ton c th thc hin
c v ti thi im m ho th b m ho sn sng truy cp ti nh pha sau.
nh B khng c s dng lm nh tham chiu to d bo cho cc nh sau.

65

Khung d bo (P) = Khung trc

- Khung hin hnh
+ Vecto chuyn ng

Vng khng bao ph

Khung k trc (n)

Khung hin hnh (n+1)

D bo b chuyn ng nh P

V tr ni suy

ng di chuyn
ca vt th

Khung d bo (B) = Khung trc

- Khung sau
+ Vecto chuyn
ng hai chiu

Khung k
trc (n-1)

Khung hin
hnh (n)

Khung k sau
(n+1)

D bo b chuyn ng nh B

Hnh II.3.5 : Ni suy b chuyn ng

3.2.2.4.

Th t truyn dn v th t hin th nh.

Chui nh MPEG thng c cu trc IBBPBBPBBI nhng th t truyn dn

v th t hin th nh l khc nhau do khi to nh B cn thng tin t c khung qu
kh v tng lai.Nh vy c ngha, nh trong tng lai cn phi c truyn dn
trc. Trong khi , lc hin th phi theo ng th t ngun. thc hin iu
ny, lp nh (Picture layer) ca dng d liu MPEG c thng tin v s th t nh
tr gip hin th.

66

Th t khung gc

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

F8

F9

F10

Th t hin th

I1

B2

B3

P4

B5

B6

P7

B8

B9

I10

Th t truyn dn I1

P4

B3

P7

B5

B6

I10

B8

B9

[[[[[

B2

Hnh II.3.6:Th t truyn dn v th t hin th nh

3.2.3.

Tiu chun MPEG-1

MPEG-1 c phm vi ng dng rng ri cho dng thc CSIF (Common

Source Intermediate Format). CSIF l mt nh dng ngun d liu u vo ca cc
b nn v gii nn (codec) do CCITT qui nh ph hp vi hai dng qut TV
525/60 v 625/500. Dng thc ny gn vi cu trc ly mu 4:2:0 c qui nh
nh sau:

S im/dng tch cc
+ Chi Y
+ Mu Cb, CR)
Tn s ly mu (MHz)
+ Chi Y Chi Y
+ Mu (Cb, CR)
S dng tch cc
+ Chi Y
+ Mu (Cb,CR)
Tc khung (Hz)
T s nh
(Kch c nh)

CCIR - 601
525

CSIF- 525
4:2:0

CCIR - 601
625

CSIF - 625
4:2:0

720
360

352
176

720
360

352
176

13,5
6,75

6,75
3,38

13,5
6,75

6,75
3,38

480
480
30
4:3

240
120
30
4:3

576
576
25
4:3

288
144
25
4:3

Bng II.3.2: Dng thc nh c bn ca CSIF

67

Nh vy i vi MPEG-1, dng d liu truyn hnh chun theo CCIR- 601

phi c bin i sang dng CSIF bng mt b chuyn i (converter). iu ny
c thc hin bng cch s dng b lc dng (horizontal decimation filter) cho tn
hi chi mnh l v b lc dng v mnh cho tn hiu CR, CB mnh l. Qu trnh
gii m ti b thu phi d bo mnh chn t mnh l ni suy.
gim mc phc tp v gi thnh b gii m, trong MPEG 1 mt s
tham s c mc nh thnh hng s nh sau:
Tham s

Gi tr cc i

rng nh
Chiu cao nh
Tc nh
S lng MB (Macroblock)
Gii vevto chuyn ng
Kch thc b m u vo
Tc bit

768 im
576 dng
30 nh/s
396
64 im
327.680 bit
1,8 Mbps

Bng II.3.3: Cc tham s mc nh trong chun MPEG-1

C php dng bit gm 6 lp nh m t trong mc 3.2.1.

S dng c hai dng thc nn:
Nn Intra: bin i DCT, lng t ho, m ho VLC cho nh I.
Nn Inter: c lng chuyn ng, to d bo c b chuyn ng cho
nh B v nh P.
MPEG 1 c mt s tiu chun c bn nh sau:
Ch c mt cu trc ly mu 4:2:0.
Kch c nh ti a 720 pixel vi 576 dng s dng cc tham s
mc nh v c 4095 x 4095 dng tham s y .
chnh xc mu u vo 8 bit.
chnh xc lng t ho v DCT: 9 bit.
S dng lng t ho DPCM tuyn tnh cho h s DC.
Lng t thch nghi cho lp macroblock (16x16 im).
chnh xc cc i ca h s DC l 8 bit.
Ma trn lng t ch c th thay i lp chui.
S dng khung P v B.
chnh xc d bo chuyn ng l na im.
Tc bit ti a l 1,85 Mbps khi dng tham s mc nh cho nh
720x576 v 100 Mbps khi dng tham s y cho nh 4095 x 4095.

68

MPEG-1 cho php c s truy cp ngu nhin cc khung video, tm kim

nhanh thun ngc theo dng bit nn, pht li ngc dng video v kh nng
di b dng bit nn.

3.2.4.

H thng nn MPEG-1

S khi chi tit b codec (b m ho v gii m) trong chun MPEG-1 nh

sau:
B phn loi Inter/Intra cn c vo thng tin phn loi nh (I, P, B) s cho
tn hiu ra Inter/Intra xc nh nh c m ha theo mode Inter hay mode
Intra.Thng tin ny l tc nhn chuyn mch kch hot b to d bo tng ng.
Nu nh I (m ha Intra): s dng d bo Intra, ly MB ln cn trc
lm d bo cho MB hin hnh. MB ln cn ny c phc hi nh b gii lng
t v bin i DCT ngc (IDCT).
Nu nh B, P (m ha Inter): s dng b to d bo Inter c b
chuyn ng (khi
).
B to d bo ny hot ng nh sau:
Chuyn ng ca cc MB c tnh ton nh b c lng
chuyn ng theo cc thut ton Blocking Matching. Kt qu cho vecto chuyn
ng.

69

INTER/
INTRA

Thng tin v
loi nh(I,B,P)

B cm nhn
c tnh m
ho

B phn loi
Inter_Intra

M ho VLC
v ghp knh
Tham s
lng t

B nh m

Vecto
chuyn
ng

INTER/
INTRA

Dng
video vo

Lng t
ho

DCT

Tham s
lng t

INTER/
INTRA

Lng t
ho thch
nghi

Gii lng
t ho

Loi
nh(I,B,P)

ICDT

INTER/
INTRA

Loi nh

D bo c
b chuyn
ng

Lu tr nh
qu kh

Vecto
chuyn
ng

Write
Previous
Write
Future

c lng
chuyn
ng

Lu tr nh
tng lai

DCT: Bin i cosin ri rc

ICDT:Bin i cosin ri rc ngc

Hnh II.3.7 : S khi b m ho MPEG I

70

 Vecto chuyn ng ny c a n khi d bo c b chuyn

ng to gi tr d bo c b chuyn ng.
Do qu trnh c lng chuyn ng cn so snh gia khung
hin hnh vi khung qu kh (nh P) hoc vi c khung qu kh ln tng lai (nh
B) nn cn c hai b lu tr nh.
Sai s gia MB d bo v hin hnh c bin i DCT, lng t
ha, m ha VLC ri a ti b nh m. u ra b nh m l dng bit c
m ha v c tc n nh.
Tham s lng t, thng tin phn loi Inter/Intra v Vecto chuyn
ng s c ghp knh vi thng tin nh a ti bn thu phc v cho qu trnh to
d bo v gii m khi phc nh.
Loi nh
(I,B,P)

Dng
bt

B nh
m

Gii m v
tch knh

INTER/ INTRA

Gii lng
t ho

Dng
video ra

IDCT

Tham s lng t

Vecto
chuyn
ng

INTER/
INTRA

Lu tr nh
qu kh

D bo c
b chuyn
ng
Lu tr nh
tng lai

Loi nh
(I,B,P)
Vecto chuyn ng

Hnh II.3.8: S khi b gii m MPEG 1

Trong dng bit truyn i t bn pht s c thng tin nh gc cng nh cc
tham s quy nh bc lng t v vecto chuyn ng. Vecto chuyn ng ny
c bn thu s dng to d bo c b chuyn ng tng t nh pha pht.
Gi tr sai s d bo t bn thu sau khi gii lng t v bin i DCT ngc
c cng vi gi tr d bo. Kt qu thu c nh cn hi phc.

71

3.3.
Nn tn hiu video theo MPEG-2
3.3.1.
Tiu chun nn video MPEG-2
Tiu chun MPEG-2 cn c gi l ISO/IEC 13818 l s pht trin tip theo
ca MPEG-1 ng dng cho phn gii tiu chun ca truyn hnh do CCIR- 601
qui nh.
MPEG 2 gm 4 phn:
Phn 1: H thng (ISO/IEC 13818-1): xc nh cu trc ghp knh
audio, video v cung cp ng b thi gian thc.
Phn 2: Video (ISO/IEC 13828-2): xc nh nhng thnh phn m
ha i din cho d liu video v phn loi x l gii m khi phc li khung
hnh nh.
Phn 3: Audio (ISO/IEC 13818-3): m ha v gii m d liu m
thanh.
Phn 4: Biu din (ISO/IEC 13818-3): nh ngha qu trnh kim
tra cc yu cu ca MPEG-2 .
So vi MPEG-1, MPEG-2 c nhiu ci thin, v d v kch thc nh v
phn gii nh, tc bit ti a, tnh phc hi li, kh nng co gin dng bit. Kh
nng co gin dng bit ca MPEG-2 cho php kh nng gii m mt phn dng bit
m ha nhn c nh khi phc c cht lng tu thuc mc yu cu.
Sau y l mt s c im ch yu ca tiu chun ny :
H tr nhiu dng thc video, c bit l cc dng thc video phn
gii khng gian cao, dng thc video xen k ca truyn hnh.
C php dng bit MPEG-2 l s m rng ca dng bit MPEG-1.
Nn video MPEG-2 tng hp vi nn video MPEG-1. c th hin
qua 4 hnh thc tng hp.
Tng hp thun: b gii m MPEG-2 c kh nng gii m dng
bit (hoc mt phn dng bit MPEG-1).
Tng hp ngc: b gii m MPEG-1 c kh nng gii m
c mt phn dng bit MPEG-2.
Tng hp ln: b gii m phn gii cao c kh nng gii m
c dng bit ca b m ho c phn gii thp.
Tng hp xung: b gii m phn gii thp c th gii m
c mt phn dng bit ca b m ha phn gii cao.
MPEG-2 h tr kh nng co gin (scalability): co gin khng gian, co
gin SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), co gin phn chia s liu...
Ngoi ra cn c nhiu ci tin khc trong MPEG-2 bao gm:
72

 Cho php nhiu cu trc ly mu: 4:4:4, 4:2:2 v 4:2:0.

H s DC c m ha vi chnh xc c bit.
Bng lng t ring bit cho cc thnh phn chi v mu nn li
dng c c im ca mt ngi t nhy cm hn vi tn hiu mu.
Cho php c hai dng qut: qut xen k v qut lin tc.
C kh nng hi phc li.
C php y ca MPEG-2 c th hin qua cc tp con gi l
profile, ph hp vi cc lnh vc p dng. Mi profile li bao gm t 1 n 4 mc
hn ch v phn gii khng gian, tc bit.

3.3.2.

Cu trc dng bit video MPEG-2

Dng bit MPEG-2 v c bn tng hp vi MPEG-1, tc l cng gm cu

trc 6 lp nh trnh by trong mc 3.2.1
Tn gi v chc nng cc lp c lit k li nh sau:
Lp

Chc nng

Lp chui (Sequence Layer)

Lp nhm nh (GOP Layer)

n v ni dung
n v truy nhp ngu nhin dng
video m ha.
n v m ha c bn
n v ti ng b
n v b chuyn ng
n v chuyn i DCT

Lp nh (Picture Layer)
Lp lt (Slice Layer)
Lp Macro Block (MB Layer)
Lp khi (Block Layer)

Bng II.3.4: Dng lp ca c php dng bit MPEG-2

Lp chui l i din m ha cho mt chui nh (Video
Sequence).
Lp nhm nh cung cp im truy cp ngu nhin. nh bt u
ca chui bao gi cng l mt nh I. nh I ny cung cp im truy cp vo dng
bit m ha.
Lp lt c chc nng hi phc ng b. Khi dng bit c li, b
gii m c th b qua slice c li v bt u bng mt slice mi. Mi lt cha mt
hoc mt s MB.
Mi macro block (MB) l mt n v c c lng chuyn
ng v c vecto chuyn ng ring trong phn header ca n.
Lp khi l lp thp nht. Mi khi l mt n v DCT gm 64
h s (mt h s DC v 63 h s AC nh trnh by trong mc 2.2.2: php chuyn
i cosine ri rc) ca khi nh I hoc khi sai s d bo (nh P, B).

73

So vi MPEG-1, c php dng bit MPEG-2 c thm mt s chc nng m

rng. Do c 2 hng i trong dng bit MPEG-2 nh hnh vdi y: hoc theo
quy trnh MPEG-1 hoc theo cc chc nng m rng ring ca MPEG-2.

MPEG-1
ISO/IEC 11172-2
Sequence header
(u chui)

Dng bit
Extended Sequence
(chui m rng)

Hnh II.3.9: C php dng bt MPEG-2

3.3.3.

Kh nng co gin ca MPEG-2

Mt trong nhng c im quan trng nht ca MPEG-2 l s ph hp vi

nhiu ng dng video. C th s dng MPEG-2 cho phn phi truyn hnh tiu
chun (Standard Television), truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV: High Definition
Television) hoc cho truyn dn tn hiu truyn hnh thng qua cc mng truyn
thng.
Tnh co gin ca dng bt MPEG-2 l kh nng gii m c mt phn dng
bt MPEG-2 c lp vi phn cn li ca dng bt nhm khi phc video vi
cht lng hn ch ( hn ch phn gii khng gian, phn gii thi gian hoc
hn ch v SNR...). Da theo tnh co gin, dng bt c phn thnh hai hay nhiu
lp. Tp con nh nht ca c php dng bt c th gii m mt cch c lp c
gi l lp c bn. Cc lp cn li c gi l cc lp nng cao. C nhiu loi co
gin khc nhau nh:
Co gin khng gian: Dng bt gm hai hay nhiu lp video c
phn gii khng gian khc nhau.
Co gin SNR: dng bt gm hai hay nhiu lp video c cng
phn gii khng gian nhng t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR l khc nhau.
Co gin thi gian:dng bt gm hai hay nhiu lp video c cng
phn gii khng gian nhng c phn gii thi gian khc nhau.
Co gin phn chia s liu: dng bt video c chia lm hai phn :
phn u tin cao (lp c bn) gm cc h s DCT tn s thp, phn u tin thp
(lp nng cao) gm cc h s DCT tn s cao.
Co gin phn chia s liu chnh l mt dng c bn ca co gin tn
s.
Tiu chun MPEG-2 qui nh chnh thc hai loi co gin : co gin khng
gian v co gin SNR. Cc loi co gin khc ch mi dng d tho.
74

3.3.4.

MPEG-2: Profile v Level

Phm vi ng dng ca MPEG-2 rt rng. Mi ng dng i hi mc phc

tp khc nhau. Bi vy, MPEG-2 nh ngha cc mc (level) v cc tp con
(profile) ph hp cho tng lnh vc p dng. Profile xc nh c php dng bit v
level xc nh cc tham s hn ch phn gii khng gian, tc bit.
C 4 mc: low (thp), main (chnh), high-1440 (cao-1440) v high (cao).
Kch c nh quy nh bi 4 mc tng ng sau:
Level

C khung

Low

352x288 (bng 1/4 c nh TV chun)

Main

720x576 (c nh TV chun)

High-1440

1440x1152

High

960x576 hoc 1920x1152

Bng II.3.5 : Mc nh trong MPEG-2

C 5 profile l: Simple (n gin), Main (chnh), SNR scalable (co gin
SNR), Spatial scalable (c kh nng co gin khng gian) v High profile. Tng
cng c 12 t hp profile, level. Trong :
MP @ ML (Main profile @ Main level):
Ly mu 4:2:0
phn gii: 720*576
Tc bit: 15Mbps
Dng nh: I, P, B
ng dng vo vic s ha truyn hnh tiu chun (Standard television).
MP @ HL (Main profile @ High level):
Ly mu 4:2:0
phn gii: 1920x1152
Tc bit: 80Mbps
Dng nh s dng: I, P, B
ng dng vo HDTV (truyn hnh s c phn gii cao).
Sau ny c b sung 4:2:2P @ ML (4:2:2 profile @ Main level) p
dng vo lnh vc sn xut chng trnh truyn hnh (studio) v cc l do sau:
Cht lng cao: phn gii mu tt hn so vi MP @ ML (ly
mu 4:2:0), cht lng tng qut cao hn do s dng tc bit ln hn.
C kh nng sao chp nhiu ln m vn m bo cht lng y
nh video gc.
Tnh linh hot: nhm nh (GOP) ngn hn nn thun tin cho
vic dn dng, bin tp chng trnh truyn hnh.

75

 Tnh kinh t: gi thnh lu tr v truyn dn gim, c kh nng

tng hp gia cc thit b ca nhiu hng sn xut khc nhau.
Cc tham s c bn ca 4:2:2P v ML:
Cu trc ly mu: 4:2:2
phn gii nh: 720*576
Tc dng bit: 20Mbps
Dng nh s dng: I, P, B

3.4.
Ghp knh Audio_Video s theo tiu chun MPEG -2
3.4.1.
H thng truyn tn hiu MPEG-2
H thng MPEG-2 s dng cu trc d liu dng gi nh d liu ca cc
mng truyn thng. Cc gi d liu lun lun bao gm phn u Header) v
phn ti (Payload).
Phn header cha thng tin cn thit x l d liu phn payload
(v d nh thng tin phn loi nh trong phn header gi nh).
Kch thc phn payload c th c nh hoc thay i .

Payload

Packet payload

Packet header

Hnh II.3.10: Cu trc gi d liu

Trong tiu chun MPEG-2 , dng bt ti u ra b m ho Video/Audio c
gi l dng s cp ES (Elementary Stream) c n v truy cp l mt nh nu l
dng s cp Video v l mt khung audio trong dng Audio c bn.
Cc dng ES s c ng gi tr thnh Packetized Elementary Stream , gi
l cc gi PES. Cng nh mi dng gi thng tin khc, PES bao gm phn header
v phn payload. Phn payload ca PES c di thay i. Cc gi PES sau
c chia ra thnh cc gi nh hn c di c nh gi l gi truyn ti TSP
(Transport Stream Packet).
Mi loi gi cu trc nn mt dng dng d liu s dng cho nhng ng dng
khc nhau. Cc gi PES cu thnh dng chng trnh (Program Stream). Nu

76

chng c chia nh thnh cc gi TS (Transport Packet) th to thnh dng truyn

ti (Transport Stream).
pha pht thc hin ng gi v ghp knh. Cn bn thu s m gi v gii
m.

Audio, Video, Data

Lp nn
(Compress layer)

Lp h thng
(System layer)

nh dng ngun

Gii nh dng ngun

M ho nn

Gii m ho nn

B ng gi

B m gi

Ghp knh to
dng chng trnh

Ghp knh to dng

truyn ti

Phn knh dng

chng trnh

Phn knh dng

truyn ti

Hnh II.3.11 : H thng truyn ti MPEG-2

Lp h thng (System Layer) l phn m rng ca MPEG-2 so vi MPEG-1 .
MPEG-1 ch quy nh qu trnh nn, gii nn v ng b cho tn hiu video, audio
trong lp nn. Lp ny m t c php cc dng video v audio m ho. Mi dng
ny, mt cch c lp nhau, cu thnh cc dng c bn (Elementary Stream - ES).
MPEG-2 trong lp tng cng ca mnh l System Layer, xc nh c php
kt ni cc dng video , audio ring l thnh cc dng n cho lu tr (dng
chng trnh- Program Stream) hoc truyn dn (dng truyn ti - Transport
Stream) cng nh cc thng tin cn thit cho phn knh v ng b ti bn thu.
Cui lp h thng (System Layer), cc thng tin ng h tham chiu (System Clock
Reference- SCR) v tem thi gian trnh din (Presentation Time Stamp) c xen
vo dng bt.

3.4.2.

Dng d liu ng gi, dng chng trnh v dng truyn

ti

77

3.4.2.1.

Dng d liu ng gi (Packetized Elementary StreamPES)

Dng Video, Audio c bn qua b ng gi s c phn tch thnh cc gi

PES vi kch c bt k. Ni dung ca PES khi nguyn t d liu m thanh, hnh
nh MPEG-2 gc.
Cu trc gi PES trong tiu chun MPEG-2 nh sau:
8 byte
header

Gi c dung lng max l 8 K byte

D liu phn payload

SC

SI

S Byte
3
1
2
2

PL

BS

Mc ch
SC
SI
PL
BS

Bt u m
Xc nh dng
di gi
Dung lng b m

Hnh II.3.12 : Cu trc gi PES

Sau khi c ng gi, cc dng video, audio c bn (Elementary Stream) tr
thnh cc dng c ng gi PES (Packetized Elementary Stream).

3.4.2.2.

Dng chng trnh (Program Stream-PS) v dng truyn

ti (Transport Stream-TS)

Thng thng, c hai phng thc cung cp thng tin video ti ngi s dng:
t my pht VCR hoc t mng truyn hnh qung b thng qua cp, v tinh hay
truyn thng mt t. MPEG-2 nh ngha hai cng c cho hai cch thc truyn tn
hiu ny. l: dng chng trnh (Program Stream) cho lu tr d liu trn
cng hay a CD_ROM v dng truyn ti (Transport Stream) cho mng cung
cp tn hiu video thi gian thc.

78

Video M ho v
nn
Audio
M ho v
nn

ng gi

ng gi

Audio PES
Data PES

Video PES
Audio PES

ng gi

Gfp knh TS

iu khin nh dng
v b tr

ng gi

Dng
truyn ti
(transport
stream)

#1

#2
#n

Gfp knh

D liu

ng gi

Video PES

Gfp knh

Audio

M ho v
nn
M ho v
nn

Gfp knh

Video

Dng
chng
trnh
(Program
stream)
#1

#2

Hnh II.3.13 : nh dng dng chng trnh v dng

truyn ti t dng ng gi PES
Dng chng trnh:
Dng chng trnh bao gm cc gi PES c di thay i. Dng chng
trnh c cu thnh t s ghp ni cc dng video v audio ng gi (PES), c
thit k truyn trn cc knh tng i t b nhiu v d trong cc ng dng
CD_ROM bi v dng chng trnh c di gi thay i lm gim tnh chng
nhiu v bt c s tht thot cu trc d liu no cng gy ra nhng tc ng v
cng xu ti cht lng hnh nh v m thanh.
Dng truyn ti :
Nu chia cc gi PES c di khc nhau thnh cc gi TS c di khng
i (mi gi TS c bt u bng TS header) v truyn cc gi ny i, ta s c
dng truyn ti TS (Transport Stream).

79

Gi c di 188 Byte
4
Byte

184 Byte
S liu truyn ti

Phn header
ca gi truyn
ti TS

Phn header thch nghi c di

thay i

T ng
b
47H

S bt
1
1
1
13
2
2
4

Mc ch
C bo li truyn dn (error indicator )
Bt u gi PES ( Packet start indicator )
Ch nh u tin truyn dn
Ch mc gi PES ( Packet indentifier )
iu khin trn ( Scramb control )
iu khin trng thch nghi (Adaptation field
control )
Continuity indicator

Hnh II.3.14 : Cu trc gi truyn ti

( Transport stream packet _TS )
trong tiu chun MPEG-2
Cc gi TS c di khng i l 188 byte, trong c cha thng tin nh
thi, ng b cng nh cng c chun xc jitter m bo truyn dn xa.
Dng TS c kh nng chng li cao, c thit k truyn trn cc knh truyn
c nhiu nh: knh truyn hnh thng thng (thng qua trm mt t) cng nh
cc knh truyn hnh cp.
Mt trong nhng trng quan trng nht trong phn header gi TS l PID
(Packet Identifier) v PCR (Presentation Clock Refference). Tt c cc gi truyn
ti u c s PID, s dng xc nh cc gi truyn ti mang d liu ca cng
mt dng s cp, ng thi cng nh dng loi d liu c truyn ti trong phn
payload. Mt s gi tr PID c ngha c bit trong MPEG-2.

80

M t

Gi tr PID
0x 0000
0x 0001
0x0002 0x000F
0x0010 0x1FFE
0x 1FFF

Bng hip hi chng trnh

Bng truy cp c iu kin
Dnh ring
Dnh cho dng PES, bng
MAP, bng mng.
Gi rng

Bng II.3.6 : Cc gi tr ca s PID

V d: Cc gi truyn ti c s PID =0 mang d liu ca bng hip hi chng
trnh (Program Association Table). Bng ny thuc phn thng tin c t chng
trnh PSI (Program Specific Information) s cp chi tit trong cc phn sau.
Cc gi TS c s PID = 0x10, trong phn payload mang d liu audio ,video
ca cc dng s cp.
Tc dng truyn ti lun lun khng i nn cc gi rng c thm vo
duy tr tc bt n nh cho d tc cc dng s cp l thay i.
Trng PCR cha thng tin thi gian s dng cho ng h ng b 27_ MHz
trong b m ho v gii m.
Mt chng trnh bao gm mt hay nhiu dng s cp vi cng thng tin
tham chiu nh th. Ngha l mt b PCR cung cp thng tin nh th cho tt c
cc loi s liu : video, audio, s liu ph. Cc thng tin nh th ring cho tng
loi s liu nh audio, video, c suy ra t xung ng b ch.
Hnh di y m t qu trnh ghp knh Audio ,Video to thnh dng truyn
ti:

81

Dng s cp
Video

Chui Video # n-1

Chui Video # n

Chui Video # n+1

Dng s cp
Video
ng gi
Gi PES ( di thay i, ln hn 64 kbit )
Cc gi
truyn ti
Video
188 byte/gi
Dng s cp
Audio

Chui Audio # n-1

Dng s
cp Audio
ng gi

Chui Audio # n

Chui Audio # n+1

Gi PES ( di thay i, ln hn 64 kbit )

Cc gi
truyn ti
Audio 1
188 byte/gi
Dng
truyn ti
a chng
trnh

Video Audio1 Audio2 D liu Video

Audio

Video

Audio Video

Dng chng

Dng chng

Dng chng

trnh #1

trnh #2

trnh #3

Audio

Video

188 byte

Hnh II.3.15 : nh dng dng truyn ti MPEG-2

3.4.3.

Dng truyn ti MPEG-2

Dng truyn ti MPEG-2 vi di cc gi TS (Transport Stream Packet)

khng i c mt s u im ni bt nh sau:
Cp pht dung lng ng:
82

Cc gi TS vi di c nh to kh nng linh hot trong vic cp pht dung

lng knh gia cc s liu video, audio cng nh cc s liu ph.
Mi gi TS c nhn dng vi s PID (xem cu trc gi TS trong hnh
II.3.14) thuc TS header. Dung lng ton b ca knh cng c th c cp pht
li khi phn phi s liu. Kh nng ny c th c ng dng phn phi cc
kho m trong tng giy n ngi xem trong cc chng trnh truyn hnh c thu
tin.
Kh nng co gin:
Mt knh c di thng rng hn c th c khai thc ti a bng cch s
dng nhiu dng s cp ES ti u vo b ghp knh. Tnh cht ny rt c gi tr
khi phn phi trn mng cng nh cung cp kh nng lin vn hnh.
Kh nng m rng:
Cu trc dng truyn ti cho php m rng c kh nng phc v cc dch
v trong tng lai. Cc dng bt s cp mi c th c ghp thm vo dng truyn
ti m khng cn sa i cu to phn cng phi pht, ch cn gn thm cc PID
mi, kh nng tng hp ngc vn m bo. C ngha b gii m h thng hin
nay vn gii m c dng truyn ti tng lai nhng b qua cc gi tng ng cc
PID mi. Kh nng ny c ng dng a vo cc dng thc 1000 dng qut
lin tc hay (3D_HDTV) bng cch gi thm s liu theo tn hiu c bn.
Kh nng chng li v ng b:
Cc gi TS c di khng i to nn tng cho vic kim sot li gy ra bi
ng truyn v vic khi phc li ng b gia cc dng bt s cp video, audio
ang ghp knh chung (da vo thng tin trong phn header).

3.4.3.1.

Tnh linh hot ca dng truyn ti :

Dng truyn ti MPEG-2 rt linh hot, th hin di hai kha cnh sau:
Cc chng trnh c nh ngha nh bt k s kt hp no ca cc
dng bt s cp. Cc dng bt s cp c th xut hin trong mt hoc nhiu chng
trnh khc nhau. (V d: 2 dng bt video khc nhau c th cng kt hp vi mt
dng audio to hai chng trnh khc nhau). Cc chng trnh cng c th c
sa i ph hp vi mt s yu cu c bit.V d: cng mt chng trnh truyn
hnh nhng phn audio c thay i theo tng vng ngn ng khc nhau.
Nhiu chng trnh khc nhau c th ghp knh trong cng mt h
thng truyn ti. Ti pha thu (pha gii m) chng s c tch ra d dng.

83

3.4.3.2.

Kh nng lin vn hnh ca dng truyn ti :

Ti mc truyn ti, kh nng lin vn hnh ca dng bt truyn hnh l mt

c tnh quan trng ca h thng truyn hnh s. Hai lnh vc lin vn hnh cn
c quan tm l: dng truyn ti MPEG-2 c th c truyn trn tt c cc h
thng thng tin v h thng truyn ti MPEG-2 cng c th truyn cc dng bt
to ra bi cc h thng thng tin khc.
Mt cch tng qut, khng c g ngn tr vic truyn cc dng truyn ti
MPEG-2 trn cc h thng truyn dn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, trong mt s h thng
nh truyn hnh cp, DBS, ATV..., dng truyn ti MPEG-2 c truyn d dng
hn, thun tin hn so vi mt s h thng khc nh cc mng my tnh s dng
th tc FDDI, IEEE 802...
C th s dng dng truyn ti MPEG-2 truyn ni ni b trong studio
cng nh truyn ti cc thit b, cc h thng khc thng qua mt s phng php
nh sau:
Phng php truyn s liu ni tip SDI (Serial Digital Interface) theo
khuyn ngh 656.
Phng php truyn s liu ng gi ni tip SDDI (Serial Digital Data
Interconect).
Phng php truyn SDH/ SONET (Synchronous Digital Hierachy/
/Synchronous Optical Network).
Phng php truyn s liu gi ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).
Mt kha cnh lin vn hnh khc ca dng truyn ti truyn hnh l kh nng
truyn cc dng bt khng phi thuc truyn hnh trn cc h thng truyn hnh s
da theo tiu chun MPEG-2. iu ny thc hin c khi cc dng bt ny bao
gm cc gi truyn ti c kh nng nhn dng. Tuy nhin lp h thng MPEG-2
cng cn c s x l thm.

3.4.3.3.

S phn loi dng truyn ti _ Dng truyn ti a chng

trnh

H thng MPEG-2 phn loi hai dng dng truyn ti:

Dng truyn ti n chng trnh (Single Program Transport
Stream _SPTS):
Dng truyn ti ny gm cc dng PES tng ng vi cc dng s cp khc
nhau (audio, video, d liu) nhng c cng thi gian gc (thi gian nh thi).V d
ca SPTS l truyn dn mt b phim vi nhiu ngn ng khc nhau.

84

 Dng truyn ti a chng trnh (Multi Program Trasport Stream _MPTS):

Theo tiu chun MPEG-2, mt chng trnh l s kt hp ca mt s dng s
cp c cng thi gian gc. V d: mt dng s cp Video kt hp vi hai dng s
cp Audio v mt dng s cp d liu to thnh mt chng trnh truyn hnh vi
hai ngn ng khc nhau, dng d liu cha thng tin b tr.
C ngha l mt trng thi thit lp ca PCR cung cp thng tin nh thi cho
tt c cc loi d liu trong chng trnh. Cc thi gian nh thi ring l v d cho
audio hay video c suy ra t ng h ch.
Nu an xen cc gi TS ca hai hay nhiu chng trnh khc nhau s to ra
dng truyn ti a chng trnh (Multi Program Transport Stream) nh trong v d
sau y:

Audio 1

Video 2

PROGRAM 1
PROGRAM
2

Video 1

Dng truyn ti hai chng trnh_ Mi chng trnh c ng h ring

Hnh II.3.16:

Dng truyn ti a chng trnh

Dng truyn ti y c to ra do an xen cc gi TS ca hai chng trnh.

Chng trnh 1 gm hai dng s cp (mt video v mt audio). Chng trnh 2 ch
c dng s cp video . Mi chng trnh c ng h tham chiu 27 MHz ring.
Tc dng truyn ti bao gi cng c gi n nh cho d tc cc dng
s cp thay i. Cc gi d liu rng c s PID = 1FFF c thm vo nhm duy
tr n nh tc bt dng truyn ti a chng trnh.

85

3.4.3.4.

Thng tin c t
Specific_Information)

chng

trnh

PSI

(Program

Nh cp, mt dng truyn ti a chng trnh gm mt s cc chng

trnh, mi chng trnh li gm mt s dng s cp. Do , h thng cn theo di
tt c cc dng s liu khc nhau v cc PID lin h. Bi vy, bn cnh dng thng
tin audio v video, h thng truyn ti MPEG-2 cng mang thng tin iu khin v
qun l. Cc thng tin ny c s dng nhm cc dng audio v video ring r
trong mt chng trnh.
Tt c cc cu trc thng tin iu khin v qun l chng trnh c nhm
hp trong thng tin c t chng trnh Program specific information_PSI . V
c bn, PSI l mt tp hp cc bng kt ni vi nhau. Bao gm:
Program Association Table (PAT): Bng lin kt chng trnh.
Program Map Table (PMT): Bng bn chng trnh.
Network Information Table (NIT): Bng thng tin mng.
Conditional Access Table (CAT): Bng truy xut c iu kin.
Cc thng tin c t chng trnh PSI bao gm cc loi thng tin l : PAT,
PMT, NIT v CAT. Thng tin bng lin kt chng trnh PAT l im bt u ca
dng truyn ti a chng trnh v c tm th trong cc gi truyn ti c s PID
= 0.
Thng tin PAT bao gm s th t chng trnh v mt s PID tng ng vi
mi chng trnh. Gi tr PID ny xc nh cc gi truyn ti mang mt thng tin
c t khc l MAP (bng bn chng trnh).
V d trong hnh II.3.17 , bng PAT xc nh i vi chng trnh s 15 th
thng tin bn chng trnh (MAP) nm trong cc gi c s PID l 200.
Thng tin MAP c mt trng gi l PID_ s cp (elementary PID). Trng
ny xc nh s PID ca cc gi truyn ti mang d liu PES (packet elementary
stream) ca mt chng trnh xc nh. V d trong hnh II.3.17, gi PES video cho
chng trnh s 15 c tm thy trong cc gi truyn ti c s PID = 500. Cc gi
audio tng ng ca chng trnh ny nm trong cc gi truyn ti c s PID 510
v 520.

86

Bng thng tin mng NIT

Thng tin v mng
cung cp
Bng lin kt chng trnh PAT
(Thuc cc gi TS c s PID = 0 )
S th t
chng trnh
0
1
2
...
10
15

Bng truy xut c iu kin CAT

(Thuc cc gi truyn ti c s PID = 1 )

S PID
123
65
37
...
100
200

Thng tin iu
khin trn

Bng s chng trnh PMT

( cho chng trnh s 15 )
(Thuc cc gi truyn ti c s PID = 1 )
Dng PES
Video
PCR
Audio 1
Audio 2

Hnh II.3.17:

PID
500
500
510
520

Mi quan h gia cc bng PSI

Trng cn li trong thng tin BMT l trng c tnh dng (stream_type)

xc nh loi dng PES (video, audio hay d liu khc) ca gi truyn ti ng vi
gi tr trng PID_ s cp xc nh.
V d: Gi tr stream_type l: 0x01 xc nh dng video MPEG-1
0x02
s dng cho dng video MPEG-2
0x06 ch nh thng tin ring.
Thng tin MAP cn c mt trng gi l m phng dng (stream _
descriptor) c s dng mang thng tin b tr cho dng bt thuc chng trnh.
V d video descriptor (m phng video) cung cp thng tin v t s ly mu tn
hiu mu, profile @ level hoc tc khung s dng cho dng video s cp.
Trong bng PAT, chng trnh s 0 mang mt ngha c bit. Cc gi cha
s PID tng ng chng trnh s 0 trong bng PAT mang thng tin NIT (bng
87

thng tin mng). Thng tin NIT mang d liu v mng cung cp. MPEG-2 khng
xc nh ni dung bng thng tin mng. N thuc v nh phn phi mng.
Cu trc PSI cui cng l bng truy xut c iu kin CAT mang thng tin v
s PID ca cc gi truyn ti (TS) cha d liu v h thng trn, xen. Thng tin
CAT c truyn ti trong cc gi TS c s PID = 1.

3.4.4.

nh thi v ng b s dng dng truyn ti MPEG-2

Trong h thng MPEG-2, vic nh thi h tr gii m cng nh kim tra

ng b thu pht (Encoder _ to _ Decoder) c thc hin nh ba dng thng tin
gi l tem thi gian (Time Stamp). l:
Tem thi gian m ho DTS (Decode Time Stamp).
Tem thi gian trnh din PTS (Presentation Time Stamp).
Tem thi gian tham chiu chng trnh PCS (Program Clock
Reference)
Trong qu trnh gii m, b gii m MPEG-2 tp hp cc gi truyn ti c
cng s PID v khi phc li cc n v truy cp. Ti im ny, c th cha phi
thi im gii m cc d liu audio v video nhn c, bi v nh ta bit: th t
truyn dn nh khc vi th t hin th nh (v d: nhm nh c truyn dn theo
th t IPBB s c th t hin th l IBBP).
h tr cho vic gii m, MPEG-2 s dng hai dng tem thi gian PTS v
DTS. Cc thng tin ny nm trong phn header ca gi PES (Packetized
Elementary Stream). Chng xc nh khi no d liu c gii m v trnh din.
DTS ch c s dng nu thi gian gii m n v truy cp khc so vi thi gian
trnh din. DTS khng kt hp vi cc nh B bi v cc nh d bo hai chiu ny
lun c hin th ngay khi bn thu nhn c d liu nh.
kim tra ng b gia thu v pht (kim tra tnh ng b gia ng h b
gii m v ng h s dng cho b m ho v ghp knh), MPEG-2 s dng tem
thi gian PCR c truyn i mt cch tun hon.
CCIR_601 qui nh tn s ly mu tn hiu chi l 13,5 MHz v 6,75MHz cho
hai tn hiu hiu mu vi cu trc ly mu 4:2:2. Nn ng h 27 MHz l ng h
tham chiu cho ton b h thng MPEG-2 .
Thng tin PCR c truyn ti trong hai phn thuc trng thch nghi
(Adaption_ Field) thuc phn header ca gi truyn ti TS (Transport Packet
Header). Hai phn ny c gi l: tham chiu ng h c bn (Program_
Clock_ Reference _ Base) v tham chiu ng h chng trnh m rng
(Program_Clock_Reference_Extention).

88

90 KHz

27 MHz

Program_clock_reference_base

Program_clock_reference_extention

33 Bt

9 Bt

Hnh II.3.18 : thng tin ng h h thng PCR

Hai phn ny tng ng vi hai b m lm vic vi tn s 90 KHz v 27
MHz. Khi dung lng b m 27 MHz t ti gi tri 300 th n Reset v 0 v dung
lng b m 90KHz tng ln 1.
L do ca vic chia i thng tin PCR l do thi gian gc ca dng d liu
MPEG-1 ch l 90 KHz . 27 MHz l phn m rng tng ng ng i th hai
trong hnh II.3.9.
Thng tin PCR c di 33 bt cho phn c bn v 9 bt cho phn m rng to
ra b m 42 bt p ng cho dng d liu chng trnh ko di 24 ting.
MPEG-2 quy nh thng tin PCR c truyn t nht 10 ln/s. Ni dung thng
tin PCR cha gi tr ng h chnh xc ca bn pht. Vi quy c thi gian tr
truyn dn l khng thay i, bn thu so snh gi tr PCR nhn c vi gi tr
ng h 27 MHz a phng ca n. Nu c sai s, sai s ny s c s dng
iu chnh ng h thu ng b theo ng h pht. Qu trnh iu khin ny c
thc hin bng phn mm iu khin PLL.
Hnh v sau y minh ha qu trnh ng b ha thu-pht trong tiu chun
MPEG-2 :

89

27 MHz
chun

Dng Video
R_601

nh dng dng
truyn ti

M ho Video

PCR = X +
thi gian ca n
bt

PCR = X
ng n bt

Gi 188 byte
B gii m
dng truyn ti

PCR
c
truyn ti

So snh

Lc thng
thp

PCR a
phng
B thu
ng h
chun
ng h 27 MHz

Hnh II.3.19 :

S ng b ho thu pht

90

27 MHz
VCO

4 Chng IV: Nn tn hiu audio

Tn hiu audio s PCM c s dng trong TV, truyn thng a phng tin
cng nh trong nhiu ng dng khc. Cc dng s ny c tc bt rt cao. V d
khi m thanh c ly mu vi tn s 48 KHz v phn gii l 16 bt th dng s
to ra s c tc 1,54 Mbps. Mt h thng m thanh surround cung cp dng s
c tc ln ti 4,5 Mbps. Bi vy, yu cu phi c mt phng php nn hiu qu
cho lu tr d liu thi gian di cng nh khi phn phi d liu qua cc knh c b
rng di thng hp.
Vic nn audio hin nay c t hp trong cc ng dng a phng tin trn
c s l my tnh, cho s phn phi chng trnh trn a CD-ROM v mng. N
cng c s dng trong truyn dn qua v tinh qung b (Digital Broadcast
Satellite-DBS).

4.1.

C s ca nn d liu audio

Nn tn hiu audio c thc hin da trn c s l m hnh tm l thnh gic

ca con ngi, s hn ch v mt cm nhn v hin tng che lp cc thnh phn
tn hiu m.

4.1.1.

M hnh tm l thnh gic.

H thng thnh gic ca con ngi (Human Auditory System-HAS) c c

im nh mt b phn tch ph. N chia di ph m thanh nghe thy thnh cc
bng tn gi l cc bng ti hn(critical bands) nh mt dy cc b lc thng
di. Cc bng ny c b rng di thng l 100 Hz vi cc tn s di 500 Hz v
tng theo tn s tn hiu vi cc tn s ln hn 500 KHz. B rng di thng ny
tng ti vi KHz khi tn s tn hiu ln hn 10 KHz. C th m hnh ho h thng
cm nhn ca con ngi bng 26 b lc thng di lin tip c b rng di thng
nh ni.
Khi tn hiu m thanh bao gm cc tn s gn k nhau, h thng thnh gic
ca con ngi (HAS) s t hp chng thnh mt nhm c nng lng cn bng.
Ngc li, nu m thanh bao gm nhiu tn s khc bit nhau, chng s c x l
tch bit v ln m c xc nh.
Tnh nhy cm ca HAS gim ti cc tn s cao v tn s thp. iu ny c
ngha rng i vi cc mc m thp th s thay i trong cm nhn ca con ngi
l rt quan trng v s gim dn ti cc mc m cao.

4.1.2.

S che lp tn hiu Audio

H thng thnh gic ca con ngi cn c mt c im v cng quan trng,

l tnh che lp masking. C hai dng che lp, l : che lp thi gian v che
lp tn s. Tin hnh thc nghim i vi h thng thnh gic, ngi ta xy dng
c c tuyn che lp trong min thi gian v trong min tn s.
91

 Che lp tn s:
S che lp v mt tn s l hin tng mt m thanh nghe thy tn s ny
bng tr nn khng cm nhn c do ngng nghe thy b dng ln v s c mt
ca mt m thanh tn s khc c cng mnh hn.
S che lp v tn s c minh ho bng hnh v sau y:
Mc p sut
m_SPL
(dB)
110

Kt qu
che lp
to bi
m 1KHz,
65 dB

100
90
80
70
60

Ngng
nghe c
b bin i
bi m che
lp

50
40

Kt qu
che lp
to bi
m 1KHz,
45 dB

30
20
10
0
10

Ngng
tuyt i
50 100

500

1k

5k

10k

20k

Tn s (Hz)

Tn hiu khng
nghe thy

Hnh II.4.1 :Ngng nghe thy tuyt i v

ngng che ph tn s
tai ngi c th nghe thy, bt c mt m thanh tn s n no cng phi
c mc p sut m ln hn mt gi tr ngng xc nh. Tp hp tt c cc gi tr
ngng ny i vi tt c cc m n trong di tn nghe c to nn mt ng
cong gi l ngng nghe thy tuyt i (absolute hearing threshold), l ng
m nt hnh v trn. Tt c cc m thanh nm di ng cong ny u khng
c kh nng c con ngi cm nhn.
Do s xut hin ca mt m thanh c cng cao mt tn s no , s
lm ng cong ny s bin i i. Trong v d trn, m 1-KHz vi mc p sut m
45 dB lm ngng nghe thy tuyt i dng ln 27dB. iu ny c ngha nhng
92

tp m di 27 dB l khng nghe thy. Nu s dng thang lng t c 6dB/ bc

nhy th ch cn 3 bt m ho m ny v gi tr vi sai y l: 45-27 = 18 dB.
Nu mc m 1-KHz tng ln ti 65 dB th mc che ph s tng ln ti 55 dB,
ga tr vi sai lc ny ch cn 10 dB v c th c m ho ch bng 2 bt.
Vic che ph tn s trc v sau cng rt quan trng.Nh trn hnh v, m 1KHz cng lm ngng nghe thy ca cc m tn s xung quanh dng ln. S che
ph tn s pha sau quan trng hn v tng theo mc m. iu ny cho php gim
chnh xc m ho cho nhng tn s tn hiu xung quanh m che ph. Nhng m
n tn xung quanh 1-KHz c mc m nh hn ng cong che ph s khng c
kh nng cm nhn v khng cn thit phi m ho m vn khng lm nh hng
ti cht lng cm nhn ca con ngi. H thng nn da trn c im ny c
gi l h thng nn theo thnh gic.
S che ph thi gian:
Mc cm
nhn
(dB)
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Che lp lin tc

Che ph
sau

Che ph
trc
Tn hiu che lp

-50

50

Hnh II.4.2

100

150

200

250

300

Thi gian
(ms)

: S che lp v thi gian

S che ph thi gian l hin tng tai ngi ch cm nhn c m sau khi m
bt u khong 200 ms v c cm tng m thanh cn ko di khong 200ms
na sau khi m thanh dt. Ngoi ra, thnh gic cng khng phn bit c
khong ngng nh hn 50 ms gia hai m thanh ging nhau i lin nhau.

4.2.

Cng ngh gim tc ngun d liu audio s.

Cng ngh m ho ngun c s dng loi b i s d tha trong tn hiu

audio (khi gi tr vi sai mu- mu sp s gn gi tr 0), cn cng ngh che lp da
93

trn m hnh tm l thnh gic ca con ngi c tc dng loi b cc mu khng c

gi tr cm nhn (cc mu khng nghe thy).
C hai cng ngh nn c bn. l:
M ho d bo min thi gian: s dng m ho vi sai m ho cc ga
tr chch lch gia cc mu lin tip nhau loi b s d tha thng tin nhm thu
c dng bt tc thp.
M ho chuyn i min tn s: Cng ngh ny s dng cc khi mu
PCM tuyn tnh bin i t min thi gian thnh mt s nht nh cc bng tn
trong min tn s.
Hin tng che lp quan trng nht xy ra trong min tn s. li dng c
im ny, ph tn hiu audio c phn tch thnh nhiu bng ph c phn gii
thi gian v tn s ph hp vi b rng cc bng tn ti hn ca HAS. Mi bng
ph cha mt s thnh phn m ri rc.
Cu trc b m ho audio c bn nh sau:

Dy b
lc

M hnh
tm l thnh
gic

B phn phi
bt

Lng t v
m ho

Dng m
ho

Thng tin
phn phi
bt

Ghp knh

Tn hiu
u vo

Dng bt
m ho

Hnh II.4.3 : B m ho tn hiu audio

B lc a bng tn:
B lc a bng tn (cn c gi l dy b lc) lm nhim v tch ph tn
hiu thnh cc bng con.
C ba cch thc hin dy b lc . l:
Dy bng con : ph tn hiu c chia thnh cc bng tn ph c
rng nh nhau tng t nh khi chia ph tn thnh cc bng tn ti hn ca h
thng HAS. Vi cc tn s nh hn 500 Hz, mt bng con s cha vi bng tn ti
hn.

94

Trong cng ngh nn audio, s dng mt s loi b lc bng con v d PQMF

(Polyphase Quadrature Mirror Filter). B lc ny c chng ph thp v thng
c s dng cho cc mu gn k v mt thi gian.
Trong tiu chun nn audio MPEG, mt khung audio gm 1152 mu c
chia thnh 32 bng con, mi bng con cha 36 mu.
Dy chuyn i: p dng thut ton DCT c bin i ( Modified
Discrete Cosine Transform-MDCT ) chuyn i tn hiu audio min thi gian
thnh mt s lng ln cc bng con ( t 256 n 1024 ) trong min tn s .
Dy b lc cn bng : ( Hybrid Filter Bank ).
Tn hiu vo trc tin c chia thnh 32 bng con nh cc b lc PQMF.
Sau p dng php bin i MDCT cho mi 18 mu ca bng con. Kt qu s
thu c 576 bng rt hp (41,76 Hz ti tn s ly mu 48 KHz). Vic kt hp ny
c phn gii thi gian khong 3,8 ms.
S b lc trong dy phi c xc nh ph hp vi mt s tc nhn quan
trng.
- Dy b lc c phn gii thp (ngha l bng tn rng) s cho s
lng bng con nh. Khi , trong mi bng con s cha hu ht cc thnh phn
m ca ph tn hiu audio khin tc dng che lp gim v s cn rt nhiu bt
m ho cc thnh phn tn hiu trong cc bng con. Tuy nhin, s lng cc bng
con thp s gim c mc phc tp m ho / gii m m vn gi c phn
gii tt v thi gian.
- Nu dy b lc c phn gii cao, s cho s lng ln cc bng
tn con v cc thnh phn m n ca ph tn hiu audio s khng ri vo tt c
cc bng con. Khi , mt s bng con khng cha thnh phn m s khng cn
phi m ho. B rng bng tn hp cho kh nng m phng tt hn cc bng ti
hn ca HAS. Tuy nhin, c phn gii thi gian thp dn ti hin tng c ting
tp lanh canh khi m ho tn hiu audio ngn.
Do vy, c th s dng dy b lc thch nghi c kh nng chuyn i t dy b lc
c phn gii cao sang dy b lc c phn gii thp khi m ho tn hiu audio
ngn.
c tuyn ca qu trnh x l dy b lc bao gm cc yu t:
phn gii thi gian = di mu khi b lc x 20,83s. Vi
tn s ly mu 48 KHz, khong cch thi gian gia cc mu lin tip s l 20,83
s. v d trong m ho AC-3, phn gii thi gian l : 128 x 20,83 = 2,66 ms.
phn gii tn s = B rng ph cc i / tng s bng con.
Vi tn s ly mu 48 KHz, b rng ph tn ti a ca tn hiu l 24 KHz . V d
trong m ho AC-3, phn gii tn s l : 24.000/ 256 = 95,75 Hz.

95

 di khung d liu = S bng con x s mu trong mt khi x

20,83 s.

V d trong tiu chun MPEG lp I, di khung d liu l:

32 x 12 x 20,83 = 8 ms.
S phn phi bt:
Mt php phn tch m hnh tm l thnh gic chnh xc tn hiu PCM u
vo, s dng thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform-FFT) c
thc hin xc nh ni dung tn s v nng lng ca n. T ngng nghe c
v c tnh che ph tn s ca HAS, ngi ta tnh ton c ng cong che lp
nh minh ha trn hnh v sau y:
Bin
(dB)

ng bao ph
tn hiu

110
100

ng cong
che ph c
tnh ton

90
80
70
60
50
40

S phn phi bt
(SNR theo tn s)

30
20
10
0
0

2k

4k

6k

8k

10k

12k

14k

Tn s
(Hz)

Hnh II.4.4 : ng cong che lp v s phn phi bt

Hnh dng v kch thc ng cong che lp ph thuc ni dung tn hiu.
Trong v d hnh v trn, c th thy sai s gia ng bao ph tn hiu v
ng cong che lp gim xung, im c gi tr max l 40 dB. Gi tr sai lch max
ny quyt nh s lng bt (thng thng lng t ho c bn l 6 dB/bt) cn thit
m ho tt c cc thnh phn ph tn ca tn hiu audio. Qu trnh phn phi bt
cn m bo tp m lng t ho thp hn ngng nghe c .

96

Trong hnh II.4.4, ti vng tn s ln hn 12 KHz, ng cong che lp cao

hn ng bao ph tn hiu nn khng cn phn phi bt m ho vng tn hiu
ny.
T ng cong che lp, ngng che lp ca mi bng con c xc nh.
Chng quy nh nng lng tp m lng t cc i c th chp nhn trong mi
bng con, ti tp m bt u tr nn nghe thy.
Sau khi c lng ngng che lp cho mi bng tn con, cc tham s xp loi
c s dng bin i bc lng t ca mi bng con, tc bin i cu trc tp
m lng t sao cho ph hp nht. Cui cng, m ho Huffman c s dng.
Lng t ho :
Qu trnh lng t ho cc bng tn con trong ph tn hiu audio l mt qu
trnh khng ng b. Tc l mi bng con c lng t vi mt bc lng t
khc nhau ph hp vi mc nng lng cng nh mc che lp ca bng tn.
Bc lng t c xc nh nh b phn phi bt.
Ghp knh d liu :
Cc khi (hay cn gi l cc nhm) 12 mu d liu t u ra b lng t ho
c ghp knh cng vi tham s xp loi tng ng ca chng v thng tin phn
phi bt hnh thnh nn khung d liu audio trong dng bt m ho.

4.3.

Tiu chun nn Audio MPEG.

Tiu chun nn audio MPEG-1 (ISO/IEC 11172-3) thng c bit di tn

gi MUSICAM (Maskingpattern Universal Suband Intergrated Coding and
Multiplexing ) gm ba lp (layer) m ho I, II v III tng ng vi hiu qu nn v
phc tp tng dn, c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, c bit l
trong pht thanh, truyn hnh. Tiu chun nn audio MPEG-2 (ISO/IEC 13818-3)
l bc pht trin m rng da trn c s MPEG-1. Phng thc nn Dolby AC-3
ng dng trong h HDTV s Grand Alliance (ATSC) cng l mt bin th t Audio
MPEG-2.
i vi lnh vc truyn hnh, tiu chun MPEG c li im ni bt l m bo
kh nng ng b gia video v audio khi phn knh v gii nn.
Nhng c tnh k thut c bn ca tiu chun nn audio MPEG-1 v MPEG2 c trnh by tm tt trong bng sau:

97

MPEG-1

MPEG-2

phn gii u
16 bt.
vo

16 bt, c th ln ti 24 bt.

Tn s ly mu

48 KHz - 44,132 KHz.

48 KHz - 44,312 KHz 24KHz - 22,0516 KHz.

Tc bt

T do, c th ln n 448 T do, c th ln n 256

Kbps.
Kbps.

S lng knh

6 knh: left, Right, Center,

Left Surround, Right Surround
2 knh vi cc mode: mono,
v LFE ( Low Frequency
stereo, dual, joint stereo.
Enhancement - knh tng
cng tn s thp).

Tnh tng hp

Thun v ngc

Kh nng co gin

Cc knh Left, Right c th

c gii m c lp nhau.

Bng II.4. : c im ca Audio MPEG-1, MPEG-2

S khi b m ho MPEG audio nh sau:

Dy b
lc 32
bng
ph

Bin i FFT
512 hoc
1024 im

Xp
loi

31

0
1
2

Lng
t ho

0
1
2
n
31

31

Phn phi
tham s
xp loi,
bt ng
v m
ho

Ngng
che lp

Multiplexer

D liu
u vo

0
1
2

-Phn phi
bt
-Tham s
xp loi
D liu
ph

Hnh II.4.5 : S khi b m ho audio MPEG

98

Dng bt
m ho

Kt lun
S pht trin mnh m ca k thut s m ra mt giai on mi, giai on
ca cng ngh thng tin, cc thit b in t u hot ng v lm vic vi
truyn hnh s.
Hin nay, vic s dng k thut s s ho thit b studio l vn rt
nng bng cc nc pht trin, hu nh trong cc giai on u x l vi tn hiu
s, v vic x l vi tn hiu s s thc hin d dng v cho cht lng cao hn i
vi tn hiu tng t. Mt khc vic lu tr, truyn dn v pht sng cng cho cht
lng cao hn.
S tng nhanh ca nhiu loi hnh dch v, cng vi vic ng dng cc cng
ngh s lm cho tc tn hiu tng ln. Do cng i hi knh truyn c
bng thng rng hn.
Tn hiu truyn hnh s l loi d liu c tc ln nn cn c bng thng
rng. Vi tc ca cc knh truyn hin nay th vic truyn tn hiu truyn hnh
s rt kh khn. Mt yu cu c t ra l lm sao gim c tc tn hiu
ph hp vi tc knh truyn. Gii php c a ra l nn tn hiu truyn s.
K thut nn c th p ng c yu cu v tc tn hiu, bng cch chn
t s nn thch hp. Vi cng ngh nn hin nay cho cht lng tn hiu chp nhn
c th hiu qu nn t c kh cao, vi tn hiu audio t l nn t c l t
1020 ln, cn vi tn hiu video t l nn t c l khong 100 ln.
K thut nn khng ch s dng trong truyn hnh, m cn c s dng i
vi cc loi d liu khc nh vic truyn v lu tr cc loi d liu trong my tnh.
S pht trin ca k thut s v cng ngh x l tn hiu s cng cng ngh
x l nh lm cho hiu qu nn ngy cng cao v cht lng ca tn hiu cng c
nng cao hn.
S pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin cng nh cng ngh in t
v s gia tng ca nhiu loi hnh dch v mi th trin vng pht trin ca k thut
nn trong tng lai l rt ln.
99