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(VNMATH - Com) - Combinatorics Via Problems&Theorems.
(VNMATH - Com) - Combinatorics Via Problems&Theorems.
1.
| A || X | | A | ,
trong
| A|
l phn b ca A trong X.
a) C bao nhiu s c 3 ch s?
b) C bao nhiu s c 3 ch s khc nhau?
c) C bao nhiu s chn c 3 ch s khc nhau?
2.
1 neu x A
A ( x)
0 neu x A
Hm c trng hon ton xc nh tp hp, v ta c cc tnh cht c bn sau:
1) A = B <=> A(x) = B(x) vi mi x thuc X (v khi ta vit A = B)
2) A B <=> A(x) B(x) vi mi x thuc X (v khi ta vit A B)
3) AB = A.B
4) A 1 A
| A |
xX
( x)
(1)
|X |
| A | kn
AF
k 1
c( x ).
xX
e) (p dng quy tc m theo phn t) C 20 th sinh tham gia cuc thi Vietnam Idol.
BGK s chn ra 5 gng mt xut sc nht, cn khn gi cng s chn ra 5 gng mt
c u thch nht. Nu cc danh sch c chn mt cch ngu nhin th trung bnh s
c bao nhiu th sinh c gp mt trong c hai danh sch?
Hng dn: Gi F l tp tt c cc cp (A, B) vi A,B [20], |A| = |B| = 5. Bn cht ca bi ton l tnh
gi tr ca
| A B} |
( A, B )F
|F |
2. Cc i tng t hp c bn
Xt tp hp X gm n phn t. T tp hp c bn ny, ta c th xy dng cc i tng t hp phong ph.
Tp cc tp con ca tp X: Tp cc tp con ca X c k hiu l P(X). D thy |P(X)| = 2 n. Cc tp
con ca mt tp hp l mt i tng xut hin kh nhiu trong cc bi ton m.
Chnh hp: Chnh hp chp k ca mt tp hp l mt b k phn t phn bit c sp th t ca tp hp
y. V d nu X = {1, 2, 3} v k = 2 th ta c cc chnh hp l (1, 2), (1,3), (2, 1), (2, 3),(3, 1),(3, 2). S
k
cc chnh hp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu l An .
Chnh hp lp: Chnh hp lp chp k ca mt tp hp l mt b k phn t khng nht thit phn bit
c sp th t ca tp hp y. V d nu X = {1, 2, 3} v k = 2 th ta c cc chnh hp lp l (1, 1), (1,
2), (1,3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),(3, 1),(3, 2), (3, 3). S cc chnh hp lp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu
k
l An .
T hp lp: T hp lp chp k ca mt tp hp l mt b k phn t khng nht thit phn bit khng sp
th t ca tp hp y. V d nu X = {1, 2, 3} v k = 2 th ta c cc t hp lp l {1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1,3}, {2,
k
n!
k
k
1. a) Dng quy tc nhn, hy chng minh rng An n , An n(n 1)...( n k 1) (n k )! .
Ank
n!
.
k! k! ( n k )!
n
k n k k
c) (Cng thc nh thc Newton) ( x y ) C n x y .
k 0
Hng dn: C th chng minh bng quy np da vo a) hoc chng minh trc tip bng cch xt (x+y) n
= (x+y)(x+y)...(x+y). to ra mt n thc x n-kyk, ta phi ly x t n-k du ngoc v y t k du ngoc cn
li. C bao nhiu cch ly nh vy?
C ( r , r ,..., r ) x
r1 r2 ... rk
r1
1
, trong
n!
.
r1! r2 !...rk !
c) A B;
d)* A v B khng cha nhau.
5. Phng trnh x1 + x2 + x3 = 100 c bao nhiu nghim nguyn khng m?
6. B bi c 52 qun, trong c 13 gi tr: 2, 3, 4,..., 10, J, Q, K, A vi 4 cht: c, r,
chun (tp), bch. C, r mu , chun, bch mu en. Chn ra 5 qun t b bi. Ta bit
5
rng c C52
cch chn nh vy. Hi trong cc cch chn , c bao nhiu cch chn
trong :
a) Khng c qun bi c gi tr ging nhau;
b) C 3 qun bi gi tr ging nhau v hai qun bi khc ging nhau.
c) C 5 qun cng cht;
d) C 2 mu;
e) C 4 cht.
7*. Trong n gic li k tt c cc ng cho. Bit rng khng c ba ng cho no
ng quy ti mt im. Hi a gic li c chia ra thnh bao nhiu phn? Cc ng
cho ct nhau ti bao nhiu im?
Hng dn: Giao im ca hai ng cho xc nh mt cch duy nht bi 4 nh ca a gic. Mi lin
h gia s phn ca a gic c chia ra v s giao im nh th no?
d) T suy ra | A | Cknn11 .
Kt qu bi ton trn c gi l bi ton chia ko Euler:
n 1
nh l: S nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x 1 + x2 + ...+ xn = k bng C k n 1 . Nhiu bi
| Ai | | Ai |
i 1
i 1
| A A
1i j n
| A A
1i j k n
Ak | ... ( 1) n 1 | A1 A2 ... An | .
Hng dn: Chng minh bng quy np hoc bng cch s dng hm c trng.
4. (Bi ton v v hnh phc) V xe but c dng a 1a2a3a4a5a6 trong a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6
l cc ch s thuc E = {0, 1, 2, , 9}. V a 1a2a3a4a5a6 c gi l v hnh phc nu nh
a1 + a2 + a3 = a4 + a5 + a6. Hy tm s v hnh phc trong cc v t 000000 n 999999
theo s sau:
a) Chng minh rng s nghim ca phng trnh
a1 + a2 + a3 = a4 + a5 + a6
(1)
b) Chng minh rng s nghim ca phng trnh (2) bng s nghim ca phng
trnh
a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 = 27
tr i s phn t ca
M , trong
i
i 1
N ( B ) ( 1) k rk ( B )( n k )!
k 0
C ( m, n ) ( 1) k C nk ( n k ) m .
k 0
7. a) Trn mt phng cho n hnh. Gi S i ...i l din tch phn giao ca cc hnh vi ch s
i1,..., ik, cn S l din tch phn mt phng c ph bi cc hnh trn; M k l tng tt c
cc s S i ...i . Chng minh rng
1
i) S = M1 - M2 + M3 - ...+ (-1)n+1Mn;
ii) S M1 - M2 + M3 - ... + (-1)m+1Mm vi m chn v
iii) S M1 - M2 + M3 - ... + (-1)m+1Mm vi m l.
b) Trong hnh ch nht din tch 1 c 5 hnh c din tch 1/2 mi hnh. Chng minh rng
tm c
i) hai hnh c din tch phn chung khng nh hn 3/20;
ii) hai hnh c din tch phn chung khng nh hn 1/5;
iii) ba hnh c din tch phn chung khng nh hn 1/20.
5. Xy dng cng thc truy hi
Mt trong cc k thut quan trng gii quyt cc bi ton m l chia bi ton thnh cc bi ton nh
hn, gii cc bi ton nh ri kt hp li. K thut nh th c gi l chia tr. V k thut ny c th
s dng thit lp cc h thc truy hi: gii bi ton m vi tham s n, ta chia bi ton thnh nhng
bi ton nh hn vi nh hng l cc bi ton nh ny lin quan n bi ton ban u vi tham s nh
hn.
Trong mt s trng hp, ta c th t thm cc bi ton ph to ra cc dy s truy hi ln nhau.
Ch , cc h thc truy hi thng s c dng phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng m ta bit
cch gii.
(1+x+x2+...+x9)6
k
2. a) S dng ng thc 1 x x ng vi mi x c | x | < 1, hy chng minh rng
k 0
(1 x ) n
C
k 0
n 1
k n 1
xk
k 0
[N / n]
a
k 0
kn
P(1) P( ) P ( 2 ) ... P( n 1 )
.
n
trong cos
2
2
i sin
l cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v.
n
n
Hng dn: Nu t f ( x )
x
aA
r ( B) x
k 0
2. a) (nh l Mantel Turan) Chng minh rng th n bc n khng cha tam gic c
khng qu
n2
nh.
b) Trong m t gii bng c 20 i tham gia, thi u vng trn m t lt (kt thc gii
mi i vi mi i cn li ng m t tr n). Tm s k ln nht sao cho sau mi k
vng u (mi i u k tr n) lun tm c 3 i i m t cha vi nhau.
3. a) Chng minh rng bng vung 2 n 2n khuyt mt bt k lun c th ph kn c
bng cc qun trimino hnh ch L.
b)* Chng minh rng nu n 5 l s nguyn dng khng chia ht cho 3 th bng vung
n n khuyt mt bt k c th ph kn c bng cc qun trimino hnh ch L.
Hng dn: Hy quy np nhy cch, t n --> n+6.
5. Hai ngi A v B cng chi mt tr chi. Ban u trn bn c 100 vin ko. Hai ngi
thay phin nhau bc ko, mi ln c bc k vin vi k {1, 2, 6} . Hi ai l ngi c
chin thut thng, ngi i trc hay ngi i sau?
6. a) Trn bng c s 2010. Hai ngi A v B cng lun phin thc hin tr chi sau: Mi
ln thc hin, cho php xo i s N ang c trn bng v thay bng N-1 hoc [N/2]. Ai
thu c s 0 trc l thng cuc. Hi ai l ngi c chin thut thng, ngi i trc
hay ngi i sau.
b) Cng cu hi vi lut chi thay i nh sau: Mi ln thc hin, cho php xo i s
N ang c trn bng v thay bng N-1 hoc [(N+1)/2].
9. Nguyn l Dirichlet
Nguyn l chung v th (hay cn c gi l nguyn l Dirichlet) khng nh mt s kin hin nhin
rng n+1 con th khng th c xp vo n chung sao cho mi con th u ring mt chung. Mt
cch tng qut hn, nguyn l chung v th khng nh rng:
Nu mt tp hp gm nhiu hn kn i tng c chia thnh n nhm, th c mt nhm no c nhiu
hn k i tng.
Chn l ny rt d kim tra: nu nhm no cng c nhiu nht k i tng th tng cng ch c nhiu nht
kn i tng c chia ra.
1. Trong mt gii bng chuyn c 8 i tham gia, thi u vng trn 1 lt. Chng minh
rng tm c 4 i A, B, C, D sao cho A thng B, C, D, B thng C, D v C thng D.
2. a) Chng minh rng trong 6 ngi bt k lun c 3 ngi i mt quen nhau hoc 3
ngi i mt khng quen nhau. Chng minh iu ny ni chung khng ng vi 5
ngi.
b) Chng minh rng trong 9 ngi bt k lun tm c 3 ngi i mt quen nhau hoc
4 ngi i mt khng quen nhau. Chng minh iu ny ni chung khng ng vi 8
ngi.
Vi mi cp s nguyn dng (m, n), ta chng minh c tn ti s R(m,n) nh nht sao cho trong
R(m,n) ngi bt k, lun tm c m ngi i mt quen nhau hoc n ngi i mt khng quen nhau.
S ny gi l s Ramsey. Theo hai bi tp trn th R(3, 3) = 6, R(3, 4) = 9.
Nguyn l cc hn c th c ng dng chng minh m t qu trnh l dng (trong bi ton lin quan
n bin i trng thi), trong bi ton v th, hay trong cc tnh hung t hp a dng khc. Cc i
tng thng c em ra xt cc hn thng l: on thng ngn nht, tam gic c di n tch ln
nht, gc ln nht, nh c b c ln nht, chu trnh c di ngn nht
k
Bn cht t hp ca Cn chnh l s cch chn ra k phn t (khng sp th t) t mt tp hp gm n phn
t, hay ni cch khc s tp con k phn t ca mt tp hp gm n phn t. Hiu r bn cht ny, chng ta
k
c th chng minh hng lot cc cng thc cha Cn bng cch gii cng mt bi ton bng hai cch khc
nhau.
a) C nk 1 C nk C nk1
b)
[ n / 2]
i
i
n 2i
n
d)* Cn .Cn i .2 C2 n
i 0
kC
k 1
n.2 n 1
k
n
c)
(C
n m 1
k 2
n 1
e) k (Cn ) nC2 n 1
k 1
k 0
f)*
k
n
) 2 C 2nn
iC
i 1
m 1
n i
Cnm11
2
Trong t hp C n l s cc cp to thnh t n phn t, l s cnh ca th y bc n. Trong nhiu bi
ton, s dng ngha t hp ny cng vi cch m bng hai cch gip chng ta tm ra cha kho cho li
gii.
i 1
j 1
Ri C j .
| A | d ( x) .
AF
xX
tC r2 CC2 j
j 1
aij
R
i, j
nu Cj > 0 vi mi j = 1, 2, ..., c th
aij
C
i, j
r . Tng t
c.
e) Cho A = (aij) l ma trn (0, 1) r c vi Ri, i = 1, 2, ..., r l tng cc dng; Cj, j = 1, 2,...,
c l tng cc ct, Ri > 0 vi mi i = 1, 2, ..., r; C j > 0 vi mi j = 1, 2, ..., c. Chng minh
rng nu Cj Ri khi aij = 1 th r c.
6. (IMC 2002) 200 hc sinh tham d mt cuc thi gii ton. H gii 6 bi ton. Bit rng
mi mt bi ton c t nht 120 hc sinh gii c. Chng minh rng tn ti hai hc sinh
m hp li gii ht c 6 bi ton.
7*. Cho X l tp hp vi | X | = n v A1, A2, , Am l cc tp con ca X sao cho
i)
ii)
| Ai | = 3 vi mi i = 1, 2, , m.
| Ai Aj | 1 vi mi i j.
Chng minh rng tn ti A thuc X, A cha t nht [ 2n ] phn t sao cho A khng cha
Ai vi mi i = 1, 2, , m.
12. Bt bin v n bin
Nhiu bi ton tr chi hay bin i trng thi c gii quyt mt cch kh hiu qu nh khi nim bt
bin, n bin.
Cho tp hp (tp hp cc trng thi) v tp hp T (tp hp cc php bin i) cc nh x t .
Hm s f: R c gi l bt bin i vi cp (, T) nu ta c f(t()) = f() vi mi thuc v
vi mi t thuc T.
Nguyn l bt bin: Nu f l mt bt bin ca (, T) v f() f() th khng th thu c t
thng quan cc php bin i T.
3. Xt tip bi ton 1.
a) Tp trng thi c bao nhiu phn t? C bao nhiu qu o?
b) Hy tm mt h bt bin ton nng.
4. Hnh trn c chia thnh n . Trn mi c mt vin si. Mi mt bc i cho php
chn hai vin si v chuyn sang bn cnh, mt vin chuyn theo chiu kim ng h,
mt vin chuyn ngc chiu kim ng h. Ta mun bng nhng bc i nh vy
chuyn tt c cc vin si v cng mt .
a) Chng minh rng nu n l th iu ny lun thc hin c.
b) Chng minh rng nu n = 4k+2 th iu ny khng thc hin c.
c)* Nu n = 4k th c thc hin c khng?
Ngc li vi bt bin, n bin l i lng lun tng (hoc khng gim, hoc lun gim, hoc khng
tng) trong qu trnh bin i. n bin thng c dng chng minh mt qu trnh phi dng, hoc
nh gi kt qu cui cng ca mt qu trnh.
x y
1
. Sau n-1 ln thc hin, trn bng cn li s a. Chng minh rng a .
4
n
4n 3
vi mi s t nhin n ln
9
m( X )
X T
|T |
, hy tm gi tr ca m.
3. (Vng Tu 2009) Trn bn c vua kch thc 8x8 c chia thnh 64 vung n v,
ngi ta b i mt vung n v no v tr hng th m v ct th n. Gi S(m;n) l
s hnh ch nht c to bi mt hay nhiu vung n v ca bn c sao cho khng c
no trng vi v tr ca b xa b ban u. Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca
S(m;n).
4. (Hng Yn 2012, vng chung kho) Trong mt phng cho n im A 1, A2, ....., An
(n4) sao cho khng c 3 im no thng hng v khng c 4 im no cng nm trn 1
ng trn. Gi at (1 t n) l s cc ng trn ngoi tip tam gic A iAjAk (1 i < j <
k n) cha im At. t N = a1 + a2 + + an. Chng minh rng cc im A1, A2, ...., An
l cc nh ca mt a gic li khi v ch khi N
n 4 6n 3 11n 2 6n
.
12
5. Hai ngi A v B cng chi mt tr chi. Ban u trn bn c 100 vin ko. Hai ngi
thay phin nhau bc ko, mi ln c bc k vin vi k {1, 2, 6} . Hi ai l ngi c
chin thut thng, ngi i trc hay ngi i sau?
6. C n i bng thi u vng trn 1 lt. Hy l p lch thi u gm n-1 vng u sao cho
trong mi vng, mi i ch thi u nhiu nht 1 tr n.
7. Cho 2n+1 my tnh. Hai my tnh bt k c ni vi nhau bi m t si dy. Chng
minh rng c th t cc my tnh v cc si dy bng 2n+1 mu sao cho:
i)
ii)
iii)
8. (Vi t Nam TST 2009) C 6n+4 nh ton hc tham d 1 hi ngh, trong c 2n+1
bui tho lun. Mi bui tho lun u c 1 bn trn cho 4 ngi ngi v n bn trn cho
6 ngi ngi. Bit rng 2 ngi bt k khng ngi cnh nhau hoc i din nhau qu 1
ln.
a. Hi c th thc hin c khng vi n=1?
b. Hi c th thc hin c khng vi n>1?
9. C ba lp hc A, B, C, mi lp c 30 hc sinh. Bit rng m t hc sinh bt k u quen
vi t nht 31 hc sinh khc lp. Chng minh rng tn ti ba hc sinh a, b, c ln lt
thu c lp A, B, C sao cho h i m t quen nhau.
10. Cho n l s nguyn dng. Ta ni s nguyn dng k tha mn iu ki n Cn nu tn
ti 2k s nguyn dng phn bi t a1, b1, ..., ak, bk sao cho a1 + b1, ..., ak+bk cng phn bi t
v nh hn n.
(a) Chng minh rng nu k tha mn iu ki n Cn th k (2n-3)/5.
(b) Chng minh rng 5 tha mn iu ki n C14.
(c) Gi s rng (2n-3)/5 nguyn. Chng minh rng (2n-3)/5 tho mn iu ki n Cn.
11. Cho n l mt s t nhin 2. Xt tp hp W = {(x 1, x2, , xn) | xi Z). Vi mi
x = (x1, x2, , xn) W ta t
Ux = { y = (y1, y2, , yn) W | |x1 y1| + |x2 y2| + + |xn yn| 1}
thnh nhng hnh ch nht c 1 x 2 hoc 2 x 1. Tnh tch s ca hai s trong mi hnh
ch nht ri cng 50 tch li. Cn phi ct hnh vung nh th no tng tm c nh
nht ?
5. (Nht Bn 2007) Ta c 15 tm th c nh s 1, 2, , 15. C bao nhiu cch chn
ra mt s (t nht 1) tm th sao cho tt c cc s vit trn cc tm th ny u ln hn
hoc bng s tm th c chn.
6. Trn mt ng thng nm ngang, cho 2005 im c nh du trng hoc en. Vi
mi im, xc nh tng tt c cc im trng bn phi v im en bn tri ca n. Bit
rng, trong 2005 tng trn c ng mt s xut hin s l ln. Hy tm tt c cc gi tr c
th c ca s ny.
7. Sau khi khai trng c ng 10 ngy, mt nhn vin th vin cho bit
(1) Mi ngy c ng tm ngi n c sch;
(2) Khng c ngi no n th vin mt ngy qu mt ln ;
(3) Trong hai ngy bt k ca 10 ngy th c t nht l 15 ngi khc nhau cng n
th vin.
Cn c ng thi c ba iu kin m nhn vin th vin cung cp hy cho bit s ngi
ti thiu n th vin trong 10 ngy ni trn l bao nhiu?
8. ( Nng 2012) C bao nhiu cch chia 13 vt i mt khc nhau cho 6 ngi, sao
cho trong s c ng 2 ngi khng nhn c vt no?
9. Cho 51 s nguyn dng c hai ch s. Chng minh rng c th chn ra 6 s trong
chng sao cho khng c 2 s no trong cc s c chn c cc ch s khc nhau bt
k hng no.
10. Cho n im trn mt phng (n 3). Gi d l khong cch dng nh nht trong cc
khong cch gia cc im ny. Chng minh rng s cc khong cch bng d khng vt
qu 3n - 6.
11*. (Hi Phng 2010) Cho tp A = {1; 2; 3; ...; 2009}. Chng minh rng, c th t mu
mi phn t ca tp A bng mt trong hai mu en trng sao cho mi cp s cng cng
sai khc 0 gm 18 phn t ca A u c t bi c hai mu.
12*. (PTNK 2012) Cho s nguyn dng n v tp hp X = {1, 2, , 4n}. Hai tp con A,
B ca X c gi l khng ging nhau, nu | A B | 2n+1 ( y A B = (A \ B)
(B \A) l hiu i xng ca A v B).
4( n 1)
.
3
13. (VMO 2012) Cho s nguyn dng n. C n hc sinh nam v n hc sinh n xp thnh
mt hng ngang, theo th t ty . Mi hc sinh (trong s 2n hc sinh va nu) c cho
mt s ko bng ng s cch chn ra hai hc sinh khc gii vi X v ng hai pha
ca X. Chng minh rng tng s ko m tt c 2n hc sinh nhn c khng vt qu
1
n(n 2 1).
3