Tigu,chudin Nhat Bain d6i wiete Dudnghamxuyenmgy JAPANESE STANDARD FOR Higp hOi cdc Ky su Xay dyng dan dung Nhat Ban Japan Society of Civil EngineersPREFACE In Japan where about 70 percent of land is mountainous, the construction of tunnels for inrigation channels and roadways dats back to a long ago. When modem industy started burgeoning aboot 120 years ago, the construction of tunnels for railways, roadways and waterways swung into full gear. The last 20 years, the total length of roadway tunnels constructed about 1,500 km, and rllay tunnels Constructed about #00 km. To safely and costeffectively camry out tunneling works, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers published the Japanese Standard for Mountain Tunneling in (968. The standards ‘were updated in 1969, 1977, 1986, and 1996 to keep pace with the rapidly changing construction technology and to put the newest technology to practical use. Further more, (0 incorporate the diversifying technologies, (wo volumes, the Shield Tunneling Method and the Open Cut Tumeling Method were published in 1977 and 1986, respectively. The suppor ‘method, on which the Moutain Tunneling Method is based, was originally the traditional timbering support, and since the 1986 edition i has become & combination of rock bot and shoterete ‘This book isan Eaglish translation ofthe 1996 edition ofthe volume Mourzain Tunneling Method. The book, writen from abundant construction experience, not only describes the technically important points in the survey. planning. design, constuction and construction ‘management of mountain tunnel, but also covers a broad specium of contents, ranging from. countermeasures, constuction technology to be adopted under complex construction conditions, suchas tunnels bule through speci grounds, to imbering suppor, vertical and inclined shalt, ‘We hope this English version will serve as a constant companion for engineers involved in the survey, planning, design and constuction of tunnels though mountains at home and abroad and contribute tothe widespread use and development oftunacling technology. Wie thank the members ofthe committe for thir sustained effort in updating and translating Japanese Standard for Mountain Tunneling. December 2000 KAWATA Hiroyuki ‘Cheirman, Committee of Tunnel Engineering ‘Railway Technical Research Insite)PREFACE Ik was a great honor and received with pide forthe Project Management Unit 85 (PMUS) 10 be authorized by the Ministry of Transport (MOT) to organize, manage and supervise the implementation ofthe Hai Van Tunnel Construction Projct (the Proje) This is one ofthe six (6) ongoing national projects, and it has been modern NATM technology applied forthe Fist ime ia Vietam, and at this ime (2005) i one ofthe 30 longest road tunnels in the world, ‘Opening of the Hai Van Tunnel ie historical event aot only inthe fel of evil engineering ‘bu also of the national economic development. With such honorable responsiblity of the executing agency of the Project, PMUSS has selocted and worked in close coordination with consultant rbup lead by Nippon Koei Co. Ld, from Japan. This consultant group has abundant experience and high prestige in social infrastructure development in general and transport sector development in particular, that they ‘managed the Project effectively, with reputable contactors of long-standing construction lexperiece contractors are Hazam-Cienco6 Joint Venture (Northern Pakage 1A) and Dong A- ‘Song Da Joint Venture (Southern Package 1B). With the valuable and effective assistance of Nippon Koei Co, Li, we have obttned the Bglish version of the book titled “Japanese Standard for Mountain Tunneling” isoed by Japan Society of Civil Engineers SCE), Through the execution ofthe Project and trough the learning from this book, we recognized its value and importance. The ISCE has writen the book based on ther long and vast experience in tunel constuction and on diversified, ‘extensive practices. The book presents not only the objectives, requirements and important technical rules for planning, investigation, design, consritin, and constmcton management for tunel structures, but also provides guidance in quite sufficient detail on countermeasures and construction technologies to be adopted in the construction of tunaels in areas with complex geological conditions. [Now this valuable book bas been translated into Vietnamese and issued herewith, We do ho ‘that dhe book ‘will serve asa constant companion for Vietnamese engincer i filling the ‘asks of planning, survey, design, consuuetion and management of tunnel constuction. This ‘book woald serve as constitutes an important reference material for the compiltion of our ‘own “Vietnamese Technical Standard for Tunnel Construction” which is scheduled to be issued by MOT soon Sune 2005 General Director of PMURS Nguyen Ngoe TranPREFACE ‘The Hai Van Pass Tunpo, the fist highway tunnel being constructed in Vietnam, expected o play a etal role in the nation's land teanspration system. The application of NATM (New Ausiian ‘Tueling Method) forthe tunel constuction forthe fist tm in Vietnarh was infact a challenging, task for Vietmese engineers and its successful completion wil make it 2 model ease for fue ‘construction projects inthe tnsporation sector of View. ‘The design and construction ofthe Hai Van Pass Tunnel adopted several advanced technologies from, Jagan, a leading county in tunel construction, The Viewanese governnent availed islf of his ‘opporuity to crganize a series of workshops for Vietamese engineer to lem these technologies from Japanese eaginoas, Jn August 2003, we, faculty members ofthe Yamaguchi Unversity of Japan, wer invited 1 give @ two-week long etre, s member ofthe Constant, forthe second NATM woes, focusing en the practical aspects of tunnel constroton. Many visual ais including video programs and pho slides trere sed inthe Jctres for better communications between lecturers and piipants. Practice sesions om aumercal analysis and data processing related to the lecture topics were also provided The English version of the JSCE Standard “Iapanese Standards for Mountain Tuning” was used as the pauary textbook for the Ieeres. More than twenty enginees fiom governmental agencies, ‘universities, consulting companies and contactors paticpaed in the workshop. Although the workshop schedule was very tight (during the two week period, tee 1 -hooe sessions were hold every da), we enjoyed eve interactions withthe participants ding the workshop. ‘Before the workshop, tho JSCE Standard textbook was translated into Vietnamese fr use inthe lees, Then JSCE has permited tore the Vieimmese version ofthe Standards offialy as one ‘of is plication. Reading the final printed version ofthe Vieumuse wansation brings back many joyful memories of those hot days of our stay at Hai Van Pass Tunnel Consttion Projet. We would Tie tvexpress our grace tothe taslfors and ets ofthe textbook as wells to many other ‘people who have helped i the publishing of his translation. And also we wood like thank all members of Hazama corporation, one main CivilContractors of Hai Van Pass Tunnel Construction Project, for their support onthe preparation and execution of his workshop. (Over the years, Japanese engineers have accumulate a great deal of knowledge and established an ‘excellent track record in tunnel construction Today, the toneling technology 0 established is being applied extensively and, a a mater of fact, hundreds of tunnels ae under coestrction over he islands of Japan. Furthermore, our tunnel constuction techaclogy has boon developed and tested in the ‘complex and widely varying geology in Japan located atthe external rim ofthe Pacific Pate. We believe, therefore, that ove technology has something to contibute to Vietamese engineers forthe future ‘constucion and improvement of modern civil infasmuctwe including a naionwide teansperaion networkin View, We hope that this tanslation version of the Standards could be sof forthe future eanel onsiritions in Vietnam that wil lea to the nations farther growth, Lastly, i¢ would be «great honor forus if this wanslton could promote fremlship between the wo counties. ‘May 21-2005 ‘Yamoguehi University Koji Nakagrva| Masato Shin Koichi AokiNotes to Users Compared to other civil engineering works, tunneling work features a greater variety of objectives, conditions and methods and a higher sensitivity to natural conditions, soch as ‘geologieal conditions Accordingly, in choesing a wring method, i is noestary to make a arefal comparative stady of ther advantages and disadvantages. Ress of «comparison study ‘on the applicability ofthe principal tunneling methods are described in Table*1 (page 2) ‘Tis standard “deseries the general rls tobe applied in choosing the methods of constructing ‘uonels through mountains. Becanse This standard cannot cover ll cases, readers should ry 10 ‘obtain a good grasp of the spr ofthis book, and appropriately modify these rules 3s neoded by conducting experiments and making studies. In dition, this standard was established by finding out standards in earying out tuneling works thragh mountains. Standards in peforming twoneling works in urban arcs are also incorporated. With these specifications regarded ss «bridgehead fr further advanes, we hope that ‘comprehensive research wll be conducted in the future. ‘This standard is usally usod as conditions forthe Owner and Contractce 10 make the eghts and responsibilities of ech pty clear. Each ate in his standard preserbes mates co be observed and refered to by the persons in charge of contruction work ina broad sense in carying out Works of constmcting tunnels trough meunains without drawing a distinction between both partes. Therefore in spplying this andar to work undercoat, appropiate conditions need tobe added or deleted a required.‘Subcommittee on English Edition of the Japanese Standard Chairman KOYAMA Yakinosi (Railway Technical Research Institute) ‘Working group for Mountain Tunneling (Chairman ASAKURATosihiro (Associate Professor, Kyoto University) Adviser FUKUCH Gouichi (Excexecutive Director, Japan Tunneling Association) ‘Subcommitee Members TAKEBAYASHITsugu0 (Ghimizu Corporation) AMANO Setora (©taysshi Corporation) ONO Kiyoshi (Kajima Corporation) OKAMURA Mitsumasa (Toda Corporation) KASA Hiroyoshi (azama Corporation) OKAMOTO Takashi (Glazama Corporation) OBARA Kats (Tobishima Corporation) KITAGAWA Takashi (Nishimatsu Construction Co, Lid) KAWANO Ko| (Sato Kogyo Co, Lid) KOMAMURA Kazys (Pacific Consultants Co., Ld) SAKURATTakstom (Maeda Corporation) NAKAKITA Akihiro (Kumagai Gumi Co, Lid) MASHIMO Hideaki {Taisei Corporation) YAMAMOTO Kazuyoshi (Shimizu Corporation) MIKAMI Tetsu (Otayashi Corporation)CONTENTS: Soboommitse en English Eon of the JAPANESE STANDARD 1.0UTLINE TD Res - Ll Scope. : - (2) Selection of Mountain Tunseling Method - [B) Definition ee 2. PLANNING 21 Pianing 214 Gener 4] Puodamenials of Planning 2.2 Alignment of Tuna, lane Section, {5} Heczona Alignment of Tune {6} Gradient of Tonel (71 Inee Section of Tura! [8] Aneilry Faiies of Tune! 23 Investigation 23.1 Geren. [9] Fundamenal of investigation 232 Investigation of Ground Conon {10] Genera. 1] Outize Investigation of Topography and Geology [12] Peecisetnvesigtion of Geology : (23] Hyeroogieanvesiguion 2.3.3 Investigation of Location Cndions [14] Envronmeral Investigation [iS] lvestgton of Laws and Regslaions which Cont be Project [16] Investigation of Requirements for Compensition [17)lnvesiption for Outside Equipment. Mack Disposal Arcs et 2344 Investiaaion Reso (18) Genet (09) Amangement and Use of the Rest of Investigain of Ground Conons [20] Amangement and Uilraton of Ress of Investigation 24 Constrvtion Planing. : 241 Gener. [21] General 1 1 1 5 4s 242 Fsublishmene of Consrucion Sections and Plxning of Contuction Methods, Schedule, Ouse Equipment et. [22] Esablishment of CnsractonSextions [23] Construction Method and Schedule Ping. [24] Working Drie [25] Access Reads, Outside Fciities and Mock Disposal Aves o st st 51 3 31CONTENTS: [26] Eavironnestl reservation Messurs S.DESIGN 31 Rules . (27 General {28} Design Procedure 3.2 Basis of Design 3.21 Basics of Design [29] Basis oF Design [B01 Design Meta [BI] Design Changos 322 Design Conon {62} Ground Properties (33) Beas of Earthquakes o (341 Beats of Neighboring Costton [B51 Water Pressure, Frost Heaving Presi an Other Loads [36] fess on Surrounding Seucurs snd Envirnmest 3.23 Tumel ess Seaton [B71 Tune! Coss Seton» 3. Design of Tune! Suppo. 33.1 Genen! (38) General [39] Deemnation of Torna Soppon Pater {40} Chang of Suppo 332 Shorete [41] Gone. [42] Compressive Svensth of Shoteree (431 Design Mix for Share [44] Design Thickness for Shonree [45] Reinforcement for Shotrte 933 Rock Bolt vo [46] General ' HT) Bonding Type of Rock ot {48} Dimension an Arrangement of Rock Bolt [49] Mate and Seength of Rock Bol [501 Booding Maer 3.34 Steel Suppor [st] Geren. [52] Shape of Stow Seppons 153] Cros Seton and Stel Support Materia [541 Spacing of Stel Suppor [55] Joins of Steel Sopere [hea Be of Sel urs 34 Lining Design : [571 Gene ®CONTENTS: [58] Snape of Lining : [59] Design Thickness of Lining [6] Mix of Lining Cone... [ot] Measures agairst Cracks in Lining Concrete [62] Pacerent of vert, [63}Iaven Stra 24 Dalen Wasting nd Drege [6A] Genera 7 7 [65] Waceprooting {66} Drainage 36 Design of Pol Zonet, {67} General {68} Desig of Portal Zones [65] Design of Pocals 4.9 Design of Brarees and Enlargements (70) Genel rr (71) Design of Branches and ote 4.8 Design of Nejghbaving Tunne's, 72] Gener [73] sign of Neighbecing Tunnels 4. CONSTRUCTION 1 Geneea [74 Genes (75) Iavesiation sed Moniteringdrng Consncion [761 Changes in Corseuction Methods 42 Safety an Healt. (7 General 178] Ling {79} Venaatin (80) Walkway [81] Safety Inspection (99) Safety and Heath [63] Pevenion of Fire and Explsion [i Emergency Procedures 43 nviroamesal Pesenation [85] Environmental Preservation 44 Survey [86] Gene . [87] Corl Pon: ouside Tune {88} Tunel Suey (89] Cemerine and Levels Transfred om the = Werig vit 45 Bxcwation 45.1 Genera (90) Excavation Ptan [91] Excavation Method [92] Teonel Driving Method © 121 io rey i 1 131 BI 13 13 ir 13, 1s Bs ns Bs Bs Bs 139) 9 rs at M1 rn utCONTENTS [93] Measures fr Face Stabilization [94] Overbeak [951 Drainage 45.2 lang [96] Gene (97 Driling [98] Drilling Machine and Materials [99] Charing (100) Blasting 4.5.3 Mechanica xenon [101] Gener [102] Excavation 46 Mocking [Hos] Mucking Fan (Hoe Mcking Machine £108] Muck Loading. 43 Tansponaton inside the Tunnel. (1s) Hauge Method (107) Rea Surface and Raivoad Track {108} Haulage Veh. {0} Tati Coal 48 Soppeet, 48.1 Gener {110} General {11) Retr Replace of Soo 48.2 ShoteE€ son [U1] Secon of Sotreing [113] Shorting Machine {114} Feld Mining of Shoterete {1 Shorereting Works... {116} shtcreing where tee is Water low 453 Rock Bolts (117) Eauipmeat [118] Deiing and Gleaning of Holes for Rock Bol {119 Sting ané Grouting of Rock Bots (48.4 Sts Supports i ein Si Sins 49 Lining 491 Fam (121) General {122} Constretion of Fors 1123} Bubkhesd (124) Transfer and rslaton of Forms (15) Removal of Foes se 49.2 Lining (16) Genel [127] Feld Mixing of Lining Conrcte (128) Transporation of Concrete oCONTENTS [129] Pacing of Lining Conse. in 49.3 invert Conerte oo cosoee IT [130] Consttion af invert Cate m [1 Timing of Inver: Cncrate Pain 19 4.10 Waerroofing and Drainage Work. Co 19 [132] Waterproofing and Drainage Weeks vs [133] Watee Leakage Control Meastes 0 181 4611 Portal Contraction CI ag (134) Porat Consrton| 18, 5, CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 5.1 General 1135) General 52 Sehedale Management (136) Shodule Management '53 Management of Matec and Progess Covel of Working om 53.1 Genera (137) Gonca 532 Shoterete 1138] Mais, Weighing and Mixing of Shot [139) Thickness ane Stength of Shores 533 Rock Bol 1140) Milo Rock Bot {141} Amangsment and Anchorage of Rec Bot 534 Stel Suppor (142) Materials of Ste Suppor (143] Erecsing of Steel Support 5.3.5 Lining (144 ate, Mixzure and Suengt of Lining (145) Insalaon of Foe snd Working Form of Lining 5.3.6 Waterqooting and Crack Protection [146 Qoatity Coniol of Waterproofing and Crack Pretecton 532 Dnsn Ditch {147} Quality Cantl of Drain 54 Obsarvaion snd Messremen ‘54.1 Genera [148] Prpose of Observation and Measorersnt 542 Panning of Observation and Messen. (149) Geers 1150) Observation and Messurerent Kem [ISH] Observation and Measurement Locations [152] Frequency of Observation and Measurement (153 Selection of Messing rsaments 213 [543 Rxecotion of Observation end Meatuerent a3 [14] Observation Method 213 [135] Gis of Messurment 21s (156) Processing of Observation and Measurement Ress 2Is ®CONTENTS: ‘544 Uslizaion of Observation and Measurement Ress zi [UST] Fundamental Appeooch . 2 [158] Bvahation of Observation Ress vo 221 [159] valuation of Measurement RESO yn ce 22K [160] Feedback to Design and Comtretion =. 2s 6. CONVENTIONAL TUNNELING METHOD {1611 Scope of Application ns {62 Ue ot Cena Tsing Mad 2s [N63] Loads in Lagging Method oo 27 [164] Steal Support conan . DT [1651 Lining Cnn BB [066] Backfill Grouting a) 7. AUXILIARY METHODS 71 Genel ee a [167] Use of Auxliary Method nn Br 168) Rote of Awxiliary Method BT 169} Appicaion of Aviary Mettod ar (190) Selection of Acxliary Method 2H 12 Awxlary Method for Safety in Tunnel Consus 2a [14] Auullay Method for Face tablizaio sss 2a [172] Auxiliary Meth for Wate latiow Cons a) 1713 Auxiliary Methods for Environmental Pesevaion fannie 253 [173] Avulary Methods for Prevention of Surface Semen 253 (104) Ausliry Methods for Protection of Neighboring Sees 239 8. TUNNELS THROUGH SPECIAL GROUND BU Genel rn sensei 261 [175] Tonal through Special Gren 261 {8.2 Tunnels though Squeezing Ground 261 (176) Tunnels hugh Squeezing Grand... 2s1 {8.3 Tunnel under Large Quai of High pressure Water Inflows. 265 77 Tanne nder Large Quite of Highpessre Water Lows cvnece 258 {84 Tunnas trough Unconslidstea Ground 265 (178) Tunaels though Unconsoidted Groued 258 8.5 Tonnels theough Ground with High Levels of Geothermal Energy, Hot Springs, oe Tonle G88 con 273 (179) Tuonels trough Groond with High Level of Geothennal Enesy. Hot Springs, or Toxie Gasee mm {8.6 Tanne though Ground ie Dange f Rock Buss svn 2 [18 Tels through Ground in Danger of Rock Buss er) aCONTENTS: 9. VERTICAL AND INCLINED SHAFTS 911 Gener sos a - (8 General 9.2 Design of Verteal Stats {182} Cross Secon [183] Design of Suppon for Sha [184] Design of Lining 9.3 Consraction of Vee Sale 1185) Gener! {185} Excavation [0871 Lining. [088] Dring 94 Safety of Vertical Shafts ~ £ [189] Safety Measures during Excavation [190] Safty Provisions for Constmction Equipment 95 Design of Inclined Shas. [191] Gradient and Cross Section [192] Design of Supports for Stat [193] Design of Lining for Shae 96 Construction of Inclined Shas (194) General [1951 Excavation (1961 Lining 9.7 Safey of ncined Salts [197] Safety Measures dring Excavation {198 Shay Masso Cosreson mes 98 Botoe Equipmen: 19) Muck Discharge Equipment {200} Pumping Faves Noes “The mack" isatache beside the numberof able snd figures in (Explanation) eg, Teble 3.2, Fge2t a3)1, OUTLINE 1A Rles ARTICLE Scope “This Standard provides the goneral requirements for plansng investigation, deen, constuction, snd consrston management for ordinary must ual (Bsplanation) “Tunnes shoold be constrcted to fulfil safely ae esonomially the purpose of constuction. This Standard provides the general requirements for mountain tunel sch ar fr roxd tunnels, rind ‘nel, aterway tunnel, te nts Standard, te conventional uonting technige i defined asthe technique based on rock bolts snd shot ‘Standard that hae to be refered oan respected ther than this Standard are flows Japanese Standard for Tunnels (Stick! Method) and Comments, 1996, JSC. Japanese Standard for Tomels (Cu and Cover Method) and Commens, 1996, ISCE. [ip Standard Spoctcaton fo Desig aed Conscton of Concrete Sct, 1986, 1SCE. ARTICLE2 Selection of Mountsin Tanning Method ‘When selecting a mowisin tunneling method, te ground condition, location coin, constuction tod economic eficiency ee. mus be considered Explanation} “The mountain twneling metho is bail 1 make ful use of he etal suppet function ofthe satounding ground to sablize the opening. The possibility of beng sb build yp 2 ground rch in ‘he tunnel sounding important inthe slecton ofthe taeling metho. imprtar o heve Iowlede of the suengih ofthe ground, overburden, andthe pressure of he surrouncing grea, abd to analye the ground thavor ding the escvato, In musi ane, the sell-suppoc ofthe Tact Js easel us finding an economia way to improve he gourd by anlar methods 0 eosue the ‘elf supor ofthe face becomes an pata ator inthe sccetion of ensreton metho “Table” 11 compares the charctesicr ofthe standard tunneling methods: stale geological ‘condition, coutermeasres fr groundwater, shape ofthe eos section alignment, infldenes fo the Suounding eovonment, ce. Specisl constuction methods are excladed fom he bl‘Tablet 1. Comparison of Tunnel Contain Mt Tater |“ Mowiieag att ‘Se bot ‘Sai ‘Ontnvarae | Wang tr ofar mal Tedlot ricer so oad [Trewin oa eta pst ote eantg| make Theos | ens {Zend Tremiyefe god | kerala ad ceed oh Te Seeacrci ewliy | emp aoe | Seth to Tike ea | Genny omtatiae | RasppiToean ai pmal |B aco pe ustoe Tuy rte Howyatobe | eaacsteanlpe ae | nines ‘litwacuhwamine | eamayeriverseoe | myopia eng ‘Sendagente cet | rio pocdrauttan | tract mend ome ecg | neat oi, [qatar hi | shegead con Soy wt tnt Caen ‘ely coop was | Fay mam ‘wrote sete ati, | fee pen eepn pete ‘gu gone ‘ics wena ee ty fee Tala Soci ie [Reena ‘owmdeptisaaly | Sens nasatnt Semi be pen | mc op te Sages ‘aly epee | aay Wg ir sec feo nec Sc mci ae. | Ce re dcr Gane ee ey tir aap cams Satta Reteetce anda ni | Twila eee con eaccmemacerdamce! | emer ies ecg ‘soa ‘Soren aed aaa Ay ies | A aay mea mena esa trary — Ptererenencin Ti | mipeine ean ted tiger atmos | Teeny der ot ‘teu es ey eprint yotysstnboatetar stele ‘Stein tance poate ay Siegemadpetealer ‘ttn, sete ie ‘tnt someonARTICLES Definition nh comparatively large than a section of excavation ‘orinner seein, and ongtial pradient of es than 1, “Mountain tunnel: Tunnels that are censtucted ins moutainoas aca. The term i sully wed diferente fom urban tnnels cr underwater fata Th Standard they ae dened ste eels ‘constcted using he mountain tuning sto ‘Mountain tunneling method: The treling method odinaily used inthe consraction of mountain uel is used in const to the wan tanrls wher the cat apd cover method and the shel ‘uneling method are the geneal methods used, aa sls i cot othe andere annals where ‘he shield tunneling method andthe submerged tunnel methods re the general mods wed (2) Investigation ‘Ground: The overall tem for th ear at sock serounding the ene aso incines the icootinity andthe void. Rock mass the ground mainly composed of rock. ‘Ground condition: ‘The toposrapica,geolgiel and hogs! condition of the ground sarounding th tome ° ‘Ground classification: Te classifation based on several physial prope of the ground fr the purposes of enginering. This cables te asessmeat of the diicly of excavaion and round behave such a ent pee ‘Class of grounds A grading sytem fr the ground characteris based on the grond classification Location condidon: ‘Genera! tem that iflades ll the circamferenal environment of the construction se. T inclodes the condion of the aal environment, the conditions of the fecio conomialeovirament te. Tho rm "site conto” i also wd. Design and planning “Original design The design pir othe outst of consrvtion The lem “preiminay design i also vse Design change: To change the orga design daring the contraction period to sult the ground condition and lesion condition. This tem also used forthe changed desig, Design load: The load tht has o be consiered in desing the soppor ning, ee Eh pressure, hydra pressure, buoyancy seismic lou, surcharge, dead weight, ‘Overburden: The ground ahve the tnnel crown. The thickness called the depth of overburden, Empirical methods The metho fo design the support and lining manly by reertng fo the ground classification based an experience ato pa contraction work in smile pound condone ‘Analytical method: The methed to design the suppor: and lsng based on computaonwsing the feat pessure heey fst slement method, ‘Watertight tunnel: Tunnels that alow ihe misimam posibe inflow of groundwater ding ott sfter the consruction. The hyde peste iscorsieed In designing hen. 4) Construction and ausiiary method "Bxcavation method: A coasvution moto titi detemineé by the pation ofthe section of ‘excavation: Fal fce excavation mathod. Top beading method, Daf advancing method, Cent iapragm mathod, ete The section patton method in pata exsvsion i called the division of ng "Tunnel driving method: A clsification by the method of tunnel excavation: Dil and blast ‘excavation, Mecnanical excavation, Hand excavation, ee ‘ace: The foetont and is peripheral ofthe tunnel excavation I is sully wed to denote the eating a” and up tthe sea approximately 20 meters bind Support: The means, mesures, apd the seus resting from tem, to secure the stably ofthe stout suroending the tel aod to estan te deformation. In the eednary moantintwraling ‘metod,shoteree, rock bok, sel suppor, ee ae used support members Tininge The means and measures fo ve the asdeeuy shape and function as tunnel, an to supplement the support7 roume Auuliary method: The avslry andor special mead to mainly improve the round condition in ‘order to secu the sblly of the fac, the tafry ofthe tne, sh o presen the environmen Usually the methods are classified ito two (pes! One that ean be handed by ordinary tunel | =—>|—|— eer eases (ee [oo ee EEw arcane 232 Investigation of Grou Condition ARTICLEI0 General, ‘The investigation stall be made to clarify with appropriate pression such important ground onions avon. gesog, nd hyo fore tren and el wht ns of ‘Sonstotion my exe [Bsplaation} 1).The sequnceof ground condition investigation “The investigations of ground condensate doe a each aye from pinning to maintenance. planning sts, the wopgraphy and geology investigation fr te seecuon ofthe route (ARTICLE Fereafer called ouline invesgaon) ate cared ot Fer desipn and consrction planing sag, the tiled gelopical investigation (ARTICLE. 12, hoeafer called detailed investigation) “and hydrological invesigation (ARTICLE 13) ete ire camiod out. The investigations dug the ‘onsruton period ae mentioned in PART 4 and PART 5 “Tablet 2.2 shows the sequence of ground condition investigation, main information bined snd the method af investigation, 2)importan: posts conceming ground and locaton conditions ‘Thee ae Various important poins conceming gfand and locatlen conditions, Special ground condtons ht ay become a problem in designing or consrotng une! aes olows A round thats moving, suchas lands al pround where soe fail i anit. {Fracture zoe, fold srctre zone ‘ipWater bearing unconsodnted ground )Sgueelng ground ‘)Grouod where ock bus is expected occur ‘Ground with hgh roond beat hot sping, osc, et ‘i)Righ wae pressure, ground where sbndan ater fw i anit. Special location conditions thar may became = problem Is designing, eossraton or wth regard to the ewionment area fllows 1) Small overburden i Uber area. ii) Underwater iv) cine shat o vera shat Perl 1) Nelphbering contusion ‘i Large cos section.a rumen ARTICLE 11 Outline Investigation of Topography and Geology {Inthe culine investigation ofopograpiy and geoigy the opograpty. geology, hydrology etc ‘all be investigated fora wie are eluding the rote to compare. The prpor ofthe invesigation isto grap the outize ofthe ground condtion of tunnel and to obtain the daa necessary forthe ‘ute selection proces, andthe planning of investigation folowing hat. 2) The invesgution hl bo conducted by using an appropiate method ia secxdance withthe _round te loeb contin. [Esplanation) (1) The purpose ofthe catine investigation i o grasp the overall ground condition ofthe tnnst out, with emphasis on searching forthe pound conditions needing special aretion that were Lied Im ARTICLE 10 Explanation. This wil allow making the summary ofthe geological problems hat Shall be vetted o at th time of the selection of th tunel rout. The results of the oie investigation ae inpoant daa In planing the folowing preci investigation. Remaining pcblems ‘Shall also be summarized a this pine ‘(2) The main purpose ofthe ouineinvestigntion i soto grasp the geoogieal tact ofthe area including the planed fooel, ad is usally done with investigating document, analysis of etl ‘Photographs suifae goologidl survey, et as metioed in Tale* 2. “The man pape of the caine invetgaion iso grasp the elne of the wie are inci the ‘sland out, and ind ot abou the special prod contin, tafe impor neste {he results of document search, atl ofthe aerial photograph, et, in erder te ale check the ‘rologicl,epographical and hydrological problems as well as hee prblons at he sein systemic corerEntree)2 sro ARTICLE 12 Precise Investigation of Geology (0) The pecse propel Investigation shal be conducted n oer to eet the pape of grasping tbe whole ground condition ofa toch and of obminng th basi data necessary forthe design tad ‘netructin planning in enhancing the precision om ss by ep. (@) Inte precise golopical investigation, necessary ies forte investigation shal be selected in regard othe purpose ofthe investigation, ground conons, et, and the most sabe investigation ‘etd stl be ed (3) Tonscling tough special ground or under special lesion condition, the most suluble ‘nvesigation sll be aed to roee these conions. (Expansion) U)Theoutine investigation may pont ox geological andor topographical problems. The geological precise investigation (hereafter called precise investigation seared out lal these problems, {nd to graspand examine the following ems. ‘pT overall geological ruc, databation and chirsctersis ofthe tunel sin, inGroundeasifcation with tehaieal consideration hasd on the eto investigation. iy Topogrety and geology of portal oeaton, basi erences othe problems st counermessies Is)Bvalaation of fae ably, design of support, selection of auxiliary methods, basi references ‘he selecton of exavaion nthods sp tonne iving mh “Distt and characerisies of pl ground conitins, forecast of problems nd phenome, and base efronoas io courtermeasares 2) The leans of gelogca investigation are lied in Tablet 24. lnvestigation lems sr chosen sccording to the wound coadiion of the tunnel by rofering to this table, and an eppopeite Investigation meth ssa ‘The lined investigation methods each do not cover everyting. When there is big problem, « smultpe investigation mst be conducted in order co make ab owt Sessoms the ress mist be ‘compare (Areas of peal concem in the ivestintion of special around condlons and ater special ‘ondions are ised below. (Refer o Table" 24for special round investigation tems) (Moving grounds uch ate lands and pound where soe disasere anttpted ‘Tanne poral, sll overburden such a aval, and omnes near fe slope tal be enlyzed for ‘he pss ef landlige and slope collapse, andthe say of the aoe shal e vase so necessary to cary ot invest thai design. When the sale of ‘hat avois the indie. 2) Practrecnefolded one ‘A fault wit «wide band of Facnced zone can be detected by an cline lnvetiation (oust search, arial photograph, surfeceinvesigaton, et). The racers ofthe ractre te sch ‘simensty canbe estima by seismic prospecting boring invertgation et 3) Water bearing unconsolidated ground ‘Unconsldaed or weakly consoidted sandy soil and gravely sl tt const the vam Iyer ‘and part of alloviam layer which his pled op since the Neogene Pein, consid vali "ate sch as vleanie ash or gravel (pumice stone) athe woes ground. ‘When sich aground eomes in cntict with wae, problems tha may occu se. washout o olase ‘ofthe fice, ground selemenc or collapse when the overburden i sll and large amount of water inflow. Uncisslisted sand layer, or sandy gzwel lye usualy is simp ni trstore, hereto, surface geological sure. boring investigation. Sorcha ngeing, and rounder investigation, ee in estimate the geological characeristes andthe posi for witht to quite an extent. The Tabotetory test has the index of washeat becomes especially Import forthe fine sind vith homogenous particle zea ruse ha Mad ‘ype and characteris of the rek, bu ls lea related to sues by overburden pressure and sess te to geological srocre suchas fold stare, Iti eally not posible to pred the exent of ‘sweling by single stad 5) Rook burst "The phenomenon where the chipped rock fly around doe to the sudden crash of rok mas and rock near he fae eausod by an explsion, Tis phenomenon isebserved When the sess nde in the tock mss ea the eld eeron defo igh earth pes and such apc eaces the il Suess ‘te to excavation ad a suddes leas feat tn enesgy outs. {5} Ground with high hea spring, toxic gases, haw metals These ype of ground are, hyothermal alieeaton zone, crashed zope, inasive roe, and layer beasing such a8 ci coal, or metal ee. This ‘condtion i determined dring oaline investigation stage 17) Ground where high water pressure or much inflow of water is anticipated Groundwater sled by fault clay, ground wae appa io sa wooded layer such as ptocasic material water inthe Joint andere, wer inte voi of Iimestone and ava may case t sudden Snflow of 4 rest ‘moun water which may result inthe ellaee or tke washout. Te investigation js mainly boring Investigation ané hydrogeological invesigation by fering tote tems mentioned in th 2) facred 2o0e snd 3) water earnguneoasolated grou, or ARTICLE 13 hyérlogcal investigation” ‘Areas of concer inthe vestigation of tne wit special condition re follows20 seus 1) Small overburden {Grand with smal overburden i wally soft sil or sft rock therefor atch ation doesnot easly ‘occur. This makes such groan vulnerable to grand sarace semen oe fnd subidence defo the loosening ofthe pound salso known cause trouble with te swity ofthe face and tantel Valls ‘When there ia Stace on the surface, cs necessary 0 6s vesigion to eshte te amine ofsetlement and the ae of setomen, 2) When the rune! goes tough am urban ae “Tunnels contcted in urban areas ae move rested compar 10 mountain tuanels de to the surroundings an goutd condlons. Urban area tel ave basn consisted most by ising the ct tnd cover matod orth shield method inthe pas. Du the mush tunneling metho fas Been increasing poplar secu. is nossary to investigate th srrunding candies suc a suace ‘uetres dnd underground srucures. ARTICLE 14 Environmental nvesition shal be eee 0 3) When he mel poes wader ‘When a tunnel goes underwater sech as a tunel but under the sea botom, there i a danger of subresion by a vast amount of water inflow, therefore a ‘Geological investigation ste undertaken wit the restictions caused by Te depth ofthe water andthe pesence of eres I ‘ot posible wo do the inspecion dec, and may alo be ifened bythe water eae snd bv {nvfonnental conto, whit may esti th mete and Sessa othe invest, ‘Dinclned shai and vertical she Tnvestipation for shafts the sims s for other pans ofthe tel. The only countermeasure for water inflow is forced drainape, and there is a danger of submersion, therefor thoroogh Investigation estimate the emeut of water inflow s necessary. 5)Ponal ‘Ope of he ifficalt works in tunel constuction i the port. The condition of he poral natal 'salway diferent, and neds to be considered inividully- A poral wih the posit of ande to slop fail needs spesial anton, anda therouh investigation with reference tothe 1) above ‘hall conduc ‘0, Case of meighbvingconsruction ‘When tunel is constroted net exsing sucess noesary to grasp the characte ofthe existing structures such a5 the condion of easton, lotion, envionment ground. when twas consructed ee, oa not affect the existing svucure ARTICLE 13 Hydrological Investigation "The pupoe of the Hydlogcal Ivesigaion ist rede he possibilty andthe amour of wate Inflow ilo a ie! dae to tamnting to examine aod eval the subsequent probes in the design ani construction, andthe effect on the eicumferential environment. K shall be conducted pore cccaion withthe nocesiry tems. (Explanation) ‘When excavation ofthe tunnel ests in water inflow, the difficulty ofthe tnnel contin is really increased. The water inflow alo resus in less wer of sborage of wate tte ground te. 1) Fora of water inflow inside ranel ‘Wate inflow is caegerzed int we types; concentrated inflow during he constuction, and constant lnflow afer the completion of tie tum. These types, amour, an aea of the water iniow i etrmined meily by the ssucture ofthe agufer and the carckersis of the aque such a he ‘permesbiiy andthe coefen of storage, ee. 2} Problems for designing and consracion ‘ite inflow inthe tenel not oly disturbs he excavation work, bot it may also cause the collapse ofthe fee ad soon, wich sa important issue from the ve poi ofthe sey of the tunel ‘onsteton aswell a os efectivenes. Many design tnd constrottion pba ate cased by the ‘concent water inflow athe teponing of excavation Ie prcessary texan aaa) methods for constmction equipment, exeavaion methods, and groundwater Wexmen, by pedicing the spot te amount of wae inflow during the route sletion, design, and eonsreen planning sageot ruc ‘During the consvetion, he water infow is measured, compsred and analyzed withthe predic value. It may ao be necessary t0 continue this observation for tumel maitensice ae the Completion a th tee "The problems anticipued during the designing and ensiruction ofthe tunel ae the otowin: {)Stablty ofthe face; especialy the fee collapse and send washout in uncomsliaed ground Ilnerease of ear pessue; water sbsaring expansion of sot eck ground and creep. LDetexten of syppon capacity, insuicen: adherence of shot oe rskbolt, etement of sel spp ba, inyTieaiment of water inflow: tunnel Moding, placement of wus iow testment faiiy, exten plcement of danape andr panpingfastay dares after th costrtion, ') Safety ofthe consction deterontion of rad ed deo nundaion ‘Decrease of quly at maintenance: Washout of ling or sand de to wate now and eakage of water. Ground erosion under the aver o oad bed concrete. Deteraton of corre det aid ‘te, ot sping water te. Diet influence to the srvtre due to te abnormal Tucaton of ‘srondwater abe cavsod by intensive einer bythe regulation of water pmping, 1) Efe on he surrounding eminent ‘The effect of tonne wate low on the surrounding water utes has become a impor: sola ‘problem from te viewpoint of exvitenmer preservation. Except fo the temporary elect cased by the concemnied water ino, te effst on the srrounding envionment ie mony cased by ihe ‘steady inflow. Therefore, its necessary to estimate and evaluate the sale ofthe effet soch a= shore of wae the rate election, dosing, a easton planning stage. Its cesar 10 ‘reparecourtermessuresinclng the relocation f the tuna. ie necessary to menare the. Mater Inflo-outow balance inluling the tel water inflow, dring aod after the conection. It ‘ecessay 10 clarify the causa lationship between the censuucton andthe elec on the sroonding evict Couteressareso preven the incase the le of thet al bo incase talon ae neces. ‘Pevomene that ned to be cosiered concerning the effet onthe envirninat area follows ‘iDecrease of water or shortage of water docase of water or shortage of water such a ver wae, router waa flow ition water ipGround stem deformation of suuerrs, stsfacesetlemn, ground subsidence charge of water ality, conmination of surface wate or gioundwate otaminaion de ter vening meted tnd was drainage inde tuned), groundwaer becoming Saline Tn)Gald water damage to aprile dct old water. {) Cutoff of groundwater Mow; npeimen de tt off of groundwater flow 1 Carrying out the hydrological mestiganon in steps Hydrological investigations shall be eatgorzed nko hydrogeological investigation, water inflowsoeflow balance invesigaton, nd hydrlopic-envionmenal investigation, Exantnaton of ‘hose resus, document serch, ad cae investigation ess asa woe sal be cried out inorder 0 make varius preicons and cvluations. Tale" 25 shows the pape ofthe various investigations, {hei cone ab te ining.2 areca Te 2.5 Outi of yo Ive = ee ~ iy EES ee Pee fi i i u i ya} of aplolae, ce ale] fe) of of opelola a) 38 86) >| 4 SE ante === i= Sieptamst O:Reamnc pind 6: Perm pee tener8 aeuoane 2.33 Investigation of Location Conditions ARTICLE 14 Environmental Investigation (1) Invesiatons shal be undertakes regarding basic conditions conccning the natural environment socal enviteomen, aman ie envionment et. within the ae possibly allected bythe conection Sndthe fellowing period of we 2) For te purpom of envonmsnal preservation nd pollation conta, invesiations stall be undertaken fo enable scent stidyof he measures ncesar to pevent he censtutian wack fom ‘hing serous effect onthe nan ie eavieonmentsrrooding teste 'G) In planing 8 specific large-scale projet for wih az cevvonmeaal assessment is eqused by lwo eplain, ht effec onthe envtenmet shal be prodited an sessed, [Baplanation) ‘The rain environmental problems i nel costation include ni, vibration, dying up of wells, rmsd tr, apd damage to ildings. The Engine sal urdetaken an en oneal investigation Prior to the commencement of constuction, prt and evalate any possible eee diving ‘Sonsroeton andthe following peo of and aot appropriate mesrue if thre any problon, thermore, the Enginow stall also unietaken perform cavironmental investigations during {aR nde loving pid fe nore wanders ow te eon’ was ected the cout, ARTICLE 15 Investigation of Laws and Regulations which Control the Projet "in planning s projet investigation sal be undertahon in advance regaing the exiteace of any ‘oniolling awe etien the conta threo, procedures, measures tobe taken ARTICLE 16 Investigaon of Requirements for Compensation Tnvestigatons shall be Undvaken regarding requitexents for compensation forthe acquisition of he land egies for the pest and forte equation, esricion ad erminaton of ahs conquer the projec ARTICLE 17 Investigation for Outside Equipment, Muck Disposal Areas, et Tnvesiptions shall be anderaken reparding topography, geology, weaer, lant wlizaon condos, effets on te surounding sea and exhet ems necessary To bain the data required fr Planning outside equpmen, muck disposal aes, ee 2.34 Investigation Results ARTICLE IS General Tavestigaton ress stall be organize inthe necessary form wih fll understanding of tee purpose, and shal esranged ad sored 0 a8 tobe useable at Varous stages of he poet ARTICLE 19 Arrangement and Use ofthe Result of Tnsesgation of Ground Conditions| (0) The resus of the imestization of ground conditions shall be judged comprehensively and ‘ilogrzed inorder of thee impodance so that 2 round classification canbe pepely performed cording tos purpose. {@) In te ground assessment, the propeis of the ground shall be comely astssod from a feoechnisal seadpoit uliing the erate of the invetigaton of ground condone Yo enable Ssictery application of design and construction planing.a arucoune [Espanation) (The resus of the investigation f ground conditions shall be organized ino te flowing ston so ato be cally ulzedin als concerning design ed conection rstods 1) Objective, location scope and method of the invest eaton andthe name of he pron ia chase i) Oatinedescgion of topography and geology, togator vith oologial sractre iy Geologie maps iy) Geological cons sections ¥) Geological pote In sdaidon tothe geological section, the geological profile shall also record the results of the investigation inloding the typeof rock, is popes, elastic wave Velocity, competence fetor and sine of water inflow, (Se Fig” 2.6) Ao, special attention sal be gies to ground codons wich ‘equi special atemion fr design and contutien (Sse? of Arle 10) eal semon them Fe" 2e nets pe (2) As shown in ig.*2.7, the groond assessments a gececical assesment ofthe precios ofthe ‘found sing ts tesuls ofthe investigation of ground eonilons. Thee ar wo mets of ground [sessment meted based on an empire and qualtasveclasficaen of he prond, anda method ‘sing na ia echniges. 1) Quatre assessment concerning the degre of dificaly of construction iis important oases the degre of eit of construction on the basis ofthe ability ofthe fae ‘0 stand by iseif, water flow, swelling oc sqoering tau of the ground an other round Condition. Kxarpls of indies for judging whether or ne the ground wl become fad eto water Inflow are shown n Table 28, and examples of indies for dng the sweling or iqvcezing mate ofthe ground are shown in Table* 29. 2) Ground clasificaton based on clasfcotion tri ‘Ground clasicaton bused n classification citi being lid eetvly fr purposes sich san index to designate ground conditions for tederng and contact avarding. Japan, ground lasifiaion ertara hate toenexalinhed for ue in the consraton of tunnel for on, alos Sd, imigaton waterway. As an example, the round classifistion eta wed inthe constuction of ‘oad tunel is shown in (Reference Dt),20 agree tran] Fig.* 2.7 Position of Ground Assessmentnie lh Inet the Puy ofthe ican Besnsig Fi pers«a amuse 2) Construction ofgotetnical made of ground ‘When the round condone and lesion conn atthe Iecation of tnnelconstmeson ae of pein nate ae shown in?) of Arle 10 snd earefldergn i acesay,analyece ofthe Beavlor ‘nd stability ofthe ground ar sometimes undertaken before constrain wing theresa analysis fad numerical anlis on geotehaical modelo he pound ‘Det 29. Examples indices wc nents Sling or Squssing Natu of Grund45 anaoene ARTICLE20 Arrangement and Uizaion of Reslts of Investigation of Lacation Conditions "The res of invetgation of locaton conan shall be Judged comprensively an catered fn ther order of importance ha contraction lane antexseuton can advance smo sxcoding tor pupae. 24 Construction Planing 24 General ARTICLE21 General a plansing constractn, a tudy shal be perfrmed ciel regarding the following ems soso tity the findamentals of panning 1) Censrction Sections 2) Constcton Methads and Schedule 3) Working Dats ‘4 Constution Roads, Outside Equipment and Muck Dispos Areas 5) Environmental Pesertion Messier Explanation, ‘The constroction plan shal be prepared trough study ofthe purpose ofthe tunnel, alignment oss Seton, ground cotions,fcaion codons, ec used onthe resus of vestigation So as ‘Sty the sfey, economy and planed eonsrton period a the projet.a“st anus 242 Establishment of Construction Sections and Planing of Construction Methods, Schedule, Outside Equipment etc. ARTICLE2 Establishment of Construction Sections ‘In planaing construction, constuction secuons stall be allocated by giving consideration 10 consiracton cos, tunel cos Section, gradient, ground condions oeaion conditions, ec. (Explanation) "Bxamples ofthe division of long tunel to constrain seins ae shown in Fig.*29. dl Hi F.+29 Bangla afc ng mel icons selon ARTICLE 23 Construction Method and Schedule Planning 1a planning constuction a suiabe consrcton method shal be determined by giving consideration to the tunel ere section, lngih of consucon fection, constacion pio, ground colons, Toetion conditions, ee andthe sheds sal be planed on he basis ero ARTICLE24 Working Drifts 1a planing working drifts, a ty hall be underaen with regard the purpose, schedule cation, ‘oss souton, mechanical equpmeat, ste dispestien following completion of consmction, et, ving consierton to proud condions, lostonconitns ARTICLES Acces Roads, Outside Paciitiesand Muck Disposal Areas (@) panning acces onde, heease of their peat effec oo the schedule and economy ofthe coostruction pre as & whole; comprehensive say sil be undertaken With gar ote umber fof access roads, ir routes thd Width, and eer aspects of road sac, pving cosiraton 10 focationconions,ecapomy, effect on the suoupdingenvronme,ee {@)n planing ease facies, sady sal be wnderaken wih gard other capac, yout, et, ving conideraion 10 the scale af the projet, ground conditions, location contin, effets on the Surrounding envreumeat ec. soa enable sife and sooth pogress ofthe roel, {G) In planing mack esposl ares, study shall be ndenaken ith regrd fo tet locaton and scale, giving cnsieraon the guanity of mack tobe disposed, location conditions, effets 0 the frowning environment (@) In planing cated fais and mock disposal seas, study shall also be undertaken with regan! vo fice cisaer prevention plans, se ulation plans, ec, afer the completion of the project. ARTICLE26 Knvironmental Preservation Measures 1 planning constuction, effos shall be rade s0 25 ot to allow any harmful effects on the surrounding envroument, and specil measures shall be stdied as maybe require. LBxpanatind Environmectl preservation mearues include the adoption of special constuction metho, source rested mesures seston of operating time, and protection and nrenglening of subject aces, (See Tabi 210)55 ses 3. DESIGN: 3M Rates ARTICLE? General “The design engincer sll design s tans to ensue the safety and costeffestivenss based on investigation esas, use ofthe tnne nd the mode of se (Bplanation) Road Tuna: Road unnlsshoeld be designe bse onthe rules of the Road Stree Ordinance. In she design pase, the designer shold consider ena, esse prevention, ging tery 30d other ancillary fees. Railway Tunnel: Rallvay tunes should bo constructed bad onthe rules ofthe arinanee of he Minis of Transor. Inthe design phase, te designer sould corsiet the postiosing af leical ‘equipment, signaling ystems andthe trout. Waterway Tanto ‘Waterway tunels should be comstucied based on the water supply and ground conditions. ‘Consioraons in the design phate lnclade the check of internal water presi he sractre offs apptoech othe open channel and maltcnance ARTICLE 28. Design Procedure "The key to design isthe selection of an sppoprate design method and fredom fom the need of redesign Whenever conditions change inthe constuction pase rom those assumed Inthe inl ‘Sesign th designer sald change he nial desig ned. [Eeplanation} ig" 31 uies the design procedure. Designs ae roughly clasifed a being either nil designs ‘or motified designs. A moifed design is obtained by changing the inal design inthe construcaon phe. The decision ea wheter or het 19 make design changes 16 made based on te round ‘Sbieration and amlyis of msasuemente taken during cnsroton, Thea ground caslcaon, excavation method suppocting ptr, lis nl aur methods seams inthe nial design sre reviewed. Rationality and cost-effecsvencee sould be cesued when changes are made to he Ia eosin 3.2 Basis of Design 13.24 Rass of Design ARTICLE29 Basis of Design "Te design eagncr shall make an effective use of he supporting fanton of the grand in designing a tunel, The condlions to be considered include ground condor, effcs of earthquakes, of Seighboring consrston and of wnnling on the suoanding reFigs 31 Design proce (ure: Recommenations for NATM Design ad Technical Research Institute) ‘and Construction by the Railroad )Ey esi [Blanton] {1 Design conditions ‘The folowing design condtons should be considered |) Ground properties (earth pressure, ground deformation, ac aii i) Bet of eanbosker 1) Etec of neighboring construction js) Other (outside water presse, eral Water pressure, ost heaving pressure, ive lad, dead load, landscape, te) (2) fet of nme on surrounding areas fects af tunel coaswustion on sutounding was shoal be fly considered. The following items shoul be checked *) Elects o ground and sate vse inflow, ct) 1) Noite and ibraion 1) Metalinducedpolaion vi) Other (2) Design tems ‘Major design items incling the following. Horizontal alignment 5 Longitudinal praile ‘ib shed ess section iv) Ancillary fies ‘Excavation method ad tne ving method 1) Aviary method “a Ground easiscaton(clessfision for design based onthe ground assessment by section) ‘iy Supports Shree rok bl sc! supper et) ‘n) Linings nsdn invert conrate and bad sone) 3) Watepoofing nd drainage 2) Measurement ARTICLE 30 _ Design Method "The dignenginoor shal design atnel by an appropite meth. the design pas, the around condition, environmental conden, tnne ection et sal Be cosiered [espanation) “Tannel design methods are claifid in the following ways Standard deson 1 Desig based on similar condtons 1) Design by analytical method ‘Stanaré designs adopted (in ems of supporting pater, ning, excavation method, wal diving ‘method, ete.) ander general deign conditions. Wien acase volving similar sgn contns is ‘lll the tunnel = designed Based on tht caze, When he desi conditions re Unig nd 0 ‘Sil eases are avaiable te cael is designe based ona numeral sali. ARTICLE 3L_ Design Changes ‘When te ina design was fou inappropriate by observation o measurement sing consructon, ‘he design enginer hall change the desi quickly.ot some {Expantion} ‘The inl design generlly adopts standard design based onthe assumed ground condition. Quick changes to the nal design rege expel detinod design and desin concep. Changes may be ‘made he following ens. Major design ies suchas the cos secon and agent. No changes {remade daring construction with fepct to these ems excep in seca casts, Support pate, ‘vision of heading and auniliory methods: Validity of sign of these tems is confirmed by ‘observation "and “measurement during constuction. Changes. shookd ensure safety and ‘Som-efectivenes. Fr smash progres of constuction, th changes should be made Guicly 322 Design Condition ARTICLE 32. Ground Properties “The design engincer shall consider ground ropes suk ss cath pessu, ground deformation, face sabi and water now is desiging tunel (Eparation) ‘reo pic popes soc at midis of formation of the pomnd a Posen a. ‘iu we cde fire ena tod oe lee ply oper. (2) Bah press and ground formation ‘he oloving pes of round betas conceivable “Pres of oseed rnd Atma ground reste “Otter ype of pound ese ‘ay eld be mats dtermie which ype i edoninat from desi viewpoint. 1) stu of essed ground reste of lone pound cated bythe grand lowed by excavation and ats lyon the sting ‘Whsn te ph gt and tere ile mt ground sven, es cooeneaton caused by avon dostys te pound suounding the tan tn lac serine gro quer ug {fe cael scion f suppose inside contol Soh rnd aipaconen sca Boe ‘sre ts one upon Tig 32s scones ow fond sess where ctl rnd pss develop. fi tee ps of rand presre Insquared pou or wae ing scons grand, rund dpliceent may continue fora lag ie or ao water pes ay ete: Under sch condone compl nel a ‘efor tone of lve or eer pec eases we eer 12) Contract vlad ground properties ho ce abl and wae Fac stabiy tock mas depener sponte Fk seat, cndson armel of the fssre and he pesos of seeing, Fu salty in unonsliatd pound corned y Gop, ‘Sthestonpan sis catshoon, water conte sd grown eve 1S) fect om growed sce and neighboring scr ‘Stead dapaconen’ coud sce teament dv wo excavation may alec oeghboxng sts, Cromer loverng in sis cau peblons such sb sndy 0 selene 10 ampresion an taco selenen oes saRatna act ont wet Superman Su C4, MS ened ie Fig.* 3.2 Stes in the ground (a conceptual view) ARTICLE 33 Riect of Earthquakes “The design enginoer hall consider the fects of carguakes whenever necessary. The desiger ten shall focus on sich raters asthe depth, ground conditons, locaton conditions and the surounding [Espanation} “Tunes are surounéed by ground and thie behuvir daisg an earhquake depesds upon he botavior of suoundiog gourd. Tn gener, thtefore, the effects of earthquakes on tunes ae relstively small Damage even ft occur, nar Tn most ofthe pas cas of damage, paras or inngs ner portals were eter deformed or cllpsed. sac damage ely to corer, measires sucha landlde prevention pl, rock fll prteton, se of enlarged covert, roinfocement of linings with reinforcing bas of sel iets and iver {twallatie, coud be studied in vance. Consideration for earthquakes gonerally unnecessary a iret depths excop near the poral oe won te ground ls table, unless the fanel as an la large ‘ross sain os ettenely important. ‘When a tnoel sensed nan urban te o aca the surface, interaction betwee the ground and te tunel during un cartagake rma have an pact on neighboring statues. Or there maybe eases ‘vere stain concentration daring an earthgeake det sutures ache conection of the tonne © ‘eihboring srtres. The ater pale can be saved effectively by installing exible jos. ARTICLE34_ Effects of Neighboring Construction ‘When maltpetanels are consrcted the sme tine clos to one asthe or excavations planned near the tnnsing site upon coapletion of tunnel the design engine shall consider changes in pigs propeces and ground ses, ground deformation, a he effects of lasing ibeation cused bythe netgoring consineticn6 sexo [xplanaion) lett of excuration of twin tunnels on each other vary ecoring tothe ground condins en ccopsructon method. Gone, thee Is hardy any effect in asic ground i the spacing ‘ener to-ertr is more tan double the excavation width ofthe tome, In sat ground © spseing ‘eer-to-cerer fie ime o mote the excevaton wid of he tunnel considered ste the design ondton des nt meet the above citron effes of neighboring constuction shouldbe taken into ‘onsen, Tor twin tunes in an ben ara oad changes at the ground surface should also be considered In don, wider areas may be more affeced by excavation in Soft ground than under usa ground ‘condor, (1) Simuloneous conan of mall umels ‘When pale or inersecting multiple tnnels are consraced, effects of changes in ground sss, ‘ground deformation and bling vibration shold be considered Since the condtons vary acording {othe sequence af the constuction, studies soaldbe me teach as. (2) Effects of neighboring construction on competed umel ‘The studes mentioned above shouldbe made In adn, changes in groundwater evel shold aso beexamined "Ts meighborng constuction plans know, the following measure re effecsve *Tonnal enforcement in advance of planned consrction “Securing eross sein lowing for fare reifereemene {(@) tn care ofan constructed nar the surface n wan area ‘The ground in urban aoa stn enconslcaed, I the tae is comtrected rer the surfs, es ‘overburden laa can at onthe tunnel Bute environmental changes may area alter tunnel leading conditions. For tanels under such eicurstanees, reinforcement of sings with eafrcing bars and se inceas of ining thickness should be considered inpeparain fo frre load change. ARTICLES Water Pressure, Frost Heaving Pressure and Other Loads "The design engineer stall consider the effets of Water pressure, ret heaving prstre, lve Loads and dead loads according tthe use ofthe tunnel, he surounding eviroanen and oer conn. [Bplanation) (1) Water pressure Intemal water presse Is considered for waeevay tunnels. Either hylrosaie or éynamic water pressure is considered. Since groundwater generally deans off of the tunel, no extemal Walet rssue i comidered in sang linings In Waterpoounnl, however, al rounds presse ‘consicered (2) Frost heaving pressure Incold regions, the ecaing of groundwater affects tunel. Under sick cteumstanoes, eases och slits on water cement ratio fining cones, waterproofing and insulation are necessary (3) Other leads For ray or rood tunes, ive lads may be considered, Dea loads of feiiies in the tool se Somatimes en inc consideration, ARTICLE36 recs on Surrounding Structures and Environment “The design enginoer shall sudy the effet of tnne excavation and the completed tunel on the suirondingsrctres nd the enirnment. Countess shal be dsined whenever regi. (Explanation) “Table 3.1 shows the groan conditions that shouldbe considered as design conto. Especially in ban areas, excavation induced setlement or post-conpleion comlauots consoldation setlemest may oscar, Careful ste re therefore required,a soesan ‘De 3.1 Eason ean mv ond cnios yy ingens 4 ermal (atef greater | Geaitieninkews ied S ‘32.3 Tunnel Cross Section ARTICLE37 Twnnel Cros Section ‘The design engineer shall determine hens excavation cross scion based on such condtins as the finisiad cress section, ground condition, excavation method, consiction procedure and support ‘ope (Explanation) (2) Tunnel abit and cross section ‘Whe th fc ssn po ot determine bythe size ofthe secon of beading or round of excataten. Accord! division of heading, ross secon shape, around of excavation such em 35 the section of excavation are decided on the stand-up performance of & face inclading auxiliary toathods The sess endiln around the tunnel is dopenzet on the nal earth pressure and caaton Goss secon In der to avold sess concentration, a smth excavation cos ion required Heres shaped section ate generally wed. When ret cath pressure ats on ie tutel ‘epi of iver cones and cular secon shouldbe sued, (2) Breavaion method and nel cross section “The shape of «tunnel cross section shouldbe examined not only for ha sake of post completion subi but lo forthe sake of safety during constuction Stade of excavation etd are Teefoe also impocant Excevation methods include te following (Article 9), TTB face exoration meted 2 bench eating method 43.Cene lapvagm method ‘Daft advancing ehod133 Design of Tunnel Support 3341 General ARTICLE® General (Tuna! suppor shall be designed to stabilize oon after excavation is completed by ceuing a “stable structure corporation with sureanding ground. Whee any ground movement caises possible {Ect tthe ground sree or suroundngs srt, appropri ne ipport tit dos hot Have any negative eet on the ground surface or surrounding structures, shall eadoped. “Gye! supper shal be designed to ensue th al setivies fn the anne ar cared oat in safe and ein manne. [Epanation) (1)In gener he components of uanelsuppet ae shotrete, rock bolts and ste ib support. Where stoand conditions ate ot favorable or spenal conditions are expecta eg. exience of houses oF "Stictres on gro trae with very shallow overbarden), conte ning may als be considered Ska part of he anne! seppor For the design ofan elective tunel suppor. its essential to analy the characteristics of each ‘support component and apply a single or combination of support member. ARTICLE39 Determination f Tonne! Support Pattern Tor the design of tunnel supp, doe consideration forthe carats of ground conten an the tunel eonsrctcn rstod fs sccessuy- THe tnnel shopont member) stall, bated on the ‘round conions, be sleted, an he supper pat sal be dteried Explanation) “Tunrelseppor shall be eectvelywilize he inherent support properies ofthe orginal ground. For the effective design of tunnel suport, 1s necessary to evaluse over al ground conons such ss sevgraphy, geology, physical chuacterisics, depth of overburden, possibly of wae flow, sections Sftunnel exewaton, rertion of surface selemert, method of analing et ‘Geological codtions in lpan are geneally variable and complied adit iu wo orcas. curate ground conditions before excavation, and itis also dificult, before tameling, to design 35 appropriate tuna suppor For this enon, ground classifications bsed on appoprine geological ince are important factors for designing tunoel support Before unre excavation fo each ground clasiiion, te tunel Suppor pres coossing of combinations ofshotrete, rock bal or sel ib super sic. re tobe Seta, such tunnel soppst pallens ae tobe used ss a primay design fr nae suppor During the tuneling proces, such «primary design shall be evaltated though observation and ontving, and molfied ig secesry, and Yael support sal ave an appoprte design er the ound canons or combination of suppor members like solr, rock ols and stat ib soppor Gf ppiable, it is important o consider the funtion of eah suppor member.‘Table 3.2 shows primary tems for selection of support members. ‘Table 3.2 Primary lems for Selections for Support Members (20100. of exevatin section) et pe =e Ee [lols eet * | ceca | ee t Se : fee |ololo © | See | emi “ =| ee ala ° ean case ‘es fea TEE elelel Te Be Se Se Sa fmm |R [ofojo| «| o ese | sakes : = ss re a Ee ae = Se | eae. FE Ooo] 8 | o Paes) ae ewes | ee SE | aS cee eran | Seem || a) o| 0 | 0 | Stam | i =. ‘Te tune! support shal usualy be designed in fllowing manner, 1) Applicaton of standard design. 2) Applian ofthe design under simitar ound onltons 5) Applian of analytical methodn pest “he tunel suppor shall sully be designed in following manner a) Applation of andar design )Applcation ofthe design ander smilar ground enditons )Appltion of analytical method 1) Aoplcatin of standard desion For the deenation of tunel suppet pater, expertise and expericne, together with anneling coetrostion daa is equred Iris envenian’ and pact to dade tunnel Sappt pater, Based on Sandra tune suppor patterns deeemined through constructed tunnels da Inthe Toble™ 33 the standard suport patterns fr rod tunel is shown. 2) Application ofthe design under sina ground condtons ke ground condtns or tunnel section, at sila tunnel support maybe sila example In tis ese the (allowing ems are required |) obtain al the information abot the constoced tuna! suchas geology etd of tunneling, ‘uring consrucion and measure and onion 4) to analy and eval information desrbed above in reference with lhe vestigation resus, i) adding further analyses to the sopport pate ofthe example determine te sppropdate tna suppor pater 2) Application ef analytical method ‘Where aplication of 1) or 2) of shove is considered fila in he following eats, design fr tunel sopport maybe determined by anata method, 1} when special poand condtons are expected, large cat pressure on the tunnel, abnormally large deformation, ‘when ane excavation sections are very speci, |i) when similar tun! cases ace del to Get ecase of special onton.8 ses ARTICLE 4 Change of Support "Where une supa design considered not appropri aes ofebservatons and monitoring | m& | F frricinesstem | ~ 0 45 [50 ‘ctermines Special cass) by design ‘ere ase of abou [Om nner pace wil) ‘Technologies! Standard for Road Tensel (Sttral Chaptee) and Beplartion’; Japan Rea sociation Design Code Collesen 3) Japan Highway Pubic Corporation. 35 Design of Waterproofing and Drainage Systems ARTICLE 64 General “The design eaptee shal design appopiate waterproofing und drainage systems ssoeing tothe ws ofthe tune! muti tonne! Santon nd prevent deterioration a nings and othe aii. [Eaplansion) nai ’ veces e ‘Water leakage in toaels not only depres the functions of insuenel facies and reduces teir arab ut spo has an adverse eet on te trvel on he ray de he fei of the Wat ‘tnt Rgpropmste watrrosing an runage system should teeters de ‘bunny ie ekeavaio of mouttan tnnelgreundwatersurounding the onl sezeally rained lta Sag mode say bend te Hag to contol eatemely high prounduater presre oF event leakage rough te nme. During i tans in loconsled ground fun are, ar dsinsgs Sometimes coats selement of ground Watertight tants teers need 19 {Sige ud contfcted tht pve aus the Towering of ike grouaduater level dung an et, ‘Spt fa Sry nd deg cms sol dene en fr iny107 ss “The counter measures fr water leakage contains waterproofing by spplyng waterroting mebranes afer taking appropriate meas behind the hing o prevent leakage sie the ning, kanage that rabies smooth dalag> of water Sowing ino the tne (Gijeonrat of wate leakage though tne contrestion ons by cuting for conveying wate despite ‘he appicaon of waterproofing ‘The dunage methods we shown in Fig "3, ARTICLE 6S Waterprvoting The design engineer sal design an appropriate wueroting spem according tothe ground onion a the use ofa tuna. The materia wed fr watrpoutng shal be durable, easy to ‘const and esis’ to breakable during constction, (Espanatin)| ‘An appropriate waterproofing system shouldbe designed according othe ground codon and use of the tunel beats leakage Ine tunnel makes the tvel on he usa afi doe to te fering ‘ofthe wats in winter. Leakage also deeviorazes Jrabity ofthe ining ths an sverse effect on the ices inthe tungel in many eases, The tea of consrtion shouldbe deternl cacy because even an area with no appucat war low sles leakage ater the completion ofthe ing bscause of changes in groundwater condtion, Three typical mehads of waterwooting Is mountain tne are application of waterooting ‘membranes, spaying and coang. At peso, waterproofing menrenes are teed mote frees than anyother meted because they can Yorm highly reliable watepnt layer of enter gual, Soraying and coating canbe cae at easly and tthe src tobe waterprodd Satisfy However, by wsing these two methods is difcuk to produce @ waerproo! Iyer of content thickness (@eraesiy pra) nga er oetag "ig" 3.1 Examples of Waeryroctng nd Drainage100 sows Matrnts of waterproofing membranes include rubber asphalt, syetetc rubber and plastic. The nar materials presealy used in Japan for mountain tenmels ae reveal ips of pane sch as tivlene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chlecde (PVC) and elec copolymer amen (SCE). ‘While waterproofing mercbranes of hicks of 08 to 12mm are generly used n Japan, thckness shou be determine secording oe purpose of the membrane ad the us ofthe tne Materia of waterproofing systems should hive sient expansDliy and sea fo est ‘mechanical ineet daring the cosrction of waterproofing tem and placement of ling cone, presse of rsh concrete and water presse. They shoul lo be of suc nd quality to provide ‘arbi agains the componeat of concrete zd water inflow. Especially in maesght nel, high water pressire may act on the waterproofing system, and reer tough study need tobe nde ‘fhe type, materi, specfcatons und the wea Of contain ofthe waterproting sytem, Sie the formation of waterof layer continooas is equed jit ofthe waterproofing membranes ls ee o have designated srenath and waerginess ARTICLE 66. Drainage “The design egioer hal design an spropeite diag sytem th cn convey soc and dn Explanation) During te design of drainage systems, the potion of instalation strstr, stint. nee to be determined considering the use, location conditions, amount of wate nw, longi! end transverse gradient ofthe tanned ofan iver tack rte and otc factors “The water owing i te cnnel that collect hing the ning tends nthe owes pot nthe ‘tunnel seston. Inappropriate posioning of dean cases he wert be eased ut. forms evel land deteriorates the bed by tod pumping. Since the lowes pin fa tunnel scion fe generally located a the centr ofthe tunel, a dsinpipe is often installed at the cece. Sch 4 dsinnge method is shown in Fig 112. For drainage, water collecirg materials sich ata ranage mata Placed between the shotcete and cones lip or a perorted pipe is lad inthe ground, Tearsese tunel ‘excavation wid, depeoding onthe ground conditions, Reinforcement is hesfoe requied to SUbilze the ground between tones. [athe design f branch tunes, the branch angle sould preferably be ace as close fo a right angle as posible forthe sake of ground sabiiy. Even for Franch ngs at a ight angle, relnfrcement fp requved forthe acess for beaching, and for ewale and invert ofthe main tomel. The ditance of reinforcement may wary aosoring (0 the Tunnel ships, ground coodons apd tenforcemeat method, ha i often Set t ID to 2De in the ‘diction of main tunnel a Inthe design ofthe electrostatic preipeator room and venilaion duct, Srodynami low i consdredbafere String the shape othe Bar, Enlaged tansel (a) shown in Fig 3.14 is used for enstctng a station in aro tunel Fallfaeeslargement is posible in good ground. Since enlrped tunel are inthe fora of a large Section, a taal of tze tunel, on the certs and two on he sides, are gery excavated and he bulkheads are ner removed. Ealarged tunnel (@) is panned. for sroctoes such ss an ‘emerpeney: paring site Since theses of enlagemere sna 0 arge ol te madifcarion of Suppo Pat snes. ‘The olowing methods are eectve fr designing branch or elargemens (Design basa on arples ‘Examples of design snd consnton of tenches and enlargements ae sti in data Not oly ‘design secifeations (Sich as the shape of scclon. groond conditors, consmucion method, Feinforement wort and ata of reiaforcemen), bu ase tutoel behavior ring ad afer consrction ‘Should be fll ste n order ermalate «combined evaluation 0! desig abd bebavie. i) Design by analyal mehads For the nome! analysis ffnels,cotnsum analysis methods sec a rae analysis ad Fite ‘element analysis ae used frequently, Since the shape ad srr of branches and enlargements ae Somplex and effet typeof ground arch eveios from that in ordinary section, continu ‘nasi mehods ae recommensed sch nt lementmtiods hat cover the greand as wel12 ses For reinforcing for the excavation of branches or enlargements, support einforeing methods and sexily meihods generally sed rng tunel excavate are ose "The mainly used supper feinfereing methods we various types af methods t increase stifles, sachs by nerewing he ‘umber and length of rock boks fiber bolts) and by inereasing the thotcet thicnese and by ‘hanging the ste spar siz. Chemie routing is sed waeever eid depending on he proud ‘ondtons. Examples of highway branch tunes are shown in Table 315 and Fg" 345, Yd Oh Ween Qimnaedh (tment Whee Oe e336 pre na a Fig?28S omptten On Se ents) TPIS Spat nNer e a= x [=e SEE125 sec ‘38 Design of Neighboring Tunnels ARTICLE 72. General ‘The cesig engineer, whe designing neighboring tame, sl Ivestigate and sty their mutual lets, nd design supper, lining an enforcement setae. (Explanation) (1) Classction of neighboring tanrels Neighboring tumels re two or mor tunel that are contacted simultaneously oc in phases and fect ooe ane. The case of liter costracton of erginaly unplanned tnnes in the eighborhod ‘ft completed tunnel therefore excluded (ARTICLE 38, "Examples of cuhborngtannelsicode te following. (Parle tenes (a) Tunes of binocular ces section i) Cuong tomels (2) Distance beneen neighboring uml: ‘Neighboring unas ere subjected to muta effets of sues edition due to the constation of rupees. Thus, the sess condions, that occur are fret fam those that eccur cing the onsrucion of single tunel, ‘The distance regured o fe the nlghborng tonnes fom the mutual eects varies according tthe logical conditions. Neighboring tannels ths re stant rom each he a dtnce ego fo two in fully clase ground to five (in soft proud) tines the lamer ofthe exsvation crater cee) se found 0 sotfer hardly any mat impact, ARTICLE 73. Design of Neighboring Tae ‘The design enginser, when designing veighboring tenes, sal caine thee muta effets a othe ground condition et. ICs ncesary to ensre the working eft ofthe rok bls equivalent to th exiated i he desi. ‘Anevample of rock bolt hole dling accuracy is gen in Table? 3.2. “G) In some eae, de tothe rough race ofthe dried wal orto ite collapse ificalt to nser. ‘he rook bolts and ‘fil he abchoring mater Is terefore necesary to confem in advance that he required holes ae sve Ih pneral, the pullout srg i seta a level equivalent 10 the yield strength ofthe rock bolt (sual, yet sueagth af the teaded petn). Whe te maafactring factory et quali ceanged, {he stongth shal be verified. Inthe pot tet dating constracto, the Tsk Sot judged tobe ‘Adequate ic exis about 80% ofthe se pul-cu stengih An example of management frock bolt, Sochorng is shown in Table 5.3. "Mortar one of te peeling ype anchoring mateals most widely used. Is mixing and weighing are managed according to the “Standard Specifications for Design and Canstacion of Conte ‘Str, writen bythe lpan Society of Ci Engineers, Examples of cnssteney and strength est ae given ia Table" 3.4‘Tblet $2. Feample of ock bolt oe dilingaecuracy = a Se = ae = oe = aera ‘Tble? S3._An example of the management frock belt snctorng [ier ies Terma ro sega be aegis abut 0% sth tot erat ‘coring face | toate (ne lsecronn chen) | Pty ei ed er ‘Hier eaeig ee neta | Yel | re tine wns dene ‘ete ent tke ‘Table* St Example of consistency and steagih tof pe-fling type anchoring materia Tate [Tate Trae ea Tonelae ue meter Ccouctency | Rowtea |) Duing enn er west ear eR 3) as sen emanating cy or gel i caged Conpenine |) oseebet esc Rasa Suman re | 2} aspera dng we rion Ritesge aes seg |) Guenter he masta yr gually a ctaege | ye ()Make sure thatthe bering plat i in lowe conta with he surface of sheet or exavaion ee ‘Tis check is usualy done visually oe by giving light ses wit hammer is necesary to wsually monitor deformation or oer absormaliies ofthe esrng pits tthe placement ofthe ‘complete ‘534 Stel Support ARTICLE 142 Material of Steel Support (0) Mateals, geometry and dimensions the sel suppor shal bo vee o conform tothe design and specification "2) The ssl support shal be propery stored so hat no harml rs, sticking foreign substance nor (Explanation) Its noes to confirm tha the mails of the steel spport conforma to bose spel in the lol= = [eam sevens | SE o[e|o tees “ lm| befe[olo]o someon i opt =| ie = = Ex|mrleololole| eo (onemcmtsinteen| ete aM = ia a Te = oo] o | saryrmems ere tars | omen orem lamas] [0 [© | © | © | amuamtaiencmnmice poten | anne eommommen Samat | sur | xox | suc [AE | Be Mam | were a inal srs] meso |r| as | emp | roe pur nha ht won ‘pasa a, 195 es |S ‘eo pa ue U5 AL205 seonsrayenox manneniaet “Tet S5_ Ins nveiptio ad tet tue aaa — Dancy re aa eases |B Eure femme ee “Senet sry ie | 3 dic dak pete Soleo rca cy °) Cation of gos Gk cei, ac ene fldsacr, ton ne loge sen an o iam ao Bonga | A ee ty tegen Geel Sociy Simpl rit seins ‘Sag cea at et so | Mpa rae ery at ) 2 Di pe OO, >. Se tee) | Dye tr 79S") 3D {Seer | rete arotse «Veil atest pe top harm 0) 2 RHI OORIE APRA 3 alah [oman 4 Leh 30) Lat oh >I AAT) tas tome foment atest ema) a an Sa, oe)219 seonsrvenan incest Tables 5:12 (continued) [in [i Sede il 3d NN RY) (mone Wi | er oe ee 3 1 Gerben 3 Sng 3 Sty «psn (Sepa pee 2 Vane 5: hiseaié Ore Sst Js |} 58 2 Men (4 3 So) «Vays ci | Sana oS " [i a La 1) £ Ne TRI) 7 De SD A Vey ee TT costal Pcoal are, as ee mye eh Stee oe ie Example ge) sto, =e, ae intow ace Cab e8za sonsrerion mannonser ‘544 Usiiation of Observation and Measurement Results ARTICLE 157 Fundamental Approach “Observation snd measurement rel shal be otzed fr rational design and construction stable forthe ground comlsns To this end he behavior ofthe seroundng ground andthe tonne! poo ‘Mall bdeternined and hen evaluated in accordance with contol cea. See Fig." 5.8) a Lent ents / ten feign / ese [ees EE tren ec een tect iit et arm Lita San Sem meg Fig.* 58 Relationship between Control Criteria and Safety Contol System ARTICLE 158 Evaluation of Observation Results “Ground evalvation shal be caves out onthe iss of he obsevaton resus, Eetive use shall be ‘nde ofthe ground evaluation res, son ith the measurement rests fs the selection of spp. ‘Specfcaons and forthe tabiy evaluation ofthe groan which nludes the completed section of ‘he onnel end the round surface (pana) ‘Table 5.13 shows some molel lusmting typical pattems of tunel face collapse and Uss ‘mportan considerations in face observation, ARTICLE 159 Evaluation of Measurement Results "The measurement ess sal be evalaed comprebesively, along withthe observation resus, to alate apd judge the sbi ofthe ground around the tunel and the adequacy ofthe tnnel suppor. [Bpanatin) ‘The measreren results should be evalunted o make jdgeats sly af the Towing: 1) Ground propetis 3) Ground behavior ) Soundnes of support 19) Ting oi placementcy SconsTRUCTON ANNCMENT ‘Tablet 5.13 Mechanisms of Cutting Fie Collapse and Important Considerations in Face Observation Grodno are in Thom: Sry gra OF pra rank ARTICLE 160 Feedback to Design and Construction The ebsrvaton and mcasurrent eu hal evaluated comprehensively in accordance with the control eiusa so ato quikly ake use of them inthe design and constuction (Explanation) ‘The felowing procedure should he taken nade to make use of he observation and measure resis inthe dengan consction process i Set contol eters 1) Conduct observation sad essuremns a the constrston work reeds UU) Estate na ales fom the observation ad messement reots iy) Compare the measured and eslened values wth the contol ritria ‘)valutte validity ofthe original sin and construction Review contol rer itnccessary2s SON VENTIONAL:TUIMELNG EHD 6. CONVENTIONAL TUNNELING METHOD ARTICLE 161 Scope of Application ‘Wile NATM isthe most ormonly usd method f anne excaaton this pat deserves the Handa forthe design and consretion of tunaels riven bythe convention! tnneing mcthod. The Conventional tunneling method refers oa tanning method in which unne!i exeavated while he ‘rounds saditaed by sel suppor and agin ARTICLE 162 Use of Conventional Tunneling Method "The conventional turning method sll be adopted only afer comping it with cther methods ‘compechenively By taking nto consideration all eleva factors including ground condone 2nd ‘oom efficiency. Pir to the execution of he convertor tuneling method, a constuction plan ‘Shall be prepared er carefully asesing the characteristics ofthe tenneling method. (Explanation) “The lagging method, which uses sel supports and lags a8 principal supporting members, has 3 numberof shortcomings ineloding the inevitable loosening of the ground he rlave Weakness of Stel supports against unsymmetrical pressures, andthe fficulty in completely filing the gap tswcen the tne! andthe ground even When baci grouting i curios oo. The lagging method Nowever, muy be advantageeus depending on the conditions under Wich Curl excavation ist be came oa ‘When ‘considering, whether oe not 19 adopt the lagging method, it i necessary to make a ‘comprehensive comparison with ther options, taking ilo account such factors a6 the ground ‘conditions and sconamie efficiency. Cucumstances under which the lgsing method may te dvanageous include te following 1) The cross section ofthe excavatn sal, and theres alinto the sie of machinery tobe ws {The tonel to te excnonted i sont, and ean be reslonaly attr fom the abity ofthe sound tat the cui face would be slfsuppoing. Ti) High nes of water inflow and neffativenes of dsiageprcldethe se of shotretng, 19) A collapsed cutting face fo be eestred, or & short Taclure zone section Wits Well-developed feats or rocks isto he excavated Fig 61 show excavation mabods of conventional tanocing.ar soowrenrionaL EN MERCD Fig 61. Excavation methods ARTICLE 163 Londs in Lagsing Method Lend that fect the sel sapports and lining shall be estimated considering such factors athe tral ground conditions, sae othe fnel cross section, depth of overburden, excavation method, Solving mets, ing fl op cen nig pee, Sn pn eas ‘hrngeomtrction, ARTICLE 164 Stet Sopport (Stel suppots sll bave enough srngth o prevent subsidence toppling and twisting. Al sel supports shall be firmly neonnestedbybrcing bls a races {G) The interval between sel supports sall ot be geaer than 130 cm. Stee supports shall te storey installed tte speed postions, “@) The spe, dimcorone and span of sel sappors shal be determined consiecing such factors the inne space dh the mapaitod ef ea pressures ating on the steel suppor, snd eonsttion (€) Steel support joints shall be Femly inercoeneted by osing te plates, bols andor other connecting elements ‘) Stel spare sal be Fite with sole ples so thatthe supp have enough bean capacity 0 reve subsidence dv 0 lading Tn the case of ground whore diferent weilemen,unymanetica [resets et ay cause the tonne! spoon to alae, appropriate measues suchas the plscemen ‘tooling coneee snr diagonal brariag, halle taken. 6) vasing and pling sll be ven around he perimeter of he steel suppor 0 ast suppor the ‘ground and to enable the aech action af the suppor, t function fully By providing appropiate ‘locking between the tnnel supp atthe ground29 anErIONAL TUNNELING METHOD (7 Sold any anomaly in an ered steel suport be found, the ste suppor shall be reinforced Immedizely using usa and relble metho, (Espanatin} ‘The shape, dimersons and spacing of sts supports shouldbe determined aking ino consideration sich factors at ince space wd the agate of eath pressures acting ea the sel Supper he ‘Seng of he sppors, and coastncton eet ‘As a means of improving working elcleny, steel soppors may be cambered when erected. To ‘hau the reguted thickness of concrete nme, the lining crown may Be eovded wih a Wek-up 62). ig* 6264 show examples ofthe combined use of oe plates and ee het piles. Fig." 6.5 shows sn example of footing coerce design etal simtsmpee {Seger ee Fig" 62 Kickap21 ‘cowreTonAL TUNNELING MEHOD sagas ayous a: 3° ‘tn sl ta) (Seppe Fig.* 63 Examples of Arch Crowa Joint Design Details . iL on Ly A . Seas pee ta oop Fig.* 64 Examples of Sole Plate and Foot Plate Design Details, sng ont Gene) Saletan 180% Fig 65 Example of Footing Concrete Design Detailsa ‘ONVENTIONAL TUNNELING MERHOD ARTICLEN6S Lining “1 Te thicknes of ining stl be determined consicerng factors sch a the sie ofthe tne cross set, ground conditions, ining mata, andthe construction method usd “Gn cases where ning conte is place bythe Laveced ining method corsrcton joints sll be constructs caefly to prevent them from becomes we so (Explanation) Fig? 66 shows the relationships of shea piles and method peti esgn lining thickness wit art the tel supper. “Table” G1 shows the cange of thicknesses of lining concrete for mountain tunels based on data bined fom pas tennel projets The tale icles nother data for cases whee patelaly poor ‘ound condos were encountered for data for exceptional cases suchas Hose involving pil ones only. Except in special eases, dep ling thickness cases Where scl Suppl ae used etersned by regarding tho values shown nthe able a standard Fig. 6.6 Relationships between Mihod.spocfie Design Lining Tickness and Stee! Support ‘Tablet 6.1 Design Thickness of Lining Concrete Tepe) Daigo ‘a “onset ARTICLE 166 Backfill Grouting (1) The annaar vou Retween the lining atd the groan shall be groued with air mortar or ater sui stable forthe voi condtons that he ning candice suppor the gros. 'O) Inthe design of boc grwtng even dal such st erst mate and mix proportions apd ‘he store and configuration of ou ols, sl ke determined so as oil the vod equa. (@) Backfl grouting shall be executed a soon as possible atest ining conerete has bem strong enough o ress ue growing pressure (Gh) The grouting sequence and pouting pressure shall be determined o snot 0 dstar he grand, ang case unsymmetia or excessive lous fo on the liting. (5) Backfill grouting shal be appropriately mangged to ill up the anlar void between the ining and the round Texpaationt ‘Table® 6.2 shows grout mix proportions and Fig“ 6:7 and 68 show an example of «pret pbieg rangement and an example of rou pipe sate, respectively.235 ‘Tible* 6:2 Examples of Grout Mix Proportions se | = |e ee [SS] ee ES on sr] | Sto" | eo [oo | er | om Pe Th ep iota an oe 2 Eel aprea aie cy ore det tly deci ot ene 5) i ep ts dl ed (sem Fig" 68 Example of Groot Pipe Structureast awntiany Meno 7. AUXILIARY METHODS, 7A General ARTICLE67 Use of Ausiiary Method All decisions sto the adoption of an avlary mth shall be mae afer thoroughly staying its rpoe and eecveness. (Explanation) ‘Analy method sa construction method of an anlar or special mau adopted to ensure face siablity and tne afer ad preserve the environment in ces where eer conventional syppor pattern, soch as rock bolting, shotereting cr seal supper, ae inadequate or where thy ar not dvamagens, “Commonly used autiliry methods ictod foepoling, face bol, fae sheteree, drainage di, ctainage boring, well pon, deep well, aroun. pipe foot, sel pipe foepling. and cut? wall methods, ARTICLE 165 Role of Ausiiary Method {OpIncases where an ala tnetod is judged necestry ding tunel constuction, an appropiate sunilay tethod tall be slesed. her cvalusing the tuntel safety, environmen pac ‘ffectvenes, economic efficiency and its compat with he tunneling rth. {Gp In eses where tis jlged atonal incorporate Le we of an aexiry method int the original ssion, appropri measure all be taken by evan the round. cndions, environmental ‘ondtons and he constuction metho comprehensively. (Esplanatin) Fig" 7.1 shows the flow of investigation, design and conscucion when an aviary method was sled. ARTICLE 109 Applicaton of Auailary Method Th cass where an any method oe metas are apie, characesistcs ofeach method shal be fully understood. Wn thi undersandng the ground condtions and eavirnnentaleonitons shall brinvestigateds and dolls suchas te sthedle and method of eonsractos shall be ful taker iio onsderation xpanation) ‘Veioasauniliry methods have been developed and pt to practical wse. Table 7.1 summaries sepresenative ior methods.He" 71 ow nein, Did Cm 3 Ta Pog iiny Meinl Wes Selected tis Mahaaa 7 aUNtanRY was 1) Face stabilization ‘The mountain unneling mthod is predicated onthe ability of he cuting face and the tunnel exw ‘0 sport themselves unl support erection complied. Ia cases where te cating face i nab 10 ‘Sport lf ual the compleson ofthe support beesse ofthe pound condition, ix necesy 10 {ake aporoprate fice stabiltation measures (ensue af, south and efficient eonsiruction, 2) Watenilow cosas! [if waar fw int ois expected to flow into he tune tthe coting fae, groundwaer needs tobe ined nor to stabilize te cating Tac and improve constuction een. 1) Surface selement conta. “Methods for convling surface setlement during tune! constuction inlude pipe rooting. avtantal et grouting te! pipe fering and sel pipe forepiing When surace setieme due to [Eoundwies drainage eto be proved, routing tetas which ase chemals soc a a suspension Type ater glass ara solution ype water Blass maybe wsd “D Protection of eigboringsotres When tunel excavation & undertaken in urban areas, thee are eases where itis sometines unavoiable to cary ou eeestrotion workin the Vein of existing surface sractures, sch at bldngs and beldpes. In such cass, measures re leo, on an as-needed bi CO pee tose ARTICLE70 Selection o Ausiary Method ‘When selecting analy method, decisions shall be made fer eaeflly examining the purpose, ffecveness, economic esiensy of he method taking sto consideration sch acters a he ground ‘non, st condone and the ran constuction method ve (Explanation) ‘A plsal ow of constuction mod cleton bate onthe site condions an tho purpose 5 shown in Fig." 72 Fig 72 lw of Ausdiay Method Selection Dung Consrction 112 Ausiliary Method for Safety in Tunnel Construction ARTICLEIM Ausiliary Method for Tace Stabilization “Auilary methods for cuting fee sian sill be sleced afer eareflly examising the fectvenet ofeach auliry metod, the tunel constucion schedule und the constuction method ‘rhe bis the lavetgatonresalts concerning the grovnd conditions and ite conn.28 ‘AuNuaRY emit (Explanation) ‘Generally, face stability refers to sablity of the cutiag face 20ne including the fae itself. Foe stabilization measures canbe broadly classified ino thee eager: (1) sablzation of crown, (2) "Railton office, and (3) sabiiztion of foo Since fase stably is closely comected wi Svat inflow fom the face Zone, ii mocesay, a € Ft sep, to decide whether measres aginst ‘te inflow ood oe taken 1yGrown sabilization ‘Fling spefrepling Filing pe forepoing sa susiary seth in which bolts stel bars, or pipes, which ae shorter than shout Sty re driven info the round aroind the tp heading arc, at shown in Fig" 7) Effects of thie method iclodeinreased spparr tear sength fhe crown andthe prevention of te Ibosening of the round abead ofthe cating face General tel rebforcing bs, andthe space ‘between the reinforcing bare and the proud i fled wih coment ase or mara. = (Fling yretorsinc ——@) Gosine peteag Fig*73_ Forepoling 1) Grouting ype forepling “Grosting type frepoling i an auniaymothod in which bos or ppes up osbout $m in ength ae van io he ground above and ahead ofthe cating fac, a shown in Fig" 7-0, and uiceseting ‘cement pate or chemical prot injected under pressure to eahance the ait of te erowa. Ti) Sta pie faepting “This isa the for Teinforing unstable groan, sich as alu, facture zones o¢unconslidated und, wich dos at fom an effective arch, noner tree dipiecment bead ofthe ace and Etailine the face. Inthe sel pipe forepling atbod, porto twanel excavation, ste! pipes are ‘rset ino the ground sng he upper perimeter of te planed unre! cross section. Tigh coma esween the ste! pipe an the groans achicved by fing the void space between the te pipe and the rom wih grou, stl ae cemetpaste The ling ype feng method, which canbe used to eahane ground stably, is one example. Anuher example isthe grouting type foreping method, ‘n which around ie reinford by injec cement paste oe chemical goat into the ground around the "Heal ppe andthe ground an forming composite enfrcomenseonsitng 0 stl pipes end he Brut ‘ater. 2) Face stabilization methods “Meacares taken to bine the cuting face include shoeing cr rock bolting ofthe fae, rng cating and te ute of sorter advance pe ound “The eight ofeach eting face can be dasteaed by dividing the nea cos section into smaller its, and suppor fequiemcnis ofthe fae ear be rede Oy shortening excavation Une 50s 10 ‘minimize tetime drig which he face i et unsupported. Face shotreting {a face shotcreing, soterete i sprayed onto the facet thckress of 31 10cm immediatly ater excavation inode increase th stand ine of Be Tac in Fig” 74 1) Face bling ‘The purpose of face hoi iso sabiie she eating ac by suppring par or he whole of he Face with eck boks, Face boing Fig 73 is mare elective when used in conjnction with face ‘otereing (Groated rock bOing may be use to eabance the effectiveness of face enfocemeat, In the cae of mecha excavtin, gas fiber reinforced plastic (RP) bolts are fen wed because hay ae easy248 2 AALARY METHODS LIL Figt 74 Face Shotereting oc ae ee tate ig" 75 Example of Face Bolting 1) Growing ‘Grouting Iva mtd of face sain, in which a nonshemical material sach as cement paste, ate glass pouting satel i alloted to sl the sl. Ore of the purposes of routing is fede water ins into the tontel by lowering the permeability ofthe si. Another parpose 10 ‘Hout frectres in highly faced ground, which (Subject to collapse, in onder to consolidate te ‘roan (see Fin” 7.0) ") Fooingsabilrtion methods ‘penlargement of suppor Fotng “The cod of increasing the thickness of shoteretefotiag andthe meth f installing wing bs on sl Spr ong ethos at ae fen lel te ping a fp og (Gee Fig" 7. Wergenntaer [yom vet] 7 freer ome sem Fig 7.6 Example of Grouting Methodar ‘auxaRr Mer0s ey Battin Erte He=H Loe) Fig* 7.7 Example of Stel Support with Wing Ribs “Te op heading onary tne cles he Hang Dea wih “The top ea (op healing temporary incr closes the tp heading bed with tengray nvr. The op eng iEmpelay inet ier efecto ting saat, Te ned to damelsh he ver, howe, ‘then wing on te beh ers work feleney = Fa” 78). Fig*78 Example of Top Heading Tempory Inver Ai) Fox enfrcement bong an piling Foot reinforcement bolting sid pla involve the instalation of downtumed rock alts anifr small-diameter sel pipes, which are simed) at achieving such purposes es redcing tes oncefation ithe grove cont zone of the top heading bed suport = preventing the cole of| the sound during bench excavation. Ith stent ofthe round areund the Tang fo Low, the strength ofthe loundarund the footing zone cn he creased by injecting bols ae grouting cement pase or chemical post Fig"7.9 shows an example of foot reforms pling exceed mainly fr the purpose of ezine! deformation and achieving the qed bering capacy ofthe ground