:

" "

.

.
.

.

. Electro Magnetic Induction

)Primary
( Winding Secondary
( Winding


-:
( 1
. Transformer
single phase
. Transformer Three phase
-
. Poly phase Transformer
( 2 - :
Dry type Transformer
- .
- Oil Immersed Transformer .
( 3 - :
.
.
- .
.
( 4 .
. Power Transformer
- . Distribution Transformer
Coupling transformers )Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR - - :
) (.C.T ) (.P.T .
(Rectifier Transformer ) :
- . ( Earthing Transformer) :
- :
- . - :
- .

* *

Load

V2

(
-1
.
-2 .
-3

) ( V2N-L
-4
.
-5
.E 1
-6 E 1
= .

( -:
.

) . (VN.L
.
) ( V1-E1
I1=(V1-E1)/Z1

V1

* *
* )* ( Oil Immersed Trans
.:

 .:

* *
-1 ) : ( ) . ( Magnetic Circuit

:
.I .
.II .

 : 0.3mm
). (Cold rolled grain oriented Silicon steel
: )
( Permeability
.

.

) ( 5mm ) (0.3mm


.

.
) ( Flux density
1.8 1.6 ) / , ( 2 = 108

) Saturation
(
) ( Harmonics .

* *
): ( Core type trans
) ( Limb
) ( Yoke
.
) : ( Shell Type
.

* ) Electric

* ( Circuit
.

:
- :
.I ) ( Flat
.II ) . ( Foils
.III ) ( Cylindrical
.IV ) ( Disk
:
.I .
.II .
- :
.I :
.
.II :
.

#
#

V N
V 1/I
V N
N 1/I

) (

.I

 :
-1 .
-2
) ( Diala B
) . ( Diala C
* .

*
*
-1 :

.
-:
.I
.II
.III
.IV

.
.
.
) ( .
:

.I ) : ( plain tank
50 . .
.
.II ) ( ) :( Tubed Tank



.
:
.III

.

-2 :( Radiators ) -:
:
.

-3 :( Terminals ) :

.

-4 :( Bushings ) :
.:
- .
-
) ( :
-1 :


.
-2 ) : (
.

-5 Rod Gap :

.

* ) ( :

IEC 67-2

:
) ( A
:
:

C
: 65
.
: 70 .
: 60 .
: 55 .
) (
.

-6 ) : ( ) (Conservator
: %10

.
: ) (
) ( .

8%

%30
.

-7 ( Oil level indicator ):

: ,

.

 :
.
.


.
*
.
*
.
* .

-8 Breather )) :



.

-9 Silicagel :


.
* :

: .

200 : 150
.

: .

-10 :
.

-11 :
.

-12 ( Buchlez ) :

) ( .

-13 ( Tap Changer ) :

:
%5
.

* *
- ( On load tap changer ) :


) ( .
- ) No Voltage )( Off circuit T-C
:( T-C

* :
.
-1
.
-2
=
.

-3

) ( .
)
-4
(
.
-5
.
-6

-7
.
.
-8

# #

) (

17

3 5

* *

.
:

. Type Serial number Manfact. date Frequency Power Rated Group connection Vector Impedance voltage Short circuit time Total weight Oil weight Type of cooling Rated current - ) ( Rated voltage

*
*
-1 Power Rated :
KVA

S = 3 VL IL

) ( S
.

-2 ) ( Short circuit time

)
( .

-3 ) ( %V
*
.

VN.L - VF.L
100
VN.L
5% %3.5 .

= %V

-4 :
ONAN
-: O .
-: N .
-: A .
: N .

-5 ) ( Ir
S = 3 VL IL
S
3 VL

= IL

) = 1.41 S ( KVA

) S (VA
3 400

= IL

) S ( KVA
3 0.4

= IL

) S ( KVA
3 11

= IH

-6 )( Connection Vector Group

Dyn11
:
-: D ) ( .
-: y ) ( .
-: n .
-: 11
) ( Phases shift 330 = 30 11
.

# #


.
) / / (
.


300

* *
.
-:
) (
.
)( :
Differential
-1
Relay
Reverse Power
-2
Relay
-3 Earth Fault Indicator

* * Buchhez Relay
* :
:

(1 : .
(2
(3 :
.

* :
)( .:
,


.
:

 -1 : .
-2 : .
- 3 : .
)( .:


.

* .:
-1

.
-2


.

* *


.
.

* :
-1

:
.

-2

) : ( Density 895 / 3
20
.

-3

) : ( Viscosity
.

) ( )
. ( mm2 / sec

# #
) / 2 (

20
1530-

40
800

25

1800

-4 ) -: ( Flash point

.

.
130 140 . -1 ) -: ( Pour point


.
30- 45- , . -5 -:
%0.06
. %50
35 /
) 35 ( .

.
-2 ) ( Electric strength

 ) ( Electric field
.
-3 ) ( ) Tan Loss
( tangent
:

" 0.005 90
500 / 100
/ 40 62 " .

* :



) (Sludge
:
:

.
: ) ( ) ( Sludge

)
( .

* -:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

.
0.89 0.86 / . 3
0.58 0.43 / .
21 37 .
.
30 .
2.5 .

-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13

160.
% 0.069 1 .
) 5 (
%1.6 .
21 .
.
.
.

* *
* ) Oil Immersed
: ( Transformers
-:
(1
.
(2

)

( Transformer Tank
) (
.

# #
* :
)(IEC

.
:

Mineral Oil

Askarel

G
W
A
S

Gas
Water
Air
Solid Insulator

Natural

Forced

Forced and

Directed to the

Winding

N
F
D

O

) (

) ( IEC

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

ONAN
ONAF
OFAF
ODWF
AN
AF

) (
) .

OA
OA/FA
OA/FA/FA
OW/A

MB ( or )

* *
:
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 )
.
-4

.

* *

=

Out put
= power
In put power

=-1

* *

 - :

.
-1 Hysteresis losses in core -:
sheets


.
:
= H*f*Bi 1.6 V*10-7
: h 0.001 0.003
: f .
: Bi .
3
: V
-2 Eddy current Losses in core -:
plates

.
*
.
-3 Stray Eddy :
current Losses in core clamps Bolts
.

-4 I2R I2R Loss Due to no load current

%2-1

) ( Critical Saturation point
.

* ) ( :

) ( Rated Voltage
:
: Wo .
: IO .
: V1 .
: V2 .
: Cos 0 .
Wo
V1 Io
V1
V2

= Cos 0

N1
N2

- Load losses -:
I2R I2R Losses due to load current :


) . ( 5% 3.5
.
* ) ( Short Circuit test :
: Vs .
: Ws .
: I1 .
: I2 .
: Cos s .
Vs
= Cos s
Vs I1


.
Out Put Power
In Put Power

= ) ) Efficiency

KVA In put - Losses

KVA in put

Losses
KVA in put
Pcu
Cos s

KVA out put

KVA in put

=1-

Pfe
Cos 0

= Losses

Pfe / Cos 0 + Pcu / Cos s

KVA in put

=1-

-:
: P1 . Rated in put
: P2 . Rated out put
: Pfe ) ( Iron Losses .
:Pcu ) ( Cupper Losses .
: Cos 0 .

*
*
Neutral point Earthing
: ) . ( Ungrounded system

.

.

.
) Ic (R) , Ic ( S ) , Ic ( T
( ( 120

) . ( CR , CS , CT
* :
-1 .
-2 ) / ( KVA SC ) Short
. ( Circuit Level
* :
-1
) 1.73 (
.
-2
.

 -3 ) ( Transients
6 4
.
-4 .

 : :
* -:
-1
.
-2 .
-3

.
-4 ) 3
( Vph
) ( No Floating Voltage
.
-5 .
:

.

*
*Parallel Operation:

:
-1

.
-2 ) ( Load Cycle
.
-3


.
* :
-1 ) ( .
-2 ) . ( % Impedance Voltage
-3 ) . ( Group Connection
.......................................................................


.

 -1 -:
*
) ( No Load Circulation Curent

.
*
.

)E2 (2) E2 (1

Z1 Z2
)
Z1 +Z2
E2 (1) =I1 Z1 +(I1 +I2 ) Z
E2(2) = I2 Z2 +(I1 +I2) Z
E2(1) Z2+( E2(1) - E2(2) ) Z

)(1

= I1

)Z1 Z2 + Z(Z1+Z2

E2(2) Z1-( E2(1) - E2(2) ) Z

)Z1 Z2 + Z(Z1+Z2

)(2

= I2

.
Z

S2 open
)E2(2) E2(1
Z2 +Z1

=Io1

( ) +I2

* -:
*
) . (Per unit Impedance
*

G = I = I1Z1 = I2Z2

1
Z

Z1 Z2
Z1 + Z 2

=G=I

Z2
Z1 + Z 2

= I1 = I

Z1
Z1 + Z 2

= I2 = I

Z2
Z1 + Z2

S1 = VI1 = VI

Z1
Z1 + Z 2

S2= VI2 = VI

Z2
Z1 + Z 2

S1= S

Z1
Z1 + Z 2

S2= S

Z2
Z1

S1
S2

S = S1 = S2
Where Z1 , Z2 Impedance in
Ohms .

* -:
) ( Vector Group ) ( Phase Shift

.


.
For Transformer (1) Dyn 11
VHR1 = 11 0
KV
VLR1 = 400 330 V
For Transformer (2) Dyn 5
VHR2 = 11 0
KV
VLR2 = 400 150 V
) ( 1 ) ( 2 R1
R2 =
V= 400
330 - 400 150

* *
- -:

:
-1 :
. Single Phase . Three Phases -1 -:

) ( Out put KVA .
) (
.
) (

) ( Load Demand .
-2 -:


%5+ .


.
-3 -:
.


.
-4 -:

.
-:
: . . ONAN :
. H :

.

 -2 -:
. . . -5 -:

) (
.
-6 ) : ( -:
-: .
.
:
) (1
.
) (2


25
.
-3 :
) ( Star

.
-4 :

.

-:

.
.
-7 :

.

] . [ IEC76-2

 -8 -:
]
[ IEC 354
-9 ) Basic Impulse Insulation ) ( BIL
( level
) ( BIL



.
*
:

.
-:

-1





-2
.
) ( Traveling Waves
.
-3
) . ( Natural frequency
.
-4 ) ( surge Impedance
.

15

25

35

60
25
60

95
50
95

150
125
125

200
150
150

-5 -:

.

-6 -:

8 .

-7 -:
) ( ) ( Tapping
.
-8 -:


) . ( DB
1.6
%10 ) ( 3 , 2 .

#
#

K.V.A
300 151
500 301

dB

55
56

58
60

67
67

57
59

57
58
60
61
62

700 501
1000 - 701
1500 - 1001
2000 - 1501
3000 - 2001

62
64
65
66
68

67
67
67
67
67

61
63
64
65
66

67
67
67
69
71

# #
K.V.A

45
46
47
48
50
52
54
56

54
56
58
60
62
64
-

50 30
100 75
160 125
250 200
400 310
630 500
1000 800
1600 - 1200
-9 -:

.
-:
o
o
o
o
o
o

.
.
.
.
.

.

* *
* -:
- -:


.
- -:

.
-
.
-:

.

-1
-1 .
.
-2 .
-2 -3 .
.
-4 .
-3
-5 .
.
-6
-7 .
-8
.
-9
.

-1
-1
-2
.
-2 .
-3
-3 .
.
-4
-4
.
.

# #
(1 ) ( -:
* :

 . . .* :

.
* :

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-:
-1
RRS1 , RST1 , RST1
-2 .
RRS2 , RST2 , RST2
-3

RRSN , RSTN , RSTN
# -:

-:
RRS1 , RST1 , RST1 -1
RRS2 , RST2 , RST2 -2
RRSN , RSTN , RSTN -3

(2 -:
* :

.
V1
=
V2

N1
=
N2

=T.R

* -:

380 .
.

* -:

. . . .* -:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9

""1
380 .
.
) ( VL ) ( VL
""1
.
.
" "2 .
" "3
.
" "4
.
" "5
.

# -:
-1
-2
-3
-4

. VRN = VSN = VTN

. VRS = VST = VRT

.
%0.5 .

# 11/0.4 . . #

" "

" "

1
2
3
4
5

11550
11275
11000
10725
10450

231 / 400

28.87
28.18
27.5
26.81
26.12

(3 :
* -:

) ( B.D.V .
* -:

) . ( Oil Tester
* -:

220 )
( .
.
.
40 .

* -:

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

" " .
" " .
3 .
" " .
.
2.5 .
2 . /
.

.
) . ( B.D.V

.

 # #

35 .
35 6 .

) ( B.D.V


40 .
30 .

-:
* ) 2.5 ( .

35 .
25 .

 (4 :
- :
.
) -: (
-:
2500 -: ) (
* -:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.
-5 .
* -:
-1 2500 .
-2 ) ( Short circuit .
-3 ) ( Short circuit .
-4
) ( .
-5 15 . R15
-6 60 . R60
-7 R60 / R15 .
) ( Kab : absorption . 1.34
* -:
-1 .
-2 .
- .
* ) ( Vdc
-:
) ( Ic .
) ( IL . - 15 ) . ( R15

 :
-: Vd.c .
-: Ic .
-: IL .
60 ). ( R60
IL < Ic + IL
R15 < R60
60
30 15
. 1.34

<
# #
30

50

R60 / R15

R60

R15

R60 /
R15

R60

R15

1.34

1000

750

1.2

300

250

2.5

2500

1000

1.5

750

500

2.5

2500

1000

1.67

1000

600

# ) ( R60
#

33

10

20

450

350

40
50
30

60

70

100

70

50

250

150

 33 110

950

650

450

270

180

130

70

* :
-: -1 .
-2 .
-3
%85 .
-: -4
.
-5 ) (
.
-6
.
-7
200
.
-8 .
-9
.
-10


.

* *


.

* ) ( -:
-1 :
.1 2 ) - ( 3
.
.2 ) ( .
-2 :
.
* -:
3

30 .
- :
.1
.2 ) (
.3 .
.4 3 .
.5 3 .
.6 1 .
.7 ).( Selector
.8 .
.9 .
.10 ) ( .
.11 .
.12 ) (.
.13 )
- (.

*
*
-:
-1 .
. . -2 .
. - .

# #
* :
.
-1

-2
) ( .

) (.

-3
) (.
-4
.

) ( - :

.1

.2

.3

)
( .

.4 ) (
.

.5

) ( .

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5 .

# #
-:
) ( - .

:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

.

.

.
.
.

.

.

) ( -
.
) ( - -:

 .1
.
.2 ) ( .
.3 .

 # #
-


. .
.
-:

.1
35 2 .
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.
.5 ) / ( ...

.

# #
:
) (

.

.
) ( -:
.
.1
.
.2
.3 .
.4
) (
.

.5
.
.6 .
) ( :
.1
.

 .2 .

/
/
/ /

:
) ( :
) ( :
.5
.6
.7
.8

.1
.2
.3
.4
:

) (
:


.

*
*
:


....... .

.

] -
[ .
*
Three Phase Distribution Transformer
) ( 1 :
-:

.i

) (
) (.
* .

.ii

) (2 ) ( 3 .
) (3 ) (5 .
) (4 ) (7 ....

.iii

11000/400 27.5
22000/400

55

 # :
.1 )
. ( Three Phase Variac
.2

.
.3
.
.4
.
.5 27.5 11000/400
55 22000/400

) (2 -:

.1
*
.
.
.2

.3
.
) ( 3 -:
:
. A N
.ONAN . ONAF) ( 4 -:

:
.i
KVA
630
800
1000
1250
1500
2000
2500

KVA
63
80
100
125
160
200
250
300
315
400
500

KVA
5
6.3
8
10
12.5
16
20
25
31.5
40
50

 IEC 26-1
)( 1

 .ii :
Impedance voltage %
4.0
5.0
6.25

kva
Up to 630
631 to 1250
1251 to 3150

IEC . 76.5
) ( 2

# : ) ( :
:
-1
.
- 2 ) ( % V
.
-3 )Three
. ( PhaseVariac
-4
.
- 5

%Irated =Isc. at
100* Vsc/Vrated=V
-6
Srated =3*V L Rated* IL Rated
78

 )( 2
* -:
.1
.2
.3
.4

.

.
) 60(
) 55 ( ].[ IEC76-2

) (1 .

# )# ( Group Connection

79

*
.
- .

*
) .( Variac

.
.
.
30 .