MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

MC LC
Phn loi mng my tnh theo phm vi a l ................................................ 3
H iu hnh mng NOS (Network Operating System) ........................................ 16

MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

V c bn, mt mng my tnh l mt s cc my tnh c ni kt vi nhau
theo mt cch no . Khc vi cc trm truyn hnh ch gi thng tin i,
cc mng my tnh lun hai chiu, sao cho khi my tnh A gi thng tin ti
my tnh B th B c th tr li li cho A.
Ni mt cch khc, mt s my tnh c kt ni vi nhau v c th trao i
thng tin cho nhau gi l mng my tnh.
T nhiu my tnh ring r, c lp vi nhau, nu ta kt ni chng li thnh
mng my tnh th chng c thm nhng u im sau:

Nhiu ngi c th dng chung mt phn mm tin ch.

Mt nhm ngi cng thc hin mt n nu ni mng h s dng

chung d liu ca n, dng chung tp tin chnh (master file) ca
n, h trao i thng tin vi nhau d dng.

D liu c qun l tp trung nn an ton hn, trao i gia nhng

ngi s dng thun li hn, nhanh chng hn.

C th dng chung thit b ngoi vi him, t tin (my in, my v,...).

Ngi s dng trao i vi nhau th tn d dng (E-Mail) v c th s

dng h mng nh l mt cng c ph bin tin tc, thng bo v
mt chnh sch mi, v ni dung bui hp, v cc thng tin kinh t
khc nh gi c th trng, tin rao vt (mun bn hoc mun mua mt
ci g ), hoc sp xp thi kho biu ca mnh chen ln vi thi
kho biu ca nhng ngi khc,...

Mt s ngi s dng khng cn phi trang b my tnh t tin (chi

ph thp m chc nng li mnh).

Mng my tnh cho php ngi lp trnh mt trung tm my tnh

ny c th s dng cc chng trnh tin ch ca mt trung tm my
tnh khc ang ri, s lm tng hiu qu kinh t ca h thng.

Rt an ton cho d liu v phn mm v phn mm mng s kho cc

tp tin (files) khi c nhng ngi khng quyn hn truy xut cc
tp tin v th mc .

MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

PHN LOI MNG MY TNH THEO PHM VI A L

Mng my tnh c th phn b trn mt vng lnh th nht nh v c th
phn b trong phm vi mt quc gia hay quc t.
Da vo phm vi phn b ca mng ngi ta c th phn ra cc loi mng
nh sau:

GAN (Global Area Network) kt ni my tnh t cc chu lc khc

nhau. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin
thng v v tinh.

WAN (Wide Area Network) - Mng din rng, kt ni my tnh trong

ni b cc quc gia hay gia cc quc gia trong cng mt chu lc.
Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng.
Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN hay t n l
GAN.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) kt ni cc my tnh trong phm

vi mt thnh ph. Kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi
trng truyn thng tc cao (50-100 Mbit/s).

LAN (Local Area Network) - Mng cc b, kt ni cc my tnh trong

mt khu vc bn knh hp thng thng khong vi trm mt. Kt ni
c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao v
d cp ng trc thay cp quang. LAN thng c s dng trong ni
b mt c quan/t chc...Cc LAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh
WAN.

Trong cc khi nim ni trn, WAN v LAN l hai khi nim hay c s
dng nht.

Mng cc b - LAN
Mng cc b (LAN) l h truyn thng tc cao c thit k kt ni
cc my tnh v cc thit b x l d liu khc cng hot ng vi nhau
trong mt khu vc a l nh nh mt tng ca to nh, hoc trong mt to
nh.... Mt s mng LAN c th kt ni li vi nhau trong mt khu lm vic.
Cc mng LAN tr nn thng dng v n cho php nhng ngi s dng
(users) dng chung nhng ti nguyn quan trng nh my in mu, a CDROM, cc phn mm ng dng v nhng thng tin cn thit khc. Trc khi
pht trin cng ngh LAN cc my tnh l c lp vi nhau, b hn ch bi

MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

s lng cc chng trnh tin ch, sau khi kt ni mng r rng hiu qu
ca chng tng ln gp bi. tn dng ht nhng u im ca mng LAN
ngi ta kt ni cc LAN ring bit vo mng chnh yu din rng
(WAN).
Cc thit b gn vi mng LAN u dng chung mt phng tin truyn tin
l dy cp, cp thng dng hin nay l: Cp ng trc (Coaxial cable),
Cp dy xon (shielded twisted pair), cp quang (Fiber optic),....
Mi loi dy cp u c tnh nng khc nhau.
Dy cp ng trc c ch to gm mt dy ng gia cht cch in,
chung quanh cht cch in c qun bng dy bn kim loi dng lm dy
t. Gia dy ng dn in v dy t c mt lp cch ly, ngoi cng l
mt v bc bo v. Dy ng trc c hai loi, loi nh (Thin) v loi to
(Thick). Dy cp ng trc c thit k truyn tin cho bng tn c bn
(Base Band) hoc bng tn rng (broadband). Dy cp loi to dng cho
ng xa, dy cp nh dng cho ng gn, tc truyn tin qua cp ng
trc c th t ti 35 Mbit/s.
Dy cp xon c ch to bng hai si dy ng (c v bc) xon vo
nhau, ngoi cng c hoc khng c lp v bc bo v chng nhiu.
Dy cp quang lm bng cc si quang hc, truyn d liu xa, an ton v
khng b nhiu v chng c han r. Tc truyn tin qua cp quang c th
t 100 Mbit/s.
Nhn chung, yu t quyt nh s dng loi cp no l ph thuc vo yu
cu tc truyn tin, khong cch t cc thit b, yu cu an ton thng tin
v cu hnh ca mng,....V d mng Ethernet 10 Base-T l mng dng knh
truyn gii tn c bn vi thng lng 10 Mbit/s theo tiu chun quc t
ISO/IEC 8802.3 ni bng i dy cp xon khng bc kim (UTP) trong
Topology hnh sao.
Vic kt ni cc my tnh vi mt dy cp c dng nh mt phng tin
truyn tin chung cho tt c cc my tnh. Cng vic kt ni vt l vo mng
c thc hin bng cch cm mt card giao tip mng NIC (Network
Interface Card) vo trong my tnh v ni n vi cp mng. Sau khi kt ni
vt l hon tt, qun l vic truyn tin gia cc trm trn mng tu thuc
vo phn mm mng.
u ni ca NIC vi dy cp c nhiu loi (ph thuc vo cp mng), hin
nay c mt s NIC c hai hoc ba loi u ni. Chun dng cho NIC l

MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

NE2000 do hng Novell v Eagle dng ch to cc loi NIC ca mnh.

Nu mt NIC tng thch vi chun NE2000 th ta c th dng n cho nhiu
loi mng. NIC cng c cc loi khc nhau m bo s tng thch vi
my tnh 8-bit v 16-bit.
Mng LAN thng bao gm mt hoc mt s my ch (file server, host),
cn gi l my phc v) v mt s my tnh khc gi l trm lm vic
(Workstations) hoc cn gi l nt mng (Network node) - mt hoc mt s
my tnh cng ni vo mt thit b nt.
My ch thng l my c b x l (CPU) tc cao, b nh (RAM) v a
cng (HD) ln.

Trong mt trm m cc phng tin c dng chung, th khi mt trm

mun gi thng ip cho trm khc, n dng mt phn mm trong trm lm
vic t thng ip vo "phong b", phong b ny gi l gi (packet), bao
gm d liu thng ip c bao bc gia tn hiu u v tn hiu cui (
l nhng thng tin c bit) v s dng phn mm mng chuyn gi n
trm ch.
NIC s chuyn gi tn hiu vo mng LAN, gi tn hiu c truyn i nh
mt dng cc bit d liu th hin bng cc bin thin tn hiu in. Khi n
chy trong cp dng chung, mi trm gn vi cp u nhn c tn hiu
ny, NIC mi trm s kim tra a ch ch trong tn hiu u ca gi
xc nh ng a ch n, khi gi tn hiu i ti trm c a ch cn n,
ch trm s sao gi tn hiu ri ly d liu ra khi phong b v a vo
my tnh.

Cc kiu (Topology) ca mng LAN

Topology ca mng l cu trc hnh hc khng gian m thc cht l cch b
tr phn t ca mng cng nh cch ni gia chng vi nhau. Thng thng
mng c 3 dng cu trc l: Mng dng hnh sao (Star Topology), mng

MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

dng vng (Ring Topology) v mng dng tuyn (Linear Bus Topology).
Ngoi 3 dng cu hnh k trn cn c mt s dng khc bin tng t 3 dng
ny nh mng dng cy, mng dng hnh sao - vng, mng hn hp,v.v....

Mng dng hnh sao (Star topology)

Mng dng hnh sao bao gm mt trung tm v cc nt thng tin. Cc nt
thng tin l cc trm u cui, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc ca mng.
Trung tm ca mng iu phi mi hot ng trong mng vi cc chc nng
c bn l:

Xc nh cp a ch gi v nhn c php chim tuyn thng tin v

lin lc vi nhau.

Cho php theo di v s l sai trong qu trnh trao i thng tin.

Thng bo cc trng thi ca mng...

Cc u im ca mng hnh sao:

Hot ng theo nguyn l ni song song nn nu c mt thit b no

mt nt thng tin b hng th mng vn hot ng bnh thng.

Cu trc mng n gin v cc thut ton iu khin n nh.

Mng c th m rng hoc thu hp tu theo yu cu ca ngi s

dng.

Nhc im ca mng hnh sao:

Kh nng m rng mng hon ton ph thuc vo kh nng ca trung

tm . Khi trung tm c s c th ton mng ngng hot ng.

Mng yu cu ni c lp ring r tng thit b cc nt thng tin n

trung tm. Khong cch t my n trung tm rt hn ch (100 m).

Nhn chung, mng dng hnh sao cho php ni cc my tnh vo mt b tp

trung (HUB) bng cp xon, gii php ny cho php ni trc tip my tnh
vi HUB khng cn thng qua trc BUS, trnh c cc yu t gy ngng
tr mng. Gn y, cng vi s pht trin switching hub, m hnh ny ngy
cng tr nn ph bin v chim a s cc mng mi lp.

MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

Mng hnh tuyn (Bus Topology)

Theo cch b tr hnh lang cc ng nh hnh v th my ch (host) cng
nh tt c cc my tnh khc (workstation) hoc cc nt (node) u c ni
v vi nhau trn mt trc ng dy cp chnh chuyn ti tn hiu.
Tt c cc nt u s dng chung ng dy cp chnh ny. Pha hai u dy
cp c bt bi mt thit b gi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v gi d liu
(packet) khi di chuyn ln hoc xung trong dy cp u mang theo i ch
ca ni n.
Loi hnh mng ny dng dy cp t nht, d lp t. Tuy vy cng c nhng
bt li l s c s n tc giao thng khi di chuyn d liu vi lu lng
ln v khi c s hng hc on no th rt kh pht hin, mt s ngng
trn ng dy sa cha s ngng ton b h thng.

Mng dng vng (Ring Topology)

Mng dng ny, b tr theo dng xoay vng, ng dy cp c thit k
lm thnh mt vng khp kn, tn hiu chy quanh theo mt chiu no .
Cc nt truyn tn hiu cho nhau mi thi im ch c mt nt m thi.
D liu truyn i phi c km theo a ch c th ca mi trm tip nhn.
Mng dng vng c thun li l c th ni rng ra xa, tng ng dy cn
thit t hn so vi hai kiu trn. Nhc im l ng dy phi khp kn,
nu b ngt mt ni no th ton b h thng cng b ngng.

Mng dng kt hp

Kt hp hnh sao v tuyn (star/Bus Topology)

MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

Cu hnh mng dng ny c b phn tch tn hiu (spitter) gi vai tr thit b

trung tm, h thng dy cp mng c th chn hoc Ring Topology hoc
Linear Bus Topology.
Li im ca cu hnh ny l mng c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic cch
xa nhau, ARCNET l mng dng kt hp Star/Bus Topology. Cu hnh dng
ny a li s uyn chuyn trong vic b tr ng dy tng thch d dng
i vi bt c to nh no.

Kt hp hnh sao v vng (Star/Ring Topology)

Cu hnh dng kt hp Star/Ring Topology, c mt "th bi" lin
lc (Token) c chuyn vng quanh mt ci HUB trung tm.
Mi trm lm vic (workstation) c ni vi HUB - l cu ni
gia cc trm lm vic v tng khong cch cn thit.

Cc giao thc (Protocol)

Mt tp cc tiu chun trao i thng tin gia hai h thng my tnh hoc
hai thit b my tnh vi nhau c gi l giao thc (Protocol).
Cc giao thc (Protocol) cn c gi l nghi thc hoc nh c ca mng
my tnh.
nh gi kh nng ca mt mng c phn chia bi cc trm nh th
no. H s ny c quyt nh ch yu bi hiu qu s dng mi trng

MNG MY TNH (COMPUTER NETWORKS)

truy xut (medium access) ca giao thc, mi trng ny dng tuyn tnh
hoc vng.... Mt trong cc giao thc c s dng nhiu trong cc LAN l:
1. Giao thc tranh chp (Contention Protocol) CSMA/CD
CSMA l vit tt t ting Anh: Carrier Sense Multiple Access, cn CD l
vit tt t: Conllision Detect.
S dng giao thc ny cc trm hon ton c quyn truyn d liu trn
mng vi s lng nhiu hay t v mt cch ngu nhin hoc bt k khi no
c nhu cu truyn d liu mi trm. Mi trm s kim tra tuyn v ch khi
no tuyn khng bn mi bt u truyn cc gi d liu.
CSMA/CD c ngun gc t h thng radio pht trin trng i hc
Hawai vo khong nm 1970, gi l ALOHANET.
Vi phng php CSMA, thnh thong s c hn mt trm ng thi truyn
d liu v to ra s xung t (collision) lm cho d liu thu c cc trm
b sai lch. trnh s tranh chp ny mi trm u phi pht hin c s
xung t d liu. Trm pht phi kim tra Bus trong khi gi d liu xc
nhn rng tn hiu trn Bus tht s ng, nh vy mi c th pht hin c
bt k xung t no c th xy ra. Khi pht hin c mt s xung t, lp tc
trm pht s gi i mt mu lm nhiu (Jamming) nh trc bo cho
tt c cc trm l c s xung t xy ra v chng s b qua gi d liu ny.
Sau trm pht s tr hon mt khong thi gian ngu nhin trc khi pht
li d liu. u im ca CSMA/CD l n gin, mm do, hiu qu truyn
thng tin cao khi lu lng thng tin ca mng thp v c tnh t bin.
Vic thm vo hay dch chuyn cc trm trn tuyn khng nh hng n
cc th tc ca giao thc. im bt li ca CSMA/CD l hiu sut ca tuyn
gim xung nhanh chng khi phi ti qu nhiu thng tin.
2. Giao thc truyn token (Token passing protocol)
y l giao thc thng dng sau CSMA/CD c dng trong cc LAN c
cu trc vng (Ring). Trong phng php ny, khi iu khin mng hoc
token c truyn ln lt t trm ny n trm khc. Token l mt khi d
liu c bit. Khi mt trm ang chim token th n c th pht i mt gi
d liu. Khi pht ht gi d liu cho php hoc khng cn g pht na
th trm li gi token sang trm k tip.

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Trong token c cha mt a ch ch v c lun chuyn ti cc trm theo

mt trt t nh trc. i vi cu hnh mng dng xoay vng th trt t
ca s truyn token tng ng vi trt t vt l ca cc trm xung quanh
vng.
Giao thc truyn token c trt t hn nhng cng phc tp hn CSMA/CD,
c u im l vn hot ng tt khi lu lng truyn thng ln. Giao thc
truyn token tun th ng s phn chia ca mi trng mng, hot ng
da vo s xoay vng ti cc trm. Vic truyn token s khng thc hin
c nu vic xoay vng b t on. Giao thc phi cha cc th tc kim
tra token cho php khi phc li token b mt hoc thay th trng thi ca
token v cung cp cc phng tin sa i logic (thm vo, bt i hoc
nh li trt t ca cc trm).

Cc chun ca mng my tnh

mng t kh nng ti a, cc tiu chun c chn phi cho php m
rng mng c th phc v nhng ng dng khng d kin trc trong
tng lai ti lc lp t h thng v iu cng cho php mng lm vic
vi nhng thit b c sn xut t nhiu hng khc nhau.
Hi ng tiu chun quc t l ISO (International Standards Organization),
do cc nc thnh vin lp nn. Cng vic Bc M chu s iu hnh ca
ANSI (American National Standards Institude) Hoa K. ANSI u thc
cho IEEE (Institude of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) pht trin v
ra nhng tiu chun k thut cho LAN.
ISO a ra m hnh 7 mc (layers, cn gi l lp hay tng) cho mng, gi
l kiu h thng kt ni m hoc m hnh OSI (Open System
Interconnection).
Chc nng ca mc thp bao gm c vic chun b cho mc cao hn hon
thnh chc nng ca mnh. Mt mng hon chnh hot ng vi mi chc
nng ca mnh phi m bo c 7 mc cu trc t thp n cao.

Mc 1: Mc vt l (Physical layer)

Thc cht ca mc ny l thc hin ni lin cc phn t ca mng thnh

mt h thng bng cc phng php vt l, mc ny s c cc th tc

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m bo cho cc yu cu v chuyn mch hot ng nhm to ra cc

ng truyn thc cho cc chui bit thng tin.

Mc 2: Mc mc ni d liu (Data Link Layer)

Nhim v ca mc ny l tin hnh chuyn i thng tin di dng chui

cc bit mc mng thnh tng on thng tin gi l frame. Sau m
bo truyn lin tip cc frame ti mc vt l, ng thi x l cc thng
bo t trm thu gi tr li.
Ni tm li, nhim v chnh ca mc 2 ny l khi to v t chc cc
frame cng nh x l cc thng tin lin quan ti n.

Mc 3: Mc mng (Network Layer)

Mc mng nhm bo m trao i thng tin gia cc mng con trong

mt mng ln, mc ny cn c gi l mc thng tin gia cc mng
con vi nhau. Trong mc mng cc gi d liu c th truyn i theo tng
ng khc nhau ti ch. Do vy, mc ny phi ch ra c con
ng no d liu c th i v con ng no b cm ti thi im .
Thng mc mng c s dng trong trng hp mng c nhiu mng
con hoc cc mng ln v phn b trn mt khng gian rng vi nhiu
nt thng tin khc nhau.

Mc 4: Mc truyn (Transport Layer)

Nhim v ca mc ny l x l cc thng tin chuyn tip cc chc

nng t mc trn n (mc tip xc) n mc di n (mc mng) v
ngc li. Thc cht mc truyn l m bo thng tin gia cc my
ch vi nhau. Mc ny nhn cc thng tin t mc tip xc, phn chia
thnh cc n v d liu nh hn v chuyn chng ti mc mng.

Mc 5: Mc tip xc (Session Layer)

Mc ny cho php ngi s dng tip xc vi nhau qua mng. Nh mc

tip xc nhng ngi s dng lp c cc ng ni vi nhau, khi cuc
hi thoi c thnh lp th mc ny c th qun l cuc hi thoi
theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. Mt ng ni gia nhng ngi s
dng c gi l mt cuc tip xc. Cuc tip xc cho php ngi s
dng c ng k vo mt h thng phn chia thi gian t xa hoc
chuyn mt file gia 2 my.

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Mc 6: Mc tip nhn (Presentation Layer)

Mc ny gii quyt cc th tc tip nhn d liu mt cch chnh quy vo

mng, nhim v ca mc ny l la chn cch tip nhn d liu, bin i
cc k t, ch s ca m ASCII hay cc m khc v cc k t iu khin
thnh mt kiu m nh phn thng nht cc loi my khc nhau u c
th thm nhp vo h thng mng.

Mc 7: Mc ng dng (Application Layer)

Mc ny c nhim v phc v trc tip cho ngi s dng, cung cp tt

c cc yu cu phi ghp cn thit cho ngi s dng, yu cu phc v
chung nh chuyn cc file, s dng cc terminal ca h thng,.... Mc s
dng bo m t ng ho qu trnh thng tin, gip cho ngi s dng
khai thc mng tt nht.
H thng kt ni m OSI l h thng cho php truyn thng tin vi cc h
thng khc, trong cc mng khc nhau, s dng nhng giao thc khc
nhau, c th thng bo cho nhau thng qua chng trnh Pastren chuyn
t mt giao thc ny sang mt giao thc khc.

Chun IEEE
Tiu chun IEEE LAN c pht trin da vo u ban IEEE 802. Tiu
chun IEEE 802.3 lin quan ti mng CSMA/CD bao gm c 2 version bng

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13

tn c bn v bng tn m rng. Tiu chun IEEE 802.4 lin quan ti s sp

xp tuyn token v IEEE 802.5 gm cc vng truyn token.
Theo chun 802 th mc ni d liu c chia thnh 2 mc con: mc con
iu khin logic LLC (Logical Link Control Sublayer) v mc con iu
khin xm nhp mng MAC (Media Access Control Sublayer). Mc con
LLC gi vai tr t chc d liu, t chc thng tin truyn v nhn. Mc
con MAC ch lm nhim v iu khin vic xm nhp mng. Th tc mc
con LLC khng b nh hng khi s dng cc ng truyn dn khc nhau,
nh vy m linh hot hn trong khai thc.
Chun 802.2 mc con LLC tng ng vi chun HDLC ca ISO hoc
X.25 ca CCITT.
Chun 802.3 xc nh phng php thm nhp mng tc thi c kh nng
pht hin li chng cho thng tin CSMA/CD. Phng php CSMA/CD
c a ra t nm 1993 nhm mc ch nng cao hiu qu mng. Theo
chun ny cc mc c ghp ni vi nhau thng qua cc b ghp ni.
Chun 802.4 thc cht l phng php thm nhp mng theo kiu pht tn
hiu thm d token qua cc trm v ng truyn bus.
Chun 802.5 dng cho mng dng xoay vng v trn c s dng tn hiu
thm d token. Mi trm khi nhn c tn hiu thm d token th tip nhn
token v bt u qu trnh truyn thng tin di dng cc frame. Cc frame
c cu trc tng t nh ca chun 802.4. Phng php xm nhp mng ny
quy nh nhiu mc u tin khc nhau cho ton mng v cho mi trm, vic
quy nh ny va cho ngi thit k va do ngi s dng t quy nh.

Mng ETHERNET
Ethernet l mng cc b do cc cng ty Xerox, Intel v Digital equipment
xy dng v pht trin. Ethernet l mng thng dng nht i vi cc mng
nh hin nay. Ethernet LAN c xy dng theo chun 7 lp trong cu trc
mng ca ISO, mng truyn s liu Ethernet cho php a vo mng cc
loi my tnh khc nhau k c my tnh mini. Ethernet c cc c tnh k
thut ch yu sau y:

C cu trc dng tuyn phn on, ng truyn dng cp ng trc,

tn hiu truyn trn mng c m ho theo kiu ng b
(Manchester), tc truyn d liu l 10 Mb/s.

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Chiu di ti a ca mt on cp tuyn l 500m, cc on tuyn ny

c th c kt ni li bng cch dng cc b chuyn tip v khong
cch ln nht cho php gia 2 nt l 2,8 km.

S dng tn hiu bng tn c bn, truy xut tuyn (bus access) hoc
tuyn token (token bus), giao thc l CSMA/CD, d liu chuyn i
trong cc gi. Gi (packet) thng tin dng trong mng c di t 64
n 1518 byte.

Mng TOKEN RING

Ngoi Ethernet LAN mt cng ngh LAN ch yu khc ang c dng
hin nay l Token Ring. Nguyn tc ca mng Token Ring c nh ngha
trong tiu chun IEEE 802.5. Mng Token Ring c th chy tc 4Mbps
hoc 16Mbps. Phng php truy cp dng trong mng Token Ring gi l
Token passing . Token passing l phng php truy nhp xc nh, trong
cc xung t c ngn nga bng cch mi thi im ch mt trm c th
c truyn tn hiu. iu ny c thc hin bng vic truyn mt b tn
hiu c bit gi l Token (m thng bo) xoay vng t trm ny qua trm
khc. Mt trm ch c th gi i b d liu khi n nhn c m khng bn.

Cc thit b kt ni chnh ca LAN

Hub
Hub l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht ca LAN, y l im
kt ni dy trung tm ca mng, tt c cc trm trn mng LAN c
kt ni thng qua HUB. Mt hub thng thng c nhiu cng ni vi
ngi s dng gn my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi. Mi cng h tr
mt b kt ni dng cp dy xon 10BASET t mi trm ca mng.
Khi b tn hiu Ethernet c truyn t mt trm ti hub, n c lp
li trn khp cc cng khc ca hub. Cc hub thng minh c th nh
dng, kim tra, cho php hoc khng cho php bi ngi iu hnh
mng t trung tm qun l hub.
C ba loi hub:

Hub n (stand alone hub)

Hub phn tng (stackable hub, c ti liu gi l HUB sp xp)

Hub modun (modular hub)

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Modular hub rt ph bin cho cc h thng mng v n c th d dng

m rng v lun c chc nng qun l, modular c t 4 n 14 khe
cm, c th lp thm cc modun Ethernet 10BASET.
Stackable hub l l tng cho nhng c quan mun u t ti thiu ban
u nhng li c k hoch pht trin LAN sau ny.
Ch : U ban k thut in t (IEEE) ngh dng cc tn sau y
ch 3 loi dy cp dng vi mng Ethernet chun 802.3.

Dy cp ng trc si to (thick coax) th gi l 10BASE5 (Tc 10

Mbps, tn s c s, khong cch ti a 500m).

Dy cp ng trc si nh (thin coax) gi l 10BASE2 (Tc 10

Mbps, tn s c s, khong cch ti a 200m).

Dy cp i xon khng v bc (twisted pair) gi l 10BASET (Tc

10 Mbps, tn s c s, s dng cp si xon).

Dy cp quang (Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link) gi l FOIRL

Lin mng (internetworking)

Vic kt ni cc LAN ring l thnh mt lin mng chung c gi l
Internetworking. Internetworking s dng ba cng c chnh l: bridge,
router v switch.
Cu ni (bridge):
L cu ni hai hoc nhiu on (segment) ca mt mng. Theo m hnh
OSI th bridge thuc mc 2. Bridge s lc nhng gi d liu gi i
(hay khng gi) cho on ni, hoc gi tr li ni xut pht. Cc bridge
cng thng c dng phn chia mt mng ln thnh hai mng nh
nhm lm tng tc . Mc du t chc nng hn router, nhng bridge
cng c dng ph bin.
B dn ng (router)
Chc nng c bn ca router l gi i cc gi d liu da trn a ch
phn lp ca mng v cung cp cc dch v nh bo mt, qun l lu
thng...
Ging nh bridge, router l mt thit b siu thng minh i vi cc
mng thc s ln. router bit a ch ca tt c cc my tnh tng pha

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16

v c th chuyn cc thng ip cho ph hp. Chng cn phn ngnh truyn gi tng thng ip c hiu qu.
Theo m hnh OSI th chc nng ca router thuc mc 3, cung cp thit
b vi thng tin cha trong cc header ca giao thc, gip cho vic x
l cc gi d liu thng minh.
Da trn nhng giao thc, router cung cp dch v m trong mi
packet d liu c c v chuyn n ch mt cch c lp.
Khi s kt ni tng thm, mng theo dng router tr nn km hiu qu
v cn suy ngh n s thay i.
B chuyn mch (switch)
Chc nng chnh ca switch l cng mt lc duy tr nhiu cu ni gia
cc thit b mng bng cch da vo mt loi ng truyn xng sng
(backbone) ni ti tc cao. Switch c nhiu cng, mi cng c th h
tr ton b Ethernet LAN hoc Token Ring.
B chuyn mch kt ni mt s LAN ring bit v cung cp kh nng
lc gi d liu gia chng.
Cc switch l loi thit b mng mi, nhiu ngi cho rng, n s tr
nn ph bin nht v n l bc u tin trn con ng chuyn sang
ch truyn khng ng b ATM.

H IU HNH MNG NOS

(NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM)
Cng vi s nghin cu v pht trin mng my tnh, h iu hnh
mng c nhiu cng ty u t nghin cu v cng b nhiu
phn mm qun l v iu hnh mng c hiu qu nh: NetWare ca
cng ty NOVELL, LAN Manager ca Microsoft dng cho cc my
server chy h iu hnh OS/2, LAN server ca IBM (gn nh ng
nht vi LAN Manager), Vines ca Banyan Systems l h iu hnh
mng dng cho server chy h iu hnh UNIX, Promise LAN ca
Mises Computer chy trn card iu hp mng c quyn, Widows for
Workgroups ca Microsoft, LANtastic ca Artisoft, NetWare Lite ca
Novell,....

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Mt trong nhng s la chn c bn m ta phi quyt nh trc l h

iu hnh mng no s lm nn tng cho mng ca ta, vic la chn tu
thuc vo kch c ca mng hin ti v s pht trin trong tng lai, cn
tu thuc vo nhng u im v nhc im ca tng h iu hnh.

Mt s h iu hnh mng ph bin hin nay:

H iu hnh mng UNIX: y l h iu hnh do cc nh khoa hc

xy dng v c dng rt ph bin trong gii khoa hc, gio dc. H
iu hnh mng UNIX l h iu hnh a nhim, a ngi s dng,
phc v cho truyn thng tt. Nhc im ca n l hin nay c nhiu
Version khc nhau, khng thng nht gy kh khn cho ngi s
dng. Ngoi ra h iu hnh ny kh phc tp li i hi cu hnh
my mnh (trc y chy trn my mini, gn y c SCO UNIX
chy trn my vi tnh vi cu hnh mnh).

H iu hnh mng Windows NT: y l h iu hnh ca hng

Microsoft, cng l h iu hnh a nhim, a ngi s dng. c
im ca n l tng i d s dng, h tr mnh cho phn mm
WINDOWS. Do hng Microsoft l hng phn mm ln nht th gii
hin nay, h iu hnh ny c kh nng s c ngy cng ph bin
rng ri. Ngoi ra, Windows NT c th lin kt tt vi my ch Novell
Netware. Tuy nhin, chy c hiu qu, Windows NT cng i hi
cu hnh my tng i mnh.

H iu hnh mng Windows for Worrkgroup: y l h iu hnh

mng ngang hng nh, cho php mt nhm ngi lm vic (khong 34 ngi) dng chung a trn my ca nhau, dng chung my in
nhng khng cho php chy chung mt ng dng. H d dng ci t
v cng kh ph bin.

H iu hnh mng NetWare ca Novell: y l h iu hnh ph bin nht

hin nay nc ta v trn th gii trong thi gian cui, n c th dng cho
cc mng nh (khong t 5-25 my tnh) v cng c th dng cho cc mng
ln gm hng trm my tnh. Trong nhng nm qua, Novell cho ra nhiu
phin bn ca Netware: Netware 2.2, 3.11. 4.0 v hin c 4.1. Netware l
mt h iu hnh mng cc b dng cho cc my vi tnh theo chun ca
IBM hay cc my tnh Apple Macintosh, chy h iu hnh MS-DOS hoc
OS/2.
H iu hnh ny tng i gn nh, d ci t (my ch ch cn thm ch

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AT386) do ph hp vi hon cnh trang thit b hin ti ca nc ta.

Ngoi ra, v l mt phn mm ph bin nn Novell Netware c cc nh
sn xut phn mm khc h tr (theo ngha cc phn mm do cc hng phn
mm ln trn th gii lm u c th chy tt trn h iu hnh mng ny).

Cc Phng tin Kt ni mng lin khu vc (WAN)

Bn cnh phng php s dng ng in thoi thu bao kt ni cc
mng cc b hoc mng khu vc vi nhau hoc kt ni vo Internet, c mt
s phng php khc:

ng thu bao (leased line). y l phng php c nht, l

phng php truyn thng nht cho s ni kt vnh cu. Bn thu
ng dy t cng ty in thoi (trc tip hoc qua nh cung cp dch
v). Bn cn phi ci t mt "Chanel Service Unit" (CSU) ni n
mng T, v mt "Digital Service Unit" (DSU) ni n mng ch
(primary) hoc giao din mng.

ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Nework). S dng ng in

thoi s thay v ng tng t. Do ISDN l mng dng tn hiu s,
bn khng phi dng mt modem ni vi ng dy m thay vo
bn phi dng mt thit b gi l "codec" vi modem c kh nng
chy 14.4 kbit/s. ISDN thch hp cho c hai trng hp c nhn v
t chc. Cc t chc c th quan tm hn n ISDN c kh nng cao
hn ("primary" ISDN) vi tc tng cng bng tc 1.544 Mbit/s
ca ng T1. Cc ph khi s dng ISDN c tnh theo thi gian,
mt s trng hp tnh theo lng d liu c truyn i v mt s
th tnh theo c hai.

CATV link. Cng ty dn cp trong khu vc ca bn c th cho bn

thu mt "ch" trn ng cp ca h vi gi hp dn hn vi ng
in thoi. Cn phi bit nhng thit b g cn cho h thng ca mnh
v rng ca di m bn s c cung cp l bao nhiu. Cng nh
vic ng gp chi ph vi nhng khch hng khc cho knh lin lc
l nh th no. Mt dng k l hn c a ra vi tn gi l mng
"lai" ("hybrid" Network), vi mt knh CATV c s dng lu
thng theo mt hng v mt ng ISDN hoc gi s s dng cho
ng tr li. Nu mun cung cp thng tin trn Internet, bn phi
xc nh chc chn rng "knh ngc" ca bn kh nng phc v
cho nhu cu thng tin ca khch hng ca bn.

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Frame relay. Frame relay "uyn chuyn" hn ng thu bao. Khch

hng thu ng Frame relay c th mua mt dch v c mc xc
nh - mt "tc thng tin u thc" ("Committed Information Rale" CIR). Nu nh nhu cu ca bn trn mng l rt "bt pht" (burty),
hay ngi s dng ca bn c nhu cu cao trn ng lin lc trong
sut mt khong thi gian xc nh trong ngy, v c t hoc khng c
nhu cu vo ban m - Frame relay c th s kinh t hn l thu hon
ton mt ng T1 (hoc T3). Nh cung cp dch v ca bn c th
a ra mt phng php tng t nh l phng php thay th l
Switched Multimegabit Data Service.

Ch truyn khng ng b (Asynchoronous Trangfer Mode ATM). ATM l mt phng php tng i mi u tin bo hiu
cng mt k thut cho mng cc b v lin khu vc. ATM thch hp
cho real-time multimedia song song vi truyn d liu truyn thng.
ATM ha hn s tr thnh mt phn ln ca mng tng lai.

ng vi sng (Microware links). Nu cn kt ni vnh vin n

nh cung cp dch v nhng li thy rng ng thu bao hay nhng
la chn khc l qu t, bn s thy microware nh l mt la chn
thch hp. Bn khng cn tr qu t cho cch ny ca microware, tuy
nhin bn cn phi u t nhiu tin hn vo lc u, v bn s gp
mt s ri ro nh tc truyn n mng ca bn qu nhanh.

ng v tinh (satellite links). Nu bn mun c chuyn mt

lng ln d liu c bit l t nhng a im t xa th ng v tinh
l cu tr li. Tm hot ng ca nhng v tinh cng v tr a l vi
tri t cng to ra mt s chm tr (hoc "b che du") m nhng
ngi s dng Telnet c th cm nhn c.