CHAPTER 14 - FREQUENCY RESPONSE

List of topics for this chapter :

Transfer Function
Bode Plots
Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance
Passive Filters
Active Filters
Scaling

TRANSFER FUNCTION

Problem 14.1

Given the circuit in Figure 14.1 and i( t ) = I cos(t ) amps, find the transfer

function H () = Vo I and sketch the frequency response.

10
+
i(t)

10

20 mH

vo(t)

Figure 14.1
Carefully DEFINE the problem.
Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear.
PRESENT everything you know about the problem.
To obtain the transfer function, H(), we need to obtain the frequency-domain equivalent of
the circuit by replacing resistors, inductors, and capacitors with their impedances R, jL, and
1 jC respectively. Then, use any circuit technique to obtain H(). The frequency
response of the circuit can be obtained by plotting the magnitude and phase of the transfer
function as the frequency varies.

Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
After transforming the circuit from the time domain to the frequency domain, we can use
nodal analysis, mesh analysis, or basic circuit analysis to find the transfer function. Let's
examine the frequency-domain equivalent circuit in order to make the best choice.

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Transforming the circuit to the frequency domain yields

10

V1

Vo

10

j
(0.02)

It seems obvious that nodal analysis will yield two equations with three unknowns (I, V1, and
Vo). These equations can be manipulated to eliminate V1 in order to find H().
ATTEMPT a problem solution.
Using nodal analysis,

V1 0 V1 Vo
+
=0
10
10
Vo V1
Vo 0
+
=0
10
j(0.02)

-I+

At node 1 :
At node 2 :

Using the equation for node 1, find V1 in terms of Vo and I .

10 I = 2 V1 Vo
Vo + 10 I Vo
V1 =
=
+ 5I
2
2
Simplify the equation for node 2.

j(Vo V1 ) + 500 Vo = 0
( j + 500) Vo j V1 = 0
Now, substitute the equation for V1 into the simplified equation for node 2.

( j + 500) Vo j (0.5 Vo + 5 I) = 0
( j 2 + 500) Vo = j5 I
Vo
j5
j10
=
=
I
j 2 + 500 1000 + j
Therefore,

H() =

j10
1000 + j

EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy.

A check of our solution can be done using basic circuit analysis. Find the output voltage as
the current through the inductor multiplied by the impedance of the inductor, i.e., V = I Z.

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Label the necessary variables for this technique.

10
Io

+
10

j
(0.02)

Vo

Io =

10
10
I=
I
10 + 10 + j(0.02)
20 + j(0.02)

( j)(0.02)(10)
j10
I=
I
20 + j(0.02)
1000 + j
Vo
j10
=
I
1000 + j

Vo = Z I =

Our check for accuracy was successful.

Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.

H() =

j10
1000 + j

The frequency response is

10
9
8
Magnitude (unitless)

(1000, 7.071)

6
5
4
3
2
1

0
0
10

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10

10
10
Frequency (radians/second)

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10

10

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Problem 14.2

Given the circuit in Figure 14.1 and v in ( t ) = Vin cos(t ) volts, find the

transfer function H () = Vout Vin and sketch the frequency response.

10 k

1 F
+

vin(t)

vout(t)

10 mH

Figure 14.1
Transform the circuit to the frequency domain.

10 k

j106/

Vin

Vout

j
0.01

Clearly,

Vout = j(0.01) I
Vin
I=
j10 6
10 4
+ j(0.01)

and

Thus,

4 j10 6

Vin = 10
+ j(0.01) I

So,

Vout
j(0.01) I
j
=
=
6

Vin 4 j10
10 8
10

+ j(0.01) I 10 6 + j

Therefore,

H() =

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10 8
6

10 + j

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The frequency response is

1
0.9
0.8
Magnitude (unitless)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2
10

Problem 14.3

10

10
10
10
Frequency (radians/second)

10

10

Given the circuit in Figure 14.1 and i( t ) = I in cos(t ) amps, find the

transfer function H () = Vout I in and sketch the frequency response.

+
10 k

i(t)

10 mH

1 F

vout(t)

Figure 14.1
The frequency response is
10000
9000
8000

Magnitude (unitless)

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000

0
3
10

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Frequency (radians/second)

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for the transfer function

10 4
H() =
10 6

1 + j 2

10

BODE PLOTS

Sketch the Bode plots, both magnitude and phase, given the following
Problem 14.4
transfer function in the s-domain.

H(s) =

(90)(s + 1)(s + 10)

s (s + 3)(s + 30)

First, we need to modify the transfer function so that it is in a form that is easy to plot.

s s

s s

(90)(10) + 1 + 1
(10) + 1 + 1
1 10
1 10
(90)(s + 1)(s + 10)
H(s) =
=
=
s s

s s

s (s + 3)(s + 30)
(3)(30)(s) + 1 + 1 (s) + 1 + 1
3 30
3 30
Begin with a plot showing the magnitude curve of each term in the transfer function.

20 log10(10)
20
20 log10(1/)

0.1

20 log10(j + 1)

0.3

20 log10(j(/10)+1)

10

30
20 log10(1/[j(/30)+1])

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20 log10(1/[j(/3)+1])

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Now, combine, or add, the curves to acquire the composite magnitude (dB) plot of the transfer
function. Note that the dashed curve shows the approximation to the actual curve.
40

20
0.1

0.3

10

30

The individual phase angle plots for each component of the transfer function are shown below.
90

(j + 1)
(j(/10)+1)

45

0.1
45

0.3

(1/j)

10

30

100

300

(1/[j(/30)+1])

(1/[j(/3)+1])

90

Finally, the composite phase angle plot for the transfer function can be drawn.
90
45

0.1

0.3

10

30

100

300

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Given the following Bode plot, determine the value of the transfer function,
Problem 14.5
H(s), represented by the Bode plot.

40 dB

20 dB

0 dB
0.1

10

100

1000

From this figure we have the following H(s), determined by looking at each break point and
realizing that the slope everywhere is incremented by 20 dB per decade. Please note that the one
break point between = 1 and 10 is estimated to be equal to 3.

s + 1
10
H(s) = K
s
s
s

(s + 1) + 1
+ 1
+ 1
3 100 1000
where K is given by 20 log10 (K ) = 40

K = 100

Given the following Bode plot, determine the value of the transfer function,
Problem 14.6
H(s), represented by the Bode plot.

20 dB

40 dB

60 dB
0.01

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0.1

10

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100

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Decomposing the Bode plot into its basic elements we get,

20 dB

(s + 1)

0 dB
0.01

0.1

10

100

20 log10(1/10)
20 dB
1/((s/0.3) + 1)

1/((s/100) + 1)

1/((s/10) + 1)

Therefore,

H(s) =

s+1
s
s
s

+ 1 + 1
+ 1
0.3 10 100

SERIES RESONANCE

Given the circuit in Figure 14.1, find:

Problem 14.7
(a)
the resonant frequency and the half-power frequencies,
(b)
the bandwidth and the quality factor,
(c)
the amplitudes of v C ( t ) at 0 , 1 , and 2 .

1 F
+

10 cos(
t)

vC(t)

10 mH

+
vout(t)

10

Figure 14.1

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The resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit is 0 =

(a)

LC

So,

0 =

LC

10 10
-2

-6

= 10 4 rad/s

0 = 10 krad / s
The half-power frequency of a series RLC circuit is 1, 2 = #

R
+
2L

R 1
+
.
2L LC
2

So,

1, 2

10

+ -2

-2
-6
2 10 10 10
2

10
=#
+
2 10 -2

1, 2 = # 500 +

(500) 2 + 10 8

1, 2 = # 500 + 10,012 rad/s

or

1 = 9.512 krad / s
2 = 10.512 krad / s

The bandwidth of a series RLC circuit is B = 2 1 .

So,

(b)

B = 10.512 9.512
B = 1 krad / s

The quality factor of a series RLC circuit is Q =

0
.
B

So,

10 4
10 3
Q = 10

Q=

The amplitudes of v C ( t ) at 0 , 1 ,and 2

(c)

j106/
j
102
+

10
0

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VC

+
I

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Vout

10

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At = 0 = 10 krad/s, the inductor has a value of j10 4 10 -2 = j100 ohms and the
capacitor has a value of - j10 6 10 4 = - j100 ohms. Then,

VC = - j100 I
but

I=

10
= 1 amp
10 + j100 j100

So,

VC = - j100 volts
and

v C ( t ) = 100 cos(10,000 t 90) volts

This gives an amplitude of 100 V at = 0 = 10 krad / s .
At = 1 = 9.512 krad/s, the inductor has a value of j9,512 0.01 = j95.12 ohms
and the capacitor has a value of - j10 6 9,512 = - j105.13 ohms. Then,

VC = - j105.13 I
but

10
10
amps
=
10 + j95.12 j105.13 10 j10.01

I=
So,

VC = (105.13 - 90)(0.706845.03) = 74.3 - 44.97 volts

and

v C ( t ) = 74.3 cos(9,512 t 44.97) volts

This gives an amplitude of 74.3 V at = 1 = 9.512 krad/s.
At = 2 = 10.512 krad/s, the inductor has a value of j10,512 0.01 = j105.12 ohms
and the capacitor has a value of - j10 6 10,512 = - j95.13 ohms. Then,

VC = - j 95.13 I
but

I=

10
10
amps
=
10 + j105.12 j 95.13 10 + j 9.99

So,

VC = (95.13 - 90)(0.7075 - 44.97) = 67.3 - 134.97 volts

and

v C ( t ) = 67.3 cos(10,512 t 134.97) volts

This gives an amplitude of 67.3 V at = 2 = 10.512 krad/s.

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Note that the output voltage for this bandpass filter is the voltage across the resistor. It
can be shown that

v out ( t ) = 10 cos(10,000 t ) V
v out ( t ) = 7.068 cos(9,512 + 45.03) V
v out ( t ) = 7.075 cos(10,512 t 44.97) V

at = 0 = 10 krad/s
at = 1 = 9.512 krad/s
at = 2 = 10.512 krad/s

The amplitude at the half-power frequencies is 1

the center frequency. In this case,

1
2

2 times the maximum amplitude at

(10) = 7.071

where the calculated amplitudes of 7.068 volts and 7.075 volts are quite close to the
expected half-power value of 7.071 volts.

Problem 14.8

Given the circuit in Figure 14.1, find the value of L so that we have a Q of

100. Also, find 0 , 1 , 2 , and B .

10

20 cos(
t)

1 F

Figure 14.1

L = 1H
0 = 1 krad / s

1 = 995 rad / s

2 = 1005 rad / s

B = 10 rad / s

PARALLEL RESONANCE

Given the circuit in Figure 14.1 and I = 2 0 amps, find

Problem 14.9
(a)
0 , Q , and B,

(b)

1 and 2 ,

(c)

power dissipated at 0 , 1 , and 2 .

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+
I

10 k

10 mH

1 F

Figure 14.1
The resonant frequency of a parallel RLC circuit is 0 =

(a)

1
LC

So,

0 =

1
-2

= 10 4

-6

(10 )(10 )
0 = 1 krad / s

The quality factor of a parallel RLC circuit is Q =

R
.
0 L

So,

10 4
10 4 10 -2
Q = 100

Q=

The bandwidth of a parallel RLC circuit is B =

0
.
Q

So,

10 4
100
B = 100 rad / s
B=

(b)

Because this is a high Q circuit, the half-power frequencies can be written as

1, 2 = 0 #

B
2

So,

100
2
4
= 10 # 50

1, 2 = 10 4 #
1, 2
or

1 = 9.95 krad / s

2 = 10.05 krad / s

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Find the power dissipated at 0 = 1 krad/s.

(c)

Since all of the current flows through the resistor at resonance, P =

1 2
I R.
2

So,

1 2 4
(2) (10 )
2
P = 20 kwatts

P=

Since 1 and 2 correspond to the half-power points, the power dissipated at 1 and

2 is 10 kwatts .

Problem 14.10

Given the circuit in Figure 14.1, find the resonant frequency.

10
1 F

10 mH

Figure 14.1
Begin by finding the parallel equivalent of the series resistor and inductor elements. The parallel
equivalent is given by

1
1
1
=
+
R + jL R eq jX eq
So,

1
1
1
=
+
10 + j 100 R eq jX eq
10 j 100
1
1
+
2 =
100 + ( 100)
R eq jX eq
Thus,

- j 100
1
2 =
100 + ( 100)
jX eq
100 + ( 100) 2
100
10 4

X eq =
+
100

X eq =

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At resonance,

= 0

X eq = X C

and

where

1
1
10 6
XC =
=
=
C 10 -6

Thus,

10 4 0 10 6
+
=
0 100 0

or

02
10 +
= 10 6
100
02 = 10 8 10 6 = 9.9 10 7
0 = 9.95 krad / s
4

or

0 10 krad / s

PASSIVE FILTERS

What type of filter is represented by the circuit in Figure 14.1? What is the
Problem 14.11
cutoff frequency, or what are the corner frequencies?

10 k

+
vin

10 F

10 k

vout

Figure 14.1
In the frequency domain, the circuit is

10 k

+
Vin

j105/

10 k

Vout

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Find the transfer function

H() =

Vout
Vin

Using nodal analysis,

Vout Vin
Vout
Vout
+
+ 4 =0
4
5
10
- j10 10
Simplifying,

Vout Vin + j

V + Vout = 0
10 out

2 + j Vout = Vin

10
Hence,

H() =

1
2 + j 10

This transfer function looks like a typical transfer function for a lowpass filter

1
1 + jRC
1
V and as Vout = 0 , we can look at a value for
2 in
0.7071
V = 0.3535 Vin
Vout =
2 in

Since the voltage starts at Vout =

To find the cutoff frequency, find the value of when H () = 0.3535 .

H() =

= 0.3535

2
4+
100
2
100
2
= 400

8 =4+

= 20 rad/s

This lowpass filter has a cutoff frequency of C = 20 rad / s or f C = 10 Hz .

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[14.43]
Determine the range of frequencies that will be passed by a
Problem 14.12
series RLC bandpass filter with R = 10 , L = 25 mH, and C = 0.4 F. Find the quality
factor.

o =

1
LC

B=

1
(25 10 -3 )(0.4 10 -6 )

= 10 krad/s

R
10
=
= 400 rad/s
L 0.025

Thus,

0 10
=
B 0.4
Q = 25

Q=

This is a high Q circuit so we can use

1 = o B 2 = 10 0.2 = 9.8 krad/s

2 = o + B 2 = 10 + 0.2 = 10.2 krad/s
Therefore,

f1 =

9.8
= 1.5597 kHz
2

f2 =

10.2
= 1.6234 kHz
2

or

or

1.5597 kHz < f < 1.6234 kHz

What type of filter is represented by the circuit in Figure 14.1? What is the
Problem 14.13
cutoff frequency, or what are the corner frequencies?

10 k

10 F
+
vin

10 k

vout

Figure 14.1

This highpass filter has a cutoff frequency of C = 26.55 rad / s or f C = 4.226 Hz .

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ACTIVE FILTERS

What type of filter is represented by the circuit in Figure 14.1? What is the
Problem 14.14
cutoff frequency, or what are the corner frequencies?

100 k

1 F
100 k

vin(t)

vout(t)

Figure 14.1

In the frequency domain, the circuit is

100 k

j106/

100 k

Vin

+
Vout

Find the transfer function

H() =

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Vout
Vin

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Using nodal analysis,

Va Vin Va Vout Va Vout

+
+
=0
10 5
10 5
- j10 6
where Va = Vb = 0 .
Simplifying,

- Vin Vout j

V =0
10 out

1 + j Vout = -Vin

10
Hence,

H() =

1
1 + j 10

This transfer function looks like a typical transfer function for a lowpass filter

1
1 + jRC
This lowpass filter has a cutoff frequency of C = 10 rad / s or f C = 1.5915 Hz .

[14.55]
Design the filter in Figure 14.1 to meet the following
Problem 14.15
requirements :
(a)
It must attenuate a signal at 2 kHz by 3 dB compared with its value at 10 MHz.
(b)
It must provide a steady-state output of v o ( t ) = 10 sin( 2 10 8 t + 180) volts
for an input v i ( t ) = 4 sin( 2 10 8 t ) volts.

Rf

vi(t)

+
vo(t)

Figure 14.1
This is a highpass filter with

f c = 2 kHz,

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c = 2f c = 1 (RC)

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or

RC =

1
1
=
2f c 4 103

Clearly, the capacitor becomes a short circuit at high frequencies. Hence, the high frequency gain
is

- R f - 10
=
R
4

R f = 2.5R

or

If we let R = 10 k , then R f = 25 k , and C =

1
= 7.958 nF .
4000 10 4

SCALING

[14.63]
For the circuit in Figure 14.1,
Problem 14.16
(a)
draw the new circuit after it has been scaled by K m = 200 and K f = 10 4.
(b)
obtain the Thevenin equivalent impedance at terminals a-b of the scaled circuit at
= 10 4 rad/s.

1H
a
Ix
2

0.5 F

0.5 Ix

b
Figure 14.1

R = K m R = (200)(2) = 400

(a)

L =

K m L (200)(1)
=
= 20 mH
Kf
10 4

C =

C
0.5
=
= 0.25 F
K m K f (200)(10 4 )

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We now have a new circuit,

20 mH
a
Ix
0.25 F

400

0.5 Ix

b
(b)

Insert a 1 amp source at the terminals a-b.

sL

V1

V2

Ix
1A

1/(sC)

0.5 Ix

b
At node 1 :

1=

At node 2 :

V1
V1 V2
+
1 (sC)
sL

V2
V1 V2
+ 0.5 I x =
sL
R

But, I x = sC V1 .
So, the nodal equations become

1 = sC V1 +

V1 V2
sL

V2
V1 V2
+ 0.5sC V1 =
sL
R

Solving for V1 ,

V1 =

sL + R
s LC + 0.5sCR + 1

Z Th =
At = 10 ,
4

V1
sL + R
= 2
1 s LC + 0.5sCR + 1
Z Th
Z Th

Z Th

( j10 4 )(20 10 -3 ) + 400

=
( j10 4 ) 2 (20 10 -3 )(0.25 10 -6 ) + 0.5( j10 4 )(0.25 10 -6 )(400) + 1
400 + j200
=
= 600 j200
0.5 + j0.5
= 632.5 - 18.43

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Given the circuit in Figure 14.1, find the values necessary to scale this
Problem 14.17
circuit, increasing the corner frequency to 100 rad/s. Use a 1 F capacitor.

2F
2

vin(t)

+
vout(t)

Figure 14.1

To scale the circuit in Figure 14.1 from = 1 4 rad/s to = 100 rad/s using a 1 F capacitor,
.
the feedback resistor and the input resistor must be 10 k

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