B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.HCM

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC- THC PHM
........................

Bi tp:
THC HNH
X L S LIU THC NGHIM
NGNH CNG NGH THC PHM
LP: DHTP9B-N3
GVHD: PHM MINH TUN
SVTH:
13048081- PHAN MINH PHNG

TP.HCM, THNG 03 NM 2015

MC LC

Cu 1:..................................................................................................................
Cu 2:..................................................................................................................
Cu 3:..................................................................................................................
Cu 4:..................................................................................................................

Cu 5:................................................................................................................10
Cu 6:................................................................................................................12
Cu 7:................................................................................................................13
Cu 8:................................................................................................................15
Cu 9:................................................................................................................21
Cu 10:..............................................................................................................22
Cu 11:..............................................................................................................24
Cu 12:..............................................................................................................27
Cu 13:..............................................................................................................29
Cu 14:..............................................................................................................33
Cu 15:..............................................................................................................34
Cu 16:..............................................................................................................36
Cu 17:..............................................................................................................41
Cu 18...............................................................................................................42
Cu 19...............................................................................................................44
Cu 20...............................................................................................................48
Cu 21...............................................................................................................51
Cu 22...............................................................................................................52
Cu 23...............................................................................................................54
Cu 24...............................................................................................................56
Cu 25...............................................................................................................58
Cu 26...............................................................................................................60
Cu 27...............................................................................................................61
Cu 28...............................................................................................................64
Cu 29...............................................................................................................66
Cu 30...............................................................................................................68
Cu 31...............................................................................................................69
Cu 32...............................................................................................................75
Cu 33...............................................................................................................81
Cu 34:..............................................................................................................88

Cu 1:
69.4
69.2
69
68.8

Hiu sut trch ly (%)

68.6
68.4
68.2
68
67.8
67.6
67.4
Diethyl eter

Cn

Loi dung mi

Hnh 1: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v hiu sut trch
ly ca 2 loi dung mi trong qu trnh trch ly polyphenol.
Bng 1: Bng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v hiu sut trch ly ca 2
loi dung mi trong qu trnh trch ly polyphenol.
Dung mi
Diethyl eter
Cn

Hiu sut trch ly (%)

69.55. 167204
6815.0333

Ch thch: a,b trn cng mt ct biu din s khc bit v hiu sut trch ly
polyphenol khi s dng hai dung mi l Diethyl eter v Cn.
V gi tr p-value=0.8701> ( tin cy 95%) nn chng khng c ngha
v mt thng k, nn chng ta c th chn cn hoc diethyl eter trch ly
polyphenol u c, chng u em li hiu sut trch ly gn nh nh nhau.
Ph lc
etyl<-c(68,63,74,66,75)
con<-c(52,84,58,84,62)
e<-mean(etyl)
c<-mean(con)
sde<-sd(etyl)
1

sdc<-sd(con)
var.test(etyl,con)
F test to compare two variances
data: etyl and con
F = 0.1181, num df = 4, denom df = 4, p-value = 0.06226
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.01230061 1.13469446
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
0.1181416
t.test(con,etyl,var.equal=TRUE)
Two Sample t-test
data: con and etyl
t = -0.1688, df = 8, p-value = 0.8701
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-17.59373 15.19373
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
68.0

69.2

Cu 2:
1,250
1,200
1,150
Kh nng bn bt (h)

1,100
1,050
1,000
950
i chng

CMC

Cht kim tra

Hnh 2: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca ph gia CMC

v mu i chng
Bng 2: Bng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca ph gia CMC v mu
i chng.
Kh nng bn bt (gi)
i chng

1.047a0.04900113

CMC

1.223b0.04473378

Ch thch: a,b trn cng mt ct biu din s khc bit v kh nng bn bt

khi s dng ph gia CMC v khi khng s dng ph gia.
V gi tr p-value= 1.24e-07 < ( tin cy 95%) nn chng c s khc bit
v kh nng to bt khi s dng ph gia CMC v khi khng s dng ph gia.
Ta thy phn trm kh nng to bt ca ph gia CMC cao hn khi khng s
dng ph gia, v th p dng vo quy trnh sn xut chng ta c th chn
ph gia CMC to bn bt cho sn phm.
Ph lc
dc<-c(1.1,0.99,1.05,1.01,1.02,1.07,1.1,0.98,1.03,1.12)
cmc<-c(1.25,1.31,1.28,1.2,1.18,1.22,1.22,1.17,1.19,1.21)
dc1<-mean(dc)
cmc1<-mean(cmc)
sd1<-sd(dc)
3

sd2<-sd(cmc)
var.test(dc,cmc)
F test to compare two variances
data: dc and cmc
F = 1.1999, num df = 9, denom df = 9, p-value = 0.7905
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.2980354 4.8307459
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
1.199889
t.test(dc,cmc,var.equal=TRUE)
Two Sample t-test
data: dc and cmc
t = -8.3884, df = 18, p-value = 1.24e-07
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-0.2200804 -0.1319196
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
1.047

1.223

Cu 3:
20
18
16
14
12
Kh nng thy phn (mg/kg)

10
8
6
4
2
0
A

Loi Enzyme

Hnh 3: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v kh nng thy

phn protein ca 4 loi enzyme trong vic thy phn c trong qu trnh sn
xut nc mm.
Bng 3: Bng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v kh nng thy phn
protein ca 4 loi enzyme trong vic thy phn c trong qu trnh sn xut
nc mm.
Kh nng thy phn protein
(mg/kg)
A

18.16667ab1.169045

14.8cd0.83666

19a0.8164966

16.25bc1.258306

Ch thch: a,b,c,d trn cng mt ct biu din s khc bit v kh nng thy
phn ca 4 loi enzyme.
V p-value=7.463e-05 ***< ( tin cy 95%), nn chng c s khc nhau
v kh nng thy phn protein ca 4 loi enzyme. Lng acid amin thu c
khi s dng enzyme C,A l ln nht (19%, 18,1%) v cng mt nhm nn
chng ta c th s dng c hai enzyme c th thu c lng acid amin
ln nht.
Ph lc:
a<-c(17,18,17,20,19,18)
5

b<-c(14,15,16,15,14)
c<-c(19,20,18,19)
d<-c(16,15,16,18)
x<-c(a,b,c,d)
group<-c(rep("a",6),rep("b",5),rep("c",4),rep("d",4))
bai3<-data.frame(x,group)
analysis<-lm(x~group)
anova(analysis)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value
group

Pr(>F)

3 50.564 16.8547 15.431 7.463e-05 ***

Residuals 15 16.383 1.0922

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
res<-aov(x~group)
TukeyHSD(res)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a -3.3666667 -5.1905943 -1.5427391 0.0004459

c-a 0.8333333 -1.1109800 2.7776467 0.6151972
d-a -1.9166667 -3.8609800 0.0276467 0.0539882
c-b 4.2000000 2.1794103 6.2205897 0.0001307
6

d-b 1.4500000 -0.5705897 3.4705897 0.2079384

d-c -2.7500000 -4.8798886 -0.6201114 0.0098498
a1<-mean(a)
a2<-sd(a)
b1<-mean(b)
b2<-sd(b)
c1<-mean(c)
c2<-sd(c)
d1<-mean(d)
d2<-sd(d)
Cu 4:
72
70
68
66
Kh nng trng n (%)

64
62
60
58
56
0.5%

0.3%

0.1%

Nng ph gia

Hnh 4: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v kh nng

trng n khi s dng 3 nng khc nhau ca mt loi ph gia trong qu
trnh sn xut bnh phng tm.
Bng 4: Bng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v kh nng trng n khi
s dng 3 nng khc nhau ca mt loi ph gia trong qu trnh sn xut
bnh phng tm
Kh nng trng n (%)
0.5%

71.14286 a 6.890297
7

ab

0.3%

63.71429

6.626067

0.1%

61.14286 b 7.151423

Ch thch: a,b,c trn cng mt ct biu din s khc bit v kh nng trng
n ca ph gia 4 nng khc nhau.
V p-value=0.03722 *< ( tin cy 95%), nn c s khc bit v kh nng
trng n khi s dng ph gia cc nng khc nhau. Kh nng trng n
ca bnh phng tm khi s dng ph gia nng 0.5% v 0.3% u cho
gi tr cao nht (71.14286 v 63.71429). V vy nu l nh sn xut th
chng ta c th s dng nng 0.5% hoc 0.3 sn xut. Nhng ta nn
dng nng 0.3% sn xut, v mc nng ny s mang li gi tr kinh
t hn khi s dng nng 0.5%.
Ph lc:
a<-c(68,80,69,76,68,77,60)
b<-c(71,62,58,74,65,59,57)
c<-c(58,60,70,51,57,71,61)
x<-c(a,b,c)
group<-c(rep("a",7),rep("b",7),rep("c",7))
bai4<-data.frame(x,group)
analysis<-lm(x~group)
anova(analysis)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
group

2 377.52 188.762 3.9733 0.03722 *

Residuals 18 855.14 47.508

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
res<-aov(x~group)
TukeyHSD(res)
8

Tukey multiple comparisons of means

95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a -7.428571 -16.83138 1.9742350 0.1369187

c-a -10.000000 -19.40281 -0.5971936 0.0361071
c-b -2.571429 -11.97423 6.8313778 0.7677005
a1<-mean(a)
a2<-sd(a)
b1<-mean(b)
b2<-sd(b)
c1<-mean(c)
c2<-sd(c)
Cu 5:
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
Hm lng izozym EST

3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
i chng

Th nghim

Nhm ngi

Hnh 5: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca hm lng

izozym EST trong mu hai nhm ngi.

Bng 5: Bng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca hm lng izozym EST

trong mu hai nhm ngi.

i chng
Thc

Hm lng izozym EST

3.53a0.12

nghim
3.64b0.08
Ch thch: a, b trn cung mt ct biu din s khc bit hm lng izozym
EST trong mu hai nhm ngi.
V p- value = 0.0002426 <, nn c s khc bit v hm lng izozym EST
trong mu ngoi vi ca hai nhm ngi, v ta thy gi tr trung bnh ca thc
nghim ln hn i chng nn hm izozym EST trong mu ngoi vi ca nhm
ngi thc nghim cao hn nhm ngi i chng. Qua cho thy nhm
ngi khi sng v tip xc lu di vi ha cht dit cn trng nhm ln hu
c th hm lng izozym EST trong mu cng cao.
Ph Lc
setwd("t:/")
gh<-read.csv("bai5.csv",header=TRUE)
dc<-c(mean(gh[,1]))
tn<-c(mean(gh[,2]))
dc1<-c(sd(gh[,1]))
tn1<-c(sd(gh[,2]))
dc2<-c(gh[,1])
var.test(dc,tn)
F test to compare two variances
data: dc and tn
F = 2.0128, num df = 34, denom df = 34, p-value = 0.045
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
1.016014 3.987686
sample estimates:
10

ratio of variances
2.012845
wilcox.test(dc,tn,var.equal=TRUE)
Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
data: dc and tn
W = 301.5, p-value = 0.0002426
alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
Warning message:
In wilcox.test.default(dc, tn, var.equal = TRUE) :
cannot compute exact p-value with ties
Cu 6:
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Phn trm

50%
40%

Thch
Khng thch

30%
20%
10%
0%
Chanh dy

Vani

Loi hng

Hnh 6: Biu th hin phn trm mc a thch v khng thch ca hai

loi hng liu
Bng 6: Phn trm mc thch v khng thch ca hai loi hng liu
chanh dy v vani.

Khng thch
Thch

Chanh dy
10%
90%

Vani
19%
81%

11

V p-value =0,05107 > (0,05) nn chng khng c s khc nhau v mc

a thch v khng a thch ca hai loi hng liu. Nn l nh sn xut ta c
th s dng hng chanh dy hoc hng vani sn xut.
Ph Lc
x<-c(15,33,132,45)
y=matrix(x,nrow=2,byrow=T)
y
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 15 33
[2,] 132 45
bai6<matrix(c(15,132,33,145),2,2,dimnames=list(c("khongthich","thich"),
c("huongchanhday","huongvani")))
bai6
huongchanhday huongvani
khongthich
thich

15
132

33
145

chisq.test(bai6)
Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction
data: bai6
X-squared = 3.8061, df = 1, p-value = 0.05107

12

Cu 7:
8
7
6
5
Hm lng Saponin (%)

4
3
2
1
0
Vng 1

Vng 2

Vng 3

Vng

Hnh 7: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca hm lng

Saponin c thu hi t 1 loi nhn sm 3 vng khc nhau.
Bng 7: Bng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca hm lng Saponin
c thu hi t 1 loi nhn sm 3 vng khc nhau.

Hm lng Saponin
(%)
a

Vng 1
7.19 0.431
Vng 2
5.90b0.204
Vng 3
6.39c0.155
Ch thch: a, b,c trn cng mt ct biu din s khc bit hm lng
Saponin ca nhn sm trn 3 vng khc nhau.
V p- value = 9.412e-06 ***< ( tin cy 95%), nn c s khc bit v
hm lng Saponin ca cy nhn sm 3 vng khc nhau v ta thy hm
lng Saponin vng 1 l cao nht, thp nht l vng 2, v th ta c th
chn ging vng 1 trng v chng s mng li hiu qu kinh t cao hn
hai vng cn li.
Ph Lc
v1<-c(7.53,6.87,7.12,7.53,6.84,6.67,7.81)
v2<-c(5.87,5.64,6.14,6.07,5.79)
v3<-c(6.13,6.35,6.5,6.49,6.55,6.33)
group<-c(rep("a",7),rep("b",5),rep("c",6))
13

nhom<-c(v1,v2,v3)
bai7<-data.frame(nhom,group)
analysis<-lm(nhom~group)
anova(analysis)
Analysis of Variance Table

Response: nhom
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value
group

Pr(>F)

2 5.1625 2.58126 27.595 9.412e-06 ***

Residuals 15 1.4031 0.09354

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
res<-aov(nhom~group)
TukeyHSD(res)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = nhom ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a -1.2937143 -1.758883797 -0.8285448 0.0000084

c-a -0.8040476 -1.246026657 -0.3620686 0.0007453
c-b 0.4896667 0.008616515 0.9707168 0.0457802

14

Cu 8:
9
8
7
6
5
Gi tr trung bnh

4
3

Sn phm 1

Sn phm 2

1
n
V
m

ng

u
m

tro
ng

Tnh cht

Hnh 8: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v cc tnh cht

cm quan c nh gi ca 2 sn phm.
Bng 8: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v cc tnh cht
cm quan c nh gi ca 2 sn phm.
Sn phm 2
Sn phm 1
trong
7.60.9660918
5.50.8498366
mu
7.70.9486833
5.40.843274
Hng
7.50.8498366
7.11.37032
7.90.7378648
V mn
6.80.7888106
V p-value=6.559e-05 < ( tin cy 95%) nn chng c s khc nhau v
trong ca hai sn phm kho st. Ta thy gi tr trong ca sn phm 1
ln hn gi tr trong ca sn phm 2, v vy ta chn trong ca sn
phm 1 nh hng cho tng lai.
V p- value=1.968e-05< ( tin cy 95%) nn chng c s khc nhau v
mu ca hai sn phm kho st. Ta thy gi tr mu ca sn phm 1
ln hn gi tr mu ca sn phm 2, v vy ta chn mu ca sn phm
1 nh hng cho tng lai.
V p- value=0.443> ( tin cy 95%) nn chng khng c s khc nhau v
hng ca hai sn phm kho st. V vy chng ta c th chn hng
ca sn phm 1 hoc sn phm 2 nh hng cho tng lai u c.
V p- value=0.004744< ( tin cy 95%) nn chng c s khc nhau v v
mn ca hai sn phm kho st. Ta thy gi tr v mn ca sn phm 2 ln

15

hn gi tr v mn ca sn phm 1, v vy ta chn v mn ca sn phm 2

nh hng cho tng lai.
Ph lc:
dotrong1<-c(7,6,7,8,9,7,8,9,7,8)
domau1<-c(8,7,8,9,9,8,6,7,8,7)
huong1<-c(8,7,8,7,6,7,7,8,8,9)
viman1<-c(8,6,7,6,7,8,7,6,7,6)
dotrong2<-c(6,5,5,6,4,5,6,7,5,6)
domau2<-c(5,6,5,7,5,4,6,5,6,5)
huong2<-c(7,8,6,5,5,7,8,9,8,8)
viman2<-c(7,8,7,8,9,7,8,8,9,8)
var.test(dotrong1,dotrong2)
F test to compare two variances
data: dotrong1 and dotrong2
F = 1.2923, num df = 9, denom df = 9, p-value = 0.7087
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.320991 5.202823
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
1.292308
t.test(dotrong1,dotrong2,var.equal=TRUE)
Two Sample t-test
data: dotrong1 and dotrong2
t = 5.1612, df = 18, p-value = 6.559e-05
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
16

1.245166 2.954834
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
7.6

5.5

var.test(domau1,domau2)
F test to compare two variances
data: domau1 and domau2
F = 1.2656, num df = 9, denom df = 9, p-value = 0.7314
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.3143633 5.0953989
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
1.265625
t.test(domau1,domau2,var.equal=TRUE)
Two Sample t-test
data: domau1 and domau2
t = 5.7301, df = 18, p-value = 1.968e-05
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
1.456718 3.143282
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
7.7

5.4

var.test(huong1,huong2)
F test to compare two variances
17

data: huong1 and huong2

F = 0.3846, num df = 9, denom df = 9, p-value = 0.1708
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.09553302 1.54845929
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
0.3846154
t.test(huong1,huong2,var.equal=TRUE)
Two Sample t-test
data: huong1 and huong2
t = 0.7845, df = 18, p-value = 0.443
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-0.6712642 1.4712642
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
7.5

7.1

var.test(viman1,viman2)
F test to compare two variances
data: viman1 and viman2
F = 1.1429, num df = 9, denom df = 9, p-value = 0.8456
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.2838695 4.6011362
sample estimates:
18

ratio of variances
1.142857
t.test(viman1,viman2,var.equal=TRUE)
Two Sample t-test
data: viman1 and viman2
t = -3.2205, df = 18, p-value = 0.004744
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-1.8176015 -0.3823985
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
6.8

7.9

meandt1<-mean(dotrong1)
meandt2<-mean(dotrong2)
meandm1<-mean(domau1)
meandm2<-mean(domau2)
meanh1<-mean(huong1)
meanh2<-mean(huong2)
meanviman1<-mean(viman1)
meanviman2<-mean(viman2)
sddt1<-sd(dotrong1)
sddt2<-sd(dotrong2)
sddm1<-sd(domau1)
sddm2<-sd(domau2)
sdh1<-sd(huong1)
sdh2<-sd(huong2)
19

sdviman1<-sd(viman1)
sdviman2<-sd(viman2)
Cu 9:
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Phn trm

50%
40%

Khng hi lng
Hi lng

30%
20%
10%
0%
Sn phm A

Sn phm B

Sn phm

Hnh 9 : Biu th hin phn trm mc hi lng v khng hi lng ca

hai sn phm A v B.
Bng 9: Bng th hin phn trm mc hi lng v khng hi lng ca hai
sn phm A v B.
Sn phm A Sn phm B
Hi lng
82,67%
71,33%
Khng hi lng
17,33%
28,67%
V p-value= 0.02816 < ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v mc
hi lng v khng hi lng ca hai sn phm A v B. Nu l nh tiu dng th
s chn sn phm A v chng c mc hi lng cao hn sn phm B
(82,67%> 71,33%).
Ph lc:
bai9<-matrix(c(124,26,107,43),nrow=2)
chisq.test(bai9)

Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction

data: bai9
20

X-squared = 4.8184, df = 1, p-value = 0.02816

Cu 10:
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
Gi tr trung bnh
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
Sp ang bn

Sp ci tin

Sn phm

Hnh 10: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v im th hiu

ca cc khch hng v hai loi sn phm: ang bn v ci tin.
Bng 10: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v im th hiu
ca cc khch hng v hai loi sn phm: ang bn v ci tin.
im th hiu ca khch hng
Sn phm ang
bn
7,090909a1,136182
Sn phm ci tin
8b0,7745967
Ch thch: a, b trn cung mt ct biu din s khc bit v im th hiu ca
cc khch hng i vi hai loi sn phm.
V p-value= 0.1066 > ( tin cy 95%) nn khng c s khc bit v im
th hiu ca cc khch hng i vi hai sn phm l ang bn v ci tin. V
vy khng tung sn phm ang bn ra th trng.
Ph lc:
sp1<-c(6,8,7,8,8,9,7,5,6,7,7)
sp2<-c(8,8,9,7,8,7,7,9,8,9,8)
var.test(sp1,sp2)
F test to compare two variances
data: sp1 and sp2
21

F = 2.1515, num df = 10, denom df = 10, p-value = 0.2428

alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.5788635 7.9967340
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
2.151515
t.test(sp1,sp2,paired=TRUE)
Paired t-test
data: sp1 and sp2
t = -1.7733, df = 10, p-value = 0.1066
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-2.0513461 0.2331642
sample estimates:
mean of the differences
-0.9090909
s1<-mean(sp1)
s2<-mean(sp2)
sd1<-sd(sp1)
sd2<-sd(sp2)

22

Cu 11:
30
25
20
Kh nng trch ly (%)

15
10
5
0
55

70

85

100

115

Thi gian

Hnh 11: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v kh nng

trch ly theo thi gian b tr th nghim trong vic nghin cu s dng
enzyme pectinase ph hy mng t bo nm mo.
Bng 11: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v kh nng trch
ly theo thi gian b tr th nghim trong vic nghin cu s dng enzyme
petinase ph hy mng t bo nm mo.
Thi gian (pht)
Hiu sut trch ly (%)
55
17.72a0.9
70
21.06667b0.573
85
23.3bc1.31
100
24.383c0.4899
115
24.986c0.739
Ch thch: a,b,c trn cng mt ct biu din s khc bit v hiu sut trch ly
cc mc thi gian khc nhau
V p- value=6.447e-06 *** < ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v hiu
sut trch ly cc mc thi gian khc nhau. Hiu sut trch ly cc mc thi
gian 85,100,115 pht l cao nht v chng cng mt nhm. V vy chng
ta c th s dng mc thi gian 85,100,115 pht u c, nhng tit
kim thi gian v mang li hiu qu kinh t ta c th s dng mc thi gian
85 pht.
Ph lc:
n1<-c(16.77,18.56,17.83)
n2<-c(21.51,20.42,21.27)
23

n3<-c(22.16,24.73,23.01)
n4<-c(24.92,24.27,23.96)
n5<-c(24.73,24.41,25.82)
x<-c(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5)
group<-c(rep("a",3),rep("b",3),rep("c",3),rep("d",3),rep("e",3))
bai11<-data.frame(x,group)
analysis<-lm(x~group)
anova(analysis)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value
group

Pr(>F)

4 105.167 26.2917 36.126 6.447e-06 ***

Residuals 10 7.278 0.7278

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
res<-aov(x~group)
TukeyHSD(res)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 3.3466667 1.05425211 5.639081 0.0050286

c-a 5.5800000 3.28758544 7.872415 0.0000884
d-a 6.6633333 4.37091878 8.955748 0.0000184
e-a 7.2666667 4.97425211 9.559081 0.0000083
24

c-b 2.2333333 -0.05908122 4.525748 0.0570307

d-b 3.3166667 1.02425211 5.609081 0.0053534
e-b 3.9200000 1.62758544 6.212415 0.0015862
d-c 1.0833333 -1.20908122 3.375748 0.5536133
e-c 1.6866667 -0.60574789 3.979081 0.1864817
e-d 0.6033333 -1.68908122 2.895748 0.9028933
mean1<-mean(n1)
mean2<-mean(n2)
mean3<-mean(n3)
mean4<-mean(n4)
mean5<-mean(n5)
sd1<-sd(n1)
sd2<-sd(n2)
sd3<-sd(n3)
sd4<-sd(n4)
sd5<-sd(n5)
Cu 12:
10
9
8
7
6
Nng sut (kg/dvdt)

5
4
3
2
1
0
Ging 1

Ging 2

Ging 3

Ging la

25

Ging 4

Hnh 12: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v nng sut
ca 4 ging la mi c t l st cao.
Bng 12: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v nng sut ca
4 ging la mi c t l st cao.
Nng sut la (kg/n
Ging la
v din tch)
Ging 1
7a1
Ging 2
8.6a1.140175
Ging 3
4.6b1.140175
Ging 4
4.8b0.836669
Ch thch: a, b trn cng mt ct biu din s khc nhau v nng sut la
ca 4 ging la mi.
V p- value= 3.229e-05 ***< nn c s khc nhau v nng sut ca 4
ging la mi. Nng sut ging la 1 v 2 l cao nht (7, 8.6) v cng 1
nhm. V vy chng ta c th chn ging 1 hoc ging 2 p dng vo sn
sut i tr v mang li nng sut cao.
Ph lc:
g1<-c(8,7,6,6,8)
g2<-c(9,10,7,9,8)
g3<-c(5,5,4,3,6)
g4<-c(5,4,5,4,6)
group<-c(rep("a",5),rep("b",5),rep("c",5),rep("d",5))
x<-c(g1,g2,g3,g4)
bai12<-data.frame(x,group)
analysis<-lm(x~group)
anova(analysis)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value
group

Pr(>F)

3 54.55 18.183 16.915 3.229e-05 ***

Residuals 16 17.20 1.075

26

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

res<-aov(x~group)
TukeyHSD(res)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 1.6 -0.2760962 3.4760962 0.1091981

c-a -2.4 -4.2760962 -0.5239038 0.0102311
d-a -2.2 -4.0760962 -0.3239038 0.0189329
c-b -4.0 -5.8760962 -2.1239038 0.0000822
d-b -3.8 -5.6760962 -1.9239038 0.0001458
d-c 0.2 -1.6760962 2.0760962 0.9897700
mean1<-mean(g1)
mean2<-mean(g2)
mean3<-mean(g3)
mean4<-mean(g4)
sd1<-sd(g1)
sd2<-sd(g2)
sd3<-sd(g3)
sd4<-sd(g4)

27

Cu 13:
110
100
90
80
Hm lng vitamin C (mg/g)

70
60
50
40
30
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Nng ch phm

Hnh 13: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca hm lng

Vitamin C theo cc nng ca ch phm PectinexTM Ultra SP-L trn tri Sri.
Bng 13: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca hm lng
Vitamin C theo cc nng ca ch phm PectinexTM Ultra SP-L trn tri Sri.
Nng ch

Hm lng vitamin C

phm (%v/w)
(mg/g)
0
49.83a2.03
0.05
78.126b1.5
0.1
89.036cd1.33
0.15
91.74cd0.9
0.2
94.32de0.72
0.25
96.75ef1.38
0.3
97.56ef1.16
Ch thch:a, b, c,d,e,f trn cng mt ct th hin s khc nhau v hm lng
vitamin C theo cc nng ch phm.
V p-value=2.389e-15 *** < ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v
hm lng vitamin C cc nng ch phm khc nhau. Hm lng vitamin
C cc nng 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 l ln nht (94.32, 96.75, 97.56) v cng
mt nhm. V vy, ta c th s dng ch phm vi nng 0.2, 0.25 hoc
0.3. Tuy nhin tng gi tr kinh t v tit kim chi ph ta nn s dng ch
phm vi nng 0.2.
Ph lc:
n1<-c(49.02,48.33,52.14)
28

n2<-c(76.43,78.64,79.31)
n3<-c(88.65,90.52,87.94)
n4<-c(90.75,92.51,91.96)
n5<-c(93.56,94.42,94.99)
n6<-c(95.23,97.12,97.91)
n7<-c(96.41,97.56,98.73)
x<-c(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6,n7)
group<c(rep("a",3),rep("b",3),rep("c",3),rep("d",3),rep("e",3),rep("f",3),rep
("g",3))
bai13<-data.frame(x,group)
analysis<-lm(x~group)
anova(analysis)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value
group

Pr(>F)

6 5184.2 864.04 474.76 2.389e-15 ***

Residuals 14 25.5

1.82

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

res<-aov(x~group)
TukeyHSD(res)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj
29

b-a 28.2966667 24.5355155 32.057818 0.0000000

c-a 39.2066667 35.4455155 42.967818 0.0000000
d-a 41.9100000 38.1488488 45.671151 0.0000000
e-a 44.4933333 40.7321822 48.254484 0.0000000
f-a 46.9233333 43.1621822 50.684484 0.0000000
g-a 47.7366667 43.9755155 51.497818 0.0000000
c-b 10.9100000 7.1488488 14.671151 0.0000018
d-b 13.6133333 9.8521822 17.374484 0.0000001
e-b 16.1966667 12.4355155 19.957818 0.0000000
f-b 18.6266667 14.8655155 22.387818 0.0000000
g-b 19.4400000 15.6788488 23.201151 0.0000000
d-c 2.7033333 -1.0578178 6.464484 0.2468338
e-c 5.2866667 1.5255155 9.047818 0.0040668
f-c 7.7166667 3.9555155 11.477818 0.0000992
g-c 8.5300000 4.7688488 12.291151 0.0000325
e-d 2.5833333 -1.1778178 6.344484 0.2892414
f-d 5.0133333 1.2521822 8.774484 0.0063632
g-d 5.8266667 2.0655155 9.587818 0.0017029
f-e 2.4300000 -1.3311512 6.191151 0.3506392
g-e 3.2433333 -0.5178178 7.004484 0.1131016
g-f 0.8133333 -2.9478178 4.574484 0.9873690
m1<-mean(n1)
m2<-mean(n2)
m3<-mean(n3)
m4<-mean(n4)
m5<-mean(n5)
30

m6<-mean(n6)
m7<-mean(n7)
sd1<-sd(n1)
sd2<-sd(n2)
sd3<-sd(n3)
sd4<-sd(n4)
sd4<-sd(n5)
sd4<-sd(n4)
sd5<-sd(n5)
sd6<-sd(n6)
sd7<-sd(n7)
Cu 14:
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
T l tng trng lng bnh nhn(%)
40%

Tng 0.5-1 kg/thng

Tng 1.5-3 kg/thng

30%
20%
10%

0%
Thc n 1
Thc n

Hnh 14: Biu th hin s tng cn ca 3 nhm thc n trn 415 ngi.
Bng 14: Bng th hin s tng cn ca 3 nhm thc n trn 415 ngi.
Thc n

Thc n

Thc n 3

kg/thng
Tng 0.5-1

59%

35%

88%

kg/thng

41%

65%

12%

Tng 1.5-3

31

V p-value= 2.2e-16< ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v s tng

cn ca 415 ngi cc ch dinh dng ca 3 thc n. Ta thy thc n
3 c 88% (367 ngi/415 ngi) tng 1.5-3 kg/thng vy nu ta chon thc n 3 th
s ci thin tnh trng thiu cn cc bnh nhn bin n.
Ph lc:
bai14<matrix(c(245,170,145,270,367,48),nrow=2,ncol=3,dimnames=list(c(
"tang 1.5-3kg/thang","tang 0.5-1 kg/thang"),c("thuc don 1","thuc
don 2","thuc don 3")))
bai14
thuc don 1 thuc don 2 thuc don 3
tang 1.5-3kg/thang

245

145

367

tang 0.5-1 kg/thang

170

270

48

chisq.test(bai14)
Pearson's Chi-squared test
data: bai14
X-squared = 249.9598, df = 2, p-value < 2.2e-16
Cu 15:
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%

Cu trc khng t

40%

Cu trc va

30%

Cu trc at

20%
10%

i
ch
n
g

Ph

gi
a

B
Ph

gi
a

A
gi
a
Ph

0%

Hnh 15: Biu th hin ci thin cu trc ca Yagourt khi s dng ph

gia.
32

Bng 15: Bng th hin ci thin cu trc ca Yagourt khi s dng ph

gia.
Cu trc at
Cu trc va
Cu trc khng

Ph gia A
93%
5%

Ph gia B
92%
6%

Ph gia C
88%
9%

i chng
59%
23%

t
2%
2%
3%
18%
V p-value= 2.2e-16 < ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v ci
thin cu trc Yagourt trong vic s dng 3 loi ph gia vi i chng. V ta
thy ci thin cu trc ca Ph gia A l ln nht (93%), ph gia B (92%),
ph gia C (), v vy ci thin cu trc ca Yagourt th ta c th chn ph
gia A cho vo quy trnh sn xut.
Ph lc:
bai15<matrix(c(157,189,170,92,8,12,17,35,3,5,7,28),nrow=3,ncol=4,byrow
=T,dimnames=list(c("cau truc tot","cau truc vua","cau truc khong
dat"),c("phu gia A","phu gia B","phu gia C","doi chung")))
bai15
phu gia A phu gia B phu gia C doi chung
cau truc tot
cau truc vua
cau truc khong dat

157
8
3

189

170

12

17
5

92
35

28

chisq.test(bai15)

Pearson's Chi-squared test

data: bai15
X-squared = 97.153, df = 6, p-value < 2.2e-16

33

Cu 16:
35
30
25
20
Hm lng pheno (% theo trong lng kh) 15
10
5

0.
3

0.
15

Nng enzyme (%)

Hnh 16: Biu th hin hm lng phenol (% theo trng lng kh) theo
cc nng enzyme (%).
Bng 16: Bng th hin hm lng phenol (% theo trng lng kh) theo cc
nng enzyme (%).
Nng enzyme

Hm lng phenol (% phn

(%)
trm theo khi lng kh)
0
21.8a1.670329
0.05
25.6b1.417745
0.1
27.86667bc0.450925
0.15
29.43333c1.069268
0.2
30.9c1.345362
0.25
30.76667c0.8326664
0.3
30.86667c1.123981
Ch thch: a,b,c trn cng 1 ct c s khc nhau v hm lng phenol.
V p-value= 1.062e-06 *** < ( tin cy 95%) nn chng c s khc nhau
v hm lng phenol thu c khi cho cc nng enzyme khc nhau. Ta
thy nng 0.3 l cho hm lng phenol l ln nht nhng cc nng
0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15 khng c s khc nhau v hm lng phenol. Nn tit
kim chi ph mak vn mang li hiu qu th ta chon nng enzyme 0.15 l
tt nht.
Ph lc:
n1<-c(20.3,21.5,23.6)
n2<-c(24.5,25.1,27.2)
n3<-c(27.4,27.9,28.3)
34

n4<-c(28.5,29.2,30.6)
n5<-c(29.8,30.5,32.4)
n6<-c(30.1,31.7,30.5)
n7<-c(29.9,32.1,30.6)
x<-c(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6,n7)
group<c(rep("a",3),rep("b",3),rep("c",3),rep("d",3),rep("e",3),rep("f",3),rep
("g",3))
analysis<-lm(x~group)
anova(analysis)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value
group

Pr(>F)

6 211.011 35.169 24.833 1.062e-06 ***

Residuals 14 19.827 1.416

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
res<-aov(x~group)
TukeyHSD(res)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 3.80000000 0.4821762 7.117824 0.0204195

c-a 6.06666667 2.7488429 9.384490 0.0003359
d-a 7.63333333 4.3155096 10.951157 0.0000276
35

e-a 9.10000000 5.7821762 12.417824 0.0000035

f-a 8.96666667 5.6488429 12.284490 0.0000042
g-a 9.06666667 5.7488429 12.384490 0.0000037
c-b 2.26666667 -1.0511571 5.584490 0.2944358
d-b 3.83333333 0.5155096 7.151157 0.0191830
e-b 5.30000000 1.9821762 8.617824 0.0012773
f-b 5.16666667 1.8488429 8.484490 0.0016225
g-b 5.26666667 1.9488429 8.584490 0.0013557
d-c 1.56666667 -1.7511571 4.884490 0.6776210
e-c 3.03333333 -0.2844904 6.351157 0.0835979
f-c 2.90000000 -0.4178238 6.217824 0.1057066
g-c 3.00000000 -0.3178238 6.317824 0.0886875
e-d 1.46666667 -1.8511571 4.784490 0.7355928
f-d 1.33333333 -1.9844904 4.651157 0.8072163
g-d 1.43333333 -1.8844904 4.751157 0.7542256
f-e -0.13333333 -3.4511571 3.184490 0.9999992
g-e -0.03333333 -3.3511571 3.284490 1.0000000
g-f 0.10000000 -3.2178238 3.417824 0.9999999
by(x,group,mean)
group: a
[1] 21.8
-----------------------------------------------------------group: b
[1] 25.6
-----------------------------------------------------------group: c
36

[1] 27.86667
-----------------------------------------------------------group: d
[1] 29.43333
-----------------------------------------------------------group: e
[1] 30.9
-----------------------------------------------------------group: f
[1] 30.76667
-----------------------------------------------------------group: g
[1] 30.86667
by(x,group,sd)
group: a
[1] 1.670329
-----------------------------------------------------------group: b
[1] 1.417745
-----------------------------------------------------------group: c
[1] 0.450925
-----------------------------------------------------------group: d
[1] 1.069268
-----------------------------------------------------------37

group: e
[1] 1.345362
-----------------------------------------------------------group: f
[1] 0.8326664
-----------------------------------------------------------group: g
[1] 1.123981
Cu 17:
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%

Xu

40%

Tt

30%
20%
10%
0%
Loai t A

Loi t B

Loi t C

Hnh 17: Biu th hin cht lng ca cy trng khi c trng trn 3 loi
t khc nhau.
Bng 17: Bng cht lng cy trng khi c trng trn 3 loi t khc nhau.

Loai t A
Loi t B
Loi t C
V p-value=

Cht lng cy trng

Tt
Xu
81%
19%
78,3%
21,7%
71,4%
28,6%
p-value = 0.05716 > ( tin cy 95%) nn khng c s khc

nhau v cht lng cy trng trn 3 ging cy trng. Nn ta c th chn 1

trong 3 loi t canh tc u c.
Ph lc:
38

bai17 <matrix(c(40,170,50,180,60,150),nrow=3,byrow=T,dimnames=list(c("A","B","
C"),c("xau","tot")))
bai17
xau tot
A 40 170
B 50 180
C 60 150
chisq.test(bai17)
Pearson's Chi-squared test
data: bai17
X-squared = 5.7239, df = 2, p-value = 0.05716

39

Cu 18

Hnh 18: Biu th hin mi quan h gia nng Benzen v mt

quang
Ta thy mt quang t l thun vi nng Benzen theo phng trnh
y=0.570337+0.79627.
Ph lc:
benzen<-c(0.2,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3)
Am<-c(0.2,0.37,0.64,0.93,1.22,1.5,1.8)
Bai18<-data.frame(benzen,Am)
Bai18
benzen Am
1

0.2 0.20
40

0.5 0.37

1.0 0.64

1.5 0.93

2.0 1.22

2.5 1.50

3.0 1.80

reg<-lm(Am~benzen)
summary(reg)
Call:
lm(formula = Am ~ benzen)
Residuals:
1

0.006306 0.005204 -0.009964 -0.005133 -0.000302 -0.005471 0.009361

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 0.079627 0.005602 14.21 3.10e-05 ***
benzen

0.570337 0.003105 183.70 9.07e-11 ***

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

Residual standard error: 0.007876 on 5 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.9999,

Adjusted R-squared: 0.9998

F-statistic: 3.374e+04 on 1 and 5 DF, p-value: 9.071e-11

plot(Am~benzen,sub="Mi quan h gia nng Benzen v mt
o quang",xlab="Nng Benzen",ylab="Mt quang")
abline(reg)
legend(0.8,0.4,c("y=0.570337x+ 0.079627\nR_squared=0.9999"))
41

Cu 19
120
100
80
60
Hm lng Viatmin C (mg/g)

40
20

15
0W
18
8W
25
5W
26
3W
30
0W

0W

Cng sut (W)

Hnh 19: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca hm lng

vitamin C theo cng sut siu m.
Bng 19: Bng th hin hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca hm
lng vitamin C theo cng sut siu m.
Cng sut

Hm lng Vitamin C

(W)
(mg/g)
0
50.53a 0.85
150
96.57b 0.83
188
100.50c,d 0.81
225
103.30d 0.79
263
100.73c 1.31
300
98.43b,c 0.75
Ch thch: a,b,c,d trn cng 1 ct th hin s khc nhau v hm lng
vitamin C cc cng sut khc nhau.
V p-value= 2.57e-16 *** < ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v hm
lng vitamin C thu c cc cng sut khc nhau. V ta thy cng sut
225W th lng vitamin C thu c l ln nht. Nn ta c th s dng cng
sut 225W thu c lng viatmin C cao.
Ph lc
g<-c(gl(3,6))
group<-as.factor(g)
n1<-c(50.5,49.7,51.4)
n2<-c(96.3,95.9,97.5)
42

n3<-c(100.7,101.2,99.6)
n4<-c(103.6,102.4,103.9)
n5<-c(100.6,102.1,99.5)
n6<-c(97.7,98.4,99.2)
x<-c(n1,n2,n3,n4,n5,n6)
data<-data.frame(x,group)
bai19<-lm(x~group)
anova(bai19)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
group 5 6171.9 1234.39 1486.2 2.57e-16 ***
Residuals 12 10.0

0.83

Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

res<-aov(x~group)
TukeyHSD(res)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

2-1 46.0333333 43.5339177 48.53274899 0.0000000

3-1 49.9666667 47.4672510 52.46608233 0.0000000
4-1 52.7666667 50.2672510 55.26608233 0.0000000
5-1 50.2000000 47.7005843 52.69941566 0.0000000
6-1 47.9000000 45.4005843 50.39941566 0.0000000
43

3-2 3.9333333 1.4339177 6.43274899 0.0020483

4-2 6.7333333 4.2339177 9.23274899 0.0000122
5-2 4.1666667 1.6672510 6.66608233 0.0012540
6-2 1.8666667 -0.6327490 4.36608233 0.1959441
4-3 2.8000000 0.3005843 5.29941566 0.0253118
5-3 0.2333333 -2.2660823 2.73274899 0.9994785
6-3 -2.0666667 -4.5660823 0.43274899 0.1294844
5-4 -2.5666667 -5.0660823 -0.06725101 0.0429643
6-4 -4.8666667 -7.3660823 -2.36725101 0.0003088
6-5 -2.3000000 -4.7994157 0.19941566 0.0780319
by(x,group,mean)
group: 1
[1] 50.53333
group: 2
[1] 96.56667
group: 3
[1] 100.5
group: 4
[1] 103.3
group: 5
[1] 100.7333
group: 6
[1] 98.43333
by(x,group,sd)
group: 1
[1] 0.8504901
44

group: 2
[1] 0.8326664
group: 3
[1] 0.8185353
group: 4
[1] 0.7937254
group: 5
[1] 1.305118
group: 6
[1] 0.7505553
Cu 20

ph
p
K
th
p

su
ng

ph

ng

En
zy
em

Kh nng thu hi (%)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Phng php

Hnh 20: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca cc bin

php nhm tng kh nng thu hi dch chit.
Bng 29: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca cc bin php
nhm tng kh nng thu hi dch chit.
Phng php

Hiu sut thu hi

(%)
45

B sung enzyme
Sng siu m
Kt hp s dng enzyme

80,11a 1,67
71,42b 2,36
87,11c 1,27

v sng siu m
Ch thch; a,b,c trn cng 1 ct th hin s khc nhau v cc phng php.
V p-value= 0.0001333 ***< ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v
hiu sut thu hi khi s dng cc phng php khc nhau. Ta thy khi s
dng kt hp enzyme v sng siu m th hiu sut thu hi l ln nht. Vy
ta c th s dng phng php ny vo trong sn sut.
Ph lc:
n1<-c(80.67,78.23,81.42)
n2<-c(69.13,73.85,71.27)
n3<-c(88.14,87.51,85.69)
x<-c(n1,n2,n3)
group<-c(rep("a",3),rep("b",3),rep("c",3))
bai20<-data.frame(x,group)
analysis<-lm(x~group)
anova(analysis)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value
group

Pr(>F)

2 370.99 185.497 55.725 0.0001333 ***

Residuals 6 19.97 3.329

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
TukeyHSD(aov(x~group))
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ group)
46

$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a -8.690000 -13.260802 -4.119198 0.0027037

c-a 7.006667 2.435865 11.577469 0.0079069
c-b 15.696667 11.125865 20.267469 0.0001059
by(x,group,mean)
group: a
[1] 80.10667
-----------------------------------------------------------group: b
[1] 71.41667
-----------------------------------------------------------group: c
[1] 87.11333
by(x,group,sd)
group: a
[1] 1.667943
-----------------------------------------------------------group: b
[1] 2.363416
-----------------------------------------------------------group: c
[1] 1.272255

47

Cu 21
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Am 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

Nng (ppm)

Hnh 21: Biu th hin mi quan h gia nng NO3- vi mt quang.

Bng 21: Bng th hin mi quan h gia nng NO3- v mt quang.
Nng (ppm)
0
2
4
6
8
Am
0
0.396 0.788 1.178 1.569
Nng NO3- v mt quang c mi quan h theo phng trnh ng
chun y=0.196x+0.0022
Hm lng NO3- c trong mu 1 v mu 2 ln lt l: 26.04082 (ppm) v 42.21429 (ppm)
Ph lc
nd<-c(0,2,4,6,8)
am<-c(0,0.396,0.788,1.178,1.569)
summary(lm(am~nd))
Call:
lm(formula = am ~ nd)
Residuals:
1

-0.0022 0.0018 0.0018 -0.0002 -0.0012

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
48

(Intercept) 0.0022000 0.0016000 1.375

nd

0.263

0.1960000 0.0003266 600.125 1.02e-08 ***

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

Residual standard error: 0.002066 on 3 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:

1,

Adjusted R-squared:

F-statistic: 3.601e+05 on 1 and 3 DF, p-value: 1.02e-08

x1=((1.023-0.0022)/0.196)*(10/2)
x2=((1.657-0.0022)/0.196)*(10/2)
x1
[1] 26.04082
x2
[1] 42.21429
Cu 22
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

ic
n
g

ng
h

Ph phm

kh
it
ha
y
Sa
u

Tr

kh
it
ha
y

ic
n
g

ng
h

Chnh phm

Hnh 22: Biu th hin t l ph phm v chnh phm qua vic trc v
sau khi i cng ngh.
Bng 22: Bng th hin t l ph phm v chnh phm qua vic trc v sau
khi i cng ngh.
49

Ph
phm

Chnh phm

Trc khi thay i cng

ngh
7,6%
92,4%
Sau khi thay i cng ngh
11,5%
88,5%
V p-value=9.577e-15 < ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v t l
chnh phm v ph phm ca trc v sau khi i cng ngh. Ta thy trc
khi i cng ngh th t l ph phm nh hn sau khi i cng ngh nn cng
ty khng nn thay i cng ngh mi ny.
Ph lc
tong<-c(500,800)
cp<-c(462,800)
prop.test(cp,tong)
2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction
data: cp out of tong
X-squared = 59.9811, df = 1, p-value = 9.577e-15
alternative hypothesis: two.sided
95 percent confidence interval:
-0.10085268 -0.05114732
sample estimates:
prop 1 prop 2
0.924 1.000

50

Cu 23
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.4
Thang im nh gi 6.3
6.2
6.1
6
Tr rau m

Tr da

Tr kh qua

Loi tr

Hnh 23: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v thang im

nh gi ca 10 ngi trn 3 sn phm tr.
Bng 23: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v thang im
nh gi ca 10 ngi trn 3 sn phm tr.
Loi tr
im nh gi
Tr rau m
6.27a 0.2162817
Tr da
6.66b 0.2270585
Tr kh qua
6.4a 0.2309401
Ch thch: a,b trn cng mt ct th hin s khc nhau ca cc loi tr.
V p-value= 0.00212 ** < ( tin cy 95%) nn c su khc nhau v a
thch ca ngi tiu dung i vi 3 sn phm tr. Ta thy tr da c im
nh gi cao nht, v vy tr da c ngi tiu dng thch nht.
Ph lc
group<-c(rep("a",10),rep("b",10),rep("c",10))
rm<-c(6.2,6.2,6.5,6.2,6.4,6.5,6.5,6.2,5.8,6.2)
d<-c(6.6,6.3,6.7,6.6,6.7,7.0,6.5,6.9,6.4,6.9)
kq<-c(6.4,6.4,6.5,6.0,6.6,6.4,6.5,6.1,6.3,6.8)
x<-c(rm,d,kq)
data<-data.frame(x,group)
bai23<-lm(x~group)
51

anova(bai23)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
group

2 0.78867 0.39433

7.8 0.00212 **

Residuals 27 1.36500 0.05056

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
TukeyHSD(aov(x~group))
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a 0.39 0.1406846 0.63931542 0.0017111

c-a 0.13 -0.1193154 0.37931542 0.4113043
c-b -0.26 -0.5093154 -0.01068458 0.0396760
by(x,group,mean)
group: a
[1] 6.27
-----------------------------------------------------------group: b
[1] 6.66
-----------------------------------------------------------group: c
[1] 6.4
52

by(x,group,sd)
group: a
[1] 0.2162817
-----------------------------------------------------------group: b
[1] 0.2270585
-----------------------------------------------------------group: c
[1] 0.2309401
Cu 24

Am
2
1.5
Mt quang

1
0.5
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

Nng

Hnh 24: Biu th hin mi quan h gia hm lng st vi mt quang.

Bng 24: Bng th hin mi quan h gia hm lng st v mt quang.
Nng (ppm)
0
1
2
3
4
Am
0
0.375
0.73
1.127 1.430
Nng st v mt quang c mi quan h theo phng trnh ng
chun y=0.3612x+0.01
Hm lng st c trong mu 1 v mu 2 ln lt l: 7.98265 (ppm) v 8.121078 (ppm)
Ph lc
sat<-c(0,1,2,3,4)
53

am<-c(0,0.375,0.73,1.127,1.43)
summary(lm(am~sat))
Call:
lm(formula = am ~ sat)
Residuals:
1

-0.0100 0.0038 -0.0024 0.0334 -0.0248

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 0.010000 0.019240
sat

0.52

0.639

0.361200 0.007855 45.99 2.26e-05 ***

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

Residual standard error: 0.02484 on 3 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.9986,

Adjusted R-squared: 0.9981

F-statistic: 2115 on 1 and 3 DF, p-value: 2.264e-05

m1=(0.875-0.01)/0.3612*(10/3)
m1
[1] 7.98265
m2=(0.89-0.01)/0.3612*(10/3)
m2
[1] 8.121078

54

Cu 25
245
240
235
lit sa/ n v thi gian

230
225
220
215
Ging B A

Ging B B

Ging b

Hnh 25: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v kh nng

cho sa (lit/n v thi gian) ca 2 ging b A & B.
Bng 25: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v kh nng cho
sa (lit/n v thi gian) ca 2 ging b A & B.
Ging b
Lng sa (lit/n v thi gian)
Ging b A
225.9756a 17.32833
Ging b B
238.9706b 20.7429
Ch thch: a,b trn cng 1 ct th hin s khc nhau v kh nng cho sa
ca cc ging b.
V p-value= 4.95e-05 ***< ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau sn
lng sa ca 2 ging b, ta thy ging b B cho lng sa ln nht nn c
th chn ging B chn nui i tr.
Ph lc
a<-rep(c(205,215,225,235,245,255,265,275),c(14,21,20,13,5,4,3,2))
b<-rep(c(205,215,225,235,245,255,265,275),c(7,9,8,8,14,11,6,5))
sua<-c(a,b)
giong<-rep(c(1,2),c(82,68))
giong<-as.factor(giong)
bai25<-lm(sua~giong)
anova(bai25)
55

Analysis of Variance Table

Response: sua
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
giong

1 6277 6277.4 17.48 4.95e-05 ***

Residuals 148 53150 359.1

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
TukeyHSD(aov(sua~giong))
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = sua ~ giong)
$giong
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

2-1 12.99498 6.852856 19.1371 4.95e-05

by(sua,giong,mean)
giong: 1
[1] 225.9756
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 2
[1] 238.9706
by(sua,giong,sd)
giong: 1
[1] 17.32833
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 2
[1] 20.7429
56

Cu 26
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%

Ht khng ny mm

40%

Ht ny mm

30%
20%
10%
0%
La m

La np

i mch

Hnh 26: Biu th hin t l ny mm ca 3 loi ht sn xut Malt.

Bng 26: Bng th hin t l ny mm ca 3 loi ht sn xut Malt.
Ht ny mm
Ht khng ny

La m
81%
19%

La np
57%
43%

i mch
72%
28%

mm
V p-vaue=0.0009119 < ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v kh
nng ny mm ca 3 loi ht. Ta thy t l ny mm ca ht la m l ln
nht nn c th chn la m sn xut malt.
Ph lc
nm <- c(81,57,72)
tong <- c(100,100,100)
prop.test(nm,tong)
3-sample test for equality of proportions without continuity
correction
data: nm out of tong
X-squared = 14, df = 2, p-value = 0.0009119
alternative hypothesis: two.sided
sample estimates:
prop 1 prop 2 prop 3
57

0.81 0.57 0.72

Cu 27
6
5
4
Nng sut

3
2
1
0
Ging 1

Ging 2

Ging 3

Ging 4

Ging ng lai

Hnh 27: Biu th hin nng sut trung bnh v lch chun ca 4 ging
ng lai.
Bng 27: Bng th hin nng sut trung bnh v lch chun ca 4 ging
ng lai.
Ging ng lai
Nng sut
Ging 1
4.56ab 0.1140175
Ging 2
3.96a 0.181659
Ging 3
5.28b 0.8378544
Ging 4
3.88a 0.4969909
Ch thch: a,b th hin s trn cng 1 ct c s khc nhau v nng sut ca
4 ging ng.
V p-value= 0.001352 **< ( tin cy 95% ) nn c s khc nhau v nng
sut ca 4 ging ng. Ta thy nng sut ca ging ng 3 l ln nht v th
nh nng nn chn ging ng 3 canh tc mang li nng sut cao.
Ph lc
group<-c(rep("a",5),rep("b",5),rep("c",5),rep("d",5))
g1<-c(4.5,4.6,4.7,4.6,4.4)
g2<-c(3.8,4.2,3.8,3.9,4.1)
g3<-c(4.4,6.3,4.5,5.3,5.9)
g4<-c(3.5,4.2,4.3,4.2,3.2)
58

nhom<-c(g1,g2,g3,g4)
data<-data.frame(group,nhom)
bai27<-lm(nhom~group)
anova(bai27)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: nhom
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
group

3 6.312 2.10400 8.4583 0.001352 **

Residuals 16 3.980 0.24875

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
TukeyHSD(aov(nhom~group))
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = nhom ~ group)
$group
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

b-a -0.60 -1.5024692 0.3024692 0.2659806

c-a 0.72 -0.1824692 1.6224692 0.1438289
d-a -0.68 -1.5824692 0.2224692 0.1780807
c-b 1.32 0.4175308 2.2224692 0.0035176
d-b -0.08 -0.9824692 0.8224692 0.9940433
d-c -1.40 -2.3024692 -0.4975308 0.0021023
by(nhom,group,mean)
group: a
[1] 4.56
59

-----------------------------------------------------------group: b
[1] 3.96
-----------------------------------------------------------group: c
[1] 5.28
-----------------------------------------------------------group: d
[1] 3.88
by(nhom,group,sd)
group: a
[1] 0.1140175
-----------------------------------------------------------group: b
[1] 0.181659
-----------------------------------------------------------group: c
[1] 0.8378544
-----------------------------------------------------------group: d
[1] 0.4969909

60

Cu 28
1.2
1
0.8
Mt quang

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

Nng

Hnh 28: Biu th hin mi quan h gia hm lng Mn2+ vi mt

quang.
Bng 28: Bng th hin mi quan h gia hm lng Mn2+ v mt quang.
Nng (ppm)
0
1.5
3
4.5
6
Am
0
0.279 0.563 0.835 1.119
2+
Nng Mn v mt quang c mi quan h theo phng trnh ng
chun y=0.1862667 x+0.00004
Hm lng Mn2+ c trong mu 1 v mu 2 ln lt l: 13.6292 (ppm) v 13.53973 (ppm)
Ph lc
nd<-c(0,1.5,3,4.5,6)
am<-c(0,0.279,0.563,0.835,1.119)
summary(lm(am~nd))
Call:
lm(formula = am ~ nd)
Residuals:
1

-0.0004 -0.0008 0.0038 -0.0036 0.0010

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
61

(Intercept) 0.0004000 0.0024166 0.166

nd

0.879

0.1862667 0.0006577 283.202 9.71e-08 ***

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

Residual standard error: 0.00312 on 3 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:

1,

Adjusted R-squared:

F-statistic: 8.02e+04 on 1 and 3 DF, p-value: 9.709e-08

m1=((0.762-0.0004)/0.1862667)*(10/3)
m1
[1] 13.6292
m2=((0.757-0.0004)/0.1862667)*(10/3)
m2
[1] 13.53973
Cu 29
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Mt quang
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Nng (ppm)

Hnh 29: Biu th hin mi quan h gia nng polyphenol vi mt

quang.
Bng 29: Bng th hin mi quan h gia nng polyphenol v mt
quang.
62

Nng

3.3333

6.6666

13.333

16.666

(ppm)
33
67
10
33
67
Am
0.087
0.273 0.407
0.544
0.694
Phng trnh ng chun l y= 0.04693x-0.063

20
0.902

Vi mt quang l 0.587 th phn trm polyphenol trong mu l

1.443674%
Ph lc:
am<-c(0.087,0.273,0.407,0.544,0.694,0.902)
nongdo<-c(100/30,200/30,300/30,400/30,500/30,600/30)
summary(lm(am~nongdo))
Call:
lm(formula = am ~ nongdo)
Residuals:
1

-0.0064286 0.0231429 0.0007143 -0.0187143 -0.0251429 0.0264286

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -0.063000 0.022120 -2.848 0.0465 *
nongdo

0.046929 0.001704 27.541 1.03e-05 ***

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

Residual standard error: 0.02376 on 4 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.9948,

Adjusted R-squared: 0.9934

F-statistic: 758.5 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 1.034e-05

lm(formula = am ~ nongdo)
Call:
lm(formula = am ~ nongdo)
Coefficients:
63

(Intercept)

nongdo

-0.06300

0.04693

phantram<-c(((0.587+0.063)/0.0469)*(30/1)*(0.25/1000)/
(10*0.72)*100)
phantram
[1] 1.443674
Cu 30
Hnh 30: Biu th hin mi quan h gia hm lng ng kh vi mt
quang.
Bng 30: Bng th hin mi quan h gia hm lng ng kh v mt
quang.
0.085
Hm lng (g/l)
0 0.0285 0.057
7
0.114
Am
0
0.244
0.528
0.8
1.084
Phng trnh ng chun l y= 9.60700x-0.01638

0.142
1.363

Vi mt quang l 0.883 th hm lng ng kh trong mu l 6.382988

g/l
Ph lc
hl<-c(0,0.4/14,0.8/14,1.2/14,1.6/14,2/14)
am<-c(0,0.244,0.528,0.8,1.084,1.363)
summary(lm(am~hl))
Call:
lm(formula = am ~ hl)
Residuals:
1

0.016381 -0.014105 -0.004590 -0.007076 0.002438 0.006952

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -0.01638

0.00881 -1.859
64

0.137

hl

9.60700

0.10185 94.330 7.57e-08 ***

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

Residual standard error: 0.01217 on 4 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.9996,

Adjusted R-squared: 0.9994

F-statistic: 8898 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 7.572e-08

0.883+0.01638)/9.607*100/22*15
[1] 6.382988
Cu 31
1. S tc ng ca nh sng:
12
10
8
Lng tng khi lng (g)

6
4
2
0
A1

A2

Ch nh sng

Hnh 31.1: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca nh sng

nh hng n kh nng pht trin ca ru cu.
Bng 31.1: Bng th th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca nh
sng nh hng n kh nng pht trin ca ru cu.
Ch nh sng
A1

Lng tng khi lng (g)

8.30 3.89

A2

11.15 4.28

V p-value=0.2552 > ( tin cy 95%) nn khng c s khc nhau v s

pht trin ca rau cu 2 ch nh sng, vy nu b qua yu t nhit
th c th nui trng ru cu ch nh sng no cng c.
65

Ph lc
group<-rep(1:2,each=6)
khoiluong<-c(12.5,12.7,8.3,8.5,3.8,4.0,15.5,15.7,11.5,12.0,6.0,6.2)
data<-data.frame(group,khoiluong)
bai31<-lm(khoiluong~group)
anova(bai31)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: khoiluong
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
group

1 24.367 24.367 1.4567 0.2552

Residuals 10 167.275 16.727

by(khoiluong,group,mean)
group: 1
[1] 8.3
-----------------------------------------------------------group: 2
[1] 11.15
by(khoiluong,group,sd)
group: 1
[1] 3.893071
-----------------------------------------------------------group: 2
[1] 4.277733
2. S tc ng ca nhit v nh sng

66

16
14
12
10
Lng tng khi lng (g)

8
6
4
2
0
B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

Ch nhit

Hnh 31.2: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca nhit

nh hng n kh nng pht trin ca ru cu.
Bng 31.1: Bng th th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca nhit
nh hng n kh nng pht trin ca ru cu.
Ch nhit

Lng tng khi lng (g)

B1

14a 2.12132

B2

14.2a 2.12132

B3

9.9b 2.262742

B4

10.25b 2.474874

B5

4.9c 1.555635

5.1c 1.555635
B6
Ch thch: a,b,c trn cng 1 ct th hin s khc nhau v lng tng khi
lng ca ru cu cc ch nhit.
V p-value= 6.516e-06 ***< nn c s khc nhau v lng tng khi lng
ca ru cu cc ch nhit khc nhau. Ta thy lng tng khi lng
ch nhit B1, B2 l ln nht v khng c s khc nhau.
V p-value= 4.747e-05 ***< nn c s khc nhau v lng tng khi lng
ca ru cu cc ch nh sng khc nhau. Ta thy lng tng khi lng
ch nh sng A2 l ln nht .
Vy rau cu thu c lng tng khi lng ln nht ta chn ch
nh sng A1 v ch nhit B1 hoc B2.
Ph lc
67

anhsang<-gl(2,6)
nhietdo<-rep(1:6,2)
anhsang<-as.factor(anhsang)
nhietdo<-as.factor(nhietdo)
khoiluong<-c(12.5,12.7,8.3,8.5,3.8,4.0,15.5,15.7,11.5,12.0,6.0,6.2)
data<-data.frame(anhsang,nhietdo,khoiluong)
tai<-lm(khoiluong~anhsang+nhietdo)
anova(tai)
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: khoiluong
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value
anhsang

Pr(>F)

1 24.368 24.368 169.81 4.747e-05 ***

nhietdo

5 166.558 33.312 232.14 6.516e-06 ***

Residuals 5 0.718 0.144

--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
res<-aov(khoiluong~anhsang+nhietdo)
TukeyHSD(res)
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = khoiluong ~ anhsang + nhietdo)
$anhsang
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

2-1 2.85 2.287792 3.412208 4.75e-05

$nhietdo
diff

lwr

upr

p adj
68

2-1 0.20 -1.415985 1.815985 0.9921799

3-1 -4.10 -5.715985 -2.484015 0.0008271
4-1 -3.75 -5.365985 -2.134015 0.0012631
5-1 -9.10 -10.715985 -7.484015 0.0000206
6-1 -8.90 -10.515985 -7.284015 0.0000220
3-2 -4.30 -5.915985 -2.684015 0.0006590
4-2 -3.95 -5.565985 -2.334015 0.0009875
5-2 -9.30 -10.915985 -7.684015 0.0000193
6-2 -9.10 -10.715985 -7.484015 0.0000206
4-3 0.35 -1.265985 1.965985 0.9241470
5-3 -5.00 -6.615985 -3.384015 0.0003177
6-3 -4.80 -6.415985 -3.184015 0.0003879
5-4 -5.35 -6.965985 -3.734015 0.0002266
6-4 -5.15 -6.765985 -3.534015 0.0002744
6-5 0.20 -1.415985 1.815985 0.9921799
by(khoiluong,nhietdo,mean)
nhietdo: 1
[1] 14
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 2
[1] 14.2
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 3
[1] 9.9
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 4
69

[1] 10.25
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 5
[1] 4.9
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 6
[1] 5.1
by(khoiluong,nhietdo,sd)
nhietdo: 1
[1] 2.12132
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 2
[1] 2.12132
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 3
[1] 2.262742
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 4
[1] 2.474874
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 5
[1] 1.555635
-----------------------------------------------------------nhietdo: 6
[1] 1.555635

70

Cu 32
1. S nh hng ca khu vc canh tc n nng sut.
34.5
34
33.5
33
32.5
Nng sut la (tn/ha)

32
31.5
31
30.5

t5
L

t4
L

t3
L

t2
L

t1

30

Hnh 32.1: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v nng sut
la theo cc khu vc canh tc.
Bng 32.1: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v nng sut
la theo cc khu vc canh tc.
L t

Nng sut la (tn/ha)

L t 1

31.55 1.848423

L t 2

31.625 3.009291

L t 3

33.925 2.868652

L t 4

33.225 3.481738

L t 5

33.9 3.499524

V p-value= 0.6551> ( tin cy 95%) nn khng c s khc nhau v nng

sut la trn cc khuc vc canh tc khc nhau. Nu b qua s nh hng
ca ging la th ta c th chn khu vc no canh tc cng c.
Ph lc
lodat<- rep(1:5, each = 4)
lodat<- as.factor (lodat)
nangsuat<-c(32.8, 33.3, 30.8, 29.3, 34.0, 30.0, 34.3, 28.2, 34.3,
36.3, 35.3, 29.8, 35.0, 36.8, 32.3, 28.8, 36.5, 34.5, 35.8, 28.8)
data<-data.frame(lodat,nangsuat)
71

anova(lm(nangsuat~lodat))
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: nangsuat
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
lodat

4 22.357 5.5893 0.6201 0.6551

Residuals 15 135.212 9.0142

by(nangsuat,lodat,mean)
lodat: 1
[1] 31.55
-----------------------------------------------------------lodat: 2
[1] 31.625
-----------------------------------------------------------lodat: 3
[1] 33.925
-----------------------------------------------------------lodat: 4
[1] 33.225
-----------------------------------------------------------lodat: 5
[1] 33.9
by(nangsuat,lodat,sd)
lodat: 1
[1] 1.848423
-----------------------------------------------------------lodat: 2
72

[1] 3.009291
-----------------------------------------------------------lodat: 3
[1] 2.868652
-----------------------------------------------------------lodat: 4
[1] 3.481738
-----------------------------------------------------------lodat: 5
[1] 3.499524
2. S nh hng ca khu vc canh tc v ging n nng sut.
35
34
33
32
31
Nng sut la (tn/ha) 30
29
28
27
26
Ging 1 Ging 2 Ging 3 Ging 4

Hnh 32.2: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v nng sut
la theo cc ging la.
Bng 32.2: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun v nng sut
la theo cc ging la.
Ging la

Nng sut la (tn/ha)

Ging 1

34.52a 1.362718

Ging 2

34.18a 2.725252
73

Ging 3

33.7a 2.103568

Ging 4

28.98b 0.6016644

Ch thch: a,b th hin s khc nhau v nng sut la cc ging la khc

nhau.
V p-value= 0.0006483 ***< ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v
nng sut la cc ging la khc nhau. Ta thy ging la 1,2,3 cho nng
sut cao v chng khng c s khc nhau nn ta c th chn ging 1, 2 hoc
3 canh tc.
V p-value= 0.1622947 > ( tin cy 95%) nn khng c s khc nhau v
nng sut la cc khu vc canh tc khc nhau.
V vy ta c th canh tc ging la 1,2 hoc 3 trn cc khu vc canh tc
khc nhau u thu c nng sut la cao.
Ph lc
lodat<-gl(5,1,20)
giong<-gl(4,5,20)
nangsuat<c(32.8,34,34.3,35.0,36.5,33.3,30.0,36.3,36.8,34.5,30.8,34.3,35.3,32.
3,35.8,29.3,28.2,29.8,28.8,28.8)
lodat<-as.factor(lodat)
giong<-as.factor(giong)
data<-data.frame(lodat,giong,nangsuat)
anova(lm(nangsuat~giong+lodat ))
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: nangsuat
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value

Pr(>F)

giong

3 101.285 33.762 11.9416 0.0006483 ***

lodat

4 22.357 5.589 1.9769 0.1622947

Residuals 12 33.927 2.827

--74

Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

TukeyHSD(aov(nangsuat~giong+lodat ))
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = nangsuat ~ giong + lodat)
$giong
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

2-1 -0.34 -3.497242 2.817242 0.9881230

3-1 -0.82 -3.977242 2.337242 0.8659351
4-1 -5.54 -8.697242 -2.382758 0.0010805
3-2 -0.48 -3.637242 2.677242 0.9680938
4-2 -5.20 -8.357242 -2.042758 0.0018221
4-3 -4.72 -7.877242 -1.562758 0.0038861
$lodat
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

2-1 0.075 -3.714728 3.864728 0.9999958

3-1 2.375 -1.414728 6.164728 0.3232200
4-1 1.675 -2.114728 5.464728 0.6339387
5-1 2.350 -1.439728 6.139728 0.3324441
3-2 2.300 -1.489728 6.089728 0.3514174
4-2 1.600 -2.189728 5.389728 0.6702515
5-2 2.275 -1.514728 6.064728 0.3611628
4-3 -0.700 -4.489728 3.089728 0.9742295
5-3 -0.025 -3.814728 3.764728 0.9999999
5-4 0.675 -3.114728 4.464728 0.9773991
by(nangsuat,giong,mean)
75

giong: 1
[1] 34.52
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 2
[1] 34.18
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 3
[1] 33.7
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 4
[1] 28.98
by(nangsuat,giong,sd)
giong: 1
[1] 1.362718
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 2
[1] 2.725252
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 3
[1] 2.103568
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 4
[1] 0.6016644

76

Cu 33

G
i
ng

G
i
ng

G
i
ng

G
i
ng

G
i
ng

G
i
ng

18
16
14
12
10
8
Kh nng cho sinh khi (g)
6
4
2
0

Ging Nm men

Hnh 33.1: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca kh nng

cho sinh khi ca cc ging nm men khc nhau.
Bng 33.1: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca kh nng
cho sinh khi ca cc ging nm men khc nhau.

Ging 1

Kh nng cho sinh khi (g)

10.95413ab 4.656739

Ging 2

13.6024cd 4.345965

Ging 3

9.892267a 3.365691

Ging 4

11.84787ac 3.83889

Ging 5

12.67053bc 3.552055

Ging 6

15.29553d 5.149001

Ch thch: a,b,c,d trn cng 1 ct c s khc nhau v kh nng sinh khi ca

cc ging nm men.
V p-value= 5.223e-09 ***< ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v kh
nng sinh khi ca 6 ging nm men. Ta thy ging 6 v ging 2 c kh nng
tng sinh khi cao nht v gia chng khng c s khc nhau.

77

18
16
14
12
10
8
6

Kh nng cho sinh khi (g)

4
2
5
M
i
tr

ng

3
M
i
tr

ng

M
i
tr

ng

Hnh 33.2: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca kh nng

cho sinh khi ca nm men theo cc loi mi trng khc nhau.
Bng 33.2: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca kh nng
cho sinh khi ca nm men theo cc loi mi trng khc nhau.

Mi trng 1

Kh nng cho sinh khi (g)

5.782667a 1.164103

Mi trng 2

12.86722bc

1.353833

Mi trng 3

14.6086

1.189552

Mi trng 4

16.09278d

4.422447

Mi trng 5

12.5343

3.622524

bd

Ch thch: a,b,c,d trn cng 1 ct c s khc nhau v kh nng sinh khi ca

nm men theo cc mi trng khc nhau.
V p-value< 2.2e-16 ***< ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v kh
nng sinh khi theo cc mi trng khc nhau ca nm men. Ta thy mi
trng 4 v mi trng 3 c kh nng tng sinh khi cao nht v gia chng
khng c s khc nhau.
V vy ta c th chn ging nm men 2 hoc 6 trng trong mi trng 3
hoc 4 u s mang li hiu qu kinh t cao.
Ph lc
giong<-gl(6,15,90)
moitruong<-gl(5,1,90)
78

giong1<-c(5.122, 11.235, 14.056, 16.542, 7.023,5.066, 12.481,

14.648, 16.950, 6.219,4.987, 12.547,14.358, 16.724, 6.354)
giong2<-c(5.786, 12.021, 14.978, 17.687, 15.874, 6.562, 12.046,
15.092, 18.572, 16.830, 6.378, 12.008,15.642, 18.235, 16.325)
giong3<-c(4.258, 11.547, 12.321, 9.687, 12.358, 3.129, 11.787,
12.819, 7.566, 12.210, 5.024, 12.002, 12.458, 8.654, 12.564)
giong4<-c(5.231, 11.958, 15.647, 13.214, 11.369, 5.124, 12.548,
16.550, 14.866, 11.657, 5.358, 12.032, 16.542, 14.035, 11.587)
giong5<-c(6.587, 13.245, 14.562, 15.698, 11.387, 6.786, 14.847,
14.734, 17.214, 11.553, 6.841, 14.023, 15.023, 16.571, 10.987)
giong6<-c(7.068, 14.568, 15.003, 20.158, 16.871, 7.257, 15.618,
14.347, 24.750, 17.161, 7.524, 15.097, 14.175, 22.547, 17.289)
x<-c(giong1,giong2,giong3,giong4,giong5,giong6)
data<-data.frame(giong,moitruong,x)
anova(lm(x~giong+moitruong))
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value
giong

Pr(>F)

5 278.76 55.752 12.562 5.223e-09 ***

moitruong 4 1125.67 281.418 63.407 < 2.2e-16 ***

Residuals 80 355.06 4.438
--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
TukeyHSD(aov(x~giong+moitruong))
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ giong + moitruong)
$giong
79

diff

lwr

upr

p adj

2-1 2.6482667 0.4020565 4.8944768 0.0114479

3-1 -1.0618667 -3.3080768 1.1843435 0.7385496
4-1 0.8937333 -1.3524768 3.1399435 0.8534329
5-1 1.7164000 -0.5298102 3.9626102 0.2352884
6-1 4.3414000 2.0951898 6.5876102 0.0000036
3-2 -3.7101333 -5.9563435 -1.4639232 0.0000950
4-2 -1.7545333 -4.0007435 0.4916768 0.2141034
5-2 -0.9318667 -3.1780768 1.3143435 0.8300940
6-2 1.6931333 -0.5530768 3.9393435 0.2488803
4-3 1.9556000 -0.2906102 4.2018102 0.1243613
5-3 2.7782667 0.5320565 5.0244768 0.0067857
6-3 5.4032667 3.1570565 7.6494768 0.0000000
5-4 0.8226667 -1.4235435 3.0688768 0.8920208
6-4 3.4476667 1.2014565 5.6938768 0.0003425
6-5 2.6250000 0.3787898 4.8712102 0.0125431
$moitruong
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

2-1 7.0845556 5.1246207 9.0444904 0.0000000

3-1 8.8259444 6.8660096 10.7858793 0.0000000
4-1 10.3101111 8.3501762 12.2700460 0.0000000
5-1 6.7516667 4.7917318 8.7116015 0.0000000
3-2 1.7413889 -0.2185460 3.7013238 0.1055665
4-2 3.2255556 1.2656207 5.1854904 0.0001532
5-2 -0.3328889 -2.2928238 1.6270460 0.9894846
4-3 1.4841667 -0.4757682 3.4441015 0.2245762
80

5-3 -2.0742778 -4.0342126 -0.1143429 0.0326425

5-4 -3.5584444 -5.5183793 -1.5985096 0.0000247
by(x,giong,mean)
giong: 1
[1] 10.95413
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 2
[1] 13.6024
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 3
[1] 9.892267
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 4
[1] 11.84787
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 5
[1] 12.67053
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 6
[1] 15.29553
by(x,giong,sd)
giong: 1
[1] 4.656739
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 2
[1] 4.345965
81

-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 3
[1] 3.365691
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 4
[1] 3.83889
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 5
[1] 3.552055
-----------------------------------------------------------giong: 6
[1] 5.149001
by(x,moitruong,mean)
moitruong: 1
[1] 5.782667
-----------------------------------------------------------moitruong: 2
[1] 12.86722
-----------------------------------------------------------moitruong: 3
[1] 14.60861
-----------------------------------------------------------moitruong: 4
[1] 16.09278
-----------------------------------------------------------moitruong: 5
82

[1] 12.53433
by(x,moitruong,sd)
moitruong: 1
[1] 1.164103
-----------------------------------------------------------moitruong: 2
[1] 1.353833
-----------------------------------------------------------moitruong: 3
[1] 1.189552
-----------------------------------------------------------moitruong: 4
[1] 4.422447
-----------------------------------------------------------moitruong: 5
[1] 3.622524
Cu 34:
80
70
60
50
Hiu sut (%)

40
30
20
10
0
1:1

1:1.5

1:2

1:2,5

T l chui: nc (w/w)

83

1:3

Hnh 34.1: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun hiu sut qu
trnh xay theo t l chui: nc.
Bng 34.1: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun hiu sut qu
trnh xay theo t l chui: nc.
T l chui: nc

Hiu sut (%)

(w/w)
1:1

46.92467a

3.667811

1:1.5

49.58267ab

6.404648

1:2

56.65933b

5.945759

1:2.5

67.054c
67.80267c

1:3

9.152363
19.2538

Ch thch: a,b,c trn cng 1 ct th hin s khc nhau v hiu sut xay theo
t l chui: nc.
V p-value= 1.090e-10 ***< ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v hiu
sut xay i vi cc t l chui: nc khc nhau. Ta thy t l 1:3 v 1:2.5
th hiu sut xay l ln nht v chng cng 1 nhm (khng c s khc
nhau).
70
60
50
40
Hiu sut (%) 30
20
10
0
1

1,5

2,5

Thi gian xay (pht)

Hnh 34.2: Biu th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun hiu sut qu
trnh xay theo t l chui: nc.
Bng 34.2: Bng th hin gi tr trung bnh v lch chun hiu sut qu
trnh xay theo t l chui: nc.
Thi gian xay

Hiu sut (%)

84

(pht)
47.51333a

8.41457

1.5

56.40133bc

8.710325

55.65933ab

17.28149

2.5

63.78067bc

11.90211

64.66867c

12.14408

Ch thch: a,b,c trn cng 1 ct th hin s khc nhau v hiu sut xay theo
thi gian xay.
V p-value= 1.551e-06 ***< ( tin cy 95%) nn c s khc nhau v hiu
sut xay i vi cc thi gian xay khc nhau. Ta thy vi thi gian 3 pht, 2,5
pht hoc 1,5 pht th hiu sut xay l ln nht v chng cng 1 nhm
(khng c s khc nhau).
V th thu c hiu sut xay ln, ta c th chn t l chui: nc l
1:3 hoc 1:2.5 v c xay trong thi gian 3 pht, 2.5 pht hoc 1.5
pht. Nhng tit kim chi ph m vn mang li hiu qu kinh t cao
th ta chn t l chui: nc l 1:2.5 v thi gian xay l 1.5 pht.
Ph lc
tyle<-gl(5,15,75)
thoigian<-gl(5,3,75)
x<c(40.41,42.50,39.50,45.58,45.21,46.67,47.27,47.36,48.79,49.44,49.5
3,50.53,49.74,50.17,51.17,37.38,37.47,38.47,49.56,49.65,50.65,50.9
1,51,52,53.75,53.55,54.55,54.54,54.63,55.63,45.91,46,47,54.24,54.3
3,55.33,59.49,59.58,60.58,60.65,60.74,61.74,61.04,61.13,62.13,52.0
4,52.13,53.13,62.36,62.35,63.35,68.17,68.26,69.26,74.44,74.53,75.5
3,76.36,76.45,77.45,59.86,59.95,60.95,68.52,68.61,69.61,73.68,3.77
,74.77,78.85,78.94,79.94,79.47,79.56,80.56)
data<-data.frame(tyle,thoigian,x)
anova(lm(x~tyle+thoigian))
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: x
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value

Pr(>F)
85

tyle

4 5589.0 1397.24 19.648 1.090e-10 ***

thoigian 4 2926.7 731.66 10.289 1.551e-06 ***

Residuals 66 4693.5 71.11
--Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
TukeyHSD(aov(x~tyle+thoigian))
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = x ~ tyle + thoigian)
$tyle
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

2-1 2.6580000 -5.978168 11.294168 0.9092316

3-1 9.7346667 1.098499 18.370834 0.0194185
4-1 20.1293333 11.493166 28.765501 0.0000001
5-1 20.8780000 12.241832 29.514168 0.0000000
3-2 7.0766667 -1.559501 15.712834 0.1584782
4-2 17.4713333 8.835166 26.107501 0.0000033
5-2 18.2200000 9.583832 26.856168 0.0000013
4-3 10.3946667 1.758499 19.030834 0.0105058
5-3 11.1433333 2.507166 19.779501 0.0050410
5-4 0.7486667 -7.887501 9.384834 0.9992078
$thoigian
diff

lwr

upr

p adj

2-1 8.888000 0.2518322 17.524168 0.0406182

3-1 8.146000 -0.4901678 16.782168 0.0737053
4-1 16.267333 7.6311656 24.903501 0.0000149
86

5-1 17.155333 8.5191656 25.791501 0.0000049

3-2 -0.742000 -9.3781678 7.894168 0.9992352
4-2 7.379333 -1.2568344 16.015501 0.1291232
5-2 8.267333 -0.3688344 16.903501 0.0670938
4-3 8.121333 -0.5148344 16.757501 0.0751142
5-3 9.009333 0.3731656 17.645501 0.0366759
5-4 0.888000 -7.7481678 9.524168 0.9984504
by(x,tyle,mean)
tyle: 1
[1] 46.92467
-----------------------------------------------------------tyle: 2
[1] 49.58267
-----------------------------------------------------------tyle: 3
[1] 56.65933
-----------------------------------------------------------tyle: 4
[1] 67.054
-----------------------------------------------------------tyle: 5
[1] 67.80267
by(x,tyle,sd)
tyle: 1
[1] 3.667811
-----------------------------------------------------------87

tyle: 2
[1] 6.404648
-----------------------------------------------------------tyle: 3
[1] 5.945759
-----------------------------------------------------------tyle: 4
[1] 9.152363
-----------------------------------------------------------tyle: 5
[1] 19.2538
by(x,thoigian,mean)
thoigian: 1
[1] 47.51333
-----------------------------------------------------------thoigian: 2
[1] 56.40133
-----------------------------------------------------------thoigian: 3
[1] 55.65933
-----------------------------------------------------------thoigian: 4
[1] 63.78067
-----------------------------------------------------------thoigian: 5
[1] 64.66867
88

by(x,thoigian,sd)
thoigian: 1
[1] 8.41457
-----------------------------------------------------------thoigian: 2
[1] 8.710325
-----------------------------------------------------------thoigian: 3
[1] 17.28149
-----------------------------------------------------------thoigian: 4
[1] 11.90211
-----------------------------------------------------------thoigian: 5
[1] 12.14408

89