University of Waterloo Department of Mechanical Engineering ME 322 - Mechanical Design 1 Partial notes — Part 5 (Bolted Connections) G. Glinka Fall 2005Bolts are wer. Sm pertany eng ineeting members jacause. z Fhe prmapetl use i %o clamp paris Yegether with aadts ¥he bol/FS Major diameter Mean diameter Minor diameter Terminology of screw threads. Sharp vee threads shown for clar- ity; the crests and roots are actu- ally flattened or rounded during the forming operation.@ to the elistante between amjacen’ Fhreae _paretltl the ¢hreakl a Z Basic thread profile for metric M. and MJ threads. D (d) = basic Nee major diameter of internal (exter- i nal) thread; D, (d,) = basic minor Da, dy diameter of internal (external) ee thread; Dz (dz) = basic pitch diam- External threads Did | eter of internal (external) thread; p= pitch; H = 0.5(3)'?p. MI- rounded fisted Tre Amaryean Napronal (Un yest) Yar ea 9 tan Baz ee Aas been approved in the USk ane Uk, yr use on all. standara. Yhrecdedte products [shew btbuw)Hex head bolt a mmc) CL yp a Se OS BZ Bs Cmm gp, K & ae Bolt and capscrew types. Two major Uniec Phrinsta serves are iin Common usei UN ane 2 difference betvten ¥hese (a that a ret pannus must be used in Yhe LIV Rseores, “Because of decreased vhreat eess—couctrtatan yaowers Are spony bt. by 2kah Ha meter, o the throne serre. & - fine Yareect Co- coarse Yareest 0.625°—-/B UNRFMetric threads are ye gre. by cismttn one pitch wa Vomets hAV-1N9 2 a pve. “a never and pune Ye 4ame Hee ule. Ain Root, or minor, diameter Pitch (= reciprocal of number of threads per inch, Also >| it same ay lead for single threads) Diameter corresponding to tensile-stress urea, Ay (Area of an rod having same tensile strength) Helix ‘angle Major diameter (about same as Runout (end of thread)Bolt Streng v4 BY): -_crteady 91 pee fenton 3 ¥an ar als ig the yrela~ point Ateeng Vl anet 40 pircen he oft the AZ. Per eane Gf y tele 2 Heng M4, ~The” Ele aang ga wefere Are. given Un wars yee freefion codes, Mele! All pea preafon-grake bolts made im She US bear a manu fac tarer’s “mark or. loge, ta atlithion veo Ye grade nearhing, on Fhe bolt hou, Tars 19 confirmation ¥hat Ye bolt meses or excesses pouficefions, a aul mark 1's wessing he Lol t may be tmger fool or home rnrede / er_ Basie belting ercange ments Our discuss ren concerns that clase oy pasyeneré Known a5 bolts, which snelasles $hesabcafegoria 6 tap screws nel syed, “These names are associuved wth fhe— three baste clamping areAbpaments, sh shown below, (b) () Basic bolting arrangements. (a) Bolt and nut. (b) Cap screw or ie bolt. (c) Stud. fhe men orr fe of cases, yhe bolt gasses through “a hole rn the parts beng clanpest quel mutes wi fy _ a nut (bi9-2), Deca sionally , the bolf mefes url threcsta fn one of ¥he menbers, rather Yhan witha nuk Yhe unthreadel shank of a s¥uel or bolt helps $0 late Yo parts = berng adssemb/ecl,Tension sane bus = ys = ra lowe oi wr # Seokions Yarwagh- ¥ro iy Atanas th /0Meleee bolt Jones o Art 1 ustave’ 1 ys. below, Mice the cleranee Gpace. pate p rv deg by He bold holes Anel— = how He — Set: % eas ex Kewct tate. he. booty 0, - ee in Fig. & otre tohes ote bone rho te Me clamping yaree, This clanging Pree vo lle The gia-Yensron or bolt prefral, Sine $Ae members are Serig elampest Yo gether, Yhe ign forte whith promuces Yersivir rn the bo/h tnileces up 10 23;00--1r-Fhe menburs@ clu fron fe ane Ban be “the thfferemce _bebween > [Mua teetet by the. Co of erter nad “/ (a (oy to FIGURE 17.15 Extremes of external load application. The actual location is somewhere between the two. (a) In analysis the forces were applied under the head of the bolt and of the nut. This is the worst case. (h) 7 opposite extreme is application of the forces at the joint interface. (c) Force application in a tap bolt. “Eb is ponernlly atau mest Hud in Fae _ense of w bel “pith a nad [Rp A) Vie pares are app ital under He a Teast of Che Gel —anel. of he nuk. — —— Sa the tase a a cap screnl We hreeaeee gare of ve feink_ (Fry 6) 1%, aut He leat. can be assume Yoaaa! Spring Dona tant ar BY: ints Cor: 96 -an tha it member such a3 a bolt, 1s ¥he ratte S¥nean Fle free app. Fhe 1 bmter ene Fhe eel lection ft 4G @ OBE oy Yee ares eae P| Slope = k (P= k8) Calculating bolt stiffness. (2) Defining stiffness. (b) Bars in series are springs in series.4ue The stiypness of Che portion pe baie seren within Yhe clampes eae wilt gensrally 20s, aE ae me tno par¥s , Ghat of Vhe uavhreatem shank bon An Fat of FAC Yhrenvew por la 2n, YAus Yee Sh ness cona¥ene gL the balk 15 eu walene vo ¥he an pines a Lue pring sth Gere S —_ ’ i _ Athen & Ane the le Bolt htiness “104 SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF BOLT STIFFNESS Given: 1. Grip or thickness of connected members, Lo. 2. Bolt diameter d and pitch p or number of threads per inch. Nut height H from Table A-28. 2. Washer thickness t from Tables 8-18 or 8-19. 3. Thread length L, from Eqs. (8&7) or (8-8). IE 4. Bolt length L from the relation L > lg + # Use Table A-17 for preferred lengths. 5, Length of unthreaded portion from the relation £, = L - Ly. 6. Length of threaded portion within the grip from the equation tpt lg hy 7. Avea of unthreaded portion from the equation A, = wd?/4. 8, Area of threaded portion Ay is the same as the tensile-stress area. Use Tables 8-1 or 8-2. 9. Bolt stiffness k, from Eq. (8-11).= Find: SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR FINDING CAP-SCREW STIFFNESS | From Fig. 8-18 x 2 5 hee ted \ te 1. Washer thickness t from Tables 8-18 or 8-19. 2. Thread length Lj same as for bolts; use Eq. (8-7) or (8-8). 3. Cap screw length from L > h + 1.5d. 4. Length of untheaded portion from 24 = L T 5. Length of useful threaded portion from 4, = 2 - 4 . Area of unthreaded portion from Ay = 1d#/4. 7. Area of threaded portion A, = A, from Table 8-1 or 8-2. 8. Cap screw stiffness from Eq. (8-11). (0c,TABLE 8-18 Basic Dimensions of American Standard Plain Washers. inches. Apohess Washer Thickness Fastener size 46 #8 Flo 3/16 #12 L/4N 4 w 3/16 N 5/16 w 3/8 N 3/8 W 7/16 N T/L6 W Y2N 1/2 9/16 N 9/16 W 5/8 N 5/8 w 3/4 N 3/4 W 18.8 18 0 2zae 1/8 8 22 1/4 1/4 3/8 3/8 1/2 1/2 3/8 azeaee 314 718 4 1/2 3/4 ip reverses OOO ee size 0.138 0.164 0.190 0.188 0.216 0.250 0.250 0.312 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.438 0.438 0.500 0.500 0.562 0.562 0.625, 0.625, 0.750 0.750 0.875 0.875 1.000 1.000 1.125 1.125 1.250 1.250 1.375 1.375 1.500 1.500 1.625 1.750 1.875 2.000 2.250 2.500 2.750 3.000 Diameters __ 1 om 0.136 0.375 0.188 0.438 0.219 0,500 0,250 0.562 0.250 0.562 01281 (0.625 0.312 0.734 01344 (0.688 01375 (0.875 0.408 0.812 0.438 1.000 0.469 0,922 01500 1.250 0,531 1.062 01562 1.375 0.594 1.156 01625 1.469 01656 1.312 0.688 == 1.750, 01812 1.469 0.82 2.000 0.938 0,938 1.062 1.062 1.250 2.250 11280 2.750 1.375 2,500 11373 3.000 11500 2.750 11500 3.250 11625 3.000 1.625 3.500 11750 3.750 1.875 4.000 21000 4.250 21125 4.500 21375 4.750 21625 5,000 21875 5.250 3.125 5.500 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065, 0.083 0.065 0.083 0.065 0.083 0.095 0.109 0.095 9.109 0.095 0.134 0.134 0.148 0.136 0.165 0.134 0.165 0.134 0,165 0.165 0.165, 0.165 0.180 0.165 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.180 0.220 0,238 0.259 0.284 N = narrow; W + wide; use W when not specified. (104) ALL dimensions inTABLE 8-19 Dimensions of Metric Plain Washers. All dimensions in millimeters. 1 Same as screw or bolt size. eee eee ferred Washer Min. Max. Max. Washer Min. Max. Max. size 1D op thick. size 1D oD thick. L6N 1.95 4.00 0.70 10N 10.85 20.00 2.30 LOR 1.95 5.00 0.70 10 R 10.85 28.00 2.80 L.6W 1.95 6.00 0.90 1oW 10.85 39.00 3.50 aN 2.50 5.00 0.90 126 13.30 25.40 2.80 2k 2.50 6.00 0.90 12k 13.30 34,003.50 aw 2.50 8.00 0.90 RW 13.30 44.00 3.50 2.58 3.00 6.00 0.90 14s 15.25 28.00 2.80 2.58 3.00 8.00 0.90 14k 15.25 39.00 3.50 2.50 3.00 10.00 1.20 aw 15.25 50.00 4.00 aN 3.50 7.00 0.90 16.N 17.25 32.00 3.50 3R 3.50 10.00 1.20 16R 17.25 44.00 4.00 3W 3.50 12.00 1.40 16W 17.25 56.00 4.60 3.5 4.00 9.00 1.20 20 21.80 39.00 4.00 35k 4.00 10.00 1.40 20 R 21.80 50.00 4.60 3.50 4.00 15.00 1.75 20 W 21.80 66.00 5.10 aN 4.70 10.00 1.20 24N 25.60 44.00 4.60 aR 4.70 12.00 1.40 24 R 25.60 56.00 5.10 aw 4.70 16.00 2.30 24 Ww 25.60 72.00 5.60 aN 5.50 11.00 1.40 30 8 32.40 56.00 5.10 5R 5.50 15.00 1.75 30 R 32.40 72.00 5.60 Sw 5.50 20.00 2.30 30 W 32.40 90.00 6.40 6N 6.65 13.00 1.75 36N 38.30 66.00 5.60 oR 6.65 18.80 1.75 36 38.30 90.00 6.40 ow 6.65 25.40 2.30 36 38.30 110.00 8.50 an 8.90 2.30 BR 8.90 2.30 aw 8.90 2.80ste fpress of chap members — motel qeirt otif}ness mode’ CCone- frus¢rum moslet ) Comp rervon of aw member in he c/amp assume Fo be confines vy Fhe frnsivam of a hollow coneAssumed pressure-cone frusta for a joint using a cap screw. For this model the significant sizes are: h+2 b 84 Ky fy) Ae (sips) Using SYA Yes we can talee/ete Yue coortiveves of We contol n Axe _ Aakat Ac xe ths % thy athe xe 2 = Wa + Ae thy + Aut Ae So x! : Mapa he fete Yanhyterheye — > Aig f= With hy hgris EA,Shear porces ach) on bolts - The Tocaton of Yaa centrord of Yhe ball preup a “3 nepdlesl Yo be_known in order vr determin’ Ue shear forces whreh ach upon each bolt, Wren an eccenvit jorat 16 a bearing feat, ve, mo Fog ve prevenbesl by infer portnce btwten belfs “aul plates, ‘he [east can be vraneftrred, lo Whe centroial of rhe. bolt prom ae a yorce plus naman ae sMateate C6leW c V ——— ; Me “ Fo A on 1 \ Sas V F * @Load on Bolls— Becentric backing Exom ple }+}———80 10 Rode i J i tt } 1 ¥ M6 bs RS \ey (0,5) (3,5) + + 5,9 + + G2) tox (0.0) «@ O) mee 0.472P | wo 4 F’ . o2sp sy oN Sz, FY" = 0.278P / Na fi / “SL Ef = 0.278P ol ® Fl =0.2P ar P 0 5 vs Bon &" = 0.372P wo! 1, 4 / tF ” ME | Sy’ © 0.431P | Y | 0.343P —! | ’ 1F I ‘ | (c)Example ! __ The pigere below shows a welslece php which hos been tentarively desiynesl ve be bolted yo a channed _30.a2 ¥ tran efor the 2500-tb [oat tn¥e Phe channel. The thannel 1s made of hot=relled. /ev- carbon s¥eal —haning a minimum grea aweenp th of. Ao ks; the fwo porting plates are of hot rolled. s¥ock havi'np_a_mininum — Sy of 45.5 Kpsi The. preg Te % be bo/pek using ain s¥onWarel SAE grade 2 bole, Check ¢he strens rt of Yhe olesign oy comgehip She. pater Ca sepee ~ fr alk porrible me Leo of fat lace - 6 holes for 5-11 NC bolts 8 4" 1"