Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Assistant professor
Dept of Mechanical Engineering
Amal Jyothi College of Engineering
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Heat Engines
Absorb energy in the
form of heat
Convert part of it into
work
Reject balance as heat
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Combustion
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Heat Engines
1.
2.
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useful work
Allows heat to flow from hot engine to cold outside air
Nikolaus Otto
patented the 4stroke engine when
he was only 34!
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Advantages of I C Engines
1.
2.
3.
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Disadvantages of I C Engines
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2.
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Classification of IC Engines
According to:
Fuel used
Strokes per cycle
Thermodynamic cycle
Speed of engine
Method of ignition
Method of cooling
Method of governing
Arrangement of engine cylinders
Number of cylinders
Application
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Arrangement of Cylinders
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Arrangement of Cylinders
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3.
4.
5.
6.
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8.
9.
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PETROL ENGINE
Works on Otto Cycle
Fuel-air mixture is
admitted during suction
stroke
Spark ignition
Low compression ratios
(6 to 10)
Lower engine efficiency
Higher fuel consumption
Lower engine vibrations
and noise
High running cost
Light duty application
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
DIESEL ENGINE
Works on Diesel Cycle
Fuel is injected at the end
of compression stroke
Compression ignition
High compression ratios
(10 to 20)
Higher engine efficiency
Lower fuel consumption
Higher engine vibrations
and noise
Low running cost
Heavy duty application
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IC Engine
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IC Engine Parts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Cylinder Head
Cylinder Block and Liner
Piston
Connecting Rod
Crankshaft
Crank Case and Sump
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Cylinder head
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Engine valves
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Valve mechanism
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Piston assembly
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Crank case
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Compression Stroke
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Power Stroke
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Exhaust Stroke
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Spark plug
Exhaust valve
Inlet valve
Cylinder
Piston
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Inlet valve
open
INDUCTION STROKE
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Inlet valve
open
Piston down
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INDUCTION STROKE
Piston down
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INDUCTION STROKE
Piston down
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INDUCTION STROKE
INDUCTION STROKE
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Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
COMPRESSION STROKE
Piston up
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Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
Piston up
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COMPRESSION STROKE
Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
Piston up
COMPRESSION STROKE
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Inlet valve
closed
BANG
POWER STROKE
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Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
Piston down
powerfully
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POWER STROKE
Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
POWER STROKE
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Piston down
powerfully
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Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
POWER STROKE
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Inlet valve
closed
Exhaust valve
open
EXHAUST STROKE
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Inlet valve
closed
Exhaust valve
open
Exhaust gases
out
Piston up
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EXHAUST STROKE
Inlet valve
closed
Exhaust valve
open
Exhaust gases
out
Piston up
EXHAUST STROKE
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Inlet valve
open
Exhaust valve
closed
INDUCTION STROKE
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And so the
cycle
continues!!
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1.
Induction Stroke
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Engine Stroke 1
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= Atmospheric
= Ambient
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2. Compression Stroke
Engine pushes piston into
cylinder
Mixture is compressed to high
pressure and temperature
Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
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Engine Stroke 2
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= High
= Hot
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3. Power Stroke
Mixture burns to form hot gases
Gases push piston out of cylinder
Gases expand to lower pressure and
temperature
Gases do work on engine during this
stroke
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Engine Stroke 3
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= Very high
= Very hot
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Engine Stroke 4
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= Moderate
= High
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4.
Exhaust Stroke
cylinder
Engine does work on the gases during
this stroke
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2.
3.
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5.
6.
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3.
4.
5.
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4.
5.
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I C Engine Systems
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I C Engine Systems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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AIR FILTER
Carburettor
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Engine
SILENCER
FUEL SYSTEMS
Petrol Engines
Diesel Engines
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Fuel Systems
Petrol Engines
Correct quantity of petrol is mixed with air in carburettor before
being admitted into cylinder during suction stroke
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AIR FILTER
combu
stion
Fuel storage
tank
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Fuel Pump
Fuel Filter
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Carburettor
Engine
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Low
pressure
pump
filter
filter
AIR
FILTER
High
pressure
pump
Fuel storage
tank
Fuel Injector
SILENCER
Engine
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FUEL PUMP
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One-way
Inlet Valve
One-way
Outlet Valve
Diaphragm
Driving Cam
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Diaphragm Pump
Air
Filter
Carburettor
Cockpit
Gauge
Inlet
Tank
Pump
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Exhaust
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JET
VENTURI
AIR VENT
FUEL
LEVEL
FLOAT
FLOAT CHAMBER
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FUEL
FEED @
PUMP
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Working
1.
2.
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FUEL
FLOW
AIR FLOW
AIR FLOW
AIR/FUEL
MIXTURE
FLOWS TO
ENGINE
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THE THROTTLE
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THROTTLE
VALVE
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THROTTLE VALVE
THIS WOULD BE A HIGH THROTTLE SETTING OR FULL POWER
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EDGE GAPS BECOME THE VENTURI FOR THE LOW AIR FLOW
AT IDLE - SLOW RUNNING JET
T CONTROLS FUEL FLOW
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LIMITATIONS OF CARBURETTOR
Distribution of air /fuel mixture to cylinder is not uniform
Construction of venturi causes low volumetric efficiency
There is a loss of volumetric efficiency also due to restricted
flow of mixture in various parts such as chokes, tubes, jets,
throttle valve, inlet pipe bends, etc.
All the above limitations of carburettor can be avoided by introducing the fuel
through injection rather than the carburettor
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FUEL PUMP
Spring
Delivery valve
Barrel
Rack
plunger
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barrel
Barrel houses the inlet port and fuel overflow port
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Plunger
Plunger driven by cam & tappet
Plunger reciprocates in a barrel & fuel enters thru inlet port
Plunger have a vertical and helical groove which help in
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Working
When the plunger is at bottom the fuel inlet & overflow
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ports are uncovered and filtered fuel is forced into the barrel
Both ports are covered when the plunger moves upwards
Fuel will get compressed when the plunger moves further
forward
The high pressure lifts the delivery valve and fuel flows out
thru the delivery valve
With further rise of the plunger the overflow port is
uncovered by the plunger and pressure drops
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arrangement)
A rectangular helical groove in the plunger which extends
from top to another helical groove
When the plunger is at bottom -- fuel inlet and overflow port
are open,--fuel will come inside the barrel
When the plunger moves up both ports are closed and fuel
inside the barrel get compressed
Due to the high pressure of compressed fuel delivery valve
will get opened
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FUEL INJECTOR
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FUEL INJECTOR
A fuel injector is used to inject the fuel in the cylinder
in atomised form and in proper quantity. Fuel
injectors are available in several designs. Main
components of fuel injectors are : NOZZLE
VALVE
BODY
SPRING
The nozzle is its main part which is attached to the
nozzle holder. Entry of fuel in the injector is from the
fuel injection pump.
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Spray Structure
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6.
7.
8.
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Nozzle valve
Nozzle body
Spring
spindle
Adjusting screw
Lock nut
Passage
Nozzle
Leak of connection
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Working
High pressure fuel from the fuel pump enters the injector
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FUEL INJECTOR
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Ignition Systems
Ignition
ignition system.
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Ignition systems
Basic requirements of an ignition systems
A source of electrical energy
A device for boosting the low voltage to produce high voltage
A device for timing and distributing the high voltage to each
spark plug
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12V battery.
As the number of windings in the secondary is 50 to 100
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Spark plug
TaskThe spark plug ignite the suctioned and compressed fuel-air
mixture due to arcing between the electrodes.
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Terminal
Insulator
Hex
Gasket
Thread
Side
electrode
Centre
electrode
Gap
Next >
Lubricating Systems
Purpose:
1. To reduce friction and wear
2. To provide sealing between piston and cylinder
3. To cool piston heads, valves, etc.
4. To wash away carbon and metal particles
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Lubrication Systems:
Petroil lubrication
Wet sump lubricating system
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
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Splash lubrication
Pressure lubrication
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cycles.
About 3% to 6% of lubricating oil is added with petrol in the
petrol tank.
The petrol evaporates when the engine is working. The
lubricating oil is left behind in the form of mist.
The parts of the engine such as piston cylinder walls,
connecting rod are lubricated by being wetted with the oil
mist.
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engines.
As the engine is operating, dippers on the ends of the connecting rods
enter the oil supply, pick up sufficient oil to lubricate the connectingrod bearing, and splash oil to the upper parts of the engine.
The oil is thrown up as droplets, or fine spray, which lubricates the
cylinder walls, piston pins and valve mechanism.
In the pressure-feed system, oil is forced by the oil pump through
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Splash lubrication
Simplest of all types, used only for small capacity engines.
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Pressure lubrication
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oil pan through a tube, and then pumps it to the rest of the
engine.
In a dry sump, extra oil is stored in a tank outside the
engine rather than in the oil pan. There are at least two oil
pumps in a dry sump -- one pulls oil from the sump and
sends it to the tank, and the other takes oil from the tank and
sends it to lubricate the engine. The minimum amount of oil
possible remains in the engine.
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Functions of a Lubricant
Lubricant reduces friction between moving part.
It reduces wear and tear of the moving parts.
It minimizes power loss due to friction.
It provides cooling effect. While lubricating it also carries
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Purpose of cooling
To regulate the engines internal temperature
To remove excess heat from the engine
To prevent heat to the passenger compartment
To Control temperature of hot combustion,4000 degree
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Cooling Systems
Intense heat is generated during the combustion of fuels
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Air cooling
The heat is dissipated directly in to the atmospheric air
scooters etc.
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Air cooling
Heat is dissipated to the surrounding air around the cylinder
Basic principle- to have continuous flow air around parts
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combustion chambers.
The circulating water is cooled by the air drawn through
radiator by a fan
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force
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radiator tubes
Fans are provided to increase the heat transfer rate
This system also uses a thermostat to control the flow of the
coolant
Antifreeze added to avoid freezing of coolant- ethylene glycol
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Water Jackets
cylinder wall.
Pump move water to
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Radiators
A radiator is a heat
exchanger.
Tube and fin style the
most popular.
Made of copper and
Its job is to block the flow of coolant to the radiator until the
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INJECTION METHODS
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COMMON RAIL
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Working
HP fuel pump maintains fuel in the common rail at a pressure
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Advantages of CRDI
Higher efficiency due to variable injection timing
Better combustion at low speeds
Better power balance- reduced vibration
Lesser moving parts
Compact engine
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Ambient control
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MPFI
MPFI stands for multi-point fuel injection
It allows more efficient combustion of fuel, thereby
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MULTIPOINT INJECTION
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MPFI System
MPFI does the same function as the carburettor
It has injectors which spray correct quantity of fuel for each
cylinder
The fuel and air are mixed in the intake manifold before
admission to the cylinder
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Components of MPFI
Electronic Control Unit (ECU)- sometimes called Engine
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ECU
The function of ECU is to receive inputs from
various sensors, compare them with pre-loaded
engine and throttle parameters and send control
signals to the actuators.
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ECU Inputs
For the Inputs, the microprocessor (or ECU) reads a number of
sensors:
Ambient temperature
Engine RPM
Coolant temperature
Vehicle road speed
Exhaust temperature
Crankshaft position
Exhaust oxygen content
Camshaft position
Inlet manifold vacuum
Outside air pressure
Throttle position
Pressure on throttle
Based on all these inputs from the sensors, the computer in the
MPFI system decides what amount of fuel to inject, when, for what
duration, and into which cylinder. It then sends signals to actuators
for injection of correct quantity of fuel.
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Advantages of MPFI:
More uniform fuel-air mixture will be supplied to each cylinder.
deceleration.
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MPFI
SPFI
Better power
Low power
No delay in response
Delay in response
Thank you!!
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