1

n
Chng 7. Hm s lin tc trong \

L Vn Trc

Gii tch ton hc. Tp 1. NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007.

T kho: Gii tch ton hc, gii tch, Hm lin tc, im trong, im bin, im t,
Nguyn l Canto, Tp compact, Hm nhiu bin, Lin tc, gii hn, lin tc u, o
hm, cc tr hm nhiu bin, Php tch vi phn, S hi t.

Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th c s dng cho mc

ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phc
v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v tc gi.

Mc lc
Chng 7 Hm s lin tc trong

7.1

Tp hp trong

\n

..................................................................... 4

\ n ........................................................................................ 4

7.1.1 Khong cch trong

\ n ............................................................................. 4

7.1.2

Ln cn ca mt im ................................................................................ 5

7.1.3

im trong, im bin, im t ca tp hp .............................................. 6

7.1.4

Tp m, tp ng........................................................................................ 8

7.1.5

Tp lin thng............................................................................................. 8

7.2

S hi t trong

\ n , cc khi nim c bn ca hm s nhiu bin s .......... 9

n
S hi t trong \ ..................................................................................... 9

7.2.1

7.2.2 Dy c bn................................................................................................ 10
7.2.3

Nguyn l Canto ....................................................................................... 11

7.2.4

Ch ........................................................................................................ 11

7.2.5

Tp hp compact ...................................................................................... 12

7.2.6

nh ngha hm nhiu bin s.................................................................. 12

7.2.7

Tp xc nh ca hm nhiu bin s ........................................................ 12

7.2.8

ng mc v mt mc........................................................................... 13

7.3

n
Gii hn ca hm s trong \ ..................................................................... 14

7.3.1 Gii hn ca hm s ti mt im............................................................ 14

7.3.2 Gii hn lp .............................................................................................. 15
7.3.3 Quan h gia gii hn theo tp hp cc bin v cc gii hn lp ............ 16
7.3.1
7.4

Ch ........................................................................................................ 17

Hm s nhiu bin s lin tc ...................................................................... 19

7.4.1 Hm s lin tc ti mt im ................................................................... 19

7.4.2 Hm s lin tc u.................................................................................. 20
7.4.3
7.5

Lin tc theo tng bin............................................................................. 21

Php tnh vi phn ca hm s nhiu bin s ................................................ 22

7.5.1

o hm ring v vi phn cp mt........................................................... 22

7.5.2

o hm v vi phn cp cao..................................................................... 28

7.6

o hm ca hm s n................................................................................ 31

7.6.1

Khi nim v hm s n mt bin s ....................................................... 31

7.6.2

Khi nim hm s n ca hai bin s ....................................................... 33

7.7

o hm theo hng .................................................................................... 35

7.7.1

o hm theo hng ................................................................................ 35

7.7.2

Gradien ..................................................................................................... 36

7.8

Cng thc Taylor. Cc tr ca hm s nhiu bin s ................................... 37

7.8.1

Cng thc Taylor ..................................................................................... 37

7.8.2

Cc tr ca hm nhiu bin s.................................................................. 39

7.8.3

Gi ln nht v nh nht ca hm s nhiu bin s trn compac ............ 42

7.9
7.9.1

Cc tr c iu kin ...................................................................................... 43
nh ngha:............................................................................................... 43

7.9.2 Phng php tm cc tr ........................................................................... 43

7.10

ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc .......................................... 48

7.10.1 Tip tuyn ca ng cong...................................................................... 48

7.10.2 Mt phng tip xc ca mt cong ............................................................ 49
7.10.3 cong.................................................................................................... 51
7.10.4 Bao hnh ca mt h ngcong ............................................................. 53
7.11

Bi tp chng 7 .......................................................................................... 56

7.12

Hng dn gii bi tp v p s ................................................................. 60

Chng 7
Hm s lin tc trong \ n
7.1 Tp hp trong \

7.1.1 Khong cch trong

\n

a) Khong cch gia hai im trong \ n

Cho khng gian \ n v im M \ n . Nu x1 , x2 ,..., xn l cc to ca im M trong h
to Descartes vung gc, ta thng vit M (x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
Cho \ n v mt hm s : \ n \ n \ . Ta ni rng l khong cch trong \ n nu
tho mn cc tnh cht sau:
i) ( M,N ) 0 M,N \ n

ii) ( M,N )= ( N,M ) M,N \ n

iii) ( M,P) ( M,N )+ ( N,P) M,N,P \ n
Gi s M (x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) v N (y1 , y2 ,..., yn ) l hai im trong \ n . Khong cch gia hai
im M,N c cho bi cng thc:
1

n
2
( M,N )= ( xi yi ) 2
i=1

(7.1.1)

C th chng minh c rng khong cch cho bi cng thc (7.1.1) tho mn 3 tnh
cht ni trn. Tht vy tnh cht i) v ii) hin nhin c tho mn. Ta chng minh tnh cht
iii). Gi s P (z1 , z2 ,..., zn ) \ n , ta c theo cng thc (7.1.1):
n

2 ( M,P)= xi zi = ( xi yi ) + ( yi zi )
2

i=1

i=1

( xi yi + yi zi ) 2
i=1
n

i=1

i=1

= xi yi + 2 xi yi yi zi + yi zi
i=1

xi yi
i=1

n
n
n
2 2
2 2
+ 2 xi yi zi yi + yi zi
i=1
i=1
i=1

theo cng thc (7.1.1)

= 2 ( M,N )+2 ( M,N ). ( N,P)+ 2 ( N,P )
= [ ( M,N )+ ( N,P) ]

suy ra: ( M,P) ( M,N )+ ( N,P) .

V d nh khong cch gia nhng im M(1,0,1) v N(2,1,0) trong khng gian \ 3
l:

= (1 2) 2 + (0 1) 2 + (1 0) 2 = 3 .
b) Khong cch gia hai tp hp

Cho A,B \ n , A ,B . Ta gi s:

( A,B)=inf { ( x, y ); x A,y B}

(7.1.2)

l khong cch gia hai tp hp A v B. T nh ngha ta thy ( A,B) 0 , ( A,B)= (B,A).

Hin nhin nu A B th (A,B)=0. Tuy nhin c nhng trng hp A B , nhng
(A,B)=0. V d nh A=( , 0), B =(0,+) , ta thy A B = v (A,B)=0. Tht vy:
0 ( A,B )=inf { ( x, y ); x A, y B}

1 1
1
1

inf ( , ); A, B,n `*
n n
n
n

= inf , n `* = 0
n

c) ng knh ca tp hp

Cho A \ n , A . ng knh ca tp hp A l s:

( A)=sup { ( x, y ); x A,y A} .

(7.1.3)

Nu A l tp hp mt im th ( A)=0 .
V d nh ng knh ca khong (1,1) l 2. Gi s A \ n , A . Ta ni rng A l
tp hp b chn nu ( A) \ , ni cch khc tp A c gi l b chn nu nh A c cha
trong mt hnh cu no .

7.1.2

Ln cn ca mt im

a) - ln cn

Cho M 0 \ n . Ngi ta gi -ln cn ca im M 0 , k hiu l O ( M 0 ) , l tp hp tt

c nhng im M \ n sao cho khong cch t M ti M 0 b hn , tc l:

O ( M 0 ) = {M \ n ; ( M ,M 0 ) < } .
V d 1 a) Vi n=1. Cho x0 \1 . Cc im x sao cho

( x, x0 ) = x x0 < x0 < x < x0 + .

Vy O ( x0 ) l khong ( x0 , x0 + )
b) Vi n=2. Cho M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) \ 2 , xt cc im M(x,y) sao cho

( M ,M 0 )=

( x x0 )

+ ( y y0 ) 2 <

( x x0 ) + ( y y0 ) 2 < 2 .
2

Vy O ( M 0 ) l hnh trn tm M0(x0,y0) bn knh .

c) Vi n=3. Cho M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) \ 3 , xt cc im M(x.y.z) sao cho

( M ,M 0 )=

( x x0 )

( x x0 )

+ ( y y0 ) 2 + ( z z0 ) 2 <

+ ( y y0 ) 2 + ( z z0 ) 2 < 2 .

Vy O ( M 0 ) l hnh cu tm M 0 bn knh .
b) Ln cn ca mt im

Ta gi ln cn ca mt im M 0 l mi tp hp cha mt - ln cn no ca M 0 , tc
l tp con U \ n l ln cn ca im M 0 nu:
> 0 sao cho O (M 0 ) U. Ta thy theo nh ngha:

) nu U l ln cn ca im M 0 , th mi tp hp U1 \ n ,U1 U cng l ln cn ca
im M 0 .

) Nu U1 ,U 2 l ln cn ca M 0 th U1 U 2 ,U1 U 2 cng l ln cn ca im M 0

7.1.3 im trong, im bin, im t ca tp hp

a) im trong

Cho A l mt tp hp trong \ n . im M A c gi l im trong ca A nu tn ti

mt -ln cn no O ( M ) nm hon ton trong A (Hnh 7.1.1).

Hnh.7.1.1

b) im bin

im N \ n c gi l im bin ca tp hp A mi -ln cn ca N u cha nhng

im thuc A va cha nhng im khng thuc A. im bin ca tp hp A c th thuc A
cng c th khng thuc A.
Tp hp nhng im bin ca A c gi l bin ca tp hp A. Tp hp cc im bin
ca tp hp A k hiu l A .
V d 2: Cho

A = {( x, y ) \ 2 ; a1 < x < a2 , b1 y b2 } (xem hnh 7.1.2)

Cc im N1 ( x,b1 ) vi a1 < x < a2 nm trn ng thng y = b1 v cc im N 2 ( x,b2 )
vi a1 < x < a2 nm trn ng y = b2 l cc im bin ca tp A. Cc im bin ny thuc
tp hp A. Cc im N 3 (a1 ,y ) vi b1 y b2 v cc im N 4 (a2 ,y ) vi b1 y b2 y cng l
cc im bin ca tp hp A. Cc im bin ny khng thuc tp hp A.
c) im t

Cho A \ n v M \ n . im M gi l im t ca A nu mi ln cn ca A u
cha t nht mt im ca A. Tp hp cc im t ca A k hiu l A v gi l tp dn
xut ca A.

y
b2

b1
o

a1

a2

Hnh.7.1.2

V d 3

1 1 1 1
1 1

Cho A = (1,1),( , ), ( , ),..., ( , ),...; n \ n

2 2 3 3
n n

D thy O(0,0) l im t ca A.
V d 4

Gi s tp hp A= {( x, y ) \ 2 ; x < 1, y 1} . Ta thy tt c cc im ca tp hp

A1 = {( x, y ) \ 2 ; x < 1, y < 1} A u l im trong ca tp A.

7.1.4

Tp m, tp ng

Cho A \ n , tp A c gi l m nu mi im M ca A u l im trong ca A.
Tp A \ n c gi l ng nu A cha mi im bin ca A. Hin nhin A \ n l
ng trong \ n , th \ n \A l tp m trong \ n .
V d 5: Cho M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) \ 2 . Tp hp:

B (M 0 , r )= M ( x,y ) \ 2 ; ( x x0 ) + ( y y0 ) 2 < r 2

l tp m. Tp hp:
K (M 0 , r )= M ( x,y ) \ 2 ; ( x x0 ) + ( y y0 ) 2 r 2

l tp ng.

7.1.5 Tp lin thng

Tp A gi l lin thng nu c th ni hai im bt k M1 , M 2 ca A bi mt ng cong
lin tc hon ton nm trong A( xem hnh 7.1.3).

Tp hp n lin

Tp hp khng lin thng

Tp hp a lin (2 lin)

Hnh 7.1.3

Tp hp lin thng c gi l n lin nu n c gii hn bi mt mt kn, l a lin

nu n c gii hn bi nhiu mt kn ri nhau.
V d 6: Tp hp no trong cc tp sau l tp lin thng

a) E1 = {( x, y ) \ 2 ; x + y 1}
b) E2 = {( x, y ) \ 2 ;| x |2 + | y |2 1}
Gii: a) Do E1 l phn bn trong (k c bin) ca hnh vung gii hn bi cc ng
y= x+1, nn E1 l lin thng.
b) E2 l tp hp cc im ca \ 2 , tr ra cc im nm trn ng trn x 2 + y 2 = 1 . E2 khng
phi l tp hp lin thng.
n
7.2 S hi t trong \ , cc khi nim c bn ca hm s nhiu bin s

7.2.1 S hi t trong \ n

Trong khng gian \ n cho dy M k ( x1k , x2 k ,..., xn k ) , k=1,2,...,n

Dy {M k } c gi l hi t ti M 0 (x10 , x20 ,..., xn0 ) nu:

> 0, k( ) > 0 sao cho

M k O ( M 0 ) , k k ( )

(7.2.1).

hay tng ng vi

(M k , M 0 ) < , k k ( )

(7.2.1),

2 2
n
tc l: ( xik xi0 ) < , k k ( )
i =1

(7.2.1).

Khi ta vit: lim M k = M 0 hay M k M 0 khi k +

k +

10

nh l 7.2.1 Dy M k ( x1k , x2 k ,..., xn k ) hi t ti M 0 (x10 , x20 ,..., xn0 ) khi v ch khi dy cc

thnh phn { x1k } ,

{ x } ,...,{ x } hi t ti x
k

10

, x20 ,..., xn0 tng ng.

Chng minh;
Do {M k } M 0 nn: > 0, k ( ) sao cho
( x1k x10 ) 2 + ( x2 k x20 ) 2 + ... + ( xn k xn0 ) 2 < , k k ( )

(7.2.2)

Cho nn:
x1k x10 <

k
x2 x20 <

.....................
k
xn xn0 <

k k ( ) .

T y suy ra { x1k } x10 , { x2 k } x20 ,..., { xn k } xn0 khi k + .

Bn c t chng minh phn ngc li.

7.2.2 Dy c bn
Dy {M k } \ n c gi l dy c bn (hay Cauchy) nu:
lim ( M k , M p ) = 0

(7.2.3)

k,p +

tc l > 0, k ( ) sao cho ( M k , M p ) < , k, p k ( ) (7.2.4)

nh l 7.2.2 dy {M k } hi t, iu kin cn v l n l dy c bn.

Chng minh
a) iu kin cn
Gi s dy {M k } hi t ti M 0 , ta hy chng minh n l dy c bn.
Tht vy, theo gi thit:
> 0, k ( ) >0 sao cho ( M k , M 0 ) <

, k k ( ) ,

T y suy ra:

(M k , M p ) (M k , M 0 ) + (M p , M 0 ) <
k, p k ( ) . Vy dy {M k } l dy c bn.
b) iu kin :

= ,

11

Gi s dy {M k } l dy c bn, ta phi chng minh n hi t.

Tht vy, do {M k } l dy c bn, nn:
> 0, k ( ) >0 sao cho ( M k , M p ) < , k, p k ( ) hay:
( x1k x1p ) 2 + ( x2 k x2 p ) 2 + ... + ( xn k xn p ) 2 < , k, p k ( ) .

T y suy ra:
x1k x1p <

k
p
x2 x2 <
,

.....................
k
p
xn xn <

k, p k ( ) ,

tc l cc dy { x1k } , { x2 k } ,..., { xn k } l cc dy c bn. Theo nh l Cauchy cc dy trn

hi t, nn tn ti:
x10 = lim x1k , x20 = lim x2 k ,..., xn0 = lim xn k v do :
k

M k ( x1k , x2 k ,..., xn k ) M 0 (x10 , x20 ,..., xn0 ) .

k 2
1
V d 7 Xt dy cc im: M k
, k=1,2,...,n
,
2
1+k 1+k
Ta thy dy M k M 0 (0,1) , bi v:

(M k , M 0 ) =

1
1
+
0 khi k + .
2
(1+k ) (1+k 2 ) 2

7.2.3 Nguyn l Canto

{ }

Dy hnh cu ng O k \ n gi l tht dn nu:

O k +1 O k , k 1

v cc bn knh rk 0 khi k + . Tng t nh trong \1 , ta c cc nh l sau:

nh l 7.2.3 (Nguyn l Canto):

Mi dy hnh cu ng tht dn u c mt im chung duy nht.

nh l 7.2.4 (Bolzano-Weierstrass)

Mi dy b chn u cha mt dy con hi t.

7.2.4

Ch

11

(7.2.5)

12

Trong l thuyt t p trn \ n ta c cc khng nh sau (Xem [2]):

Mnh 1 im M l im t ca tp hp A \ n khi v ch khi trong A c mt dy
im phn bit M k hi t ti M khi k + .
Mnh 2 Tp A \ n l tp ng khi v ch khi mi dy {M k } A, M k M khi
k + th M A .

7.2.5 Tp hp compact
Tp A \ n c gi l tp compact nu mi dy {M k } trong A u cha mt dy con

{M } hi t ti mt im thuc A.
k

Tng t nh trong \ 1 , ta cng c nh l sau:

nh l 7.2.5 Tp A \ n l compact khi v ch khi A ng v b chn.
7.2.6

nh ngha hm nhiu bin s

Cho khng gian Euclide n chiu \ n v tp hp D \ n . Gi nh x:

f:D \
xc nh bi:
x= ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) D u=f(x)=f(x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) \

l hm s ca n bin s xc nh trn D. Tp hp D c gi l tp xc nh (hay l min

xc nh) ca hm s f v x1 , x2 ,..., xn c gi l cc bin s c lp.
Nu xem x1 , x2 ,..., xn l cc to ca mt im no M \ n trong h to
Descarter vung gc th ta c th vit u=f(M).
Trong trng hp n=2 hay n=3 ta c hm hai hay ba bin s v thng c k hiu l z =
f(x,y) hay u = f(x,y,z).

7.2.7 Tp xc nh ca hm nhiu bin s

Nu hm u c cho bi biu thc u=f(M) (m khng c ch g thm v tp xc nh
ca n) th tp xc nh ca hm u c hiu l tp hp nhng im M sao cho biu thc f(M)
c ngha.
y2
V d 8: Hm s u= 1- x - 4 y xc nh khi x +4 y 1 hay x + 1 . Min xc nh ca
1
4
1
hm s l min c gii hn bi elip vi cc bn trc a=1, b= (k c bin, xem hnh
2
7.2.1).
2

13

Hnh 7.2.1

Hnh 7.2.2

x2 y 2
x2 y2
x2 y2
xc nh khi 1- +
0
+
1 . Min
9
4
9
4
9
4
xc nh ca hm s l min gia hai nhnh ca hypebon vi cc bn trc a=3, b=2 (Xem
hnh 7.2.2).
V d 9: Hm s u= 1-

V d 10: Hm s u=

1
xc nh khi x 2 + y 2 0 . Min xc nh l ton b mt phng
2
x +y
2

tr gc to .
V d 11: Hm s u=ln(x+y) xc nh khi x+y > 0. Vy min xc nh ca hm s l min
nm pha trn ng thng y=x (xem hnh 7.2.3)

Hnh 7.2.3

Hnh 7.2.4

y
y
xc nh khi
1, x 0 . Vy min xc nh ca hm s l
x
x
mt phn mt phng nm gia cc ng thng y= x tr ra gc to (xem hnh 7.2.4).

V d 12: Hm s u=arcsin

7.2.8

ng mc v mt mc

Cho hm u = f(x,y). Ta gi tp hp nhng im ca min xc nh ca hm s sao cho ti

hm s c gi tr khng i c l ng mc ca hm s. Phng trnh ca ng mc ng
vi gi tr u = c l:
f(x,y) = c
Tng t nh vy, i vi hm ba bin s c lp ta c khi nim mt mc.

13

(7.2.5).

14

Mt mc ca hm s u = f(x,y,z) l mt mt trong khng gian Oxyz, m trn hm s

c gi tr khng i c. Phng trnh ca mt mc ng vi gi tr u = c l:
f(x,y,z) = c.

(7.2.6).

V d 13: Tm ng mc ca cc hm s sau:

a) u =1

x2 y2
.
a 2 b2

Phng trnh ng mc u = c
gc to khi c = 1.
b) u=

x2 y 2
+
= 1 c . ng mc l ng elip khi c <1, l
a 2 b2

y
x2

Phng trnh ng mc u=c

y
=c hay y=c x 2 . ng mc l mt parabol vi mi
x2

gi tr c.
c) u = y2 x 2 .
Phng trnh ng mc u = c y = c+2 x 2 . Vy vi mi c ng mc l cc parabol
c ng trc i xng l trc Oy v c nh ti im (O,c).

7.3 Gii hn ca hm s trong \ n

d hnh dung ta hy xt gii hn ca hm hai bin s. Mi kt qu c m rng cho
hm c s bin nhiu hn.

7.3.1 Gii hn ca hm s ti mt im
nh ngha 1: Gi s D \ 2 v f:D \ , M 0 (x0 , y0 ) l im t ca tp D. Ta ni rng hm
f(x,y) c gii hn l ti M 0 v vit:
lim

( x , y ) (x0 , y0 )

f(x,y)=l hay lim f(M)=l

M M0

nu > 0, > 0 sao cho M ( x,y ) D tho mn ( M,M 0 ) <

f (M ) - l <

th
(7.3.1)

nh ngha trn tng ng vi nh ngha sau.

nh ngha 2: Hm z = f(M) c gii hn l khi M M 0 nu vi mi dy im M n ( xn ,yn )
(khc M 0 ) thuc ln cn V ca im M 0 dn n M 0 ta u c:

lim f ( xn ,yn )=l .

n

Khi ta vit

lim

( x , y ) (x0 , y0 )

f ( x,y)=l hay lim f ( x,y)=l .

x x0
y y0

(7.3.2)

15

Ta cn gi gii hn trn l gii hn kp hay l gii hn theo tp hp cc bin.

Ch : Khi nim gii hn v hn cng c nh ngha tng t nh i vi hm mt
bin s. Chng hn:
f ( x,y)=
V d 1: Tm

lim

(x,y)(0,0)

1
+ khi ( x,y ) (0, 0) .
x + y2
2

xy

f ( x,y) vi f ( x,y)=

x + y2
2

Gii: Hm s c xc nh trn \ 2 \ {(0,0)} .

V:
f ( x,y) =

x y
x2 + y 2

nn:

0 lim f ( x,y) lim y = 0 ,

do :

lim f ( x,y)=0 .

x 0
y 0

y ( x,y ) (0, 0) ,

x 0
y 0

x 0
y 0

V d 2: Tm lim f ( x,y ) = 0 vi f ( x,y )=

x 0
y 0

xy
.
x + y2
2

Nu cho (x,y) (0,0) theo phng ca ng thng y = kx, ta c:

f ( x,kx)=
Do lim f ( x,kx)=
x 0

k
khi x 0.
1+k 2

k
.
1+k 2

Khi k khc nhau, (x,y)(0,0) theo phng khc nhau, f(x,y) dn ti nhng gii hn khc
nhau. Do gii hn trn khng tn ti.
7.3.2

Gii hn lp

Cho hm z = f(x,y) xc nh trn tp D \ 2 .

Vi y c nh, gi:
D1 = { x \;(x, y ) D} .

Gi s x0 l im t ca tp D1 v xt gii hn lim f ( x,y ) . R rng gii hn ny ph

x x0

thuc vo y, k hiu:
g ( y )= lim f ( x,y ) .
x x0

15

16

Gi D 2 ={y R |gii hn lim f ( x,y ) tn ti}. Gi s y0 l im t ca D 2 . Ta xt tip

x x0

gii hn:
lim g ( y )= lim lim f ( x,y )
x x0
y y0

y y0

(7.3.3)

Hon ton tng t, ta c th xt gii hn:

lim lim f ( x,y ) .
y y0

x x0

(7.3.4)

Ta gi cc gii hn (7.3.3) v (7.3.4) nu chng tn ti l gii hn lp ca hm f ti

( x0 , y0 ) .
V d 3: Xt hm s z=f ( x,y )=

sinx(cosy+1)
.
1 + x2 + y 2

Tm lim lim f ( x,y ) v lim lim f ( x,y ) .

y 0 x 0

x 0 y 0

y 0 ta c lim f ( x,y ) = 0 , suy ra lim lim f ( x,y ) =0.

x 0

y 0 x 0

sinx(cosy+1) 2sinx
=
suy ra:
y 0 1 + x 2 + y 2
1+x 2

Mt khc x 0, lim f(x,y)= lim

y 0

2sinx
=0.
x 0 1+x 2

lim lim f ( x,y ) = lim

x 0 y 0

Ta thy trong trng hp ny hai gii hn lp tn ti v bng nhau.

V d 4: Tm gii hn lp ca hm s:
f ( x,y )=

x 0, ta c lim f ( x,y )= lim

y 0

y 0

x+ycosy
ti (x,y)=(0,0).
2 x+y

x+ycosy 1
= ,
2 x+y
2

1
suy ra lim lim f ( x,y ) = .
x 0 y 0
2
Mt khc, y 0 ta c lim f ( x,y )=cosy , suy ra:
x 0

lim lim f ( x,y )= lim cos y = 1 .

y 0 x 0

y 0

Trong trng hp ny, cc gii hn lp tn ti nhng khng bng nhau.

7.3.3 Quan h gia gii hn theo tp hp cc bin v cc gii hn lp

17

nh l 7.3.1 Cho hm z = f(x,y) xc nh trn tp hp D v ( x0 ,y0 ) l im t ca D. Gi s

tn ti gii hn l =

f ( x,y ) . Khi nu tn ti gii hn lp no ca hm s ti

lim

( x,y ) ( x0 ,y0 )

( x0 ,y0 ) th gii hn cng bng l .

Chng minh: Gi s tn ti gii hn
l ' = lim lim f ( x,y )

(7.3.5)

F (x)= lim f (x, y )

(7.3.6).

x x0 y y0

Ta hy chng minh l ' = l .

t
y y0

Khi theo gi thit (7.3.5) ta c:

lim F(x)=l '

(7.3.7)

f(x,y)=l

(7.3.8)

x x0

Bi v
lim

(x,y) ( x 0 ,y0 )

nn 0, > 0 sao cho ( x,y ) tho mn ( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y02 ) < th

f ( x, y ) l <

(7.3.9).

Trong (7.3.9) cho y y0 ta c:

lim f ( x, y ) l x \

y y0

tho mn 0< x-x0 < , tc l: x \ sao cho 0< x - x0 < tho mn

F ( x) l

(7.3.10)

Trong (7.3.10) cho x x0 , ta c l ' l > 0 . Do l tu nn l ' = l .

7.3.1 Ch
a) S tn ti cc gii hn lp k c khi chng bng nhau khng suy ra c s tn ti gii
hn ca hm theo tp hp cc bin.
V d 5: Xt hm s f ( x,y ) =

x y
.
x+y

Ta thy lim f ( x,y ) = 1 lim lim f ( x,y ) = 1 v lim f ( x,y ) = 1 lim lim f ( x,y ) = 1 .
x 0

By gi ta xt gii hn

y 0 x 0

lim

(x,y)( 0,0 )

y 0

x 0 y 0

f ( x,y ) .

1
1
Trc ht ta thy ( xn ,yn ) = ( , 0) (0, 0) khi n + th f ( ,0) 1 khi n + .
n
n

17

18

1
1
Mt khc dy ( x'n ,y'n ) = (0, ) (0, 0) khi n + , nhng f (0, ) 1 . Vy gii hn
n
n
theo tp hp cc bin lim f ( x,y ) khng tn ti.
(x,y)( 0,0 )

b) S tn ti gii hn theo tp hp cc bin khng suy ra c s tn ti cc gii hn lp.

V d 6: Cho hm f ( x,y )=( x+y )sin

Do x,y 0, 0 ( x+y )sin

Suy ra

lim

( x , y ) (0,0)

1
.
xy

1
x+y x + y 0 khi ( x, y ) (0, 0) .
xy

f ( x,y )=0 . Tuy nhin d dng thy rng c hai gii hn lp u khng tn

ti.
V d 7: Tm gii hn khi ( x, y ) (0, 0) ca hm s:
x2 y 2
f ( x,y )= 2 2 .
x +y

a)

Ta

thy

vi

dy

1 1
zk =( , ) (0, 0) khi k +
k k

dy

tng

1 1
zk = f ( , ) = 0 0 khi k + .
k k

Mt khc vi dy ( x'k ,y'k )=(

2 1
, ) (0, 0) khi k + , nhng dy tng ng:
k k

3
2
2 1
3
3
z'k = f ( , ) = k =
khi k + .
5 5
k k
5
k2
Vy hm s khng c gii hn khi ( x, y ) (0, 0) .
b) D dng thy lim lim f ( x,y ) = lim(1) = 1 ,
y 0 x 0

y 0

lim lim f (x, y ) = lim1 = 1 .

x 0 y 0

x 0

V d 8: Tm gii hn khi (x,y) (0,0) ca hm s

z = xarctg
a) Ta c 0 z = xarctg

y
.
x

y
< x 0 khi (x, y ) (0, 0) . Vy lim z =0
(x,y) (0,0)
x 2

b) D thy lim lim z = lim 0 = 0 v lim lim z = lim 0 = 0 .

y 0 x 0

y 0

x 0 y 0

y 0

ng:

19

V d 9: Tm gii hn khi (x,y)(0,0) ca hm s z=

a) z =

x 3 +y 3
x 2 +y 2

x3 + y 3
x 2 +y 2

x3
x 2 +y 2

y3

x 2 +y 2

x 3 +y 3
.
x 2 +y 2

x + y 0 khi ( x,y ) (0, 0) .

Vy lim z = 0 .
(x,y) (0,0)

b) D thy lim lim z = lim y = 0 v lim lim z = lim x = 0 .

y 0 x 0

y 0

x 0 y 0

x 0

V d 10: Tm gii hn khi (x,y)(0,0) ca hm s

z=

a) Ta thy z =

2(1+x 2 +y 2 )sin 2
y2

1+x 2 +y 2
(1 cosy) .
y2

y
2 , nn lim z = 2. 1 = 1 .
(x,y) (0,0)
4 2

b) D thy
lim lim z = lim
y 0 x0

y 0

1+y
(1 cosy ) = lim
y 0
y2

2(1+y 2 )sin 2
y2

y
2 = 2. 1 = 1
4 2

1 + x2 1
v lim lim = lim
= .
x 0 y 0
x 0
2
2

7.4 Hm s nhiu bin s lin tc

7.4.1 Hm s lin tc ti mt im
Gi s D \ 2 v f : D \ .
nh ngha 1: Hm s f(x,y) gi l lin tc (theo tp hp cc bin) ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) D nu
>0, >0 sao cho M D m (M ,M 0 )< th
f (M ) f (M 0 ) <

(7.4.1)

Ta c cc nh ngha tng ng sau.

nh ngha 2: Hm s f(x,y) gi l lin tc ti M 0 D nu:

(7.4.2)

lim f (M )=f (M 0 )

M M 0

Nu D l tp hp ng, M 0 l mt im bin ca D th lim f (M ) c hiu l gii hn

M M 0

ca f(M) khi M dn ti M 0 bn trong ca D.

19

20

nh

ngha

lin tc ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) D

3: Hm s f(M)

{M k ( xk , yk )} D , M k M 0

nu vi mi dy

khi k ta u c:

f (M k ) f (M 0 ) hay f ( xk , yk ) f ( x0 , y0 ) .

(7.4.3)

Hm f(M) c gi l lin tc trong min D nu n lin tc ti mi im thuc D.

V d 1: Xt hm s f(x,y) xc nh trong \ 2 c cho bi biu thc;
3

2
xy

f ( x,y ) = x 2 +y 2 nu ( x,y ) (0,0)

0 nu ( x,y )=(0,0)

1
1 ( x +y ) 2
ta thy xy ( x 2 +y 2 ) 0 f ( x,y )
2
2 ( x 2 +y 2 )
2

1
2

( x +y ) 0 khi ( x,y) (0, 0) .

2

Vy hm s lin tc ti (0,0).
V d 2: Trong \ 2 xt hm s f(x,y) c xc nh bi:
xy

nu (x,y ) (0,0)
f ( x,y ) = x 2 +y 2

0 nu ( x,y ) = (0,0).

n
1 1
Ta thy dy ( xn , yn ) = ( , ) (0,0) khi n+ nhng f ( xn , yn ) = + khi
2
n n
.
Vy
hm
s
khng
lin
tc
ti
im
(0,0).
n +

7.4.2 Hm s lin tc u
nh ngha 4: Hm s f(M) c gi l lin tc u trn min D nu: >0, >0 sao cho
vi mi cp im M 1 , M 2 D m (M 1 , M 2 ) < ta u c:
f (M 1 ) f (M 2 ) < .

(7.4.4)

V d 3: Xt hm s z = x 2 +y 2 trn \ 2 .

Vi mi cp im M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) , M 2 ( x2 , y2 ) ta c:
x12 +y12 x2 2 +y2 2

Do

x12 +y12 + x2 2 +y2 2 x1 + x2

x1 x2

(x

+ x2 ) + y1 y2

(y

x12 +y12 + x2 2 +y2 2

+ y2

21

x12 +y12 + x2 2 +y2 2 y1 + y2 ,

v
nn

x12 +y12 x2 2 +y2 2 x1 x2 + y1 y2

2

( x1 x2 ) + ( y1 y2 )
2

T trn ta c: f (M 1 ) f (M 2 ) 2 (M 1 , M 2 ) . Do :

> 0, =

, M 1 , M 2 \ 2 m (M 1 , M 2 ) < th f (M 1 ) f (M 2 ) < .

Vy hm s lin tc u trn \ 2 .
Hm s nhiu bin s lin tc cng c nhng tnh cht nh hm mt bin s lin tc.
Chng hn, nu hm s nhiu bin s lin tc trong tp compac (ng v b chn) th n b
chn trong min y, n t gi tr ln nht v gi tr b nht trong min y, n lin tc u
trong min y.

7.4.3 Lin tc theo tng bin

nh ngha 5: Cho hm z = f(x,y) xc nh trn tp D \ 2

a) Ta ni rng hm z = f(x,y) lin tc theo bin x ti im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) D nu hm mt

bin f(x,y0 ) lin tc ti im x0 , tc l:
lim f ( x,y0 ) = f ( x0 ,y0 ) .

x x0

(7.4.5)

b) Ta ni rng hm z = f(x,y) lin tc theo bin y ti im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) D nu hm

f ( x0 ,y ) lin tc ti im y0 , tc l:
lim f ( x0 ,y ) = f ( x0 ,y0 )

y y0

(7.4.6)

c) Nu hm z = f(x,y) lin tc theo bin x v y ti im M 0 , ta ni rng n lin tc theo

tng bin ti M 0 .
nh l 7.4.1: Nu hm z = f(x,y) lin tc ti M 0 D (lin tc theo tp hp cc bin) th n lin
tc theo tng bin ti M 0 .

Chng minh: Gi s f(x,y) lin tc ti im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) D . Khi >0, >0 sao

cho M D m (M , M 0 ) < th f (M ) f (M 0 ) < , hay l:

>0, >0 sao cho (x, y ) D m

( x x0 ) 2 +( y y0 ) 2 < th

f ( x,y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) <

(7.4.7)

By gi ta xt cc im M (x, y ) D m

x - x0 < , y = y0 . R rng rng

(M , M 0 ) = (x x0 ) 2 +(y y0 ) 2 =| x x0 |< nn theo (7.4.7) ta c:

21

22

f ( M ) f ( M 0 ) = f ( x,y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) < , t y suy ra hm s lin tc theo bin x ti

x0 .
Tng t, hm z = f(x,y) lin tc theo bin y ti y0 .
Ch rng iu ngc li cha chc ng, tc l nu hm f(x,y) lin tc theo tng
bin th cha th kt lun n lin tc theo tp hp cc bin.
V d 4: Xt hm
xy
2
2
2 2 nu x +y 0
z=f ( x,y )= x +y
0 nu x 2 +y 2 =0

Bi v f(x,0)=0, x R nn lim f(x,0) = 0 = f(0,0) , tc l hm s lin tc theo bin x ti

x 0

(0,0).
Tng t f(x,y) lin tc theo bin y ti (0,0). Tuy nhin f(x,y0) khng lin tc ti (0,0), bi
v dy

( xn ,yn ) = (

1 1
, ) (0, 0) khi n + ,
n n

1 1
1
0 = f (0,0) .
nhng dy f ( , )
n n
2
Vy lin tc theo tp hp cc bin mnh hn lin tc theo tng bin.
V d 5: Xt hm:
2
2
2
2
1 x 4 y khi x +4 y 1
f ( x,y )=
2
2
c khi x +4 y >1

trong c l hng s.
R rng ti cc im M(x,y) m x 2 +4 y 2 < 1 v x 2 +4 y 2 >1 hm s lin tc. Xt im
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) tho mn x0 2 +4y0 2 =1 , ta thy khi M ( x, y) M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) th

f(x,y) 1 x0 2 4y0 2 = 0 . Do hm lin tc trn \ 2 th c = 0.

7.5 Php tnh vi phn ca hm s nhiu bin s

7.5.1 o hm ring v vi phn cp mt
7.5.1.1 o hm ring

Cho hm s z = f(x,y) xc nh trong min D \ 2 v im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) l mt im ca

D. Cho x0 mt s gia tu x v y0 mt s gia tu y vi x , y b sao cho
(x0 + x, y0 +y) D v lp biu thc:

x f= f ( x0 + x,y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ),

23

y f= f ( x0 ,y0 +y ) f ( x0 , y0 ).
i lng x f , y f gi l s gia ring ca hm f(x,y) theo bin x, y tng ng ti im

M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) , cn i lng:
f = f(x0 + x, y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) gi l s gia ton phn ca f(x,y)ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) .
nh ngha 1: o hm ring ca hm f(x,y) theo bin x ti im M 0 v k hiu

f
( x0 , y0 ) l
x

gii hn:

f
f ( x0 + x,y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
f
( x0 , y0 ) = lim x = lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
x

(7.5.1)

Tng t, o hm ring ca hm f(x,y) theo bin y ti im M 0 l gii hn:

y f
f ( x0 ,y0 +y ) f ( x0 , y0 )
f
= lim
( x0 , y0 ) = lim
y 0 y
y 0
y
y

(7.5.2)

o hm ring ca hm z = f(x,y) theo bin x ti im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) cn c k hiu l:

f x ( x0 , y0 ),

z
( x0 , y0 ), z' x ( x0 , y0 )
x

o hm ring ca hm z = f(x,y) theo bin y ti im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) cn c k hiu l:

f y( x0 , y0 ),

z
( x0 , y0 ), z' y ( x0 , y0 ) .
y

Tng qut mun tnh o hm ring theo bin xk ca hm z= f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ti im

M 0 (x10 , x20 ,..., xn0 ) \ n ta tnh o hm theo mt bin xk ca hm:

(xk ) = f(x10 ,..., x( k -1)0 , xk , x( k+1)0 ,..., xn 0 )

v xem cc bin khc l tham s c nh.
V d 1: Cho z = 3x 2 y + 2 x + y 3 1 + sin( xy 2 )

z
= 6 xy + 2 + y 2 cos( xy 2 ) ,
x
z
= 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 xy cos( xy 2 ) .
y
Ch rng ta khng c xem cc k hiu

z z
,
l nhng phn s. thy r diu
x y

ny ta hy xt v d sau.
V d 2: Xt phng trnh Mendeleev-Claplyron: pv = RT.

Ta c:

p RT
RT
= ( )= 2 ,
v v v
v

23

24

R
v
RT
( )= ,
=
T T p
p

T pv
v
( )= .
=
p p R
R
Tch ca ba o hm ring ny l mt h thc quan trng trong nhit ng lc hc:

p v T
RT R v

= 2
v T p
v p R
=

RT
= 1 .
pv

Nu nh cc k hiu ca cc o hm ring l nhng phn s th ta c 1 ch khng

phi l 1.
Nu hm f(x,y) c cc o hm ring lin tc trn tp U, ta ni rng f(x,y) thuc lp
C (U ) v k hiu f ( x, y ) C1 (U ) .
1

7.5.1.2 Vi phn ton phn

nh ngha 2: Cho z = f(x,y) xc nh trong D v M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) D . Nu ta c th biu din s
gia ton phn f di dng:

f =A.x +B.y + .x +y .

(7.5.3)

trong A, B l hng s ch ph thuc x0 , y0 , cn , dn ti 0 khi M M 0 , th hm

f(x,y) kh vi ti im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) .
A.x +B.y

(7.5.4)

gi l vi phn ton phn ca z = f(x,y) ti M 0 v c k hiu l dz hay df.

Hm s z = f(x,y) c gi l kh vi trong min D nu n kh vi ti mi im ca min D.
t = (x) 2 +(y ) 2 , ta c th vit (7.5.3) di dng:

f =A.x +B.y +o( ) .

(7.5.3)

trong lim o( ) =0.

S 0

Ch 1: Nu hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti M 0 , th t (7.5.3) suy ra rng: f 0 khi

x 0, y 0 , tc l f(x,y) lin tc ti M0 . Vy hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti M 0 th lin tc ti

M0 .
Ch 2: i vi hm mt bin s y = f(x), nu ti x = x0 tn ti o hm hu hn f (x0 ) ,
th ta c:
y=f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 )x+ .x ,
trong 0 khi x 0 , tc l hm kh vi ti x = x0 .

25

i vi hm nhiu bin s z = f(x,y) s tn ti ca cc o hm ring ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) cha

hm kh vi ti M 0 .
Tht vy, ta hy xt hm s sau:
xy
nu ( x,y ) (0,0)

f ( x,y )= x 2 +y 2
0 nu ( x,y )=(0,0)

Ta c:

f x(0, 0)= lim

x 0

Tng t:

f (x,0 )-f (0, 0)

f (x,0)
0
= lim
=0,
= lim

0
x
x
x
x

f y(0,0)=0 .

Cc o hm ring f x , f y ti (0,0) u tn ti, nhng hm s f(x,y) khng lin tc ti (0,0),

nn khng kh vi ti (0,0).
Sau y ta hy chng minh nh l v iu kin hm z=f(x,y) kh vi ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) .
nh l 7.5.1 Nu hm s z = f(x,y) c cc o hm ring trong ln cn ca im M 0 ( x0 , y0 )
v nu cc o hm ring y lin tc ti im M 0 , th f(x,y) kh vi ti M 0 v ta c cng thc:

dz = f xx + f yy .

(7.5.5)

Chng minh: Ta c th vit vi phn ton phn f di dng

f= f ( x0 + x,y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 )
= [ f ( x0 + x,y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 + y ) ] + [ f ( x0 ,y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) ] .

(7.5.6)

p dng cng thc s gia gii ni cho hm mt bin s ta c:

f ( x0 + x,y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 + y ) = f x( x0 + 1x, y0 + y )x
f ( x0 ,y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) = f y( x0 , y0 + 2 y )y

(7.5.7)
(7.5.8)

trong 0< 1 <1, 0< 2 <1.

Ngoi ra, do f x, f y lin tc ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) nn:

f x( x0 + 1x, y0 + y ) = f x( x0 , y0 ) +
f y( x0 , y0 + 2 y ) = f y( x0 , y0 ) +

(7.5.9)
(7.5.10)

trong 0 , 0 khi x 0, y 0 . Do :

f = f x( x0 , y0 )x + f y( x0 , y0 )y + .x + y
vy theo nh ngha hm s z = f(x,y) kh vi ti M 0 v ta c cng thc (7.5.5).

Ch 3: Ta thy rng i vi f(x,y) = x, ta c:

25

(7.5.11)

26

f
f
= 1,
= 0 , do theo nh ngha df = f' x x+f' y y suy ra:
x
y
dx= x .
Tng t i vi f(x,y)=y ta c dy= y .
Do nu x,y l cc bin s c lp th x =dx, y =dy v ta c th vit:

df = f xdx + f ydy .

(7.5.12)

Ch 4: Theo nh ngha (7.5.3) v cng thc (7.5.11), khi x , y kh b ta c th xem

f df, tc l:
f(x0 + x,y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) + f x ( x0 , y0 )x+f y( x0 , y0 )y
(7.5.13)
V d 3: Tnh gn ng arctg

Xt hm s z = arctg

1,02
.
0,95

y
y
x
. Ta thy z 'x = 2
, z 'y = 2
.
2
x
x +y
x + y2

Coi x0 =1, y0 =1 v x =0,05, y =0,02. Theo cng thc (7.5.13) ta c:

arctg

1,02
1.0,02+1.0,05
= z(10,05,1+0,02) z(1,1)+
2
0,95

= arctg1+0.035=

+0,035=0,82 rad.

7.5.1.3 o hm ring ca hm s hp

Cho D,G \ 2 , \1 v nh x : D G c xc nh nh sau:

Vi (x,y) D, ( x,y )=(u ( x,y ) ,v( x,y ) G .
Hn na cho nh x f: G c xc nh, vi (u,v) G , f(u,v)=z .
nh x tch, k hiu F = fo, xc nh bi:

F(x,y) = (fo)(x,y) =f[ ( x, y ) ]=f[u(x,y),v(x,y)]= z,

gi l hm hp ca cc bin s x, y. Ta c nh l sau m phn chng minh ca n c gi
c th c trong [1].
f f
,
lin tc trong min G v nu tn ti cc
u v
u u v v
F F
, , ,
trong min D, th tn ti cc o hm ring
,
v ta c
o hm ring
x y x y
x y
cng thc:

nh l 7.5.2 Nu f(x,y) c cc o hm ring

27

F f u f v
=
+ ,
x u x v x

(7.5.14)

F f u f v
=
+ .
y u y v y

(7.5.15)

Cc cng thc (7.5.14) v (7.5.15) c th vit di dng ma trn:

u

F F
f f x
( , ) = ( , )
x y
u v v
x

u
x
Ma trn
v
x

u
y
.
v
y

(7.5.16)

u
y
gi l ma trn Jacbi ca bin u, v i vi x, y, cn nh thc ca ma
v
y

trn c gi l nh thc Jacbi ca u,v i vi x,y v c k hiu l

D(u,v)
.
D( x,y )

Ch 5: Trong cc tnh ton ngi ta khng phn bit f v F. Nn ta c th vit cng

thc (7.5.14) v (7.5.15) di dng:
f f u f v
= . + . ,
x u x v x

(7.5.14)

f f u f v
= . + . .
y u y v y

(7.5.15)

V d 4: Cho z=e xy sin( x 2 + y 2 ) , tnh

z
z
v
.
y
x

t u=xy, v= x 2 + y 2 , ta c z= eu sin v . Khi :

z z u z v
= . + . = eu sin v.y+eu cosv.2 x
x u x v x
= e xy ysin( x 2 +y 2 )+2 xcos( x 2 +y 2 )

z z u z v
= eu sin v.x+eu cosv.2 y
= . + .
y u y v y
= e xy xsin( x 2 +y 2 )+2 ycos( x 2 +y 2 ) .

Ch 6:
a) Nu z = f(x,y), y = y(x) th z l hm hp ca x, z=f(x,y(x)). Khi ta c:

z f f
=
+ . y' ( x) .
x x y

27

(7.5.17)

28

b) Nu z = f(x,y), x = x(t), y = y(t) th z l hm s hp ca t thng qua hai bin trung gian

x,y. Khi ta c:

dz f
f
x' (t ) + . y' (t ) .
=
dt x
y
V d 5: Cho z= cos(t+ )sin(t ) , tnh

(7.5.18)

z
z
v
.
t

t x= cos(t+ ) , y= sin(t ) , khi z=xy. Ta c:

z z x z y
= ysin(t+ ) +xcos(t- )
=
+
t x t y t

= sin(t+ )sin(t )+cos(t+ )cos(t ) =cos2t .

Tng t:

z
= y sin(t+ ) xcos(t )= cos2 .

Ch 7: (Vi phn ca hm hp) Cho z = f(u,v) c cc o hm ring lin tc. Gi s u =

u(x,y), v = v(x,y), khi z=f[u(x,y),v(x,y)] l hm ca x,y. Nu gi thit rng u,v c cc o
f f
hm ring lin tc, th t (7.5.14) v (7.5.15) suy ra rng
,
lin tc. Do nu xem z
x y
l hm ca x,y th z l kh vi. Ta c
dz=
By gi thay

f
f
dx +
dy .
x
y

(7.5.19)

f f
,
theo cng thc (7.5.14) v (7.5.15) vo (7.5.19) ta c;
x y
f u f v
dz= . + . dx +
u x v x
=

f u f v
. + . dy
u y v y

f u
u
f v
v
dy +
dx +
dx+ dy .
u x
y
v x
y

Theo cng thc vi phn ca cc hm u,v, ta c th vit:

dz=

f
f
du +
dv .
u
v

(7.5.20)

Vy vi phn ton phn ca hm s z = f(u,v) c cng mt dng cho d u, v l cc bin c

lp hay u, v l cc hm ca cc bin s c lp khc. Do vi phn ton phn ca hm nhiu
bin s cng c dng bt bin nh vi phn ca hm mt bin s. Do cc cng thc
u vdu udv
d(u v)=du dv, d ( uv ) = udv + vdu , d =
cng ng khi u, v l cc hm s
v2
v
ca cc bin s khc.

7.5.2 o hm v vi phn cp cao

29

7.5.2.1 o hm ring cp cao

Cho hm s hai bin s z = f(x,y) xc nh trong min D \ 2 . Cc o hm ring

f x( x, y ), f y( x, y ) l nhng hm ca x v y. Cc o hm ring ca cc o hm ring cp mt,
nu tn ti, c gi l cc o hm ring cp hai. Ta c bn o hm ring cp hai c k
hiu nh sau:
f 2 f
= f x2 ( x,y ) ,
=
x x x 2
f 2 f
= f xy ( x,y ) ,
=
y x xy
f 2 f
= f yx ( x,y),
=
x y yx
f 2 f
= f y2 ( x,y ).
=
y y y 2

(7.5.21)

V d 6: Tm cc o hm ring cp 1 v cp 2 ca hm sau: z=x 3 +y 3 3x 2 y 2 .

z
z
= 3x 2 6 xy 2 ,
= 3 y 2 6x2 y ,
x
y

2 z

= ( 3 x 2 6 xy 2 ) = 12 xy ,
xy y
2 z

= ( 3 y 2 6 x 2 y ) = 12 xy ,
yx x
2
2 z
2 z
= 6x 6 y , 2 = 6 y 6x2 .
2
x
y

2 z
2 z
=
. Vn t ra l trong trng hp khc liu
Trong cc v d trn ta thy
xy yx
iu c cn ng khng? Ta tha nhn nh l quan trng sau ay.

nh l 7.5.3 (nh l Schwarz): Nu trong ln cn no ca im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) hm s

z=f(x,y) c cc o hm ring f xy , f yx v nu cc o hm y lin tc ti M 0 th ti y:

f xy =f yx .
7.5.2.2 Vi phn cp cao

Xt hm s z=f(x,y) xc nh trong min D \ 2 . Ta bit vi phn ton phn ca n:

dz=f x( x,y )dx + f y( x,y )dy .

Nu dz tn ti, th n cng l hm s ca x, y. Vi phn ton phn ca dz nu tn ti, c
gi l vi phn ton phn cp hai ca z v c k hiu l d 2 z . Vy:

29

30

d 2 z=d (dz )=d ( f xdx + f ydy ) .

(7.5.22)

Tip tc nh vy ta c cc vi phn ton phn cp cao hn:

d 3 z=d (d 2 z ) ,
.

d n z=d (d n-1 z ) .

(7.5.22)

By gi ta hy xy dng biu thc cu vi phn cp cao. Gi s x, y l cc bin s c lp.

Khi dx=x, dy=y l nhng hng s v ta c th vit:
d 2 z=d (dz )=( f xdx + f ydy )x dx+( f xdx + f ydy )y dy

=f x2 dx 2 + ( f xy + f yx )dxdy + f y2 dy 2 .
Gi s rng f xy , f yx lin tc, khi chng bng nhau, v vy:

d 2 z=f x2 dx 2 + 2 f xy dxdy + f y2 dy 2
hay

d 2 z=

2 f 2
2 f
2 f 2
+
dx
dxdy+
dy .
2
x 2
xy
y 2

(7.5.21)
(7.5.21)

Ta thng k hiu (7.5.21) di dng:

2

d z= dx + dy f .
y
x
2

(7.5.22)

Tip tc qu trnh trn, ta c cng thc sau:

n

d z= dx + dy f .
y
x
n

(7.5.23)

Cui cng ta ch rng nu x,y khng phi l bin s c lp, m l hm ca cc bin s

c lp s,t khc. Khi dx,dy khng phi l cc hng s m ph thuc vo s,t. Do :
d 2 z=d (dz )=d ( f xdx + f ydy ) .

S dng cng thc vi phn ca mt tng, mt tch hai hm s:

d 2 z=d ( f x) dx+f xd (dx)+d ( f y)dy+f yd (dy )
d 2 z=f x2 dx 2 + f xy dxdy+f xd 2 x+ f y2 dy 2 + f yx dydx+f yd 2 y

=f x2 dx 2 + 2 f xy dxdy+f y2 dy 2 + f xd 2 x+f yd 2 y .
V d 7: Tm cc o hm ring cp 2 v vi phn cp 2 ca hm z=ln( x 2 +y ) .

2 x z
1
z
= 2 , = 2 ,
x x +y y x +y

(7.5.24)

31

2 z
2x
2x
,
= ( 2 )=
2
2
xy y x +y
x
+y
( )
2 z
1
2x
,
= 2 =
2
2
yx x x +y
x
+y
( )
2 z 2x
y-x 2
2
,
=
=

2
2
x 2 x x 2 +y
x
+y
( )
2 z
1
1
.
= ( 2 )=
2
2
2
y
y x +y
x
+y
( )
T y ta c th tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm z:
d 2 z=

=2

2 f 2
2 f
2 f 2
+
dx
dxdy+
dy
2
x 2
xy
y 2

y x2

( x +y )
2

dx 2

4 xdxdy

( x +y ) ( x +y )
2

dy 2 .

V d 8: Xt hm s:

xy
khi ( x,y ) (0, 0)

f ( x,y ) = x 2 +y 2
0 khi ( x,y ) = (0, 0).

Trong phn u ca tit ny ta bit f x(0,0)=0 v f x( x,y )=

y3 x2 y

( x2 +y 2 )

s mi:
y3 x2 y
khi ( x,y ) (0, 0)

2
f x( x,y )= ( x 2 +y 2 )

0 khi ( x,y )=(0, 0).

By gi ta hy tnh f xy (0,0) . Theo nh ngha:

f xy (0, 0)= lim

y 0

f x(0, y ) f x(0, 0)
1
khng tn ti.
= lim
2
y 0
y
( y )

Do theo nh ngha o hm f xy (0,0) khng tn ti.

7.6 o hm ca hm s n
7.6.1 Khi nim v hm s n mt bin s

31

. Do ta c hm

32

Cho h thc gia hai bin s x, y c dng

F(x,y)=0

(7.6.1)

trong F(x,y) l hm hai bin s c xc nh trong tp D \ 2 .

Hm s y=f(x) gi l c xc nh mt cch n bi h thc (7.6.1) nu khi th y=f(x) vo
(7.6.1) ta c mt ng nht thc.
V d 1: T h thc
x2 y2
+ =1
a 2 b2

ta c y=

(7.6.2)

b 2
a x 2 . Vy h thc (7.6.2) xc nh hai hm n trong [a,a].
a

V d 2: T mi phng trnh: 2y 3x = 0, x 2 y 2 = 0 , c th xc nh y nh l hm n ca x
c xc nh trong \1 .

Tuy nhin khng phi t (7.6.1) lc no cng gii hin c y theo x, v d nh t h

thc:

e xy = ln( x+y) vi x+y>1.

a) S tn ti ca hm s n

Ta tha nhn nh l sau v s tn ti, lin tc, kh vi ca cc hm s n.

nh l 7.6.1 Gi s F ( x0 ,y0 )=0 . Nu hm s F(x,y) c cc o hm ring lin tc trong ln
cn ca im M 0 ( x0 ,y0 ) v nu F' y ( M 0 ) 0 , th t h thc (7.6.1) c th xc nh duy nht

mt hm s n y = f(x) xc nh trong ln cn no ca x0 sao cho F ( x,f ( x)) = 0,y0 =f ( x0 ) .

Hn na hm s n lin tc v c o hm lin tc trong ln cn ni trn.
V d 3: Xt hm s F ( x,y )=e xy ln( x+y ) vi x+y >1 v im M 0 (0, e).

Ta thy F(0,e)=0, F' x = ye xy

1
1
1
, F' y = xe xy
v F' y (0, e)= 0 .
e
x+y
x+y

Vy trong ln cn ca im x0 =0 , t h thc F(x,y)=0 c th xc nh c duy nht hm

n y = y(x).
V d 4: Xt h thc:

F ( x,y ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 2a 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) = 0 v im M 0 (0, 0) .
Ta thy:
Fx = 4 x( x 2 +y 2 ) 4a 2 x, Fy = 4 y ( x 2 +y 2 )+4a 2 y .

Khi x=0, y=0 th F(x,y) =0, Fx =0 v Fy =0.

Vy t h thc F(x,y)=0 khng tn ti hm n trong ln cn im M 0 (0, 0) .
b) o hm ca hm s n

33

Gi s cc gi thit ca nh l 1 va trnh by c tho mn , khi y h thc (7.6.1) xc

nh mt hm s n y=f(x) lin tc v c o hm lin tc trong mt khong no . Ta c th
vit:

F(x,y)=0 trong y=f(x).

(7.6.3)

Ly o hm hai v (7.6.3) theo x ta c:

F' x + F' y

dy
=0.
dx

T y suy ra:
F'
dy
= x .
dx
F' y

V d 4: Xt h thc F ( x,y )=

Ta thy F' x =

(7.6.4)

x2 y 2
+ 1 = 0 .
a 2 b2

2x
2y
, F' y = 2 .
2
a
b

Vy y 0 t h thc trn ta c th xc nh c hm n y = f(x) xc inh trong [a,a] v

o hm ca hm s n ny l:
b2 x
y'= 2 .
a y

c)Phng trnh tip tuyn vi th hm s n

Tip tuyn ca th hm s f(x) ti im M 0 (x0 ,y0 ) , trong y0 = f ( x0 ) c phng

trnh:
y y0 =

F' x ( x0 ,y0 )
( x x0 )
F' y ( x0 ,y0 )

hay ( x x0 ) F' x ( x0 ,y0 )+( y y0 ) Fy( x0 ,y0 ) = 0 .

V d nh, tip tuyn ti im M 0 ( x0 ,y0 ) ca elip
( x x0 )
Vi s ch n

(7.6.5)

x2 y 2
+ 1 = 0 c phng trnh:
a 2 b2

2 x0
2y
+ ( y y0 ) 20 = 0 .
2
a
b

x0 2 y0 2
+
= 1 ta c phng trnh:
a 2 b2
xx0 yy0
+ 2 1 = 0 .
a2
b

7.6.2 Khi nim hm s n ca hai bin s

Tng t nh trn, ta tm iu kin t h thc gia ba bin s x, y, z dng:

33

34

F(x,y,z)=0

(7.6.6)

c th xc nh hm s n.
a) S tn ti ca hm s n
nh l 7.6.2: Cho h thc F(x,y,z)=0 v im M 0 ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) vi F ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 )=0 . Nu hm s

F(x,y,z) c cc o hm ring lin tc trong ln cn im M 0 (x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) v nu F' z ( M 0 ) 0 ,

th t h thc (7.6.6) ta xc nh c mt hm s n z = f(x,y) trong ln cn no ca im
( x0 ,y0 ) tho mn z0 = f ( x0 ,y0 ) . Hn na hm s lin tc v c cc o hm ring lin tc
trong ln cn ni trn.
b) o hm ca hm s n hai bin s

Vi cc gi thit ca nh l 7.6.2, t (7.6.6) ta c th xc nh c hm z=f(x,y). Do

ta c th vit:

F(x,y,z)=0 vi z=f(x,y).

(7.6.7)

Ly o hm hai v (7.6.7) ln lt i vi x, y ta c:

F' x + F' z .z' x = 0 , F' y + F' z .z' y = 0 .

Theo gi thit F' z 0 , t y suy ra:

z' x =

F'
F' x
, z' y = y .
F' z
F' z

(7.6.8)

V d 5 Cho F ( x,y,z )=e z +x 3 +y 3 +z 3 3xy 1=0 .

Ta thy F' x = 3 x 2 3y,F' y = 3 y 2 3x,F' z = e z + 3 z 2 0, z .

Do F' z 0 , z , nn h thc trn xc nh mt hm s n z = f(x,y) lin tc v c cc o
hm ring lin tc, ngoi ra:
3x 2 3y
3 y 2 3x
.
z' x = z
, z' y = z
e + 3z 2
e + 3z 2
c) Mt phng tip xc

Gi S l th hm s n z = f(x,y) m ta va trnh by. Phng trnh ca mt phng tip

xc vi S ti im M 0 (x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) l:

z z0 = ( x x0 ).

F' y ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 )

F' x ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 )
,
+ ( y y0 )
F' z ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 )
F' z ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 )

hay di dng i xng hn:

( x x0 ) F' x ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 )+( y y0 ) F' y ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 )
+( z z0 ) F' z ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 )=0.

Chng hn, mt phng tip xc vi elipxoit

(7.6.9)

35

x2 y 2 z 2
+ + 1 = 0
a 2 b2 c2
ti im M 0 (x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) ca n c phng trnh l;
( x x0 )

2 x0
2y
2z
+ ( y y0 ) 20 + ( z z0 ) 20 = 0 ,
2
a
b
c

hay l:

xx0 yy0 zz0

+ 2 + 2 1 = 0 .
a2
b
c

7.7 o hm theo hng

7.7.1 o hm theo hng
nh ngha 1: Cho hm s u=u(x,y,z) xc nh trong min G \ 3 . Qua im
G
M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) G cho ng thng nh hng l c vc t n v l l (Hnh 7.7.1).
JJJJJG
Ly mt im M bt k trn ng thng . Gi l di ca vc t M 0 M . Khi :
JJJJJG
G
M0M = l .
G

Hnh 7.7.1

G
Nu khi 0 (tc l khi M M 0 theo hng l ) t s:

u(M ) u(M 0 )

dn ti mt gii hn hu hn th gii hn c gi l o hm ca hm s u theo

u
hng l ti M 0 v c k hiu l G ( M 0 ) :
l

u(M ) u(M 0 )
u
G ( M 0 ) = lim
.

l
G
G
Ch : Nu l trng vi vc t n v i ca trc Ox th:
u ( x0 + , y0 , z0 ) u(x0 , y0 , z0 )
u
G ( M 0 ) = lim
0

l
=

u
( x0 , y0 , z0 ) .
x

35

(7.7.1)

36

u
u
chnh l o hm ca hm u theo hng ca trc Ox. Tng t
l
x
y
u
l o hm ca hm u theo hng ca trc
o hm ca hm u theo hng ca trc Oy,
z
Oz.
Vy o hm

nh l 7.7.1: Nu hm
s u=u(x,y,z) kh vi ti im M0(x0,y0,z0) th ti im y n c o
G
hm theo mi hng l v ta c cng thc:

u
u
u
u
G ( M 0 ) = ( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos ,
x
y
z
l
G
trong cos , cos , cos l cc cosin ch phng ca vect l .

(7.7.2)

7.7.2 Gradien
Cho u = u(x,y,z) l hm s c cc o hm ring ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) . Gi gradien ca hm
u
u
u
u ti M 0 l vc t c cc thnh phn l
( M 0 ) , ( M 0 ) , ( M 0 ) v k hiu
x
y
z
JJJJG
l grad u ( M 0 ) . Nh vy:

JJJJG
G u
G u
G
u
grad u ( M 0 ) =
(M0 )i + (M0 ) j + (M0 ) k
x
y
z

(7.7.3)

GG G
trong i, j , k l cc vc t n v ca trc Ox,Oy,Oz.
Theo cng thc (7.7.2):
JJJJG
G JJJJG
JJJJG
G
u
G ( M 0 ) = grad u ( M 0 ) .l = grad u ( M 0 ) cos(grad u ( M 0 ) , l ) .
l
JJJJG
G
JJJJG
G
u
Do cos(grad u ( M 0 ) , l ) 1 nn G ( M 0 ) t gi tr ln nht bng grad u ( M 0 ) khi l
l
JJJJG
cng phng vi grad u .

V d 1: Cho u=x 3 +y 3 +z 3 +3xyz .

JJJJG
G
JJJJJJG
u
Tnh grad u v G ti M 0 (1,2,1), trong l l vc t n v ca M 0 M1 vi M1
l
(2,0,1).
Gii: Ta thy:
JJJJG
G
G
G
gradu=3(x 2 +yz)i + 3( y 2 +zx) j + 3( z 2 +xy)k
JJJJG
G G G
grad u ( M 0 ) = 3(i + 3 j + 3k ) .
JJJJJJG
1
2
2
V M 0 M1 =(1, 2,2) nn cos = , cos =
, cos = v ta c:
3
3
3

37

u
2
1
2
G ( M 0 ) = (3) + 9( ) + 9( ) =16+6= 1.
3
3
3
l

V d 2: Tm o hm ca hm u = 2x 2 3y 2 ti im P(1,1) theo hng gradien ca hm

ny ti P.
JJJJG
JJJJG
u
u
= 4 x,
= 6 y . grad u ( P ) = {4, 6} , vc t n v ca grad u ( P )
x
y
JJG
2
3
l: n 0 = {
,
}.
13
13

Do theo (7.7.2):
u
2
3
JJG (P) = 4.
6(
) = 2 13 .
n0
13
13

Ta cng c th thy theo (7.7.4):

JJJJG
u
JJG (P) = grad u(P) = 16 + 36 = 52 = 2 13 .
n0

7.8 Cng thc Taylor. Cc tr ca hm s nhiu bin s

7.8.1 Cng thc Taylor
Trong phn ny ta hy m rng cng thc s gia gii ni, cng thc Taylor i vi hm
s mt bin s cho hm s nhiu bin s.
nh l 7.8.1: Gi s hm s f(x,y) c cc o hm ring n cp (n+1) lin tc trong mt ln
cn no ca im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) . Ngoi ra cho x0 mt s gia x , y0 mt s gia y sao cho

im M 0 ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) cng nm trong ln cn ni trn. Khi ta c cng thc:

f=f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 )
=

1
1
1
df ( x0 , y0 ) + d 2 f ( x0 , y0 ) + ... + d n f ( x0 , y0 )
n!
1!
2!

1
d n +1 f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) ,
(n+1)!

trong 0 < < 1 .

(7.8.1)
(7.8.2)

Cng thc (7.8.1) gi l cng thc Taylor i vi hm z=f(x,y).

Chng minh: t F (t )=f ( x0 + t x, y0 + t y ) , t [0,1] .
Ta thy f=F (1) F (0) . V f(x,y) c cc o hm ring n cp (n+1) lin tc, nn hm
s F(t) c cc o hm lin tc n cp (n+1) trong on [0,1]. Theo cng thc Taylor i vi
hm mt bin s F(t) ta c:

F (1) F (0)=F' (0)+

1
1
1
F"(0)+...+ F (n) (0) +
F (n+1) ( ) ,
n!
2!
(n+1)!

37

38

trong 0 < < 1 (7.8.1)

nhng F'(0)=f ' x ( x0 , y0 ) x+f ' y ( x0 , y0 ) y=df ( x0 , y0 ) ,
..,

F (n) (0) = d n f ( x0 , y0 ) ,
F (n+1) ( ) = d n+1 f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) .

(7.8.3)

Th cc ng thc (7.8.3) vo (7.8.2) ta c cng thc (7.8.1).

Ch 1: S dng cc cng thc lu tha tng trng biu din vi phn cp cao ta c
th vit cng thc Taylor nh sau:
f = f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 )

1
1

( x+ y ) n+1 f ( M 1 ) (7.8.4),
( x+ y ) k f ( M 0 ) +
y
y
(n+1)! x
k=1 k! x
n

trong M 1 nm trn on thng ni im M 0 vi M.

Ch 2: Nu trong cng thc (7.8.1) cho n=0, ta c:

f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) = df ( x0 + x, y0 + y )
hay

(7.8.4)

f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) =
=(

x+ y ) f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) .
x
y

(7.8.4)

V d 1: Khai trin hm f ( x,y )=2 x 2 xy y 2 6 x 3 y+5 theo cng thc Taylor trong ln
cn im A(1,2).

Gii: Hm s cho c o hm ring n cp bt k. Mt khc ta thy cc o hm ring

cp cao hn hai u bng 0, nn s hng d bng 0 v ta c cng thc:
f ( x, y ) = f ( A) + df ( A) +

1 2
d f ( A) , hay
2!

f ( x, y ) = f (1, 2) +

f (1, 2)
f (1, 2)
( x 1) +
( y + 2) + ... +
x
y

1 f 2 (1, 2)
f 2 (1, 2)
2 f (1, 2)
(
1)
(
1)(
2)
( y+2) 2 .
x
+
x
y+
+

2
2
2! x
xy
y

Ta thy:

f
f
= 4x y 6 ,
= x 2 y 3 ,
x
y
2 f
2 f
2 f
=
4,
=

1,
= 2 , nn
x 2
xy
y 2

f(1,2)=5,

f (1, 2)
f (1, 2)
= 0,
=0,
x
y

39

2 f (1, 2)
2 f (1, 2)
2 f (1, 2)
=
=

= 2 .
4,
1,
x 2
xy
y 2

Thay cc o hm ring va tm c vo cng thc trn ta c:

f ( x, y ) = 5 + 2( x 1) 2 ( x 1)( y + 2) ( y + 2) 2 .

7.8.2

Cc tr ca hm nhiu bin s

a) iu kin cn ca cc tr

Gi s: f:D \ v D l tp m trong \ 2 . im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc tr a phng

ca hm f(x,y) nu tn ti > 0 sao cho: M B( M 0 , ) D

f ( x,y ) f ( x0 , y0 ).

(7.8.5)

trong M=M(x,y) v B ( M 0 , ) l hnh trn tm M0 bn knh .

im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc tiu a phng ca hm f nu tn ti > 0 sao cho:
M B( M 0 , ) D

f ( x,y ) f ( x0 , y0 ).

(7.8.6)

biu th cc i, cc tiu ta dng mt danh t chung l cc tr. Trc ht ta hy

chng minh nh l v iu kin cn tn ti cc tr.
nh l 7.8.2: Gi s hm z=f(x,y) t cc tr ti im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) v ti cc o hm ring
f
f
( x0 , y0 ) v
( x0 , y0 ) tn ti th cc o hm ring ny bng khng.
x
y

Chng minh: C nh y0 v xt hm mt bin s z=f(x, y0 ). Theo gi thit hm s z=f(x,

y0 ) t cc tr ti x= x0 , nn theo nh l Fecma: f x( x0 , y0 ) = 0 .
Tng t: f y( x0 , y0 ) = 0 .
Trong thc t c nhng hm s lin tc t cc tr ti ( x0 , y0 ) nhng khng c o hm
ring ti ( x0 , y0 ) . V d nh hm s z= x 2 +y 2 t cc tiu ti gc to O(0,0), nhng ti
im ny hm s khng c o hm ring. Tht vy:

f
f (x,0) f (0, 0)
(0, 0) = lim
x 0
x
x
x 1 khi x 0+
x 2
= lim
= lim
=
x 0 x
x 0 x
1 khi x 0 .
Vy

f
f
(0, 0) khng tn ti. Tng t
(0, 0) khng tn ti.
x
y

39

40

b) im ti hn: Cho hm s z=f(x,y) xc nh trong tp m D \ 2 . Nhng im m ti

f
f
f
f
v
trit tiu, hoc , hoc
khng tn ti gi l nhng im ti hn ca hm s.
x
y
x
y
c) iu kin ca cc tr

Gi s hm z=f(x,y) xc nh, lin tc v c cc o hm ring cp mt, cp hai lin tc

trong khong no ca im dng M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) , tc l cc im tho mn iu kin:

f
f
( x0 , y0 ) =0 v
( x0 , y0 ) =0.
x
y

(7.8.7)

Xt s gia:
f=f ( x,y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) =
+

1 f
f
( x0 , y0 )x+ ( x0 , y0 )y

1! x
y

2 f
2 f
1 2 f
2
2
2
x
y

x
+
x
y

y
+
(
,
)
2
(
,
)
( x0 , y0 )y 2 + o( 2 ) trong = x + y .
0
0
2 0 0
2
xy
y
2! x

Vi cc iu kin (7.8.7) ta c:

f=f ( x,y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) =

1 2 f
2 f
2 f
2
( x0 , y0 )xy + 2 ( x0 , y0 )y 2
= 2 ( x0 , y0 )x +2
2! x
xy
y

t A=

+ o( 2 ) .

2 f
2 f
2 f
(
,
),
(
,
),
( x0 , y0 ) ,
x
y
B
=
x
y
C
=
0
0
0
0
x 2
xy
y 2

khi :
f=

1
A x 2 +2 B xy + Cy 2 + o( 2 ) .
2!

(7.8.8)

)Trng hp 1
AC B 2 > 0
A > 0(C > 0)

Nu

Khi dng ton phng l xc nh dng, nn f cng dng, tc l hm t cc tiu

ti im (x 0 , y0 ) .

) Trng hp 2
AC B 2 > 0
A < 0(C < 0)

Nu

Trong trng hp ny dng ton phng xc nh m, nn f <0 tc l hm t cc i

ti im ( x0 , y0 ) .

) Trng hp 3

41

Nu AC B 2 < 0 .
Khi vi gi tr tu ca x v y tam thc: A x 2 +2 B xy + Cy 2 c th ly gi tr
dng, c nhng gi tr m. Trong trng hp ny hm s khng c cc tr.

) Trng hp 4
Nu AC B 2 = 0 .
Trong trng hp ny ta khng th ni g v tnh cht ca cc im dng, n c th l
im cc tr, cng c th khng. gii quyt bi ton ta cn phi xt cc o hm cp cao
hn.
V d 2: Xt hm s z = 2 + 2 x+4 y x 2 y 2 .

Ta thy h phng trnh:

z
x = 2 2 x=0
c nghim x=1, y=2.
z
= 4 2y = 0
y

Do hm s cho ch c mt im dng M 0 (1,2). Gi tr tng ng ca hm l z=7.

By gi ta tnh cc o hm ring cp hai:
A=z x2 (1,2) = 2, B=z xy (1,2) = 0, C=z y 2 (1,2) = 2.

Nh vy AC B 2 = 4 > 0 , A=2 < 0. hm s t cc i ti M 0 (1,2).

V d 3: Xt hm s z=xy.

Ta c A=0, B=1, C=0. Do AC B 2 = 1 < 0 , nn hm s khng c cc tr ti (0,0).

V d 4: Xt hm s z = x 4 + y 4 x 2 2 xy y 2

Trc ht ta tnh cc o hm ring

z 'x = 4 x3 2 x 2 y, z ' y = 4 y 3 2 x 2 y.

Cc im dng tm c t h
3
4 x 2 x 2 y = 0
3
4 y 2 x 2 y = 0.

H ny c 3 nghim: x1=0, y1=0; x2=1, y2=1; x3=1, y3=1. kim tra iu kin ca
cc tr a phng, ta tnh cc o hm ring cp hai.
z xx = 12 x 2 2, z xy = 2, z yy = 12 y 2 2 .

Ti im (1, 1) ta c A=10, B=2, C=10, = AC B 2 > 0 , nn ti im ny hm t cc

tiu, z CT = 2
Ti im (0,0) ta c A=2, B=2, C=2, = AC B 2 = 0 . tm hiu s tn ti cc tr,
ta hy xt s gia ca hm ti im (0,0):

41

42

z (0,0) = z ( h, k ) z (0,0) = h 4 + k 4 h 2 k 2 2kh.

Nu k = h v 0 < h <

3
th
2
3
z (0,0) = 2h 4 4h 2 < 2h 4 3h 2 = 2h 2 ( h 2 ) < 0
2

Nu k=h v h>0 th
z (0,0) = h 4 + h 4 h 2 h 2 + 2h 2 = 2h 4 > 0

Ta thy s gia z (0,0) nhn cc gi tr c du khc nhau, bi vy ti x1=0, y1=0 hm s

khng c cc tr.
Ti im (1,1) ta c A=10, B=2, C=10, = AC - B 2 > 0 nn ti im ny hm t cc
tiu, zCT=2.

7.8.3 Gi ln nht v nh nht ca hm s nhiu bin s trn compac

Ta bit rng mi hm s nhiu bin s lin tc trn tp compac (ng v b chn) D u
t gi tr ln nht,nh nht trn tp D. Nu hm s t gi tr ln nht hay nh nht ti mt
im trong ca tp D, th im y phi l im cc tr ca hm s, do n phi l im ti
hn. Hm s cng c th t gi tr ln nht hay nh nht trn bin ca tp D. Do mun
tm gi tr ln nht hay nh nht ca hm s trn tp D, ta phi tm cc im ti hn ca n
trong tp D, tnh gi tr ca hm s ti cc im y v so snh chng vi nhng gi tr ca
hm s trn bin ca tp D.
V d 5: Tm gi tr ln nht nh nht ca hm s z=8 x 2 +3 y 2 +1 (2 x 2 +y 2 +1) 2 trn tp ng
D xc nh bi x 2 +y 2 1 .

Ta thy z lin tc trn D nn n t gi tr ln nht M v gi tr nh nht m trn tp D.

Ta c

z
z
= 8 x(1 2 x 2 y 2 ) ,
= 2 y (1 4 x 2 2 y 2 ) .
x
y

z
x = 0
H phng trnh:
z = 0
y

C cc nghim x=0 ,y = 0; x=0 ,y=

1
1
; x=
, y = 0.
2
2

1
1
1
1
), A 2 (0,
), A 3 (
, 0), A 4 (
, 0).
2
2
2
2
Cc im ny u nm trong D. Gi tr ca hm s ti cc im ti hn:
Vy ta c 5 im ti hn l O(0,0), A1 (0,

1
z (0)=0, z (A1 ) = z (A 2 ) = , z (A 3 ) = z (A 4 ) = 1.
4
By gi ta xt hm s trn bin ca tp D. Trn bin ny ta c:

43

x 2 +y 2 = 1 y 2 = 1 x 2 ,
do :

z=8x 2 +3(1 x 2 ) +1 (2 x 2 +1 x 2 +1) 2 =x 2 (1 x 2 ) vi 1 x 1 .

Hin nhin z 0 ; z = 0 khi x 2 (1 x 2 ) =0 hay khi x=0( y= 1 ) v x = 1 (y=0).
Mt khc
2

x 2 +1 x 2 1
1
1
2
2
.
z
= ; z = khi x =1 x hay khi x =
2
4
4
2

So snh tt c cc gi tr tnh, ta thy rng hm s t gi tr nh nht m=0 ti O(0,0);

1
1
(0,+1); (0,1); (1,0); (1,0) v gi tr ln nht M=1 ti ( ,0); (
,0) .
2
2

7.9 Cc tr c iu kin
7.9.1 nh ngha:
Cho hm s z=f(x,y) c xc nh trong tp m D \ 2 . Trong tp hp D cho mt
ng cong c phng trnh l ( x,y) = 0 . Ngi ta gi cc tr ca hm s

z=f(x,y)

(7.9.1)

trong cc bin s x,y b rng buc bi h thc:

( x,y) = 0

(7.9.2)

l cc tr c iu kin.
C th ta ni rng hm f(x,y) t cc i(hay cc tiu) c iu kin ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) nu
tn ti ln cn V D ca im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) sao cho:

f ( x,y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) (hay f ( x,y ) f ( x0 , y0 )) M ( x,y ) V

(7.9.3).

7.9.2 Phng php tm cc tr

A. Phng php th nht

Gi s rng t iu kin ( x,y ) = 0 ta xc nh c mt cch duy nht hm s y = y(x)

n tr, kh vi ca bin s x. Khi hm z = f(x,y) tr thnh: z = f(x,y(x)) =g(x).
(7.9.4)
V vy vic tm cc tr c iu kin c a v vic tm cc tr thng thng i vi
hm hp mt bin z= g(x).
Ta ch rng phng php ny khng phi bao gi cng p dng c v n i hi
phi gii phng trnh ( x,y ) = 0 i vi mt bin s no .
B. Phng php th hai (Phng php nhn t Lagrange)

Gi s M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc tr ca hm s f(x,y) vi iu kin ( x,y ) = 0 . Khi

( x0 ,y0 ) = 0 . Ta gi thit thm rng:

43

44

i) Cc hm f(x,y), ( x,y ) c cc o hm ring cp mt lin tc trong ln cn no ca

im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) .
ii)

( x0 , y0 ) 0 .
y

Theo nh l v hm n trong mt ln cn V no ca im ( x0 , y0 ) tn ti duy nht

mt hm kh vi y = y(x) sao cho y0 = y ( x0 ) . Khi hm g(x) = f(x,y(x)) xc nh v c o
hm lin tc trong mt ln cn no ca im x0 . Hn na ti im x= x0 hm s g(x) =
f(x,y(x))
t
cc
tr
a
phng.
Do
:
dg
( x0 ) = f x( x0 , y0 ( x0 )) + f y( x0 , y0 ( x0 )). y( x0 ) = 0 ,
dx

f
f
( x0 , y0 )dx +
( x0 , y0 )dy=0 .
x
y

hay:

(7.9.5)

Mt khc ta cng c:

d =

( x0 , y0 )dx +
( x0 , y0 )dy=0 .
x
y

(7.9.6)

Nhn (7.9.6) vi ri cng tng v ng thc nhn c vi (7.9.5) ta c:

f

+
+
(
x
,
y
)
(
x
,
y
)
dx+
(
x
,
y
)
(
x
,
y
)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

dy=0
x

x
y
y

(7.9.7).

ng thc (7.9.7) tho mn vi mi do nu ta chn sao cho

( x0 , y0 ) +
( x0 , y0 ) =0
y
y
th ta c:

( x0 , y0 ) +
( x0 , y0 ) =0.
x
x

(7.9.8)
(7.9.9)

S c chn nh vy c gi l nhn t Lagrange.

Nh ta bit (7.9.8) v (7.9.9) l iu kin cn ca cc tr thng thng ti im
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) ca hm s: f ( x,y )+ ( x,y ) .
Do mun tm nhng im c th l im cc tr ca hm z = f(x,y) tho mn iu kin
F(x,y) = f ( x,y )+ ( x,y )
(
7.9.10)

( x,y ) = 0 ta hy lp hm ph:

ri tm cc im dng ca n. H phng trnh:

Fx = f x( x,y )+ x ( x,y )=0

Fy = f y( x,y )+ y ( x,y )=0

( x,y )=0

(7.9.11)

cho ta v cc to ca nhng im c th l im cc tr. Phng php ny gi l

phng php tha s khng xc nh Lagrange.

45

Gi s x0 , y0 , 0 l nghim ca h (7.9.11). Khi ( x,y ) , ( x,y )=0 , ta xt:

F ( x0 , y0 ) = F ( x,y ) F ( x0 , y0 ) =
=f ( x,y )+0 ( x,y ) [ f ( x0 , y0 ) + 0 ( x0 , y0 ) ]

F ( x0 , y0 ) = f ( x,y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) + 0 [ ( x,y ) ( x0 , y0 ) ]
= f ( x,y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) = f ( x0 , y0 ) .
Vy nu ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc tr ca hm F(x,y), th ( x0 , y0 ) cng l im cc tr c iu
kin ca hm f(x,y). Do ta hy tm cc tr ca hm F(x,y). Hm F(x,y) c xc nh bi h
thc (7.9.10) gi l hm Lagrange.
Mt khc ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc tr ca hm F(x,y) hay khng tu thuc vo du ca biu
thc:
d 2 F ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) =

2 F
2 F
2
(x
y
dx
+
,
,

)
2
( x0 , y0 , 0 ) dxdy
0
0
0
x 2
xy
2 F
+ 2 ( x0 , y0 , 0 )dy 2
y

Do:

( x0 , y0 )dx+
( x0 , y0 )dy=0 ,
x
y

hay

(7.9.12)
(7.9.13)

( x0 , y0 )

x
dy=
dx .

( x0 , y0 )
y

(7.9.14)

Thay biu thc ny vo d 2 F ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) ta c:

d 2 F ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) = G ( x0 , y0 , 0 )dx 2 .

(7.9.15)

Cho nn nu:
a) G ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) > 0 th ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc tiu c iu kin.
b) G ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) < 0 th ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc i c iu kin.
V d 1: Trong s cc hnh ch nht c cng chu vi l , hy tm hnh ch nht c din tch ln
nht.

Gii: Ta hy tm cc tr ca hm z = xy tho mn iu kin 2x+2y= l .

Phng php th nht: T iu kin ca bi ton y=

l 2x
. Ta c hm z l hm mt
2

bin:
z = x(

1
l
l 2x
) = (2 x 2 + lx) , vi 0 < x < .
2
2
2

45

46

D thy hm ny t cc i khi x =

l
l
, t y y = .
4
4

Vy trong s cc hnh ch nht c cng chu vi, hnh vung l hnh c din tch ln nht.
Phng php nhn t Lagrange
Hm Lagrange: F = xy + (2 x + 2 y l ) .
H phng trnh:
F 'x = y + 2 = 0

F ' y = x + 2 = 0

2 x + 2 y = l
l
l
l
c nghim = , x = , y = .
8
4
4
Ta thy F "x2 = 0, F "xy = 1, F "y 2 = 0 ,
nn:

d 2 F ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) = 2dxdy .

Mt khc t iu kin ( x,y )=2 x+2 y l = 0 , suy ra h thc:

( x0 , y0 )dx+
( x0 , y0 )dy=0 ,
x
y
c dng 2dx+2dy=0 dy=dx.
Do : d 2 F ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) = 2dx 2 < 0 .
l
l
, y = . Tc l trong s cc hnh ch
4
4
nht c cng chu vi, hnh vung l hnh c din tch ln nht.
Vy hm z(x,y) t cc i c iu kin khi x =

V d 2: Tm cc tr ca hm z = xy trn vng trn bn knh 1 vi tm ti gc to .

Gii: Ta phi tm cc tr ca hm z = xy tho mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 1 = 0 .

Hm Lagrange: F ( x,y ) = xy + ( x 2 + y 2 1) .
Xt h phng trnh:
Fx = y + 2 x = 0 y = 2 x

Fy = x + 2 y = 0 y =
2

2
2
x + y 1 = 0
1
T hai phng trnh u suy ra = .
2
Vi =

1
2
2
2
2
, y=
v x=
, y=
.
h c nghim x =
2
2
2
2
2

47

1
2
2
2
2
Vi = h c nghim x=
, y=
v x=
, y=
.
2
2
2
2
2
a) Vi =

1
hm Lagrange tr thnh:
2

1
2
2
2 2
F ( x, y ) = xy + ( x 2 + y 2 1) , n c hai im dng: A1 (
,
) v A2 (
,
).
2
2
2
2 2

Mt khc: F' x = x+y, F' y = x+y, F" x2 = 1, F" xy = 1, F" y 2 = 1 .

Khi :
1
d 2 F ( A1 , ) = dx 2 +2dxdy+dy 2 =(dx+dy ) 2 .
2
Mt khc t iu kin x 2 +y 2 1 = 0 ta c:
2xdx + 2ydy = 0.
Ti A1 ng thc trn tr thnh
2 2
2 2
1
dx
dy = 0 dx = dy . T y d 2 F ( A1 , ) = 4dx 2 .
2
2
2
Vy hm t cc tiu c iu kin ti A1 v gi tr cc tiu bng z( A1 )=

1
.
2

1
Tng t hm t cc tiu c iu kin ti A2 v gi tr cc tiu bng z( A2 )= .
2
b) Vi =

1
2

Hm Lagrange
A4 (

1
F ( x,y )=xy ( x 2 +y 2 1)
2

c hai im dng

A3 (

2
2
,
) . Ta c:
2
2
Fx = y-x, Fy = x y, F" x2 = 1, F" xy = 1, F" y 2 = 1 .

1
Khi : d 2 F ( A3 , ) = dx 2 + 2dxdy dy 2 = (dx dy ) 2 .
2
Mt khc t iu kin x 2 +y 2 1 = 0 ta c
2xdx + 2ydy = 0.
Ti A3 ng thc ny tr thnh
2 2
2 2
1
dx+
dy=0 dx= dy v d 2 F ( A3 , ) = 4dx 2 .
2
2
2

47

2 2
,
) v
2 2

48

1
Vy hm t gi tr cc i c iu kin ti A3 v c gi tr cc i l z( A3 )= .
2
Tng t hm t cc tr c iu kin ti A4 v c gi tr cc i l z ( A4 ) =

1
.
2

c.Ch : Phng php nhn t Lagrange cng c m rng cho hm n bin s ( n 3 ).

Mun tm cc tr ca hm s u=f(x,y,z) vi iu kin ( x,y,z ) = 0 , ta hy lp hm
Lagrange:
F ( x,y,z )=f ( x,y,z ) ( x,y,z ) .
To im dng ca hm F(x,y,z) v l nghim ca h:
f x( x, y, z ) + 'x ( x, y, z ) = 0

f y ( x, y, z ) + ' y ( x, y, z ) = 0
.

f z( x, y, z ) + 'z ( x, y, z ) = 0
( x, y , z ) = 0.

7.10 ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc

7.10.1 Tip tuyn ca ng cong
Gi s l mt ng cong trong \ 3 c cho bi phng trnh tham s: x = x(t), y =
y(t), z = z(t), t [ , ] , trong x(t), y(t), z(t) l nhng hm kh vi trong on [ , ] (khi
c gi l ng cong trn).
Gi s M l mt im thuc (xem hnh 7.10.1). Khi M c to l (x(t), y(t), z(t)) v
JJJJG
vc t OM , trong O l gc to , c cc thnh phn l: { x(t ) , y (t ) , z (t )} .

Hnh 7.10.1

Ly mt im M 0 , M 0 = ( x(t0 ), y (t0 ), z (t0 )) = M (t0 ) .

JJJJG JJJJG JJJJJG JJJJJJG
JJJJJJG
t t=t t0 , OM = OM OM 0 = M 0 M . Ta thy vect M 0 M c cc thnh phn l

{ x(t ) x(t0 ), y (t ) y(t0 ) ,z (t ) z (t0 )} .

49

Xt vc t:

JJJJG
x(t ) x(t0 ) y (t ) y (t0 ) z (t ) z (t0 )
1 JJJJJJG
OM
,
,
).
= M0M = (
t
t
t
t
t

Khi t t0 , t 0 th M(t) dn ti M (t0 ) = M 0 v ct tuyn M 0 M dn ti tip tuyn

ca ng cong ti M 0 .
Mt khc ta c:

JJJJJJG
G
M M
lim 0 = { x' (t0 ), y' (t0 ), z' (t0 )} = v(t0 ).
t 0
t

G
1 JJJJJJG
M 0 M nm trn phng ct tuyn M 0 M nn khi t 0 vc t v(t0 ) nm
t
trn phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong ti M 0 . Do vc t
G
v(t0 ) = { x '(t0 ), y '(t0 ), z '(t0 )} gi l vc t ch phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong ti

Vc t

im M 0 . T y suy ra phng trnh ca tip tuyn ca ng cong ti M 0 l:

x x0 y y0 z z0
=
=
x '(t0 ) y '(t0 ) z '(t0 )

(7.10.1)

trong x0 = x(t0 ), y0 = y (t0 ), z0 = z (t0 ) .

7.10.2 Mt phng tip xc ca mt cong

Gi s S l mt cong trong khng gian c cho bi phng trnh f(x,y,z)=0 (xem hnh
7.10.2), trong f(x,y,z) l hm s kh vi.
Cho M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) l mt im no nm trn mt S v l mt ng cong trn bt
k nm trn mt S v i qua M 0 . Gi s rng ng cong c phng trnh tham s:

: x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t), t [ , ] .

Ngoi ra gi s: x0 = x(t0 ), y0 = y (t0 ), z0 = z (t0 ) trong x(t), y(t), z(t) l nhng hm kh
vi trong [ , ] .
V nm trn mt S nn:
f(x(t),y(t),z(t)=0, t [ , ] .

49

50

Hnh 7.10.2

Ta c:
df f
f
f
x '(t ) +
y '(t ) +
z '(t ) = 0, t [ , ]
=
dt x
y
z

(7.10.2)

JJJJG
f

f
f
grad f ( M 0 ) = ( M 0 ), ( M 0 ), ( M 0 )
,
cn
vc
t
y
z
x

JJJJG
JJJJJJG
v(t0 ) = { x' (t0 ), y' (t0 ), z' (t0 )} = v( M 0 ) l vc t ch phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong
K

hiu

ti M 0 . Theo cng thc ca tch v hng:

JJJJG
JJJJG f
f
f
grad f ( M 0 ).v(t0 ) = ( M 0 ).x '(t0 ) + ( M 0 ). y '(t0 ) + ( M 0 ) z '(t0 )
(7.10.3)
x
y
z
JJJJG
iu ny c ngha l vc t gradf(M 0 ) vung gc vi tip tuyn ca ti M 0 . V l
JJJJG
ng cong bt k nm trn S v i qua im M 0 , nn ta suy ra vc t gradf(M 0 ) vung gc
vi mi tip tuyn ca cc ng cong nm trn S v i qua im M 0 . Ni cch khc tt
c cc tip tuyn ti im M 0 ca mi ng cong nm trn mt S i qua im M 0 S
JJJJG
u cng nm trong mt mt phng (P) vung gc vi vc t gradf(M 0 ) . Mt phng (P) c
gi l mt phng tip xc ca mt cong S ti im M 0 .
JJJJJJG
Nh vy mt im M(x,y,z) nm trn mt phng tip xc khi v ch khi vc t M 0 M trc
JJJJG
giao vi vc t gradf(M 0 ) , tc l khi v ch khi:
f
f
( x0 , y0 , z0 )( x x0 ) + ( x0 , y0 , z0 )( y y0 )
x
y
f
+ ( x0 , y0 , z0 )( z z0 ) = 0
z

(7.10.4)

JJJJJJG
trong x x0 , y y0 , z z0 l cc thnh phn ca vc t M 0 M .

Do (7.10.4) l phng trnh ca mt phng tip xc ca mt S ti M 0 .

JJJJG
ng thng i qua M 0 cng phng vi gradf(M 0 ) c gi l php tuyn ca mt S
ti im M 0 . Phng trnh ca php tuyn ca mt S ti im M 0 l:
x x0
y y0
z z0
.
=
=
f 'x ( M 0 ) f ' y ( M 0 ) f 'z ( M 0 )

(7.10.5)

V d 1: Vit phng trnh ca php tuyn v mt phng tip xc ca mt x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0 ti

im M 0 (3,4,5).

Ta c f(x,y,z)= x 2 + y 2 z 2 , f x = 2 x, f y = 2 y, f z = 2 z .
Phng trnh ca php tuyn ca mt S ti M 0 l:

51

x3 y 4 z 5
=
=
6
8
10
v phng trnh ca mt phng tip xc ca mt S ti M 0 l: 6(x3)+8(y4) 10(z5)=0
hay l 3x+4y5z=0.
7.10.3 cong
a) cong ca ng cong phng

Cho ng cong khng t giao nhau. Trn chn mt hng lm hng dng, tip
tuyn ca ti M ng vi hng dng ca c gi l tip tuyn dng (xem hnh
7.10.3).
nh ngha 1: Cho M v M l hai im trn ng cong , MT v MT l hai ttip tuyn

q , k hiu C ( MM
q') , l t s ca gc gia hai
dng. Ta gi cong trung bnh ca cung MM
tb
q :
tip tuyn dng MT v MT vi di ca cung MM
q =
C tb (MM')
q
MM'

(7.10.6)

trong = ( MT ,M ' T') .

Hnh 7.10.3

nh ngha 2: Ngi ta gi cong ca ng ti M, k hiu C(M), l gii hn (nu c)

q') khi M dn ti M trn :
ca cong trung bnh C ( MM
tb

q') .
C(M )= lim C tb ( MM
M' M

V d 1: Trn ng thng C tb ( MM') = 0 trn mi on MM, do :

C(M)=0, M .
V d 2: Trn ng trn bn knh R, ta c:

51

(7.10.7)

52

q') = = = 1 vi mi cung MM. Do (xem hnh 7.10.4): C(M)=

C tb ( MM
q' R R
MM

1
, M .
R
T
T
M

Hnh 7.10.4

b) Cng thc tnh

a) Gi s ng cong c phng trnh trong h to Descartes vung gc l y=f(x).

Ngi ta chng minh c cng thc tnh cong ca ng nh sau:
y"

C ( M )=

3
2 2

(7.10.8)

(1 + y )

b) Nu c cho bi phng trnh tham s x=x(t), y=y(t) th:

C ( M )=

xy" yx"
3
2 2

(7.10.9)

( x + y )
2

c) Nu c cho bi phng trnh trong to cc r = f ( ) th:

C ( M )=

r 2 +2r 2 rr
3
2 2

(7.10.10)

(r + r' )
2

V d 3: Tnh cong ca ng dy xch y = ach

x
( a > 0 ) ti mt im bt k.
a

x
x y
1 x y
Ta c: y = sh , 1 + y '2 = ch = , y = ch = 2 . Thay vo cng thc (7.10.8) ta
a
a a
a a a
c:
C=

y a3
a
3= 2.
2
a y
y

53

V d 4: Tnh cong ca ng cycloit:

x=a(tsint), y=a(1cost) vi a>0.

Ta c x=a(1cost), y=asint, x=asint, y=acost. Thay vo (7.10.9) ta c:
cost-1

C=

2 a (1 cos t )

3
2

1
t
4a sin
2

Ch cong ch xc nh ti cc im ng vi t 2k .
V d 5: Tnh cong ca ng r = ae b (a>0, b>0).

Ta c:
r = abe b , r = ab 2 e b . Thay v cng thc (7.10.10) ta c:

C=

1 + b 2 .r

c) cong ca ng trong khng gian

Cho ng cong trong khng gian c phng trnh tham s l: x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t).
Tng t nh trong mt phng,ngi ta chng minh c cng thc tnh cong ca
ng nh sau:

C=

x' y' 2
x '' y ''

y' z' 2
y '' z ''

z' x ' 2
z '' x ''
3
2 2

(7.10.11)

(x ' + y ' + z ' )

2

7.10.4 Bao hnh ca mt h ngcong

Gi s f(x,y,c) l hm kh vi ca hai bin c lp x,y v tham s c. Nu phng trnh
f(x,y,c)=0 (7.10.12) biu din mt ng cong vi mi gi tr ca tham s c, th tp hp ca
nhng ng cong ny gi l h (mt tham s ) nhng ng cong ph thuc vo tham s c.
H nhng ng cong ph thuc vo tham s c c th c cho di dng:

x = (t,c) , y = (t,c) , v d nh h nhng ng trn ng tm x 2 + y 2 = c 2 c th biu

din di dng tham s: x = ccost, y = csint .
Ta c nh ngha sau
nh ngha: Nu mi ng cong ca h (7.10.12) u tip xc vi mt ng cong E v
ngc li ti mi im ca ng cong E c mt ng cong ca h (7.10.12) tip xc vi E
ti im y, th E gi l bao hnh ca h ng cong (7.10.12).

53

54

Hnh 7.10.5

V d 6: Phng trnh ( x c) 2 + y 2 = 1 , trong c l tham s, biu din mt ho ng trn c

bn knh bng 1 v c tm trn trc Ox (xem hnh 7.10.5). Bao hnh ca ng trn ny l hai
ng thng song song y = 1 .
V d 7: Phng trnh xcos + ysin 1 = 0 trong l tham s biu din mt h ng
thng m khong cch t gc to O n ng thng y bng 1. Bao hnh ca h ng
thng y l ng trn tm O bn knh 1.
V d 8: Tuy nhin c nhng h ng cong ph thuc vo mt tham s khng c bao hnh.
V d nh h ng thng song song y=x+C, hay h cc ng cong tch phn
y = f ( x)dx + C khng c bao hnh.
nh l 7.10.1: Cho h ng cong

f ( x,y,c) = 0

(7.10.12)

ph thuc vo tham s c. Nu ti tt c cc im ca mi ng cong y

f x( x, y, c), f y( x, y, c) khng ng thi bng khng, (tc l f x2( x, y, c)+f y2( x, y, c) 0 ) th
phng trnh ca bao hnh E ca h ng cong ni trn c xc nh bng cch kh c t
h:
f ( x, y , c ) = 0

f c( x, y, c) = 0

(7.10.13)

Chng minh: vi mi gi tr ca tham s c c mt ng cong Lc ca h (7.10.12) tip

xc vi E, do c mt tip im M c ca Lc vi E. Bao hnh E l qu tch nhng im M c
y. Gi to ca im M c l x(c), y (c) . V im c ( x(c), y (c)) Lc nn
f ( x(c), y (c), c ) = 0 . Ly o hm hai v i vi c ta c:

f x( x(c), y (c)).x(c) +
f y( x(c), y (c), c). y(c) + f c( x(c), y (c), c) = 0

(7.10.14)

Mt khc ti M c cc ng E v Lc tip xc nhau. H s gc ca tip tuyn cu E ti

M c l:

55

k1 =

y ( c )
.
x ( c )

Theo gi thit ( theo nh l v o hm hm n) h s gc ca Lc ti M c l:

k2 =

f x( x, y, c)
.
f y( x, y, c)

V k1 = k2 nn ta c:
f x( x(c), y (c), c).x(c) + f y( x(c), y (c), c). y(c) = 0 (7.10.15)
T (7.10.14) v (7.10.15) suy ra f c ( x, y, c ) =0. Vy to nhng im M c ca bao hnh
phi tho mn h (7.10.13)
V d 9: Cho h ng trn ( x c) 2 + y 2 = \ 2 .

Xt h:
( x c ) 2 + y 2 = \ 2
.

x
c
2(
)
0

Kh c t h ny ta c y = \ . Vy bao hnh ca h ng trn l: y = \ .

V d 10: Xt h cc qu o ca vin n bn ra vi vn tc ban u v0 theo mt gc vi
ng nm ngang. Tm phng trnh ca bao hnh.

Chn h trc to nh hnh 7.10.6, gc to ti im ban u. Ta xem vin n l mt

cht im v khng k n sc cn ca khng kh. Gi vox v voy l cc hnh chiu ca vn
tc ban u v0 ln cc trc to : vox = v0 cos , voy = v0 sin . Khi y cc hnh chiu ca vn
tc ca vin n thi im t l:
vx = v0 cos
, do

v y = v0 sin gt
dx = v0 cos dt
, ngha l phng trnh tham s ca qu o vin n l:

dy = ( v0 sin gt ) dt
x = v0t cos

gt 2
y = v0t sin
2

55

56

Hnh 7.10.6

Kh t t hai phng trnh ny ta c:

y = xtg

g
x2 .
2
2v 0 cos
2

t tg = c ( tg l h s gc ca qu o im gc 0) ta oc h parabol ph thuc
vo tham s c:
y = cx

g
(1 + c 2 ) x 2 .
2
2v 0

Ly o hm hai v theo c ta c:
0= x

v20
gx 2
c

c
=
.
v 20
gx

Th vo phng trnh trn ta c:

y=

v 20
g
2 x2 .
2 g 2v 0

l phng trnh ca bao hnh ca h qu o, ta gi n l parabol an ton. paraboloid

trn xoay to bng cch quay parabol an ton xung quanh trc ca n, chia khng gian ra hai
phn: nhng im nm gia mt t v paraboloid c th t c vi vn tc ban u
cho, nhng im ngoi Paraboloid th khng th t c vi vn tc ban u cho v vi
bt c gc nghing no.

7.11 Bi tp chng 7
7.1 Chng minh rng tp hp

= {( x, y ) R 2 ; x 2 + y 2 < c, c > 0} l tp hp m.
7.2 Trong cc tp hp sau, tp hp no l tp hp lin thng:

1) = {( x, y ) R 2 ; x + y 1}

57

z 2 x2 y2
2) = ( x, y ) R 3 ; 2 2 2 1
c a
b

7.3 Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s sau:

1) u =

2) u = sin( x 2 + y 2 )

x + y 1
2

3) u = ln( x + y 2 )

3) u =

1
x2 y2 z 2
+
+ 1
a 2 b2 c2

7.4 Chng minh rng i vi hm:

f ( x,y ) =

x2 y 2
.
x 2 y 2 + ( x y)2

} {

Cc gii hn lim lim f ( x,y ) , lim lim f ( x,y ) tn ti v bng nhau, tuy nhin khng tn
x 0

ti

lim

( x , y ) (0,0)

y 0

y 0

x 0

f ( x,y ) .

7.5 Cho: f ( x,y ) = sin

x
2x + y

Tm lim lim f ( x,y ), lim lim f ( x,y ) .

y x

x y

7.6 Tm cc gii hn:

1)

sin xy
( x , y )( 0,2 )
x
lim

2)

ln( x + e y )

lim

( x , y )(1,0 )

x2 + y 2

7.7 Tm im gin on ca cc hm s sau:

1) u =

1
x +y
2

2) u =

x+ y
x3 + y 3

7.8 Tm cc o hm ring cp 1 v vi phn ton phn ca chng:

1) u = x 3 + y 2 2 xy

3) u = arctg

y
x

5) u = ch ( x 2 y + shy )

2) u = ln x + x 2 + y 2

4) u = x y
6) u = sh ( x + y ) .

7.9 Tm o hm ca hm hp theo bin t v : u = x + y trong x = et + , y = ln t .

7.10

Tm cc o hm ring v vi phn cp 2 ca hm sau:

u = 2 xy + y 2 .

57

58

7.11

Kim tra ng thc

2u
2u
nu:
=
xy yx

1) u = x 2 2 xy 3 y 2
7.12

2) u = arc cos

x
.
y

Tm o hm v vi phn cp 2 ca hm hp:

1) u = f ( , ) , = ax, = by .
2) u = f ( , ) , = x + y, = x y vi gi thit rng f ( , ) c tt c cc o hm ring cp 2
theo cc bin s cu n.
7.13

Chng minh rng cc hm:

y
1) u = arctg
x

2) u = ln

tho mn phng trnh Lapplace

( x a) + ( y b)
2

2u 2u
+
=0
x 2 y 2

7.14

Tm y,y v y nu x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3

7.15

Tm y, y v yti x=0, y=1 nu:

x 2 xy + 2 y 2 + x y 1 = 0
7.16

Cc hm u,v ca cc bin x,y c cho bi h cc hm n:

x (u , v) = 0
.

y (u , v) = 0

Tm
7.17

u u v v
, , , .
x y x y

Tm

z z
,
nu x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = cv trong u=u(x,y), v=v(x,y), c=const.
x y

7.18 Tm o hm ca hm z= x 2 y 2 ti im M(1,1) theo hng l lp vi chiu dng ca

trc Ox mt gc = 60o .
7.19

Tm o hm ca hm:

z= x 2 xy + y 2 ti im M(1,1) theo hng l lp vi chiu dng ca trc Ox mt gc . Theo

hng no th hm

1) C gi tr ln nht

2) C gi tr nh nht

3) bng 0.
7.20 Tm o hm ca hm z=ln( x 2 + y 2 ) ti im M( x0 , y0 ) theo hng vung gc vi
ng mc i qua im .

59

7.21 Tm o hm ca hm u=xyz ti im M(1,1,1) theo hng {(cos cos , cos , cos }.

ln gradien ca hm ti im bng bao nhiu.
7.22

Tm gc lp bi gradien ca hm sau vi cc trc to :

1) u = x
7.23
hm:

+y

2) u = x + y

Khai trin theo cng thc Taylor trong ln cn im (0,0) cc s hng n bc 3 ca

f(x,y)= e x sin y .

7.24 Khai trin theo cng thc Taylor trong ln cn im

ca hm:

(1,1) cc s hng n bc 3

f(x,y) = e x + y .
7.25

Nghin cu cc tr ca hm s sau:

z= ( x 2) 2 + 2 y 2 .
7.26

Nghin cu cc tr ca hm s sau:
z=( x 2) 2 2 y 2 .

7.27

Nghin cu cc tr ca hm s sau:
z=x 4 +y 4 2x 2 +4xy 2y 2 .

7.28

Tm cc tr ca hm s sau:
u=x 2 +y 2 +z xy+x 2 z .

7.29

Tm cc tr ca hm s sau:
z=1 x 2 +y 2 .

7.30

Tm gi tr ln nht(nu c) ca hm s sau:
1 nu 0 x 1, 0 y 1
z=
2( 2 y) nu 0 x 1,1 y 2

7.31

Tm gi tr ln nht(nu c) ca hm s sau:
x 2 +y
z= 2 2
( x 1, y 1) .
x +y +1

7.32

Tm cc im cc tr c iu kin ca cc hm sau:

1)

z=xy nu x+y=1

2)

x y
z= + nu x 2 +y 2 =1 v a>0, b>0.
a b

3)

z= x 2 +y 2 nu

x y
+ =1
a b

59

60

7.33

Tm cc tr ca hm u=xyz nu x 2 +y 2 +z 2 =3 .

7.34

Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc ca cc mt sau:

1) x 2 +2 y 2 +3 z 2 =21 ti im ( 3, 0, 6) .
2)

x2 y 2 z 2
+ + =1 ti im ( x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) ca n.
a 2 b2 c2

7.35 Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc vi mt x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3z 2 = 1 sao cho mt phng

tip xc song song vi mt phng x + 4 y + 6 z = 0
7.36 Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc v php tuyn ca mt 3xyz z 3 = a 3 ti im
(0, a, a ) .
7.37

Tm bao hnh ca h cc ng cong phng ph thuc mt tham s sau:

1) x cos + y sin = p ( p = const)
a2
2) ( x a) + y =
2
2

3) y = kx +

a
(a = const)
k

4) y 2 = 2 px + p 2

7.12 Hng dn gii bi tp v p s

Chng 1
1.1. Gi s a + r =b l s hu t. Khi v b, r l s hu t nn a = b r l s hu t, tri vi
gi thit a l s v t.
1.2. Hin nhin khng nh 1),2),3) ng, ta hy chng minh 4). Tht vy:
d ( a, c ) = a c =

= | (a b) (b c) || a b | + | b c |= d (a,b) + d (b,c)
1.3. Theo gi thit do M b chn nn m,n sao cho n x m , x M

t r = max { m , n } . Do m r , n r , Nn:
r m r

r n r

Suy ra: r x r , x M .
1) Nu tp X b chn trn, th tp hp ( X ) b chn di. Tht vy, gi s sup X = m* ,
ngha l x m* x M v > 0, x X sao cho m* < x m* . Nhng khi
x m* x ( X ) v m* x < m* +

61

trong : x ( X )
T y suy ra: inf( X ) = m* = sup X .
2) Gi s inf X = n* , ngha l: x n* x X
n* x < n* +
Khi :
x n* v n* < x n* vi x ( X )

v > 0, x X

sao cho

Do : sup ( X ) = n* = inf X
1.4. 2, Ta hy chng minh cng thc
inf ( X +Y ) = infX +infY

Tht vy, trc ht ta hy chng minh s tn ti ca inf ( X+Y ) .

Gi s inf X = n* v inf Y = n1* .Bi v
x n* x X ; y n1* . y Y nn
x + y n* + n1* , x + y X+Y .

T y ta suy ra s tn ti ca inf( X + Y ) .
R rng rng: x + y n* + n1* , x + y X+Y .
Hn

na

n1* y < n1* +

> 0, x X

sao

cho

n* x < n* +

y Y

sao

cho

.
2
Suy ra: x + y X+Y .

sao cho n* + n1* x + y < n* + n1* +

Do inf( X + Y ) = n* + n1* = inf X + inf Y
ng thc i vi cn trn c chng minh tng t.
3, Ta hy chng minh cng thc
sup( XY ) = (sup X ).(sup Y )
Gi s sup X = m* v sup Y = m1* ,
V x > 0,y > 0 nn xy m*m1* , suy ra s tn ti ca sup ( XY )
T cc bt ng thc
m* 1 < x m* , m1* 2 < y m1*
Suy ra m*m1* 1m1* 2 m* + 1 2 < xy m*m1* .
V i lng 1m1* + 2 m* 1 2 c th nh ty ,nn dng thc trn c chng minh.
1.6. t a = inf N . Do M\N b chn di, nn tn ti cn di ng. t b = inf M \ N .

61

62

a, Nu b < a ,khi : inf M = b < a = inf N

b, Nu b a , khi : inf M = a = inf N
Cc h thc cn li chng minh tng t.
1.7. 1) ( f D g ) D h( x) = f D g (h( x)) = f ( g (h( x))) , x A

v f D ( g D h)( x) = f ( g D h( x)) = f ( g (h( x))) , x A

2) ( f D i )( x) = f (i ( x)) = f ( x) , x A
1.8. 1) x1, x2 A ,ta thy

f D g ( x1 ) = f D g ( x2 ) f ( g ( x1 )) = f ( g ( x2 ))
g ( x1 ) = g ( x2 ), ( do f F * )
x1 = x2 (do g F * )

Suy ra iu phi chng minh.

2) Ta thy x A , theo nh ngha:
f D f 1 ( x) = f ( f 1 ( x))

t: f 1 ( x) = y , theo nh ngha nh x ngc, ta c: f ( y ) = x

Thay vo ng thc trn ta c:
f D f 1 ( x) = f ( y ) = x, suy ra f D f 1 = i .

Chng 2
2.1. 1) Vi > 0 ty cho trc ta c:

n
1
1
1 =
< khi n > 1
n +1
n +1

1
1
Ly N ( ) = 1 + 1 = .

2) R rng rng > 0 ty , ta c:

1
(1) n +1 1
= < khi n >

n
n
1
Ly: N ( ) = + 1 .

3) Tng t:

2n
2n 2
2
< 3 = 2 < khi n >
n +1 n
n

2
Ly: N ( ) =
+1

63

4) Ta c:

1
1
1
1
1
= =
<
= n 1 <
n ! n ! 1.2...n 1.2.2...2 2

Gii bt phng trnh cui cng ta c:

1
n > 1 + lg lg 1 2

1
ln
Ly: N = 2 +

ln 2

5) (1) n 0,999n = 0.999n < , suy ra: n lg 0,999 < lg . V lg 0,999 < 0 nn
n>

lg 0,999
1
= 2330 lg
lg

Ly: N = 2330 lg + 1 .

2.2. 1) Ta c: ( 1) n = n
n

t N ( ) = [ E ] + 1 . Ta thy vi E > 0 ty , n > N ( ) , ta c: xn > E .

2) Bng cch gii bt phng trnh: 2
ta c: n > ( lg E ) ( lg 2 )
2

>E

2
2
t: N ( ) = ( lg E ) ( lg 2 ) + 1

3) Bng cch gii bt phng trnh:

ln ( ln n ) = ln ( ln n ) > E
ta c: n > ee

t: N ( ) = ee + 1

E

2.3. 1) Khng tn ti. 2) 0; 3) 2; 4) 0

2.4. 1)

1
; 2) 0
2
3) Do: S n =

1
1
1
n
,
+
+ ... +
>
2n
2n
n
n +1

nn lim Sn = 0
n

4) t: S n =

1
1
1
+
+ ... +
2
2
2
n ( n + 1)
( 2n )

63

64

Ta thy: 0 < S n <

Do:
v lim

n2 + n

n
n +n
2

Sn =

5) t:

n2 + 1

n2 + 1

2.5. cho tng

i =1

1
n2 + n

n2 + 1

n2 + 2

+ ... +

< Sn <

= lim

n
1
mt khc lim = 0 nn lim Sn = 0
2
n

n
n
n

= 1 nn lim Sn = 1 .
n

= 0 ,th trong tng phi c mt s hng ai mang du m,mt s hng

a j mang du dng. Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th xem rng a1 , a2 ,..., am 0 v

am +1 , am + 2 ,..., ak 0 .

Do ta c th vit:
k

i =1

i =1

ai n + i = ai n + i +
n+k

i = m +1

i =1

n+i

ai + n + 1 ai
i =1

n + 1 < n + 2 < ... < n + m ), cho nn:

i = m +1

n + m + 1 < n + m + 2 < ... < n + k

(Do
k

n+i

n+k

a+

i = m +1
m

= n + k ai + ai
i =1

= 0 + ai

i =1

i =1

i =1

n + k ai n + k ai + n + 1 ai

i =1

n +1 n + k

( n + 1) ( n + k ) 0

n +1 + n + k
Mt khc ta c th vit:

khi n

i =1

i =1

i =1

ai n + i ai n + m +

i = m +1

khi n
Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.6. 1) Ch rng:

n + m +1 0

65

1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
+
+ ... +
= 1 + + ... +

n ( n + 1) 2 2 3
1.2 1.3
n n +1
1
=1
.
n +1
1

1
1
+
+ ... +
lim
=0
n 1.2
n ( n + 1)
1.3

2) Do: S n = 2

1 1
1
+ +...+ n
2 4
2

=2

1
2n

2
1

22

Nn: lim Sn = 2
n

n
n
n
n
2
=
=
<
=
n
n
2
(1 + 1) 1 + n + n ( n 1) + ... > 1 n ( n 1) n 1
2
2
2
2
n
Ta thy:
< vi < 0 ty nn n > 1 + , ngha l lim n = 0
n 2
n 1

3)

4) t: S 2 n 1 = 13 + 33 + ... + ( 2n 1)

2
2
= 12 + 22 + ... + ( 2n ) 22 + 42 + ... + ( 2n )

2
= 12 + 22 + ... + ( 2n ) 22 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n 2

2
2n ( 2n + 1)( 4n + 1) 2 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) n ( 4n 1)
.
=
2
=
6
6
3
4
Suy ra gii hn cn tm bng .
3
1 3 5
2n 1
5) t S n = + 2 + 3 + ... + n
2 2 2
2
Khi :

1
1 3 1 5 3
Sn Sn = + 2 2 + 3 + 3 +
2
2 2 2 2 2
2n 1 2 n 3 2n 1
... + n n n +1
2 2
2
=

1 1 1
1 2n 1
+ + 2 + ... + n +1 n +1
2 2 2
2 2

1
1
2n 1
S n = 1 + 1 + + ... + n 2 n
2
2
2
1
1 n 1
2 2n 1 = 3 1 2n 1
Vi: = 1 +
1
2n
2n 2
2n
1
2

65

Do

66

Suy ra: lim Sn = 3

n

6) Vi n = 2k
1 2 + ... 2k
S2k =
2k
1 + 3 + ... + ( 2k 1) (1 + 2 + ... + k )
2k

k (1 + 2k 1)
k ( k + 1)
1
2
=
2.2k
2.2k
2
1
Suy ra: lim S2 k =
k
2
=

Mt khc, vi n = 2k + 1
S 2 k +1 =
=

1 2 + 3 ... 2k + ( 2k + 1)
2k + 1
1 + 3 + ... + ( 2k + 1) 2 (1 + 2 + ... + k )
2k + 1

( k + 1)(1 + 2k + 1) 2 k ( k + 1) = k + 1
2 ( 2k + 1)
2 ( 2k + 1) 2k + 1
Suy ra: lim S2 k +1 =
k

2.7. 1) Ta thy rng:

2k = 4k 2 > 4k 2 1 = 2k 1 2k + 1

Nn: 0 <

2k 1
2k 1
2k 1
<
=
2k
2k + 1
2k 1 2k + 1

1 3 2n 1
1 3
2n 1
1
<
. ...
=
Do : 0 < . ...
2 4
2n
3 5
2n + 1
2n + 1
T y cho n ta thu kt qu cn tm.
2) Nu q = 0 th kt qu l hin nhin.
1
>1
Ta hy xt gi thit q 0 . Khi :
q
t

1
= 1 + vi > 0 , do :
q

1
1
n
= n = (1 + ) = 1 + n + ... + n > 1 + n .
n
q
q
V vy: q n <

1
.
1 + n

1
1
. Do gii hn cn tm bng .
2
2

67

T y ta suy ra lim q n = 0 , do lim q n = 0 .

n

3) a, Trc ht ta hy chng minh gii hn:

n
lim n = 0 nu > 1 .
n a
t a = 1 + vi > 0 , ta c
a n = (1 + ) > 1 + n +
n

V vy: 0 <

<

n ( n 1) 2
n ( n 1) 2
+ ... + n >

2
2

2
(n 1) 2

Cho n ta thu oc kt qu cn tm.

b, Ta thy nq n =

n
1
q

n
1
, vi b = > 1
n
b
q
n
= 0.
n b n

Theo phn a) lim nq n = lim

n

2n 2 2 2 2
2
4) Do: 0 <
= . . ... < 2
n! 1 2 3 n
3

n2

92
=
2 3

2
V gii hn lim = 0 khi n , suy ra iu phi chng minh.
n 3

n
1
n
5) V lim n = 0 ( b > 1) nn n < n < 1 khi n ln.
n b
b
b
t b = a trong a > 1 v ty . Khi theo bt ng thc trn ta c:
1
n
< n < 1 hay 1 < n < a n . Ly loga hai v bt ng thc ny ta c 0 < log a n < n
n
a
a
log a n
< khi n ln, suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Suy ra 0 <
n
6) Ta c bt ng thc:
n = 1 + (

n(n 1) n
( n 1) 2 +
2
n(n 1)
n 1) n >
2

n 1) = 1 + n(

... + (

n 1) +

T y > 0 ty :
n

n 1 <

2
< khi n > 1 + 2 2
n 1

2.8. 1) Gi s cho trc > 0 ty . Khi :

67

68

xn + p xn =

sin ( n + 1)
2

n +1

sin ( n + 1)
2
+

n +1

sin ( n + 2 )

sin ( n + 2 )
2

n+2

n+2

+ ... +

+ ... +

sin ( n + p )
2n + p

sin ( n + p )
2n + p

1
n +1
1
1
1
n +1 + ... + n + p + ... = 2 = n < khi n > log 2
1 2
2
2
1
2
vi mi s t nhin p.
2) Vi > 0 ty v vi mi s t nhin p, ta c:
xn + p xn =

cos(n+1)!
cos(n+2)!
cos (n+p )!
+
+ ... +
(n+1)(n + 2) (n+2)(n + 3)
(n+p)(n + p + 1)

1
1
1
+
+ ... +
(n+1)(n + 2) (n + 2)(n + 3)
(n+p )(n + p + 1)

=
=

1
1
1
1
1
1

+ ... +

(n+1) (n+2) (n+2) (n+3)

(n+p) (n+p+1)

1
1
1
1

<
< , n > 1.

(n+1) (n+p+1) n+1

2.9. 1) Gi s ( 0,1) , v

xn + p xn =

1
1
1
p
+
+ ...... +
>
, nn khi p = n ta c
(n+1) (n+2)
(n+p ) (n+p)

xn + p xn >

1
> n , vy dy phn k
2

2) Dy phn k do:
1
1
1
p
p
1
+
+ ... +
>
>
= khi p = n
xn+ p xn =
ln(n+1) ln(n + 2)
ln(n+p) ln(n+p) (n+p) 2
2.10.

1) Hin nhin dy n iu tng v b chn trn

xn < 3 n , nn dy hi t.
pn +1
0 xn +1 xn l dy tng. Mt khc
10n +1
9
9
9
xn p0 + + 2 + ...... + n + ... = p0 + 1 ,
10 10
10

2) Bi v xn +1 xn =

suy ra dy b chn trn. Do dy c gii hn hu hn.

3) Trc ht ta thy

69

xn +1
1
= 1 + n +1 > 1 , do dy tng.
xn
2
Mt khc
1 1 1
1
1
1

ln xn = ln 1 + + ln 1 + + ... + ln 1 + n < + + ... + n

2
2
4
2 2 4
<

1 1
1
1 1
+ + ...... + n + ...... = .
=1
2 4
2
2 1 1
2

suy ra xn < e , do dy hi t v c gii hn hu hn.

2.11
1
1
Trc ht ta thy x0 > 0 v xn +1 = xn + 1n dy b chn di . Mt khc , do
xn
2
xn 1 nn
xn

1
1
1 1
2 xn xn + xn
xn
xn
2 xn

Hay xn xn +1 n suy ra dy n iu gim. Do dy c gii hn hu hn. Gi

1
1
lim xn = a , a 1 . Qua gii hn trong ng thc xn +1 = xn + ta c
n
2
xn

1
1
a = a + a 2 = 1 a = 1 ( a = 1 loi ).
2
a
2.12

Dy n iu tng v b chn trn nn n hi t. Suy ra lim xn = limxn = 1

n

2.13

Ta thy
x2 n 1 = 2 +

3
3
x2 n = 2
, x2 n 1 > x2 n
2n 1
2n 1

Dy { x2 n 1} n iu gim, cn dy { x2 n } n iu tng.
Do
vi
2.14

limxn = lim x2 n 1 = 2
n

lim xn = lim x2 n = 2 .
n

Theo gi thit xn 0, yn 0 .
Mt khc yn +1 =

xn + yn
xn yn = xn +1 ,
2

69

70

xn +1 = xn yn x 2 n = xn { xn } l dy s tng,

yn +1 =

xn + yn yn + yn

= yn { yn } l dy s gim.
2
2

Tm li xn yn y0 { xn } tng v b chn trn nn c gii hn hu hn.

yn xn x0 { yn } gim v b chn di nn c gii hn hu hn.

Gi lim xn = a, lim yn = b .T h thc

n

yn +1 =

xn + yn
a+b
a = b.
cho n ta c b =
2
2

2.15

1) 1 x 2 ; 0 y

5
, k z; < y lg 3,
3
3
3) < x < +, 0 y .

2) 2k +

3
.
2

< x < 2 k +

4) 1 x 100,

2.16

1) k 2 < x < + k 2
2) 1 < x < e
3) x > 0, x k (k = 0,1, 2...) .
2.17

m =0, M = 1
2.18

t k = a T , khi f ( x + T ) = a T f ( x ) , suy ra
a x + T ( x + T ) = a T a x ( x )

Hay ( x + T ) = l hm tun hon vi chu k T.

2.19

1) Gi s T l chu k ( T > 0 ) , theo nh ngha

f ( x + T ) = f ( x ) x D
cho x = 0 ta c
T
T
T
2tg 3tg = 0 . t = , ta c phng trnh sau 2tg3 3tg2 = 0
6
2
3
Li t t = tg ta thu c

71

2t 3 ( t 2 + 5 )
3t t 3
2t
2
3
=0
=0t =0
1 3t 2
1 t2
(1 t 2 )(1 3t 2 )

= k , k Z
Thay vo trn ta c T = 6k , k Z . Vy chu k ca hm s l T = 6
2) T = 2
3) Ta hy chng minh hm s khng tun hon. Tht vy, gi s ngc li T >0 l chu
k, khi sin ( x + T ) + sin ( x + T ) = sin( x) + sin x
T T
T T
cos x+ sin + cos x+ sin
=0
2
2
2
2
T
Cho x = , ta thu c
2
T
T
sin + sin
=0
2
2
T
Cho x = + , ta thu c
2 2

T
cos
sin
=0
2
2
Ta xt (2)
Nu cos
Vy cos

=0

+ k l hu t, v l;

T
2

=0

T
2

= k , k Z

(3)

Thay vo (1) ta c sin

T (3) vo (4) ta suy ra =

k
l s hu t, v l
k

2
5) Khng tun hon
6) Khng tun hon.
2.20

Vi mi s hu t T > 0, ta thy:
Nu x hu t th x + T hu t, v
Nu x v t, th x + T v t, do ( x + T ) = ( x ) x \ .
2.21

f f ( x ) =

(2)

0.

T (2) suy ra sin

4) T =

(1)

1
1

1
1 x

x 1
vi x 0
x

71

T
T
= 0 = k , k Z
2
2

(4)

72

Tng t f f f ( x ) = x vi x 0 .
2.22
x
x
1 + x2 =
2
1 + 2 x2
x
1+
1 + x2
x
x
, ta hy chng minh f n +1 ( x ) =
Gi s f n ( x ) =
2
1 + nx
1 + (1 + n ) x 2
f2 ( x ) =

Tht vy
x
f n +1 ( x ) = f ( f n ( x ) ) =

Do f n ( x ) =

x
1 + nx 2

x
1 + nx 2 =
1 + (1 + n ) x 2
x2
1+
1 + nx 2

2.23

1) a) y 3 vi 3 y < +
b,
2)

y 3 vi 3 y < +

1 y
vi y 1
1+ y

3) a) 1 y 3 vi 0 y 1
b, 1 y 3 vi 0 y 1
2.24

Hm ngc ca hm s f l
3 x khi x 0
g ( x) =
x khi x > 0
2.25

1) t y =

x
(*) y < 1 y ( 1,1)
1+ x

Vy vi y ( 1,1) phng trnh (*) lun c nghim

a) Nu 1 < y < 0 , theo (*) ta thy x < 0 .
Do y =

x
y
suy ra x =
.
1 x
1+ y

b) Nu y = 0 th x = 0.
c) Nu 0 < y < 1. t (*) ta suy ra x > 0.

73

Do y =

x
y
, suy ra x =
1+ x
1 y

Tm li x =
g ( x) =

y
i tn ta c hm ngc.
1 y

x
vi x ( 1,1) .
1 x

1
1
2) Theo gi thit ( x 1) f ( x ) + f =
x x 1
Thay x bng

(1)

1
vo (a) ta c:
x
1
f ( x ) + 1
x

1
1
f =
x 1 1
x

(2)

1
Nhn (1) vi 1 ri cng vi (2) ta thu c:
x

1
x
1
( x 1) 1 x + 1 f ( x ) = x x 1

T (3) suy ra f ( x ) =

1
.
1 x

2.26. Theo u bi f ( x + y ) + f ( x y ) = 2 f ( x ) cosy

Ta hy thay cc cp (x,y) vi x = 0, y = t; x =

(1)

+ t, y =

; x=

Ln lt thay vo (1) ta c:
f ( t ) + f ( t ) = 2 f ( 0 ) cost

(2)

f ( +t ) + f ( t ) = 2 f + t cos = 0
2
2

(3)

f ( +t ) + f ( t ) = 2 f cos + t = 2 sin t (4)
2
2
2
Cng (2) vi (3) sau tr i cho (4) ta c:

f ( t ) = f ( 0 ) cost+f sin t
2

f ( 0 ) = a, f = b .
2

t:

(3)

Ta thu c f ( t ) = acost + bsint .

2.27.

73

, y=

+t.

74

1) t t = x mn , khi gii hn phi tm c thay bng gii hn: lim

t 1

t n 1 n
=
t m 1 m

sin x
1 + cosx 1 cosx
lim+
s inx 1 cosx x s inx 1 cosx

2) I = lim+
x

1
2

I=

( cosx-sinx ) ( cosx-sinx )( cosx+sinx )

3) I = lim

( cosx-sinx )
x
2

= lim ( 2cosx ) = 2 .
x

2.28.

1)

y = arcsin (1-2x ) ,

khi

1
2

th

y0 ,

ta

gii

hn:

y
1
=
y 0 ( sin y )( 2 sin y )
2

I = lim

2) t x 2 = y suy ra x = y + 2 , khi x 2 th y 0 ta c gii hn sau:

1
2
sin y
1
y
I = lim
+2 =
y 0 y ( y + 4 )

1
3) . HD: t y = arcsin ( x+2 ) , khi x 2 th y 0
2
I = lim

sin 2 x

1 + x sinx + cosx

1 + x sinx-cos x
2

x 0

4) = lim

sin x

1 + x sinx + cosx

sin x
= lim x
x 0

1 + x s inx + cos x
s inx
1+
x

2.29.

1)

1
4

2)

I = lim

t x =

x + sinx

x 0

).

s inx sin 2 x
cos 2 x

y, y0

=1

75

cos y cos 2 y
I = lim
= I = lim
x 0
y 0
sin 2 y

y
2 =1
2
sin y
2

2 cos y sin 2

2.30.
1) 3; 2) 2; 3)1; 4) 0; 5)

1
.
2

2.31.
1) t x =

1
v y = [ y ] + r , trong 0 r < 1 .
y

yr
1
1
Ta thy = [ y ] v ta c: lim x = lim
=1
x 0
x y y
x
2) Biu din hm ( x ) =

( x) =

xx aa
di dng tng ca hai hm:
xa

x x aa xa aa
+
= 1 ( x ) + 2 ( x ) .
xa
xa

e a ln x e( x a ) ln x 1 e a ln x e( x a ) ln x 1
1 ( x ) =
ln x .
=
xa
( x a ) ln x
Khi x a th ln x ln a , ea ln x a a ,

e( ) 1
1 , 1 ( x ) a a ln a
( x a ) ln x
x a ln x

a
a

xa
xa
a
a 1 +
1 a 1 +
1
a
a

1
cn 2 ( x ) =
. .
=
xa
xa
a
a
a
a
a

Khi x a th 2 ( x ) a a
Do lim ( x ) = a a ln a + a a = a a (1 + ln a ) .
xa

2.32. 1) lim sin n 2 + 1 = lim sin n 2 + 1 n + n

n +
n +

= lim ( 1) sin
n

n +

n 2 + 1 n = lim ( 1) sin

n +

2) lim sin 2 n 2 + n = lim sin 2 n 2 + n n + n

n +
n +

= lim sin 2 n 2 + n n
n +

75

n +1 + n
2

= 0.

76

= lim sin 2
n +

= lim sin 2

1
1+ +1
n

n +

n
n +n +n
2

= 1.

ka
n 2 = 1 ( Do khi n th ka 0 )
ka
n2
n2

sin
3) Ta c lim

n +

n
a.n ( n + 1) a
ka
ka
= .
Do lim sin 2 = lim 2 = lim
n +
n +
n +
2n 2
2
n
k =1
k =1 n
n

2.33 Ta thy

1 cos x 1 x v cos x = 1 khi x Z

1) Nu x Z .
am = (cos x) 2 m = 1 1 khi m
2) Nu x Z
Ta thy 1 cos x 1 x .
0 am = (cos x) 2 m = (cos x) 2 m 2 (cos x) 2 < am 1
Dy {am} n iu gim v b chn di nn c gii hn:
lim am = lim am 1 (cos x) 2

hay l = l (cos x) 2 l = 0 (do (cos x) 2 < 1 x) .

2.34.

1) a) Gi s s inx 0
t a n = s insin...sinx .
Ta thy 0 a n = sin a n-1 a n-1 1 , ngha l dy n iu gim v b chn di nn c gii
hn.
t l = lim a n v qua gii hn trong ng thc a n = sin a n-1 ta c phng trnh
n +

l = sin l l = 0 .

b) Gi s s inx <0 , t sinu = sinx , ta li quay v trng hp trn.

Tm li, trong c hai trng hp gii hn phi tm bng 0.
2) a) Nu x l s hu t, ta c th biu din x =
cng nhau.

p
trong p v q l cc s nguyn t
q

77

p
l s nguyn khi n>q v khi n ln, n>q th cos ( n! x ) = 1 suy ra
q
gii hn bng 1 nu x l hu t.
b) Nu x l v t th n ! x khng phi l s nguyn, do 1 < cos ( n! x ) < 1 suy ra gii
Do n ! x = n !

hn bng 0. Tm li:
1 khi x l h u t
lim lim cos( n ! x )2 m =
n + m +
0 khi x l v t .

Chng 3 Hm lin tc mt bin s

3.1. Trc ht chn < 1 . Khi | x + 1|< th | x + 1|< 1 1 < x + 1 < 1 2 < x < 0 . Khi
1
1 < x + 3 < 3 | x + 3 |> 1
< 1.
| x +3|

1 2x + 1 1
Xt hiu f ( x) =
+
x+3 2
2
5( x + 1) 5
2
=
< < <
2( x + 3) 2
5
Tm li, nu ly = min{

2
1
,1} , khi | x + 1|< th f ( x) < ta c iu phi
5
2

chng minh.
3.3. 1) Gin on khi x=1
2) Lin tc trn \
3) Lin tc trn \ .
3.4. Khng lin tc ti x=1
3.5. a=1
3.6. Lin tc khi a=0, gin on khi a0
3.7. 1) x=2 v x=1 l cc im gin on kh c
2) x=0 l im gin on loi hai
3) x=0 l m gin on loi hai
4) x=0 l im gin on kh c v x=1 l im gin on v cc
3.8. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s ti x0 \ .

1) Nu x0 l s nguyn, khi f(x0)=sinx0=0. Mt khc vi x bt k, ta c

0 0 nu x v t
f ( x) f ( x0 ) =
sin x sin x0 nu x h u t
x + x0
x x0
Hn na | sin x sin x0 |= 2 | cos
sin
|
2
2
x x0
2 | sin
| | x x0 |
2
Do vi mi x ta c th vit

77

78

| f ( x) f ( x0 ) | | x x0 | , suy ra khi x x0 th f ( x) f ( x0 ) . Vy f(x) lin tc ti x0.

2) Nu x0 khng phi l s nguyn. Khi f(x0)=sinx00. Ta hy xt dy v t bt k
xnx0. Khi f(xn)=00, nhng f(x0) 0, ngha l f(xn)
/ f(x0). Vy f gin on ti x0.
3.9. Hy s dng nh l gi tr trung gian, phng trnh c nghim thc.
3.10. Bi v f((0))=2 v f((x))=0 vi x0. Hm s khng lin tc bn phi, cng nh bn
tri ti im x=0.
3.11. Gi s m = min{f (xi )}, M= max{f (xi )}
1 i n

1 i n

1
Khi m < [ f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 ) + ... + f ( xn ) ] M
n
Theo nh l Bolzan - Cauchy
1
f ( ) = [f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 ) + ... + f ( xn )].
n

th

hai,

(a, b)

sao

cho

3.12. Gi s lim f ( x)=A. K hi > 0, E > 0 sao cho | f ( x) A |< x > E .

x +

T y suy ra rng | f ( x) |< A + x > E

K hiu M = max{|A|+ , sup | f ( x) | } , ta c
a x E

| f ( x) | M x a
3.13. Hin nhin f(x) lin tc trn (0,1) v | f ( x) | 1 x (0,1) . Tuy nhin vi xn =

xn =

2
1 + 2n

th

| xn xn |=

1
0
n(1 + 2n)

khi

1
v
n

nhng

1
| f ( xn ) f ( xn ) |=|1 0 |= 1 > 0 = .
2
3.14. Do u=x2 lin tc trn R v y=sinu cng lin tc trn R nn theo tnh cht lin tc ca
hm hp hm f(x)=sinx2 lin tc trn R.
Hin nhin |f(x)|<1 x R .

Tuy nhin vi xn = n v xn =

+ n th | xn xn |=

n +

0 khi
+ n

1
n , nhng | f ( xn ) f ( xn ) |= 1 > 0 = .
2
3.15. D dng thy rng hm s f(x)=x+sinx khng b chn trn R. Ta hy chng minh n lin
tc u trn R. Tht vy > 0 ta c

| f ( x) f ( x) |=| x + sin x ( x + sin x) |

| x x | +2 | sin

x x
x + x
| . | cos
| 2 | x x |<
2
2

79

x, x R tho mn ng thc |x x|< = .

2
3.16. 1) D thy hm y1=x lin tc, y2=4x2 lin tc v khc 0 trn [1,1], suy ra f(x) lin tc
trn [1,1]

2) Vi xn =
| xn xn |=

1
2 n

v xn =

1
, ta c
(2n + 1)

1
0 khi n , nhng
2n(2n + 1)

| f ( xn ) f ( xn) |= e

1
2 n

+e

1
(2 n +1)

2 khi n .

Vy hm s khng lin tc u trn (0,1).

3) > 0 ta c

| x x |
1
| x x |<
x + x 2
x, x 1 tho mn bt ng thc | x x |< = 2 .

| f ( x) f ( x) |=| x x |=

3.17. Hm s y=arctgx xc nh x R v c tp gi tr l (

, ).
2 2

1
1
1
Hm s y = arctg( +
+
) gin on ti cc im x=0, x=1 v x=2.
x x 1 x 2
1 khi 0 x < 1,
1

3.18. 1) y = khi x = 1,
2
0 khi x > 1.
Hm gin on v hai pha ti im x=1.
2) a) Khi x<0, ext0 khi t+ v ta c
ln(1 + e xt )
=0
t + ln(1 + et )

y = lim

b) Khi x=0, ta c
y = lim

t +

ln 2
=0
ln(1 + et )
ln e xt
=x.
t + ln et

c) Khi x>0, ext0 khi t+, 1+ ext~ ext v 1+et~et khi t+ v ta c y = lim
Tm li
0 khi x 0
y=
x khi x > 0

Hm s lin tc trn ton b trc s

3.19. Xt hm s f(x) = xex1.

79

80

D thy f(x) lin tc trn [0,1] v f(0)= 1, f(1)=e1>0. S dng nh l Cauchy, suy ra
iu phi chng minh.
3.20. 1) 105 = 100 + 5 = 10 1 +

5
100

10(1 + 0, 025) = 10, 25

2) 1632 40, 4
3)

0,31 = 0,36 0, 05 = 0, 6 1

5
36

0, 6(1 0, 069) = 0,558

3.21. Xt hm s f ( x ) =

s inx
trn (0,1). Ta hy xt hm s ph:
x

khi x = 0
1
s inx

khi 0 < x < 1

f1 ( x) =
x

khi x = 1.
sin l
sin x
lin
x
tc trn (0,1). Tng t, hm s f ( x ) lin tc trn (1,0). Tuy nhin vi bt k x 'n 0 ( x 'n < 0 )
Hm f1 ( x ) lin tc trn [0,1] nn n lin tc u trn (0,1). Suy ra hm s f ( x ) =

v x "n 0 ( x "n > 0 ) nhng f ( xn ) f ( xn ) 2 , nn hm s f ( x ) khng lin tc u trn

( 1, 0 ) ( 0,1) .
3.22. 1) Gi s x0 l mt s ty { xn } l dy s hu t cn { xn } l dy s v t cng hi t

n x0 , { xn } x0 , { xn } x0 . V lim f ( xn ) = 1 cn lim f ( xn ) = 0 , nn x0 l im gin on.

n

Vy hm s gin on ti mi gi tr x.
2) a) Nu x0 #0 ty v dy hu t { xn } x0 v dy v t { xn } x0 .
Khi : lim f ( xn ) = lim xn = x0 v lim f ( xn ) = 0 . Suy ra x0 l im gin on.
n

b) Nu x0 =0. Khi
0 f ( x ) f ( 0 ) = f ( x ) x x R .
Cho nn: lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) = 0 . V vy x=0 l im lin tc duy nht ca hm s.
x 0

Chng 4
4.1. Do f ( x ) x nn lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) , hm lin tc ti
x 0

x = 0.

81

Hn na, khi x 0 ,hm s l hm s cp nn lin tc.

x
1
x

f + ( 0 ) = lim+ 1 + e
x 0
x
f ( 0) = lim
x 0

1
1+ e

1
x

= lim+
x 0

1
1+ e

1
x

=0,

4.2. Do f ( x ) x nn lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) , hm lin tc ti

x 0

x=0

y f (x) f (0)
1
=
= sin
, r rng gii hn ca t s ny khng tn ti khi
x
x
x
x 0+ v c khi x 0 .
T s

4.3. a) o hm ti x = 0

T s

f ( x ) f ( 0 ) f ( x ) x nu x l s h u t
=
=
x0
x
0 nu x l s v t

Do lim
x 0

f ( x ) f (0)
= 0 v f ( 0 ) = 0
x0

b) Ti x = x0 0 vi x0 l s hu t
Xt dy v t { xn } x0 ta c
f ( xn ) f ( x0 )
x20
=
suy ra
xn x0
xn x0
f ( xn ) f ( x0 ) +
lim
=
xn x0

khi

xn x 0

khi

xn x + 0

Vy hm s khng c o hm ti s hu t x 0
c) Ti x = x0 0 vi x0 l s v t
Xt dy s hu t { xn } x0 , ta c:

f ( xn ) f ( x0 )
xn2
khi xn x 0
=

+
xn x0
xn x0
+ khi xn x 0

Vy hm s khng c o hm ti s v t x 0 .
4.4. f ( a ) = lim

x 0

f ( a + x )
= lim ( a + x ) = ( a )
x 0
x

4.6. 1) D thy hm s khng c o hm ti x = 0

y = sgn x vi x 0
2) y = 2 x

81

82

3) y =

1
vi x 0
x
1+ 2 x + 4 x x + x

4.7. 1) y =

8 x + x+ x x+ x+ x
2) y = ( x 2 1) ( 5 x 1) x + 1 .
4.8. 1) y = 2 xf ( x 2 )

2) y = sin 2 x f ( sin 2 x ) f ( cos 2 x )

3) y = f ( x ) . f ( f ( x ) ) . f f ( f ( x ) ) .
1
1
4.9. Ta thy f ( x ) = 2 x sin cos khi x 0
x
x
Xt gii hn
lim

x 0

f ( x ) f ( 0 )
1
= lim x sin
= 0 f ( 0) = 0
x 0
x
x

Ta c th vit:
1
1

khi x 0
2 x sin cos
f ( x) =
x
x
0
khi x = 0
D thy khi x 0 , o hm f ( x ) lin tc. Ta hy xt s lin tc ca f ( x ) ti x = 0.
1
n 1
0 khi n , nhng f ( xn ) = ( 1) khng c gii hn , vy
n
o hm ca hm s gin on ti x = 0.
Ta thy dy xn =

4.10.

1) y = x x ( ln x + 1)
sin x

2) y = x s ln x cos x ln x +
.
x

4.11. yx = tgt.tg t +
4
4.12. 1) xy =
4.13. 1)

x
x +1

x2 y 2
+
=1
a 2 b2

3) x 2 y 2 = 1

2) xy =
2

1
1+ y x
2

2) x 3 + y 3 = a 3
4) y =

1
.
1 + x2

83

4.14. f (1) = f (1 + x ) f (1) = x + 3 ( x ) + ( x )

2

df (1) = f (1) x = x

Khi x=0,1 ta thu c: f (1) = 0,131 v df (1) = 0,1 .

a 3 dx
2) sin udu .
4.15. 1) 2 2
x ( a + x2 )
3) b (1 + e bt ) dt .
4.16.

1) 1 4 x 3 3x 6

2)

1
sin x
cos x

2
x
2x

3) tg 2 x
4.17.

1) Ta thy
f ( x + x ) f ( x ) = 2axx + a ( x ) + bx
2

f ( x + x ) = 2ax + 2ax + b

(1)
(2)

T (1) v (2) suy ra

2axx + a ( x ) + bx = x ( 2ax + 2ax + b )
2

Suy ra =

(3)

1
.
2
2) f ( x + x ) f ( x ) = e x +x e x
f ( x + x ) = e x +x

(1)
(2)

T (1) v (2) suy ra

e x +x e x = xe x +x (3) chia hai v cho e x ta c:

e x 1 = x.ex hay ex =

e x 1
x

1 e x 1
ln
.
T y suy ra: =
x
x
4.18. Do h thc trong gi thit ca bi ton c nghim ng x, h R , ta c th ly x = 0.
Khi ta c f ( h ) f ( 0 ) = hf ( 0 )
f ( h ) = f ( 0 ) .h + f ( 0 )

hay f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) .x + f ( 0 )
t a = f ( 0 ) , b = f ( 0 ) , ta thu c: f ( x ) = ax + b .
4.19. Ta thy ly bt k x1 , x2 ( 1,1) vi x1 x2 ta c

83

84

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) x23 x13
=
= x12 + x1 x2 + x2 2 > 0 .
x2 x1
x2 x1
Mt khc f ( x ) = 3 x 2 , f ( 0 ) = 0 . Vy khng tn ti x1 , x2 ( 1,1) tha mn yu cu bi
ton.
4.20. Xt hai hm h1 ( x ) =

thy

f ( x)
1
kh vi trn [ x1 , x2 ] v h2 ( x ) = kh vi trn [ x1 , x2 ] . Ta
x
x

xf ( x ) f ( x )
1
, h2 ( x ) = 2
2
x
x
Theo nh l Cauchy ta c
h1 ( x1 ) h1 ( x2 ) h1 ( )
vi x1 < < x2
=
h2 ( x1 ) h2 ( x2 ) h2 ( )
h1 ( x ) =

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( ) f ( )

x1
x2
2
=
hay
1 1
1

x1 x2

hay

x2 f ( x1 ) x1 f ( x2 )
= f ( ) f ( ) vi x1 < < x2
x2 x1
1 f ( x) 0

( x) = b f (b) 1

4.21.

a f (a) 1

Do ( a ) = ( b ) , theo nh l Rolle, c ( a, b ) sao cho ( c ) = 0 .

1 f (c) 0

Suy ra 0 = b f ( b ) 1
a f (a) 1

Hay 0 = f ( b ) + af ( c ) bf ( c ) f ( a )
f ( b ) f ( a ) = f ( c )( b a ) .

4.22. Xut pht t

f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( 0 ) f ( c1 )
=
=
vi c1 nm khong gia 0 v x.
xn
xn 0
nc1n 1
=

f ( c1 ) f ( 0 )
f (c2 )
=
vi c2 nm khong gia 0 v c1
nc1n 1 0
n(n 1)c2n 2

f n 1 ( cn 1 )
= ... =
n ( n 1)( n 2 ) ...cn 1

85

f ( n ) ( x )
n!

trong 0 < < 1 .

1) 2e x s inx

4.23.

2) xa x ( x 2 ln 2 a + 6 x ln a + 6 )
3) 2s inx + 4 xcosx x 2 s inx
4.24. S dng cng thc ( uv )

( 3)

= u ( 3) v + 3uv + 3uv + uv( 3)

1) 2e x ( s inx + cosx )

2)

2
x

3) x s inx 3cosx
4.25. S dng cng thc Leibnitz, ta thu c

x + 3a ax ( n )
x + na ( n )
n
f ( x) =
e , f ( x) =
, f ( 0 ) = n 1 .
3
n
a
a
a
1
4.26. t u =
, v = x , ta c
1+ x
( 4)

3
5
1
13

1
u = (1 + x ) 2 , u = (1 + x ) 2 , u =
(1 + x ) 2 ,...
22
2

u ( n 1) = ( 1)
u ( n ) = ( 1)

( n 1) 1.3.5...

( 2n 3 )

2n 1

( n 1) 1.3.5...

( 2n 1)

2n

(1 + x )

(1 + x )

2 n 1
2

2 n +1
2

V v = x, v = 1, v ( n ) = 0 vi n 2
Theo cng thc Leibnitz
f (n)

x =0

= u (n)v

x=0

+ nu ( n 1) v

x=o

= nu ( n 1)

x=o

= ( 1)

n 1

4.27.

1
1 1
1 1 1
1
=
+

2
1 x
2 1+ x 1 x 2 x +1 x 1
f ( n ) ( x ) = ( 1)

n!
1
1

2 ( x + 1)n +1 ( x 1)n +1

Suy ra:
a, Nu n chn th: f ( n ) ( 0 ) = n !
b, Nu n l th f ( n ) ( 0 ) = 0 .

85

1.3.5... ( 2n 3)
n
2n 1

86

4.28. p dng cng thc Leibnitz

f

(n)

ax
(0) = e

(n)

ax
x + ne

( n 1)

n ( n 1) ax
2x +
e
2

( n 2)

n ( n 1)( 1) ax
1 x
n 1 n
a
e
x
e
= ( 1) n e a .x 2 + ( 1)
.2
+
a
a n 1
a n2
n

(n)

Suy ra:
f ( n ) (0) =

n(n 1)(1) n 2 n(n 1)(1) n

=
a n2
a n2

4.29.

1) Ta thy f ( n ) ( x) = n !, f ( k ) ( x) = 0 khi k n + 1 .
Khai trin Taylor ti im x = 1, ta c
f ( x) = f (1) +

f (1)
f (1)
f ( n ) (1)
( x 1) +
( x 1) 2 + ... +
( x 1) n
1!
2!
n!

Thay x = 2 vo khai trin trn ta c

f (1) +
2)

f (1) f (1)
f ( n ) (1)
+
+ ... +
= 2n
1!
2!
n!
1

t
4a sin 4
2

3)

3
4et

4.30. t u = ( x 2 1) m suy ra ( x 2 1)u = 2mxu

(1)

o hm (1) hai v (m +1) ln ta c

( x 2 1)u ( m + 2) + 2(m + 1) xu ( m +1) + (m + 1)mu ( m )
= 2mxu ( m +1) + 2m ( m + 1) u ( m )
n gin hai v ta thu c
(1 x 2 )u ( m + 2) 2 xu ( m +1) + m(m + 1)u ( m ) = 0

(2)

Mt khc theo gi thit

Pm ( x) =

1
u (m)
2 m!
m

Suy ra
u ( m + 2) = 2m m ! Pm ( x)

(3)

u ( m +1) = 2m m ! Pm ( x)

(4)

u ( m ) = 2m m ! Pm ( x)

(5)

87

Thay (3), (4), (5) vo (2), ta thy Pm ( x) tha mn phng trnh cho.
4.31. t u = x m e x , Khi Lm ( x) = e x u ( m ) .

Ta thy
L = e xu ( m ) + e xu ( m +1)
L = e xu ( ) + 2e x u (
m

m +1)

+ e xu (

m+ 2)

Thay L v L vo phng trnh cho.

xLm ( x) + (1 x) Lm ( x) + mLm ( x) = 0

(1)

Ta thu c phng trnh

xu ( m + 2) + (1 + x)u ( m +1) + (1 + m)u ( m ) = 0
chng minh Lm ( x) tha mn (1), ta hy chng minh u(x) tha mn phng trnh (2).
Tht vy

u = mx m 1e x x m e x
hay
hay

u = m

xm x
u
e x m e x = m u
x
x

xu = (m x)u

(3)

S dng cng thc Leibnitz, o hm cp (m + 1) hai v ca (3) , suy ra hm u(x) tha

mn phng trnh (2).
4.32. Ta chng minh cng thc
n
dn
1

=
+
x
ln
x
n
!
ln
x
(
)

vi x > 0
n
dx
k =1 k

(1)

a, Vi n = 1 ta c
d
( n ln x ) = ln x + 1 Cng thc (1) ng
dx
b, Gi s cng thc (1) ng vi (n 1)
n 1
d n 1 n 1
1

+
x
ln
x
(
n
1)!
ln
x
)

n 1 (
dx
k =1 k

(2)

Khi
d
d
x n ln x ) = n ( xx n 1 ln x ) =
n (
dx
dx
= Cn0 ( x)(0) ( x n 1 ln x )

(n)

+ Cn1 ( x) ( x n 1 ln x )

n 1
1
1

= x(n 1)! + n(n 1)! ln x +

x
k =1 k

87

( n 1)

88

n 1
n 1
1
1 1

= (n 1)!+ n ! ln x + = n ! ln x + +
n
k =1 k
k =1 k

n 1
1

= n ! ln x + .
k =1 k

4.33. e

2 x x2

2 x x 2 (2 x x 2 ) 2 (2 x x 2 )3 (2 x x 2 ) 4
= 1+
+
+
+
1!
2!
3!
4!
+

(2 x x 2 )5
+ ...
5!

Suy ra
2

e2 x x = 1 + 2 x + x 2

2 3 5 4 1 5
x x x + 0 ( x5 ) .
3
6
15

4.34. f ( x) =

1+ x +

x
x
x x

x3
+ + ... 1 1 + + +
+ ...
2! 3!
2 6 24

x x 2 x3
x x 2 x3

= 1 + + + ... + + + + ...
2 6 24
2 6 24

x x 2 x3

x x2 x4
+ 0( x 4 ) .
+ + + ... = 1 +
2 12 729
2 6 24

x3 x5
1
2
4.35. 1) (sin x) = x + + ... = x 2 x 4 + x 6 + 0( x 6 )
3! 5!
3
45

2)

x2 x4
2
cos x = 1 + ... =
2! 4!

1 x2 x4
x2 x4

1 x2 x4
= 1 + + ... + ... + + ... ...
2 2! 4!
8 2! 4!
2! 4!

x2 x4
= 1 + 0( x 4 ) .
4 96
n

4.36. ( x) = 2(ak x)
k =1

( x) khi ak + nx = 0 x =
k =1

a
k =1

89

Mt khc ( x) = n > 0 , vy hm s t cc tiu khi x =

4.37.

x = 1+ x 1 = 1+

a
k =1

x 1 ( x 1) 2

+ 0(( x 1) 2 )
2
8

4.38. f ( x) = e x ln x 1
f ( x) = e x ln x ( ln x + 1)

f ( x) = e x ln x ln 2 x + 2 ln x + + 1
x

f ( 3) ( x) = e x ln x ( ln x + 1) ln 2 x + 2 ln x + + 1
x

1 2 1

+ e x ln x 2 ln x + 2
x x x

Ta thy f (1) = 0, f (1) = 1, f (1) = 2, f (3) (1) = 3 . Thay cc gi tr trn vo cng thc
f (1)
f (1)
( x 1) +
( x 1) 2
1!
2!

f (1)
( x 1)3 + 0(( x 1)3 )
+
3!

f ( x) = f (1) +

1
ta c x x 1 = ( x 1) + ( x 1) 2 + ( x 1)3 + 0(( x 1)3 ) .
2
1
4.39. 1) ;
2
3) 1;

1
6

2) e ;
4) 1.

4.40.

1) Khng p dng c quy tc Lhospital. Tnh theo cch khc, gii hn bng 0
2) Khng p dng c. Gii hn bng 1.
3) Khng p dng c. Gii hn khng tn ti .

4.41.

1)

1
;
2

2) 1;

3)

1
;
2

4) 1.

HD: Ta hy vit ( sin x )

tgx

=e

ln sin x
cot gx

Mt khc:

89

90

1
cos x
ln sin x
lim
= lim sin x
= lim ( sin x cos x ) = 0 .
x 0 cot gx
x0
x0
1
2
sin x
5) e 2 ;

6) 1.

x arctgx
4.42. 1) Do lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
x3
3
suy ra iu phi chng minh.

1
1 + x 2 = lim 1 = 1 ,
x 0 1 + x 2
x2

Cc phn 2),3),4) chng minh tng t.

1
1
4.43. a) g ( x) = 6 x 5 sin x 4 cos vi x 0
x
x
Ta thy g trit tiu v s ln v ng thi i du. Hm g khng c cc tr ti x=0.
b) Hm f t cc tiu ti x=0.
4.45. Hm s tng trong khong (0,e) v gim trong khong ( e, + ) .

Tim cn ng x=0.
Tim cn ngang y=0.
4.46. Bi v hm s lin tc trn ton trc s nn khng c tim cn ng.

Tim cn ngang y=0.

4.47. th hm s c hai tim cn xin y=2x khi x + v y=2x khi x . Hm s khng
c im dng.
4.48. r l hm tun hon vi chu k 2 , v th ch cn xt hm s trong [ , ] .

Do r 0 nn

2
3

2
3

+
3

r
0

tg

1
1 + 2cos 0 cos .
2
Nn tp xc nh ca hm s l:

91

2
2

.
3
3
Ta thy r = 2sin , r = 0 khi = 0 .

Suy ra rCD = r (0) = 3 .

JJJJK
Gi l gc dng gia vecto OM v vecto ch phng ca tip tuyn vi th ti M,
r
tg = .
r
th l ng cong kn i xng nhau qua trc cc.

Chng 5

5.1. 1)

x x2 2
+ ln x + x 2 2 .
2
1
2)
.
2(1 + x 2 )

3)
4)

4
1
(1 + x 3 ) 3 .
4

1
8 2

ln

x4 2
.
x4 + 2

5)

arctge x .

6)

x ln 1 + e 2 x + 1 .

x
2

5.2. 1) ln th .

2) 2arctge x .
x 1
3) + sh2 x .
2 4
x 1
4) + sh2 x .
2 4
5) 2cth2x .
2
1 + 2x
5.3. 1)
(1 3x) 3 .
10
4
3
2 3
2)
(1 + x ) (4 x 2 3) .
56

91

92

5.4. 1)

x n + 1 1

+ ln x .

n + 1 n + 1

x3 2 x
x3 2
2) + sh3 x + ch3 x .
9
3
3 27

3) x 2 chx 2 xshx + 2chx .

x
cos x ln tgx .
2

4) ln tg

5.5. 1)

2)
3)

tg 5 x
.
5
2 cot gx +

2
tg 3 x
3
.

1 (1 + t )3 (1 + t 3 )
3
1 t2

ln
arctg
4 (1 t )3 (1 t 3 )
2
t 3
3

trong t =

sin x .

z2 + z 2 +1 1
z 2
trong z= tgx .
ln 2

arctg 2
4)
z 1
2 2 z z 2 +1
2
1

5)

1
( z 2 + 1) 2
3
2z2 1
ln 4 2
+
arctg
trong z= 3 tgx .
4 z z +1 2
3

5.6. 1)

2)

4
1+

(1 +

+ 4ln 1 +

2
x )2

1+

x .

4
4

1
x + 2 x x(1 + x) ln x + 1 + x .

2
HD: Nhn t s v mu s ca biu thc trong du tch phn vi biu thc
1+ x 1 x .
3)

n
4)
ba

xb
.
xa

5.7. 1) ln 1 + 2 x + 2 1 + x + x 2 .

2)

x 1 2
1
x 2 x + 2 + ln x 1 + x 2 2 x + 2 .
2
2

Chng 6

93

6.1. 1) 3

a 1
.
ln a
ba
3)
. HD: t i = xi xi +1 .
ab
b m +1 a m +1
. HD: Chn cc im chia sao cho ta xi ca chng lp thnh
4)
m +1
cp s nhn.
2)

6.2. 1)

2)

. HD: I =

6n

1
n

a
2

dx

a 2 x2n

, t t= x n , ta c I =

a
2

1
dt
, sau t: t = a sin z .

n 0 a2 t 2

6.4. 1) ln2

1
1
1
+
+ ......
.
n +1 n + 2
n+n
1
Xt hm y= trn on 1 x 2 . Phn on ny thnh n phn bng nhau v lp tng
x
tch phn. Tng tch phn s l biu thc cn tm gii hn.
HD: t an =

2)

. HD:

t bn =

+ ... +

so snh cc s hng ca biu

n 2 (n 1) 2
1
2
n 1
, x = 0, x = , x = ,..., xn =
thc bn vi gi tr ca hm f ( x) =
.
2
n
n
n
1 x
1
3)
1+
n2 0

n2 1

n2 4
1

6.5. Trc ht da vo nh ngha ca tch phn hy tnh:

lim ln
n

n!
=
nn

1
1
2
n 1
= lim ln1 + ln 1 + ln 1 + ... + ln 1

n n
n
n
n

6.6. 1)

2)

2
4

. HD: t t = x .

1
1
1
3

arctg
. HD: t t = x , dt = 1 + 2 dx .
x
x
2
2 2

93

94

6.7. 1) i bin x =

t .

2) i bin: x = t .
6.10. 1) 0

2) 0.
1

1
2

HD: t I = + =I1 + I 2 , trong tch phn I 2 t t=

1
.
x

3) 0.
6.12.

200 2 .

HD: ta vit
100

I=

100

99

2 sin x dx = + + +...... +

Do hm y = sin x tun hon chu k nn tch phn trn bng I = 100 2 sin x dx .
0

6.13.

1)

3)

e 1
2

3
6

2) 2(1 e 1 )

n
1

4) (1) n n ! 1 e 1 e 1 .
k =1 k !

212
1.3.5.7.9.11.13

6.14.

1)

6.15.

1) 2 x 1 + x 4
2)

2)

16

3)

32

2) ( sin x cos x ) cos sin 2 x .

6.16.

1) 1

6.17.

S dng quy tc Lpitan.

6.18.

1)

6.19.

1) I 3 < I1 < I 2

6.22.

y xk =

2)

3) +
2) I 4 I 5 .

k
( k = 0,1,...8)
8

a) Theo phng php hnh thang:

1
[ f ( x0 ) + 2 f ( x1 ) + ......2 f ( x7 ) + f ( x8 )] 0,6941.
16
1 2
1
Phn d: R8T 2 . =
0,0027.
8 12 384
I

95

b) Theo phng php Simpson:

0, 6935
Phn d: R8S
6.23.

1
[ f ( x0 ) + 4 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 4 f ( x3 ) + ...4 f ( x7 ) + f ( x8 )]
24

M4
5.105 104 .
4 .2880
4

T
a) Theo phng php hnh thang I 0,8352 vi phn d R12
0,004 .

a) Theo phng php Simpson: I 0.83565 vi phn d: R12s

2bh
.
3

6.24.

S=

6.25.

2 2 a

6.26.

3 a 2
2

6.27.

3 a 2
.
8

6.28.

e2 + 1
4

6.29.

2 2 a

6.30.

a
1 + m2
m

6.31.

3 a
2

6.32.

6a

6.33.

1) a)

6.34.

1)

6.35.

1)

6.36.

1)

3)
6.37.

b) 2 ;

2)

8 a 2
.
3

32
32
a 2b 2 ; 2)
a 2b 2 .
105
105

10 1
27

1) Hi t

3
2

2) 3
2)

3) 16 2 a 2

4)

12 2
a
5

1
khi 0 < < 1 , khi 1 .
1

4)
2) Hi t

95

10
105 .
4
2880.6

96

A
xdx
xdx
1
2
>
0 1 + x 2 sin 2 x 0 1 + x 2 = 2 ln (1 + A ) .

3) Phn k. HD:
4) Hi t.
2)

a
a + b2

6.38.

1) 1

6.39.

1) Nu a 0 hi t khi p>0, nu a=0 hi t khi p>1.

2) Hi t nu p>0 hoc q>0.

6.40.

1) Hi t nhng khng hi t tuyt i.

2) Hi t nhng khng hi t tuyt i.

6.41.

Cc tch phn hi t tuyt i khi >1 ( khi 0 < 1 khng hi t tuyt i)

Khi 0 < 1 cc tch phn bn hi t.

Chng 7
7.2.

1) Lin thng

2) Khng lin thng

7.3.

1) x 2 + y 2 > 1

2) 2k x 2 + y 2 (2k + 1) vi k Z.
3) Phn mt phng nm ngoi parabol y 2 = x .
4) Min ngoi ca elipxoit.
7.4.

lim{lim f ( x, y )} = lim{lim f ( x, y )} = 0

7.5.

lim lim f ( x, y ) = 1 , lim lim f ( x, y ) = 0

7.6.

1) 2;

7.7.

1) (0,0) l mt im gin on v cc.

x 0 y 0

y 0 x 0

y x

x y

2) ln2.

2) Cc im ca ng thng y=x l im gin on kh c, cn (0,0) l im

gin on v cc.
7.8.

1) ux = 3 x 2 2 y , uy = 2 y 2 x ,

du = (3x 2 2 y )dx + 2( y x)dy

2) ux =
du =

, uy =

x2 + y2
dx
x +y
2

x2 + y 2 x + x2 + y 2

ydy

x2 + y 2 x + x2 + y 2

97

3) ux =

x
ydx + xdy
y
, uy = 2
, du =
.
2
2
x +y
x +y
x2 + y2
2

4) ux = yx y 1 , uy = x y ln x , du = yx y 1dx + x y ln xdy
5) ux = sh ( x 2 y + shy ) .2 xy, uy = ( x 2 + chy ) .sh ( x 2 y + shy ) ,
du = 2 xydx + ( x 2 + chy ) dy sh ( x 2 y + shy )

6) ux = ch ( x + y ) , uy = ch ( x + y ) ,
du = ch ( x + y ) . ( dx + dy )

7.9.
7.10.

u
et + + t 1
u
et +
,
=
=
t 2 et + + ln t 2 et + + ln t
ux2 =

u y 2 =

7.12

1)

y2
3
2 2

( 2 xy + y )
x2

3
2 2

, uxy =

xy
3
2 2

( 2 xy + y )

, d 2u =

(2 xy + y )

( ydx xdy ) 2
3
2 2

(2 xy + y )

2
2u 2 f 2 2u
2 f 2u
2 f
=
a
.
,
,
,
=
ab
=
b
x 2 2
2
xy
y 2

d 2u = a 2 f2 dx 2 + 2abf dxdy + b 2 f2 dy 2

2)

2u 2 f
2 f
2 f 2u 2 f 2 f
=
+
+
2
,
,
=

x 2 2
2 xy 2 2

2u 2 f
2 f
2 f
2
=

+
y 2 2
2
d 2u =

2 f
2 2 f
2 f
2
2
2
dx
+
dy
+
dx

dy
+
(
)
(
)
(dx dy ) 2 .
2

dy 2 x + y d 2 y
18
=
7.14.
,
,
=
2
dx
x + 2 y dx
( x + 2 y )3
d3y
162 x
=
( x 2 y )
3
dx
( x + 2 y )5

u
u
v ,
=
= v ,
7.16.
x D( , ) y D( , )
D(u , v)
D(u, v)

97

98

v
v

u ,
=
= u
x D( , ) y D( , )
D(u , v)
D(u , v)

7.17.

c
z
z c
= sin v ,
= cosv .
u
x
y u

7.18.

z
(M ) =1 3 .
l

7.19. 1) =

4
5
2) =
4
3
7
v =
.
3) =
4
4
2

7.20.
7.21.

x0 + y0
2

( x0 2 + y0 2 0)

z
= cos +cos +cos , grad u(M ) = 3
l

7.22. 1) =

7.23. y + xy +

, =

2) =

, =

1
(3x 2 y y 3 ) .
3!

7.25.

x + y ( x + y ) 2 ( x + y )3
.
+
+
1!
2!
3!
im (2,0 ) l im cc tiu, Z CT = 0 .

7.26.

im dng (2,0), AC B 2 = 8 < 0 , hm s khng c cc tr.

7.24. 1 +

7.27. Ti im ( 2, 2)( 2, 2) hm s t cc tiu a phng. Ti im (0,0) ta c

A=4, B=4, AC B 2 = 0 , ta phi xt tip tc. Ta thy s gia ca hm trn ng thng y=0:
f = f (x, 0) f (0, 0) = 2x 4 (x 2 2) < 0 khi x < 2 . S gia ca hm s trn ng

thng y=x. f = f (x, x) f (0, 0) = 2x 4 > 0 . Vy ti im (0,0) hm s khng c cc tr.

7.28. uCT =

4
2
1
t c khi x = , y = , z = 1 .
3
3
3

99

z 'x = 0
7.29. Ta thy h
v nghim. Mt khc ta thy ti im M(0,0) cc o hm ring
z ' y = 0
Z (x, 0) Z (0, 0) x Z (0, y ) Z (0, 0) y
=
cp 1 khng tn ti. Tht vy, cc t s
,
=
y
y
x
x
khng c gii hn. V vy im (0,0) c th l im cc tr, Bi v:
Z (0, 0) = Z (x, y ) Z (0, 0) = x 2 + y 2 < 0 , nn ti im (0,0) hm t cc tr, ng
thi Z CD = 1 .
7.30. Hm s khng c gi tr ln nht , supZ=2. Hm s gin on.
7.31. Min

{ x 1, y 1} l min ng, hm Z lin tc trn min ny nn n c gi tr ln

1
. Trn bin ca hnh vung ti cc im
2
1+ 3
x = 1, y = 3 1 hm t gi tr ln nht bng
.
2

nht. ( 0, 1) l cc im dng, Z ( 0, 1) =

7.32. 1) Z CD =

1
1
1
khi x = , y = .
4
2
2
2) Z CT
a 2 + b2
khi x =
ab

Z CD =

3) Z CD =

b
a 2 + b2

b
a
a2 + b2
=
khi x =
,y =
,
2
2
2
ab
a +b
a + b2

,y =

a
a 2 + b2

a 2b 2
a 2b
ab 2
khi
=
,
y=
.
x
a 2 + b2
a 2 + b2
a 2 + b2

7.33. Hm u t cc i ti cc im M 1 (1,1,1) , M 2 (1, 1, 1) , M 3 (1,1, 1), M 4 (1, 1,

+1). Ti cc im ny uCD =1. Hm u t cc tiu ti cc im M5=(1, 1, 1) M 6 (1,1,1)

, M 7 (1, 1,1), M 8 (1,1, 1) v uCT = 1 .
7.34. 1) x + 6 3z 37 3 = 0 .

2)

x0 x y0 y z0 z
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a2
b
c

7.35. x + 4 y + 6 z = 21 .
7.36. x + z + a = 0,

x ya z+a
.
=
=
1
0
1

7.37. 1) x 2 + y 2 = p 2 .

2) y = x .
3) y 2 = 4ax

99

100

4) Khng c bao hnh.

101

Ti liu tham kho

1 G.M Phichitengon. C s gii tch ton hc, Tp 1,2 (Bn dch ting Vit), NXB
H v THCN H Ni, 1975)
2 Trn c Long, Nguyn nh Sang, Hong Quc Ton, Gio trnh gii tch, Tp
1,2,3, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2002.
3 Nguyn nh Tr, T Vn nh, Nguyn H Qunh. Ton hc cao cp, Tp 2,3,
NXB Gio dc, 2004.
4 G.J Silov, Gii tch ton, NXB KH Matscova, 1965.
5 Y.Y Liasko, A.C Boiatricc, I.A.G.Gai,G.P Golovac, Gii tch ton hc, Cc v d
v bi tp, NXB H v THCN H Ni, 1979.
6 Jean, Maric Moner, Gio trnh ton, Tp 7 (Bn dch ting Vit), NXB Gio dc,
1999.
7 Jon Mathews, R.L Walker, Ton dng cho Vt L (Bn dch ting Vit), NXB
Khoa hc v K thut H Ni, 1971.
8 B.P mivic, Bi tp gii tch ton hc (ng Huy Run, L nh Thnh dch
v hng dn cch gii), NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni,
1975.
9 nh Thanh, Phng php ton l, NXB Gio dc 2002.
10 L Vn Trc, Gio trnh ton dng cho vt l, i hc tng hp H Ni, 1984.
11 Andrew Browder, Mathematical Analysis: An Introduction, Springer, 1995.
12 Bourguignon, Le calcul variotionel Ellipses Marketing 2000.
13 Vladimir A. Zorich, Mathematical Analysis, Springer, 2004.

101