FLUID MECHANICS 1a. 142. 143. 44, 145, 146. IENTIFY: | Use Eaj(14.1) to calculate the mass and then use w= mg to calculate the weight SETUP: p=m/V so m=pV From Table 14.1, p=7.8x10" kg/m’ (0.01425 m)*0.858 1) 27 kg)(9.80 mis? 474x10 mt 1.8.N (about Execute: For a cylinder of length [and radius R, V = (aR) ‘Then m= pV = (7.8x10 kgim?)(5.474%10" m’) =4.27 kg, and 9.4 Ibs). A cat is not needed. EVALUATR: The rod is less than Im long and less than 3 em in diameter, so 2 weight of around 10 Ibs seems reasonable. IDENTIFY: Convert gallons to kg. The mass m of a volume V of gasoline is m= pV SETUP: | gel=3.788 L=3.788%10" m°, 1 m’ of gasoline has a mass of 737 kg. mg ( zal im 45.0 nila) at | : \3.788x10" A737 kg, EVALUATE: 1 gallon of gasoline has a mass of 2.79 kg. The car goes fewer miles on I kg than on I gal, since 1 kg of gasoline is ess gasoline than I gal of gasoline. Wenn: p=miV SEEUP: The density of gold is 19.3%10? kg/m? ExpcUrE: V=(5.0x10" mX15.0x10" m)(30.0%10" m)=2.25%10" mm m__ 0.0158 kg V~ 225%10% m ‘The average density is only 36% that of gold, so at most 36% ofthe mass is gold 'Y: Find the mass of gold that has a value of $1.00%10°. Then use the density of gold to find the volume of this mass of gold. SeTUP: For gold, =19.3%10" kg/m?" EXECUTE: 45.0 mifgal 16.1 mike 7.02%10* kg/m’. The metal is not pure gold. Volume V ofa cube is related to the length F-of one side by V =? (lame (suasbco™ Execure: m=(S1.00x10/ $426.60 )\~ 1 woy ounce m___729kg Pp 193x10" kgm EVALUATE: The cube of gold would weigh about 160 Ibs. ToENTIEY: Apply =m/V to relate the densities and volumes for the two spheres. SETUP: Fora sphere, V=42rr°. Forlead, 9, =11.3%10° kg/m and for aluminum, , =2.7%10? kgfm* M310)” 1g (270 78x10? m’, L=V" =0.156 m ‘a a tad EVALUATE: The aluminum sphere is larger, sine its density is less. IDENTIFY: Average density is p=mi/V SerUr: Fora sphere, V=4s0R?. The sun has mass M,, =1.99%10" kg and radius 6.96%10" m. (og 1. 99X10” ke __ 1.9910" kg M, Execute: (a) p= Mon =_199%10" ke ovr ey Tal 6.96xI0 my 1AL29I07 m1 OO*10 Ke EXECUTE: m= pV =4ar'p. Same mass means rp, ='p, 1.99%10 kg___1.9910" ke. © P= F.00%10" mF 3351K10" m? 5.94%10" kgim? 44142 Chapter 14 447. 148, 149. 14.10. 14.1. 1412, EVALUATE: For comparison, the average density ofthe earth is 5.510" kg/m’. A neutron star is extremely Toi: =e and m=, ind he vole Vof he ie. Ser Ur: Fora hollow cylinder with inner radius R, outer radius , , and length L the volume is V= a(R? — R2)L. R,=1.25x107 mand R,=1.75x107 m EXECUTE: V =A(10.0175 mf ~10.0125 mf)(.50 m)=7.07x10" m? m= p¥ =(8.9x10" kg/m’ 7.0710" m°)=6.29 kg. w=mg =61.6N EVALUATE: The pipe weights about 14 pounds. Torrey: The gauge pressure p~ py at depth h is p~ py = pgh SETUP: Ocean water is seawater and has a density of 1.0310" kg/m’? EXECUTE: p— py =(1.03X10" ky/m?)(9,80 m/s")(3200 m)=3.23%10" Pa . Lam) ~ py =(3.23x10" Pa) — 18 —_) 319 atm am (rie) EVALUATE: The gauge pressure is about 320 times the atmospheric pressure at the surface TwENTIFY: The gauge pressure p— py at depth his p— p,= pak SerUr: Freshwater has density 1.00210" kg/m and seawater has density 1,03%10° ky/m? EXECUTE: (a) p~ py =(1,00%10" kg/m)3.71 m/s*)(500 m) =1.86%10° Pa paps 1.86%10° Pa “1 Ps” CLOBxIO” kg/m')(9.80 mis) EVALUATE: The pressure at a given depth is greater on earth because a cylinder of water of that height weighs ‘more on earth than on Mats. IDENTIFY: The difference in pressure at poi force Fis related tothe surface area A by F, SETUP: For blood, p=1.06%10? kg/m? D=150x10" mand L=2.00x107 m EXECUTE: (a) p,~ p, =(1.06%10" kg/n®)9.80 mis*\(.65 m) =1.7110* Pa (b) The additional force due to this pressure difference is AF, =(p,—p,)A. A= aDL=A(1.50x10" (2.0010 m)=9.42%10 m* AF, =(17Ix10" Pay9.42x109 m?)=1.61 N EVALUATE: The pressure difference is about { atm. () hi 84m s with heights y, and y, is p— py = pg(y,—yz). The outward A ~y;=1,65 m. The surface area of the segment is DL, where IveNtiFY: Apply p= py +psh Spr Ur: Gauge pressure is p— py, EXECUTE: The pressure difference between the top and bottom of the tube must be at leat 5980 Pa in order to force fluid into the vein: pgh = 5980 Pa and 5980 Pa 5980 Nim* h poems 0 Naha gh (050 kgim'}9.80 mis) 0.581 m EVALUATE: The bag of fluid is typically hung from a vertical pole to achieve this height above the patient's arm, IDENTIPY: 7, = Pare + 08H WHEE Prue isthe pressure at the surface of a Tiquid and p, is the pressure at a depth h below the surface. SerUr: The density of water is 1.00%10° kg/m? EXECUTE: (a) For the ol layer, Passa = Pan ANd Py is the pressure atthe oil-water interface. Po~ Pam = Pou = PH = (600 kg/m? )(9.80 mvs*)(0.120 m) =706 Pa (b) For the water layer, Payae, =706 PA+ Py Po~ Pan = Pen =706 Pa+ pgh= 106 Pa+(1.00%10" kg/m’)(9.80 mis?}(0.250 m) = 3.1610" Pa EVALUATE: The gauge pressure atthe bottom of the barrel is due to the combined effects ofthe oil layer and water layer. The pressure at the bottom of the ol layer is the pressure at the top of the water layer14.13, 14.14, 145. 14.16. 1407, Fluid Mechanics 14-3 Toevriey: An inflation to 32.0 pounds means a gauge pressure of 32.0 Ibfin?. The contact area A with the pavement i related tothe gauge pressure. p~ p, in the tire and the force F, the tre exerts on the pavement by F,=(p~ p,)A. By Newton's third law the magnitude ofthe fore the tre exerts on the pavement equals the magnitude ofthe farce the pavement exerts on the car, and this must equal the weight of the ea. ‘SeTUr: 14.7 Iblin? =1.013%10° Pa=I atm. Assume p, =1 atm EXECUTE: (a) The gauge pressure is 32.0 Ibjin® = 2.21%10" Pa=218 atm. The absolute pressure is 46.7 Ibfin? =3.22x10* Pa =3.18 atm (0) No, the tre would touch the pavement ata single point and the contact area would be ze. FL _9.56x10° N eee ania P—Py 221610 Pa (© F_=mg =9.56x10? N =0.0833 m? = 433 om? EvaLuaT Ifthe contact area is square, the length of each side for each tire is realistic value, based on our observation of the tres of cars TheNTIFY and SET Up: Use Eq(14.8) to calculate the gauge pressure at this depth, Use Bg,(14.3) to calculate the force the inside and outside pressures exert on the window, and combine the forces as vectors to find the net force, EXECUTE: (a) gauge pressure= pp, = pgh From Table 14.1 the density of seawater is 1.03%10" kg/m’, $0 gh = (1.0310? kg/m? (9.80 mis? (250 m) = 2.52%10" Pa (b) The force on each side of the window is F = pA. Inside the pressure is py and outside inthe water the pressure is p= p,+ poh. The forces are shown in Figure 14.14, er eoeen The net force is FF = (Py PRWA~ pyA= (paid Pemaalisteucie FF, =(2.52%10° Pa)(0.150 m) Figure 14.14 EVALUATE: The pressure at this depth is very large, over 20 times normal air pressure, and the net force on the window is huge. Diving bells used at such depths must be constructed to withstand these large forces. ADENTIPY: Pop = Pp~ Pa = PH SeErUP: 1atm=1,013%10" Pa. The density of water is 1,00%10" ky/m®. The gauge pressure must equal the pressure difference due to 2 column of water 1370 m—730 m= 640 m tall, EXECUTE: —(.00%10" m!)9,80 mis*)(640 m) EVALUATE: The gauge pressure required is directly proportional to the height to which the water is pumped, IENTIFY and Sr UP: _ Use Eg.(14.6) 0 calculate the pressure at the specified depths in the open tube, The pressure is the same at all points the same distance from the bottom of the tubes, so the pressure calculated in part (b) isthe pressure in the tank. Gauge pressure is the difference between the absolute pressure andl air pressure, EXECUTE: _p, =980 millibar=9.80%10" Pa (a) Apply p= p+ psh tothe right-hand tube. The top ofthis tube i open tothe air sop, = the liquid (mercury) is 13.6%10° kg/m*. ‘Thus p=9,80%10" Pa + (13.6%10° ka/m?X9.80 nvs*}(0,0700 m) =1.07%10* Pa (b) p= pq + pgh=9.80x10" Pa + (13.6x10" kg/m?\(9.80 mis*)(0,0400 m) =1.03%10° Pa, (6) Since y,—y, =4.00 em the pressure atthe mercury surface in the left-hand end tube equals that calculated in ‘part (b). Thus the absolute pressure of gas in the tank is 1.03%10° Pa. (@) pp, = pgh=(13.6x10" kg/m’ \9.80 m/s?(0.0400 m) =5.33%10° Pa, EVALUATE: If Eq.(148) is evaluated withthe density of metcary and p~ p,=1atm=1.01x10* Pa, then h=76cm. ‘The mercury columns here are much shorter than 76 cm, so the gauge pressures are much less than 1.0X10° Pa. IDENTIFY: Apply p= py +pgh ‘Ser Up: For water, =1.00%10" kg/m’. EXECUTE: p— py, = pgh=(1.00%10" kg/m*)9,80 m/sX6.1 m) =6.0x10* Ba. EVALUATE: The pressure difference increases linearly with depth, ‘The density of144 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421 Chapter 14 IoeNriry and Ser Ur: Apply Bq(14.6) tothe water and mercury columns ‘The pressure atthe bottom of the ‘ater column is the pressure atthe op of the mercury column. EXBCUTE: With just the mercury, the gauge pressure at the bottom ofthe cylinder is p= p, + Paathy. With the water to a depth fh. the gauge pressure at the bottom of the cylinder is p= p, + ph, +p, gh,. IF this is tobe double the first value, then p, 2h, = Pa8y (Pu}0.)~ (0.0500 my{13.6%10'1,00%10") = 0.680 m ‘The volume of water is V =A = (0.680 m)(12,0%10 m*)=8,16%10* m’ =816 em! EVALUATE: The density of mercury is 13.6 times the density of water and (13.65 em) =68 em, so the pressure ease from the top to the bottom of a 68-cm tall column of water is the same as the pressure increase from top 10 bottom for a 5-em tall column of mercury. IDENTIFY: Assume the pressure atthe upper surface of the ice is py =1.013%10* Pa. The pressure at the surface othe water is increased from p, by 2h, and then increases further with depth in the water. SETUP: —p,,=0.92%10" kg/m’ and p,,.=1.00%10" kgim® EXBCUTES p— 7 = Pals * Poa ane (0.9210? kg/m? 9.80 mis*)\(1.75 m) + (1.00%10° kg/m?)(9.80 mis*}2.50 m). P~ Py =403K10 Pa. P= Py +A OBXIO" Pa=I.42xi0" Pa EVALUATE: The gauge pressure at the surface of the water must be suficient to apply an upward force on & section of ice equal tothe weight ofthat sect Ienty: Apply p= p,+ sh, where p, Ser Ur: For water, =1.00x10" kg/m’ EXECUTE: (a) The pressure difference between the surface ofthe water and the bottom is due tothe weight of the water and is stil 2500 Pa after the pressure increase above the surface, But the surface pressure increase is also transmitted tothe fluid, making the total difference from atmospheric pressure 2500 Pa+1500 Pa = 4000 Pa. 2500 Nim? (C000 kg/m \0.80 mis) ‘To keep the bottom gauge pressure at 2500 Pa after the 1500 Pa increase atthe surface the pressure due tothe is the pressure atthe surface of the fluid. Gauge pressure isp ~ Py. (b) Initially, the pressure due tothe water alone is 2500 Pa= ph. Thus = 255 m. 1000 Nim? water's weight must be reduced to 1000 Pa: h=———1000 Nit __ 9,199 my. Thus the water must be os TOO Ep/ 9.80 mI lowered by 0.255 m=0.102 m=0.153 m.. EVALUATE: Note that ph, with h=0153 m, is 1500 Pa Wenmny: p= p,+pgh. F= pA SerUr: Forscawater, p=1.03%10" kg/m? EXECUTE: The force F that must be applied isthe difference between the upward force of the water and the 0, the entre object floats, and if p> Py none ofthe ‘object is above the surface. P21 (0.042 kg) (5.0114 0)13.0be10-%m") (@) Using tne eu of ate, 1-2 0s0kg/a EVALUATE: Fora given object, the fraction of the object above the surface increases when the density of the fluid in which it floats increases. IeNTIFY: eV » The net force on the sphere is zero. SETUP: The density of water is 1.00%10" kgin". EXECUTE: (@) B= (1000 kg/m }(0.650 m (9,80 mi X10? N. b) B=1- m= PT (©) Bor+mg and m= A at (Now B= PygaVan@ » where Vjqi8 the Volume ofthe sphere that is submerged. B= mg . PyuVay = mg and SSB KE 55g), Yon 0558 Prue 1000 kg/m Vay 0.650 mi? '=0,32=32%, =0.858=85.8% EVALUATE: "The average dens ofthe spre it pig == SS8kE 770.650 mi SSS KRM. og < Pond that is why it floats with 85.8% of its volume submerged.431, 14.32, 14.33. Fluid Mechanics 14-7 IneNTIFY and Ser Up: Use Eq(14.8) to calculate the gauge pressure at the two depths. (2) The distances are shown in Figure 14.31. By Tem Execure: p-py=peh soem] ama] ‘The upper face is 1.50 cm below the top of the oil, so 1.50 emf > Py =(7.90 kg/m’? (9.80 m/s*)(0.0150 m) wee (P— Py =116 Pa Figure 14318 (b) The pressure a the interface iS Pian = P+ Pui 8(0-100 m), ‘The lower face of the block is 1.50 em below the interface, so the pressure there is P= Pyare + Pn8(0.0150 m). Combining these two equations gives PP, = P0100 I) + Pg (0.0150 m) P= p, =[(790 kg/m? (0.100 m) +1000 kg/”)(0.0150 m)(9.80 mis) p= p,=921 Pa (©) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Consider the forces on the block. The area of each face ofthe block is ‘A= (0.100 m)? =0,0100 m*. Let the absolute pressure atthe top face be p, andthe pressure at the bottom face be ‘x. In Eq.(14.3) use these pressures to calculate the force exerted by the fluids at the top and bottom of the block, ‘The free-body diagram for the block is given in Figure 14.31, Y Execure: DOF, ~ma, Figure 14316 Note that (p, ~ p.)=(p, ~ p,)~(P,~ p,) =921 Pa—116 Pa =805 Pa; the difference in absolute pressures equals the difference in gauge pressures, (r= PJA _ (805 PaX0.0100 m*) & 980 mis 1 kg 821 ke. ‘And then. p=miV =0:821 kg/(0.100 my! EVALUATE: We can calculate the buoyant force 8 B= (PuVoa + PeueVouc)$ where Vy, =(0:0100 m?V0.850 m) = 8.500" m’ is the volume of oil displaced by the block and Viyq = (0.0100 1?)(0,0150 m) =1.50%10-m? isthe volume of water displaced by the block. This gives B = (0.821 kg). The mass of water displaced equals the mass ofthe block. ToeNTIFY: The sum of the vertical forces on the ingot is zero. p= m/V , The buoyant Force iS B = yy, Vaye SETUP: The density of aluminum is 2.7%10" kg/m’ The density of water is 1.00%10" kg/m’ m___ 908kg P 2IXIO kein? (by When the ingot is totally immersed in the water while suspended, T+ B-mg =O BH Pag y8 = (1.00%10" ky? }3.36%10° m?Y9.80 mis") =32.9.N. T= mg — EVALUATE: The buoyant force is equal tothe difference between the apparent weight when the object is submerged in the fluid and the actual gravity force on the object. IDENTIFY: The vertical forces on the rock sum to zero. The buoyant force equals the weight of liquid displaced by the rock. V=4rR SETUP: The density of water is 1.00%10" kgim’ EXECUTE: The rock displaces @ volume of water whose weight is 39.2 N—28.4 N=10.8 N.. The mass of this, ‘much water is thus 10.8 N(9.80 m/s*)=1.102 kg and its volume, equal tthe rock's volume, is 1.102 kg 1.00x10" kgim® mass is 20.6 NU9.80 mi EXECUTE: (a) T=mg =89 N so m=9.08 kg. V 36%10° =1.102%10° m’. The weight of unknown liquid displaced is 39.2 N—18.6 N= 20.6 N, and its 2.102 kg, The liguid’s density is thus 2.102 kgi(.10210° m*)=1.91%10 ke/a’148 1434, 1435. 1436. 1437. 1438, 14339, Chapter 14 EVALUATE: The density of the unknown liguid is roughly twice the density of water. IDENTIFY: The volume flow rate is Av: SETUP: 4v=0.750 ms", A= aD"/4 EXECUTE: (a) vxD"/4=0.750 mis" mam =524:mis 30s) () vb? must be constant, s0 9D} =¥5D2. EVALUATE: The larger the hole, the smaller the speed of the fluid as it exits IDENTIFY: Apply the equation of continuity, »,4,=v,4, SerUP: Azar 2 : (0.80)? EXECUTE: v, =¥4( Aly). A, = (0.80 em), A, =20%(0,10 omy’, », =(3.0 mis) 208) 9.6 ws, ° 20n(0.10) EVALUATE: The total area of the shower head openings is less than the cross section arca of the pipe, and the speed of the water in the shower head opening is greater than its spced in the pipe. IDENTIFY: —4,4,=v,A, The volume flow rate is vA. UP: 1.00 0070 m? ) 0.105 mr EXECUTE: (a) y, 2.33 mis osm (0.070 mi (oorm |” 3.50 mn/s)(0.070 m’ (3600 s) = 882m? EVALUATE: The equation of continuity says the volume flow rate isthe same at all points inthe pipe. IDENTIFY and Ser Ur: Apply Eq.(14.10). In part (a) the target variable is V. In part (b) solve for A and then from that get the radius ofthe pipe. EXECUTE: (a) vA=1.20 m'is 21 mis 20 mls _1.20m'/s __ 1.20 mis A zr t0.i50my 1 (b) vA=1.20 mss var? =1.20 mls [i20m%% [120m Voz “VG80me EVALUATE: The speed is greater where the area and radius ae smaller. IDENTIFY: The volume flow rate is equal © Av SerUr: In the equation preceding Eq.(14.10), label the densities of the wo points p, and p, EXECUTE: (a) From the equation preceding Eq (14.10), dividing by the time interval d gives Eq(14.12) (b) The volume flow rate dereases by 1.50%. EVALUATE: When the density increases, the volume flow rate decreases it is the mass flow rate that remains constant. Inewtivy and Ser Ur: 0317 m Apply Bernoulli's equation with points I and 2 chosen as shown in Figure 14.39. Let y=0 atthe bottom of the tank soy, =11.0 m and. ‘The target variable is v, Pit Py tdi = Ds PRY +E PH Ay = Ay, area of the hole (A,), so v,<<¥, and the 4 py? 80 ¥, =(4,/A)v, But the cross-section ares ofthe tank (4,) is much larger than the cross-section term can be neglected14.40, 14.42, 14.43, 1444, Fluid Mechanics 14-9 Execure: This gives $e] Use m= w= 2a Pip +289, ws EVALUATE: Ifthe pressure atthe op surface ofthe water were air pressure, then Toriceli's theorem (Example 14.8) gives v, = J2x(),~y.) =14.7 m/s. The actual afflux speed is much larger than this due to the excess pressure atthe op ofthe tank. WENTIFY: Toccelli's theorem says the speed of efflux is v= JGh , where isthe distance of the small hole teow te surface ofthe water in the tak. The volume flow ais vA. ‘Ser Up: D* | 4 , with D = 6.00x10" m. EXECUTE: (a) v= 209.80 m/S*\14.0 m) =16.6 m/s (b) vA= (16.6 mis)(6.00%10~ my" /4= 4.69% 10% m°ss. A volume of 4.6910 m’ =0.469 Lis discharged each second, EVALUATE: We have assumed that the diameter of the hole is much less than the diameter ofthe tank. | Apply Bemoulli's equation to points 1 and 2 % PL~ Pa) * PRY 2, and solve for ¥, (9.80 mis*)(11.0 m) 1030 kg/m” IneNrry and Ser Ur: as shown in Figure 14.41. Point 1 is in the ‘mains and point 2 is atthe maximum height, aa ee reached by the stream, so v, Figure 1441 Solve for p, and then convert this absolute pressure to gauge pressure Execute: + peta =p, +9m+4p Let y,=0, y,=15.0 m. The mains have large diameter, 50 y,=0 Thus p,= p, + Pay, But p,=p,. 80 p, 18) = (1000 kg/m?)(9.80 mis*)(15.0 m) =1.47%10" Pa. EVALUATE: Thisis the gauge pressure athe bottom ofa column of water 15.0 m igh IDENTIPY: Apply Beroulls equation tthe eo pont SETUP: The cntinty equation says, = 4. In By(14.17) either absolute or gauge pressures ca be used at both pois. Execure: Usingy, 1h itavt Pa= pO V+ pay Pe =S00%10" Pa-.00:00" ken? 5.3.00) 419.80 misXIL0 ay )=10%10" Pa. EVALUATE: The deerease in speed and the decrease in height at point 2 both cause the pressure at point 2 0 be gveater than the pressure at point 1 Ineriy: Apply Bernoulis equation tothe air flowing past the wing. F = pA. SErUP: Let point 1 be atthe tp surface and point 2 beat the bottom surface. Neglet the egy, y,) term in ‘Bemoulli’s equation. In calulatng the net force take +y to be upward Execure: p,+ 9+ pn) = py + pays ted Pa~ P= £00} v3) =H(1.20 kgm’) (70.0 mvs}’~[60.0 mis}°) =780 Pa. ‘The net force exerted by the air is p,A— p,A=(780 Pa)(16.2 m*) = 12,600 N.. The net force is upward. EVALUATE: The pressure is lower where the fluid speed is higher. IENtiry: _p=miV . Apply the equation of continuity and Bemoull's equation to points 1 and 2. SETUP: The density of waters | kg/L. (220)(0.355 kg) 0) Tn 10 kes ExEcure:14:10 Chapter 14 (0 Te deny ote iis 5-2255KF_ 100 kt’, ado ome fw i 130K/S 1 39109 mile (220)(0.355L) _ REPS =120500° mis=1.30L, hs sat may a be obi om NOES 1) 130 us (© v= 1dOxl0 ms 6.50 mis, »,=1/4=1.63 ms. 200x107 14.45. 14.46. 1447. 1448, m= n.+ Fol) +98(0~3) 1p, =152 kPa + (1000 ka/m")( {1.63 v5)" (6.50 mis)*1+(9.80 mis?\(-1.35 m) 7, =119 KPa. EVALUATE: The inerase in height andthe increase in fui spccd at point | both cause the pressure at point 19 be less than the pressure at point 2. Apply Bemouli’s equation tothe two points. = WARMAL A=2A EXECUTE: p,+pay,+4 00) =p.+pay.+4 pul. vs =(4}-a9 won )=1 25 mis 5= 7, +4,000; V3) =1,80%10" Pa-+$(1000 ke/m}(2.50 m/s}? [1.25 m/s) =2.03%10" Pa EVALUATE: The gauge pressure is higher atthe second point beeause the water speed is less there. Inenriry and Ser'Ur: Let point 1 be where 7, =4.00.em and point 2 be where 7, =2.00 em, The volume flow rate vA has the value 7200 cm’is at all points in the pipe. Apply Eq.(14.10) to find the fluid speed at points 1 and 2 and then use Bemoulli’s equation for these two points to find p, EXECUTE: v,A/=v7? =7200 em’, 0 v, =1.43 m/s vA, =yyr? = 7200 om’, 90 v, =5.73 mis Prt PRY +L0N = P+ PRY, +E PVE 3.=¥% and p,=240%10" Pa, 80 p, = p, +400} -v8) =2.25%10" Pa EVALUATE: Where the area decreases the speed increases and the pressure decreases. IDENTIFY: F= pA, where A is the cross-sectional area presented by a hemisphere. The force FR, thatthe body ‘builder must apply must equal in magnitude the net force on each hemisphere due tothe air inside and outside the sphere. ser Ane?! EXECUTE: (@) Fy, =(po~p)x 2. (b) The force on each hemisphere due to the atmosphere is (5.0010 m)*(1.0133c10° Pa/atm)(0.975 atm) =776 N . The bodybuilder must exert this force on each hemisphere to pull them gpart. EVALUATE: The force is about 170 lbs, feasible only fora very strong person. The force required is proportional to the square of the diameter of the hemispheres. om where B isthe bulk modulus Seawater has density =1.03%10" kg/m’ The bulk modulus of water is B. Poe = 101X108 Pa. EXECUTE: (a) 7, = Py, + pgh=1.01%10° Pa + (1.03%10" kgim?)(9.80 n/s*)(10,92%10" m) = 1.1010" Pa (b) Atthe surface 1.00 m’ of seawater has mass 1.03%10° kg. Ata depth of 10.92 km the change in volume is 1010" Pa)(1.00 22x10" Pa am _103%10" kg ave ce sls Q 0950 mPa 0950 me EVALUATE: For water B is small and a very large increase in pressure corresponds to a small fractional change in volume. IneNtiY: Apply p= p.+pgh and AV seru 2x10? Pa =~0.050 m’ , The volume of this mass of water at this depth therefore is =1.08%10" kg/m’ The density is 5% larger than at the surface.14.49. 14550, Fluid Mechanics 14-11 IDENTIFY: In part (a), the force is the weight of the water. In part (b), the pressure due to the water at a depth is peh. F = pAand m= pV SETUP: The density of water is 1.00%10° kg/m? EXECUTE: (a) The weight ofthe water is pV =(1.00%10" kg/m'(9.80 mis*)((5.00 m)(4.0 mX3.0 m)) =5.9x10* N, (b) Integration gives the expected result that the force is what it would be ifthe pressure were uniform and equal to the pressure at the midpoint. Id isthe depth ofthe pool and Ais the area of one end of the pool, then Fs peas 1.0010" kgim}(9.80 mus*)((4.0 m)3.0 m))(150 m) =1.76%10° N EVALUATE: The answer to part (a) can be obtained as F-= pA , where p= pd isthe gauge pressure at the ‘bottom of the pool and A =(5.0 m\(4.0 m) is the area of the bottom of the pool. IDENTIFY: | Use Eg.(148) to find the gauge pressure versus depth, use Eg(14.3) to relate the pressure to the force ‘on astrip of the gate, calculate the torque as force times moment arm, and follow the procedure outlined inthe hint to calculate the total torque. SerUr: The gate is sketched in Figure 14.503 S Let 5, be the torque due to the net force Frm ofthe water on the upper half of the gate, a and 4, be the torque due to the foree on th = 140m the lower halt Figure 14.500 ‘With the indicated sign convention, F, is positive and , is negative, so the net torque about the hinge is 1=1,—1,. LetH be the height of the gate Calculate the torque due to the foree on a narrow strip of height dy located a distance y below the top ofthe gate, as. shown in Figure 14.50b. Then integrate o get the total torque. py “The not force on the strip is dF = p(y) dA, where at ()= pay isthe pressure at this depth and os] Cea ia a dF = pgyW dy Figure 14.500 ‘The moment arm is (#1/2—y), 0 de= pgW(H/2-y)y dy. de = pew f° (H12- yyy dy = pW ayy*~ 7 13)" 1g WFP 6-H 124) = pgWCHP 148) 7, = (1000 ken (9.80 m/s*)(4.00 m}2.00 m) /48= 6.53310? N-m Lower-half of gate: is Consider the arow stip shown in Figure 14.50e P The depth f the stip is (H1/2-+y) ark so the foree dF is dF = p(y) dA= pg(H 2+ yW dy Figure 14.50¢ ‘The moment arm is y, so dr = pgW(H (2+ y)y dy. [f° de=pew f"UH/24 yy dy= pew catiayy*+y' 3! = peW(H? /16+ H? 124) = peW(SH? /48) ‘1, = (1000 kg/m*)(9.80 m/s*\4.00 m)S(2.00 m)"/48 =3.267x10° Nem ‘Then £24, —#, =3.267%10" N-m—6.533x10" Nem =2.61x10" Nm. EVALUATE: ‘The forces and torques on the upper and lower halves of the gate are in opposite directions so find the net value by subtracting the magnitudes, The torque on the lower half is larger than the torque on the upper half since pressure increases with depth,14.12 1451. 14.52. 14.53. 14.54, Chapter 14 ToeNriEY: —Compate the force and the torque on thin, horizontal strip ata depth and integrate to find the total fore and torque Se UP: The strip hasan arca dA (dh) where dh isthe height ofthe strip and Lists length, A= HL. The high of the strip about the bottom ofthe dam is Hh. EXECUTE: (@) d= pdA= pehlah. P= [dP = gh" hdh= peLHF2= peAnt2 (b) The torque about the bottom on a strip of vertical thickness dh is de =dF (H—h)=pgLh(H—h)dh, and integrating from h=0 to h=H gives r= pgLH’/6 = pgAH’I6. () The force depends on the width acon the square ofthe depth, and the torque about the bottom depends on the ‘vith and the cubs ofthe dep; the sarface area ofthe lke doesnot afect either result (ora given Width) EVALUATE: The force is equal to the average pressre, at depth 2. times the are A of the vertical side ofthe dla tat faces the lake, Bat the torque isnot equal to F(HI2) where HI2 isthe moment arm fora force ating at the center ofthe dam, IoeNrF¥: The information about Europa allows us to evaluate a he surface of Europa Since there is no atmosphere, py =0at the surface, The pressure at depth his p= pgh The inward force on the window is F=pA sur gS whan 660" Nine. A=1SHm, Aste eon rs es =1,0010" gin? Exncur: —g ={66T1O" Nem’ikg 47810" 8) _1 39 ms? The maximum pressure atthe window is (1565%10° my 9750.N 7 1.5610" Pa ON =1.56x10' Pa. p= pghso h=——_E°0x10 Pa ___ 39) m (0250my Be Pe PRS OT OO xa0? Keim jL-30 mis EVALUATE: 9750 N is the inward force exerted by the surrounding water. This will also be the net force on the ‘window if the pressure inside the submarine is essentially zero. IDENTIFY and SET UP: _ Apply Eq.(14.6) and solve for g. ‘Then use Fq.(12.4) to relate g to the mass of the planet EXECUTE: pp, = ped. ‘This expression gives that g =(p~ p,)/pd =(p— p, Wim. But also g=Gm,/R° (Eq.(124) applied tothe planet rather than to earth.) Setting these two expressions for g equal gives Gm,/R® =(p—p,)Vimd and m, =(p~ p, VR'IGmd. EVALUATE: The greater p is at given depth, the greater ¢ is for the planet and greater ¢ means greater m, IDENTIFY: The buoyant force B equals the weight of the air displaced by the balloon, SEV UP: B=p,,Vg.Let gy be the value of g for Mars. For a sphere V =4s2R?. The surface area of a sphere is trR® . The mass of the balloon is (5.00%10" kgim?}(42R°) iba = Par ER? =(S.00x10" keh? KARE) given by A EXBCUTE: (a) B= mgs. PVE = 315.0010 kg/m Pas 0.974 m. m=(5,00%10" kgm’ \4rR*) = 0.0596 ka, toma cma. Ba pate=ytes =the (Som MOH mi aN Be mg _45.5 N—(0.0596 kg)9.80 mis") A SS NICO RBIO SO mS) 754 mvs? upward. mm 10,0596 m mw (© B= M68 - PAVE = (Oe * Ms)» Mana = Puc SAR? ~(5.00%10" gi? )4rR me = (0.0158 ken’ ( 074 mp? ~(5.00x10" ky y8N10974 mp yg = 7S kg 1.49 kg =5.96 kg EVALUATE: The buoyant fore is proportional t0 and the mas ofthe balloon is proportional to R°, 50 the load that can be carried increases when the radius ofthe balloon increases. We calculated the mass of the load. To find the weight ofthe load we would need to know the value of g for Mars,Fluid Mechanics 14-13 1458, 14.56. 1457. IDENTIFY: Follow the procedure outlined in part (b). Fora spherically symmetric object, with total mass m and. radius r, at points on the surface of the object, g(r)=Gmuir? ‘Ser UP: ‘The carth has mass m, =5.97%10™ kg If g(r) is amaximum at r=r,,, then Bao fo r= EXECUTE: (a) At r=0,the model predicts p= A=12,700 kg/m’ and at r= R, the model predicts p= A~ BR=12,700 kg/m’ ~(1.50%10" kg/m*}(6.37 X10° m) =3.15x10" kg/m’. (by snd (@) A= fen= fa brar= 4 “fe ae) (2) 2] alta we pein) amo ken 50x10? kg/m! Y6.37%10° m) Which is within 0.36% of the earth's mass. (@) If m(x) is used to denote the mass contained in a sphere of radius r, then g =Gm(r)ir?, Using the same integration as that in part (b), with an upper limit of r instead of R gives the result (©) g=0atr=0, andg atr=R, 8 = Grm(R/R? = 6.67310" N-m*kg" (5.9910 kg)(6.37%10° m)? (0 E-(82) 4 ay) (2) 4M sing tise wr ses ra 2A 860"m, 85 mis", 4 3 woman (SLB[ 4x ( 6.673310" N-m*lkg?)(12, 00 kg)? 9(1,50%10" gia) =10.02 mis" EAN: oto suni sey pt )= AEE (20, ese ting B=Oand A=pin gr)in pu (IF 7, isthe vale orn pa) where g(7is aximum, tea rac /R=0885.Foraunifrm sphere, gi maximum the sae Toinriry: Follow te poate ond npn SETUP: The earth has mass M =5.97%10™ kg and radius R=6.38x10° m. Let g¢ =9.80 mis? EXECUTE: (a) Equation (14.4), with the radius r instead of height y, becomes dp =—pg(r) dr Tis fom sows that he presse decreases with ncesing rads. Ingrid p=0 at? = Ph ene Sehr (Using te toveexpesion ith = an p= p10) = 3897210 499.80 mi Bx(638x10" m)* (6) While the same order of magnitude, this is ot in very good agreement with the estimated value. In more realistic density models (see Problem 14.55), the concentration of mass at lower radii leads toa higher pressure. EVALUATE: In this model, the pressure at the centr ofthe earth is about 10° times what it is tthe surface (@) IbENTIFY and Ser UP: ‘pa, (r/R)dr. dr = Pe R ay? dr = PBR a ae") 3M anR™ 1.7110" Pa, Apply p= p,+pgh to the water (015m -n) in the left-hand arm of the tube. See Figure 14.57, 0180 m414 14.58. 1459. 14.60. Chapter 14 EXECUTE: _p, = p,, so the gauge pressure atthe interface (point 1) is P~ P= gh = (1000 kg!m’)(9.80 mis*)(0.150 m) =1470 Pa (b) IDENTIFY and SET UP: The pressure at point 1 equals the pressure at point 2. Apply Eq.(14.6) to the right- hhand arm of the tube and solve for h. EXECUTE: _p,=p,+p,9(0.150m) and p,= p, + Py,6(0.150 m—h) P= Ps implies 1, (0.150 m) = pyy8(0.150 m~F) 24(0.150 )_ 1000 kg/m 10.150 9944 op Pas 16x10" kel =0.150 m—0.011 m=0.139 m=13.9 em EVALUATE: The height of mercury above the bottom level ofthe water is 1.1 co. Ths height of mercury produces the stme gauge pressure asa eight of 15.0 em of water. IDENTIFY: Follow the procedure outlined in the hint. F = pa SeTUP: The circular ring has area d= (27R)dy . The pressure due to the molasses at depth yis pgy Execute: 0.150 m=! F = f'(psy)(QaR)dy = peak? where R and h are the radius and height of the tank. Using the given numerical values gives F-50710" N. EVALUATE: The net outward fore isthe area ofthe wal of the tank, A=2rRh, times the average pressure the pressure pgh/2at depth 4/2 IDENTIFY: Apply Newton's 2nd law tothe barge plus its contents, Apply Archimedes’ principle to express the buoyancy force Bin terms of the volume ofthe barge. SET Ur: The foc-body diagram forthe barge plus coal s piven in Figure 14.59. y Execure: DF,=ma, B Dy Mage ® B~ (egg Mag )8 = x PM 8 = has + Moa IE Ma = PVs Me CO sarge Moat) © Figure 14.59 Voge =(22 (12:40 mm) = 1.056310" mn? ‘The mass ofthe barge is Mug, = P,, wheres refers to steel From Table 14.1, p,=7800 kg/m’. The volume V, is 0.040 m times the total area of the five pieces of stel that make up the barge: ¥,=(0.040 [2022 my 12.) +2(40 (12m) +(22 M40 )]=947 ‘Therefore, Mage = PV, = (7800 kg/m’)(94,7 m*) =7.39%10" kg, Then Moa = PaVonns ~My = (1000 Kg? \,056%10" m!)—7.3910" ky =9.8x10" kg, ‘The volume of this mass of coal is Vay = Mgu/Peau = 9.810" kg/1500 kg/m® = 6500 m’; this is less that Vigo $0 it will i into the barge EVALUATE: The buoyancy force B must support both the weight ofthe coal and alo the weight ofthe barge. The ‘weight ofthe coal is about 13 times the weight ofthe barge. The buoyancy force increases when more ofthe barge is submerged, so when it holds the maximum mass of coal the barge is fully submerged. InENTIFY: The buoyant force on the balloon must equal the total weight ofthe balloon fabric, the basket and its contents and the gas inside the balloon. m= pV » B= PVs SerUr; The total weight, exclusive of the gas inside the balloon, is 900 N +1700 N-+3200 N= 5800 N 168008) = faa a0. =1.23 keen — at ral ae (9.80 m/s*(2200 m*) EVALUATE: The volume ofa given mass of gas inereases when the gas is heated, and the density of the gas therefore decreases EXECUTE: 5800 +9, 0.96 kg/m’1461. 14.82, 14.63, Fluid Mechanics 14-15 IDENTIFY: Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the car, The buoyancy force is given by Archimedes” principle. (a) Ser Urs The free-body diagram for the floating car is given in Figure 14.61. (Vy i the volume that is submerged.) y B= Pelee Execur: SF, of B-mg Pen — mg =O ms Figure 1461 Via, = mip, =(900 kgV(1000 kg/m?) = 0.900 m? VV, = (0.900 m')/(3.0 m) =0.30= 30% EVALUATE: The average density of the car is (900 kg)(3.0 m') =300 ke/m'. Pu! = 0.30; this equals VanlVy (b) SET UP: When the car starts to sink itis fully submerged and the buoyant force is equal to the weight ofthe car plus the water that is inside it EXECUTE: When the caris full submerged V,.,=V. the volume ofthe ear and = PsuaV8 = (1000 kgl}3.0 m}9.80 mis") = 2.9410" N ‘The weight ofthe car is: mg =(200 kg)9.80 mis") =8820 N. ‘Thus the weight of the water inthe car when it sinks isthe buoyant force minus the weight ofthe car itself: Mga = (2.94% 10" N=8820 NY(9.80 m/s?) = 2.1010" kg And Vase = My! Pana =(210%10" kgy(1000 kg/m) =2.10 x? ‘The fraction this is of the total interior volume is (2.10 m*)/(3.00 m*) =0.70 = 70% EVALUATE: ‘The average density of the car plus the water inside itis (900 kg +2100 kg)/(3.0 m*) =1000 kg/m’, $0 Pox = Pane When the car starts to sink Inexriry: For floating object, the buoyant force equals the weight ofthe object. B= SerUr: Water has density p=1,00 giem’. EXECUTE: (a) The volume displaced must be that which has the same weight and mass as the ice, 210 8M 9.70 om* 1.00 emvem™ (b) No; when melted, the cube produces the same volume of water as was displaced by the floating cube, and the water level does not change. (@ The melted water takes up more volume than the salt water displaced, and so 0.46 cm’ flows over. EVALUATE: The volume of water from the melted cube is less than the volume ofthe ice cube, but the cube floats with only par of its Volume submerged. IneNTIFY: Fora floating object the buoyant force equals the weight of the object. The buoyant force when the wood sinks is B= Py V8 » Where V., iS the volume of the wood plus the volume of the lead. = m/V ‘The density of lead is 11.3%10" kgim* Vesus = (0,600 m)(0.250 1 (0.080 m)=0.0120 m' = Paes =(600 kg/m X0.0120 mn") =7.20 kg = Ogg + gs) USING B= PygaVe AM Vg Veg +Vine 85VES Poss Vs + Vet) 8 = (ras +g) 8 Maas = PeasVens THEN BWVES PrraeV ces + Preteens = Maced + Pra ins 1000 ka/in?}0.0120 m?)—7.20 kx 4 = L000 ele 10.0120 7.20 1 = 4.66310 mg = Pigg =5.27 F- Poa~Powe —-HL3X10° kg/m —1000 kg/m? ciaaaene EVALUATE: The volume of the lead is only 3.9% of the volume of the Wood. If the contribution of the volume of the lead t0 Fy is neglected, the calculation is simplified: e.Vieu8 =(Moag +My )® Ad My =4.8 kg . The result ofthis calculation isin enor by about 9%,1416 Chapter 14 14.64, 14.65, 14.66. Ibenir ‘The fraction fof the volume that floats above the fluid is f + where pis the average density of the hydrometer (see Problem 14.29). This gives pug = P=. ‘Ur: The volume above the surface is hA, where his the height of the stem above the surface and A=0.400 em Io Mid are observed to hve Mating faton f and, p,= 2 Executi Using {8.00 emy0.400 em") _g.y49, (3.20 emy0400 em") (3.2 em’ i (3.2 em’) EVALUATE: Pjci Prue Whe Pyus increases, the fraction fof the object's volume that is above the surface (@) IDENTIFY: Apply Newton's 2nd law othe airship. The buoyancy force is given by Archimedes’ principle; the fluid that exerts this force is the ar. SET Ur: The free-body diagram forthe dirigible is given in Figure 14.65. The lift corresponds to a mass ‘mg, =(120%10? NY(9.80 rs") =1.224x10" kg. The mass m, is 1.22410" kg plus the mass m,, ofthe gas that fll the ditigibe,B is the buoyant force exerted by the ar. fe (0.839) Py, =839 kg/m =0.097 gives Paone Meet Figure 14.65 Write my in terms of Vs mga = PoaV ‘And let g divide out; the equation becomes ,,V =1.224%10" kg + p,.V 1.22410" kg 20 kim” —0.0899 kaj’ EVALUATE: The density ofthe airship i less than the density of air and the airship is totally submerged in the air, s0 the buoyancy force exceeds the weight ofthe airship, () SETUP: Let m, be the mass that could be lifted EXECUTE: From part (®, my = (Qu —PyaV = (1.20 kg/m’ ~0.166 kg/m?\(1.10x10" my? “The lift force is yg = (1-14%10" kgX9.80 mis?)=112 KN. EVALUATE: The density of helium is less than that of air but greater than that of hydrogen. Helium provides lift, ‘but less lift than hydrogen. Hydrogen is not used because its highly explosive in air IDENTIFY: The vertical forees onthe floating object must sum to 2er0. The buoyant force B applied tothe object by the liquid is given by Archimedes's principle. The motion is SHM if the net force on the object is ofthe form F, =-ky and then 7'= 2rdmik Take +y to be downward (8) Vasaug = LA, Where Lis the vertical distance from the surface of the liquid to the bottom ofthe M pA ‘Mg + F , where yis the additional distance the object moves downward, E, pea ‘p84, and the period of oscillation is v 10x10" m? 14x10° kg. object. Archimedes’ principle states pgLA=Mg, so (b) The buoyant force is pgA(E+ y Using the result of part (a) and solving for y gives (©) The net force is F., = Mg — peA(L+ y)=~pgay EVALUATE: The force F determines the amplitude of the motion but the period does not depend on how much force was applied.1467. 14.68, 14.69, 14.70. Fluid Mechanics 14-17 WENTHPY: Apply the results of problem 14.66 SETUP: The additional force F applied tothe buoy isthe weight w= of the man (70.0 ks) (H0mc10" kg/m (b) Note that in part (c) of Problem 14.66, M is the mass of the buoy, not the mass of the man, and Ais the cross- section area ofthe buoy, not the smpltade. The period is then z (950 ks) _ 2m OA Kala 980 mi) RCOASO my EVALUATE: The period is independent of the mass of the man. IDENTIFY: ATter the water leaves the hose the only force on its gravity. Use conservation of energy to relate the initial speed tothe height the water reaches. The volume flow rate is Av. SerUr: A=#D*/4 EXECUTE: (a) $m =mgh. v= J2gh = 219.80 mis VBS m) =26.2 mis. (77D /4)v=0.500 mis! p= [40.500 mis) _ [500300 mis) 7” 72(263 mis) (©) Div is constant so if D is twice as great then vi decreased by a factor of 4. his proportional to v*, so his 0 16 EVALUATE: The larger the diameter of the nozzle the smaller the speed with which the water leaves the hose and the smaller the maximum height. IDENTIFY: Find the horizontal range + a8 «function ofthe height yof the hole above the base of the cylinder. ‘Then find the value of y for which xis a maximum, Once the water leaves the hole it moves in projectile motion SeTUr: Apply Bemoullis equation to points | and 2, winere point | i atthe surface ofthe water and point 2 in the stream asthe wate leaves the hol. Since the hole is small the volume flow rate out the hole is smal and v, = ny =H=yand p,= p,=p,,- For the projectile motion, ake +y tobe upward; a, =Oand a, =-9.80 mis! EXECUTE: (a) p, +999, +407 = p, + pay, +4pvd gives v, = (2e(H— 9) - Inthe projetile motion, v,, =O and - 2 (y-yy" Ads 156 m=15.6 em decreased by a factor of 16, 19m aot tha,F gives ‘The horizontal range is x=, =v, =2yyH—9) . They YOAV 80 YI that givesmaximum satis $ (H~2y)=Oand y=H/2. () x=2Ys(H=9) =2\CHTONA TD =H. EVALUATE: A smallery gives a larger but smaller ime inthe ar after the water leaves the hole. ToeNTIFY: Bemoull’s equation gives the speed at which water exits the hoe, and from this we can caleuate the volume flow rate, This will depend on the height ofthe water remaining in the tank. Integrate Co find h Vers “Toe time forthe tan to empty is for which h=0 SET Ur: Apply Bernoulli’ equation to point 1 at the tp ofthe tank and point 2 at the hole, Assume the cross sesona ae fhe tank is much large than the aen ofthe ole,» =~, wher the minus i is because h is decreasing and di /dt is negative, whereas ¥, is positive. EXECUTE: 7, + pay, +4 pv? = Ps + pay, +t pri gives vi=2gh+y2. Ay, = Ay, gives vf (4) vfand “(-[a] jos A, << Ap0 », sion Blt (©40) Combining these two equations fy fle (aon 8 he14.18 147i. 1472. Chapter 14 0 b= wen =A PR ‘ EVALUATE: The time forthe tank to empty decreases winen the area of the hole is larger. nereases when inereases because for fixed hy an increase in A, corresponds toa greater volume of water initially in te tank IDENTIFY: Apply the 2nd condition of equilibrium tothe balance arm and apply the first condition of equilibrium to the block and to the brass mass. The buoyancy force on the wood is given hy Archimedes’ principle and the buoyancy force on the brass mas is ignored SETUP: The objects and forces are sketched in Figure 14.7la, Any a] Tre tn feo he asap, LD but we include the buoyant force B on the are = block of wood. n, and x, are the normal | forsee chanson ich mt Uh Ba the objet | Fare 17 ‘The freo-body diagram for the balance arm is given in Figure 14.716, Execute: 1,=0 nL—mL=0 , ime ny Figure 14.716 SETUP: The free-body diagram forthe brass mass is given in Figure 14.71c. mys Figure 14.71c ‘The free-body diagram for the block of wood is given in Figure 4.7L, m8 Figure 14.71 ng implies: mg =m,e~B. Mus(MaIP, Bs SO MF = ML — Py (M,/P, Ie. m, =» -__00950 ke ___g.agsgkg 1p, Jp, 1=((20 kgim")/(150 kgim)) EVALUATE: The mass ofthe wood is sreater than the mass of the brass; the wood is partially supported by the buoyancy force exerted by the ait. The buoyancy in air ofthe bass ean be neglected because the density of brass is ‘much more than the density of ar; the Buoyancy foree exerted on the brass by the aris much les than the weight ofthe brass. The density of the balsa wood is much less than the density ofthe brass, so the buoyaney foree on the balsa wood isnot such a small fraction of its weight. IDENTIFY: B= pg . Apply Newton's second law tothe beaker, liquid and block as a combined object and also to the block as a single object. SurUr: Take +y upward. Let and F be the forces corresponding tothe seale reading.14.73, 14.74, Fhid Mechanics 14-19 EXECUTE: Forces onthe combined object: F, + Fy ~(w-+¥, +2) =0. y= Fo-+ Fe—Mp We and F read mass rater than Weight, so write the equation as m, o/s the reading in kg of scale Da similar statement applies to-m, 1m, =3:50 kg +7.50 kg 1.00 kg 1.80 ke =8.20 kg Forces on A: B+ Fy—w,=0. p¥a-+Fo—me my—my 820 kg~3:50 kg v, 3.80x107 m (©) D reads the mass of A: 820 kg F reads the total mass of B and C: 2.80 kg. EVALUATE: The sum ofthe readings of the wo scales remains the same. IDENTIFY: Apply Newton's 2nd lw tothe ingot. Use the expression forthe buoyancy force given by Archimedes’ principle to solve fr the volume ofthe ingot, Then use the facts thatthe total mas isthe mass ofthe gold pls the mass ofthe aluminum and tha the volume ofthe ingot is the volume ofthe gold plus the volume of the aluminum. SET UP: The fee-body diagram forthe piece of alloy is given in Figure 1473 y to tm, =m, Mg. + pl tm, =1.24x10? kg/m? p= Execure: YF,-ma, T= 990N BHT =m iu Bamg-T ng 480N B=450NN-380N=60N Figure 1473 AsO, mg =45.0 N' 80 ma =45.0 Ni@.80 mis") =4.59 ke ‘Ween use the known value ofthe buoyant force to calculate the volume ofthe object: B= p.V.ye =6.0 N 6.0N 6.0N im? =S2N_____60N__ 6,129.10 "P8100 kg/m" }9.80 mis ‘We know wo things: (1) The mass m, of the gold plus the mass m, of the aluminum must add to mgm, +, ‘We write this in terms ofthe volumes V, and V, ofthe gold and aluminum: ,V, + 2,V, = @) The volumes V, and V, must add to give Vig? V,+V, =Vyy 80 that V, =Va,—V, Use this inthe equation in (1) to eliminate V,: p,¥, + p,(Vay ~V,)= hy vy aM Pag _ 4:59 ke (2.710? kghn!)6.122%10* m’) P.-P, 19.3% 10" kgf —2.7 10 kg/m ‘Then m, = p,¥, =(19.3x10? kg/m?X1.769%10~ m)=3.41 kg and the weight of gold is , =m,g =33.4 N, EVALUATE: The gold is 29% of the volume but 74% of the mass, since the density of gold is much greater than the density of aluminum. entiFy: Apply YF, =ma, to the ball, with +y upward. The buoyant force is given by Archimedes’s principle. 769%10* m, SETUP: The balls volume is V (12.0 em)’ = 7238 em’. As it floats, it displaces a weight of water equal ois weight, EXECUTE: (a) By pushing the ball under water, you displace an additional amount of water equal to 84% ofthe ball’s volume or (0,84)(7238 em) = 6080 em. This much water has a mass of 6080 = 6.080 ke and weighs (6.080 kgX9.80 my/s*)=59.6 N, which is how hard you'll have to push to submerge the bal. () The upward force on the ballin excess of its own weight was found in part (a): 59.6 N. The ball’s mass is equal to the mass of water displaced when the balls Floating (0.16)(7238 em (1.00 g/cm") =1158 g =1.158 kg, 59.6N m LAS kg EVALUATE: When the bal is totally immersed the upward buoyant force on i is muc larger than its weight. and its acceleration upon release is thus 1.5 mis?14.20 14.75, 14.76. ape 14 (Iori Apply News ad aw we own, Te buoyancy fe is ve by Archon pn etre verti toipg (ecenown, we wae, Serer The ey dg foro wna penn gs 1425 i Ercom: TF, = 2 Pury af we, emer 2a¥.g where J90 gives p,/p, =1 and T=0. These values are consistent. If the density ofthe crown equals the density of the water, the crown just floats, fully submerged, and the tension should be zero. When f+1, p,>>p, and T=. If p, >>, then Bis negligible relative to the weight w of the crown and T’ should equal w. (b) “apparent weight” equals Tin rope when the crown is immersed in water. T'= fv, so need to compute f P.=19.3x10" kg/m’: p, = 1.0010? ke/m? 19.3%10" kg/m’ __1 “SS T00%10" ka 193=1-f) and f =0.9482 ‘Then T = fv =(0.9482\(12.9 N) =12.2 N. (€) Now the density of the crown is very neaely the density of lead (Pc =11.3x10" kg/m’. L1.3%10" kg/m? -00%10" key? df) and f =0.9115 Then T= fiv=(0.9115)12.9 N)=118N. EVALUATE: In part (c) the average density ofthe crown is less than in part (b), so the volume is greater. B is ‘greater and Tis less. These measurements can be used t0 determine if the crown is solid gold, without damaging the crown, IDENTIFY: Problem 14.75 says 22s Ff where the apparent weight of the object when itis totally 1 i immersed in the fluid is fv SBVUP: Por the object in water, J... = Wray! and for the object in the unknown fluid, fags = Whe! xncures (@) Sa =, Ps Pour P= Moan” Pass = Woe Pais = P= Mos a ) When wis greater than Wg, the term on the right in the above expression isles than one indicating that, the uid is less dense than water, and this is consistent withthe Buoyant force when suspended in guid being less than that when suspended in wate. I the density ofthe ids the same as that of Wale Wy = Way 8, expected, Siilaly, i Wy i 18s thn, the erm onthe right inthe above expression is greater than one, indicating that the uid is dense than water Dividing the second of these by the first gives14.77. 14.78, 1479, 14.80. Fluid Mechanics 14-21 (©) Writing the result of part (2) as Pts = 1 Saxe. and solving for fay Power 1 Foe “ Pit (1 foo EVALUATE: Formic acd has density greater than the density of water. When the object is immersed in formic acid the buoyant force is greater and the apparent weigh isles than when the object fs immersed in water IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use Archimedes’ principle fr B. (2) B= Paya Were Va, isthe total volume ofthe object. Vou =Vq+Vos where V, isthe volume of the metal EXECUTE: V, = wg pq 30 Vy =W/6 pa +%y This gives B= Py, 88/04 +Vo) Solving for V, gives Vj = B/Piyg8)~W/(Pg8)s 88 Was tobe shown. (b) The expression derived in part (a) gives 20N 156N (1000 kg/m*\9.80 mis*) (8.9X10° kg/m’ 9.80 mis") 20N 1000 kg/m’ )(9.80 mis?) When V, -¥0, the objects solid and Vy 4.4%, Ina (1.220) (0.128) =0.844. =2.52x10 m? =2.04x10" m? and V,/Vq, = (2.52107 m?)/(2.08x10" m') 124, 2). For V,=0, the result in part (a) gives Jap. Which agrees with Archimedes’ principle. As V, increases with the weight kept fixed, the total volume of the object increases and there is an inerease in B IDENTIFY: Fora floating object the buoyant force equals the weight ofthe object. Archimedes's principle says the buoyant force equals the weight of fluid displaced by the object. m= pV SETUP: Letd be the depth ofthe cil layer, h the depth thatthe cube is submerged in the water, and L be the length ofa side of the cube. EXECUTE: (a) Setting the buoyant force equal to the weight and canceling the common factors of g and the cross-section area, (L000)h + (750\d =(S50)L .d, hand L are related by d+h+0.35L=L,s0 h=065L—d (0.65)(1000) (1000) =(750) (by The gauge pressure atthe lower face must be sufficient to support the block (the oil exerts only sideways forces directly on the block), and p= Pyyl-= (550 kg/m® 9.80 m/s?\(0.100 ma) EVALUATE: As a check, the gauge pressure, found from the depths and densities ofthe fuids, i {(0.040 1m)(750 ke/m*) + (0.025 m)(1000 kg/m")}9.80 ms?) =$39 Pa, IDENTIFY and SET Ur: Apply the first condition of equilibrium to the barge plus the anchor. Use Archimedes" principle to relate the weight ofthe boat and anchor to the amount of water displaced, In both cases the total ‘buoyant foree must equal the weight of the barge plus the weight of the anchor. Thus the total amount of water displaced must be the same when the anchor isin the boat as when itis over the side. When the anchor isin the water the barge displaces less water, less by the amount the anchor displaces, Thus the barge rses in the water. EXECUTE: The volume ofthe anchor is Vi. =o = (35.0 kg)(7860 kgm’) =4.456%10" m’, The barge rises inthe water a vertical distance h given by hA=4.453%10 m°, where Ais the area of the bottom of the barge. (4.453x10° mm?) /(8.00 m?) =5.57x10~ m. EVALUATE: The barge rises a very small amount, The buoyancy force on the barge plus the buoyancy force on the anchor must equa the weight ofthe barge plus the weight of the anchor. When the anchor sin the water, the buoyancy force omits les than its weight (he anchor doesnt float on is own), so par ofthe buoyancy force on the barge is used o help suppor the anchor. Ifthe rope is et, the buoyancy force on the barge must equal only the weight of the barge and the barge rises sil father. IoeNtFY: Apply 3), =ma, tothe barrel, with + upward, The buayant force on the barrel is given by Substitution into the first relation gives Archimedes's principle. SETUP: p,, = mq/V An object floss in a fluid if its average density is less than the density of the fluid, The density of seawater is 1030 kg/m" +e Vv ‘which is less than the density of seawater, so the barrel floats, EXECUTP: (a) The average density of a filled barrel is1422 Chapter 1 1481. 1482, (b) The fraction above the surface (see Problem 14.29) is 875 kg/m Poon 1030 kg/m? 150=150%, (©) The average density is 910 kg/m’ + 1172 kg/m’, which means the barrel sinks, In order to Tift it, a tension T= (1177 kg/mn* (0.120 m* (9.80 m/s") ~ 1030 kg/m}(0.120 m?)(9.80 mis? required, EVALUATE: When the barrel floats, the buoyant force B equals its weight, w. In part (c) the buoyant force is less than the weight and 7 =w~B IpeNrirY: Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the block. In part (a), use Archimedes’ principle for the buoyancy force, In part (b), use Eq.(14.6) to find the pressure atthe lower face of the block and then use Eq.(14.3) to calculate the force the fluid exerts T3N is (@) Set Ur: The free-body diagram forthe block is given in Figure 14.81, Y a Execure: DF =ma, B-mg=0 x Vans = PAV me Figure 14.81a ‘The fraction ofthe volume that is submerged is Vea/Via= Pal “Thus the fraction that is above the surface is Vagg!Vy =1~ Pylb, EVALUATE: If p, = p, the block is totally submerged as it floats. (6) SerUr:_Letthe water layer have depth d, as shown in Figure 14.81 |* = Execute: p=p,+ p,gd+p,9(l-a) 4 Applying YF, =ma, to the block gives wey Figure 14.81b [p.gd + p.g(L—d)]A= pyLag Aand g divide ot and p,d-+ p,(L—d)= py 4p, ~ P.)= (Ps AdE ) «-(2=)o ane) (64 =[ 8.5220 kin’ =2810 bg 99) 9.0460 m= 440 em 13.610" kg/m’ —1000 kg/m EVMANIE: laces ded inp f=, elec oa ne ily sb a teva ob a If», te es cosine wih atton In, shove he as “ori dt wt thst pe =) fvarga oye pl el oT yao is es by Khir poe Sr whore malin lt es eho tran trib nue ro ine: Techn inh y isa we dpc ven AY by =, wee Ate surface area of the water in the lock. AV is the volume of water that has the same weight as the metal, so AV _ WHO w (2.50%10" N) A A Pau BA (LOOXI0" Kgl )9.80 mis=)[(60.0 m(20.0 m)] 213m,14.83, 14.84, 14388, 14.86, Fluid Mechanics 14-23 (b) In this case, AV isthe volume of the metal; in the above expression, p,q. is replaced BY Pyuy =200P pu which gives ay’= 2, and ay ~ ay’= 8 y= 0.189 mm; the water level falls this amount. EVALUATE: The density of the metal is greater than the density of water, so the volume of water that has the sane Weight asthe stel is greater than the volume of water that has the same volume asthe ste. IDENTIFY: | Consider the fluid in the horizontal part of the tube. This fluid, with mass A, is subject to a net force due to the pressure difference between the ends of the tube SeT Ur: The difference between the gauge pressures atthe bottoms of the ends ofthe tubes is p(y, ~ 94) EXECUTE: The net force on the horizontal part of the fluid is pg(y, —y4) Ala, ot, (3, = Ye e (@) Again consider the fui inthe horizontal part ofthe tube. As in par (a, the fluid is acceeratngs the center of mass has a radial aceleraion of magnitude ¢,, =/2, and so the difference in heights between the columns 1s(@/U!2Xllg) = 72g. An equivalent way to do pat (b) isto break the fluid in the horizontal part of the tube into elements of thickness dr; the pressure difference between the sides ofthis piece is dp = p(or)dr and integrating from r=0 tor =! gives Ap = pa /2, the same result. EVALUATE: (€) The pressure atthe botiom ofeach arm is proportional to p and the mass of Mui inthe horizontal potion of the tube is proportional to p, sop vides out and the results ae independent ofthe density of the fluid. The pressure atthe bottom ofa vertical arm is independent ofthe cross-sectional area of the arm. Newton's second law could be applied toa cross-section of fluid smaller than that ofthe tubes. Therefore, the results are independent and of the size and shape of all part ofthe tube Ipenriry: Apply SF = md to a small uid element located a distance r from the axis, ‘Ser Up: For rotational motion, a= ar EXECUTE: (a) The change in pressure with respect to the vertical distance supplies the force necessary to keep & ‘uid element in vertical equilibrium (opposing the weight) For the rotating Mui, the change in pressure with respect to radius supplies the foreenocessary to keep a fluid element accelerating toward the axis; specifically, apa, or’ PRs the inward force is greater than that necded to keep the object moving in a circle with radius Rg at angular frequency «7, andthe object moves inward. If pRy < PR the net force is insufficient to keep the object in the circular motion at that radius, and the object moves outward. (Objects with lower densities will tend to move toward the center, and objects with higher densities will tend to move away from the center. EVALUATE: The pressure in the fluid inereases as the distance r from the ro IDENTIFY: Follow the procedure specified inthe problem. Ser Ur: Let increasing x correspond to moving toward the back ofthe car.1424 1487. 14.88, 14.89. Chapter 14 EXECUTE: (a) The mass of ai in the volume element is pdV = pAds , and the net force on the element inthe forward dinection is (p+dp)A~ pA= Adp. From Newton's second law, Adp =(pAds)a, from which dp = padk. (©) With p given to be constant, and with p= py at x=0, p= pp +pax. (€) Using p=1.2 kg/m’ in the result of part (b) gives (1.2 ke/m"VS.0 ms3)(2.5 m) fractional pressure difference is negligible. (@ Following the angument in Section 14.4, the force on the balloon must be the same as the force on the same volume of air; this fore isthe product of the mass pV and the acceleration, or p¥a. (€) The acceleration ofthe balloon is the foree found in part (d) divided by the mass p,.¥. oF (pipys)a. The acceleration relative to the ear is the difference between this acceleration and the car's acceleration, 4.4 =U PP gg) Ma (0 For a balloon filed with air, (2/ py.) <1 (ait balloons tend to sink instill ir) nd so the quantity in square brackets in the result of part (e) is negative; the balloon moves to the back of the car. For @ helium balloon the quantity in square brackets is positive, and the balloon moves tothe front ofthe car EVALUATE: The pressure inthe ar inside the car increases with distance from the windshield toward the rear of the car. This pressure increase is proportional to the acceleration of the car. IDENTIFY: After leaving the tank, the water isin freefall, with a, =Oand a, =+g 5.0 Pa = 15X10" Pig, +50 the Ser Ur: From Example 14.8, the speed of efflux is 2gh EXECUTE: (a) The time it takes any portion of the water to reach the ground is 2H, (0) Note that if W= 1-1, ~H')=(H1—W)h, and so h'= HH gives the same range. A hole H—H below the water surface isa distance h above the bottom of the tank EVALUATE: For the special case of = 1/2, h= i’ and the two points eff is less but the time in the air during the free-fall is greater. IDENTIFY: | Use Bemouli’s equation to find the velocity with which the water flows out the hole Set Ur: The water level inthe vessel will ise until the volume flow rate nto the vessel, 2.4010" m/s, ‘equals the volume flow rate out the hole in the bottom. + in which time the water tavels a horizontal distance R de. For the upper hole the speed of Let points 1 and 2 be chosen as in Figure 14.88, a=? we 18 EXECUTE: Bemoulli’s equation: p,+ pay, +400) =p, + psy,+t pv) Volume flow rate out of hole equals volume flow rate from tube gives that v3; =2.40x10 m/s and 2.40%10" mis 150x107 AA, and ,A.=v,A, saysthat Sp? <4 pv2; neglect the 4 py? term. ‘Measure y from the bottom of the bucket, so y=0 and y,=/. P.= Pa= P, (ait pressure) Then p,+pgh=p, +4pv} and h=v3/2g = (1.60 mis)*/2(9.80 mis*) =0.131 m=13.1.em EVALUATE: The greater the flow rate into the bucket, the larger v, will be at equilibrium and the higher the ‘water will rise in the bucket. Ipexriry: Apply Bemoulli’s equation and the equation of continuity. SETUP: Example 14.8 says the speed of efflux is J2gh , where i isthe distance ofthe hole below the surface of the Mid, 60 mis14.90, 1491. 14.92. 1493, Fluid Mechanies 14.28 EXwCUTE: (a) vA, = J280; =), = Y20.80 mF }E.00 m) (0.0160 m?)=0.200 ms ) }: (04 ~ He (b) Since p, is atmospheric, the gauge pressure at point 2 isp, = ‘of mumerial values gives p, = 6.9710" Pa. using the expression for », found above. Subst Barnes Wows bn eels gat pms 2. Ine _Apn Honan ante con Essen cms gs men pn tas an ge conta the state int 0k ( 27 (Tepes slvr eet naw p= (4.2 kein 9(200 ky? 7 rom (te © Flom (@) The pressure difference at higher stitudes is even greater. EVALUATE: According to Bemoulli's equation, the pressure decreases when the fluid velocity increases. IDENTIFY: Apply Bernoulli's equation and the equation of eontinity. SETUP: Example 14.8 shows tha the speed of efflux at point Dis 2h « Exrcurss Applying the equation of continuity to points at Cand D gives thatthe Hud speed is Bg, at C Applying Bemoulli’s equation to points A and C gives thatthe gauge pressure al Cis pgh—4p¢h =—3peh, and this is the gauge pressure at he surface of the fluid at E. The height of the fluid inthe column isfy = 3k EVALUATE: The gauge pressure at C isles than the gauge pressure gh, at the bottom of tank A because of the speed ofthe fuid at C. IDENTIFY: Apply Bernoulli's equation to points 1 and 2. Apply p= p, + pgh to both arms ofthe U-shaped tube inorder to calelateh. SExUP: The discharge rates v,A,=¥,4, . The density of mercury is py =13.6%10" kg/m? and the density of water isp, =1.00X10" kp/m’ Let point | be where A, =40,0%10~ m? and point 2 is where A,=10.0x10" m* Heh 6.00%10" kg/m? 40.0%10" mt 0) P+ Pay, + 50H = Pat Pays +P P,P: = 4003 ~ v7) =4(1000 kg/m? (6.00 m/s}? [1.50 m/s}’) = 1.6910" Pa 1.6910" Pa @ T.6RI0" Kgl? 00x10" key (9.80 mis) EVALUATE: The pressure in the fluid decreases when the speed of the fluid increases. (@) IDENTIFY: Apply constant acceleration equations tothe falling liquid to find its speed as a function ofthe distance below the outlet. Then apply Eq.(14.10) to relate the speed to the radius of the stream. SerUr: 6.00%10" kg/m? 10.0x10" m* .00 m/s EXRCUTE: (a) », =1.50 mis. ¥, (©) P+ Pegh= prt Pgh and hi Let point 1 be at the end ofthe pipe and let point 2 be inthe stream of : Tiquid ata distance y, below the end ‘ofthe tube, as shown in Figure 14.93 2 Figure 14.93 Consider the free-fall ofthe liquid. Take +y to be downward, Free-fall implies a, = g. v, is positive, so replace it by the speed v.14.26 1494, 1495. Chapter 14 Execure: Equation of continuity says ¥,4,=¥,4, ‘And since A=sr° this becomes vr (in. Use this in the above to eliminate v,: yl) = YiF+2p, ialill +299,)"* ‘To correspond to the notation in the problem, let v;=v, and vert and since point 1 is where the liquid first leaves liel(ug +2eyy"* the pipe, and et r berrand y, be y. The equation we have derived then becomes r= @) y,=1.20 mis ‘We want the value of y that gives ‘The result obtained in part (a) says r*(vj +2gy) = nv [ogir)*—1W3 _ 6-10.20 misy* 28 200.80 mis") EVALUATE: The equation derived in part (a) says that r decreases with distance below the end ofthe pipe IpENTIFY: Apply 7, = ma, to the rock. SETUP: In the accelerated frame, all of the quantities that depend on g (weights, buoyant forces, gauge pressures ‘and hence tensions) may be replaced by = ¢-+a, with the positive direction taken upward. Execute: (a) The volume V ofthe rock is BWP _(G.00KeX9.80 mis) ~210N) _g 519+ a? Poou® Poa (.00%10° kglm’\.80 mis?) Solving for y gives (by hetemson is T= mB pha'=TL, wher LON. g'= g+a..For a=2.50 mis, = 9.80-42.50 — T=(21.0)28942.90.-06.4N (©) For (@ if a=-g, g'=Oand T EVALUATR: The acceleration ofthe water alters the buoyant force it exerts, IDENTIFY: "The sum of the vertical forces on the object must be 2er0, SETUP: The depth ofthe bottom of the styrofoam is not given; let this depth be Jy. Denote the length of the piece of foam by Zand the length ofthe two sides by 1. The volume of the object is, EXECUTE: (a) The tension inthe cord plus the weight must be equal tothe buoyant forse, $o T=V8( Pre ~ Powe) = (0.20 m)*(0.50 m)(9.80 m’s?)(1000 kg/m’ ~180 kg/m") = 80.4 N (©) The pressure foree onthe bottom of he foam is (p, + pgh)L(V21) ands directed up. The pressure on each side is not constant; the force can be found by integrating, or using the results of Problem 14.49 or Problem 14.51 Although these problems found forces on vertical surfaces, the result thatthe fore isthe product of the average ‘pressure and the area is valid. The average pressure isp, + pg(Vy~((2N2))), and the force on one side has magnitude (p+ pg(h, -W(2V2)))LL and is directed perpendicular tothe side, at an angle of 45.0° from the vertical The force onthe other side has the ‘same magnitude, but has a horizontal component that is opposite that ofthe other side, The horizontal component of the net buoyant force is zero, and the vertical component is ue B=(po pal LIN2 —2e0s45 0% py + p(y -U(2V2))U= pa the weight ofthe water displaced EVALUATE: The density ofthe object is less than the density of water, so ifthe cord were cu the object would float. When the object is fully submerged, the upward buoyant fore is greater than its weight and the cord must pull downvvard on the object to hol it beneath the surface1496. 1497. 14.98, Fluid Mechanics __ 14-27 IDENTIPY: Use the efflux speed to calculate the volume flow rate and integrate to find the time forthe entre ‘volume of water to flow out of the tank SETUP: When the level of the waters a heighty above the opening the efflux speed is JFgy. and (ai2)" Pay. ‘dr 3) fms EXECUTE: As the tank drains, the height decreases, and 2 ——4Vidt __ CGI?" 289 __| er dy dy ase ifn gun adh ine tn te mak sed ten = (2) (pach $~-(5) [- ° (p¥2vH (py jn integrates o [245 ] Ge EVALUATE: Even though the volume flow rate approaches zero as the tank drains, it empties in a finite amount of time, Doubling the height ofthe tank doubles the volume of water in the tank but increases the time to drain by only factor of v2 ToeNTie¥: Apply Beroul’s equation tothe fluid inthe siphon, Ser Ur: Example 148 shows that the efflux speed from a smal hole a distance below the surface of fui in a large open tank is 2h EXECUTE: (a) Th fact that the water frst moves upwards before leaving the siphon does not change the effax speed, 2gh. () Water will no flow ifthe absolute (not gauge) pressure would be negative. ‘The hose is open to the atmosphere at the bottom, so the pressure a the top of the siphon isp, —pg(HH +h), where the assumption thatthe cross- 0 and section area is constant has been used to equate the speed of the iquid atthe top and bottom, Setting (lpg)—h solving for H gives ‘The analysis shows that +h <-P, so there is also a limitation on +h. For water and normal Pe EvaLuat Py 8 IpeNtiry and Ser UP: Apply p= py+psh EXECUTE: Any bubbles will cause inaccuracies, At the bubble, the pressure atthe surfaces of the water will be the same, but the levels need not be the same. The use of a hose asa level assumes that pressure isthe same at all points that are atthe same level, an assumption that is invalidated by the bubble. EVALUATE: Larger bubbles can cause larger inaccuracies, because there ean be greater changes in height across the length of the bubble. atmospheric pressure, 10.3 m