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Thuc mng ng t l mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn v quan trng nht trong vn phm
ting Anh, ng t khim khuyt (ng t tnh thi- Modal verbs) lun c ch trng.
Tuy nhin chng gy khng t kh khn cho ngi hc. Chng hn, khi no th dng He could be
hungry khi no dng He may be hungry. Hoc s khc bit gia Could you please open the
door vWould you/ can you please open the door l g?
Modal verbs bao gm: SHALL, WILL, WOULD, CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD,
MUST, OUGHT TO

1. Ti sao gi l ng t khim khuyt

(Modal verbs)?
+ Ngi th ba s t khng thm S hoc ES.
I can
She can (she cans)
+ Khng c hnh thc nguyn th ( to can) v hnh thc phn t (musted) ging nh cc
ng t thng khc.
Hin ti/ Qu kh
Shall/Should
Will/ Would
Can/ Could
May/ Might
Must/ Must
Ought to/ Ought to
+ ng t theo sau chng lun dng nguyn th khng TO (bare-infinitive).
I can swim. She can swim, too.
+ Khng dng tr ng t DO/DOES trong cu hi, cu ph nh, cu hi ui
Do you can speak English?
Can you speak English?
Trn y cng l nhng nt vn phm ca cc Modal verbs.

2. Chc nng tng Modal verbs v cc cu trc lin quan:

CAN/ COULD
Can din t kh nng hin ti hoc tng lai-rng mt vic g c th xy ra hoc mt
ngi c kh nng lm vic g.
They can speak English.
( H bit ni ting Anh)
Could din t kh nng qu kh
My sister could play the piano when she was five.
(Em gi ti bit chi dng cm khi ln nm)
Can v could c dng trong cu hi ngh, xin php s ng hay li yu cu.
Can you wait for a moment, please?
(Anh vui lng i mt lt nh?)
Could I ask you something?
(Ti c th hi anh vi iu c khng ?)
Be able to c th c dng ch kh nng thay th cho can v could.

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Tuy nhin, khi ni v s vic xy ra trong mt tnh hung c bit, ngi no xoay x
mi cch lm vic g, ta dng was/were able to.
She was able to escape the fire after an hour struggling in the house.
(Sau mt gi xoay x thot khi m chy, c y thnh cng).
MUST
Din t s cn thit hoc bt buc phi lm iu g hin ti hoc tng lai.
You must get up earlier in the morning.
( Bui sng con phi dy sm hn y).
a ra li suy lun chc chn
You must be hungry after a long walk.
(Hn bn phi i bng lm sau chuyn i b di).
a ra li khuyn hoc li yu cu c nhn mnh.
You must be here before 8 oclock tomorrow.
(Sng mai, anh phi c mt ti y trc 8 gi).
HAVE TO
C must v have to u c dng din t s cn thit phi lm iu g .
Tuy nhin, c s khc nhau.
Must : s bt buc n t pha ngi ni (l mong mun v cm xc ca ngi ni).
Have to: s bt buc do tnh th hoc iu kin bn ngoi( ni quy, lut php, quy
nh).
I really must stop smoking. I want to do. {Ti phi b thuc l. V ti mun th.}
I have to stop smoking. Doctor s order. {Ti phi b ht thuc. Lnh ca bc s y.}
Mustnt: ch s cm on.
Dont have to = dont need to: khng cn thit
You mustnt wear bare feet in this lab.
(Bn khng c php i chn khng vo phng th nghim).
You dont have to wash those glasses. They are clean.
( Khng cn ra nhng ci knh u. Chng sch m).
MAY/MIGHT
c dng din t iu g c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai
Where is Emma? I dont know, she may/might be out shopping.
( Emma u vy? Ti khng bit, c l c y i mua sm).
Trong trng hp ny. Might khng c dng nh l qu kh ca may.
c dng xin php. Might t c dng trong vn ni, ch yu l trong cu gin tip.
May I turn on the TV?
(Ti m ti vi c ch?)
I wonder if I might have some more soup.
(Ti xin thm t sp c ch )
WILL
Din t hoc d on s vic, tnh hung s xy ra trong tng lai.
Tomorrow will be warmer.
(ngy mai tri s m hn).
a ra mt quyt nh ngay thi im ni.
Did you phone Rob? Oh no, I forgot. Ill phone him now.
(Anh gi cho Rob cha? , ti qun mt. Ti gi ngay y).
a ra li ngh, yu cu, li mi
Will you hava a cup of coffee?

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(Anh dng mt tch c ph nh?)

WOULD
Dng din t mt gi nh qu kh hoc d on v mt tnh hung c th xy ra.
At midnight Sarah was still awake. She would be tired next day.
(Na m m Sarah cn thc. Ngy mai, chc c y s mt y).
c dng trong li yu cu, li mi lch s.
Would you like orange juice?
SHALL
c dng ch yu trong cu hi xin kin hoc li khuyn
Where shall we meet tonight?
( Ti nay, chng ta gp nhau u?)
Will c dng ph bin hn shall ngi th nht: We v I.
SHOULD
Ch s bt buc hay bn phn, nhng khng mnh bng Must (vi should bn c th la chn
vic thc hin hay khng thc hin, cn must th khng c s chn la).
Applications should be sent before December 8th
(n xin vic phi c gi n trc ngy 8 thng 12).
a ra li khuyn hoc kin.
You shouldnt drive so fast. Its very dangerous.
Suy on hoc kt lun iu g c th xy ra ( ngi ni mong i iu xy ra).
Anna has been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass.
(Anna hc hnh rt chm ch. Chc l c y s thi u thi)
OUGTH TO
Ch s bt buc hay bn phn. Ngha tng t nh should v khng mnh bng Must.
You oughtnt to eat sweets at nights
(Con khng c n ko vo bui ti u nh).
a ra li khuyn hoc kin ngh.
There ought to be traffic lights at this crossroads
( Nn c n giao thng ti ng t ny)
HAD BETTER
Nn, tt hn. c dng a ra li khuyn, hoc bo rng ngi no nn hay khng nn
lm iu g trong mt tnh hung no . Ngha tng t nh should, nhng khng hon ton
ging nhau.
Had better ch c dng cho tnh hung c th, ngi ni nhn thy hnh ng l cn thit v
mong i hnh ng s c thc hin. Should c th c dng trong tt c cc tnh hung
khi a ra kin hoc cho ai li khuyn.
Its cold. The children had better wear their coats.
( Tri lnh vy, bn tr nn mc o m ch)
MODAL PERFECT
MAY/MIGHT/COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE c dng din t:
iu g c th xy ra hoc c th ng trong qu kh.
MUST HAVE+ PP: din t iu g chc chn xy ra trong qu kh.
The car has stopped. It must have run out of gaosoline.

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(Chic xe ngng chy ri. t hn l ht xng).

SHOULD HAVE+ PP: din t iu g l ra nn hoc phi xy ra trong qu kh nhng thc
t khng xy ra trong qu kh.
I should have called her this morning, but I forgot.
(L ra sng nay ti phi gi c y nhng ti qun mt).
Cc ng t trn u c im chung l din t kh nng, d on v mt s kin hoc s vic c
th xy ra. Nh vy, phi hiu sao v mc chc chn ca nhng ng t ny?

3. Mc chc chn ca cc Modal verbs degrees of certainty

(theo Gii thch ng php ting Anh, NXB Nng)
Khi chng ta hon ton chc chn v mt iu g , chng ta khng cn dng Modal verbs.
Ngc li, khi a ra s suy on v mt s kin hay s vic no , ta dng chng. Mc
chc chn ca cc Modal verbs nh sau:

Trong cu khng nh:

Why isnt John in class?
100%: He is sick
95%: He must be sick
70%: He would be sick
< 50%: He may be sick
<30%: He might/could be sick.
Trong cu ph nh:
Why doesnt Sam eat cake?
100%: He isnt hungry.
99%: He cant/couldnt be hungry. Hes just had dinner.
95%: He must not be hungry.
<50%: He may not be hungry.
<30%: He might not be hungry.
Mc chc chn qu kh cng c dng tng t nh hin ti

4. Mc lch s, trang trng trong li yu cu hoc li ngh

c xp t cao nht n thp dn
1. May I
2. Could/ would you (please)
3. Will you (please)
4. Can I
KT LUN
Modal verbs c dng din t:
Nng lc ca mt ngi hay d on kh nng xy ra ca mt s vic
Ta dng can cho thi gian hin ti, could cho qu kh v will be able to cho tng lai.
Nu ai xoay x lm iu g trong qu kh, ta dng was able to thay v could
S xin php
May I
Could I
Can I
Li yu cu
Would you
Could you
Can you
Li ngh
Ill do it.

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Shall I do it?
S bt buc hay bn phn ( must)
Li khuyn (should, ought to)
Mnh hy vng bi vit trn gip cc bn hiu r hn v cch dng ca cc Modal verbs v t nay
s khng cn gp kh khn khi nhc n chng.
Tuyt Trinh

Unit 39. Auxiliary Verbs (Tr ng t)

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C 12 tr ng t trong ting Anh: be, have, do, can, shall, will, may, must, need, ought (to), dare, used
(to).

Trong s 12 tr ng t nu trn, c 9 ng t cn c xp vo loi ng t khuyt thiu (Modal

verbs). l cc ng t can, may, must, will, shall, need, ought (to), dare v used (to).

I. c tnh chung ca Tr ng t (Auxiliary verbs)

Tr ng t (auxiliary verbs) c chung mt s c tnh sau y:

1.

Hnh thnh th ph nh bng cch thm NOT sau ng t.

He is here - He is not here

They would help us - They would not help us

2.

Hnh thnh th nghi vn bng o ng (inversion).

He is here - Is he here?

3.

Hnh thnh Cu hi ui (Tag-question) bng cch dng li chnh ng t y.

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They were there, werent they?

4.

Hnh thnh Cu tr li ngn (short answer) bng cch dng li chnh ng t y.

It will take hours to do this work.

Yes, it will. (No, it wont)

5.

c dng li trong loi Cu tnh lc (elliptical sentences).

They will spend their holidays in Spain. Will you? (= Will you spend your holiday in Spain?)

II. Tr ng t BE

1.
BE c s dng lm tr ng t hnh thnh cc th tip din (Continuous Tenses) v
th th ng (Passive Voice).

She was washing clothes when we came.

He was washed to sign his name.

2.
BE l mt loi ng t cha y (incomplete predication). V th lun i hi phi c
mt b ng t (Complement) hon thnh ngha ca cu.

Your dinner is ready.

His father was a famous man.

3.

Khi c s dng nh mt ng t hon chnh, BE c ngha l "hin hu, tn ti".

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I think, therefore I am.

4.

BE TO din t:

a) Mt s thu xp, sp t (arrangement).

The wedding is to take place on Saturday.

b) Mt mnh lnh, mt yu cu.

You are to see the headmaster at 4 oclock.

c) Tnh cht tng lai trong nhng trng hp cn din t tng lai trong qu kh (Future
in the Past).

My sister and her husband were to come and see us this weekend, but they couldnt come.

5.
DO BE l mt hnh thc nhn mnh, lm tng ngha tnh cm ca hnh ng hay lm cho
cu n c ngha thuyt phc hn.

Do be careful when you cross the road.

Do be as nice to him as you can.

6.

Mt s thnh ng vi BE

be able to: c th, c kh nng

I am not able to guarantee the results.

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be about to: sp sa

The plane is about to take off.

be apt to: c khiu, nhanh tr v

Hes apt to ask awkward questions.

be bound to: nht nh, c khuynh hng

Prices are bound to go up this autumn.

be certain to: chc chn

The match is certain to start on time.

be due to: v, do bi, t hn, nht nh

Hes due to arrive at any moment.

be going to: nh s

Were going to need more staff here.

be liable to: c kh nng s

This machine is liable to break down.

be sure to: chn chn, dt khot l

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Hes sure to be waiting outside.

be likely to: c v nh l

Theyre likely to win by several goals.

be meant to: mun ni l

Are you meant to work overtime?

be supposed to: xem l, c nhim v l

Were not supposed to smoke in here.

III. Tr ng t HAVE

1.

HAVE c dng lm tr ng t to cc th hon thnh (Perfect Tenses).

I have answered your questions.

Has he finished his dinner?

2.
Khi c dng nh mt ng t chnh trong cu, HAVE c ngha l s hu (possess). Vi
ngha ny, trong vn ni v trong nhiu cu trc vn vit, got c thm vo vi have m khng
lm tng thm ngha.

The man has (got) a car.

How many children have you (got)?

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3.
Khi dng vi ngha khc hn l s hu, HAVE c cc hnh thc ph nh, nghi vn... nh
cc ng t thng thng khc. Khi y HAVE cng khng dng vi got pha sau.

Did you have a letter from home? (= receive)

I dont have much difficulty with English grammar (= find, experience)

Vi cch s dng ny HAVE thng din t mt hnh ng c tnh cht ca mt thi quen,
mt s lp i lp li nhiu ln. Hy so snh hai cu sau:

He has a walk in the garden.

(ng ta i do trong vn)

He walks in the garden.

(ng ta bc i trong vn)

4.
HAVE c th c dng trong th nguyn nhn (Causative). Cch s dng ny cho bit ai
gy nn mt hnh ng no. Causative ca HAVE c hai cu trc sau:

active: S + (have) + O1 + V + O2

passive:

S + (have) + O2 + past participle (by O1)

They had Daisy clean the floor.

(H bo Daisy lau nh)

We have just had our house painted.

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(Chng ti va cho ngi sn cn nh ca chng ti)

Why dont you have your hair cut?

(Ti sao anh khng i ht tc)

Trong hu ht cc trng hp ny HAVE c th c thay th bi GET.

Why dont you get your hair cut?

They got the floor cleaned.

5.
HAVE TO (phi, cn phi) dng din t mt s cn thit (necessity), s cng bch, bt
buc (compulsion). Trng hp ny HAVE cng c th dng vi got pha sau.

I missed the bus, so I had to walk to the office.

Youve got to work hard to make a living.

6.

HAVE TO c dng thay cho MUST cc th m MUST khng c.

You will have to leave for work early in the morning.

We had to answer all the questions in the examination.

Xem thm phn MUST v s khc bit gia MUST v HAVE TO.

IV. Tr ng t DO

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DO c th l

mt ng t thng:

He does his work well.

mt tr ng t. Khi dng lm tr ng t, DO c nhng cch s dng sau y:

1.
Dng hnh thnh th ph nh (negative) v th nghi vn (interrogative) cho cc ng t
thng.

What does he read?

She doesnt like swimming.

Dont sit on that chair!

2.
Dng hnh thnh Cu hi ui (Tag-questions) khi ng t trong cu chnh l mt ng
t thng.

They stayed in that hotel, didnt they?

Mary doesn't clean the floor, does she?

3.
Dng trnh lp li ng t chnh khi ng t chnh l mt loi ng t thng trong cu
tr li ngn (short answer).

David likes swimming. - So do I.

Did they go to London? - Yes, they did.

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Mary doesnt like fish, neither does Fred.

4.

Dng hnh thnh Th Nhn mnh (Emphatic Form).

You did make me surprised.

He does write his name on the board.