Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Eq. Rein. Wall Detail

    Uploaded by

    Abdelhakim Elhaddad
    4 views12 pages
    Eq. Rein. Wall

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Eq. Rein. Wall

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    4 views12 pages

    Eq. Rein. Wall Detail

    Uploaded by

    Abdelhakim Elhaddad
    Eq. Rein. Wall

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 12
    REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURAL WALLS by R. G. Oesterle, A. E. Fiorato, and W. G. Corley Examples of detailing practices related to design and construction of reinforced conerete structural walls are discussed, Areas covered are transverse reinforcement in vertieal boundary elements and anchorage of horizontal wall reinforcement within hinging regions of structural Functions of transverse reinforcement are illustrated us- ing results from laboratory tests of structural walls. The four primary functions discussed are: increase in limiting ‘strain capacity of concrete, support of vertical. re- ‘nforcement against inelastic buckling, containment of eon- ‘rete, and improvement of shear capacity and stiffness, Recommendations for details of hoop and supplementary ‘crosstie reinforcement are made. Details for proper anchorage of horizontal wall shear re- inforcement are suggested. ‘Keywords: bonding: buildings: confined concrete: cyclic loads; de- falling: ductility; earthquake resistant structures; hinges (struc tral hysteresis; relnforeed concrete: 8 steels; shear properties: tests; wall INTRODUCTION Post-earthquake damage investigations over the past 25 years have provided valuable lessons on the importance of reinforcement detailing. For severe earthquake loading, it is inevitable that neglected etails lead to major problems. The designer must be aware of the importance of proper detailing for seismic resistance. In addition, the contractor must be aware of the importance of proper construction practices so that the structure is built according to design, ‘This paper gives recommendations for detailing practices related to design and construction of re- inforeed concrete structural wall systems. These are based primarily on experience gained in laboratory tests, They are supplemented by findings from post- ‘CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/DECEMBER 1980 earthquake damage investigations. Design recom- mendations are summarized in the following section. Background for these recommendations is given in subsequent sections. DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations regarding details of transverse reinforcement in vertical boundary ele- ments and anchorage of horizontal wall re- inforeement are based on tests of isolated structural walls: 1. Provisions for confinement reinforcement in the 1977 ACI Building Code"? and the 1976 Uniform Building Code’ are based on criteria primarily related to increasing concrete strain capacity and retaining compressive strength of the core. The volume of re- quired hoop reinforcement was devised to provide the same average lateral stress in the rectangular core as would exist in the core of an equivalent cir- cular spiral compression member. For boundary ele- ments of structural walls, design criteria should also be based on hoop size and spacing to delay inelastic bar buckling, contain the conerete core, and provide shear capacity. 2, Criteria for confinement reinforcement based on a limiting concrete strain can be important for walls with boundary elements having a high percentage of vertical reinforcement. Confinement reinforcement. provided in accordance with the 1977 ACI Building Gode', or the 1976 Uniform Building Code’, was ef- fective in maintaining strength of boundary elements of test specimens subjected to large rotational strains. Fig. 1 — Building plans illustrating wall layouts. rok G- Egy. + Jt _t gu at re Shope See al Fig. 2 — Horizontal cross sections of structural walls. 8, Based on analytical investigations’ and tests of isolated walls,** a maximum spacing of 5.0 d, is rec ommended for transverse boundary element re- inforcement in the hinging region. Reinforeement at this spacing will delay inelastic buckling and contain, the conerete core. 4, Transverse reinforcement improves shear capac- ity and stiffness of vertical boundary elements. The following equation is suggested for design of trans- verse reinforcement to resist shear: 5.Current codes require special transverse re- inforeement over the full height of vertical boundary elements for structural walls. Tests of isolated ean- tilever walls indicate that this reinforcement is only needed within hinging regions of walls. Significant savings in reinforcement are possible because hing- ing regions do not propagate over the entire wall height. Cantilever tests indicate that the primary zone of damage extends over a height approximately ‘equal to the horizontal length of the wall. Test speci- mens had constant section properties and therefore, hinged at the base. In an actual structure, potential hinging and damage is most critical at the wall base, However, hinging regions at discontinuities resulting from strength taper, changes in geometry, or higher mode inertial forces must also be considered. 6. Supplementary crossties having a 90 deg hook at one end and a 135 deg hook at the opposite end can be used for confinement of vertical boundary ele- ments. The crossties should be alternated end for end over the height of the element. 7. Crossties within the hinging region of boundary elements should not be made with lap splices. 8, Horizontal wall reinforcement should be termi- nated with at least a 90 deg hook when anchored in a vertical boundary element within a hinging region. For levels of shear corresponding to SV. to 10V£ alternating 90 deg and 135 deg hooks are ree- ommended. REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALLS Reinforced concrete walls are frequently used to provide lateral stiffness for buildings. They can be used in a variety of building plan configurations as illustrated in Fig. 1. Structural walls become more important in tall buildings because of inereases in slenderness that generally accompany increases in height. They are used to keep lateral drift. within reasonable limits by resisting horizontal forces. Although considerable development work on struc- tural wall systems can be related to wind forces, there is also the need to design and detail walls for earthquake resistance. For severe earthquakes, it may not be practical to design tall buildings to re main elastic. Therefore, adequate deformation and energy dissipation eapacity must be provided for in- elastic response. Fig. 2 illustrates several wall cross sections. These configurations are usually designed to have vertical boundary elements. Boundary elements are specially detailed regions where vertical reinforcement is con centrated near ends of the wall. Concentrated re- inforeement permits greater rotational capacity to be attained for equivalent moment capacities.’ Boundary elements, particularly in barbell-shaped CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/DECEMBER 1980 0.06 Limiting Strain, €u 0.04 0.02 © 10" x16" Specimens GRelated Tests Ret. 9 Py fy (MPa) 10 IS 20 8" Specimens Ref. 8 Ret. 8 4 Aa 2 0008 «(Ate wee Hes tor BA a 100 tor Pt, 0 Po Psfy (ksi) Figure 3 — Effect of transverse hoop reinforcement on limiting strain capacity of concrete (Reference 8). walls, act as strong dowels to resist shear forces, de- crease shearing distortions, and reduce slip across cracks."* TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN BOUND- ARY ELEMENTS To perform effectively during severe earthquakes, vertical boundary elements within hinging regions must be confined by properly detailed transverse re- inforcement. Transverse reinforcement serves four primary functions: 1. It provides lateral confinement to increase limit- ing strain capacity of the concrete core: 2. It supports vertical reinforcement against in- elastic bueklin 3. Along with vertical bars, it forms a “basket” to contain eonerete within the core; 4. It improves shear capacity and stiffness of boundary elements, Confinement to Increase Limiting Concrete Strains Building codes"? currently require special trans- verse reinforcement over the full height of vertical boundary elements. Design criteria are based on providing confinement to increase concrete strain ca- pacity, For rectangular hoops, these requirements are intended to provide the same average lateral stress in the core as would exist in the core of an equivalent circular spiral confined element. CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/DECEMBER 1980 Effectiveness of rectangular hoops as confinement reinforcement has been investigated in tests of rela- tively large seale elements." Rectangular hoop re- inforcement meeting or exceeding confinement re- quirements of Section A.6.5 of the 1977 ACI Building Code" extended limiting conerete strains beyond 0.015. This is considerably greater than the value of 0.003 for plain econerete. ‘A summary of these test results is shown in Fig. 3. Observed limiting strains, c., are plotted as a function of the product of the volumetric hoop re- inforcement ratio, o,, and the yield strength, f, of the transverse reinforcement. The curve represents lower bound to the test results, All arrangements of rectangular hoops were effective in increasing lim- iting concrete strains. Reversing load tests of isolated structural walls** have also indicated that confinement reinforcement provided in accordance with the 1977 ACI Building Code.’ or the 1976 Uniform Building Code," is effec- tive in maintaining strength of boundary elements under large rotational strains. Provision of confinement reinforcement to increase compressive strain capacity may not always be the governing criterion for transverse reinforcement in boundary elements of structural walls. Transverse reinforcement is also necessary to support. vertical reinforcement, contain the concrete core, and pro- vide shear reinforcement for boundary elements. la)_Nominal_Dimensions of Test_Specimens + 0.305 m b) Test Setup Fig. 4 — Tests of isolated walls. Ea Fig. 5 — Reinforcement for Specimen BI. Support of Vertical Reinforcement and Containment of Concrete Core ‘Transverse reinforcement to restrain vertical bars against inelastic buckling and to contain the conerete core is of considerable importance. Comparison of two tests of isolated structural walls illustrates this funtion, Isolated walls tested were approximately %4-seale models of full-size walls. Nominal dimensions of specimens are given in Fig. 4(a). Each specimen was tested as a vertical cantilever with reversing hori zontal loads applied through the top slab. Axial load was also considered in the experimental program. However, specimens described in this paper were not subjected to axial load. The test setup is shown in Fig. 4(b). Reinforcement details for Specimens B1 and B3 are shown in Fig. 5 and 6, respectively. These walls, had barbell cross sections with vertical re- inforcement in the boundary elements corresponding to I percent of the column area. Vertical re- inforcement was anchored in the base block with an embedment length of 21 in, (0.53 m) plus a standard 90 deg hook. The walls were nominally identical ex- cept for transverse reinforcement in the boundary elements. Specimen BI contained ordinary column ties de- signed aecording to Section 7.10 of the 1977 Code.‘ ‘The resulting tie spacing was 8 in. (203 mm), which corresponds to 16 vertical bar diameters. Specimen B3 had special transverse reinforcement designed according to Section A.6.5 of the 1977 Code.* Hoops were placed at a spacing of 1.33 in. (34 mm) over the first 6 ft (1.88 m) of the wall. Ordinary column ties were used over the remaining height of the wall. Spacing of special transverse reinforcement corresponded to 2.7 vertical bar diameters. Fig. 6 — Reinforcement for Specimen B3. CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/DECEMBER 1980 80L00d, kins i) Sym About ¢ Simm Detection, in n= 258mm hips 4-8aann 2 3 @ 8" 12" Fig. 7 — Load versus deflection relationship for Specimen BI. 4 Sym, About T eoload, kips First, Bor Frocture Deflection, in. tira sean #4 cs Fig. 8 — Load versus deflection relationship for Specimen B8. Hysteretic response of Specimens B1 and B3 is il- lustrated in the load versus top deflection re- lationships in Fig. 7 and 8. It should be noted that, laboratory tests were continued until specimens were destroyed. The wall specimens were generally subjected to inelastic load cycles well in excess of what might reasonably be expected in a severe earthquake. Maximum loads sustained by these walls corresponded to a nominal shear stress of 3 VE psi (0.25 Vf’ MPa) Comparison of curves in Fig. 7 and 8 indicates that there was little difference in the load versus de- CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/DECEMBER 1980 flection relationships for Specimens B1 and B3 until Cycle 30. After Cycle 30, strength decay was much more rapid for Specimen B1. Deterioration in strength and stiffness of Speci- men Bi was caused by damage to boundary ele- ‘ments by alternate tensile and compressive yielding. This led to buckling of main vertical reinforcement. Because of the reversing inelastic loads, buckling was more critical than it would be for monotonic loading. In addition, shear distortions resulted in ec- centricities in the compressive force on each bar. Buckling was accompanied by loss of conerete not L # oan aa) =r Fig. 9 — Buckled reinforeement in Specimen B1 af- ter Load Cycle 30. a7 aS Fig. 10 — Specimen BI during Load Cycle 34 contained by vertical and transverse reinforcement when the boundary element was in tension, A photo- graph of buckled reinforcement after Cycle 30 is shown in Fig. 9. Hoops in Specimen B3 did not. significantly in- crease strength as compared to Specimen Bl. How- ever, they maintained the integrity of the boundary elements by delaying bar buckling and containing the conerete core. This permitted larger dis- placement duetilities to be reached. Photographs of the two walls at the same load increment in Fig. 10 and 11 indicate the effectiveness of special trans- verse reinforcement. For equivalent levels of load, Specimen BB suffered less damage. ‘Transverse reinforcement in boundary elements of Specimens B1 and B3 corresponded to minimum (2.7 4,) and maximum (16 d,) spacings under present code provisions where dy is the diameter of the longi tudinal reinforcement. Bresler and Gilbert,'* and Go- sain, Brown, and Jirsa* have evaluated stability of compression reinforeement to develop criteria for transverse reinforcement spacing. Analytical results obtained by Gosain, Brown, and Jirsa‘ suggest a spacing of 3.0 to 6.0 di. The suggested spacing de- pends on lateral end restraint of vertical bars associ- ated with shear slip, Based on observed slips along transverse cracks in boundary elements of the walls tested, it is estimated that a spacing of 5.0 d, would be satisfactory for boundary elements in hinging re- sions of structural walls. Improvement of Shear Capacity ‘When flexural steel in wall sections has yielded, a large portion of applied shear must be transferred through the compression zone as illustrated in Fig. 12, Inelastic reversals increase this concentration of smear is. con- leentrated in the ‘ompression Zone Shear Tronsfer Through Truss Aetion, Aggregate interlock, and Bor Dowel mn Gecomes ineffective with Flexural Yielding Fig. 12 — Shear transfer through compression zone within hinging region. ‘CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/DECEMBER 1980 shear in the compression zone. However, vertical boundary elements act as dowels to resist shear. BS, were constructed inforcement except inforcement in the boundary ments equal to approximately 3.7 percent of the col- umn area. Photographs of the reinforcement are shown in Fig. 13 and 14 Specimen B2, had ordinary column ties at a spac: ing of 8 in, (203 mm) or 10.7 v Specimen BS had hoops spaced at 18 bar diameters over the first 6 B2 reached a capac shear stress of 7.2 v/1 BB reached 8.8 Vf psi l In Specimen B2 boundary elements deteriorated prior to web crushing. Several bars buckled and con- crete was lost from the core of the boundary ele- ments as loads were reversed, In the last load cycle, the end regions were badly damaged near the base as shown in Fig. 17. Subsequently, web crushing oc- curred and the boundary element sheared through. Specimen B2 after web crushing is show: 18. In Specimen B5, transverse hoops delayed buckling and loss of concrete from the core of the boundary elements. They also reinforced the bound- y160 Load, Fig. 15 — Load versus deflection relationship for Specimen B2. CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/DECEMBER 1980 oy Loas, hips Sym About € of 90" ond 85" 30" legs of sup 5° fo horizontal Detieetion, in Zl = Hin. = 25.4 mm ips 4.4400N Gem avis CROSS SECTION CROSS SECTION AT LEVEL OF AT LEVEL BE- mm HORIZONTAL TWEEN Siam BARS HORIZONTAL BARS Fig. 16 — Load versus deflection relationship for Specimen BS. ary elements for shear. As illustrated in Fig. 12, and as can be seen in Fig. 19, the compression boundary element developed a reverse curvature within & height approximately equal to three times its hori- zontal length. A hinge formed at the lower end of the boundary element. The special transverse re- inforcement provided sufficient shear capacity to permit this hinge to form. After web crushing, boundary elements of BS were capable of providing reserve strength for the wall. Specimen B5 could be repaired by replacing damaged web conerete. Comparison of observed deformations in Speci- mens B2 and B5 indicated that special transverse re- fe Be - ae wi abs es bb Fig. 17 — Specimen B2 immediately prior to web crushing. inforeement decreased shear distortions for equiva- lent horizontal deflections. Although closely spaced hoops were only provided in the lower 6 ft (1.83 m) of the boundary elements, the primary zone of damage did not extend above this level, Strain gage data indicated that only hoops in the lower 3 ft (0.91 m) were stressed significantly. Based on observation of boundary element behav: ior in wall tests, an expression was developed for de sign of transverse reinforcement to provide shear ca pacity for “dowel- action.” It is suggested that transverse reinforcement be designed to develop the following shear: Fig. 18 — Specimen B2 after web crushing. CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/DECEMBER 1980 ‘ayenbyjsve opuewsog weg 1261 uf suumpoo jo aouvwsossiog — 0g “Si (0861 NABWSOTA/IVNOLLVNWALNI BLAWONOD aus, ‘20"[d uy a19m sdooy oy soye S9x1s8010 Jo yuoUL 20nd payuiiad quoma8uesse siyy, “Qf “B)y ul UAOYS sv ¥oo4 op 0g au0 pur Yooy Sop GET avo YA paqey g 40} sanssoio dawquowojddns eAa|Te oJ, “yWoUIED.O,UI oy} seas yey) yun v Se payroriqes aq 0} pry saissoxo pue sdoogy “suayqoud UoRnaysuo> snodauinu pasne> puo yovo 1 s¥ooy Bop ost YM sonssoss Axeyuowojddns yo os) 8 pur g “it uy umoys gq uauadg [[em payvIos! Jo s: Aampunog uy pasn soa uunjoa axenbs ay} 20} OY TZ “Bd Wl uMoys ase saunas Supsisas juoWOU a[Honp Uy suumNjoo sof pasn sjreyep quawtasz0pUIOY, womooso;uoY ess9AsUELy, 105 sT]eIOq pepuoMMOdSY, “quazedde S| quowoazojujox asioasues Jo ssouaansoyg “ayenb -ypive opurusog urg TZ61 9 Joye Uayer BuIpNG auiws oy Jo A10ys punoss oy sydeaSoioyd smoys 0g “Bd , paaasqo waaq os[e aAvy aoueysisas aways pur ‘ayaiou0s Suuye uo “yuouassojuIEE [eONIeA Sut -qwoddns Joy quawaoiojujox assoasuesy Jos} jo Sjuawaya

    You might also like