n Ng Minh

o hm ring

MC LC
CHNG 2. O HM RING....................................................................................... 1
2.1. Hm nhiu bin ...................................................................................................... 1
2.1.1. Hm hai bin .................................................................................................... 1
2.1.2. th ............................................................................................................... 3
2.1.3. ng mc ....................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4. Hm ba hoc nhiu bin ................................................................................... 8
2.2. Gii hn v s lin tc ........................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Gii hn ........................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2. S lin tc ....................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3. Hm ba hoc nhiu bin ................................................................................. 14
2.3. o hm ring ...................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1. Khi nim v o hm ring ........................................................................... 15
2.3.2. ngha ca cc o hm ring ....................................................................... 17
2.3.3. Hm nhiu hn hai bin .................................................................................. 18
2.3.4. o hm cp cao ............................................................................................ 19
2.4. Mt phng tip din v xp x tuyn tnh ........................................................... 20
2.4.1. Mt phng tip din ........................................................................................ 20
2.4.2. Xp x tuyn tnh ............................................................................................. 22
2.4.3. Vi phn ........................................................................................................... 23
2.4.4. Cc hm ba hoc nhiu bin ........................................................................... 25
2.5. Quy tc dy chuyn.............................................................................................. 25
2.5.1. o hm hm n ............................................................................................ 28
2.6. o hm theo hng v vc t gradient ............................................................. 29
2.6.1. o hm theo hng ...................................................................................... 29
2.6.2. Vc t gradient ............................................................................................... 31
2.6.3. Hm ba bin ................................................................................................... 32
2.6.4. Cc i ca o hm theo hng.................................................................... 33
2.6.5. Mt phng tip din ca mt mc ................................................................... 34
2.6.6. Tm quan trng ca vc t gradient................................................................ 35
2.7. Cc gi tr ln nht v nh nht .......................................................................... 36
2.7.1. Cc i a phng v cc tiu a phng .................................................... 36
2.7.2. Cc tr tuyt i .............................................................................................. 41
2.8. Nhn t Lagrange ................................................................................................ 42
2.8.1. Phng php nhn t Lagrange ..................................................................... 42
2.8.2. Hai rng buc ................................................................................................. 46

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

O HM RING

CHNG 2.

2.1. Hm nhiu bin

Trong phn ny chng ta xem xt cc hm hai hoc nhiu bin theo bn cch nhn

Li ni

(Theo m t bng li)

(Theo bng cc gi tr)

i s

(Theo biu thc tng minh)

Trc quan

(Theo th)

2.1.1. Hm hai bin

Nhit ca mt im trn b mt ca tri t ti bt k thi gian no ph thuc vo kinh
x v v y ca im . Chng ta c xem l hm ca hai bin x v y, hoc nh l hm
ca mt cp (x, y). Chng ta biu th s ph thuc ny bng cch vit T = f(x, y).
Th tch V ca hnh tr trn ph thuc vo bn knh r v chiu cao h ca n, v V = pr2h.
Chng ta ni rng V l hm ca r v h, v vit V(r, h) = pr2h.
nh ngha Hm hai bin l mt quy lut cho tng ng mi cp c th t cc s thc (x, y)
trong tp D vi duy nht mt s thc f(x, y). Tp D l min xc nh ca f v min gi tr ca
n l tp tt c cc gi tr c th ca f, tc l tp { ( , ) | ( , ) }.
Chng ta thng vit

= ( , ) ch ra s tng minh gi tr ca f ti im tng qut

( , ). Cc bin x v y l cc bin c lp v z l bin ph thuc.

Hm hai bin l hm m min xc nh l tp con ca
v min gi tr l tp con ca R. Mt cch trc quan, hm
hai bin ging nh cc mi tn (Hnh 1), trong min D
c biu th nh l mt tp con ca mt phng xy v min
gi tr l tp cc s trn ng thng thc, c biu th bi
R2

trc z. V d, nu ( , ) biu th nhit ti mi im ( , )

trong mt tm kim loi phng vi hnh dng ca D, chng ta
c th xem trc z l nhit k hin th nhit o c.
Nu hm f c cho bi cng thc v cha ch ra min xc nh th min xc nh ca f
c hiu l tp tt c cc cp ( , ) sao cho biu thc cho nhn gi tr thc.
V d 1

Vi mi hm sau y, nh gi (3,2) v phc tho min xc nh.

(a) ( , ) =

Li gii

(a)

(b) ( , ) =

(3, 2) =

Biu thc f c ngha nu mu s khc 0 v gi tr trong

cn bc hai khng m. V vy min xc nh ca f l
= {( , )| + + 1 0, 1}
Bt phng trnh x + y + 1 0, hay y x 1, m t
nhng im nm ti hoc pha trn ng thng y = x 1.

Trang 1

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

Rng buc x 1 ngha l phi b i nhng im trn ng thng x = 1. (Xem Hnh 2).
(3,2) = 3 ln(2 3) = 3 1 = 0

(b)

Bi v
<

) xc nh khi

, vy min xc nh ca f l

> 0, tc l
}.
= {( , ) | <

y l tp cc im thuc v bn tri ca parabol

(Xem Hnh 3.) Khng phi tt c cc hm u c th c

biu th bi cng thc tng minh. Hm trong v d sau y
c m t bng li v bng c lng s theo cc gi tr
ca n.
V d 2
nhng vng c thi tit ma ng khc nghit, ch s gi lnh (wind-chill
index) thng c s dng m t mc nghim trng ca ci lnh. Ch s W ny l nhit
cm nhn ph thuc vo nhit thc t T v tc gi v. V vy, W l hm ca T v v v
chng ta c th vit

= ( , ). Bng 1 ghi gi tr ca W c bin son bi Dch v Thi

tit Quc gia ca Hoa K (National Weather Service) v Dch v Kh tng ca Canada
(Meteorological Service).

V d, bng cho thy nu nhit l -5oC v tc gi l 50 km/h, th s cm thy lnh

nh nhit khong -15oC khi khng c gi. V vy (5, 50) = 15.
V d 3
Nm 1928, Charles Cobb v Paul Douglas cng b mt nghin cu, trong h
m hnh ha s pht trin ca nn kinh t M trong giai on 1899 -1922. Chng c coi
l mt cch nhn n gin ha ca nn kinh t trong sn lng c xc nh bi s lng
lao ng tham gia v s vn u t. Trong khi c nhiu yu t khc nh hng n hiu qu
kinh t, m hnh ca h c chng minh l kh chnh xc. Hm m h s dng m hnh
sn xut c dng
[1]

P(L, K) = bLK1-

trong P l tng sn lng (gi tr tin t ca tt c cc hng ha sn xut trong mt nm), L

l s lng lao ng (tng s ngi-gi lm vic trong mt nm), v K l s vn u t (gi tr
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o hm ring

tin t ca tt c cc my mc, thit b, v cc ta nh). Trong phn 2.3 chng ta s ch ra rng,

lm th no dng thc ca phng trnh [1] dn ti cc gi nh kinh t nht nh.
Cobb v Douglas s dng d liu kinh t c cng b
ca chnh ph c c Bng 2. H ly nm 1899 lm c
s v P, L v K cho nm 1899 l mi gn gi tr 100. Cc gi tr
trong nhiu nm khc c th hin theo t l phn trm ca cc
con s ca 1899.
Cobb v Douglas s dng phng php bnh phng ti
thiu Table 2 xy dng hm
[2]
P(L, K) = 1.01L0.75K0.25
Nu chng ta s dng m hnh a ra bi cc hm trong
phng trnh [2] tnh ton sn lng trong nhng nm 1910
v 1920, chng ta nhn c gi tr
P(147, 208) = 1.01(147)0.75(208)0.25 161.9
P(194, 407) = 1.01(194)0.75(407)0.25 235.8
chng l kh gn vi gi tr thc t l 159 v 231.
Hm sn lng [1] sau c s dng trong nhiu
phm vi khc nhau, t cc cng ty t nhn n kinh t ton cu.
Min xc nh ca n l {(L, K) | L 0, K 0} bi v L v K
biu th lao ng v vn nn khng bao gi m.
V d 4

Tm min xc nh v min gi tr ca g( , ) =

Li gii

Min xc nh ca g l

= {( , )| 9
0} = {( , )|
l a trn tm (0, 0) bn knh bng 3. (Xem Hnh 4.)
| =

Min gi tr ca g l
Bi v 9

9 nn 9

Do min gi tr ca g l { | 0

9}

,( , )

3.

3} = [0, 3].

2.1.2. th
Mt cch khc hnh dung c trng ca hai bin l xem xt th ca n.
nh ngha

Nu f l hm hai bin c min xc nh l D th th ca n l tp tt c cc

im (x, y, z) R3 sao cho z = f(x, y) v (x, y) D.

Nh vy, th ca hm mt bin l ng cong vi phng
trnh y = f(x) th th ca hm hai bin l mt cong vi phng trnh
z = f(x, y).
Chng ta c th hnh dung rng hnh chiu ln mt phng xy ca
th S ca hm f chnh l min D (Hnh 5).

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V d 5
Li gii

o hm ring
Phc ha th hm f(x, y) = 6 3x 2y.
th ca f c phng trnh z = 6 3x 2y hay 3x + 2y + z = 6, l mt
phng. v mt phng, ta tm cc im chn (intercepts). Cho y = z = 0,
ta nhn c x = 2, l x-chn. Tng t, y-chn bng 3 v z-chn bng 6.
iu ny gip chng ta phc ha phn ca th nm trong phn tm

u tin ca khng gian (first octant) nh trong Hnh 6.

Hm trong V d 5 l trng hp c bit ca hm
f(x, y) = ax + by + c,
n c gi l hm tuyn tnh. th ca cc hm c phng trnh
z = ax + by + c hay ax + by z + c = 0
l cc mt phng. Tng t nh hm tuyn tnh mt bin, hm tuyn tnh hai bin ng vai tr
rt quan trng trong cc php ton vi phn v tch phn.
V d 6

Phc ha th ca hm g( , ) =

Li gii

th c phng trnh
= 9

hay

. Bnh phng hai v ta nhn c

= 9, chnh l phng trnh ca mt cu

tm ti gc ta v bn knh bng 3. Nhng v z 0 nn th ca

hm g ch l na pha trn ca mt cu.
Ch
Ton b mt cu khng th biu th bi mt hm hai bin
x v y. Nh trong V d 6, bn cu (hemisphere) trn c biu th bi
phng trnh

( , )=

bi phng trnh ( , ) = 9

, cn bn cu di c biu th

.
.

V d 7

S dng my tnh v th ca hm Cobb-Douglas ( , ) = 1.01

Li gii

Hnh 8 biu th th ca P theo cc gi tr ca nhn cng L v vn K trong

phm vi t 0 n 300. My tnh v mt cong bng cch v ra
cc vt dc. Chng ta thy rng gi tr ca hm P tng theo c
hai s tng ca L v K, nh l d on. Trong MATLAB, chng
ta s dng cc cu lnh sau:
x = 0:10:300; y = x;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = 1.01.*X.^0.75.*Y.^0.25;
surf(X,Y,Z)

V d 8
Li gii

Tm min xc nh, min gi tr v v th hm s ( , ) = 4

Min xc nh ca h l ton b mt phng
n c phng trnh

=4

R2.

Min gi tr l [0, +). th ca

, y chnh l mt paraboloid elliptic.

Cc vt ct ngang l cc ellipse, cc vt ct dc l cc parabola (Hnh 9).

Cc chng trnh my tnh cho php v th ca hm hai bin. Trong
hu ht cc chng trnh nh vy, cc vt dc trong cc mt phng x = k v

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o hm ring

y = k c v vi cc gi tr cch u nhau ca k v mt phn ca th c loi b bng cch

s dng loi b dng n.
Hnh 10 biu th cc th ca mt s hm c v bi my tnh. Ch rng chng ta
c th nhn c nhng hnh nh tt hn khi chng ta s dng vic quay hnh v chn im
quan st thch hp.
Trong cc hnh (a) v (b), th rt phng v bm st vo mt phng xy, ngoi tr gn
ln cn ca gc ta , bi v

l rt nh khi x hoc y l ln.

2.1.3. ng mc
Cho n nay chng ta c hai phng php hnh dung hm: s mi tn v th.
Mt phng php th ba, mn tng t nhng ngi lm bn , l mt bn cc chu
tuyn trn cc gi tr biu th cao c gn kt vi cc ng mc (level curves).
nh ngha ng mc ca hm hai bin f l nhng ng cong c phng trnh f(x, y) = k,
y k l hng s (thuc min gi tr ca f).
Mi ng mc f(x, y) = k l tp tt c cc im trn min xc nh ca f m ti f nhn
gi tr k. Ni khc i, n biu th nhng ch m th ca f c chiu cao l k.
T Hnh 11, chng ta c th thy mi quan h gia ng mc v cc vt ngang.
ng mc f(x, y) = k nh l giao tuyn ca th ca f vi mt phng ngang z = k c
chiu xung mt phng xy.

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n Ng Minh

o hm ring

Mt v d quen thuc ca ng mc l chng xut hin trong bn a hnh ca mt

khu vc min ni, nh
bn trong Hnh 12.
ng mc l mc
cao so vi mt nc bin.
Nu bn i b dc theo
mt trong nhng ng
cong, bn khng ln cng
khng xung.
Mt v d quen
thuc na l hm nhit
c gii thiu trong on m u ca phn ny. y cc ng cong c gi l ng
nhit (isothermals) v chng kt ni cc min c cng mt nhit . Hnh 13 cho thy mt bn
thi tit ca th gii cho thy nhit trung bnh trong thng Ging. Cc ng ng nhit
l nhng ng cong phn cch cc di mu.

V d 9

Hnh 14 biu th bn ng mc ca hm f. S dng n c lng cc

gi tr f(1, 3) v f(4, 5).

Li gii
im (1, 3) thuc phn gia hai ng mc vi cc gi tr 70 v 80, v vy ta
c lng f(1, 3) 73. Tng t f(4, 5) 56.

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V d 10
Li gii

o hm ring
Phc ha ng mc ca hm f(x, y) = 6 3x 2y vi cc gi tr k = -6, 0, 6, 12.
Cc ng mc l 6 3x 2y = k hay 3x + 2y + (k 6) = 0
y l h cc ng thng vi dc . Bn ng
mc ring ng vi k = -6, 0, 6 v 12 l 3x + 2y 12 = 0, 3x
+ 2y 6 = 0, 3x + 2y = 0 v 3x + 2y + 6 = 0.
Chng c phc ha trn Hnh 15. Cc ng mc
l song song v cch u nhau bi th ca f l mt phng.

V d 11

Phc tho cc ng mc ca hm
( , )=

Li gii

ng mc l 9

vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

hay

=9

. y l h cc ng

trn ng tm vi tm (0, 0) bn knh 9 .

Cc trng hp k = 0, 1, 2, 3 c biu th trn Hnh 16.
Hy th hnh dung nhng ng cong ny c nng ln to
thnh mt mt cong v so snh vi th ca mt bn cu trong
Hnh 7.

V d 12

Phc tho cc ng mc ca hm ( , ) = 4

Li gii

ng mc l 4

=1

+1=

hay

+1

y vi k > 1, biu th mt h
cc ellipse vi cc bn trc
(semiaxes) l 1 v 1.
Hnh 17(a) cho thy mt bn
ng mc ca h c v bi my
tnh. Hnh 17(b) cho thy nhng
ng mc c nng ti th
ca h (mt paraboloid elliptic),
chng tr thnh cc vt ngang.
V d 13
Li gii

V ng mc ca hm Cobb-Douglas trong V d 3.
Trong Hnh 18, cc ng ng mc ca hm Cobb-Douglas
P(L, K) = 1.01L0.75K0.25 c v bi my tnh.

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o hm ring

Cc ng mc c gn nhn theo cc gi tr ca sn phm P. V d, ng mc c

nhn 140 biu th tt c cc gi tr ca nhn cng L v u t K c sn phm P = 140. Chng
ta thy rng, i vi mt gi tr c nh ca P, th L tng K gim, v ngc li.
Ty theo mc ch, mt bn ng mc hu ch hn mt th. l chc chn ng
trong V d 13. (So snh Hnh 18 vi Hnh 8.) N cng ng trong vic c tnh gi tr ca
hm, nh trong V d 9.
Hnh 19 cho thy mt s ng mc c my tnh to ra cng vi cc th tng ng.
Ch rng cc ng mc trong phn (c) t li vi nhau gn ngun gc ta . Tng ng vi
thc t l cc th trong phn (d) l rt dc khi gn gc ta .

2.1.4. Hm ba hoc nhiu bin

Mt hm ba bin, f, l quy lut gn mi b ba c th t (x, y, z) trn min D R3 vi
duy nht mt gi tr thc ( , , ). V d, nhit T ti mi im trn b mt Tri t ph
thuc vo kinh x, v y v thi im t, v vy c th vit = ( , , ).
V d 14
Tm min xc nh ca ( , , ) = ln( ) +
.
Li gii
Biu thc f(x, y, z) c xc nh khi z y > 0, v vy min xc nh ca f l
= {( , , )
| > }
y l na khng gian bao gm tt c cc im nm v pha trn mt phng z = y.
Rt kh cm nhn th ca hm ba bin, v n nm trong khng gian bn chiu. Tuy
nhin, chng ta c c mt s ci nhn su sc vo f bng cch kim tra cc mt mc (level
surfaces) ca n, l nhng mt cong c phng trnh f(x, y, z) = k, vi k l mt hng s. Nu
im (x, y, z) di chuyn dc theo mt mt mc, gi tr ca f(x, y, z) vn khng i.
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o hm ring

V d 15

Tm mt mc ca hm f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2.

Li gii

Cc mt mc l x2 + y2 + z2 = k, vi k 0. l h cc mt cu ng tm vi

bn knh (Xem Hnh 20). V vy, khi (x, y, z) thay i trn bt k mt cu tm O, gi tr ca

f(x, y, z) l khng i.
Hm n bin l quy lut gn mi b n-s thc (x1, x2, ..., xn)
vi mt s thc z = f(x1, x2, ..., xn).
Ta k hiu Rn l tp tt c cc b n-s thc. V d, nu mt
cng ty s dng n loi nguyn liu lm ra mt sn phm, ci l gi
ca nguyn liu th i, xi l s n v nguyn liu th i, khi gi
thnh C ca mi sn phm l hm ca n bin x1, x2, ..., xn.
[3] C = f(x1, x2, ..., xn) = c1x1 + c2x2 + ... + cnxn.
Hm f c gi tr thc vi min xc nh l tp con ca R3. i khi ta s dng k hiu vc
t biu th hm dng gn hn:
Nu = , , , , ta vit ( ) thay cho ( , , , ). Vi k hiu nh vy,
chng ta c th nh ngha hm trong phng trnh [3] nh sau: ( ) = .
y = , , , v c.x l k hiu tch v hng ca cc vc t c v x trong Vn.
Xem s tng ng mt mt gia im ( , , , ) trong R3 vi vc t v tr
, , , trong Vn, chng ta c ba cch quan nim v hm f c xc nh trong tp con
ca Rn:
,,
2. Nh l hm ca mt bin im ( ,
1. Nh l hm ca n bin

3. Nh l hm ca mt bin vc t

,, )
= , ,,

2.2. Gii hn v s lin tc

2.2.1. Gii hn

Chng ta xem xt hai hm

( , )=

v ( , ) =

khi c x v y ng thi dn v 0, tc l im (x, y) dn v gc ta .

Bng 1 v Bng 2 lit k cc gi tr ca f(x, y) v g(x, y), chnh xc ti ba ch s thp
phn, i vi cc im (x, y) gn gc ta . Ch rng hm khng xc nh ti gc ta .

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o hm ring

N biu th rng, khi (x, y) dn n (0, 0) th cc gi tr ca f(x, y) dn n 1, trong khi

cc gi tr ca g(x, y) khng dn ti gi tr no. N ch ra rng, cc bng chng s l chnh
xc v ta vit
lim

= 1 v

( , )( , )

lim

( , )( , )

khng tn ti.

Tng qut, chng ta k hiu

( , )=
lim
( , )( , )

biu th rng gi tr ca f(x, y) dn n L khi im (x, y) dn ti im (a, b) dc theo bt k

ng no nm trn trong min xc nh ca f. Ni khc i, chng ta c th lm cho gi tr ca
f(x, y) gn vi L bng cch chn im (x, y) gn im (a, b). nh ngha chnh xc c
pht biu nh sau:
[1] nh ngha
Gi s f l hm hai bin vi min xc nh D cha im (a, b). Chng ta
( , )= ,
ni rng "gii hn ca f(x, y) bng L khi (x, y) dn ti (a, b)" v ta vit
lim
( , )( , )

nu vi mi e > 0 bt k, tm c s > 0 sao cho nu (x, y) D v ( ) + ( ) <

th | ( , ) | < .
( , )=
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng k hiu lim

v ( , )

khi ( , ) ( , ).

Ch rng |f(x, y) L| l khong cch gia cc s f(x, y) v L, v ( ) + ( )

l khong cch gia im (x, y) v im (a, b). V vy nh ngha 1 ni rng khong cch gia
cc s f(x, y) v L c th nh ty bng cch cho khong cch gia im (x, y) v im (a, b)
nh (nhng khc 0). Hnh 1 minh ha nh ngha 1 theo ngha ca biu mi tn. Vi mi
khong nh (L - e, L + e) cha L, chng ta c th tm c min hnh trn D [c th tr i
im (a, b)] vi tm (a, b) v bn knh > 0 sao cho f nh x tt c cc im trong D [c th
tr i im (a, b)] vo trong khong (L - e, L + e).

Mt minh ha khc ca nh ngha 1 c cho trong Hnh 2, mt cong S l th

ca f. Vi e > 0 cho trc, ta c th tm c > 0 sao cho nu (x, y) thuc min D v (x, y)
(a, b) th phn tng ng ca S nm gia cc mt phng z = L e v L + e.
Vi hm mt bin, x ch c th dn n a theo hai pha t bn tri hoc bn phi. Nh li
rng nu lim

( ) lim

( ) th khng tn ti lim ( ).

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o hm ring

Vi cc hm hai bin th vic khng n gin bi v chng ta c th cho (x, y) dn n

(a, b) t mun vn hng khc nhau (Hnh 3), min l (x, y) vn
thuc min xc nh ca f.
nh ngha 1 ch cp ti khong cch gia (x, y) v (a,
b) m khng quan tm n hng ca s dn n. Do , nu
gii hn tn ti th f(x, y) phi dn ti cng mt gii hn, khng
ph thuc (x, y) dn ti (a, b) nh th no. V th nu chng ta
tm thy hai ng dn n (a, b) ca (x, y) c hai gii hn khc
nhau th ( lim
)(
,

, )

( , )

khng tn ti.

Nu f(x, y) L1 khi (x, y) (a, b) dc theo C1 v f(x, y) L2 khi (x, y) (a, b) dc

theo C2 m L1 L2 th ( lim
)(
,

, )

( , )

khng tn ti.

lim

V d 1

Chng t rng

Li gii

Gi s ( , ) = (

khng tn ti.

( , )( , )

)/(

). Trc ht ta xt s dn n (0, 0) dc

theo trc x. Sau cho y = 0 ta c f(x, 0) = x2/x2 = 1 vi mi x 0,

v vy f(x, y) 1 khi (x, y) (0, 0) dc theo trc x.
Gi chng ta dn dn dc theo trc y bng cch t x = 0. V
f(0, y) = -y2/y2 = -1 vi mi y 0 nn f(x, y) -1 khi (x, y) (0, 0)

V d 2
Li gii

dc theo trc y (Hnh 4). Bi v f c hai gii hn khc nhau dc theo

hai ng khc nhau nn gii hn trn khng tn ti.
( , )?
Nu f(x, y) = xy/(x2 + y2), tn ti hay khng gii hn lim
( , )( , )

Nu y = 0 th f(x, 0) =

0/x2

= 0, vy f(x, y) 0 khi (x, y) (0, 0) dc theo trc x.

Nu x = 0 th f(0, y) =

0/y2

= 0, vy f(x, y) 0 khi (x, y) (0, 0) dc theo trc y.

Mc d chng ta nhn c cng mt gii hn, nhng iu

khng chng t gii hn cho l bng 0. Gi chng ta xt s dn
n (0, 0) dc theo ng y = x.
Vi x 0 th ( , ) =
v vy ( , )

= ,

khi (x, y) (0, 0) dc theo y = x (Hnh 5).

V vy gii hn cho khng tn ti.

Hnh 6 lm r cho V d 2. Sn cong xut hin trn ng
y = x tng ng vi thc t l f(x, y) = 1/2 i vi mi im (x, y)
trn ng , ngoi tr gc ta .

V d 3

Cho ( , ) =

, c hay khng gii hn

Trang 11

lim

( , )( , )

( , )?

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

Li gii
Nh li li gii trong V d 2, chng ta tit kim thi gian bng cch cho (x, y)
dn ti (0, 0) dc theo mi ng nghing i qua gc ta y = mx, y m l dc:
( , )= ( ,

)=

)
(

khi (x, y) (0, 0) dc theo y = mx. V th f c cng mt gii hn dc theo mi ng nghing

i qua gc ta . Nhng iu khng chng t gii hn
cho bng 0. Gi chng ta cho (x, y) dn ti (0, 0) dc theo
parabola x = y2, ta c
( , )= (

, )=(

vy ( , ) khi (x, y) (0, 0) dc theo x = y2.

Vy gii hn cho khng tn ti.
Hnh 7 l th ca hm trong V d 3. Ch rng sn dc nm trn parabola x = y2.
By gi chng ta hy xem xt cc gii hn m tn ti. Cng nh i vi hm mt bin,
vic tm gii hn cho cc hm hai bin c th c n gin ha bng cch s dng cc tnh
cht ca gii hn. Cc quy tc tm gii hn ca hm mt bin c th c m rng n cc hm
hai bin: Gii hn ca mt tng bng tng ca cc gii hn, gii hn ca mt tch bng tch ca
cc gii hn. c bit, cc cng thc sau y l ng khi (x, y) (a, b):
[2]

lim =
lim =
lim =
nh l Squeeze vn cn ng.
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
lim ( , ) = lim ( , ) =
lim ( , ) =

Nu
v
th
Tm

V d 4

lim

nu n tn ti.

( , )( , )

Li gii
Nh trong V d 3, chng ta c th rng gii hn dc theo bt k ng thng
no i qua gc ta u bng 0. iu khng chng minh c gii hn cho bng 0,
nhng cc gii hn dc theo cc parabola y = x2 v x = y2 cng bng 0, v vy chng ta bt u
nghi ng rng gii hn l tn ti v bng 0.
Cho e > 0. Chng ta cn tm > 0 sao cho nu 0 <
tc l, nu 0 <
Mc d
[3]

| |

<
+

3| | = 3

th

| |

T theo nh ngha 1,

/(

) 1, v vy

<

V th nu ta chn = e/3 v gi s 0 <

0 3

<

< .

0, nn

<3 =3

lim

= 0.

( , )( , )

th

Chng ta cng c th s dng nh l Squeeze chng minh.

Trang 12

th

0 < ,

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

Tht vy, t [3], ch n [2], ta c iu cn chng minh.

2.2.2. S lin tc
S lin tc ca hm hai bin c nh ngha tng t nh i vi hm mt bin.
( , ) = ( , ).
[4] nh ngha Hm hai bin f c gi l lin tc ti (a, b) nu lim
( , )( , )

Chng ta ni f lin tc trn D nu n lin tc ti mi im (a, b) thuc D.

ngha trc quan ca s lin tc l nu im (x, y) thay i mt lng nh th gi tr ca
f(x, y) cng thay i mt s lng nh. iu ny c ngha rng mt cong l th ca mt hm
lin tc khng c l hoc b rch.
S dng cc thuc tnh ca gii hn, bn c th thy tng, hiu, tch v thng cc hm
lin tc l lin tc trn min xc nh ca chng. Hy s dng tnh cht ny a ra mt s
v d v hm lin tc.
Hm a thc (polynomial) hai bin l tng ca cc hng thc dng cxmyn, trong c l
hng s, cn m v n l cc s nguyn. Hm phn thc (rational) l t s ca cc a thc. V d,
f(x, y) = x4 + 5x3y2 + 6xy4 7y + 6 l hm a thc, cn ( , ) =

l hm phn thc.

Cc gii hn trong [2] chng t rng cc hm f(x, y) = x, g(x, y) = y v h(x, y) = c l cc

hm lin tc. Bi v mi a thc u c xy dng t cc hm n gin f, g v h bng cc
php nhn v cng, nn mi hm a thc hai bin u lin tc trn R2. Tng t, mi hm phn
thc u lin tc trn min xc nh ca n bi n l thng ca hai hm lin tc.
V d 5
nh gi lim (

+3 +2 )
( , )( , )

Li gii
Bi v hm ( , ) =

+ 3 + 2 l a thc nn n t khp ni, v

vy ta c th tm gii hn bng cch thay trc tip:
lim (

+ 3 + 2 ) = 1 2 1 2 + 3.1 + 2.2 = 11
( , )( , )

V d 6

Hm ( , ) =

Li gii

Hm f khng lin tc ti (0, 0) bi v n khng xc nh ti . Do f l hm phn

lin tc ti nhng u?

thc nn min lin tc ca n l tp D = {(x, y) | (x, y) (0, 0)}.

V d 7

Gi s

+
0

( , )=

( , ) (0,0)
( , ) = (0,0)

y g c xc nh ti (0, 0) nhng g vn khng lin tc bi v

tn ti (xem V d 1).
V d 8
Gi s
3
( , )=

+
0

Trang 13

lim

( , )( , )

( , ) (0,0)
( , ) = (0,0)

( , ) khng

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

Chng ta bit rng f lin tc vi (x, y) (0, 0) v n l hm phn thc. T V d 4 ta c

( , )=

lim

= 0 = (0,0)
+
V vy f lin tc ti (0, 0), v do n lin tc trn ton R2.
Ging nh hm mt bin, php ly hm hp ca hai hm l mt cch nhn c hm
th ba. Thc t, c th ch ra rng nu f l hm hai bin lin tc v g l hm mt bin lin tc
xc nh trn min gi tr ca f, th hm hp (composite) h = gof c xc nh bi
( , ) = ( ( , ))
( , )( , )

lim

( , )( , )

cng l hm lin tc.

V d 9
Li gii

Tm min lin tc ca hm h(x, y) = arctan(y/x).

Hm f(x, y) = y/x l hm phn thc nn n lin tc ngoi tr trn ng thng
x = 0. Hm ( ) = arctan l lin tc khp ni. V vy hm
hp g(f(x, y)) = arctan(y/x) = h(x, y) lin tc ngoi tr trn
ng thng x = 0. Hnh 9 ch ra s t gy trn th ca
hm h trn trc y.

2.2.3. Hm ba hoc nhiu bin

Mi kt qu bit u c th m rng cho hm ba hoc nhiu bin.
( , , ) = ngha l cc gi tr ca f(x, y, z) dn ti s L khi im
K hiu
lim
( , , )( , , )

(x, y, z) dn ti im (a, b, c) dc theo bt k ng no trong min xc nh ca f.

V khong cch gia hai im (x, y, z) v (a, b, c) trong R3 bng
( ) +( ) +( ) ,
nn ta c th nh ngha chnh xc nh sau:
Vi mi s e > 0, tn ti s > 0 sao cho, nu (x, y, z) thuc min xc nh ca f v
0<
th

( ) +( ) +( ) <

| ( , , ) | < e.
Hm f lin tc ti (a, b, c) nu

lim

( , , )( , , )

( , , ) = ( , , ),

V d, hm
1
+ + 1
l hm phn thc ca ba bin v v vy n lin tc ti mi im trong R3, ngoi tr x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
Ni khc i, n khng lin tc trn mt cu tm ti gc ta , bn knh bng 1.
( , , )=

Nu s dng k hiu vc t trnh by trong phn 2.1, chng ta c th nh ngha gii

hn ca hm hai hoc ba bin dng n gin nh sau.

Trang 14

n Ng Minh

o hm ring
Nu f xc nh trn min D ca n th lim ( ) =

[5] nh ngha

c ngha l, vi mi

e > 0, tn ti s > 0 sao cho, nu x D v 0 < |x a| < th |f(x) L| < e.

Ch rng nu n = 1 th x = x v a = a, nh ngha 5 chnh l nh ngha v gii hn i
vi hm mt bin. Trong trng hp n = 2, ta c
x = x, y, a = a, b, v | | =

( ) +( ) ,

nh ngha 5 tr thnh nh ngha 1. Nu n = 3 th x = x, y, z, a = a, b, c, v nh ngha 5

tr thnh nh ngha v gii hn ca hm ba bin.
Trong mi trng hp ta u vit lim ( ) = ( ).

2.3. o hm ring
2.3.1. Khi nim v o hm ring
Vo mt ngy nng, m cao lm cho chng ta ngh rng nhit cao hn nhit thc
ca n, trong khi trong khng kh rt kh, chng ta cm nhn nhit thp hn ch th ca nhit
k. Dch v Thi tit Quc gia (National Weather Service) a ra cc ch s nhit (cn gi
l ch s nhit - m, hoc ch s m mt s nc) m t tc ng kt hp ca nhit
v m. Ch s nhit I l nhit khng kh cm nhn c khi nhit thc t l T v
m tng i l H. V vy, I l mt hm ca T v H, v chng ta c th vit I = f(T, H).
Bng di y ca cc gi tr ca I c trch t mt bng c bin son bi cc Dch v Thi
tit Quc gia.

Nu chng ta tp trung vo ct c nh du ca bng, tng ng vi m tng i

ca H = 70%, chng ta coi ch s nhit nh l hm mt bin T i vi gi tr c nh ca H. Ta
vit g(T) = f (T, 70). Sau g (T) m t cch thc ch s nhit I tng ln khi nhit thc t T
tng, tng ng vi m l 70%. o hm ca g khi T = 96oF l tc thay i ca I i vi
T khi T = 96oF:
(

(96) = lim

= lim

Chng ta c th xp x g'(96) bng cch s dng cc gi tr trong Bng 1 vi h = 2 v -2

(96)
(96)

(
(

)
)

(
(

)
)

=
=

(
(

,
,

)
)

(
(

,
,

Trang 15

)
)

=4

= 3.5

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

Ly trung bnh cng hai gi tr ny, ta c th ni rng o hm g'(96) xp x bng 3.75.

Ngha l, khi nhit thc t l 96oF v m tng i l 70%, nhit biu kin tng khong
3.75oF so vi mi tng ca nhit thc t.
Gi chng ta xem xt dng c nh du trong Bng 1, tng ng vi nhit c nh
T = 96oF. Cc s trn dng l cc gi tr ca hm G(H) = f(96, H), chng m t cch thc ch
s nhit tng ln khi m m tng i tng, trong khi nhit thc t T = 96oF. o hm
ca hm ny khi H = 70% l tc bin thin ca I i vi H khi H = 70%:
(

(70) = lim

= lim

Chng ta c th xp x G'(70) bng cch t h = 5 v -5:

(70)
(70)

(
(

)
)

(
(

)
)

(
(

,
,

)
)

=1

= 0.8

Ly gi tr trung bnh, ta c c lng G'(70) 0.9. iu ny ni ln rng, khi nhit

96oF

l
v m tng i l 70%, ch s nhit tng khong 0.9oF i vi mi phn trm tng
ca nhit tng i.
Tng qut, nu f l hm ca hai bin x v y, gi s c nh y = b - const v cho x bin
i. Khi ta c hm mt bin g(x) = f(x, b). Nu g c o hm ti a th ta gi n l o hm
ring ca f theo bin x ti (a, b) v k hiu fx(a, b). V vy
[1]
fx(a, b) = g'(a) vi g(x) = f(x, b)
( ) = lim

Theo nh ngha o hm ring ta c

[2]

( , ) = lim

, )

( )

, v vy [1] tr thnh

( , )

Tng t, o hm ring ca f theo y ti (a, b), k hiu fy(a, b), nhn c bng cch c
nh x = a v tnh o hm ti b ca hm mt bin G(y) = f(a, y):
[3]

( , ) = lim

( ,

( , )

Vi cc k hiu ny ca cc o hm ring, ta c th vit tc thay i ca ch s nhit

I theo nhit thc t T v m tng i H khi T = 96oF v H = 70% nh sau:
fT(96, 70) 3.75
[4]

fH(96, 70) 0.9

Gi chng ta coi im (a, b) thay i, fx v fy tr thnh hm hai bin.

Nu f l hm hai bin, cc o hm ring ca n fx v fy c xc nh nh sau:
( , ) = lim

, )

( , )

( , )

( , ) = lim

( ,

C nhiu k hiu i vi cc o hm ring, v d, nu z = f(x, y) th

( , )=

( , )=

Quy tc tnh cc o hm ring:

1. tnh fx, coi y l khng i v o hm f(x, y) theo x.
2. tnh fy, coi x l khng i v o hm f(x, y) theo y.
Trang 16

n Ng Minh
V d 1
Li gii

o hm ring
Cho f(x, y) = x3 + x2y3 2y2, tm fx(2, 1) v fy(2, 1).
Gi y c nh v o hm theo x, ta nhn c fx(x, y) = 3x2 + 2xy3, v vy
fx(2, 1) = 3.22 + 2.2.13 = 16
Gi x c nh v o hm theo y, ta nhn c fy(x, y) = 3x2y2 - 4y, v vy
fy(2, 1) = 3.22.12 4.1 = 8

2.3.2. ngha ca cc o hm ring

a ra ngha ca cc o hm ring, chng ta nh li rng phng trnh z = f(x, y)
m t mt mt cong S. Nu f(a, b) = c th im P(a, b, c) thuc S. C nh y = b, chng ta
hn ch s ch ca ta trn ng cong C1 l giao ca mt phng y = b vi S. Ni khc i, C1
l giao tuyn ca S trn mt phng y = b. Tng t th, mt phng x = a giao vi S theo ng
cong C2. C hai ng cong C1 v C2 u i qua im P (xem Hnh 1).
Ch rng ng cong C1 l th ca hm g(x) = f(x, b),
v th dc ca tip tuyn ca n T1 ti P l g'(a) = fx(a, b).
ng cong C2 l th ca hm G(y) = f(a, y), v th dc ca

V d 2
Li gii

tip tuyn ca n T2 ti P l G'(b) = fy(a, b).

V th cc o hm ring fx(a, b) v fy(a, b) c th hiu l
dc ca cc ng tip tuyn ti P(a, b, c) ca cc giao tuyn
C1 v C2 ca S vi cc mt phng y = b v x = a.
Cho f(x, y) = 4 x2 2y2, tm fx(1, 1) v fy(1, 1) ri gii thch ngha.
V fx(x, y) = -2x nn fx(1, 1) = -2, v fy(x, y) = -4y nn fy(1, 1) = -4.

th ca f l paraboloid z = 4 x2 2y2 v giao ca mt phng y = 1 vi n l parabola

z = 2 x2, y = 1. (ng cong C1 trong Hnh 2). dc ca tip tuyn ca parabola ti im
(1, 1, 1) l fx(1, 1) = -2. Tng t, ng cong C2 l giao ca paraboloid vi mt phng x = 1,
l mt parabola z = 3 2y2, x = 1. dc ca tip tuyn ti (1, 1, 1) l fy(1, 1) = -4 (Hnh 3).
Hnh 4 m t my tnh v tng ng vi Hnh 2. Phn (a) biu th mt phng y = 1 giao
vi mt cong theo giao tuyn v phn (b) m t C1 v T1. Chng ta s dng cc phng trnh
vc t r(t) = t, 1, 2 t2 cho C1 v r(t) = 1 + t, 1, 1 2t cho T1. Tng t, Hnh 5 tng ng
vi Hnh 3.

Trang 17

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

V d 3

Cho f(x, y) = sin

Li gii

S dng quy tc Chain i vi hm mt bin, ta c

trnh

= cos

= cos

= cos

= cos

Tm z/x v z/y nu z c xc nh n nh l hm ca x, y theo phng

V d 4
x3

, tnh

Li gii

y3

+ z3 + 6xyz = 1.
tm z/x, chng ta o hm hm n theo x, coi y nh hng s:
3

Gii ra ta c

+3

+6

+6

. Tng t,

=0
=

2.3.3. Hm nhiu hn hai bin

Cc o hm ring c th c nh ngha cho cc hm nhiu hn hai bin. V d, nu f
l hm ba bin x, y v z th o hm ring theo x c nh ngha l
( , , ) = lim

, , )

( , , )

Nu w = f(x, y, z) th fx = w/x c th xem l tc thay i ca w theo x khi y v z

khng i. Nhng chng ta khng th gii thch hnh hc bi v th ca f nm trong khng
gian bn chiu.

Trang 18

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

Tng qut, nu u l hm ca n bin, u = f(x1, x2, ..., xn) th o hm ring theo bin th i
s l
= lim

( ,

,,

+ ,

) ( ,

,,

v chng ta cng vit

V d 5

,,

, ,

,,

Tm fx, fy v fz nu f(x, y, z) = exylnz.

Li gii
Gi y v z khng i v o hm theo x ta c fx = yexylnz.
Tng t, fy = xexylnz v fz = exy/z
2.3.4. o hm cp cao
Nu f l hm hai bin th cc o hm ring fx v fy cng l hm hai bin, v vy chng ta
c th ly o hm ring ca chng v gi l cc o hm ring cp hai ca f.
Nu z = f(x, y), chng ta s dng cc hiu sau:
( ) =

( ) =

V th k hiu fxy (hay 2f/yx) c ngha l u tin ly o hm theo x, sau ly o

hm theo y, trong khi fyx th o li th t.
V d 6
Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca f(x, y) = x3 + x2y3 2y2
Li gii
Trong V d 1 chng ta tm c fx(x, y) = 3x2 + 2xy3, fy(x, y) = 3x2y2 4y
V vy

(3

(3

+2

)=6 +2

4 )=6

(3

(3

+2

)=6

4 )=6

Hnh 7 cho thy th ca hm f trong V d 6 v cc th ca cc o hm ring cp mt v

cp hai vi -2 x 2, -2 y 2. Ch rng cc th ny ph hp vi cch gii thch ca
chng ta, fx v fy l dc ca ng tip tuyn vi cc chu tuyn ca th ca f. V d,
th ca gim nu chng ta bt u ti (0, -2) v di chuyn theo hng dng ca trc x. iu
ny c phn nh bi gi tr m ca fx. Bn nn so snh cc th ca fyx v fyy vi th ca
fy xem cc mi quan h.

Trang 19

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

Ch rng trong V d 6, fxy = fyx. y khng phi l s trng hp. N ch ra rng cc

o hm ring hn hp fxy v fyx l bng nhau trong hu ht cc hm chng ta gp trong thc
hnh. nh l sau y, c pht hin bi nh ton hc ngi Php Alexis Clairaut (17131765), cho ra iu kin c th khng nh fxy = fyx.
nh l Clairaut
Gi s f xc nh trn min D cha im (a, b). Nu cc o hm ring
cp hai fxy v fyx cng tn ti v lin tc trn D th fxy(a, b) = fyx(a, b).
Cc o hm ring cp 3 hoc cao hn cng c th xc nh. V d
=

v s dng nh l Clairaut c th chng minh rng fxyy = fyxy = fyyx nu cc hm ny cng tn

ti v lin tc.
V d 7
Tnh fxxyz nu f(x, y, z) = sin(3x + yz).
Li gii
fx = 3cos(3x + z)
fxx = -9sin(3x + yz)
fxxy = -9zcos(3x + yz)
fxxyz = -9cos(3x + yz) + 9yzsin(3x + yz)
2.4. Mt phng tip din v xp x tuyn tnh
Mt trong nhng tng quan trng nht trong cc php tnh gii tch hm mt bin l
khi chng ta phng to mt im trn th ca mt hm kh vi, th tr nn khng th phn
bit so vi ng tip tuyn ca n v chng ta c th xp x hm bi mt hm tuyn tnh.
y chng ta pht trin tng tng t trong ba chiu. Khi chng ta phng to mt im trn
mt mt cong l th ca mt hm hai bin kh vi, mt cong trng ging mt mt phng (mt
phng tip tuyn ca n) v chng ta c th hm bi mt hm tuyn tnh hai bin. Chng ta
cng c th m rng tng ny i vi hm nhiu bin hn.
2.4.1. Mt phng tip din
Gi s rng mt S c phng trnh z = f(x, y), trong f c cc o hm ring cp mt
lin tc, v gi s P(x0, y0, z0) l mt im trn S. Nh phn trc, gi s C1 v C2 l cc giao
tuyn ca cc mt phng y = y0 v x = x0 vi mt S, hi im P nm trn c C1 v C2.
Gi s T1 v T2 l cc ng tip tuyn ca C1 v C2 ti P,
khi mt phng tip din (tangent plane) ca S ti P l mt phng
cha c hai tip tuyn T1 v T2 (Xem Hnh 1).
Trong phn 2.6 chng ta thy rng nu C l ng cong bt
k nm trong S v i qua P, th tip tuyn ca n ti P nm trn
mt phng tip din. Do ta c th xem rng tip din ca S ti
Trang 20

n Ng Minh

o hm ring

P cha tt c cc tip tuyn ti P ca cc ng cong nm trn S v i qua P.

Chng ta bit rng phng trnh ca mt phng i qua P(x0, y0, z0) c dng
A(x x0) + B(y y0) + C(z z0) = 0
[1]

Chia hai v cho C v t a = -A/C, b = -B/C, ta vit li di dng

z z0 = a(x x0) + b(y y0)

Nu phng trnh [1] m t tip din ti P th giao ca n vi mt phng y = y0 s l

ng tip tuyn T1. t y = y0 vo phng trnh [1] ta nhn c
z z0 = a(x x0) khi y = y0
v chng ta bit rng y l phng trnh ca ng thng vi dc a. Nhng trong mc 2.3
ta bit rng dc ca tip tuyn T1 l fx(x0, y0), v th a = fx(x0, y0).
Tng t, t x = x0 vo phng trnh [1], ta nhn c z z0 = b(y y0), chnh l
tip tuyn T2, vy b = fy(x0, y0).
nh ngha 2 Gi s f c cc o hm ring lin tc. Phng trnh tip din ca mt cong
z = f(x, y) ti im P(x0, y0, z0) l z z0 = fx(x0, y0)(x x0) + fy(x0, y0) (y y0)
V d 1
Tm mt phng tip din ca paraboloid elliptic z = 2x2 + y2 ti im (1, 1, 3).
Li gii
Gi s f(x, y) = 2x2 + y2. Khi
fx(x, y) = 4x fx(1, 1) = 4

fy(x, y) = 2y fy(1, 1) = 2

Theo nh ngha 2, phng trnh mt phng tip din ti (1, 1, 3) l

z 3 = 4(x 1) + 2(y 1) hay 4x + 2y z 3 = 0.
Hnh 2(a) m t paraboloid elliptic v mt phng tip din ti P(1, 1, 3) ni n trong V
d 1. Cc hnh (b) v (c) l phng to ti im (1, 1, 3). Ch rng cng phng to th th cng
phng v cng ging vi mt phng tip din ca.

Trn Hnh 3 chng ta khng nh thm v iu , bng cch phng to im (1, 1) trn
bn ng ng mc ca hm f(x, y) = 2x2 + y2. Ch rng cng phng to th cc ng
mc nhn nh cc ng song song, l c trng ca ng thng.

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o hm ring

2.4.2. Xp x tuyn tnh

Trong V d 1, chng ta thy rng phng trnh ca tip din ca th ca hm
f(x, y) = 2x2 + y2 ti im (1, 1, 3) l z = 4x + 2y 3. V vy, cc chng c trn Hnh 2 v Hnh
3 cho thy, hm tuyn tnh hai bin L(x, y) = 4x + 2y 3 l xp x tt nht ca f(x, y) khi (x, y)
gn (1, 1). Hm L c gi l tuyn tnh ha ca f ti (1, 1) v s xp x f(x, y) 4x + 2y 3
c gi l xp x tuyn tnh hoc xp x tip din ca f ti (1, 1).
V d, ti im (1.1, 0.95) xp x tuyn tnh s cho
f(1.1, 0.95) 4(1.1) + 2(0.95) 3 = 3.3
kh gn vi gi tr thc s ca f(1.1, 0.95) = 2(1.1)2 + (0.95)2 = 3.3225. Nhng nu ta ly im
xa im (1, 1) hn, v d im (2, 3), chng ta khng cn nhn c xp x tt. Tht vy, ta c
L(2, 3) = 11, trong khi f(2, 3) = 17.
Tng qut, phng trnh tip din ca th ca hm f hai
bin ti im (a, b, f(a, b)) l
z = f(a, b) + fx(a, b)(x a) + fy(a, b)(y b)
Hm tuyn tnh c th l tip din l hm
[3]
L(x, y) = f(a, b) + fx(a, b)(x a) + fy(a, b)(y b)
c gi l tuyn tnh ha ca f ti (a, b), v xp x
[4]

f(x, y) f(a, b) + fx(a, b)(x a) + fy(a, b)(y b)

c gi l xp x tuyn tnh hoc xp x tip din ca f ti (a, b).

Chng ta xc nh c tip din ca mt cong z = f(x, y) ti ni m f c cc o hm
ring cp 1 lin tc. iu g s xy ra nu fx v fy khng lin tc? Hnh 4 l th ca mt hm
nh vy, n c phng trnh
( , )=

( , ) (0,0)

( , ) = (0,0)
0
C th kim tra rng ti (0, 0), cc o hm ring tn ti, fx(0, 0) = fy(0, 0) nhng khng
lin tc. Xp x tuyn tnh s l f(x, y) = 0, nhng thc t f(x, y) = ti tt c cc im trn
ng thng y = x. V vy vn xy ra tnh trng xu ngay c khi cc o hm ring ca hm hai
bin tn ti. khc phc, ta a ra khi nim kh vi i vi hm hai bin.
Nh li rng, vi hm mt bin y = f(x), nu x thay i t a ti a + x, th s gia ca y l
y = f(x + ) f(x)
Nu f kh vi ti a th
[5]

y = f '(a)x + ex vi e 0 khi x 0
By gi ta xt hm hai bin z = f(x, y), v gi s x thay i t a ti a + x, cn y thay i

t b n b + y. Khi s gia tng ng ca z l

[6]

z = f(a + x, b + y) f(a, b)
Nh vy s gia z biu th s thay i gi tr ca f khi (x, y) thay i t (a, b) ti (a + x,

b + y). Tng t [5], ta nh ngha tnh kh vi ca hm hai bin nh sau

[7] nh ngha

Nu z = f(x, y) th f l kh vi ti (a, b) nu z c th biu din di dng

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o hm ring
z = fx(a, b)x + fy(a, b)y + e1x + e2y

trong e1 v e2 cng dn v 0 khi (x, y) dn v (0, 0).

nh ngha 7 ni ln rng, hm kh vi s c xp x tt khi (x, y) gn (a, b). Ni khc i,
mt phng tip din xp x tt nht vi th ti tip im.
[8] nh l Nu cc o hm ring fx v fy tn ti trong ln cn ca (a, b) v lin tc ti
(a, b) th kh vi ti (a, b).
V d 2
Chng t rng f(x, y) = xexy kh vi ti (1, 0) v tm tuyn tnh ha ca n ti .
Sau s dng tm xp x f(1.1, -0.1).
Li gii

Cc o hm ring l fx(x, y) = exy(1 + xy) fx(1, 0) = 1

fy(x, y) = x2exy

fy(1, 0) = 1

C fx v fy l cc hm lin tc, v vy f kh vi theo nh l 8.

Tuyn tnh ha l
L(x, y) = f(1, 0) + fx(1, 0)(x 1) + fy(1, 0)(y 0) = x + y
Xp x l xexy x + y, vy f(1.1, -0.1) 1.1 0.1 = 1.
So snh vi gi tr thc, f(1.1, -0.1) = 1.1e-0.11 0.98542.
Hnh 5 th hin th ca f v tuyn tnh ha L trong V d 2.
V d 3
u phn 2.3 chng ta ni n ch s nhit I l hm ca nhit thc t v
m tng i H, v a ra bng cc gi tr t Dch v Thi tit Quc gia

Tm xp x tuyn tnh ca ch s nhit I = f(T, H) khi T gn 96oF v H gn 70%. S dng

n c lng ch s nhit khi nhit l 97oF v m tng i l 72%.
Li gii

T bng ta c f(96, 70) = 125. Trong phn 2.3 ta c c lng fT(96, 70)

3.75 v fH(96, 70) 0.9. V vy xp x tuyn tnh l

f(T, H) f(96, 70) + fT(96, 70)(T 96) + fH(96, 70)(H 70)
125 + 3.75(T 96) + 0.9(H 70)
c bit,

f(97, 72) 125 + 3.75(1) + 0.9(2) = 130.55

V vy, khi T = 97oF v H = 72% th ch s nhit l I 131oF

2.4.3. Vi phn
Vi hm kh vi mt bin y = f(x), chng ta xem vi phn dx l bin c lp, tc l dx c
th nhn bt c gi tr thc no. Vi phn ca y c nh ngha l
[9]
dy = f '(x)dx.
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o hm ring
Hnh 6 m t mi quan h gia s gia y v vi phn
dy: y biu th s thay i theo chiu cao ca ng cong
y = f(x), cn dy biu th s thay i theo chiu cao ca
ng tip tuyn khi x thay i mt lng dx = x.
i vi hm kh vi hai bin z = f(x, y), chng ta
xem cc vi phn dx v dy l cc bin c lp. Khi vi
phn dz c gi l vi phn ton phn (total differential),
c xc nh:
=

[10]

( , )

( , )

i khi s dng df thay cho dz.

Nu chng ta t
dx = x = x a v dy = y = y b
trong phng trnh 10, th vi phn ca z l
dz = fx(a, b)(x a) + fy(a, b)(y b)
V vy, theo k hiu ca cc vi phn,
xp x tuyn tnh [4] c th vit nh sau
f(x, y) f(a, b) + dz
Hnh 7 tng ng vi Hnh 6 trong
khng gian ba chiu, m t ngha hnh hc ca vi phn dz v s gia z: dz biu th s thay
i theo chiu cao ca mt phng tip din, trong khi z bi th s thay i theo chiu cao
ca mt cong z = f(z, y) khi (x, y) thay i t (a, b) n (a + x, b + y).
V d 4
(a) Cho z = f(x, y) = x2 + 3xy y2, tm vi phn dz.
(b) Cho x thay i t 2 ti 2.05 v y thay i t 3 ti 2.96, so snh cc gi tr z v dz.
Li gii
(a) T nh ngha 10 ta c
=

= (2 + 3 )

+ (3 2 )

(b) t x = 2, dx = x = 0.05, y = 3, dy = y = -0.04, ta c

dz = [2(2)+ 3(3)]0.05 + [3(2) 2(3)](-0.04) = 0.65
S gia ca z l
z = f(2.05,2.96) f(2, 3) = [(2.05)2 + 3(2.05)(2.96) (2.96)2] [22 + 3(2)(3) 32] = 0.6449
Ch rng z dz nhng d tnh hn.
V d 5
Bn knh c s v chiu cao ca hnh nn trn c xc nh tng ng l 10cm
v 25cm, vi sai s 0.1cm trong mi gi tr o. S dng vi phn c lng sai s ln nht
khi tnh ton th tch ca hnh nn.
Li gii

Th tch ca hnh nn vi bn knh c s r v chiu cao h l V = pr2h/3. V vy

vi phn ca V l
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o hm ring
=

Bi v mi sai s l 0.1cm, ta c |r| 0.1, |hr| 0.1 cng vi r = 10, h = 25. Do

500p
100p
=
(0.1) +
(0.1) = 20p
3
3
V vy li ln nht khi tnh th tch hnh nn l 20pcm3 63 cm3.
2.4.4. Cc hm ba hoc nhiu bin
Cc khi nim xp x tuyn tnh, tnh kh vi v vi phn c th c m rng cho hm
nhiu hn hai bin. S kh vi c m rng t nh ngha 7. Xp x tuyn tnh l
f(x, y, z) f(a, b, c) + fx(a, b, c)(x a) + fy(a, b, c)(y b) + fz(a, b, c)(z c)
v tuyn tnh ha L(x, y, z) l v phi ca biu thc ny.
Nu w = f(x, y, z) th s gia ca w l w = f(x + x, y + y, z + z) f(x, y, z).
Vi phn dw c xc nh theo cng thc

V d 6
Kch thc ca khi hp ch nht c cc s o l 75cm, 60cm v 40cm cng
mt sai s l 0.2cm. S dng vi phn c lng sai s ln nht c th khi th tch ca hp
c o vi o .
Li gii
Nu cc kch thc ca hp l x, y v z th th tch ca n l V = xyz, v vy
=

Ta cho |x| 0.2, |y| 0.2, |z| 0.2. c lng sai s ln nht, chng ta s dng
dx = dy = dz = 0.2 v x = 75, y = 60. z = 40:
V dV = (60)(40)(0.2) + (75)(40)(0.2) + (75)(60)(0.2) = 1980
Nh vy, ch vi sai s 0.2cm trn mi s o dn n sai s xp x 1980cm3 khi tnh
th tch. iu xem ra c v l sai s ln, nhng n ch chim 1% s o th tch ca hp.
2.5. Quy tc dy chuyn
Nh li quy tc dy chuyn ca hm mt bin i vi hm hp: Nu y = f(x) v x = g(t)
l cc hm kh vi th y l hm kh vi gin tip theo t, v
[1]

i vi hm nhiu bin, quy tc dy chuyn c mt s dng, mi dng a ra mt quy

tc tnh vi phn ca hm hp. Dng th nht (nh l 2) cp ti trng hp z = f(x, y) v
cc bin x v y l cc hm theo t. iu c ngha l z ph thuc gin tip vo t, z = f(g(t),
h(t)), v quy tc dy chuyn cho ra dng vi phn z nh l hm ca t. Chng ta gi thit rng f
l kh vi (nh ngha 2.4.7). Nh li rng y l trng hp fx v fy lin tc (nh l 2.4.8).
[2] Quy tc dy chuyn th nht Gi s rng z = f(x, y) l hm kh vi theo cc bin x v y,
trong x = g(t) v y = h(t) l hai hm kh vi theo t. Khi z l hm kh vi theo t v
=

Chng minh S thay i ca t ti t sinh ra cc s thay i ca x ti x v y ti y. V th

dn ti s thay i ca z ti z v t nh ngha 2.4.7 ta c
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o hm ring
=

trong c e1 v e2 cng dn v 0 khi (x, y) (0, 0). [Nu cc hm e1 v e2 khng xc nh

tai (0, 0), chng ta cn nh ngha chng bng 0 ti .] Chia c hai v cho t ta c

Nu cho t 0 th x = g(t + t) g(t) 0 v g l hm kh vi nn n lin tc. Tng

t, y 0. iu c ngha l e1 0 v e2 0, v vy
= lim

lim

+ 0.

lim

+ 0.

Bi v chng ta thng vit

+ lim

lim

+ lim

lim

thay cho

nn c th vit li quy tc dy chuyn di

dng sau:
=

V d 1

Cho z = x2y + 3xy4 vi x = sin2t v y = cost. Tm dz/dt khi t = 0.

Li gii

Ta c z/x = 2xy + 3y4, z/y = z2 + 12xy3,

dx/dt = 2cos2t, dy/dt = -sint

Theo quy tc dy chuyn, dz/dt = (2xy + 3y4)(2cos2t) + (z2 + 12xy3)(-sint)
Tc l khng cn thit thay x v y bi cc biu thc theo t. D thy rng khi t = 0 ta c x
= 0 v y = 1. V vy ti t = 0 th dz/dt = (0 + 3)(2cos0) + (0 + 0)(-sin0) = 6
Cc o hm trong V d 1 c th hiu l tc thay i ca z
theo t khi im (x, y) di chuyn dc theo ng cong C vi phng
trnh tham s x = sin2t, y = cost. (Xem Hnh 1.) c bit khi t = 0,
im (x, y) l (0, 1) v dz/dt = 6 l tc ca s tng khi di chuyn
dc theo ng cong C qua im (0, 1). C th, nu z = T(x, y) = x2y
+ 3xy4 biu th nhit ti im (x, y) th hm hp z = T(sin2t, cost)
biu th nhit ti im trn C v o hm dz/dt biu th thay i
ca nhit dc theo C.
V d 2
p lc (pressure) P(kilopascals, 9.8692326*10-3 atmosphere), th tch V(liters)
v nhit T(kelvins, 0 Kelvin = 273.15 Celsius) ca mt phn t gam (mol) kh l tng lin
quan vi nhau theo cng thc PV = 8.31T. Tm tc m p lc thay i khi nhit l 300K
v tng vi tc 0.1K/s, th tch V bng 100L v tng vi tc 0.2L/s.
Li gii
Nu t biu th khong thi gian theo giy th ti thi im tc thi ta c T =
300, dT/dt = 0.1, V = 100, dV/dt = 0.2. Bi v P = 8.31T/V nn
=
=

+
.

(0.1)

=
.

(0.2) = 0.04155

p lc gim khong 0.042 kPa/s.

By gi ta xt trng hp z = f(x, y) nhng c x v y u l hm ca hai bin s v t:
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o hm ring
x = g(s, t), y = h(s, t)

Do z gin tip l hm ca s v t nn chng ta c th tm z/s v z/t. Nh li rng

Nh li rng khi tnh z/t ta gi s c nh. p dng nh l 2 ta nhn c
=

Tng t, ta tm c z/s. V th ta c dng th hai ca quy tc dy chuyn

[3] Quy tc dy chuyn th hai:
Gi s rng z = f(x, y) l hm kh vi theo hai bin x v y,
trong x = g(s, t) v y = h(s, t) l cc hm kh vi lin tc theo s v t. Khi
=

V d 3

Cho z = exsiny, vi x = st2 v y = s2t. Tm z/s v z/t.

Li gii

p dng quy tc dy chuyn th 2, ta nhn c

=(

)( ) + (

=(

)(2 ) + (

)(2 ) =

sin(

)( ) = 2

sin(

)+2

cos(

)+

cos(

Dng 2 ca quy tc dy chuyn cha ba dng bin: s v t l cc bin c lp, x v y c

gi l cc bin trung gian, z l bin ph thuc.
Mt cch hiu qu nh quy tc dy chuyn l v s cy
(tree diagram) trn Hnh 2. Chng ta v cc nhnh bt u t bin
c lp z ti cc bin trung gian x v y biu th rng z l hm
ca x v y. Sau v cc nhnh t x v y ti cc bin c lp s v
t. Trn mi nhnh chng ta vit cc o hm ring tng ng.
tm z/s, chng la ly tch ca cc o hm ring dc theo ng
t z ti s.
By gi ta xt trng hp tng qut, bin ph thuc u l hm ca n bin trung gian x1, x2,
..., xn, mi bin trung gian li l hm ca m bin c t1, t2, ..., tm. Vic chng minh tng t nh
trng hp 1.
[4] Quy tc dy chuyn tng qut Gi s u l hm kh vi ca n bin x1, x2,..., xn v mi xj l
hm kh vi ca m bin t1, t2, ..., tm. Khi u l hm ca t1, t2, ..., tm v
`
V d 4

+ +

vi mi i = 1, 2, ..., m.

Vit ra quy tc dy chuyn cho trng hp w = f(x, y, z, t)

v x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v), z = z(u, v) v t = t(u, v).

Li gii
Chng ta p dng nh l 4 vi n = 4 v m = 2. Hnh 3 biu th s cy.
Mc d chng ta cha vit cc o hm ring trn cc nhnh, nhng c hiu l, nu mt
nhnh dn t y ti u th o hm ring i vi nhnh l
y/u. Vi s tr gip ca s cy, chng ta c th vit
cc biu thc cn thit:
=

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o hm ring
Cho u = x4y + y2z3, vi x = rset, y = rs2e-t, z = r2ssint.

V d 5

Tm gi tr ca u/s khi r = 2, s = 1, t = 0.
Vi s tr gip ca s cy trn Hnh 4, ta c

Li gii

= (4x3y)(ret) + (x4 + 2yz3)(2rse-t) + (3y2z2)(r2sint)

Khi r = 2, s = 1 v t = 0 ta c x = 2, y = 2 v z = 0.
V vy u/s = (64)(2) + (16)(4) + (0)(0) = 192.
2.5.1. o hm hm n
Gi s rng t phng trnh dng F(x, y) = 0 xc nh y nh l hm ca x, tc l y = f(x)
vi F(x, f(x)) = 0 vi mi x trn min xc nh ca f. Nu F kh vi, ta p dng dng th nht
ca quy tc dy chuyn, o hm hai v phng trnh F(x, y) = 0 theo bin x. V c x v y u
l hm ca x, ta nhn c
+

=0

Nhng dx/dx = 1, nu F/y 0 ta gii ra c

=

[6]

nhn c phng trnh ny chng ta gi thit rng F(x, y) = 0 xc nh hm n

ca y theo x. nh l hm n cho ta iu kin m qua gi thit ca chng ta l hp l: Nu f
c xc nh trong ln cn ca (a, b), y F(a, b) = 0, Fy(a, b) 0, Fx v Fy l cc hm lin
tc trong ln cn , th phng trnh F(x, y) = 0 xc nh hm n y theo x trong ln cn ca (a,
b) v o hm ca hm ny c cho bi phng trnh 6.
V d 8
Tm y' nu x3 + y3 = 6xy.
Phng trnh cho c th vit l F(x, y) = x3 + y3 6xy = 0, v vy phng

Li gii
trnh 6 cho ra

Gi s z = f(x, y) l hm n c cho bi dng F(x, y, z) = 0, tc l F(x, y, f(x, y)) = 0

vi mi (x, y) thuc min xc nh ca f. Nu F v f kh vi, ta s dng quy tc dy chuyn vi
phng trnh ny
+
Nhng v

( ) = 1 v

=0
=

( ) = 0 nn

=0

Nu F/z 0, ta nhn c z/x nh trong cng thc 7. Tng t, ta cng xy dng

c cng thc tnh z/y.
[7]

Thm mt dng na ca nh l hm n ch ra iu kin gi thit ca chng ta tha

mn: Nu F c xc nh bn trong mt cu cha (a, b, c), ti F(a, b, c) = 0, Fz(a, b, c) 0
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o hm ring

v cc o hm ring Fx, Fy, Fz lin tc trn mt cu, th phng trnh F(x, y, z) = 0 xc nh z

l hm ca x v y trong ln cn ca (a, b, c) v hm ny kh vi, vi cc o hm ring c
tnh theo cng thc 7.
V d 9

Tm z/x v z/y nu x3 + y3 + z3 + 6xyz = 1.

Li gii

Gi s F(x, y, z) = x3 + y3 + z3 + 6xyz 1 = 0. T phng trnh 7 ta c

=

2.6. o hm theo hng v vc t gradient

Bn thi tit trn Hnh 1 biu th bn ng mc
ca hm nhit T(x, y) ca cc bang California v
Nevada ti 3:00pm trong mt ngy ca thng Mi. Cc
ng mc, hay ng nhit (isothermals), kt ni cc vng
c cng nhit . o hm ring Tx ti mt a phng nh
Reno l tc thay i ca nhit i vi khong cch
nu chng ta di chuyn xung pha ng t Reno, Ty l tc
thay i ca nhit nu chng ta di chuyn xung pha
bc. Nhng s th no nu chng ta mun bit tc thay
i ca nhit khi chng ta di chuyn v pha ng Nam
(n Las Vegas), hoc trong mt s hng khc? Trong phn ny chng ta gii thiu mt dng
o hm, c gi l o hm theo hng, cho php chng ta tm tc thay i ca mt hm
hai hay nhiu bin theo bt k hng no.
2.6.1. o hm theo hng
Nh li rng cc o hm ring fx v fy c nh ngha nh sau

v biu th tc thay i ca z theo hng x v y, tc l hng ca cc vc t n v i v j.

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o hm ring

Gi s rng ta mun tm tc thay i ca z ti (x0, y0) theo hng vc t n v bt

k u = a, b. (Xem Hnh 2.) lm iu chng ta xt mt S vi phng trnh z = f(x, y) v
gi s z0 = f(x0, y0), khi im P(x0, y0, z0) thuc mt S. Mt phng i qua P v song song vi
u giao vi S theo ng cong C. (Xem Hnh 3.) dc ca ng tip tuyn ca C ti im P
chnh l tc thay i ca z theo hng u.
Nu Q(x, y, z) l mt im khc nm trn C, P' v Q' l cc hnh chiu ca P v Q ln
mt phng xy th vc t song song vi u v = = , vi hng s h no .
Bi v x x0 = ha, y y0 = hb nn x = x0 + ha, y = y0 + hb v
=

Chuyn qua gii hn khi h 0, ta nhn c tc thay i ca z (theo khong cch)

theo hng u, v c gi l o hm theo hng ca f theo hng ca u.
[2] nh ngha
o hm theo hng ca f ti (x0, y0) theo hng ca vc t n v
u = a, b (nu gii hn tn ti) l
+ ) ( ,
)

Bng cch so snh nh ngha 2 vi phng trnh [1], ta thy rng nu u = i = 1, 0 th

( ,

) = lim

+ ,

Dif = fx v nu u = j = 0, 1 th Djf = fy. Ni khc i, cc o hm ring ca f theo x v y l cc

trng hp c bit ca o hm theo hng.
V d 1
S dng bn thi tit trn Hnh 1 c lng gi tr ca o hm theo hng
ca hm nhit ti Reno theo hng ng Nam.
Li gii

Vc t n v nh hng ng Nam l

= ( )/2 , nhng chng ta khng

mun dng biu thc ny. Ta bt u v mt

ng thng qua Reno hng ng Nam
(Xem Hnh 4). Chng ta xp x o hm theo
hng DuT bi gi tr trung bnh ca tc
thay i ca nhit gia cc im m ng
thng ny ct cc ng ng mc T = 50 v
T = 60. Nhit ti im ng Nam ca Reno
l T = 60oF v nhit ti im Ty Bc ca
Reno l T = 50oF. Khong cch gia cc im
c xem l khong 75 dm. V vy tc thay
i ca nhit theo hng ng Nam l

0.13

Khi tnh o hm theo hng ca hm c xc nh bi cng thc, chng ta hay dng

nh l sau.
[3] nh l

Nu f l hm kh vi ca x v y th f c o hm theo mi hng ca vc t n

v u = a, b, v Duf(x, y) = fx(x, y)a + fy(x, y)b.

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o hm ring

Chng minh Nu nh ngha hm g mt bin h, g(h) = f(x0 + ha, y0 + hb), th theo nh ngha
ca o hm ta c
(0) = lim

[4]

( )

( )

= lim

( ,

Mt khc, ta c th vit g(h) = f(x, y), trong x = x0 + ah, y = y0 + bh, nn theo quy tc
dy chuyn
() =
[5]

= fx(x, y)a + fy(x, y)b

t h = 0 th x = x0 v y = y0, v
g'(0) = fx(x0, y0)a + fy(x0, y0)b
So snh phng trnh 4 v phng trnh 5 ta thy rng

V d 2

Duf(x0, y0) = fx(x0, y0)a + fy(x0, y0)b

Tm o hm theo hng Duf(x, y) nu f(x, y) = x3 3xy + 4y2 v u l vc t n

v c cho bi gc = p/6. Hi rng Duf(1, 2) l g?

Li gii

Cng thc 6 cho ra Duf(x, y) = fx(x, y)cosp/6 + fy(x, y)sinp/6

= (3

3 ) + (3 + 8 ) =

33

3 + 3 33

Do
(1,2) =

33(1) 3(1) + 3 33 (2) =

o hm theo hng Duf(1, 2) biu th tc thay i ca

z theo hng u. l dc ca tip tuyn ca ng cong l
giao ca mt cong z = x3 3xy + 4y2 vi mt phng nm ngang
i qua im (1, 2, 0) theo hng ca u (Xem Hnh 5).

2.6.2. Vc t gradient
Theo nh l 3, o hm theo hng ca hm kh vi c th vit di dng tch v hng
ca hai vc t:
[7]

Duf(x, y) = fx(x, y)a + fy(x, y)b = fx(x, y), fy(x, y)a, b = fx(x, y), fy(x, y)u

Vc t u tin trong tch v hng khng ch xut hin trong vic tnh o hm theo
hng m cn trong mt s ng cnh khc. V vy ta t cho n mt ci tn c bit (gradient
ca f) v k hiu c bit ( grad f, hoc f, c l "del f").
[8] nh ngha

Nu f l hm ca hai bin x v y th gradient ca f l vc t f c xc

nh bi
( , ) = ( , ),
V d 3

( , ) =

Nu f(x, y) sinx + exy th

( , )= , =
,

+
v (1,2) = 2,0

Vi k hiu ny ca vc t gradient, ta c th vit phng trnh 7 di dng

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[9]

o hm ring

Duf(x, y) = f(x, y)u

iu ny th hin o hm theo hng ca vc t n v u l chiu v hng ca vc t

gradient ln u.
V d 4
Tm o hm theo hng ca hm f(x, y) = x2y3 4y ti im (2, -10 theo hng
ca vc t v = 2i + 5j.
Li gii

Trc ht ta tnh vc t gradient ti (2, -1):

f(x, y) = 2xy3i + (3x2y2 4)j

f(2, -1) = -4i + 8j

Ch rng v khng phi l vc t n v, nhng v |v| = 29 nn vc t n v theo hng

v l
=| |=

V vy theo phng trnh 9 ta c

(2, 1) = (2, 1)
=

)( ) ( )( )

= (4 + 8 )

Vc t gradient f(2,-1) trong V d 4 c minh ha trong

Hnh 6. C vc t v l hng ca o hm theo hng. C hai vc
t u xp chng ln cc ng mc ca th ca f.
2.6.3. Hm ba bin
Chng ta c th nh ngha o hm theo hng ca hm ba bin mt cch tng t. Mt
ln na, Duf(x, y, z) c th hiu l tc thay i ca hm theo hng ca vc t n v u.
[10] nh ngha
o hm theo hng ca f ti (x0, y0, z0) theo hng ca vc t n v
u = a, b, c l (nu gii hn tn ti):
( ,

) = lim

Nu s dng k hiu vc t th chng ta c th vit c hai nh ngha (2 v 10) ca o

hm theo hng trong dng chung
( ) = lim

[11]

trong x0 = x0, y0 nu n = 2 v x0 = x0, y0, z0 nu n = 3. iu l hp l bi v phng

trnh vc t ca ng thng i qua x0 theo hng ca vc t u l x = x0 + tu v do f(x0 +
tu) th hin gi tr ca f ti mt im trn ng ny.
Nu f(x, y, z) l kh vi v u = a, b, c th vi phng php s dng chng minh
nh l 3, ta c th s dng chng t rng
[12] Duf(x, y, z) = fx(x, y, z)a + fy(x, y, z)b + fz(x, y, z)c
Vi hm ba bin f, vc t gradient l f(x, y, z) = fx(x, y, z), fy(x, y, z), fz(x, y, z)
hoc dng ngn gn
[13]

= ,

, =

V th, ging nh vi hm hai bin, cng thc [12] c th vit li di dng

[14]

Duf(x, y, z) = f(x, y, z)u

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V d 5
Li gii

o hm ring
Cho f(x, y, z) = xsinyz. (a) tm gradient ca f v (b) tm o hm theo hng ca
f ti (1, 3, 0) theo hng ca v = i + 2j k.
(a) Gradient ca f l

( , , ) = ( , , ),

( , , ), ( , , ) =

(b) Ti (1, 3, 0) ta c f(1, 3, 0) = 0, 0, 3. Vc t n v theo hng v l

=

Do phng trnh 14 cho ra

Duf(1, 3, 0) = f(1, 3, 0)u = 3

2.6.4. Cc i ca o hm theo hng

Gi s ta c hm hai hoc ba bin v ta xt mi kh nng ca o hm theo hng ca f
ti mt im cho. Chng a ra cc tc thay i ca f theo mi hng. Ta c th t cu
hi: Hng no th f thay i nhanh nht v nh th no th tc thay i t gi tr ln nht?
Cu tr li chnh l nh l sau.
[15] nh l Gi s f l hm kh vi hai hoc ba bin. Gi tr ln nht ca o hm theo hng
Duf(x) l |f(x)| v n xy ra khi u c cng hng vi vc t gradient f(x).
Chng minh T phng trnh 9 hoc 14 ta c
Duf = f u = |f(x)||u|cos = |f|cos
trong l gc gia f v u. Gi tr ln nht ca cos l 1 v n xy ra khi = 0. Do gi
tr ln nht ca Duf l |f| v n xy ra khi = 0, tc l khi u cng hng vi f.
V d 6
(a) Cho f(x, y) = xey, tm tc thay i ca f ti im P(2, 0) theo hng t P ti Q(1/2,2).
(b) Theo hng no th f t tc thay i ln nht? Gi tr ln nht ny l g?
Li gii
(a) Truocs ht ta tnh gradient ca f
f(x, y) = fx, fy = ey, xy
Vc t n v theo hng ca

f(2, 0) = 1, 2

= 1.5, 2 l

= , , v vy tc thay i ca

f theo hng t P ti Q l
(2,0) = (2,0)

= 1,2 , = 1

(b) Theo nh l 15, f tng nhanh nht theo hng ca vc t gradient (2,0) = 1,2.
Tc thay i ln nht l | (2,0)| = |1,2| = 5.

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Ti (2, 0) hm trong V d 6 tng nhanh nht theo hng ca vc t gradient (2,0) =

1,2. Hnh 7 ni ln rng vc t ny dng nh vung gc vi ng mc i qua (2, 0).
Hnh 8 m t th ca f v vc t gradient.
V d 7
Gi s rng nhit ti im (x, y, z) trong khng gian c cho bi
T(x, y, z) = 80/(1 + x2 + 2y2 + 3z2), trong T l thang o oC v th nguyn ca x, y, z l mt.
Theo hng no th nhit ti im (1, 1, -2) tng nhanh nht? Gi tr ln nht bng bao nhiu?
Li gii
Vc t gradient ca T l
=

(x 2

Ti im (1, 1, -2) vc t gradient l

(1,1, 2) =

Theo nh l 15, nhit tng nhanh nht theo hng ca vc t gradient, hoc tng
ng, theo hng ca vc t 2 + 6 , hoc vc t n v ( 2 + 6 )/41.
Tc nhanh nht ca s tng l ln ca vc t gradient:
| (1,1, 2)| = | 2 + 6 | = 41 4 (

/ )

2.6.5. Mt phng tip din ca mt mc

Gi s S l mt cong vi phng trnh F(z, y, z) = k, tc l mt mc ca hm ba bin F.
Gi s P(x0, y0, z0) l im thuc S v C l ng cong bt k thuc S v i qua P. Nh li t
mc 1.1, ng cong C c m t bi hm vc t lin tc r(t) = x(t), y(t), z(t). Gi s t0 l
gi tr ca tham s ng vi im P, tc l r(t0) = x0, y0, z0. Boeir v C thuc S nn mi im
(x(t), y(t), z(t)) phi tha mn phng trnh ca S, tc l
[16] F(x(t), y(t), z(t)) = k
Nu x, y v z l accs hm kh vi theo t v F cng kh vi th chunga ta c th s dng quy
tc dy chuyn ly o hm hai v ca phng trnh 16:
[17]

=0

Nhng F = Fx, Fy, Fz v r'(t) = x'(t), y'(t), z'(t), phng trnh 17 c th vit di dng
tch v hng nh sau

F r'(t) = 0

Trng hp ring, khi t = t0 ta c r(t0) = x0, y0, z0, v th

[18]

F(x0, y0, z0) r'(t0) = 0

Phng trnh 18 ni ln rng vc t gradient ti P, F(x0,
y0, z0), vung gc vi vc t tip tuyn r'(t0) ca mi ng cong
C thuc S m i qua P. (Xem Hnh 9.) Nu F(x0, y0, z0) 0,
mt cch t nhin nh ngha mt phng tip din ca mt
mc F(x, y, z) = k ti P(x0, y0, z0) chnh l mt phng i qua P
v c vc t php tuyn F(x0, y0, z0). Chng ta c th vit
phng trnh ca mt phng tip din nh sau
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[19]

o hm ring

Fx(x0, y0, z0)(x x0) + Fy(x0, y0, z0)(y y0) + Fz(x0, y0, z0)(z z0) = 0
ng php tuyn ca S ti P l ng i qua P v vung gc vi mt phng tip din.

Hng ca php tuyn l xc nh bi vc t gradient F(x0, y0, z0), v th phng trnh i

xng (symmetric) ca n l
[20]

Trong trng hp ring, phng trnh ca mt cong S c dng z = f(x, y) (tc S l th

ca hm hai bin), chng ta c th vit li di dng F(x, y, z) = f(x, y) z = 0, v S l mt mc
(vi k = 0) ca F. V vy
Fx(x0, y0, z0) = fx(x0, y0)
Fy(x0, y0, z0) = fx(x0, y0)
Fz(x0, y0, z0) = -1
v phng trnh 19 tr thnh
fx(x0, y0)(x x0) + fy(x0, y0)(y y0) (z z0) = 0
n tng ng vi phng trnh 2.4.2. Do , nh ngha tng qut ny ca mt phng tip
din l ph hp vi nh ngha c trong trng hp c bit trong phn 2.4.
V d 8
Tm cc phng trnh ca mt phng tip din v vc t php tuyn ti im (2, 1, -3) ca ellipsoid
+
Li gii

=3

Ellipsoid l mt mc (vi k = 3) ca hm F(x, y, z) =

. Do ta c

( , , )=

( , , )=2

( , , )=

(2,1, 3) = 1

(2,1, 3) = 2

(2,1, 3) =

T phng trnh 19 suy ra phng trnh tip din ti (2,1, 3) l

-1(x + 2) + 2(y 1) (x + 3) = 0, hay 3x 6y + 2z + 18 = 0.
Theo phng trnh 20, phng trnh i xng ca php tuyn l
=

Hnh 10 biu th ellipsoid, mt phng tip din v php tuyn trong V d 8.

2.6.6. Tm quan trng ca vc t gradient
Chng ta tm tt mt s vai tr quan trng ca vc t gradient. Trc ht chng ta xem
xt hm hai bin f v im P(x0, y0, z0) thuc min xc nh ca n. Mt mt, t nh l 15 ta
bit rng vc t gradient F(x0, y0, z0) a ra hng m f tng nhanh nht. Mt khc, ta bit
rng f(x0, y0, z0) trc giao vi mt mc S ca f ti P. (Tham kho Hnh 9.) Theo trc gic, hai
tnh cht ny tng i ph hp bi khi ta di chuyn ri xa P trn mt mc, gi tr ca f khng
h thay i. V vy, n c v hp l rng nu chng ta di chuyn theo hng vung gc, chng
ta nhn c s tng ti a.
Tng t nh th, chng ta xem xt hm hai bin f v im P(x0, y0) thuc min xc nh
ca n. Ln na, vc t gradient f(x0, y0) xc nh hng tng nhanh nht ca f. Tng t nh
cch xem xt mt phng tip din, chng t rng f(x0, y0) vung gc vi ng mc f(x, y) =
k m i qua P. Mt ln na, trc gic ng tin bi cc gi tr ca f khng i khi chng ta di
chuyn dc theo ng cong (Xem Hnh 11.)
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Nu chng ta xem xt bn a hnh ca mt ngn i v gi s f (x, y) th hin cho

chiu cao trn mc nc bin ti im c ta (x, y), th mt ng cong dc nht c th
c v trong Hnh 12 bng cch lm cho n vung gc vi tt c cc ng ng mc.
H thng my tnh i s c cc lnh v mu cc vc t gradient. Mi vc t gradient
f(a, b) c v bt u ti im (a, b). Hnh 13 biu th trng vc t gradient i vi hm
f(x, y) = x2 y2 chng ln bn ng mc ca f. Theo d kin, cc vc t gradient ch ra im
"ln dc" v l vung gc vi cc ng mc.
2.7. Cc gi tr ln nht v nh nht
2.7.1. Cc i a phng v cc tiu a phng
Nh bit i vi hm mt bin, mt trong nhng ng dng ca o hm l tm cc gi
tr cc i v cc tiu, gi chung l cc tr (extreme values). Trong phn ny chng ta xem xt
s s dng cc o hm ring xc nh cc gi tr cc tr ca hm hai bin. c bit, trong
V d 6 chng ta nht nh s thy bng cch no cc i ha th tch ca khi hp khng
c np vi cng mt din tch ca tm ba cc tng.
Hy xem cc nh li (hill) v lm (valley) trn th
ca f trong Hnh 1. C hai im (a, b) m f c cc i
a phng, tc l f(a, b) l ln hn cc gi tr f(x, y) gn n.
Gi tr ln nht trong hai gi tr ny l cc i tuyt i.
Tng t, f c hai cc tiu a phng, wor f(a, b) l nh
hn mi gi tr gn n, Gi tr nh hn trong hai gi tr l
cc tiu tuyt i.
[1] nh ngha

Hm hai bin c cc i a phng ti (a, b) nu f(x, y) f(a, b) khi

(x, y) gn (a, b). [Ngha l f(x, y) f(a, b) vi mi (x, y) trong hnh trn tm (a, b).] S f(a, b)
c gi l gi tr cc i a phng. Nu f(x, y) f(a, b) khi (x, y) gn (a, b) th f c cc tiu
a phng ti (a, b) v f(a, b) l gi tr ca tiu a phng.
Nu cc bt ng thc trong nh ngha 1 ng cho mi im (x, y) trong min xc nh
ca f th f c cc i tuyt i (hoc cc tiu tuyt i) ti (a, b).
[2] nh l Nu f c cc i hoc cc tiu a phng ti (a, b) v cc o hm ring cp
mt tn ti th fx(a, b) = 0 v fy(a, b) = 0.
Chng minh Gi s g(x) = f(x, b). Nu f c cc i a phng (hoc cc tiu) ti (a, b) th g
c cc i a phng (hoc cc tiu) ti a, v th g'(a) = 0 theo nh l Fermat. Nhng g'(a) =
fx(a, b) nn fx(a, b) = 0. Tng t, ta nhn c fy(a, b) = 0.
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Nu chng ta t fx(a, b) = 0 v fy(a, b) = 0 vo phng trnh ca mt phng tip din

(Phng trnh 2.4.2), ta nhn c z = z0. V vy ngha hnh hc ca nh l 2 l nu th
ca f c mt phng tip din ti im cc tr th mt phng tip din nm ngang.
im (a, b) c gi l im ti hn (critical) hay im dng (stationary) ca f nu fx(a,
b) = 0 v fy(a, b) = 0, hoc mt trong hai o hm ring khng tn ti. nh l 2 ni ln rng,
nu f c cc tr a phng ti (a, b) th (a, b) l im ti hn ca f. Tuy nhin, nh vi hm
mt bin, khng phi tt c cc im ti hn u l im cc tr. Ti im ti hn, hm c th
c cc tiu a phng hoc cc i a phng hoc khng.
V d 1
Gi s f(x, y) = x2 + y2 2x 6y + 14. Khi fx(x, y) = 2x 2, fy(x, y) = 2y 6
Cc o hm ring ny bng 0 khi x = 1 v y = 3, v vy
ch c duy nht im ti hn (1, 3). a v dng bnh phng,
ta c f(x, y) = 4 + (x 1)2 + (y 3)2. Bi v (x 1)2 0 v (y
3)2 0, ta c f(x, y) 4 vi mi gi tr ca x v y. V vy
f(1, 3) = 4 l cc tiu a phng v thc t n l cc tiu tuyt
i ca f. iu c th c khng nh hnh hc t th
ca f, l mt paraboloid elliptic vi nh (1, 3, 4) trong
Hnh 2.
V d 2
Li gii

Tm cc gi tr cc tr ca f(x, y) = y2 x2.
T fx = -2x v fy = 2y, duy nht im ti hn l (0, 0). Ch rng i vi cc
im trn trc x ta c y = 0, nn f(x, y) = -x2 < 0 (nu x 0).
Tuy nhin, vi cc im trn trc y ta c x = 0 nn f(x, y) =
y2 > 0 (nu y 0). V vy mi hnh trn tm (0, 0) u cha
nhng im lm cho f dng v cha nhng im lm cho f
m. V vy f(0, 0) = 0 khng th l cc tr ca f, v vy f
khng c cc tr.
V d 2 minh

ha cho s kin hm
khng t cc tr ti im ti hn. Hnh 3 m t khi no
th c th. th ca f l mt paraboloid hyperbolic z =
y2 x2, n c mt phng tip din nm ngang (z = 0) ti
gc ta . Ta c th thy rng f(0, 0) = 0 l cc i theo
hng ca trc x nhng l cc tiu theo hng ca trc
y. Gn gc ta th c hnh dng ci yn nga
(saddle), v vy (0, 0) c gi l im yn nga.
Mt ng i trong ni cng c hnh dng ca yn
nga. Nh bc nh ca s hnh thnh a cht minh ha,
vi nhng ngi leo ni theo mt hng th im yn

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o hm ring

nga l im thp nht trn tuyn ng ca h, trong khi i vi nhng ngi i du lch theo
mt hng khc im yn nga l im cao nht.
Chng ta cn xc nh khi no mt hm c gi tr cc tr ti im ti hn. nh l sau
y, c chng minh cui phn ny, tng t nh i vi hm mt bin.
[3] nh l Gi s cc o hm ring cp hai ca f lin tc trn mt hnh trn tm (a, b), v
gi s rng fx(a, b) = 0 v fy(a, b) = 0, tc l, (a, b) l im ti hn ca f. Gi s
D = D(a, b) = fxx(a, b) fyy(a, b) [fxy(a, b)]2
(a)
Nu D > 0 v fxx(a, b) > 0 th f(a, b) l cc tiu a phng
(b)
Nu D > 0 v fxx(a, b) < 0 th f(a, b) l cc i a phng
(c)
Nu D < 0 th f(a, b) khng l cc tr a phng
Ch 1 Trong trng hp (c) im (a, b) c gi l im dng ca f v th ca f bt
cho qua vi mt phng tip din ca n ti (a, b).
Ch 2 Nu D = 0, chng ta khng khng nh c g, f c th c hoc khng cc tr
a phng, hoc (a, b) l im dng ca f.
Ch 3 d nh cng thc ca D, ta vit n di dng nh thc
=

V d 3
Tm cc gi tr cc i a phng v cc tiu a phng v cc im yn nga
4
ca f(x, y) = x + y4 4xy + 1.
Li gii
Trc ht chng ta xc nh cc im ti hn: fx = 4x3 4y fy = 4y3 4x
t cc o hm ring bng 0 ta nhn c cc phng trnh
x3 y = 0 v y3 x = 0.
gii h ny ta thay y = x3 t phng trnh u tin vo phng trnh th hai.
Ta c
0 = x9 x = x(x8 1) = x(x4 1)(x4 + 1) = x(x2 1)(x2 + 1)(x4 + 1)
v vy cc nghim thc l x = 0, x = 1, x = -1. Ba im ti hn l (0, 0), (1, 1) v (-1, -1).
Tip theo chng ta tnh cc o hm ring cp hai v D(x, y):
fxx = 12x2
fxy = -4
fyy = 12y2
D(x, y) = 144x2y2 16
Bi v D(0, 0) = -16 < 0, dn ti trng hp (c) ca
nh l 3 nn gc ta l im yn nga, tc l f khng c
cc tr a phng ti (0, 0).
Bi v D(1, 1) = 128 > 0 v fxx(1, 1) = 12 > 0, t trng
hp (a) ca nh l 3 suy ra f(1, 1) = -1 l cc tiu a
phng.
Tng t, ta c D(-1, -10 = 128 > 0 v fxx(-1, -1) = 12
> 0 nn f(-1, -1) = -1 cng l cc tiu a phng. th ca
f c th hin Hnh 4.

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Mt bn ng mc ca hm f trong V d 3 c
th hin trong Hnh 5. Cc ng mc gn (1, 1) v (-1, -1)
l hnh bu dc v ch ra rng khi chng ta di chuyn ra khi
(1, 1) hoc (-1, -1) theo bt k hng no th cc gi tr ca f
tng ln. Mt khc, cc ng mc gn (0, 0), ging cc

hyperbola. Chng ni ln rng khi chng ta di chuyn ra khi

gc ta ( gi tr ca f l 1), cc gi tr ca f gim theo
mt s hng nhng tng theo cc hng khc. Do , bn
ng mc cho thy s hin din ca cc cc tiu v im
yn nga m chng ta tm thy trong V d 3.
V d 4
Tm v phn loi cc im ti hn ca hm
f(x, y) = 10x2y 5x2 4y2 x4 2y4
T tm im cao nht trn th ca f.
Li gii
Cc o hm ring cp mt l fx = 20xy 10x 4x3 v fy = 10x2 8y 8y3
V th, tm cc im ti hn ta cn gii cc phng trnh
[4]
2x(10y 5 2x2) = 0
[5]
5x2 4y 4y3 = 0
T phng trnh 4 ta thy x = 0 hoc 10y 5 2x2 = 0.
Trong trng hp th nht (x = 0), phng trnh 5 tr thnh
4y(1 + y2) = 0, v th y = 0 v ta c im ti hn (0, 0).
Trong trng hp th 2 (10y 5 2x2 = 0) ta c
[6]
x2 = 5y 2.5
v th vo phng trnh 5 ta c 25y 2.5 4y 4y3 = 0. Ta phi gii phng trnh bc ba
[7]
4y3 21y + 12.5 = 0
S dng my tnh v th ca hm g(y) = 4y3 21y + 12.5 nh Hnh 6, ta thy
phng trnh 7 c ba nghim thc: y -2.5452

y 0.6468

y 1.8984

(Chng ta c th s dng phng php Newton tm cc nghim xp x ny).

T phng trnh 6 gi tr x tng ng c cho bi cng thc

= 5 2.5

Nu y -2.5452 th x khng c nghim thc. Nu y 0.6468 th x 0.8567. Nu y

1.8984 th x 2.6442. V th chng ta c tt c 5 im ti hn, c phn tch trong biu
sau. Tt c c lm trn ti 2 ch s thp phn.

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Hnh 7 v Hnh 8 l hai gc nhn th ca f v ta thy mt cong m dn xung pha

di. [iu ny c th nhn thy t biu thc ca f(x, y): Hng thc chim u th l x4 2y2
khi |x| v |y| ln]. So snh cc gi tr ca f ti cc im cc i a phng, ta thy rng gi tr
cc i tuyt i ca f l f(2.64) 8.50. Ni khc i, cc im cao nht trn th ca f l
(2.64, 1.90, 8.50)

Hnh 9 l bn ng mc ca hm f trong V d 4. Nm im ti hn c th hin bi

cc chm trn.
V d 5
Tm khong cch t im (1, 0, -2) ti mt phng x + 2y + z = 4.
Li gii
Khong cch t im bt k (x, y, z) ti im (1, 0, -2) l
=

( 1) +

+ ( + 2)

nhng nu (x, y, z) thuc mt phng x + 2y + z = 4 th z = 4 x 2y v v vy ta c

=

( 1) +

+ (6

2 )

Chng ta c th cc tiu d theo biu thc n gin hn

= ( , ) = ( 1) + + (6

2 )

Bng cch gii cc phng trnh

fx = 2(x 1) 2(6 x 2y) = 4x + 4y 14 = 0
fy = 2y 4(6 x 2y) = 4x + 10y 24 = 0
chng ta tm ng cong duy nht im ti hn

. Bi v fxx = 4, fyy = 4 v fxy = 10,

chng ta c D(x, y0 = fxxfyy (fxy)2 = 24 > 0 v fxx > 0, nn theo nh l 3 f c cc tiu a

phng ti

. Bng trc gic chng ta c th thy rng cc tiu a phng ny thc t l

cc tiu tuyt i bi v phi c mt im trn mt phng cho l gn im (1, 0, -2) nht.

Nu

= th

= 6.

Mt khi hp ch nht khng np c to nn t 12m2 ba cc tng.

Tm th tch cc i c th ca n.
Li gii
Gi s di, rng v chiu cao ca hp (theo m) l x, y v z, nh trn Hnh
10. Khi th tch ca hp l V = xyz.
Chng ta c th xem V l hm ca hai bin x v y bng
cch s dng s kin rng din tch ca bn mt bn v y di
ca hp l 2xz + 2yz + xy = 12.
T y gii ra z ta c = (12 )/[2( + )], v th
V d 6

biu thc ca V l
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Chng ta tnh cc o hm ring

=

Nu V t cc i th V/x = V/y = 0, nhng x = 0 hoc y = 0 s cho V = 0, nn chng

ta cn gii cc phng trnh 12 2xy x2 = 0
12 2xy y2 = 0
iu bao hm x2 = y2 v do x = y. (Ch rng x v y cn phi dng.) Nu chng
ta t x = y vo mt trong hai phng trnh ta nhn c 12 3x2 = 0, gi ra c x = 2, dn
n y = 2 v z = [12 (2)(2)]/[2(2 + 2)] = 1.
Chng ta cn s dng nh l 3 chng t rng iu dn n gi tr cc i ca V,
hoc chng ta c th lp lun n gin t l tnh ca bi ton rng l gi tr cc i tuyt i
ca th tch khi x = 2, y = 2 v z = 1. Vy V = 4, tc l th tch cc i ca hp l 4m3.
2.7.2. Cc tr tuyt i
Vi hm mt bin, nh l v gi tr cc tr ni rng nu f lin tc trn min ng [a, b],
th f c gi tr cc tiu tuyt i v gi tr cc i tuyt i. Cc gi tr ny c th l gi tr ti
hn hoc gi tr ti cc mt a v b.
Hm hai bin cng c tnh trng tng t nh th. Cng
nh on ng cha cc im mt, tp ng trong R2 l tp
cha tt c cc im bin ca n. [im bin ca D l im (a,
b) sao cho bt k hnh trn tm (a, b) u cha nhng im
thuc D cng nh khng thuc D.]
V d hnh trn D = {(x, y) | x2 + y2 1} bao gm tt c
cc im trn v trong ng trn x2 + y2 = 1, l tp ng bi
v n cha tt c cc im bin ca n (l nhng im trn
ng trn x2 + y2 = 1). Nhng nu ch mt im trn bin ny
b b i th tp khng cn l ng na. (Xem Hnh 11.)
[8] nh l cc tr i vi hm hai bin Nu f lin tc trn min ng gii ni D trong R2
th f t gi tr cc i tuyt i f(x1, y1) v gi tr cc tiu tuyt i f(x2, y2) ti cc im
(x1, y1) v (x2, y2) trong D.
tm cc gi tr cc tr theo nh l 8, chng ta ch rng, t nh l 2, nu f c cc
tr ti (x1, y1) th (x1, x2) hoc l im ti hn hoc l im bin ca D. V vy chng ta c quy
tc sau y.
[9] tm cc tr tuyt i ca hm lin tc f trn min ng gii ni D:
1. Tm cc gi tr ca f ti cc im ti hn ca n trn min D.
2. Tm cc gi tr cc tr ca f trn bin ca D.
3. Gi tr ln nht trong cc gi tr trn chnh l gi tr cc i tuyt i, gi tr nh nht
trong cc gi tr trn chnh l gi tr cc tiu tuyt i.
V d 7
Tm cc tr tuyt i ca hm
f(x, y) = x2 2xy + 2y trn min ch nht D = {(x, y) | 0 x 3, 0 y }.
Li gii
V f l a thc, lin tc trn min ng gii ni nn theo nh l 8, c c cc
i tuyt i v cc tiu tuyt i. Theo bc 1 trong [9] chng ta tm cc im ti hn, xy ra
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khi fx = 2x 2y = 0 v fy = -2x + 2 = 0, v th c duy nht im ti hn l (1, 1), v gi tr l

f(1, 1) = 1.
Ti bc th 2, chng ta xem xt cc gi tr ca f trn bin
ca D, gm bn on thng l L1, L2, L3 v L4 nh trn Hnh
12. Trn L1 ta c y = 0 v f(x, 0) = x2 , 0 x 3. y l hm
tng theo x, nn gi tr cc tiu ca n l f(0, 0) = 0 v gi tr
cc i ca n l f(3, 0) = 9. Trn L2 ta c x = 3 v f(3, y) = 9
4y, 0 y 2. y l hm gim theo y, nn gi tr cc tiu ca
n l f(3, 2) = 1 v gi tr cc i ca n l f(3, 0) = 9. Trn L3
ta c y = 2 v f(x, 2) = x2 4x + 4, 0 x 3.
D thy f(x, 2) = (x 2)2 nn gi tr cc tiu ca n l
f(2, 2) = 0 v gi tr cc i ca n l f(0, 2) = 4.
Cui cng, trn L4 ta c x = 0 v f(0, y) = 2y, 0 y 2.
D thy gi tr cc tiu ca n l f(0, 0) = 0 v gi tr cc i
ca n l f(0, 2) = 4. V th trn bin, hm c gi tr cc tiu l
0 v gi tr cc i l 9.
Ti bc th 3, chng ta so snh cc gi tr vi gi tr ti im ti hn f(1, 1) = 1, suy
ra rng gi tr cc tiu tuyt i l f(0, 0) = f(2, 2) = 0 v gi tr cc i tuyt i l f(3, 0) = 9.
Hnh 13 m t th ca f.
Chng ta kt thc phn ny bng s chng minh phn u tin ca nh l 3. Phn (b)
chng minh tng t.
Chng minh nh l 3, phn (a) Chng ta tnh cc o hm ring cp 1 v cp 2 ca f theo
hng u = h, k. Theo nh l 2.6.3, Duf = fxh + fyk. p dng nh l ny ln hai ta c
[10]

=
=

)=
+2

(
+

) +

(
=

) =

Chng ta c fxx(a, b) > 0 v D(a, b) > 0. Nhng fxx v D =

l cc hm lin

tc, v vy tn ti hnh trn B tm (a, b) bn knh > 0 sao cho fxx(x, y) > 0 v D(x, y) > 0 vi
( , ) > 0 vi mi (x, y) thuc
mi (x, y) thuc B. Do t phng trnh 10 ta suy ra rng
B. iu c ngha l nu ng cong C l giao ca th ca f vi mt phng nm ngang i
qua P(a, b, f(a, b)) theo hng u th C lm ln trn mt khong c di 2. iu ny ng vi
mi hng u, v vy nu hn ch trn B, th ca f nm pha trn mt phng ngang ti P. V
vy f(x, y) f(a, b) vi mi (x, y) thuc B, ngha l f(a, b) l cc tiu a phng.
2.8. Nhn t Lagrange
2.8.1. Phng php nhn t Lagrange
Trong V d 6 phn 2.7, chng ta lm cc i hm th tch V = xyz chu rng buc
(constraint) 2xz + 2yz + xy = 12, l iu kin din tch (khng k np) bng 12m2. Trong

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phn ny chng ta trnh by phng php ca Lagrange cc i hoc cc tiu mt hm tng

qut f(x, y, z) chu rng buc dng g(x, y, z) = k.
Rt d gii thch c s hnh hc ca phng php
Lagrange i vi hm hai bin. V th chng ta bt u tm cc
gi tr c tr ca f(x, y) chu rng buc dng g(x, y) = k. Ni
khc i, chng ta tm cc gi tr cc tr ca f(x, y) khi im (x,
y) b hn ch trn ng mc g(x, y) = k. Hnh 1 m t ng
cong ny cng vi mt vi ng mc ca f, chng c phng
trnh f(x, y) = c, y c = 7, 8, 9, 10 v 11. Vic cc i f(x,
y) chu rng buc g(x, y) = k l tm gi tr ln nht ca c sao cho ng mc f(x, y) = c tip xc
vi g(x, y) = k. iu c minh ha trn Hnh 1, rng iu xy ra khi cc ng cong c
tip tuyn chung. iu c ngha l cc ng php tuyn ti im (x0, y0), ni chng chm
nhau, l nh nhau. V vy cc vc t gradient l song song, tc l f(x0, y0) = lg(x0, y0) vi
hng s l no .
Cch lp lun nh th cng p dng c cho bi ton tm cc tr ca f(x, y, z) chu rng buc
g(x, y, z) = k. V th im (x, y, z) b hn ch trn mt mc S vi phng trnh g(x, y, z) = k. Thay
cho cc ng mc trong Hnh 1, chng ta xem xt cc mt mc f(x, y, z) = c v lp lun rng nu
cc tr ca f l f(x0, y0, z0) = c th mt mc f(x, y, z) = c l tip din ca mt mc g(x, y, z) = k, v
v th cc vc t gradient tng ng l song song vi nhau.
Lp lun trc quan c th pht biu chnh xc nh sau. Gi s rng hm f c cc tr
ti im P(x0, y0, z0) trn mt cong S v gi s C l ng cong vi phng trnh vc t l
r(t) = x(t), y(t), z(t) nm trn S v i qua P. Nu t0 l gi tr tham s tng ng vi im P th
r(t0) = x0, y0, z0. Hm hp h(t) = f(x(t), y(t), z(t)) biu th cc gi tr m f c th trn ng
cong C. V f c cc tr ti (x0, y0, z0), dn n h c cc tr ti t0, nn h'(t0) = 0. Nhng nu f kh
vi, chng ta s dng quy tc dy chuyn vit
0 = h'(t0) = fz(x0, y0, z0)x'(t0) + fy(x0, y0, z0)y'(t0) + fz(x0, y0, z0)z'(t0) = f(x0, y0, z0) r'(t0)
iu chng t rng vc t gradient f(x0, y0, z0) trc giao vi vc t tip tuyn r'(t0)
vi mi ng cong C. Nh chng ta bit trong phn 2.6, rng vc t gradient ca g, f(x0,
y0, z0), trc giao v r'(t0) i vi mi ng cong nh th. (Xem phng trnh 2.6.18.) iu
ny c ngha rng cc vc t gradient f(x0, y0, z0) v g(x0, y0, z0) song song vi nhau. V vy
nu g(x0, y0, z0) 0, tn ti s l sao cho
[1]

f(x0, y0, z0) = lg(x0, y0, z0)

S l trong phng trnh 1 ng cong gi l nhn t Lagrang (Lagrange multiplier). Th

tc da trn phng trnh 1 nh sau.
Phng php nhn t Lagrange tm cc tr ca f(x, y, z) chu rng buc g(x, y, z) = k
[gi s rng cc cc tr tn ti v g 0 trn mt cong g(x, y, z) = k]:
(a)

Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x, y, z v l sao cho f(x0, y0, z0) = lg(x0, y0, z0)

v g(x, y, z) = 0
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o hm ring

nh gi f ti tt c cc im (x, y, z) nhn c t bc (a). Gi tr ln nht trong chng

l gi tr ln nht ca f, gi tr nh nht trong chng l gi tr nh nht ca f.
Nu chng ta vit phng trnh vc t f = lg dng cc thnh phn, th cc phng

trnh trong bc (a) tr thnh

fx = lgx

fy = lgy

fz = lgz

g(x, y, z) = k

y l h bn phng trnh vi bn n s x, y, z v l, nhng khng nht thit tm c th

cc gi tr ca l.
i vi cc hm hai bin, phng php nhn t Lagrange tng t nh phng php
trnh by. tm cc cc tr ca f(x, y) chu rng buc g(x, y) = k, ta tm cc gi tr x, y v l
sao cho f(x, y) = lg(x, y) v g(x, y) = k.
iu tng ng vi gii h ba phng trnh ba n
fx = lgx

fy = lgy

g(x, y) = k

Minh ha u tin ca chng ta v phng php Lagrange l xem xt li cc vn c

a ra trong V d 6 ti mc 2.7.
Mt khi hp ch nht khng np c lm t 12m2 ba cc tng. Tm th tch
ln nht ca hp.
Li gii
Nh trong V d 6 phn 2.7, chng ta gi s x, y v z tng ng l s o di,
rng v chiu cao ca hp (cm). Sau chng ta mun lm cc i V = xyz chu rng buc
g(x, y, z) = 2xz + 2yz + xy = 12. S dng phng php nhn t Lagrange, ta tm cc gi tr x,
V d 1

y, z v l sao cho V = lg v g(x, y, z) = 12. iu cho ra cc phng trnh

Vx = lgx

Vy = lgy

Vz = lgz

2xz + 2yz + xy = 12

hay
[2]

yz = l(2z + y)

[3]

xz = l(2z + x)

[4]

xy = l(2x + 2y)

[5]
2xz + 2yz + xy = 12
Khng c quy tc tng qut gii h phng trnh ny, nn i khi cn n su kho
lo. Trong v d ny chng ta nhn ln lt [2] vi x, [3] vi y v [4] vi z, dn n cc v tri
ca cc phng trnh nh nhau. Lm nh vy ta c
[6]

xyz = l(2xz + xy)

[7]

xyz = l(2yz + xy)

[8]

xyz = l(2xz + 2yz)

Chng ta thy rng l 0, bi v nu l = 0 th t [2], [3] v [4] ko theo yz = xz = x y =

0, iu ny mu thun vi [5]. Do , t [6] v [7] ta c 2xz + xy = 2yz + xy, dn n xz = yz.
Nhng z 0 (v z = 0 s cho V = 0), vy x = y. T [7] v [8] ta c 2yz + xy = 2xz + 2yz, dn
n 2xz = xy v do x 0 nn y = 2z. t x = y = 2z vo [5] ta nhn c 12z2 = 12, hay z2 = 1.
V x, y v z dng nn ta c z = 1, do x = 2 v y = 2. Ph hp vi kt qu trong 2.7.
V d 2
Tm cc cc tr ca hm f(x, y) = x2 + 2y2 trn ng trn x2 + y2 = 1.
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Chng ta hi cc tr ca f chu rng buc g(x, y) = x2 + y2 = 1. S dng

Li gii

phng php nhn t Lagrange, chng ta gii phng trnh f = lg

v g(x, y) = 1 c vit li nh sau:
fx = lgx

fy = lgy

g(x, y) = 1

c th l
[9]

2x = 2xl

[10]

4y = 2yl

[11]

x2 + y2 = 1

T [9] ta c x = 0 hoc l = 1. Nu x = 0 th t [11] suy ra y = 1.

Nu l = 1 th t [10] suy ra y = 0, v vy t [11] cho ra x = 1.
Do f c th c cc tr ti cc im (0, 1), (0, -1), (1, 0) v (-1,
0). Lng gi f ti bn im ny ta tm c
f(0, 1) = 2
f(0, -1) = 2
f(1, 0) = 1
f(-1, 0) = 1
2
Do gi tr ln nht ca f trn ng trn x + y2 = 1 l
f(0, 1) = 2 v gi tr nh nht l f(1, 0) = 1. Kim tra trn Hnh
2, chng ta thy cc gi tr l ph hp.
Hnh 3 m t v phng din hnh hc ca V d 2. Cc cc tr ca f (x, y) = x2 + 2y2
tng ng vi cc ng mc m tip xc vi ng trn.
Tm cc gi tr cc tr ca f(x, y) = x2 + 2y2 trn hnh trn x2 + y2 1.

V d 3

Li gii
Theo th tc trong 2.7.9, chng ta so snh cc gi tr ca f ti cc im ti hn
vi cc gi tr trn bin. Bi v fx = 2x v fy = 4y nn ch duy nht im ti hn l (0, 0). Chng
ta so snh gi tr ca f ti im ny vi cc cc tr trn bin t V d 2:
f(0, 0) = 0

f(1, 0) = 1

f(0, 1) = 2

Do , trn min hnh trn x2 + y2 1, gi tr ln nht ca f l f(0, 1) = 2 v gi tr nh

nht l f(0, 0) = 0.
V d 4
Tm cc im trn mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 m khong cch t ti im (3, 1,
-1) l gn nht v xa nht.
Li gii
Khong cch t im (x, y, z) ti im (3, 1, -1) l
=

( 3) + ( 1) + ( + 1)

nhng n gin, ta tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca bnh phng khong cch:

= ( 3) + ( 1) + ( + 1)
Theo phng php nhn t Lagrange, ta gii f = lg, g = 4.
Dn n
[12]

2(x 3) = 2xl

[13]

2(y 1) = 2yl

[14]

2(z + 1) = 2zl

[15]

x2 + y2 + z2 = 4

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Cch n gin nht gii cc phng trnh ny l gii x, y v z theo l t [12], [13] v
[14], sau thay cc gi tr vo [15]. T [12] ta c
=

x 3 = xl hay x(1 - l) = 3 hay

Ch rng 1 - l 0 bi v t [12] th khng th l = 1. Tng t, t [13] v [14] ta c

=

Do t [15] ta c

+(

l)

+(

l)

)
l)

= 4 (1 l) =

=1

Cc gi tr ny ca l s cho cc gi tr x, y v z tng ng:

,

D thy f c gi tr nh nht ti im th nht, vy im gn nht l

im xa nht l

.
Hnh 4 m t mt cu v im P gn nht trong V d 4. Ta

c th xc nh c im P m khng cn tnh ton nh trn. Tht

vy, v mt cu c tm l gc ta nn ng ni gc ta vi
im (3, 1, -1) s vung gc vi mt phng tip din ca mt cu
ti im P. Ni khc i, vc t php tuyn ti s song song vi
vc t 3, 1, -1.
t F(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 4 = 0 th vc t php tuyn ti
im P(x, y, z) c th ly l Fx, Fy, Fz = 2x, 2y, 2z. Do
=

hay

, hay y = x/3 v z = -x/3.

V P thuc mt cu nn x2 + y2 + z2 = 4. Thay y v z trn vo ta c

+
Tng ng,

+
=

= 4, hay 11x2 = 36, suy ra

=

D kim tra rng cc im gn nht v xa nht c cng kt qu nh trn.

2.8.2. Hai rng buc
Gi s chng ta mun tm cc cc tr ca hm f(x, y, z) chu hai rng buc dng g(x, y,
z) = k v h(x, y, z) = c. V mt hnh hc, iu ngha l chng ta tm cc cc tr ca f khi (x,
y, z) b hn ch trn ng cong l giao ca cc mt mc g(x, y, z) = k v h(x, y, z) = c. (Xem
Hnh 5.) Gi s rng h c cc tr ti P(x0, y0, z0).
Chng ta bit rng f trc giao vi C ti P. Nhng chng ta cng bit rng g trc giao
vi g(x, y, z) = k v h trc giao vi h(x, y, z) = c, v vy g v h cng trc giao vi C. iu
c ngha rng vc t gradient f(x0, y0, z0) thuc mt phng c xc nh bi g(x0, y0,
z0) v h(x0, y0, z0). (Chng ta gi thit rng cc vc t khc 0 v khng song song.) V vy
tn ti cc s l v (c gi l cc nhn t Lagrange) sao cho
[16]

f(x0, y0, z0) = lg(x0, y0, z0) + h(x0, y0, z0)

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Trong trng hp ny, phng php Lagrange l tm cc cc tr bng cch gii 5 phng
trnh vi 5 n l x, y, z, l v . Cc phng trnh nhn c bng cch vit phng trnh 16
theo biu thc ca cc thnh phn ca n v s dng cc phng trnh rng buc:
fx = lgx + hx

fy = lgy + hy

fz = lgz + hz

g(x, y, z) = k
h(x, y, z) = c
V d 5
Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm f(x, y, z) = x + 2y + 3z trn ng cong l giao ca
mt phng x y + z = 1 vi hnh tr x2 + y2 = 1.
Li gii
Chng ta cc i ha hm f(x, y, z) = x + 2y + 3z chu cc rng buc g(x, y, z)
= x y + z = 1 v h(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 = 1. iu kin Lagrange l f = lg + h, v th chng
ta gii cc phng trnh:
[17]

1 = l + 2x

[18]

2 = -l + 2y

[19]

3=l

[20]
[21]

xy+z=1
x2 + y2 =1

Thay l = 3 vo cc phng trnh [17] v [18] ta c x = -1/ v

y = 5/(2). Thay x, y vo [21] ta nhn c
+

= 29/2.

v v vy
Do

=1

= 2/29 v

= 5/29, v t [20],

= 1 7/29.

Gi tr tng ng ca f l

+2

+3 1

= 3 29

Do gi tr ln nht ca f trn ng cong cho l 3 + 29.

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