2013 Edition Handbook On Climate Change Adapted Urban Planning and Design VIE

Thch ng - TP.
HCMC
Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th
Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu cho TP. H
Ch Minh/ Vit Nam
Trong khun kh ca D n nghin cu Siu th TP. H Ch Minh

Hp tc vi S Quy hoch Kin Trc TP. H Ch Minh
Thch ng - TP. HCMC

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th
Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu cho TP. H
Ch Minh/ Vit Nam
Trong khun kh ca D n nghin cu Siu th TP. H Ch Minh

Hp tc vi S Quy hoch Kin Trc TP. H Ch Minh
Gii thiu
Nh Xut Bn
2013 Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus
Khoa Quy hoch v Thit k Khng gian
Gio s Frank Schwartze
Konrad - Wachsmann - Allee 4
03046 Cottbus, Cng Ho Lin bang c
Web: www.tu-cottbus.de
Email: ls_stadtplanung@tu-cottbus.de
ISBN 978-3-00-042750-3
Cc Tc Gi
Chu Hunh, Ronald Eckert, Moritz Maikmper, Barbara Horst, Frank Schwartze
Khoa Quy hoch v Thit k khng gian
Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus
Vi s ng gp ca
Trn Ch Dng, Hong Tng, Nguyn Anh Tun, L Khnh Tm Tho
S Quy hoch v Kin trc Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vit Nam (DPA)
Gio s Lutz Katzschner
Khoa kh tng mi trng, i hc Kassel
Robert Atkinson, Antje Katzschner, Hendrik Rujner, Christian Lorenz, Jana Warnatzsch
Khoa Quy hoch Mi trng, Khoa a cht mi trng & Khoa Quy hoch v Thit k khng gian
v
Hagen Schwgerl, Maria Feil, Florian Ibold, David Quinque, Robert Lauke
B Cc & Minh Ha
Ronald Eckert (B cc. Minh ha trang 9, 74 (pha trn), 76 (pha di), 84, 115, 117). Chu
Hunh (trang 12, 16, 17, 20-25, 26 (pha trn), 27-29, 40-44, 46-48, 50, 52, 53 (pha trn), 54-55).
Moritz Maikmper (trang 72, 73, 74 (pha di), 75, 87, 88). Maria Feil (trang 71, 84, 85, 103 (pha
trn), 109 (pha trn)). Florian Ibold (trang 76 (pha di) & 77)
a Ch Ti V
Bn Ting Vit:
http://www-docs.tu-cottbus.de/megacity-hcmc/public/2013_edition_handbook_on_climate_change_
adapted_urban_planning_and_design_VIE.pdf
Bn Ting Anh:
http://www-docs.tu-cottbus.de/megacity-hcmc/public/2013_edition_handbook_on_climate_change_
adapted_urban_planning_and_design_ENG.pdf
Li Cm n
Quyn Cm nang ny c thit k v chun b trong Gi nghin cu 7 - Khu dn c tit kim nng
lng v thch ng vi bin i kh hu, trong khun kh ca d n nghin cu Khung quy hoch
th v quy hoch mi trng tch hp cho thch ng vi bin i kh hu ca TP. HCM. D n
l mt phn ca chng trnh sng kin Pht trin bn vng cho cc thnh ph ln ca ngy mai
ca B Gio dc v Nghin cu Cng ha Lin bang c.
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu
Li
Gii
mthiu
u
Li m u
Vi vai tr u tu trong a gic chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi ca vng, Thnh ph H Ch Minh tr
thnh trung tm kinh t v vn ha ln ca c nc. Thnh ph H Ch Minh l thnh ph cng ln nht t
nc, l mt u mi giao thng quan trng v ng b, ng thy v ng khng, ni lin cc tnh trong
vng v cn l mt ca ng quc t.
V v tr a l, Thnh ph nm h lu ca h thng sng ng Nai-Si Gn vi a hnh tng i bng phng,
ch thu vn, thu lc ca knh rch v sng ngi khng nhng chu nh hng mnh ca thu triu bin
ng m cn chu tc ng rt r nt ca vic khai thc cc bc thang h cha thng lu hin nay v trong
tng lai.
Trong bi cnh bin i kh hu ton cu, thch ng vi bin i kh hu tr nn mt thch thc quan trng i vi
qun l quy hoch th thnh ph. Thc vy, bin i kh hu bt u tc ng trc tip n i sng ngi
dn th nh ngp lt, o nhit th, thi tit bt thng Nhng nguy c ny ang gia tng nhanh chng
v tr thnh nhn t quan trng i vi quy hoch th. C th l, vn s dng nng lng hiu qu v thch
ng vi bin i kh hu cn c ci thin trong quy hoch th.
iu chnh Quy hoch chung xy dng thnh ph H Ch Minh n nm 2025 c Th tng Chnh ph
ph duyt ti Quyt nh s 24/Q-TTg ngy 06/01/2010. Trong ln iu chnh ny, quy hoch chung thnh ph
c xy dng trn cch tip cn i vi cc iu kin t nhin v a cht, thy vn kt hp vi nh hng
pht trin kinh t-x hi thnh ph. Tuy nhin cho n nay, cha c cc quy nh hay hng dn c th ha
cc nh hng c bn lin quan vn ph hp iu kin t nhin, thch ng bin i kh hu trong quy hoch
chung thnh ph.
Quyn Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu cho thnh ph H Ch Minh ny l
mt trong nhng cch tip cn tin phong a cc nh hng trn thnh hng dn, khuyn ngh cho cng
tc lp, thm nh v ph duyt quy hoch phn khu, quy hoch chi tit.
Quyn Cm nang ny tp trung vo cc xut cc bin php thch ng i vi ngp lt v kh hu th trong
quy hoch th trn a bn thnh ph. Hai thit k in hnh trong quyn Cm nang ny cng minh ha cch
p dng cc gii php xut ln cc khu t c th TP. HCM. Kt hp vi Bn Hng dn quy hoch v thit
k th thch ng vi bin i kh hu, n phm ny gip h tr vic tch hp cc kha cnh khc nhau, c bit
l cc quan tm v mi trng, trong qu trnh lp, thm nh, ph duyt quy hoch th, cng nh phi hp
cc loi quy hoch vi nhau.
Quyn Cm nang ny l mt trong cc sn phm c c kt t cc nghin cu hp tc gia S Quy hochKin trc v Trng i hc K thut Cottbus trong khun kh D n nghin cu Megacity Thnh ph H Ch
Minh. y cng l mt ni dung trong chng trnh hnh ng ca S Quy hoch-Kin trc tham gia vo K
hoch hnh ng ng ph bin i kh hu ca thnh ph H Ch Minh, l mt phn ca Chng trnh Mc tiu
Quc gia v ng ph Bin i kh hu.
Chng ti mong rng ni dung ca quyn Cm nang ny s gip ch cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, cc s ban
ngnh lin quan, chnh quyn a phng, ban qun l cc khu chc nng th, cc n v t vn quy hochkin trc, cc nh u t pht trin d n v cng ng ngi dn trong vic hin thc quy hoch th thnh
ph theo hng pht trin bn vng, thch ng bin i kh hu.
ThS. KTS. Trn Ch Dng
Gim c S Quy hoch-Kin trc Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Gii thiu
Outline
Gii thiu

Thch ng - TP. HCM
Thch ng v gim thiu trong quy hoch v thit k th

Mc ch ca quyn cm nang
S lin h vi cc ti liu khc
Ni dung ca quyn cm nang
08
09
10
10
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
11
12
t vn
A - Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi
15
16
18
30
36
Phng php tip cn chung

Cc gii php xut
Cc d n in hnh
Ti liu tham kho & Thng tin b sung
B - Qun l Nc mt
39

Cc gii php xut
Cc d n in hnh
40
42
56
60
Tm tt cc gii php xut
63
NH: Chu Hunh
Gii
Mcthiu
Lc
II. Qun l Nhit cao
65
66
t vn
A - Qun l Lm mt th
69
70
72
78
82

Cc gii php xut
Cc d n in hnh
B - Qun l Bc x Mt tri
85

Cc gii php xut
Cc d n in hnh
86
88
92
96
97
III. Thit k in hnh
99
100
101
102
108
Phng php nghin cu

Gii thiu chung v cc khu t th im
Khu t 1: i l V Vn Kit
Khu t 2: Khu dn c Nhn c
Kt lun
115
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Gii thiu
Gii thiu
Cun Cm nang v Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh
hu cho Thnh ph H Ch Minh (TP. HCM) / Vit Nam trnh by cc chin
lc quy hoch v thit k th i ph vi cc ri ro chnh lin quan n
mi trng v bin i kh hu ca thnh ph. Cun Cm nang phc v nh
l mt cng c, h tr cho cc c quan chc nng ca TP. HCM trong qu
trnh ra quyt nh quy hoch v ph duyt quy hoch cp thnh ph.
Thch ng v gim thiu trong

quy hoch v thit k th
S gia tng v cng v tm nghim
trng ca cc vn mi trng gn
y ti TP. HCM, nh ngp lt th,
khin cho nhn thc v bin i kh hu
cng nng cao. Tuy nhin, nguyn nhn
chnh ca cc vn mi trng ny l
do vic pht trin th qu nhanh, ch
khng phi l do bin i kh hu ton
cu. Do , quy hoch th cng nn
c coi l ng vai tr quan trng trong
qu trnh hnh thnh s thch ng ca
thnh ph vi cc mi e da v mi
trng v thay i kh hu. Hnh thi
th ca TP. HCM l mt v d c th
ca s pht trin th cha bn vng.
Hnh thi pht trin th hin nay hu
nh cha ch tm xem xt cc ri ro
lin quan n kh hu, mi trng xung
quanh v cng ng dn c sinh sng.
S pht trin nhanh ca cc khu dn c
vo cc vng t ngp nc nn c
xem l mt trong nhng mi quan tm
ln nht ca thnh ph. Mt khi cc
8
Thch ng - TP. HCM
kha cnh v mi trng ca bin i

kh hu c nghin cu v thit lp,
vic tch hp cc gii php thch ng
vo qu trnh thit k quy hoch th
hin hu l ht sc cn thit.
Quy hoch th c cng nhn
rng ri rng, n nn ng vai tr quan
trng trong vic thch nghi vi bin i
kh hu v pht trin thnh ph vi t
kh thi carbon. Vic thch nghi v gim
thiu tc ng ca bin i kh hu b
nh hng mnh m bi hnh thi
th. Vi hnh thi th nn, khong
cch i li c rt ngn v nng lng
c phn b mt cch tp trung. Hnh
thi th nn ny bn vng hn, kh
thi hn, v gip gim lng kh thi
ng k. Tuy nhin, hnh thi mt cao
c th xung t vi mc tiu thch ng,
do chng c th tng hiu ng o nhit
th v lm gim kh nng thot nc
th. Do , hnh thi Thnh ph nn
vi chc nng th hn hp cn phi
c tch hp vi khi nim H thng
h tng cy xanh v mt nc (Green
Gii thiu
and Blue Infrastructure) cung cp

khng gian cho nc l v c cy xanh
gim nhit cao. Mt mi trng
th thch nghi v bn vng cho TP. HCM
phi l mt mi trng ni cc khng
gian cy xanh v mt nc c vai tr
nh l h thng thng gi, lm mt, gi
nc l, v cho nc ma thm thu
vo lng t.
Cc khng gian xanh ca TP. HCM,
khng may thng b mt i trong qu
trnh th ha nhanh ca thnh ph.
Trong khi , cc th km thch nghi
v khng c thit k i ph vi
s tng nhit , s i hi tng cng
s dng iu ha khng kh c hc.
iu ny khng ch gp phn tip tc
gy nn bin i kh hu, m cn lm
tng chi ph nng lng tiu th. Cc
nh quy hoch, cc nh u t, cc
nh thit k th v kin trc s, do
, cn phi xem xt cc xung t tim
tng gia thch ng v gim thiu ng
bo tnh bn vng ca cng ng
trong tng lai.
Mc ch ca quyn cm nang
Quyn cm nang ny c thit k
nhm mc ch nng cao nhn thc
chung v cc chin lc thch ng bin
i kh hu trong lnh vc quy hoch v
thit k th cho cc nh chc nng,
nh mt gii php ngn hn trc
mt. Cc kin thc nng cao v thch
Hnh 1: Cc vn chnh lin

quan n bin i kh hu
Nguy c ngp lt (Ngp lt th)

S nng ln (Kh hu th)
S tiu th nng lng (Nng lng th)
Kh thi t giao thng (Giao thng th)
Cc vn cp trong Quyn Cm Nang
Qun l Ngp do Qun l Nc

Triu v t Sng mt
Qun l Lm
mt th
Qun l Bc x th nn
Mt tri
S dng Nng
lng Hiu qu
Thch ng
S Phn tn v
Khng gian
Giao thng
Bn Vng
Gim thiu
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Gii thiu
ng bin i kh hu ca cc t chc
lin quan v cc c nhn v qu trnh
lng ghp cc kn thc ny vo quy
hoch th c xem l tim nng di
hn ca cun Cm nang. Cun Cm
nang ny c thit k v chun b
trong khun kh ca d n nghin cu
Khung quy hoch th v quy hoch
mi trng tch hp cho thch ng vi
bin i kh hu ca TP. HCM. D n
l mt phn ca chng trnh sng kin
Pht trin bn vng cho cc thnh ph
ln ca ngy mai ca B Gio dc v
Nghin cu Cng ha Lin bang c.
Mc tiu tng th ca d n l pht trin
v kt hp cc gii php thch ng bin
i kh hu vo qu trnh ra quyt nh
v lp quy hoch th, t s lm
tng kh nng phc hi cc tn thng
v vt cht v x hi lin quan n kh
hu cho h thng th ca TP. HCM.
S lin h vi cc ti liu khc

Cun Cm nang ny nn c s dng
kt hp vi cc quyn Hng dn Thch
ng - TP. HCM, v quy hoch v thit
k th thch ng vi bin i kh hu.
Trong khi quyn hng dn c thit
k h tr cc c quan chc nng
nh gi tnh bn vng ca d n pht
trin th trong qu trnh ph duyt,
v thit lp cc quy nh rng buc v
khng rng buc v quy hoch v thit
k th, cun Cm nang ny c th
10
Thch ng - TP. HCM
c dng nh mt quyn sch ngun,

vi cc thng tin k thut chi tit hn.
Ni dung ca quyn Cm nang

Phn chnh ca cun Cm nang ny th
hin menu cc ty chn v gii php
thch ng, cung cp ci nhn su vo
cc phng php, cc chin lc quy
hoch th xut v cc v d d n
minh ha tiu biu. Cun Cm nang bao
gm cc lnh vc lin quan n thch
ng vi bin i kh hu sau y:
Qun l ngp lt th:
Qun l ngp do triu cng v t
sng ngi
Qun l nc mt
Qun l nhit cao:
Qun l lm mt th
Qun l bc x mt tri
Phn tip theo ca cun Cm nang ny
th hin hai thit k in hnh, chng
minh v nh gi kh nng p dng cc
chin lc thit k th xut, v c
th ha kt qu nh gi mi trng
ton thnh ph.
Cc khu t c s dng trong cc
thit k in hnh l:
i l V Vn Kit
Khu dn c Nhn c
I.
Qun l Ngp lt th
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
Ngp lt th ang l mt trong nhng vn mi trng ni bt ti TP. HCM.
Hin tng ngp ca TP. HCM khng ch xut pht t a hnh v iu kin kh
hu ca thnh ph, m cn xut pht t nhng h ly nghim trng t vic
th ha qu nhanh. Chng ny ca quyn s tay cp n cc gii php thit
k v quy hoch th tip cn v gii quyt vn ngp lt ca TP. HCM,
bao gm ngp do triu cng, ngp l t sng ngi, v ngp do ma.
t vn
TP. HCM nm pha ra ng bc ca
vng ng bng sng Cu Long v kt
ni vi Bin ng ti cc Nam. Phn
ln cc vng t thnh ph l vng t
c a hnh thp v vng m ly, c
chia ct bi mt mng li cc dng
sng, knh rch phc tp. iu kin
a hnh v a l khin cho thnh ph
v cng nhy cm vi ngun ngp lt
khc nhau, bao gm: l t thng lu
sng Si Gn-ng Nai v sng Cu
Long, ngp lt do thy triu v ngp lt

do nc ma trong trn ma to hoc
bo nhit i. Trc nguy c nc bin
dng v cc tc ng khc t bin i
kh hu ton cu v khu vc, nhng nh
hng trn cn c th nguy him hn v
kh c th on trc c. Ngoi ra,
s kt hp ca hai hoc nhiu hn hai
loi l s dn n nhng bi cnh ngp
cc oan hn.
Trong khi a th ca thnh ph lm cho
thnh ph d b tn thng trc nguy
40%
20%
10%
Hnh I.1: Tun hon nc trong
mi trng t nhin v th, th
hin s khc nhau ca cc t l
nc chy b mt, thm th v
bay hi.
12
Thch ng - TP. HCM
50%
75%
5%
NH: Nigel Downes / Chu Hunh
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
c ngp lt, tc th ha nhanh

cng gp phn lm tng nguy c ny.
Thng k cho thy, trong giai on th
ha t 1989 n 2006, din tch b mt
khng thm nc ca TP. HCM tng
gp i (Trn & H 2007). ng thi cc
b mt t t nhin nh rng, cc t
nng nghip, t cy xanh v cc vng
t ngp nc c hai pha cc khu
vc thng lu v h lu TP. HCMC, b
gim nhanh chng v thay th bng nh
ca v cc c s h tng. Qu trnh btng ho mt t mt cc nhanh chng
ny lm gim kh nng thm thu v
bay hi ca nc, v l nguyn nhn
chnh ca tnh trng ngp do nc chy
b mt (Hnh I.2 & Hnh I.3).
Bn cnh s gia tng ng ch ca
qu trnh b tng ho mt t, nhiu
hot ng xy dng tin hnh cc
vng t thp v vng t ngp nc
cng gp phn lm mt kh nng tr
nc t nhin ca lu vc thnh ph.
Vic xy dng nh ca, c hp php v
bt hp php, trong thnh ph, thng
qua vic ln chim b sng lm thu hp
sng ngoi, thu hp vng ngp v thay
i dng chy t nhin. T , dung
lng lu tr trong h thng sng ngoi
ca thnh ph b gim ng k, dn n
mc nc l ca cc dng sng tng
cao, v hin tng ngp lt gia tng,
xy ra thng xuyn nht cc khu dn
c dc theo h thng ng thy.
Ngoi s ln chim lng sng ca cc

ta nh, rc thi cng l mt trong yu
t lm hn ch lng lu tr nc v
nng lc giao thng trn cc knh rch.
Mc d cha c nhng d liu khoa hc
v s lng rc thi trong mng li
cng rnh v cc knh rch ca thnh
ph, rc thi c nhn thy rt thng
xuyn ca h ga, cng thot nc v
trong cc knh rch. Rc thi gp phn
trong vic hn ch kh nng thot nc
ca thnh ph, v cng l nguyn nhn
dn n ngp lt. Bn cnh , n cng
Hnh I.2: nn t ca TP. HCM.

th hin mc nn cao trong khu
vc li trung tm (Rujner 2011)
Phn trm nn (%)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
13
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
NH: Chu Hunh
lm nhim ngun nc v mi trng

xung quanh.
Hnh I.3: Nc chy b mt do

ma TP. HCM (Rujner 2011)
T l trung bnh (mm/a)
14
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Vic lm dng ngun nc ngm trong

thnh ph cng gp phn lm cho nguy
c ngp lt ngy cng trm trng hn.
Nhiu h gia nh trong TP. HCM s
dng nc ngm nh mt s thay th
hoc l mt ngun cung cp nc b
sung cho nc my. H thng nc
ngm trong thnh ph, do b thay
i mnh v dn n st ln t. Khu
vc trung tm TP. HCM hin nay
ghi nhn hin tng ln t trung bnh

mc t 4mm/nm (L & H 2009).
Nhng khu vc c hin tng st ln
ny s cng nhy cm vi ngp lt.
Trong bi cnh , h thng thot nc
thnh ph hin nay li khng p
ng vi nhu cu, do tc th ha
nhanh. S thiu dung tch dn n
tnh trng qu ti thng xuyn. Hu
ht cc h thng thot nc ca thnh
ph c thit k theo thot nc gp
ca c nc thi v nc ma. Do vy
h thng thot nc ny d dng b qu
ti c bit khi c ma ln, v hu qu
khng ch l s ngp lt m cn l s
suy gim cht lng nc thi.
Tm li, vic qun l ri ro ngp lt a
n mt thch thc to ln cho TP. HCM,
c bit, khi cc gii php chng ngp
lt truyn thng nh nng cp h thng
cng rnh v h thng p rt tn
chi ph v thi gian. Do , chng ny
ca quyn s tay, khng nhm vo cc
gii php trn, cng nh cc gii php
thi cng i hi s u t ln. mt
kha cnh khc, n c gng bt u vi
cc gii php quy hoch v thit k
th quy m nh hn vi chi ph thp hn;
cc gii php m bt k cc c nhn, t
chc v cng ng trong TP. HCM c
th chung tay gp phn gim thiu ri
ro ngp lt, nng cao cht lng mi
trng v cht lng cuc sng.
I-A.
Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t

Sng ngi
I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Hnh I-A.3: Qun l ngp lt theo
phng php tch hp (Phng
theo Parkison & Mark 2005)
C s h tng ng
v thot nc
Thit k v quy hoch

th
Qun l cht thi

Phng php
tch hp
Rng v Nng nghip
Kh tng Thy vn

Ngp lt do triu cng v t sng ngoi l hai ngun gy ngp lt ph bin
ti TP. HCM. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhng ri ro ny cng ng quan
tm. S liu ghi nhn cho thy rng mc nc ti a thy triu vo nm 2012
TP. HCM tng ln 10cm so vi nm 2009 (Hnh I-A.1). Trong khi ,
nhiu ma ln v bo nhit i xy ra bt ng, lm hn ch kh nng d
on l t thng ngun v h lu sng ngi.
1.5
(m)
1.45
Hnh I-A.2: S ln ngp trong nm

do triu cng t 2009 n 2012
(SCFC 2012)
Di s qun l ca Trung tm Chng

ngp TP. HCM (SCFC), c nhiu d
n kim sot thy triu c trin khai
v thc hin. Bo co nh k nm 2012
ca SCFC v vn gim ngp cho
thy, mc d, ngp lt bi thy triu
cc khu vc ni thnh c du hiu suy
gim, nguy c ngp lt li tng nh
cc khu vc ngoi thnh vo nm 2011
(Hnh I-A.2). Bo co cng cho thy
rng cc phng php tip cn hin thi
ch yu da vo cc bin php k thut
nh: nng cp h thng thot nc, xy
dng cc cng ngn triu, v h thng
bm nc, v SCFC cng nhn thy l
cc gii php trn vn mang tnh tm
thi v vn ngp lt vn cha c
gii quyt ti gc (SCFC 2012). Mt cch
tip cn thch hp hn l cch Qun L
Ngp Lt Theo Cch Tch Hp gia
cc ngnh cng nghip v dch v khc
nhau (Hnh I-A.3). Cc gii php khng
nn ch duy nht da trn ngnh thot
nc vi gii php nng cp c s h
16
1.4
1.35
1.3
2009
2010
2011
2012
Nm
Hnh. I-A.1: Mc triu cao nht

trong 2009 - 2012 (SCFC 2012)
24
(S ln xz ra)
tng thot nc, m cn nn lin kt

cc ngnh khc nhau (Parkison & Mark
2008). Thng tin gia cc c quan v
cc ban ngnh cng phi c s chia s
v lin kt cht ch m bo s phi
kt hp tt gia cc bn lin quan.
18
12
6
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
Nm
Vng ngp tng cng
Vng ngp trong khu vc trung tm
Vng ngp trong khu vc ngoi vi
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Da trn khi nim c bn v Qun L

Ngp Lt Theo Cch Tch Hp, phn
ny ca quyn Cm nang gii thiu cc
phng php quy hoch v thit k
th i ph vi ngp lt t triu cng v
t sng ngi, trong bao gm c gii
php cng trnh v gii php phi cng
trnh. y, cn lu rng qun l ngp
lt do thy triu v do sng ngi ca TP.
HCM cng b nh hng bi vic quy
hoch v cc quyt nh qun l nc
cc lu vc ln hn nh lu vc sng
Si Gn-ng Nai v lu vc ng bng
sng Cu Long (Hnh 1-A.5). Tuy nhin,
phn ny ca cun Cm nang ny ch
trnh by cc gii php quy hoch v
thit k th trong phm vi hnh chnh
ca TP. HCM.
Hnh I-A.4: Gii php ba bc

tip cn
Xc nh vng ngp
lt
Cc chin lc chung v quy hoch v

thit k th ng ph vi ngp lt do
thy triu v sng ngi cho TP. HCM
c th c phn thnh 3 bc chnh
(Hnh I-A.4):
(1) Xc nh vng ngp lt:
iu quan trng l cc khu vc b ngp
lt phi c xc nh u tin. Da
trn cc v tr c xc nh, cc bin
php qun l cng nh cc quyt nh
ng ph vi ngp lt s c ban
hnh. Thng tin v v tr khu vc ngp lt
cng nh k hoch s tn khn cp phi
c ph bin n tt c cng ng, u
tin trc ht cho cng ng khu dn
c trong vng c nguy c ngp lt cao.
To khng gian
cho nc l
Cng trnh v cu
trc bo v
v cng l mt cch hiu qu trnh

nc l gy hi nh ca v c s h
tng, gii php ny c bit p dng
vi cc khu dn c hin hu trong vng
ngp v khng c kh nng di di. Cc
gii php cng trnh v cu trc bo v
cng c th p dng cho cc khu vc
th quan trng ni c cc cng trnh v
c s h tng then cht.
(2) To khng gian cho nc l:

S ln p ca cc cng trnh xy dng
trong qu trnh th ho vo trong cc
vng d tr ngp dn n s gia tng
mc nc ngp do triu cng v t
sng ngoi ca TP. HCM. Do ,
gim thiu nguy c ngp, khng gian
cha nc l b mt i phi c b
p. Thng qua chin lc ny, nc
l s c gi li hoc c chuyn
hng, v t t tr v cho cc h thng
sng ngoi v knh rch mt khi hin
tng ngp qua i hay khi mc nc
sng h thp.
(3) Cng trnh v cu trc bo v:
p dng cc cng trnh v cu trc bo
Lu vc a phng
Lu vc th
Lu vc thnh ph
Lu vc sng
Hnh 1-A.5: Qun l l khng nn

ch gii hn trong bin gii hnh
chnh thnh ph m cn kt hp
vi cc lu vc thng ngun
ln hn
Thch ng - TP. HCM
17
Cc gii php xut

Xc nh vng ngp lt
Hnh I-A.6: Bn ngp lt ca

th Manila, Philippines, truy cp
c trn mng (S mi trng v
thin nhin, Philippnes)
01 Lp bn nguy c ngp lt
Cc vng ngp lt
Lp bn nguy c l lt l vic s dng

bn mc ch giao tip v truyn
thng tin v nguy c v ri ro ngp lt.
Lp bn nguy c l lt s to c s
cho vic quy hoch trong vng ngp v
cc quy hoch s dng t khc. Lp
bn nguy c ngp lt khng ch l
mt cng c b sung cho vic ra cc
quyt nh trong quy hoch s dng t
v ln k hoch cu h khn cp, m
cn l mt bin php thng tin lin lc
thng bo cho ngi dn ch ng
i ph vi ngp lt ngn chn c
nhng thit hi trong tng lai.
Chiu su, vn tc v hng ca

nc l
Bn nguy c ngp lt thng thng

c cc thng tin sau :
Cc dng ngp
Vng nh hng ca l chu k
2-10 nm
Vng nh hng ca l chu k 50
-100 nm
Vng ngp do nc t knh rch
Bn c xc nh trn chu k lt.

V d 1 ln trong 10 nm (1:10), 1 ln
trong 25 nm (1:25), 1 ln trong 100
nm (1:100) hoc cc s kin l ln,
xy ra ch 1 ln trong 1000 nm (1:1000)
(Bng I-A.1)
Bn nguy c ngp lt s c cp
nht thng xuyn khng ch vi thng
tin thy vn, m cn vi cc thng tin
v khu vc nh thng tin v cng trnh
ln cn, v nh tr l, ng giao thng
chnh, v cng nh cc d liu khc
nh: thay i v nh l, hoc cc d
liu thu thp c t trm kh tng
thu vn. Cc thng tin khc nh ti
Bng I-A.1: Mc thng xuyn
Chu k lt
ng ranh gii thnh ph
Mc thng
xuyn
1 trong 1000
nm
Thp
1 trong 1000
nm - 1 trong
100 nm
Trung bnh
1 trong 100 nm
Cao
- 1 trong 20 nm
1 trong 20 nm
Vng ngp thng

xuyn
(Phng theo World Bank 2012)
18
Thch ng - TP. HCM
GHI CH:
Nh tr n
Tnh trng
c xut
Trong tng lai
Khu vc ngp
Vng ngp l 100 nm
n cnh st khu vc
sn thit hi, dn s v s dn b thit

hi trong mt trn ngp lt c th cng
c th c a vo (Jha, Bloch &
Lamond 2012).
C su bc chnh thit lp bn
nguy c l lt c th hin trong Bng
I-A.2. Tuy nhin, lu rng lun tn ti
cc ri ro sai s trong cc thng tin ny.
Mt s v d v cc ri ro sai s nh:
Sai s trong khi dng m hnh
Tham s tham kho khng chnh xc
Thng s u vo khng chnh xc
Hin tng t nhin xy ra khng nh
d kin (Jha, Bloch & Lamond 2012)
Do vy, iu quan trng l cc cp ra
quyt nh hiu rng s c nhng sai s
trong qu trnh d on. V do , bn

ngp lt phi nn c cp nht theo
d liu u vo mi nht, cng l
m bo cc quyt nh tng lai l da
trn cc thng tin cp nht mi nht.
Bn c th nh dng theo nh hoc
vector GIS. Ty thuc vo nhm i
tng khc nhau nh chnh quyn a
phng hoc h gia nh, bn c
th hin mc chi tit khc nhau (Hnh
I-A.8). Mc ch chnh ca bn l lt
cho i tng ngi dn l nng cao
nhn thc ca cng ng v cc quyt
nh php l (v d nh s dng t,
cch b tr v thit k c th cho khu
t), v to iu kin cho ngi dn
c s chun b v phn ng thch hp
trc l (FLOODsite 2008).
Hnh I-A.7: Bn ngp lt ca

Philadelphia, c th hin v tr nh
tr l (TP. Philadelphia)
Hnh I-A.8: Cc bn ngp lt

khc nhau cho cc i tng s
dng khc nhau (B mi trng
Baden-Wrttemberg)
Cho ton cng ng
Bng I-A.2: Cc bc thit lp bn ngp lt

Bc
M t
1 Thu thp thng tin
Dng a hnh, m hnh b mt, d liu thy vn
2 Tnh ton chu k
Lng nc l hng nm chy qua mt khu vc c th
3 Dng m hnh
M hnh thy lc 1D, 2D hay 1D2D
4 Xc nhn kt qu m hnh
o c v kim tra thc a so snh vi kt qu t m

hnh
Chun b v bn v
pht hnh
Thng tin u ra c th hin thn thin vi ngi xem,

v c phn pht n cc i tng khc nhau
Kim tra v lin tc cp

nht
Cp nht thng xuyn trn bn vi cc thng tin ca

khu vc v thng tin kh tng thu vn
(Phng theo Jha, Bloch & Lamond 2012)
Cho cc c quan chc nng a phng
Cho cc s chuyn ngnh
Thch ng - TP. HCM
19
To Khng gian cho Nc l

02 T nhin ha sng ngi v
knh rch
Cc con sng v knh trong TP. HCM
thng xuyn b thu hp v xm chim
bi nh ca v cht thi rn. iu ny
dn n s tc nghn v suy gim kh
nng chy trong sng. Ngoi ra, cc b
k ti TP. HCM thng c lt bng
vt liu kn mt nh v b tng. Cc
k kn s phn no lm gim kh nng
thm nc, tng vn tc chy h ngun
v do , tng l lt h ngun.
T nhin ha sng ngoi v knh rch
l tr con sng tr li trng thi ban
u ca n, t , n s khuyn khch
qu trnh thm thu, tng kh nng tr
nc, v khng gian cho nc l. N
cn gip lm gim xi l b k v nng
cao mi trng t nhin hoang d dc
theo con sng. C bn chin lc chnh
Hnh I-A.9: Cc gii php t nhin

ho sng ngi v knh rch
1. Loi b vt cn
t nhin ha sng ngoi, bao gm:

(1) Loi b vt cn: cc chng ngi
vt chng hn nh cht thi rn, cy
, p dng nc v cng trnh ng
thy khng cn thit, cn c loi b,
nng cao nng lc v duy tr l
duy tr vn tc dng chy ban u. Loi
b ph sa lng ng, o v m rng
knh l gii php c xem nh mt
phng sch cui cng v nn gii hn
ti thiu do s tc ng to ln ca cc
gii php ny n mi trng t nhin
ca con sng.
(2) Ly li ng cong t nhin ca
cc con sng: trong qu trnh th
ha, cc con sng v rch thng b
nn thng v b k ha. Un khc dng
sng tr v ng cong t nhin ca n
l nng cao nng lc lu tr nc
ca vng ng bng sng v hn ch
chiu cao l.
2. Ly li ng cong t nhin ca
cc con sng
3. Ti kt ni sng vi vng ng
bng ngp nc
4. T nhin ha k sng
20
Thch ng - TP. HCM

Hnh I-A.10: Cc v d v thit k k
sng theo cch t nhin
Tri: K bng cc g
Phi: K bng cc ti c trng
cy (Phng theo PUB 2011)
(3) Ti kt ni sng vi vng ng

bng ngp nc: nc l chy qua
vng l thng b chng li do k hoc
in t ai v nh ca v dn n suy
gim kh nng lu tr. Ti kt ni sng
vi vng ng bng ngp nc c th
c t c thng qua: h thp b
sng, h thp chiu cao k, di lui ,
iu (Hnh I-A.11), v kt ni li cc
knh ni.
(4) T nhin ha k sng: ch c cc
b sng d b sp nn c k ha, cc
b sng t b tn thng nn c
t nhin. Vt liu thit k k nn l vt
liu kt hp vi cc tnh nng t nhin,
chng hn r c trng cy hoc b
tng c l, thay v lt bng b tng kn
lin mt (Hnh I-A.12). Cc bin php
ny gip bo v khi b xi mn, tng
cng s thm thu ca nc l v

lm chm tc dng chy. Ngoi ra,
cc ph sa tch ng trong vt liu lt
k s c thng xuyn cung cp cho
thc vt pht trin, v khuyn khch mi
trng sng ca ng vt hoang d v
tng tnh thm m ca cc con sng v
knh rch.
Hnh I-A.11: Li li v tr gip

m rng vng ngp nc v tng
sc cha nc hn lm ngay
st dc theo sng (Phng theo
MRC 2007)
mc nc cao
mc nc thp
mc nc cao
mc nc thp
SAU
TRC
Hnh I-A.12: T nhin ho k sng

1. K sng vi b mt b-tng kn
mt (khng khuyn khch)
2. K sng vi b tng c l
3. K sng vi cc ti c trng
cy
4. K sng vi cc ti c trng
cy v khong li
Thch ng - TP. HCM
21
03 Bo tn vng ng bng ngp

nc
Vng ng bng ngp nc l mt khu
vc bng phng lin k cc con sng,
sui v thng xuyn b ngp lt, v d
nh b ngp bi l chu k 10 hay 20 nm.
Vng ng bng ngp nc t nhin
cung cp khng gian cho sng sui
m rng trong qu trnh l v lm gim
nh l. Do , vng ng bng ngp
nc gp phn kim sot v gim ri
ro ngp lt h lu mt cch t nhin.
Ngoi ra, vng ng bng ngp nc
cng gip lm gim nhim do nc
mt v cung cp mi trng sng cho
c h thc vt v ng vt (Sipes 2010).
Hnh I-A.13: Phn khu chc nng
vng ng bng ngp nc
Vng ng bng ngp nc phi nn

c quy hoch k lng nng cao
hiu qu cao t s dng. Vic b ngp
Khu cm xy dng
theo chu k ng bng ngp nc l

cha kha duy tr cc h sinh thi
quan trng, bao gm c rng ven sng
v vng m ly. Chc nng thy vn
ca ng bng ngp nc c th c
m bo bng cch hn ch pht trin,
hoc khuyn khch s dng t thn
thin vi l nh t nng nghip, sn
chi, t th dc th thao, hoc khu
p ng vi l (DCLG 2006). ng
bng ngp l, do , c th c phn
loi thnh 2 khu vc khc nhau (Hnh
I-A.13)
Khu cm xy dng: l vng t ven
sng, ni thng xuyn b nh hng
nng bi thy triu v l u ngun.
Trong khu cm xy dng, tt c cc
cu trc xy dng s b hn ch.
Vng m: ni b nh hng l lt
Vng m
Vng ng bng ngp nc
22
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Vng an ton vi l
nh k v theo ma, thch hp s

dng t cho nng nghip, sn chi,
c s h tng khng quan trng, v
khu dn c v c s h tng p ng
vi l.
Trong khu vc TP. HCM, ng bng
ngp l ang di nguy c b san lp v
chim ng bi cc cng trnh xy dng
do th ha v nhu cu cao v nh .
t trong vng ng bng ngp nc b

gim nng lc tr l v do to ra cc
khu l lt mi. Vic bo v ng bng
ngp l, ti kt ni vng ngp vi mng
li sng ngoi, thit lp tiu chun s
dng t, cng nh tng cng cc quy
nh s dng t v kim sot th
trong khu vc ng bng ngp l l ht
sc cn thit.
TRC
Bng I-A.3: Phn loi theo s dng t theo tnh nhy cm vi tn thng do l
Pht trin
tng thch
vi nc
Cng trnh kim sot v chng l lt

Cng trnh dn nc, x l nc thi, v trm bm
Bn cng, bn du thuyn, v cng trnh ca ngnh nh bt c
Khng gian m, th thao ngoi tri, vui chi gii tr lin quan n
nc
Khu bo tn thin nhin
t nhy cm
Ca hng, nh hng v qun c ph, vn phng

Kho bi v c s phn phi
t ai v nh s dng cho nng lm nghip.
Nh my x l nc (vi y cc bin php kim sot nhim)
Trung bnh
Bnh vin, c s gio dc.

Trm y t khu dn c, nh cho tr em, nh dch v x hi, nh t, nh
, k tc x v khch sn.
Bi rc v cc c s qun l cht thi
Cc khu t phc v k ngh l v cc s kin

Rt nhy cm

Trm cnh st, trm cu thng, trm cu ha, im di tn khn cp

Cng trnh vin thng
Nh c tng hm
Cc c s c cc cht c hi d
Nhy cm
nht
C s h tng giao thng vn ti thit yu (bao gm c cc tuyn

ng s tn hng lot)
C s h tng chin lc, bao gm trm in v li in v trm
bin p chnh
SAU
Hnh I-A.14 : Vng ng bng

ngp nc trc vo sau khi b
xm chim bi nh v h tng,
dn n s gia tng ca mc
nc l.
(Phng theo DCLG 2006)

Thch ng - TP. HCM
23
04 Mng li h iu tit phn

cp
Hnh I-A.15: Trc v sau khi p

dng mng li h iu tit phn
cp trong cn ma v triu dng
Thng thng, do khng kh nng

tr nc trong sng v knh rch, mc
nc l s c tng ln nhanh chng
v dn n ngp lt. Khi p dng mt
mng li h iu tit phn cp trong
th, nc l s c chuyn t cc con
sng v knh vo cc h iu tit, v t
t c lc v chy tr li ra mng li
thot nc khi cn l qua i, hoc ra
sng khi sng c li nng lc tr nc
(Hnh I-A.15).
NH: Ronald Eckert / De Urbanisten
Ngoi ra, trong trn ma, khi m h

thng cng thot nc b qu ti, nc
chy b mt c th c tr trong cc
h iu tit ny v thot ra li h thng
thot nc th mt khi h thng thot
nc c th tip nhn thm lng
chy.
Mng li h iu tit phn cp trong
cc lu vc khc nhau trong thnh ph
s ng vai tr hiu qu trong vic gim
ngp lt c ngp t sng v ngp do
ma. Khu vc cha c xy dng ti
ngoi vi TP. HCM c tim nng c s
dng cho cc h iu tit phn cp, v
do cn c bo tn.
Ma ln
Triu dng
TRC
TRC
Ma ln
GHI CH
H iu tit phn cp
Triu dng
Nc l b dng nhanh
Nc l c thot t t ra sng
24
Thch ng - TP. HCM
SAU
SAU
05 H iu tit tm thi trong khu

vc th
Ty thuc vo ngun ti nguyn t, h
iu tit c th p dng theo cc kch c
khc nhau. Trong khu vc th ng
c, h iu tit c th c thit lp
bng cch tn dng cc cng trnh c
chc nng khc. Chng c gi tn l
h iu tit tm thi.
Bng I-A.4 v I-A.5 gm cc yu t
chnh xc nh a im ph hp cho
vic xy dng h iu tit tm thi v
dung tch tr nc ty theo. Mt s yu
cu c bn cho vic chn v tr ny l:
thi gian tr l (Balmforth, Digman,

Butler & Schaffer 2006).
Hnh I-A.16: Sn chi hot sn th thao c th ph vc nh khu a chc nng:

vi mc ch gii tr v lu tr nc tm thi trong thi gian l lt.
Bng I-A.5: Phn loi H iu tit tm thi

Loi
M t v lu
Bi xe
su ca nc b hn ch do
nguy c nc lm h xe, ng i
b v cc cng trnh lin quan.
Cng trnh s lun lun trn mt t

Cng trnh dnh cho vic tr nc s
c mt mc ch s dng khc bn
cnh
Chc nng s dng khc ny s
khng nht thit hot ng thng
xuyn v c th b ngt on trong
Bng I-A.4: Cc bc thit lp H
iu tit tm thi
1. Xc nh v tr thch hp cho lu vc
th
2. Xc nh su ti a ca nc l
3. c tnh lng nc ti a c th lu
tr v xy dng m hnh thy lc
4. Ch nh li thot nc
5. Xem xt cc vn sc khe v an
ton
(Phng theo Jha, Bloch & Lamond 2012)
ng nh ng c tc gii hn di 50
km/h, ni su ca nc c th
c kim sot ty theo thit k
Khu vc
gii tr
B mt cng c s dng cho

sn bng r, bng mini v sn
qun vt
Sn trng Cn thn trong thit k m bo

s an ton cho tr em.
su v dung
tch ti a
0.2 m
200 l/m
0.1 m
100 l/m
0.5 - 1.0 m
500 - 1.000 l/m
0.3 m
300 l/m
Sn chi
C th nm thp hn mt t ca
khu vc ln cn, v chim mt
khu vc rng ln, c th cung cp
dung tch ln.
0.5 - 1.0 m
500-1.000 l/m
Cng vin
Cn cn thn tch nc l ring

bit v kim sot ngn chn l
h lu
0.5 m - 1.0 m
500-1.000 l/m
Khu cng
nghip
Nn cn thn v mt s khu vc c
th to ra nhim nc mt.
0.5 m
500 l/m
(Phng theo Balmforth, Digman, Butler & Schaffer 2006)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
25
NH: Haffen City Hamburg Gmbh
Mt 80%
Hnh I-A.17: Cng mt din tch

khu t v tng din tch sn,
nhng khc t l khng gian m,
v mt xy dng
Hnh I-A.18: th TP. HCMC nn

pht trin theo dng nn gi li
cc vng t trng v cn trng
(Storch & Downes 2012)
Mt 50%
06 Hnh thi th cao tng v

nn
Hnh thi th cao tng v nn l khng
ch gip p ng khng gian cho mt
dn s ngy cng tng, m cn phc
v nh mt bin php bo v mi
trng t nhin. Hnh thi th cao
tng v nn lm gim du chn th v
do , lm gim s nh hng n ti
nguyn thin nhin. iu ny gip bo
v mt nc, t m ly, khng gian
xanh, v bo v kh nng tr nc t
nhin v do lm gim nguy c l lt.
Hnh thi th cao tng v nn c
khuyn khch cho s pht trin th
ca TP. HCM. i vi cc khu th
hin hu, nn khuyn khch tng mt
ni c s h tng cn p ng. Mt
xy dng ca to nh c th c
gim bng cch tha hip ph hp gia:
Khu vc khng xy dng di 1.5m AMSL

1.0m - 1.5m
0.5m - 1.0m
0.5m
khu khng xy dng trn 1.5m AMSL
Khu xy dng khc
Khu xy dng trn 1.5m AMSL
Khu xy dng di 1.5 m AMSL

1.0m - 1.5m
0.5m - 1.0m
0.5m
26
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Mt 30%
khng gian xy dng v khng gian

khng xy dng, tng din tch sn xy
dng v chiu cao xy dng. khuyn
khch hnh thi th nn v bo tn
khng gian m, cc v d v bin php
kim sot th c lit k di y:
Thit lp cc tiu chun duy tr
khng gian m v gia tng mt
xy dng
Khuyn khch hnh thc s dng t
hn hp
Tp trung khu lm vic v khu giao
thng trng im ti mt khu vc.
Cn bng mt xy dng vi cc
u i trong xy dng v u t
Nng cao nhn thc v li ch bo
qun mi trng ca hnh thi th
ny
u im
Bo tn khng gian m tr v thm
thu nc
Bo v mng nc t nhin
Gim chi ph xy dng c s h tng
thot nc
Nng cao hiu qu ca ngun cung cp
v x l nc
Nhc im
Yu cu quy hoch v kim sot th
mnh m hn ch pht trin th
trn lan
Nh cao tng khc bit so vi cu trc
nh n l truyn thng ti Vit Nam
Cng trnh v cu trc bo v

07 Cu trc bo v ti mt tin
sng
Mt tin sng ti khu vc th ho v
khu vc quan trng cn c bo v
khi l lt nhng cng cn phi c s
dng cho cc tin ch cng cng. Cu
trc bo v mt tin sng c th c
phn thnh hai danh mc khc nhau:
Cu trc bo v kh: cng trnh
phng th c nh v vnh vin nh
, p. Chng c thit k ngn
chn hon ton s xm nhp ca
nc l vo cc khu vc th.
Cu trc bo v t: cng trnh
mm hn nh cng vin, vng m
ly, hoc sn chi cho php s dng
t b sng cha nc l, thay
v ngn cch l. Nc l, do , s
c gi li v t t thot ra. Ngoi
Loi
Cu
trc
bo v
kh
Cu
trc
bo v
t
ra, khu vc b sng vn c th c

s dng nh l khng gian cng cng
tip cn, bng cch to ra cc hot
ng da trn thi gian l lt. Trong
hu ht cc trng hp, cc cu trc
bo v t cng c th nng cao tnh
thm m bng cch s dng nc
nh mt yu t thit k cnh quan.
Mc triu cc i
Vng nc
ln xung
Cu trc l bo v kh thng tn km
v i hi phi xy dng cng trnh
tn km v cng tc bo tr cht ch.
Chng c hiu qu nht c s dng
trong cc khu vc c l lt nghim trng
thng xuyn, ni c nhiu cng trnh
quan trng, v ni m khng th thi
gian cnh bo l lt (MRC 2009). Cu
trc phng chng l lt t c s
dng khi bo v kh l khng cn thit
hoc qu tn km.
u im

Tng c tr
Mc l 100 nm
Tng c tr
Mc l 100 nm
Mc triu cc i
Vng nc
ln xung
Nhc im
Chng hon ton nc l Chi ph u t cao

p
xm nhp khu th
i hi cng trnh xy dng
Ti ct
Tn dng t cho cng
s v bo dng nghim
Cng chng
trnh v h tng
ngt
l
C th lm tng l h ngun
ng
Qung
trng
Cng vin
Sn chi
Vng m
ly
H ao
Chi ph xy dng c th
thp hn
Mt tin b sng c th
tip cn
Tn dng khng gian
bng cc tch hp
C th tng tnh thm m
cho khu vc
Ch c mt s chc nng
th c th p dng c
Hnh I-A.19: Terrasses ti mt

tin b sng (Phng theo KCA
Architects)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
27

Hnh I-A.20: Ca ngn l
Bc ca
Tm che kim loi c chiu cao c

th iu chnh c
Tm che kim loi
08 Cu trc bo v nh ca
Cc ta nh v cng trnh lin quan c
th b nh hng trc tip v gin tip
bi l lt theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
nh hng trc tip l nhng thit hi
vt cht gy ra cho cc ta nh v cng
trnh lin quan. nh hng gin tip
l nh hng n cc hot ng cng
nghip hoc kinh doanh. Mt thit k
xy dng cn thn c th gip gim s
tn thng ca cc ta nh do l lt.
iu ny c bit quan trng cho cc
cng trnh hin hu trong vng l lt v
khng th di di.
Tng t nh cc chin lc bo v
mt tin sng, c chin lc phng
chng l lt cho cc ta c th c
phn loi nh sau:
Chng l t: Gip gim bt s
nguy him ca l bng cch cho nc
Bng I-A.6: Cc gii php cng trnh chng l cho to nh

Loi
M t
u im
Nhc im
Chng l
t
Vt liu chng thm trn sn

nh v c hai bc tng bn
ngoi v bn trong
Lp ven thng l
Nng cao v tr t ca thit b
d b h hi v c s dng in
Tng trt hoc kho lng c
s dng vi chc nng tm thi
t tn km
Gim tc l
Gim thit hi l lt cho cc
ta nh
i hi thi gian cnh bo

chun b
Khu vc sinh hot b hn ch
ri ro nhim
C th cn thit phi dn dp
sau khi l
Chng l
kh
Ca ngn l tm thi
Vt liu chng thm ch bc
tng bn ngoi
Nng cao ca s
Lp t van chy ngc
t tn km
Gi sch s cho khng gian
bn trong
Gim tc ng ca l ln th
cht v tinh thn ca ngi
c tr
Khng lm gim tc l lt v
kh nng thit hi cho cc khu
dn c xung quanh
Trnh
l hon
ton
Lm gim ng k ri ro ca l
lt ln cc ta nh
Gim tc ng ca l ln th
cht v tinh thn ca ngi
c tr
Tn km, c bit l khi p dng

cho cc ta nh hin hu
Nng cao t i hi phi nh
gi mi trng m bo khu
dn c xung quanh khng b tng
nguy c ngp lt
Nng cao tng trt

Nh sn
Nng cao t
Di di nh
(Phng theo CLG 2007)
28
Thch ng - TP. HCM

Tng s dng
Mc nc bn trong v
bn ngoi bng nhau
Hnh I-A.21: Nh c kho cha l

v chi tit ca n (Phng theo
FEMA 2008a).
Tng s dng
Mc nc bn trong thp
hn, kt cu chc hn cn
p dng
l vo ta nh
Tnh trng ngi nh hin hu
Chng l kh: Tm cch ngn khng

cho nc xm nhp vo ta nh
gim thit hi bn trong cng trnh,
cc c ph kin v ti sn, v
gim tc ng ln ngi c tr.
Trnh l hon ton: Nhm mc ch
trnh nc l hon ton bng cch
nng cao cc ta nh ln trn mc
nc l, hoc cho cc ta nh dng
ln cng vi nc l.
Nng lc ti chnh
i vi cc cng ng thu nhp thp,
sng trong khu vc nguy c l lt cao,
nn s dng gii php cng trnh k
trn kt hp vi gii php phi cng trnh
nh cho vay li sut thp, thit lp h
thng cnh bo sm, hun luyn s tn
v hun luyn t xy dng cng trnh
chng l.
Hnh I-A.22: Gii php chng l

kh v chng l t
S la chn gii php chng l ph hp

cho mt ta nh ph thuc vo:
Ngun l
su ca nc l
Thi gian l v chu k
iu kin mi trng hin ti, v d
kh hu, iu kin t ai, hoc nguy
c nhim
Bng I-A.7: Vt liu chng thm
B tng, khi b tng, gch lt
Gch men
, hoc vin (vi va chng thm
nc)
CHNG L T
(Trn)
CHNG L KH
(Phi)
Ca v khung ca s kim loi
1. Tng v sn
nh chng t
1. Tng ngoi
chng t
Mastic, silicone hoc bng polyurethane
2. t cao cc thit
b in t v ng
dy in
2. Ca ngn l
Kt ni bng thp khng r
Keo chu nc
(Phng theo FEMA 2008b)
3. Ca s nng cao
3. M ca cho
nc vo v
thot i
Thch ng - TP. HCM
29
NH: Ronald Eckert
Cc d n in hnh
01 Chng trnh Nc ABC & Cng
vin Bishan, Singapore
Trong nm 2006, c quan qun l nc
ca Singapore, S Qun l cng trnh
tin ch cng cng (PUB) khi xng
chng trnh Ngun nc Si ng,
Thm m v Sch s (Active, Beautiful
and Clean Waters (ABC Waters)), nhm
mc ch chuyn i mng li knh
rch chc nng, cng rnh, v cc h
cha ca Singapore thnh cc vo dng
sng, h sng ng v c chc nng
gim thiu ngp lt.
Hnh I-A.23: M hnh h iu tit

phn cp ca Singapore (Atelier
Dreiseitl 2009)
Singapore l mt nh quc o, nm
gn ng xch o v do nhn
c lng ma phong ph (3,550
mm mi nm), tuy nhin li thiu nc
sch t nhin. T nhng nm 1970, tnh
trng ny buc thnh ph xem xt li h
thng nc v p dng mt cch tip
cn ton din v chin lc qun l
nc sm hn nhiu so vi cc thnh
V tr
Singapore
Lng
ma
Cng
ma
3,550 mm hng nm
Din tch
14,000 ha (ton khu)

63 ha (Cng vin Bishan)
7,000 km (ton khu)
3,000 m (Cng vin Bishan)
H thng
sng ngi
Ch u t S Qun l cng trnh tin

ch cng cng v cng vin
quc gia Singapore
Nh thit
Atelier Dreiseitl
k
Thi cng
2006-2008
2009-2010
Gii php
p dng
Ti to t nhin cho lu vc
sng, H iu tit phn cp,
Lm sch sinh hc, a chc
nng.
Bishan Park
Hnh I-A.24: Lu vc trung tm

ca Singapore v v tr cng vin
Bishan (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
30
Thch ng - TP. HCM
319 l/s/ha
ph khc. Quy hoch lu vc nc tng

th ton thnh ph ca Singapore nhm
mc ch qun l nc ma v nc ni
chung ti a phng thng qua mt h
thng thot nc th tch hp v phn
cp. Mt mng li cc bin php ti a
phng ngn chn ti nc cao v lm
gim p lc trn cc con sng trong cc
s kin ma bo cao im. Nc ma
c thu bi mt mng li ton din
ca cng rnh, knh rch, sng ngi,
h ao, trc khi c chuyn n cc
h cha nc ngt lu tr. iu ny
gp phn vo mc tiu ca vic s dng
2.400 mm nc ma hng nm cung
cp nc ngt (PUB 2011).
Cc hot ng t nhin ha cho knh
rch tng b k ha bng b-tng trong
cng vin Bishan, mt trong nhng
d n th im ca chng trnh ABC
Waters, nhm mc ch p ng nhng
thch thc hin ti v tng lai nh
thiu nc ngt, dn s ngy cng gia

tng, nhim ngun nc, cng nh
tng lng ma v mc nc bin do
bin i kh hu. Vi mt cch tip cn
hon ton mi, cng vin Bishan kt
hp cc gii php k thut vi thit k
cnh quan cht lng cao, v qun l
nc ma ti a phng bng cch
thm thu, thu gom, bay hi v lm
sch sinh hc, cng nh tch hp cc
tim nng ca vic thay i mc nc
trong thit k. Cc bin php h tr khc
nh lm sch v gim nc chy trn
c th c tip tc c thng qua
cc gii php nh mi nh v mt tin
xanh, vn ma, ti s dng nc, mi
trng sinh thi sch v lc rc trong
cc khu dn c lin k (Dreiseitl & Grau
2009). nh du mc l v h thng
cnh bo cng c ci t cnh
bo cng ng trong trng hp mc
nc gia tng t ngt.
Sn chi nc: mc nc
thp, sn chi cho tr em
Lm sch sinh hc: m ly nhn

to, gip lm sch nc m khng
dng ho cht.Nc sch sau
c chuyn v sn chi nc
TRC
SAU - KHI NUC THP
SAU - KHI NC DNG
Hnh I-A.25: Sng Kallang trong

cng vin Bishan trc v sau
khi ti to cnh quan t nhin (lc
mc nc thp v cao) (Atelier
Dreiseitl 2009)
Sng Kallang: trc y b k ho

bng xi-mng, gi c t nhin
ho, c ti to ng cong v cho
nc chy qua
i ti s dng: Cc tng ximng dng k ho sng nay

c sp xp li thnh mt sp
t mang tnh thm m cao
Hnh I-A.26: Thit k cnh quan

cho cng vin Bishan (Atelier
Dreiseitl 2009)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
31
NH: BACA Architects
02 Sng chung vi l, D n LifE,

Vng quc Anh
Thng lu: Lm nc ma
chm li
Trung lu: Cho nc sng chy

qua
H lu: Cho nc triu chy qua

Hnh I-A.27: Nguyn tc chung
ca d n LifE cho qun l ngp
ti cc lu vc khc nhau (BACA
Architects 2009)
32
Thch ng - TP. HCM
D n LifE (Sng Kin Di Hn Cho Cc

Khu Vc C Nguy C L Lt) c dn
dt bi Cng ty kin trc BACA v Hi
nghin cu cng trnh kin trc Vng
quc Anh. T nm 2005, d n
c thc y tm kim cc gii php
bn vng cho thch ng vi bin i kh
hu, c bit l ri ro l lt, cho ngnh
cng nghip xy dng. D n LifE tp
trung theo hng tip cn khng phng
chng i vi nguy c l lt, gi l Sng
chung vi l. tng ny khng nhm
mc ch ngn nc l vo khu vc,
nhng nhm thit k khu th mi theo
cch cho php nc l v nc ma di
chuyn trn hoc xung quanh cc khu
t mt cch c kim sot, v xc nh
trc.
D n tp trung u tin vo ba d n
th im trong ba lu vc khc nhau:
Hackbridge lu vc thng ngun,
Peterborough lu vc gia v Littlehampton lu vc thp hn. Tt c
ba khu t th im ny u c nguy
c ngp lt trong tng lai. Trong cc
trng hp nghin cu, quy hoch tng
th ven sng c pht trin khc
nhau da trn cc nguyn tc chung
ca LifE (Hnh I-A.27). Qun l ngp lt,
sau c tch hp trong thit k khu
t. Phng php tip cn tch hp ny
tm cch s dng ti nguyn t ai v
V tr
Vng quc Anh
Lng
ma
650 mm hng nm
Din tch
24,000 ha (tt c cc d n
th im)
800 ha (cho mi d n
Hackbridge)
Ch u t Defra Research Project, UK

Nh thit
BACA, Building Research
k
Establishment, Halcrow,
Fulcrum Consulting
Thit k
Thi cng
2009
ang thi cng
Gii php
p dng
Ti to vng ngp, phn

khu vng ngp, Ti t nhin
sng, a chc nng
nc qua nhiu chc nng, chng hn

nh chc nng th chn lc, gii tr,
sn xut nng lng ti to, sn xut
lng thc a phng, lu tr nc,
gim l lt.
D n Hackbridge nm London
Borough vng Sutton, ng nam nc
Anh, trn lu vc thng ngun ca
sng Wandle. Sutton d kin s tng
40% s nh theo k hoch ca
Borough. Tuy nhin, 5% din tch t
ca Sutton c nguy c l lt t sng
mc trung bnh, v thm 5% din tch
t nm trong vng c nguy c l lt
cao hoc vng chc nng ngp. V vy,
y l mt a im l tng cho mt d
n th im nhm gim nh ri ro l lt
trong lu vc thng ngun.
Mt khng gian cng cng trung tm,
gi l Lng xanh Blue v Green c
thit k nh mt khng gian m cha
l nc trong thi gian l lt. Khi l lt
qua i, nc c dn tr li sng,
v khng gian li c s dng nh mt
sn chi cng ng v c s th dc
th thao. Cng vi lng Blue v Green,
cng c cc khu chc nng xy dng
trong sn vn, c chc nng thu gom
nc ma t nh , lu tr v cho
thm vo t. Trn ton khu t, mt
Lng Blue
Hnh I-A.28: Phi cnh ca d n

Hackbridge v khu Lng Blue
(trong vng chm xanh), ni nc
l c ch (BACA Architects
2009).
mng li mng c trng c c s

dng vn chuyn nc trn t sng
vo vng ngp chc nng trong lng
Blue. Thit k th cng cho php c
b mt m v thm ti a. Cc ta nh
nm gn sng c thit k chng l kh.
Mi nh nng lng mt tri c s
dng to ra in trong thi gian l lt.
Lng trung tm
H kh v m ly cung cp mi trng sng cho sinh thc vt

Li i kt ni cc khu tin ch v khu trng hc
S dng cc yu t thit k mm, bng cc cy thc vt a
phng
Vn
Li vo chung cho xe c, ngi i b,

ngi i xe p
Khng gian a chc nng cho xe, khu
mua sm v im tp kt
Khu th thao t nn cng, c chc nng
cha nc l
Nh
Khng gian tin ch cng ng

Thu hoch v x l nc ma v nc
chy b mt t cc khu cn h
Nh
Bng nng
lng mt
tri
Chy trn ra
sng
Sn chi
tr em
T nhin ho
b sng
Nh
chng l
kh
Thit b kim sot chy trn
Trng
hc
ng dn
Cho php nc l chy trn vo
cc khu cy xanh a chc nng
Thc phm sch a phng

Vn chung hay vn phong lan
To khng gian cho nc l
Nh
Cc hnh lang cnh quan cung cp ng i

b v p xe
Thc vt sng c trong mi trng m ly
Ci xay gi
To ra in
Trung tm cho du khch
Hnh I-A.29: Thit k chi tit ca

d n Hackbridge, cho thy nhiu
khng gian tin ch cng cng
c kt hp vi chc nng cha
l (BACA Architects2009)
River
Lng Green
Khu khng gian cng cng m
Ni gii tr bnh dn
Ni chi th thao
Ch cha gim l
Nc l t sng c chy vo vng m
ly qua h thng mng
Thch ng - TP. HCM
33
03 D n lp bn Nguy c l
lt, Nht Bn
Ni tr l
su ca nc l
Hnh I-A.30: Bng ch dn (MLIT
2004)
Nh l mt phn ng vi thit hi nng

n t cn bo Tokage trong nm 2003,
B t ai, C s h tng v Giao thng
vn ti Nht Bn (MLIT) bt u D n
kim sot l lt khn cp 2004-2014 vi
tng kinh ph l 90 t Yn. T nm 2004
n nm 2005, cc bin php cng trnh,
chng hn nh phc hi cc im nt
trong k v nng cao con c
tin hnh. Sau , d n chuyn sang
bin php phi cng trnh, quan trng
nht trong s l d n Bn ph
thng nguy c l lt. Bn nguy c l
lt ca mi thnh ph c thnh lp
vi quy m thch hp da trn kt qu
nh gi nguy c l lt s b cho mi
thnh ph c th. Cc bn bao gm
cc kch bn l lt sau y:
A) Xc sut thp (1:1000, mt ln trong
1000 nm)
V tr
Tokyo city, Japan
Lng
ma
2,065 mm hng nm
Din tch
697 km2
Ch u t B t ai, C s h tng v
Giao thng vn ti Nht Bn
(MLIT)
Nh thit
k
MLIT
Thit k
Thi cng
2003
2004-2014
Gii php
p dng
Lp bn ngp lt, truyn

b thng tin v ngp lt
B) Xc sut trung (1:100, mt ln trong

100 nm)
C) Xc sut cao (1:20, mt ln trong 20
nm)
Cc bn sau c phn phi cho
cc nhm i tng khc nhau bao
Bng ch dn t trn ct n
hay tr in
Bng ch dn t
bng ng
Bng trong cc qung
trng cng cng
Hnh I-A.31: V tr c th ng
thng tin ngp lt (MLIT 2004)
34
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Bng ch dn dn
trn tng
NH: MLIT Japan
gm c ngi dn a phng v chnh

quyn a phng. Sau , cc cuc
iu tra c tin hnh nh gi
phn hi ca c dn cc vng c
lp bn nguy c l lt, nng cao
cht lng bn .
Bn cnh vic thnh lp bn nguy c
l lt, MLIT cng bt u mt chin dch
thit lp cc bng thng tin thm ha
trong vng c nguy c l lt. Cc bng
ny bao gm cc thng tin khc nhau
nh lch s ca him ha, su nc
l trc y, su d on ca l, v
v tr ca cc ni tr n di tn trnh l
gn nht (Hnh I-A.32). Nhng du hiu
ny khng ch gip ngi dn, m cn

khch du lch trong trng hp phi
s tn. Cc kt qu c cng b
trong quyn Hng dn lp bn ph
thng nguy c l lt, nh mt hng
dn cho chnh quyn thnh ph v c
quan qun l sng ngoi.
Tip theo thnh cng ca d n, ba bng
hiu thin tai l lt Chiu su nc l,
Ni tr n s tn l lt v Ni c
bo v, c chun ha v gii
thiu trn ton quc (Hnh I-A.30).
Hnh I-A.32: Mt v d ca bng

thng tin ti trung tm cng ng
khu dn c Kinosaki (MLIT 2004)
CC KNH THNG TIN
TNG NGM
CH DN V CCH DI DI
V CC VIC CN LM
GHI CH
ni c kh nng
Ni tr n
b ngp
khu vc ngp vi
im lin lc
chiu su khc nhau
Khng gian ngm
Hnh I-A.33: V d in hnh cho

bn ngp lt cho mt thnh ph
(MLIT 2004)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
35

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Public Utilities Board Singapore (2011). ABC Waters Design Guidelines, Singapore:
PUB. Retrieved from http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/ABCcertified/Documents/ABC_
Guidelines_090616.pdf
Lai, C.M.L. & Vaishali, K., 2009. CASE STUDY Active, Beautiful and Clean waters
programme in Singapore, Singapore.
02 Sng chung vi l, D n LifE, Vng quc Anh
www.baca.uk.com/
03 D n lp bn Nguy c l lt, Nht Bn
International flood network. (2007). Best Practice of Flood Hazard Map in Japan. Retrieved
from http://www.internationalfloodnetwork.org/common/070806FHM%20Best%20Practice_
Final.pdf
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japan. (2003). Flood hazard mapping for
technology transfer. International training program on total disaster risk management.
Retrieved from www.adrc.asia/publications/TDRM2003June/26hazardmap1.pdf
Thch ng - TP. HCM
37
I-B.
Qun l Nc mt
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Trong qu trnh th ha nhanh ca TP. HCM, din tch b mt khng thm
nc c tng gp i trong vng 17 nm, 1989-2006 (Trn & H 2007).
iu ny dn n mt s gia tng tng ng i vi nc chy b mt.
Trong khi , lng ma trong thnh ph tng ln ng k (Hnh I-B.1),
ch yu do nh hng ca hin tng o nhit th v bin i kh hu.
Nhng s kin ny t ra thch thc to ln trong vic qun l nc mt.
S lng xy ra
50
46
42
38
34
2009
2010
2011
2012
Nm
Hnh I-B.1: S lng cc s kin

ma ln TP. HCM t 2009 n
2012 (SCFC 2012)
Mc ch chnh thng thng ca vic

qun l nc trong th vi mt mc
b mt khng thm cao l thot
nc ma cng nhanh cng tt. Trn
mt quy m nh, thot nc nhanh c
th l mt gii php tt, nhng iu ny
thng dn n vic nc chy b mt
c di chuyn n mt khu vc khc
h lu v gy nn vn mi. Ngoi ra,
cch thot nc nhanh cng dn n
lm st gim tng nc ngm. Kt qu
l, cc vn lin quan n tnh trng
thiu nc v xm nhp mn s din
ra d dng hn trong ma khan him
nc, iu m d kin cng s xy ra
thng xuyn hn (MoTPWWM 2000).
vic qun l nc mt lu vc sng.

Mc ch l gi nc ma cng lu cng
tt ti lu vc xy ra ma bng cch t
nhin hoc cc h cha nhn to. Nc
tha ch c x khi cc bin php gi
nc c s dng ht cng sut.
Chng ny gii thiu cc bin php
thc hin mt h thng qun l nc
ma v nc mt nu trn. Nhng bin
php ny c th c phn loi da
trn Chin lc ba bc nh sau
(Hnh I-B.3):
Thm thu
Lu tr
Thot nc v vn chuyn
Nh cp trc , nc s c
gi cng lu cng tt, ngay c trong iu
kin kh hay bnh thng. Mc ch l
ngn chn s suy gim mc nc
ngm v hn ch dng chy ra ngoi
a phng. Chin lc khng c
dng chy ra ngoi i hi n lc ph
hp theo tng khu vc. Cc mc tiu
hnh ng chi tit ngn nga s st
Hnh I-B.2: H thng thot nc

gp ph bin ti TP. HCM
Mt cch tip cn qun l nc ton

din s ngn chn cc vn ny sinh
lin quan n nc v nng cao an ton
cho qun l nc vng h lu. t
c mc tiu ny, Chin lc ba
bc c xut (Hnh I-B.3). Chin
lc ba bc: Thm thu, Lu tr, v
Thot nc l cc chin lc chung cho
40
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Hnh I-B.3: Chin lc ba bc gim thiu
vn nc chy b mt
Thm thu
Lu gi
gim tng nc ngm v s nhp mn,

cng nh ci thin cht lng nc nn
c xc nh (MoTPWWM 2000).
tun hon nc tng hp cho cc khu

vc th mi v khu vc th ci to.
Mc ch ca nhng nguyn tc ny l:
Trn th gii, hin c cc phng php

Qun l nc ma tch hp ng vi quy
m th c t vi nhiu tn khc
nhau. Khi nim v H thng thot nc
th bn vng (SUDS) c pht trin
ti Anh c l l gii php c bit tn
nhiu nht (CIRIA 2007). i vi khu
vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng, khi
nim v Thit k th nhy cm vi
nc (WSUD), c ngun gc c, th
ph bin hn. WSUD c th c gii
thch cch n gin nht l s tng
tc gia cc hnh thi th (bao gm
c cnh quan th) v vng tun hon
nc th bao gm ba dng nc
th l nc sch, nc thi, v nc
ma. Cc nguyn tc chung ca WSUD
tp trung vo vic t c qun l vng
Gim nhu cu nc sinh hot thng

qua vic s dng cc thit b v ph
kin nc hiu qu, thu gom nc
ma v ti s dng nc thi.
Thu hoch nc ma
Thot nc
Gim thiu lng nc thi v x

l nc thi ph hp tiu chun cho
vic ti s dng, v/hoc thi ra mi
trng nc t nhin.
X l nc ma v nc mt ph
hp tiu chun cho vic ti s dng,
v/hoc thi ra mi trng nc t
nhin.
S dng nc ma v nc mt
trong cnh quan th tn dng
cho cc hot ng v tin nghi gii tr
trong th (PUB 2011).
B mt thm thu
Mng
Hnh I-B.4: Mt ct in hnh ca

mt h thng SUDS trong mt khu
vc dn c
m ly v khu lng ng
Sng ngi
Thch ng - TP. HCM
41
NH: Chu Hunh / Ronald Eckert / Chu Hunh
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Cc gii php xut

Thm thu
09 Va h thm thu
Dng chy t mt ng v va h lt
mt c th c gim bng cch thay
th bng vt liu lt mt c kh nng
thm nc. Vt liu lt mt thm nc
cho php nc c thm thu vo
lng t, do chng lm bng vt liu
xp, hoc do c cch lt to ra khong
trng gia cc n v vt liu. Vt liu
lt mt thm nc c th c p dng
vo nhng ch t (hoc khng c) lu
lng giao thng (v d nh ng li
xe vo, khc cua, va h, bi u xe).
Phn t nn cng cho php lu tr
nc ma, thng thng bng nhng
khong trng gia cc ht vt liu nn.
Sau khi nc thm qua vt liu lt mt,
n tip tc t t thm vo lng t.
Hnh I-B.5: S kt hp gia cc b

mt thm thu v mt cng thot
nc b mt ni nhau bi mt ng
thot nc thm thu
Vt liu thm thu
Cng ra
ng thm thu
Cho thm thu
42
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Ngoi ra, trong trng hp phi bo v

nc ngm khi nhim, phn t nn
v phn t bn hng c th phi c
nim phong, nc c php thm vo
ng dn c l, nhng tc chy chm
hn rt nhiu so trong mt h thng
cng thng thng (Hnh I-B.5). Vic
thm nc khng c khuyn khch
trong khu vc th c nguy c gy
nhim nc ngm (Work Bank 2011).
Cu trc in hnh ca mt h thng
lt nn thm nc bao gm nhiu lp
(Hnh I-B.6). Lp trn cng l lp vt liu
lt nn thm thu, c th dy t 10-15
cm. Trong lp ny, cc ht ct c ng
knh nh hn 2 mm c loi b, to
ra mt khng gian trng trong vt liu
n 18-20%. Lp tip theo l mt lp
ht nghin vi ng knh khong 2
cm, tip theo l lp lc v b lc bng
nhng vt liu lc k nh ct, si. Di
cng l lp tr nc nu cn thit, v c
th i km vi ng thot nc. Di lp
ny s phn t t nhin. Trong trng
hp thm thu khng nn c thit lp
trong mt khu vc c th, mt lp khng
thm nc c th c s dng gia
lp tr nc v phn t t nhin, cho
php h thng ny hot ng nh mt
h cha vi dng chy thot vo cc
ng ng thot nc (Novotny et al.
2010).
C nhiu li ch cho vic s dng vt
liu lt nn thm thu, li ch chnh l
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
gim ln n 30% nc chy b mt

so vi thng thng. Nu va h c
thit k ph hp, n mt phn ba thi
nc chy b mt c th c lu tr
v sau thm thu vo mt t t
nhin. Kt qu l tng nc ngm c
ti b sung ngun nc - y c th coi
l li ch quan trng th hai. Nhng li
ch khc l vic gim vic xy dng h
thng cng thot nc, loi b cc cht
gy nhim ca nc chy b mt vo
cc lp t (Novotny et al. 2010).
Khi thit lp h thng va h thm nc,
lu rng mc nc ngm ti v tr thit
k phi c chiu cao cao hn 1m ti lp
nn ca cu trc (CIRIA 2007). Do
va h thm nc ch c hiu qu trong
cc khu vc c mc nc ngm thp
TP. HCM.
Vt liu lt mt c kh nng
thm hoc khng kn mt
Lp nn lt
Lp nn thm thu
Lp nn cht
C
3 - 5 cm ct hoc or si vn
20 - 30 cm t tht
t nn
C
3 - 5 cm ct hoc
si vn
15 cm Si v t
tht hn hp
15 - 30 cm Lp
si ln
t nn
Gch lt c l
hoc c
3 - 5 cm Si v t
tht hn hp
15 - 30 cm Lp
si ln
t nn
Gch lt c l
trng c
3 - 5 cm Si v t
tht hn hp
15 - 30 cm Lp
si ln
t nn
Hnh I-B.6: Cu trc in hnh

ca cc cch lt gch thm thu
(Phng theo BSU Hamburg)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
43
NH: Ronald Eckert
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
10 Cnh quan thm thu

Hu ht cc loi cnh quan, d l t
nhin hay nhn to, c tc dng nh
mt ming bt bin hp th v lu
tr nc ma. Trong cc iu kin t
nhin khng c cng trnh xy dng v
lt b mt, hu ht lng ma khng
bao gi tr thnh dng chy, thay vo
l c ngm vo t hoc bc hi.
Cy, cy bi, c, b mt cc cht hu
c, v tt c cc loi t ng mt vai
tr trong cnh quan hp th ny.
Cc nghin cu khoa hc ch ra rng
mt s lng ng k nc ma c
hp th bi cc tn cy (tc l, cha
chm n mt t). Cy c chc nng

gi nc ma, lm chm li tc ri
xung mt t. Mc d mt s lng
nc ma c th tch hp li v ri
xuyn qua cc tn, phn ln b tr hon
trc khi ri xung mt t, qua l hoc
trn cnh cy, to ra nhng git nh. S
cn li chy xung cnh v nhnh cy
tr thnh thn dng chy thn cy
(Lanarc Consultants 2005).
t l c ch cnh quan quan trng nht
lu tr nc ma. t cnh quan
thng lu tr t 7% (i vi ct) n
18% (i vi mn) tr lng nc trc
khi tr thnh bo ha vi t t nhin
hay kt hp vi dng chy mt. Cu trc
3
1
Hp th qua tn l
Tch hp v ri xuyn qua

tn l
Bay hi
Lu gi nc ngm
Thm thu qua t
Thm thu qua lp thm

thc vt
Dng chy ngm
Nc c ci thin cht
lng
Ngun nc ngm su
bn di
2
10
5
4
7
8
Hnh I-B.7: Cc cch hp th nc

ma khc nhau ca cnh quan hp
th nc
44
Thch ng - TP. HCM
10 B mt khng thm v s chy

b mt
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
ca lp t b mt ng mt vai tr c
bn trong vic qun l nc ma. Trong
iu kin t nhin, thc vt b mt cung
cp mt lp cht hu c, c ln vi
giun t v vi khun. Thm thc vt v
cht hu c ci thin cu trc t v gp
phn to ra cc khoang trng trong t.
y l iu cn thit to iu kin cho
vic thm thu v kh nng bay hi.
ti u ha qu trnh thm thu, lp t
b mt nn c hm lng hu c cao
(khong 10-25%). Thm thc vt b mt
nn l cy thn tho vi b r chm (cy
bi hoc c), cy rng l vi mt l
cao, hoc cy rng hn tp.
Gim b mt vt liu khng thm

nc trong cc khng gian m c
chc nng gii tr.
Bng I-B.1: H s thm ca cc loi t khc nhau

Loi t
Nc chy b mt khu vc cnh quan

c th c gim ln n 50% bng
cch cung cp mt lp t 300mm thm
nc, ngay c trong iu kin m t,
khi kh nng thm ca t thp (Lanarc
Consultants 2005).
Cc loi t thm tt
Gim b mt khng thm nc cng l

mt chin lc tng cnh quan hp
th nc. Da trn bn v thit k
th hin ti cho cc khu dn c mi
TP. HCM, gii php gim b mt khng
thm nc c th t c bi cc
chin lc nh:
Gim du chn xy dng
T l thm in hnh (m/h)
Si
10 - 1000
Ct
0.1 - 100
Ct pha t st
0.01 - 1
t st pha ct
0.05 - 0.5
t st
0.001 - 0.1
t st ph sa
0.0005 - 0.05
vi
0.001 - 100
t st pha ct v sn
0.001 - 0.1
Cc loi t thm yu
t st ph sa pha sn
Sn
0.00005 - 0.005
< 0.0001
Gim rng ng
0.00001 - 0.01
Gim tiu chun u xe v din tch

xe b mt
0.00001 - 0.1
(Phng theo CIRIA 2007)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
45
NH: NCSU-BAE / Atlanta Regional Commission / NCSU-BAE
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Hnh I-B.8: Mt vn ma nh
Hnh I-B.9: Mt ct ca mt h
t (Phng theo US. Environment
protection agency)
11 H thm thu
H t:
H thm thu l ni c o su
lu nc chy trn b mt v nc
dn dn thm qua cc lp t ca cc
h. Gii php ny gip loi b hiu qu
cc cht nhim v b sung vo ngun
nc ngm cn bng ti nguyn
nc. Tuy nhin, thit k h thm thu
ph thuc phn ln vo loi t v dung
tch khng gian c sn.
Vnh vin c nc vi h thy sn v

thc vt nc, nm ch yu xung quanh
ra h (Hnh I-B.9). Thi gian lu nc
qua nhiu ngy to iu kin tt hn cc
ao gi nc tm, cng nh v mt x
l sinh hc. Cc khi cn c th c
s dng trong thit k ca h di hnh
thc ca hn o, doi t hoc bi ct
ngm. Cc khi cn tng tnh thm m
v to ra s thay i trong mi trng
sng ca sinh thc vt.
Trong trng hp nc chy trn khn

cp sau mt trn ma to, ng dn trn
c th c b sung cho h thm thu.
Cn lu rng h thm thu khc
mng dn nc: trong khi h thm
thu c hnh dng bt k, mng dn
nc c hnh dng tuyn tnh.
Nhn chung, cc lu vc xm nhp c
th c phn loi thnh:
Ct o
dng
Mc l 100 nm
Phn p t
cho trng hp cc
oan
Mc l 10 nm
Mc l 2 nm
Mc nc bnh thng
Np y
Dng
chy
vo
B trc
46
Thch ng - TP. HCM
B lng
Nin st
chng thm
Ca cng
ng dn
H kh:
L p kh, thit k nc ma
thm thu vo t. Khc vi h t,
h kh khng c nc trong sut tt
c cc ma, v ch cha y nc tm
thi trong v ngay sau cn ma (Hnh
I-B.10). H kh c thit k cha
nc ma trong khong thi gian t 6
n 12 gi sau khi mt cn ma ln,
hoc 12 n 48 gi i vi cc h kh
m rng. Yu t ny khin cho h kh
c ph bin hn h t, do n khng
cho php mui sinh sn.
H kh thng c trng vi cc loi
thc vt c th tn ti c trong iu kin
kh hoc m t trong mt thi gian di.
Vi lp t ti xp ca h v h thng
r ca thm thc vt, qu trnh thm
thu c khuyn khch, tnh m ca
t c duy tr v cc vi sinh vt c
khuyn khch. Nhn chung, h kh v
NCSU-BAE
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
h t ph hp nht vi h thng thot

nc ca khu vc nh hn 4ha.
Nc chy
mt
Vn ma:
Cy sng c trong c
mi trng ngp v kh
Quy m nh hn h kh, ph hp c
tch hp trong vn nh. Vn ma
c thit k x l nc ma ca
khu t nh, chng hn nc ma t
khu xe, mi nh, v li vo. Vn
ma thng nm gn ng thot nc
t mi nh. Cc loi thc vt s dng
trong vn ma khng ch c la
chn h tr vic thm thu m cn
tng tnh thm m. Thc vt bn a
c khuyn khch s dng gim chi
ph bo tr v thu ht sinh vt bn a
(Hnh I-B.11).
Thit k h thm thu cn phi xem xt
cn thn v v tr khu t. T l thm
thu km hiu qu ti cc im c mc
nc ngm cao, khi khong cch t
mc nc ngm cao nht n b mt
thm t hn 1,5 m. Tc thm t 2 n
5 cm/ gi c xem l ph hp. t
nn c hm lng st t hn 20% v
hm lng ct mn nh hn 40% (MDE,
2000). y ca h nn cng phng cng
tt ci thin t l thm nc. V tr
ca h nn xa ging ung nc trnh
nguy c nhim.
Van
G
chn
c l
Nc chy
mt
Ging thm
Cng
dn kn
mt
Hn hp t ct c
kh nng thm tt
Khng nn cht t nn
t t nhin hin hu c kh nng thm tt
Hnh I-B.10: Mt ct in hnh ca mt h kh
Mng n
Cy a phng:
hp thu nc ma
v cht nhim,
ng thi th ht
ong bm
Si, / mng c trng cy

hoc ng dn nc
Ca chy trn (nu
cn thit)
Khu vc h:
thm thu
Lp t hn
hp: 50-60% ct,
20-30% composit,
20-30% t mt
B r: ly cht dinh
dng, to ra vi sinh v
thm thu
Nn si (nu cn)
Hnh I-B.11: Mt ct in hnh ca mt vn ma

Thch ng - TP. HCM
47
NH: HYPSOS / DH Evironmetal Consulting / www.wsud.org / Ronald Eckert
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Lu tr
12 Vng m ly nhn to
Cc vng m ly pha nam v pha
ng ca TP. HCM ng vai tr quan
trng trong vic duy tr tun hon nc.
Chng gi mt lng ln nc, v thc
y qu trnh np nc ngm v bc hi
nc (BC MoWLAP 2002).
Vic s dng m ly nhn to ci
thin cht lng nc ma th
c p dng rng ri nhiu ni, trong
s , nhiu v d c kt hp
thnh cng vi thit k cnh quan
th. Vng m ly nhn to c thit
k bi mt nc c trng dy c thm
thc vt c chc nng lc cn v hp
th cht nhim t nc ma.
m ly nhn to, bao gm mt khu vc
u vo (l b lng loi b cn th),
tip theo l khu vc thm thc vt nc
Hnh I-B.12: Mt ct in hnh ca

mt m ly nc chy
(mt b nng c nhiu thc vt loi

b cc ht cn mn) v sau cng l ng
dn nc trn ( bo v khu vc thm
thc vt nc). Chng c thit k
loi b cc cht nhim trong nc
ma, t cc ht cn th, mn n cc
cht nhim ha tan.
Thit k m ly nhn to trong cc
khng gian m c th kt hp n tr
thnh im n th v ca cng ng.
Vic thit k cnh quan trong m ly
phi m bo rng m ly va p
ng cc chc nng x l nc ma v
tch hp hi ho vi mi trng xung
quanh. Gii php tng tnh tin nghi v
an ton bng cch thit k cc im
vng cnh, cc ng i do, cc ni t
chc pinic, th dc th thao v.v.
Nhn chung, m ly ngp nc c th
overflow
ra h thng thot nc th
Mt nc m
Khu thm thc vt nc
48
Thch ng - TP. HCM
ng ph
Bi cy su Bi cy lng Bi cy cn
u vo
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
c phn loi thnh ba loi chnh:
m ly nc lng:
m ly nc chy:
i vi dng m ny, nc khng th

nhn thy trn b mt v n nm bn
di b r lc, tuy nhin b mt t
nho vn c nhn thy (PUB 2011).
c trng vi cc loi cy m ly,

mc nc gi su khng i. Cc
m ly trng gip loi b cc tp cht
trong nc.
m ly thm thc vt tri:
S dng tm thm thc vt di ng v
th ni trn mt nc, c s dng
trong trng hp cn lc nc trong
cc h b nhim, c gi thnh r hn
nhiu so vi cc gii php k thut khc.
BYPASS SPILLWAY
Bypass Permanent Inlet Zone-Macrophyte

Zone Connection
channel pool
Extended detention
Inlet pond
INLET ZONE
WETLAND OUTLET
Inlet pond
MACROPHYTE ZONE
Hnh I-B.13: Cu trc v vic xy

dng mt khu m ly nhn to
(PUB 2011)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
49
NH: Kristin Goldbach / NCSU-BAE
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
13 Thu nc ma v ti s dng
v sau lu tr nc trong cc bn
cha gip lm gim dng chy trn cao
im trong th (Jha, Bloch & Lamond
2012).
Thu nc ma l mt la chn bn vng

tng ngun nc s dng trong khu
vc khan him nc hay thiu nc
my. Gii php ny c s dng
rng ri b sung ngun nc trong
khu vc nng thn ca Vit Nam trong
nhiu th k (Nguyn 2007). Tuy nhin,
gn y n b gim tm quan trng,
mt phn l do ngun nc cp th
c ci thin v c gi thnh r,
mt phn v quan nim cho rng nc
ma l ngun nc khng v sinh.
i vi mt h thng nh vy, cc
phng php tr nc cn phi ph
hp i vi nhiu mc ch ti s dng
khc nhau. H thng cha cho h gia
nh c th l n gin l thng nc,
trong khi quy m tr nc ln hn s
dng bn cha trn mi, hay bn cha
trn hoc di mt t. Chi ph lp t
ban u v mua cc thit b ca gii
php ny c th l tng i cao. Do
vy, i vi TP. HCM, p dng h thng
thu gom nc ma kh ln nn u tin
trc cho cc ta nh cng cng v cc
ta nh c b mt mi nh ln. Nh
gia nh c khuyn khch s dng h
thu nc n gin nh thng nc phi
hoc b trn sn thng.
Trn mt kha cnh khc, thu gom nc

ma c chng minh l mt k
thut quan trng gim thiu nc
chy trn b mt trn mt din tch rng,
v gim thiu p lc trn h thng cng
rnh thot nc ra sng. Phng
php thu gom nc ma hng lot ti
ngun trong mt lu vc, c bit l ti
cc khu th ln, bng cch thu gom
Nc ma c lu tr c th c s
3
4
Hnh I-B.14: H thng thu nc

ma trn mt t vi chc nng
chy trn v ti s dng
50
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Nc ma c thu t mi nh
Sau khi c thu, nc ma

c chuyn n h cha
Chy trn c chuyn ra

sng rch
Nc ma c x l v chuyn
v h gia nh ti s dng
Nc ma c ti s dng
ti cy, di toilet, hay git ra
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau nh

ti vn, x nc nh v sinh hoc
ra xe. N cng c th c s dng
cho mc ch ung nu c ci t cc
bin php thanh lc thch hp. Vic x
l nc ma l cn thit khi ti s dng
cho mc ch nu n trong sinh hot,
hoc trc khi cho thm vo lng t
trong trng hp nc ma thu hoch
khng t tiu chun cht lng cho
php. Cc cch x l nc ma sau
cho php ti s dng nc ma cho
mc ch nu n v ung:
Hnh I-B.15: Mt ct ca mt
h thng lc thm thu ngc
(Phng theo GE Applicants)
X l vt l:
Bng ct hoc cc vi lc thm thu
ngc hoc tia cc tm (Hnh I-B.15).
Gii php ny c th c s dng
thnh cng c trong quy m h gia nh
hoc quy m ln hn l mt khu ph.
X l sinh hc:
Bng cch cho chy qua m ly nhn
to, nu cn thit, b sung gii php kh
trng. X l sinh hc c kch hot
bng cc sinh thc vt t nhin, si,
hoc ct mn (Hoyer et al. 2011).
Thm vo , vic t tm mn mng
xi ngn chn l cy v bi t mi
nh nn c p dng, loi b cc
ht bi trc khi nc ma chy vo h
thng lc.
Bng I-B.2: Ci t v vn hnh h thng thu v ti s dng nc ma

Cc bc
Nh lin k, Nh bn
lin k
Chung c
1. Xc nh ngun
nc ma
Kh nng thu nc ma ph thuc vo khng gian

lu tr v trn a th ca ngi nh
2. Thu v phn
phi
im thu gn im ti
s dng
im thu phn tn v
sau c tp trung
cho ti s dng
3. Thit k v lp
t
Cc gii php c nhn

vi h thng t lp t
c thit k lp t do
cc chuyn gia
4. Thit b
D dng trang b thm
D lp t khi thit k
mi, kh lp t b sung
5. Bo dng
Theo chu k
Thng xuyn bo
dng do k thut vin
(Phng theo Environment Agency 2004)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
51
NH: Chu Hunh/ Moritz Maikmper
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
14 Mi nh & mt ng trng cy
Mi nh trng cy c thit k hn
ch tc ng ca b mt khng thm
nc trong thnh ph. N l cng gii
php thu thp nc ma, ng thi
c s dng lm mt v cch nhit
mi nh.
Hnh I-B.16: Dn nc ma v ti
s dng cho vn cy trong ma
ma (Trn)
Bc hi lm mt v dng nc
ma c tr ti cy trong
ma kh (Di)
Mi nh trng cy l mt h thng bt
chc mi trng t nhin trong mt
th pht trin bng cch kt hp thc vt
v t trng cy, t trn mi nh chng
thm nc. Mi trng cy c th c
s dng trn nhiu loi mi c kch
thc khc nhau, mc d din tch mi
cng ln th hiu qu u t cng cao.
Mi nh trng cy khng yu cu thm
khng gian xy dng b sung, do ,
rt ph hp vi cc trung tm th c
khng gian hn ch. i vi mi trng
cy tch hp vo cu trc mi, kt cu
mi cn c lc h tr. Bng cch

la chn cn thn vt liu, mi nh trng
cy vi trng lng nh c th c
thit k ph hp cho hu ht cc ta
nh (CIRIA 2007).
C ba loi ca mi trng cy:
Mi c n gin:
c trng trn ton b din tch mi
nh vi loi cy tng trng thp v t
cn chm sc. Cc mi nh ch c th
l mi phng hoc dc, v ch c
thm ving khi cn bo dng. Mi nh
trng cy n gin thng bao gm mt
lp t dy 25-125mm, trn mt lp
thm thc vt c chiu cao thp, chu
hn v chu iu kin khc nghit pht
trin. Thm thc vt ny thng bao
gm ru, tho dc hoc cc loi c v
c th dng t sng. Chng c trng
lng nh v chi ph thp.
u im
Khuyt im
Loi b hiu qu cc cht nhim

Ph hp cho cc khu xy dng mt
cao
Mang li li ch sinh thi, thm m v
tin nghi
Khng tn din tch t xy dng
Ci thin cht lng khng kh v vi kh
hu
Cch nhit cho ta nh
Ht m
Tn km chi ph hn l mi cho nc
chy bnh thng
Khng thch hp cho mi c dc ln
Cy trng trn mi cn bo qun
Phi thit k chng thm k lng v mi
lc ny nh l mt b nc
Cn c cu trc nh v cu trc mi n
nh v tt
(Phng theo Livingroofs.org Ltd. 2012)
52
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Mi thc tho dy:

Mi c che ph bi thm thc vt vi
l c hoc cy bi st mt t. Thm
thc vt ny i hi phi bo tr thng
xuyn, bao gm ti tiu, bn phn v
ct ta. Tuy nhin, yu cu v cu trc
xy dng l va phi v do s
tn km.
Mi trng mt cao:
Mt tin c trng cy c to thnh t

cc cy leo pht trin trn gin thng
ng hoc trc tip trn tng. Cy
c trng st bn ta nh, r cm
xung mt t. Cc tm khung xng
trn tng thng c lm t thp
khng r, cc lp t x l, v h
thng thot nc, da trn y h thc
vt c pht trin.
Thng c kt hp vi mi trng
cnh quan c tin ch cao. C trng cc
loi cy khc nhau v c th tip cn s
dng. Mi ny c th c cc h nc
trang tr v chc nng lu tr nc ma
ti cy. Loi mi ny thng t ti
ln vo cu trc mi nh v yu cu
duy tr bo dng thng xuyn (CIRIA
2007).
dy ph xanh:
Cc mi trng cy theo kiu cu trc

trn thng bao gm mt lp thm thc
vt, mt lp t gi nc v nui
thm thc vt, mt lp thot nc
vn chuyn nc d, v mt lp chng
thm v chng s xm nhp ca r cy
t gia h thng r v cu trc mi
(Mentensetal 2003). Tuy nhin, i vi
TP. HCM, mi trng cy cng c th lp
t n gin bng cc chu cy ri t
st cnh nhau, t trn mi hoc sn
thng. Hnh thc trng cy trn mi
nh ny c gi thnh r hn v d lp
t, do rt ph hp cho TP. HCM.
Dung lng nc tr:
25 - 125 mm
25 - 35 l/ m
250 - 350 mm
75 - 115 l/ m
Mi c n gin
min. 450 mm
140 l/ m
Mi thc tho dy
Hnh I-B.17: Mi nh trng cy

gip gim tc ng ca b mt lt
kn mt
Hnh I-B.18: Khi lng nc

tr trung bnh da trn dy
ca mi trng cy (Tri) v cu
trc ca cc loi mi trng cy
khc nhau (Di) (Phng theo
American Hydrotech Inc. & English
Nature)
Mi trng mt cao
Thch ng - TP. HCM
53
NH: Hendrik Rujner
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Thot nc
Hnh I-B.19: Mt ct ca mt di
c lc
15 Thot nc thm thu
thm thu khng nn c p dng l:
H thng thot nc thm thu khc h

thng thot nc thng thng bi v
n va cho thot nc, va cho nc
thm thu vo t, do , gip gim
ng k dng chy mt. y l gii
php c a chung nht qun l
dng chy mt v n gip ph hi mi
trng thy vn t nhin. Tuy nhin, t
l thm s khc nhau vi cc loi t
v iu kin t nhin khc nhau, cng
nh i vi thi gian khc nhau. Trng
hp nguy c nhim trong nc khng
cao, qu trnh ny c th c s dng
np ngun nc ngm v b sung
ngun ti nguyn nc ca a phng.
Qu trnh thm thu nn c hn ch
nhng ni c nguy c nh hng cht
lng ngun nc ngm (CIRIA 2007).
C nhng trng hp m thot nc
Ni cht lng nc b mt km c
th e da cht lng ngun nc
ngm
Ni m kh nng thm thu ca t
thp
Ni c mc nc ngm cao
Ni c nguy him v tnh n nh ca
nn mng
C nhng k thut thot nc thm
thu khc nhau:
Mng dn nc:
Mng tuyn tnh, khng b che kn mt
v nng c thit k chuyn nc
chy mt v loi b cc cht nhim.
Do c dng hnh hc tuyn tnh, chng
c kh nng loi b nhim ng k
Bng I-B.3: Hng dn thit k di c lc

Tham s thit k
Yu cu thit k
Chiu di
Di ti thiu 15 - 23m, vi phn ph 1,2 m mi bn v dc 1%
Chiu su
5 - 10 cm
dc
dc ti a 5%
Tc chy
Vn tc ti a 0.75 m/s
cao c
cao ti a 15 - 30 cm
Phn b dng chy
Nn b sung mt va phn b dng chy u nc chy v

phn b u lng nc vo trong di lc
(Phng theo Novotny et al. 2010)
54
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
trong qu trnh nc chy qua. Mng

thch hp c s dng trong khu dn
c nh hay khu thng mi, hoc dc
theo cc ng tri nha v ng
lt mt. Mng cng c th dng cho
mc ch lm gim vn tc chy, x l
nhim (bng cch cho lng t, hoc lc
bng thm thc vt, hoc n gin l
cho thm qua nn ca mng).
1
2
7
3
6
Di c lc
2 H ht nc
L mt di c rng, tng i dc nh
c trng c hoc cc loi tho mc dy
c khc, dng x l dng chy t
cc khu vc xung quanh. Tiu chun
thit k chi tit ca di c c th hin
trong Bng I-B.3.
Cng lc
1 Ni nhn nc
3 Di c
4 Dn nc thm thu
5 Di c ph y bi
hoc si
6 Ging thm
7 Mng dn
Hnh I-B.20: Mt h thng thot nc thm thu (Phng theo Blairremy Architects)
Cng lc l thit b ng b c l hoc

lm t vt liu xp t trong mt ho t
bao quanh vi cc vt liu lc thch hp
v d nh dng ht ri, hoc cc vin si
nh. Vt liu lc c th tip xc trc tip
vi mt t, hoc ph mt bng lp c
hay lp t ph, hoc c ng np
y. B cng lc gip thu v ti dng
chy t cc khu vc m ln cn, chng
cng cung cp ch cho lu tr nc
tm thi.
Giung thm
Di c lc
Nc chy
Vt liu thm
mn hoc si
Lp ct lc hoc vt liu lc khc
Hnh I-B.21: Chi tit ca mt cng lc thm thu (Phng theo Eulie 2010)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
55
NH: Atelier Dreiseitl
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Cc d n in hnh
01 Cng vin Telecom, i Bc
(i Loan)
sinh hot hng ngy v cho gii tr,

cng nh vic cung cp nc sch
cho cnh quan th sng ng.
Hnh I-B.22: Thit k cnh quan

kt hp vi x l nc ma
cho cng vin Telecom (Atelier
Dreiseitl 2009)
L mt phn trong tm nhn mi cho

khu th i Bc, d n cng vin
Telecom th hin mt cch tip cn
vi tng lai bng cch kt hp cc
chc nng sinh hot sng ng ca
th vi vic qun l nc bn vng
cho khu th c mt xy dng
cao. Mc tiu chnh ca d n l gii
quyt vn qun l nc ma, cung
cp ngun nc sch b sung cho
56
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Mt mng kt hp gia cc knh

thot nc, cc b cha nc ngm
v cc lu vc tr nc cho php
qun l t nht 50% lng ma ti ch
ca mt trn lt 100 nm m khng c
thit hi ln. Mi nh c trng cy v
va h thm thu cng gp phn lm
gim nc ma chy trn. gim
s lng nc vi trong qu trnh s
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
V tr
Lng
ma
Cng
ma
Din tch
H thng
sng ngi
i Bc, i Loan
2,100 mm hng nm
387 l/ s/ ha
24 ha
8,100 m
(B mt nc)
Ch u t Far Eastern Resource

Development Co. Ltd.
Nh thit
k
Atelier Dreiseitl
Thit k
Thi cng
2007-2008
2009-2010
Gii php
p dng
H lu tr, Lm sch sinh

hc, Dn nc thm thu,
Tr nc ma, Mi nh
trng cy
dng cho cc mc ch khng-ungc, nc ma c thu gom v

ti s dng dng cho x nc nh
v sinh v ti tiu (Giesler 2011).
Ti s dng nc cho cc mc ch
gii tr v lm sch nc sch v mi
trng sinh thi tr thnh c im
ni bt ca cng vin. Mi nh trng
cy v mt trng cy cao gp phn
gip cho khng kh trong lnh v to
ra mi trng vi kh hu d chu.
thc hin thnh cng chin lc
qun l nc tng th, bn hng
dn thit k c ng bin son
bi cc nh u t bt ng sn v
c quan quy hoch a phng.
Bn hng dn thit k ny c
bt buc p dng cho tt c cc ta
nh v thit k khu t trong khu vc
(Dreiseitl & Grau 2009).
Hnh I-B.23: Tch hp thit kt

ng ph kt hp gia b lc v
h thng thot nc thng thng
(Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Hnh I-B.24: Chu k tun hon

nc d kin ca cng vin
Telecom (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
57
NH: Atelier Dreiseitl
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Hnh I-B.25: Quy hoch tng th

khu th mi Zhangjiawo v v tr
khu dn c Society Hill (Atelier
Dreiseitl 2009)
02 Khu th mi Zhangjiawo,
Thin Tn (CHDCND Trung
Quc)
ma cng nh thot nc ma l
mt thch thc cho vic thit k cnh
quan ca khu t ti pht trin ny.
Khu dn c Society Hill l mt phn

ca khu th mi Zhangjiawo, nm
gn Thin Tn pha bc ca Trung
Quc. Ngc li vi TP. HCM, khu
vc ny phi i mt vi tnh trng
thiu nc v hn hn trm trng
trong nm, mc d li b ngp nc
thng xuyn trong ma h bi v
n hai phn ba tng lng ma
hng nm ch xy ra trong thng By
v thng Tm. V vy, thu hoch nc
Trc khi chuyn i, khu t ny

l mt vng t nng nghip b lng
qun vi mt dng sng b nhim
nng bi cht thi cng nghip. V
mt cng ng Society Hill, cc kin
trc s cnh quan hng ti pht
trin cc gii php da trn nn tng
sinh thi hc ca con ngi, trn c
s tn trng kt cu vn ha v x hi
ca thnh ph. Cc knh thy li lch
s ca cc khu trang tri trc y
Hnh I-B.26: Thit k th v

thit k cnh quan cho khu dn c
Society Hill (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
58
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
V tr
Tianjin, PR China
Lng
ma
550 mm hng nm
Din tch
180 ha (Ton khu)

20 ha (Khu t d n)
1,000 m
H thng
sng ngi
Ch u t Shanghai Wisepool Real

Estate Co. Ltd.
Nh thit
k
Atelier Dreiseitl
Thit k
Thi cng
2005-2008
2006-2009
Gii php
p dng
H lu tr, Lm sch sinh

hc, Dn nc thm thu,
Thu hoch nc ma
c tn dng trong h thng qun l

nc ma phn cp. Mng o sinh
hc, knh ngi, v vt th khc gip
lm sch nc ma v gip thm
thu vo mc nc ngm. Cc sng
ngi c phc hi v kt hp vi cc
tnh nng x l nc ma to ra
mt h thng thy vn nhn to, gip
lin kt ni vi yu t t nhin, trong
khi cung cp cho c dn tin nghi vui
chi gii tr cng cng (Xia 2011).
Thu gom nc ma c qun l
bng 2 bc. Tng khu t c nhn
lu tr hu ht nc ma. Trong
trng hp qu ti, nc ma mi
c chuyn vo h iu tit phn
cp, v sau c lm sch v ti
s dng cho ti tiu cho cy xanh
cng cng (Dreiseitl & Grau 2009).
Hnh I-B.27: Phi cnh chim bay

ca khu th mi Zhangjiawo
(Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Hnh I-B.28: Thu nc ma,

gi, cho thm thu trong d n
Zhangjiawo (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
59
I-B. Qun l Nc mt

Balmforth, D.; Digman, C.; Kellagher, R. and Butler, D. (2006): Designing for Exceedance in
Urban Drainage Good Practice. CIRIA Report C635. London: CIRIA.
Behrde fr Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt (2006): Dezentrale naturnahe
Regenwasserbewirtschaftung. Ein Leitfaden fr Planer, Architekten, Ingenieure und
Bauunternehmer. Hamburg: BSU.
Butler, D. and Davies, J. W. (2004): Urban Drainage. London: Spon Press.
Environment Agency UK and South East England Regional Assembly (SEERA); Eds. (2005):
A Toolkit for Delivering Water Management Climate Change Adaptation Through the Planning
System. ESPACE - European Spatial Planning: Adapting to Climate Events.
Environment Agency UK; Ed. (2006): Building a Better Environment. A Guide for Developers.
Almondsbury: Environment Agency UK.
Fiselier, J. and Oosterberg, W. (2004): A quick Scan of Spatial Measures and Instruments for
Flood Risk Reduction in selected EU Countries. RIZA Institute for Inland Water Management
and Waste Water Treatment.
France, R. L.; Ed. (2002): Handbook of Water Sensitive Planning and Design. Integrative
Studies in Water Management and Land Development 1. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers,
CRC Press Company.
Grant, G.; Engleback, L. and Nicholson, B. (2003): Green Roofs: Their existing Status and
Potential for Conserving Biodiversity in Urban Areas. English Nature Research Reports 498.
Peterborough: English Nature.
Hoyer, J.; Dickhaut, W.; Kronawitter, L. and Weber, B. (2011): Water Sensitive Urban Design.
Principles and Inspiration for Sustainable Stormwater Management in the City of the Future.
Berlin: Jovis.
Jha, A. K.; Bloch, R. and Lamond, J. (2011): Cities and Flooding. A Guide to Integrated Urban
Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. Washington: World Bank.
Knig, K. W. (1996): Regenwasser in der Architektur. kologische Konzepte. Staufen:
kobuch Verlag.
Lanarc Consultants Ltd.; Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd. and Goya Ngan (2005):
Stormwater Source Control Design Guidelines. British Columbia: Greater Vancouver
Regional District.
Land Use Consultants; CAG Consultants; Collingwood Environmental Planning and
Wilbraham & Co. (2005): A Toolkit for Delivering Water Management Climate Change
60
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Adaptation Through the Planning System. London: Environment Agency.

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (2000): A Different Approach to
Water. Water Management Policy in the 21st Century. The Hague: MoTPWWM.
Nguyen Viet Thang (2007): Promoting Rainwaters Harvesting in Vietnam Urban Areas.
In: Atkinson, A.; Graetz, M. and Karsch, D.; Eds.: Techniques and Technologies for
Sustainability. Proceedings: International Conference and Summer School 2007. TU Berlin.
Novotny, V.; Ahern, J. and Brown, P. (2010): Water Centric Sustainable Communities.
Planning, Retrofitting, and Building the Next Urban Environment. Hoboken: John Wiley &
Sons.
Public Utilities Board Singapore (2011): ABC Waters Design Guidelines. Singapore: PUB.
Roaf, S.; Crichton, D. and Nicol, F. (2005): Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change.
A 21st Century Survival Guide. Oxford: Elsevier; Architectural Press.
Stephens, K. A.; Graham, P. and Reid, D. (2002): Stormwater Planning. A Guidebook for
British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection.
SRV, Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2009): Law on Urban Planning, No.32/2009/QH12.
Hanoi.
Waterboard Rivierenland; Ministry of Public Housing, Spatial Development and the
Environment and Province of Gelderland; Eds. (2004): Guiding Models for Water Storage.
Possibilities for Water Storage and Multiple Space Use in the Dutch River Area. ESPACE European Spatial Planning: Adapting to Climate
Events. Nijmegen/ Oosterbeek.
Woods-Ballard, B.; Kellagher, R.; Martin, P.; Jefferies, C.; Bray, R. and Shaffer, P. (2007): The
SUDS Manual. CIRIA Report C697. London: CIRIA.
Cc d n in hnh
01 Cng vin Telecom, Taipei (Taiwan)
Dreiseitl, H. and Grau, D. (2009): Recent Waterscapes. Planning, Building and Designing
with Water. Basel, Boston, Berlin: Birkhuser Verlag.
02 Khu th mi Zhangjiawo, Thin Tn (CHDCND Trung Quc)
Giesler, U.; Ed. (2011): Water - Curse or Blessing?! Encouraging Architectural Projects in
Asia-Pacific. Exhibition Catalogue, 9 September - 21 October 2011. Berlin: Aedes Am Pfefferberg.
Thch ng - TP. HCM
61
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Cc ngun thng tin b sung trn Internet

www.rainharvesting.co.uk
www.eartheasy.com
www.freewateruk.co.uk
www.ecoplay-system.com
www.underground-tanks.co.uk
www.h20-recycling.co.uk
www.aqualogic-wc.com
www.catchrainwater.com
www.thegreendirectory.com
www.bracsystems.com
www.harvesth2o.com
www.greywater.com
62
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Cp
Cng cng Cng c

Bn quy hoch
chung xy dng
Thnh ph
04 Mng li
h iu tit
phn cp
03 Bo tn
vng ng
bng ngp
nc
01 Lp
bn
nguy c
ngp lt
Bn quy hoch
chung cp qun/
Bn phn khu xy
dng
06 Hnh
iu tit
tm thi
trong khu
vc
th
Khu t
Qun
05 H
Cng trnh
thi th
cao tng
v nn
11 H thm
thu
nh &
mt ng
trng cy
12 Vng m
ly nhn to
15 Thot nc
thm thu
07 Cu trc
14 Mi
Bn nguy c ngp
lt
S dng t
nh gi tc ng mi
trng
bo v ti
mt tin
sng
13 Thu
nc
ma v
ti s
dng
09 Va h
thm thu
S dng t
nh gi tc ng mi
trng
02 T nhin
ha sng
ngi v
knh rch
Bn quy hoch
chi tit
10 Cnh
S dng t
nh gi tc ng mi
trng
Hng dn Thit k
th
quan thm
thu
08 Cu trc bo
v nh ca
C nhn
Bn thit k cng
trnh
Hng dn Thit k
th
Thit k xy dng
nh gi tc ng mi
trng
Cng c
Thch ng - TP. HCM
63
II.
Qun l Nhit cao
II. Qun l Nhit cao
II. Qun l Nhit cao

i vi TP. HCM, hin tng o nhit th s tr thnh mt trong nhng
vn quy hoch th cp bch nht. S pht trin ca thnh ph dn n
s tng ca cc b mt ph kn v tng khi lng xy dng, ng thi dn
n s gim thng gi v kh nng lm mt. Do , thnh ph nn quan tm
n cc tc ng ln kh hu ca pht trin th hin ti v tng lai
xut cc gii php qun l nhit cao hp l.
t vn
Cc thnh ph pht trin trong vng
nhit i ang b nh hng bi ti nhit
cao: Mt mt, khu vc trung tm thnh
ph thng m hn so vi vng ngoi
, trong trng hp ca TP. HCM, s
khc bit ca nhit b mt ln n
10C (Trn & H 2008), mt khc, bin
i kh hu ton cu khin cho gnh
nng ti chnh trong vic i ph vi s
tng nhit cng gia tng (Storch et al
2009). Nhit cao khng ch dn n
cng thng nhit cho c nhn m cn
lm tng nhim khng kh, v do n
e da nghim trng n sc khe ca
con ngi v mi trng.
Nhn chung, khng c mt gii php duy
nht no ngn nga nhng nguy c
ny, ngc li phng php tip cn
chung phi l mt phng php tch
hp trong quy hoch th.
qun l nhit th cao, trc ht
phi thu thp cc thng tin khc nhau,
bao gm cc thng tin:
66
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Cc nguyn nhn chnh ca vn

tng nhit
Cc iu kin ca khu vc nghin
cu, bao gm v thng tin v khng
gian xy dng v mi trng t nhin
Cc chin lc v cng c i ph
vi nhng thch thc v cc vn
khc nhau.
Bn kh hu th l mt thng tin
nn tng hiu cc tnh trng kh hu
c th ca mi thnh ph bng cch tch
hp cc kha cnh ca kh hu vo quy
hoch. Cho n nay, cng nh nhiu
thnh ph khc trn th gii, thng tin
ny hin cha sn c cho TP. HCM.
Trong khun kh ca d n nghin cu
Siu th TP. HCM, mt Bn kh
hu th cho TP. HCM c thit
lp (Hnh II.2). Bn ny l mt c s
quan trng c th t chc cc chin
lc gim thiu v thch ng vi cng
thng nhit trong th. Da trn bn
ny, chng ny cung cp mt s
chin lc quy hoch v thit k th
II. Qun l Nhit cao

F
92
33
33
Hnh II.1: Nhit vo chiu ti

ca thnh ph (Phng theo GS.
Tim Oke)
31
30
85
Nng thn
Khu thng mi
Khu ngoi vi
Khu thnh th
Trung tm
Cng vin
Khu ngoi vi
Trang tri
chnh yu.
Nhn chung, n c cu trc thnh hai
phn:
Qun l Lm mt th
Qun l Bc x Mt tri
Trong c hai phn chng, cc phng
php v chin lc c trnh by cho
nhng thch thc hin ti v tng lai.
C hai phn chng ny lin quan cht
ch vi nhau v kh c th p dng mt
cch ring bit. iu quan trng l phi
xem xt tt c cc kha cnh c th
la chn phng php v chin lc
ph hp cho tng d n c th. Mt bn
kh hu th, cng vi s phn tch
hin trng v di s t vn ca cc
chuyn gia s gip ng gp cho cc
quyt nh pht trin chin lc.
Bn Kh hu th
Cc Bn kh hu th kt hp cc
thng s kh hu khc nhau nh: hng
v tc gi, bc x mt tri, nhit
khng kh vi thng tin a hnh thnh ph,
cnh quan, cng trnh xy dng, mng li
ng ph, v.v. Bn kh hu th gip
xc nh nhng hnh lang thng gi, cc
v tr c nhit thoi mi, cc khu vc c
vn , v s nh hng ca cc cng
trnh n s thng gi trong thnh ph nh
th no. Vi nhng thng tin ny, cc nh
thit k v quy hoch c c s tt hn
trong vic ra quyt nh.
(GS. Lutz Katzschner, i hc Kassel)
M t
nh gi
Vng sn xut gi
mt v sch
Khng gian m vi cc hot ng kh hu sn xut gi ti

mt. Cc khu t m vi chc nng ci thin kh hu tip xc
trc tip vi khu . Gip gim nhit hiu qu
Rt quan trng, cn c bo v. Rt nhy cm vi s thay

i trong chc nng s dng t
Vng sn xut
gi mt
Khng gian m nhng i t chc nng ci thin kh hu hn,

sn xut gi ti mt trong khu . Khng to ra nh hng
xu v kh hu
Quan trng, cn c bo v. Ti pht trin th ch c

trin khai khi c cc nh gi v kh hu
Vng hn hp
Nhit thay i trong ngy ph thuc vo bc x nhit nhng

vn c chc nng thng gi tt. C t l mng xanh cao, t hiu
ng thi nhit, l khu m gia cc phn vng kh hu. Gip
gim nhit tng i tt
Khu vc lin kt quan trng, nn c nh hng trc

hng th v mt xy dng. Hnh thi cng trnh nhp
nh nn c hn ch bo m lu thng gi cho cc
khu vc dn c ln cn.
Vng th tng Mt s ni gi nhit nhng phn ln l c cch ly bi cy

i n ha vi nhit xanh v gi. Khu th xy dng vi nhiu mng xanh. Chc
nng gim nhit thp
Khu vc nhy cm vi nhit , khuyn khch s dng cc

l trng trong hnh thi th. Ti pht trin th c
php khi c s bo m v thng gi
o nhit th
ng k
Gi nhit ng k, nhng vn c th c kh nng thng gi

v lm mt. Khu vc pht trin mt cao vi t mng xanh.
Chc nng gim nhit rt thp
Nguy c p lc nhit trong tng lai, v hin vn c cc khong

xanh tn ti. Cc khong xanh cn c bo qun, gn gi,
khng nn lm xu i. Ti pht trin ch cho php khi c bo
m v kh hu
o nhit th
cao nht
Gi nhit rt nhiu, kh nng thng gi rt thp. Khu vc

pht trin mt cao v kn nn. Chc nng gim nhit rt
thp hoc khng c
Cn thit c s can thip ci to tnh trng kh hu. Khng

nn c pht trin th trong khu vc ny. Khuyn khch s
dng cc thit k thng gi v to bng rm.
Thng gi vng
Trao i gi trong vng
Hnh II.2: Bn kh hu ca TP.

HCM (Katzschner, L. 2011)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
67
II-A.
Qun l Lm mt th
NH: Morizt Maikmper
II-A. Qun l Lm mt th
Lm mt th nn c tch hp c gim thiu v thch ng vi nhit
cao. Quy hoch th, c bit l quy hoch phn khu, phi m bo mt
mc ph hp ca khng gian xanh, c lin kt vi nhau, phc v
nh l ni sn xut khng kh trong lnh. Bn cnh , vic thng gi tt cng
nn c bo m. Lm mt th l mt yu t quan trng ca nng cao
s thoi mi v cht lng ca khng gian th.

C cc gii php khc nhau c th c
s dng qun l lm mt th. Mt
s gii php c tc dng trn tm vi m,
trong khi nhng gii php khc phi
c quy hoch v trin khai thc hin
trn quy m th, c bit l cc gii
php lin quan n cc hnh lang thng
gi chnh. iu ny c ngha rng cc
chin lc thch ng kh hu phi c
ng dng vo quy hoch chung v quy
hoch cc cp khc (Gill et al 2009).
Trong mt siu th nh TP. HCM,
chi ph cho iu ha khng kh cp
cng trnh cho s gia tng 1C s dn
n tht thot hng triu la (Storch et
al. 2009). V vy vic nghin cu v p
dng cc gii php gim thiu v thch
ng vi nhit gia tng th l ht
sc cn thit. Mc d vic qun l nhit
tng ph thuc nhiu vo cc thng
s c th v iu kin a phng, vn
c mt s quy tc qun l chung nh
sau:
70
Thch ng - TP. HCM
T l b mt trng cy cng ln, khu

vc xung quanh cng mt v nhit
vo ban m cng gim.
Thng gi cng tt, hiu qu lm mt
cng cao.
Cc b mt c cy m t cng ln,
hiu qu lm mt cng cao.
Mt nc m cng ln, hiu qu h
tr lm mt cng cao.
Nu cc iu kin trn cng c tch
hp, vic lm mt th cng c th
t c.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh s phi hp cc
gii php, s c mt s mu thun cn
c xem xt. V d, trng cy gip
gim nhit bng bng v qu trnh
bc hi, tuy nhin cc loi cy c tn
rng v trng qu dy c c th dn
n gim lu thng khng kh, v gia
tng cng thng nhit cng nh kh
nng tng nhim khng kh.
Cc mu thun s c trnh by cng
vi cc gii php xut trong cc trang
sau. Thm vo y, cc bn phn

tch nhit cng c th hin ch
ra nhng thay i d kin ca nhit
trong cc kch bn khc nhau. Vic so
snh gia cc m hnh khc nhau theo
tng gii php s xc nh tnh hiu qu
ca tng gii php v do , h tr s
la chn gii php thch hp. Ngoi ra,
tnh kh thi v k thut v hiu qu chi
ph ca cc gii php cng cn phi
c xem xt.
Gn mt t, tc gi b
gim i
S thng gi b gim
S bay hi b gim
Gi mnh gip gim

phng nhit v kch
thch s bay hi
NNG THN
TH
Gi
Hnh II-A.1: S nh hng ca

th ho n s thng gi, so snh
vi mi trng t nhin vng
ngoi (Phng theo Hng Kng
Observatory)
GHI CH
tc v
2 (m/s)
4 (m/s)
6 (m/s)
8 (m/s)
10 (m/s)
TRC
SAU
Hnh II-A.2: M hnh trn my tnh

biu din s nh hng ca s
thng gi vi hng cng trnh
(Hunh & Eckert)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
71
NH: Morizt Maikmper
Cc gii php xut

01 Hnh lang thng gi th
nn c xem xt.
Hnh lang thng gi l s kt ni cc

khng gian m trong khu th dy c
phc v nh l ni to ra khng kh
mt v trong lnh. Tm quan trng ca
hnh lang thng gi bao gm c h nhit
khu vc th v cung cp khng kh
trong lnh cho cc khu vc nhit cao.
l l do ti sao chng phi c xc
nh v quy hoch r rng cp thnh
ph.
Trong cc khu vc cha pht trin

th, lu lng gi l ch yu chu nh
hng ca a hnh v cc mt nc
ln (ib: 116). Trn khu vc pht trin
th, cc ta nh v cy ci l nhng
yu t chnh lm nh hng n hng
gi. Thnh ph cng ln v dy c,
th s c mt ca khng gian rng m
bn trong v bao quanh thnh ph cng
quan trng (MKULNV NRW 2010). Bt
k cc xm phm n cc hnh lang
thng gi ny nn c gii hn; v
bin gii ca cc hnh lang nn c
xc nh r trong quy hoch. c, v
d, cc hnh lang thng gi ny c
quy nh bi quy hoch s dng t.
S trao i khng kh trong mt khu vc

cng thp, th tm quan trng ca hnh
lang thng gi cng cao. V khng kh
trong vng nhit i chuyn ng t,
hnh lang thng kh trong lnh rt quan
trng cho mt th ln trong vng nhit
i nh TP. HCM. Cng cn phi xem
xt n s thay i ca hng gi qua
cc ma (Emmanuel 2005). nh hng
hnh lang thng gi theo hng gi
chnh trong c ma kh v ma ma
Hnh lang thng gi chnh ca TP. HCM,

l hng t pha ty nam n pha ng
bc nh c th c nhn thy t cc
bn kh hu th (Hnh II-A.4).
Hnh II-A.3: Cc hnh lang thng

gi nn c bo v khi cc cng
trnh. Ranh gii ca cc hnh lang
ny nn c bo m.
72
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Ngoi vic gi hnh lang thng gi

cp thnh ph, cc hnh lang thng gi
nh cp khu vc cng nn cn c
xc nh v bo v. Ni chung, s cn
tr hnh lang thng gi khu vc th ch
nh hng n mt b phn ca thnh
ph; trong khi, s cn tr n hnh lang
thng gi chnh ca th to nn tc
ng tiu cc n kh hu ca ton
thnh ph.
theo hng mong mun vo thnh ph

(Watson, Plattus & Shibley 2002). Cc
hnh lang m, do vy, nn c thit k
tn dng thng gi bng cc cch sau:
m rng chiu rng ng ph, y
li cc ta nh t ng ph, kt hp
khng gian m dc theo hm ni, to
ra cc chiu cao ta nh khc nhau, v
thit k nt giao thng chnh hng
gi (ib.).
Ngoi ra, cc khng gian ln tuyn tnh

cng c th l cc knh dn gi vo
thnh ph. Sn bay, ng cao tc
cng nh cc cng vin tuyn tnh v
knh rch cng c th phc v nh l
hnh lang thng gi, do chng nn
c xc nh chuyn hng gi
Hnh II-A.4: Hng thng gi

chnh ca TP. HCM (Phng theo
Katzschner, L. 2011)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
73
NH: Morizt Maikmper/ Chu Hunh
02 Hng cng trnh theo hng

gi chnh
m bo cung cp khng kh trong
lnh trong khu ph, c ng ph v
cc block nh nn c nh hng
theo hng gi chnh. Hng gi chnh
hp l nht cho TP. HCM l hng gi
ma (Hnh II-A.5). ng ph nn c
t song song vi hng gi chnh hoc
nghing gc t 30 (Emmanuel 2005).
Hn na, mt ng ct phi rng
v khng nn b chn bi cc cng trnh
hoc cy xanh dy c.
Khi tnh ton thit k theo hng gi,
hng tip xc trc tip mt tri cng

nn c xem xt, bi v, v d, cc
ng ph cht hp gip tng bng .
Tuy nhin, ng ph vn nn c
thit k rng cho php gi i qua,
v ngc li khng to ra mt hiu ng
phu ht gi.
Do cc cng trnh xy dng xung quanh,
hng gi v tc gi c th b thay
i v khc vi hng gi chnh ca
thnh ph. V vy, mt thit k khng
nn c rp khun theo mt nh
hng mt, thay vo nn c da
trn hng gi c th v vi kh hu ca
khu t (Hunh & Eckert 2012).
Ma kh
30O
Hnh II-A.5: Cc hng gi chnh

ca TP. HCM, cc ta nh hoc
t song song vi hng gi hoc
nghing gc ti a 30O
Hnh II-A.6: Li ch ca vic b tr

cc dy nh song song vi hng
gi chnh (Phng theo Ng 2010)
74
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Ma kh
60O
Ma ma
Ma ma
GI B CN
GI C LU THNG
03 Hn ch s cn gi
Ta nh cao tng TP. HCM thng
t trn khi cao 5-6 tng. Do vy,
lu lng gi c th b hn ch tm
cao ngi i b. Vic m bo va phi
khong cch gia khi trong lut xy
dng do rt quan trng (Ng 2010).
Vic s dng ta nh c th tch ln nn
trnh. Khi th tch ln gy ra hiu ng
chn gi, tuy cng c th gim gi trong
trng hp hiu ng phu ht gi. i
vi cc ta nh dc theo b sng, cn
phi to ra hnh lang tn dng lung
gi mt m lu thng t mt nc.
Bng II-A.1: Nhng yu t thit k nh
hng ln nht n s lu thng gi
04 Hin tng Downwash- s

chuyn hng gi do chiu cao
cng trnh khc nhau
Ta nh cao tng c kh nng n gi
thi tm cao v chuyn hng n.
Bng cch ny, khng kh trong lnh c
th c chuyn hng v pha mt
t. Hin tng ny c gi l hiu
ng Downwash.
Cc ta nh c chiu cao khc nhau
gy ra tc gi khc nhau gia chng
v do ci thin h thng thng gi
(Ng 2010). Cc ta nh nm trc, theo
hng gi nn c chiu cao thp nht
(Hnh II-A.7). Hiu ng Downwash nn
c t chc trn cp khu vc v p
dng trong thit k cc khi ring l.
Hnh II-A.7: Cc to nh phi

trc theo hng gi cn c
chiu cao thp hn
Mt xy dng ca khu th
Kch thc v chiu cao ca cc ta
nh
S sp xp ca cc to nh cao tng
Hng ca ng ph
S lng, kch thc v s phn b
ca cc khng gian m v cy xanh
(Phng theo Emmanuel 2005 & Givoni 1989)
HIN TNG DOWNWASH - GI C CC TA NH CAO

TNG CHUYN HNG XUNG MT T
CC L TRNG TRONG KHI NH V KHONG CCH THCH

HP GIA CC KHI
Hnh II-A.8: Hin tng Downwash v cc l trng ca cc

khi nh, gia cc ta nh v
gia cc khi h tr thng
gi (Phng theo Ng 2010)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
75
NH: Ronald Eckert
05 Nng cao mt mng xanh

Khu th c th hng li t cc b
mt cy xanh theo cc cch khc nhau.
Tng t nh tc ng tch cc ca
cc khng gian m ngoi vi thnh
ph, cng vin v cy xanh bn trong
thnh ph cng c th cung cp khng
kh trong lnh v mt m cho cc khu
ph lin k.
Hnh II-A.9: Cc mng xanh nn
b tr theo hng gi chnh tn
dng v h tr s thng gi th
Cc cng vin tp trung ln gip cung

cp mt lng khng kh trong lnh
cho thnh ph v cc khu dn c xung
quanh. Trong khi , mt mng li cc
khu cy xanh nh v phn tn cng c
th c tc dng tng t, bn cnh vic
cung cp khng gian cho cc hot ng
vui chi gii tr (MKULNV NRW 2010).
Ngoi ra, khng gian cy xanh cn c
kh nng lu tr l lt, v do chng
cn tc ng tch cc v gim nh ri ro
l lt (Shaw et al. 2007).
Hnh II-A.10: Mt h thng cc

mng xanh nh s c chc nng
nh mt mng xanh ln
76
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Cc vnh ai xanh gip c lp cc khu

cng nghip nng hoc ng cao tc
khi khu vc nh v c tc dng loi
b cc cht gy nhim v cn tr vic
vn chuyn ca khng kh nhim.
i vi khng gian xanh khu dn c,
nn nh hng chng n hng gi
chnh tng cng kh nng phn
phi khng kh trong lnh xung quanh.
Khi quy hoch v thit k b mt thm
thc vt xanh, chi ph vn hnh v bo
tr do ti cy v chm sc cng nn
c quan tm v xem xt, c bit l
trong ma kh. Do vy, khuyn khch
hn ch nhu cu ti nc n mc t
nht c th. Cc bin php hn ch ti
nc ny c th c th l ti s dng
ngun nc ma di do trong ma
ma ca TP. HCM, hoc x l v ti s
dng nc git ra ti cy. Ngoi
ra, vic la chn cy bn a c th gip
gi lng nc ti tiu cho khng gian
xanh thp hn.
=
06 Cc mt nc m
Mt nc m ln nh hng n, nhit
khng kh xung quanh chng mt
cch tch cc bng cch gim nhit
v tng cng h thng thng gi.
Mt nc chuyn ng thng c li
ch hn so vi mt nc tnh (NRW
MKULNV 2010).
old
F. Ib
Cn lu rng, ch c din tch mt

nc ln nh h c mt tc ng c
th o lng trn quy m th. Tuy
nhin, i vi cc phng n lm mt
quy m nh, cc mt nc nh cng c
th c s dng to ra hiu ng
bay hn v gim s tch nhit. i vi
gii php ny, lu rng cc mt nc
phi c trng b mt, khi gy
nn hiu ng tch nhit. ng thi h
cha ca cc mt nc ny khng nn
c mu sng, trnh hin tng tch
tr bc x nhit trong khi nc.
Hnh II-A.11: Cc mt nc m
t pha ng Nam hoc Ty
Bc s mang li li ch lm mt
ln nht
Hnh II-A.12: Cy xanh kt hp vi

h nc s h tr gim nhit
mi trng (Photo: Maikmper M.)
Cc mt nc lm mt tt nht nn nm
pha ng bc v / hoc pha ty nam
ca mt khu vc nht nh, ni c gi
chnh thi qua.
Mt nc v khng gian m c th c
bao quanh bi lp cy m gim sc
nng ca mt tri (Emmanuel 2005).
Lu rng s kt hp ca cc chin
lc xut s c th to ra khng gian
m thoi mi v sinh ng.
Hnh II-A.13: Mt mt nc ng s
em li nhiu li ch lm mt hn
mt nc tnh (Photo: Eckert R.)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
77
NH: Marcus Tschaut/ Jana Warnatzsch
Cc d n in hnh
01 nh gi kh hu v Bn
khuyn ngh, Hng Kng
BN 1: Bn nhit th hin nhit

cao trong khu trung tm
BN 2: Kh nng s trao i nhit

thp trong khu trung tm
Trong nm 2003, S quy hoch Hng

Kng khi xng chng trnh Nghin
cu thnh lp h thng nh gi
thng gi th (AVA) mt cch kh thi.
Nghin cu ny nhm vo vic nh gi
iu kin khi hu th hin ti ca Hng
Kng v xy dng cc khuyn ngh lin
quan v thich ng kh hu trong thit k
th. Bn nh gi kh hu th tp
trung vo s nng ln v kh nng thich
ng mt cch nng ng ca khu vc
th. Xut pht t , cc khu vc
th c phn loi theo nhu cu ci thin
kh hu khc nhau v c chia thnh
cc khu vc vi cc gii php tng
ng (Bn khuyn ngh).
V tr
Hng Kng
Nhit
ti a: 32 C (thng 7)
ti thiu: 14 C (thng 1)
Hng gi Southeast to Southwest;

Eastwest (harbour)
Din tch
Ch u t S quy hoch Hng Kng

Nh t vn ARUP, Hongkong university
of Science & Technology,
PlanArch Consultants Ltd.,
Kassel University
Thit k
2003 - 2010
Gii php
p dng
nh gi kh hu, Bn
hng dn quy hoch v
thit k th
Hnh II-A.14: B bn nh gi
kh hu ca Hng Kng (S Quy
hoch Hng Kng)
Trc iu kin th ng c ca
Hng Kng, AVA c thit k nh mt
bn hng dn thc hnh quy hoch
th i ph vi s nng ln v s b
kh ca th. T nhng gii php v
yu cu c th cho thit k th thch
ng vi kh hu c xc nh. Phng
php tip cn chung y l bo tn,
tn trng, v to ra cc khong trng
thng gi trong th trn quy m cp
thnh ph, qun huyn v cp cng trnh
vi nhiu nguyn tc chung khc nhau.
Vic m bo tuyn thng gi v mt
mng li ng ph tng ng vi
hng gi l cc nguyn tc ch o.
Nhng ng thng gi cn phi c
78
BN 3: Bn kh hu, phn tch

cc khng gian th khc nhau, cn
thit phi c s h tr thng gi
BN 4: Bn khuyn ngh, th
hin cc phn khu vi cc nhu cu
thch ng khc nhau
Thch ng - TP. HCM
1,100 km
gi khi b tc nghn nh do nh cao

tng, hay ng trn cao. c bit, cc
khu t dc b sng c ch to
iu kin cho gi bin vo khu vc
th su nht c th. Vic b tr cc cng
trnh xy dng vi khi nh v chiu cao
khc nhau cng cho php n v chnh
hng gi to ra s thng kh. Cc
khi ca cc ta nh cn phi c
m ra v to cc khong ging tri
h lung khng kh n khng gian
ng ph. Nhng khong trng gia
cc ta nh gip cho php nhng cn
gi thi qua ngay c trong khu vc c

mt cao. Bng cch gim mt xy
dng ca cc ta nh, khng gian m
c to ra, v lin kt vi nhau. Trong
thnh ph, khng gian xanh c cung
cp tng s thng thong, mt m h
tr cho s thng gi vi m. Vic s dng
vt liu sng mu c th gip tng tc
dng lm mt bng cch gim s hp
th bc x mt tri.
To khong trng cho gi bin thi vo

khu th bn trong
Bn phn tch kh hu
Chuyn giao thng tin kh hu
Tm hiu chung v kh hu
Thng tin v gi
lnh vc nhit &

s trao i nhit
trm o gi t HKO & m

hnh MM5
Xc nh vng kh hu
Xc nh cc lu vc gi
Da trn cc nh gi v phn on chuyn mn
S phi hp gia hng nh v

hng gi
Chiu cao nh khc nhau gic kch

thch thng gi v chuyn hng gi
Phn tch kh hu cho tng phn vng kh hu

Da trn cc nh gi chuyn mn
Hng dn quy hoch cho tng phn vng kh hu
ci thin quy hoch phn khu
xut phi hp gia cc chuyn gia v nh quy hoch
Bn khuyn ngh v kh hu
Vi cc hng dn ph hp cho tng khu vc kh hu khc nhau
Hnh II-A.15: Phng php thit lp Bn khuyn ngh (S Quy hoch Hng Kng)
To ra cc l rng trong khi nh

gi thi vo cc khu th mt cao
Hnh II-A.16: Bn hng dn thit

k th thch ng vi kh hu
ca Hng Kng (S Quy hoch
Hng Kng)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
79
NH: X-Achitects & SMAQ
02 Xeritown, Dubai
Hnh II-A.17: Cc tng thit k

th ci thin vi kh hu (SMAQ)
Cung cp bng
(Hnh thi th nn)
Tm nhn pht trin th xut cho

thnh ph trong sa mc ny l to ra
mi trng sng thoi mi, trong khi
vn thch ng vi iu kin c th
ca mi trng xung quanh. Hi ha
vi mi trng t nhin, thit k th
c mang phong cch thit k Rp,
m bo tnh thng gi v lm mt t
nhin. Mc tiu chnh ca d n l bo
tn cc hnh lang thng gi v che nng
cho cc khu vc cng cng. Cc ng
thng gi c to nn da trn vic
quy hoch v nh hng cc cng trnh
xy dng, hnh thnh nhng hnh lang
thng thong tng ng vi hng gi
chnh t pha ty v cho php gi bin
thi vo gia cc khu vc dn c.
Thng gi bng cc lung kh mt
(Cc to nh c chia ct theo hng gi)
V tr
Dubai, UAE
Nhit
ti a: 45 C (Thng 7)
ti thiu: 27 C (Thng 1)
Thi gian
c nng
8 - 11 gi / ngy
Hng gi Ty, Nam

Din tch
59 ha
Ch u t Dubai Properties
Nh t vn SMAQ - Architecture
Urbanism research
Giai on
tng
Gii php
p dng
Hnh lang thng gi, Kt cu

che nng, Hnh thi th
cao tng v nn
Tn dng m
(Vt ct bo tn ngun nc hin hu)
Lin kt vi khng gian

ca cc i ct (Vt ct gi
nh hnh nh ca cc i ct)
Biu mt tri
Biu gi
80
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Bn phn phi hi m
Bn cc i ct
Vic xy dng cc ta nh vi chiu cao

khc nhau gip chuyn hng gi v to
nn s thng gi. Cho cc thit k th
m rng sau ny, vic bo tn cc hnh
lang thng gi nh trong quy hoch ban
u c khuyn khch, cng nh vic
gi cc hnh lang ny lun trng v
khng b xm phm bi cc cng trnh
xy dng lun c bo m.
Vic to h thng che nng cho cc khu
vc cng cng c th t c bng
cch thit k mt kt cu th mt
cao nhm to ra cc con ph hp che
nng, vi nhng cng trnh xy dng
cao thp khc nhau v nhng ch li
lm, to thnh hnh lang su. Nh ,
hiu ng nng ln ca do tia bc x
nhit c gim xung mc thp nht.
Do iu kin kh hu sa mc khng
Sn trong c
che nng v dng
cho thng gi
Mt ng c x
l ty theo hng
n nh, cc bng cy c thay

th bng cc tm pin mt tri va cung
cp bng mt trong khu vc cng cng
va tn dng nng lng mt tri
sn xut ra in nng. ng thi, nc
ngm t nhin cng c chy nhng
khong xanh gia cc cng trnh gp
phn to ra lung khng kh ti mt.
iu ny h tr to cc s lu thng
khng kh v tng tc gi. Cc bin
php thng gi v to bng rm cng
c ch cp cng trnh, bng cch
xy dng cc mt tin v thp thng gi
h tr nhn lung khng kh nng, v
gii phng kh mt.
Hnh II-A.19: (di) mt ct

tng th hin s phi hp gia
cc yu t ci thin vi kh hu
(SMAQ)
ng vin bao
th nhp nh to
s lu thng gi
n LED
Cc thit b
gia dng tit
kim nc
Hnh II-A.18: (Trn) Phi cnh v

s ca mt thp thng gi
Mi che to
bng rm
cho ngi
i b
Mi che gii
phng kh
nng
Nng lng mt
tri c hp thu
t cc tm pin
mt tri
S thng
gi to
thnh t cc
hnh lang
kh mt
Mt nc gip thu ht
sinh thc vt khu vc
hnh lang i b
c che nng
Nng lng t tm pin mt

tri c s dng chiu
sng cng vin v snh
Nc xm c lc v ti
s dng cho ti tiu
Nng lng t tm pin

mt tri c s dng cho
bm nc ti tiu
Lp t ph mt v cc chu
t st chng s mt nc
do bay hi
Thch ng - TP. HCM
81

Emmanuel, M. R. (2005). An Urban Approach to Climate-Sensitive Design. Stategies for the tropics.
Abingdon, Oxon: Spon Press.
Huynh C. and Eckert R. 2012. Reducing heat and improving thermal comfort through urban design
A case study in Ho Chi Minh City. 4th Journal conference on Environmental Science and Development. Bangkok, Thailand.
Katzschner, L. 2011. Urban Climate Strategies Against Future Heat Stress Conditions, in: K.
Otto-Zimmermann (ed.), Resilient Cities: Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change - Proceedings
of the Global Forum 2010, Local Sustainability 1, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0785-6_8, Springer
Science+Business Media B.V. p 79 91, 2011.
Gill, S., Handley, J., Ennos, R., Nolan, P. (2009). Planning for Green Infrastructure. Adapting to
Climate Change. In: Davoudi, S., Crawford, J., Mehmood A. (ed.): Planning for Climate Change.
London: Earthscan Ltd. P. 249-261.
MKULNV NRW (Ministerium fr Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz des
Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen) (2010). Handbuch Stadtklima. Manahmen und Handlungskonzepte
fr Stdte und Ballungsrume zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Dsseldorf. [In German]
Ng, E. (ed.) (2010). Designing High-Density Cities for Social and Environmental Sustainability.
London: Earthscan Ltd.
Shaw, R., Colley, M., and Connell, R. (2007). Climate change adaptation by design: a guide for
sustainable communities. London: TCPA.
Storch, H., Downes, N., Nguyen Xuan Thinh, Thamm, H.-P., Ho Long Phi, Tran Thuc, Nguyen Thi
Hien Thuan, Emberger, G., Goedecke, M., Welsch, J., Schmidt, M. (2009). Adaptation Planning
Framework to Climate Change for the Urban Area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. In: Worldbank (Eds.)
(2009) Fifth Urban Research Symposium Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent
Agenda Marseille, France, June 28-30, 2009, 24 pp.
Cc d n in hnh
01 nh gi kh hu v Bn khuyn ngh, Hng Kng
Planning Department Hong Kong (2011) Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Enviroment
- Feasibility Study. Stakeholders Engagement Digest. Available at: http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_
en/p_study/prog_s/ucmapweb/ucmap_project/content/main/PublicEngagement/Digest_Eng.pdf
02 Xeritown, Dubai
Heinrich Bll Foundation. Urban Futures 2030. Urban Development and Urban Lifestyles of the
Future. Available at: http://www.boell.de/downloads/ecology_5_-_urban_futures_2030.pdf
82
Thch ng - TP. HCM
II-B.
Qun l Bc x Mt tri
NH: Morizt Maikmper
II-B. Qun l Bc x Mt tri

Qun l bc x mt tri l mt cng c quan trng thch ng vi bin i
kh hu cp khu th ln cp cng trnh. S dng cc vt liu phn x c
th lm gim nhit , trong khi khng gian c bng rm gip nng cao
s thoi mi ca con ngi v gp phn to nn mi trng sng d chu.
Tc ng ca cc gii php hn ch bc x mt tri trn quy m nh c th
gp phn quan trng hng ti mc tiu gim nhit chung cp thnh ph.
Khc vi thng gi th, chin lc
gim thiu bc x mt tri ch yu c
p dng quy m nh hn, cp khu
th hoc cp cng trnh. Tuy nhin,
nhng tc ng c th t c trn
mc vi kh hu cng c th ng gp
cho ton thnh ph. Phn ny ca cun
Cm nang cung cp cc chin lc v
qun l bc x mt tri tng s phn
x v lm gim s hp th nhit, lu
tr nhit v to nhit vo ban m. T
Ban ngy, bc x mt tri lm bc hi
nc t cy c v mt t
cc gii php xut, cc lut hoc tiu

chun c th ban hnh tng tnh hiu
qu hoc thc y vic s dng cc
chin lc ny, cng nh yu cu cc
nh u t chng minh rng h p
dng cc cng c nht nh trnh ti
nhit cao. Vic la chn gii php no
tt nht qun l bc x mt tri cho
mt khu vc c th c th cho cc
nh u t quyt nh.
Ni chung, nhng mc tiu chnh ca
cc gii php qun l bc x mt tri l:
Ban ngy, bc x mt tri b hp th v lu tr bi cc
to nh b-tng
Ban m, cc to nh thi
nhit ra, nhng s dy
c ca cc cng trnh
hn ch s to nhit ra
mi trng khng kh
Ban m, nhit c ta
ra d dng hn nh cc
mi trng thong ng
ca vng nng thn
Hnh II-B.1: S trao i v hp

thu bc x mt tri trong ngy
v vo ban m ca vng
th khi so snh vi vng nng
thn (Phng theo Hng Kng
Observatory)
84
Thch ng - TP. HCM
TH
NNG THN
Cc tia bc x nhit t mt tri vo ban ngy
Hi nng ta ra vo ban m
Tng cng s phn x ca bc x

mt tri trn cng trnh xy dng v
vt liu p lt b mt;
Khuyn khch trnh tia bc x mt tri
bng cch cung cp bng mt cho
cc ta nh v khng gian cng cng.
Mt s nguyn tc chung thc hin
cc chin lc trn l:
Vt liu c mu sc cng sng, c th
phn nh cng tt bc x mt tri v
cng gi mt (cho chnh n) cng lu.
Bc x trc tip t mt tri cng c
th trnh c, th ta nh hoc mt
phn ca ta nh cng c gi mt.
Cng tch hp cc chin lc gim
thiu bc x mt tri vi cc hiu ng
thng gi, hiu qu gim nhit v lm
mt cng tng.
Mc d cc gii php gim thiu bc

x mt tri ch yu c p dng
cp khu th v cp cng trnh, hiu
qu gim nhit trn din rng cp
thnh ph vn c th t c.
Ngoi cc gii php xut, phn ny
ca quyn Cm nang cn a vo cc
kch bn m phng s thay i nhit ca
cc gii php p dng khc nhau tip
tc chng minh mc m cc hiu
ng m c th t c trong trng
hp c th. Cng cn lu rng hu ht
cc cng c c xut c th c
p dng khng ch cho cng trnh v khu
th mi, m cn p dng c cho
cc cng trnh hin hu cn ci to.
Nhit ta t cc
ta nh
Bay hi
Nhit tng
Nhit c
gim
Nhit tng
Nhit t kh thi
giao thng
Bay hi
Nhit tng
Nhit t con ngi
Nhit t my iu ha
Nhit ta t mt
ng
Tia bc x
mt tri
Nhit c
gim
Hnh II-B.2: Cu trc xy dng hp

thu nhit v ta ra li mi trng
xung quanh, trong khi , kh thi
t giao thng v cc thit b my
mc ca lm tng nhit mi
trng (Adapted from Osaka city
official website).
Thch ng - TP. HCM
85
NH: Morizt Maikmper
Cc gii php xut

07 Mt ng v mi nh sng mu
v phn chiu
c tnh gii phng nhit cao (Gartland

2010) (Hnh II-B.3).
Mi nh v mt tin ta nh l cc b
mt tip xc vi nh sng mt tri v do
, cn c bo v khi bc x mt
tri. Vic s dng cc vt liu xy dng
sng mu v phn chiu, do c mt
truyn thng lu i cc vng nhit
i v cn nhit i (MKULNV NRW
2010). N gip lm gim nhit trong
nh ca cc ta nh v ci thin iu
kin vi kh hu. Cc thuc tnh chnh ca
cc vt liu ny l:
Ngoi vic gip gim nhit ca ta

nh, cc vt liu xy dng phn chiu
v sng mu cng gip lm gim nng
lng lm mt c kh v tit kim chi ph
cho cc thit b lm mt.
c tnh phn chiu tt cc tia bc x

mt tri
Hnh II-B.3: Mi nh lm mt phn

chiu n 60-70% bc x mt tri,
gip gim nng lng iu ho c
kh v tng chi ph tit kim trong
vic mua thit b lm mt (Energy
Coordinating Agency, Philadelphia)
phn chiu bc x mt tri
Cc vt liu c tnh hp th nhit cao khi

tip xc trc tip vi bc x mt tri nh
knh v thp, nn c hn ch s dng
nh l vt liu mt ng. Ni chung, s
kt hp ca vt liu phn chiu, vt liu
sng mu v cc yu t bng s
mang li nhiu li ch.
gii phng bc x mt tri
Hnh II-B.4: Vt liu sng mu

c nh hng cao n nhit
b mt, vi m di mu trng
trn tng, s khc bit cho thy
n 5 -10F (3-5C) mt hn khu
vc sm mu xung quanh (ASU
National Center of Excellence).
86
Thch ng - TP. HCM
08 Vt liu lt mt sng mu v
phn chiu
Ln n na b mt th th gii b lt
b mt (Gartland 2010). Do , iu ht
sc cn thit l phi xem xt v s dng
cc vt liu b mt sao cho ph hp.
Vt liu b mt phn chiu v c mu
sng c th phn nh bc x mt tri
vi nhng tia sng ngn tt hn nhng
mu ti (Hnh II-B.5). Do n c th
gp phn ng k vo vic gim hiu
ng o nhit th. t c hiu
qu ng k, mt phng cng ln, vt
liu lt mt mu sng cho n cng nn
c s dng.
y, cn lu rng, khng ch c
mu sc m cn tnh cht vt liu nh
dn nhit cng nh hng n hiu
qu lm mt ca mt ng (MKULNV
NRW 2010). M phng nhit trn my
tnh ch ra rng: vi b mt nha

ng thm nc v va h lt gch
mu sng, nhit b mt TP. HCM
c th gip gim c 2 - 6C so vi b
mt nha ng bazan v cc va h
xi-mng truyn thng (Hunh & Eckert
2012) (Hnh II-B.6).
C nhiu kh nng tng cng tnh
phn quang ca vt liu p lt: v d,
hn hp cc vin si sng mu c th
lm sng ln nha ng v xi-mng
sng mu c th lm sng b-tng
(Gartland 2010). Vo ma ma, vt liu
lt mt thm thu c th c lm mt
bng cch bay hi v do , lm gim
lng lu tr nhit. Do , khuyn khch
rng cc vt liu p mt khng nn ch
c mu sng v phn chiu m cn c
th thm thu. iu ny cn ci thin
kh nng thm nc ma vo mt t
nh mt li ch ph.
75%
25%
25%
75%
Hnh II-B.5: Vt liu lt nn sng
mu gip phn chiu ti 75% bc
x mt tri
S gim ca nhit b mt
di -12 C
-12 n -10 C
-10 n -8 C
-8 n -6 C
-6 n -4 C
-4 n -2 C
-2 n 0 C
0 n 2 C
2 n 4 C
trn 4 C
Hnh II-B.6: S ci thin nhit

b mt khi thay vt liu lt mt
ph bin ca TP. HCM (xi-mng
v nha ng khng thm
nc) bng vt liu lt mt lm
mt (nha ng thm nc v
gch lt sng mu). Bn nhit
c m hnh bng ENVI-met 04,
di cc iu kin thi tit ca
TP. HCM (Hunh & Eckert).
Thch ng - TP. HCM
87
09 To bng trong khng gian

cng cng bng cy xanh v cng
trnh
Hnh II-B.7: Ta nh to bng

cho khng gian cng cng
Nhit cm nhn
di 23 C
23 to 29 C
29 to 35 C
35 to 41 C
trn 41 C
Min: 27.75 C
Max: 79.59 C
Trnh nh sng mt tri bng cch to

bng trong khng gian cng cng
bng cy xanh hoc cc ta nh cng
l mt chin lc gim ti nhit. Cc
cy c tn ln thng c c s
dng cho cc khu vc th cc vng
nhit i bo v khng gian m v
cc ta nh t bc x mt tri trc tip,
do hn ch s gia tng ca nhit
khng kh vo ban ngy v cung cp
mt bu khng kh mt m vo ban m.
Tuy nhin, cy c th gy ra tc dng
ph tiu cc, chng c th hn ch lu
thng gi hoc lm tng m thng
qua vic bay hi, do vy, chng c th
lm tng cm gic kh chu ca con
ngi, c bit l trong trng hp t
gi v m cao. V vy, cy khng nn
c trng qu dy c nhng ni
NH: Morizt Maikmper
thiu thng gi. Cy c la chn nn

l cy bn a, va ph hp vi kh hu
nhit i v cn t nc ti. Nc ti
cy c th tn dng nc xm qua
x l hoc nc ma d tr khng
nh hng n vic cung cp nc ni
chung ca thnh ph.
Khng gian cng cng v ng ph
cng c th c che bng bi cc ta
nh xung quanh. Do cc khi nh khng
th d thay i sau khi xy dng, vic
b tr tn dng bng ca khi nh cn
c tnh ton cn thn. Ty thuc vo
chc nng v thi gian s dng chnh
ca mt khng gian m, vic tnh ton
chiu cao cc ta nh l cn thit. V d,
cung cp bng mt cho mt qung
trng cng cng vo bui chiu, cc
ta nh pha Nam v Ty nn cao
nht. ng ph hp vi cc ta nh
dc theo hai bn cng gip cung cp
bng mt.
Cc k hiu
Cng trnh
Special layer
Cy xanh
Hnh II-B.8: M phng nhit ca

mt khu quy hoch i l V Vn
Kit ti lc 2pm, th hin nhng v
tr c cy xanh v nm trong bng
ca cng trnh c nhit cm
nhn thp hn t 6-12C so vi
cc vng phi sng khc (Hunh
& Eckert).
88
Thch ng - TP. HCM
10 Cu trc che mt cho ta nh

Cc mt ng ta nh cng t b tc
ng bi bc x mt tri trc tip, nng
lng cn thit cho iu ha khng kh
ca ta nh cng thp. Do , cc cu
trc che nng cho ta nh l cng c
hiu qu cho vic gim nng lng tiu
th ta nh. Mt s cu trc thit k c
th ng gp hiu qu cho vic bo v
nh sng mt tri cho mt tin, chng
hn nh mi ua, ban cng, lanh-t,
gin treo v mi vm. Tt c trong s
ny c s dng trong kin trc
nhit i trong nhiu thp k v c th
d dng kt hp vi cc gii php che
mt khc.
11 Cu trc che mt trong khng

gian cng cng
Khi vic trng cy che mt trong khng
gian cng cng khng cn ph hp (v
mt l do g y), cu trc che mt nhn
to c th c p dng. Tri, lu v
che nng ln c th c s dng
cung cp bng mt cho khng gian m
th. Ngoi ra, c mt s cng trnh
xy dng che nng tm thi khc c th
c s dng trong thi gian ngn nh
l trong l hi hay trong ma ma v
sau c th d b ra sau khi s dng.
Tm li, c rt nhiu gii php che bng
cho hu ht cc khng gian m.
Trong khi mt tin pha nam v pha

bc c th c che bi cc cu trc
lam che nng theo phng ngang, cc
cu trc lam theo phng dc nn thit
k mt pha ng v pha ty trnh
nh sng trc tip (Emmanuel 2005).
Thng thng, cc cu trc trn c th
c thm vo cc ta nh hin hu v
do , rt thch hp cho c d n ci to
v d n pht trin mi.
Hnh II-B.9: Trn: Cc mi ua

v hnh lang ti bo tng ngh
thut TP. HCMC.
Di: S kt hp gia hng cy
xanh v cc hnh lang i b
(Photo: Maikmper).
Mc d cc gii php trn c th t

c cp cng trnh, mt h thng
cc mi vm c th tng cng s thoi
mi cho ngi i b bng cch iu ha
nng, gi v nhit , v do , c th
to ra mt khng gian d chu.
Thch ng - TP. HCM
89
NH: http://masdarcity.ae/
Cc d n in hnh
01 Vin nghin cu Masdar,
Thnh ph Masdar, Abu Dhabi,
UAE
Hng Bc/ Nam
Mt tri chiu vo cc khu
nh lm tng nhu cu lm
mt c kh
Hng ng/ Ty
Mt tri chiu vo v lm
nng cc tng ngoi, lm
tng nhu cu lm mt c kh
Hng ng Bc/ Ty Nam

To ra bng rm tt nht
Vin nghin cu Masdar l mt cng

trnh giai on mt v l phn quan
trng trong d n pht trin cng ngh
sch mang tnh ton cu cho thnh ph
Masdar. Vin l mt m hnh thu nh ca
thnh ph ni chung. N c chia ct
bi cc trc vn v hnh lang. Khng
gian cc khu nh c thit k v nh
hng mt cch thng minh gip ti u
ha s thoi mi vi nhit ngoi tri
trong cc khu vc cng cng. Li i trong
vin c bng rm nh nhng mi treo v
cc con ph hp. Chiu cao cc ta nh
v hng cng trnh c thit k kt
hp cht ch nhm gim thiu sc nng
mt tri trong mi trng a phng,
do tc ng trc tip tc th ti mi
trng v lng nng lng tiu th
iu ha khng kh. Tch hp trong kin
V tr
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Nhit
ti a: 42 C (Thng 7)
ti thiu: 11,8 C (Thng 1)
S gi
nng
10-11 gi/ ngy
Hng gi Ty Bc
Din tch
Ch u t Mubadala Development
Company
Nh t vn Foster and Partners, Adams
Kara Taylor, PHA Consult
Thit k
Thi cng
2007-2009
2009-2010
Gii php
p dng
Che bng rm bng cc ta

nh, cc kt cu che mt
v cy xanh, Xoay hng
nh, Vt liu xy dng mt,
Thp gi
Hnh II-B.10: Cc cch b tr nh

khc nhau theo cc hng khc
nhau (Masdar City)
Hnh II-B.11: Thit k tng th ca

Vin Masdar (tri) v bn phn
tch nhit ca Vin Masdar khi so
snh vi mt ng ph trung
tm Abu Dhabi (Masdar City)
90
Thch ng - TP. HCM
700 ha (Quy hoch tng

th)
4000 m2 (khun vin d n)
trc s l nhng thp thng gi theo

phong cch rp, gip dn gi vo cc
khong sn trong. Cc tnh nng ca
m hnh thit k trong Vin Masdar to
ra nhng nhit bc x khc nhau:
so vi mt ng ph Abu Dhabi in
hnh, s khc bit c th t c ln
n 20 C (Hnh II-B.13).
Hot ng cho ngi i b trn ng
ph c kt ni v khuyn khch bng
vic to ra cc bng rm trong cc
khng gian. Cc dy ct c tch hp
vo cc thit k trong tt c cc ta nh
c lm mt bng vt liu khi chu
nhit cao p dng cho mt trn, tng
v trn nh. Nhit khng kh c
gim nh vo s dng bng ca cc ta
nh v cc cy trng. Cc thc vt bn
a c s dng lm p cho thit k,
Sa mc
Trung tm
Abu Dhabi
khng c
che nng
mang li nhiu li ch, trong gip lm

gim nhit khng kh ni cng cng.
Cc thit k s dng nc trang tr cng
c kt hp mt cch tinh t, gin tip
lm mt m v to mi trng thoi mi
d chu.
Mt tin ca cc ta nh cng c thit
k lm gim s hp th nhit. Cc
vt liu xy dng vi tnh nng hp th
nhit thp hot ng nh mt h thng
lu thng nhit hiu qu gip lm mt
rt nhanh v m, gim thiu s nng
ln trong khu dn c. Cc vt liu vi
tnh nng hp th nhit cao c th c
s dng nhng ni c bng rm vi
tc dng lm mt nhng khu ct.
Vin Masdar
hon ton c
che nng
Vin Masdar
vn gii tr
Vin Masdar
b sung cnh quan
nc ng
Hnh II-B.12: Thp thng gi

cao 45m ly kh mt bn trn v
chuyn xung pha di cho cc
khng gian cng cng (trn) v
mt thp thng gi truyn thng
Rp (Masdar City)
Hnh II-B.13: Cm nhn v nhit

khc nhau cc mi trng
khc nhau (Masdar City)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
91
NH: Ronald Eckert
02 Vn trong vnh, Singapore

Quy hoch pht trin cho khu pha nam
Marina l mt phn ca d n Vn sinh
thi mi trong vnh ca Singapore. D
n nhm mc ch to ra mt im n
mi trong thnh ph, c thit k nh
mt mng li cc h sinh thi ring bit
vi hiu qu ci thin mi trng ti a.
Ti khu vn pha Nam Marina
ny mt s cc cu trc ngon mc
nht c xy dng: mt khu rng
Supertrees vi chiu cao 5-25m v
hai my lm mt bng nc, c
coi l nh knh kim sot kh hu ln
nht th gii. Cc Supertrees l kiu
cu trc cy thng tr cnh quan khu
V tr
Singapore
Nhit
ti a: 31 C (Thng 7)
ti thiu: 23 C (Thng 1)
S gi
nng
4,5 - 6,5 gi/ ngy
Hng gi ng nam, ng Bc, Ty

Nam
Din tch
Ch u t National Parks Board

Singapore
Nh t vn Grant Associates
Thit k
2006-2012
Gii php
p dng
Supertrees, Cc yu t che
nng, Va h phn chiu tt
Ngy
Hnh II-B.14: Giai on hnh thnh

tng
Hnh II-B.15: Kt cu ca cc
Supertrees
92
Thch ng - TP. HCM
101 ha (Master Plan)
vn. Chng c ln trng nh khu

vn thng ng nhm thc hin mt
nhiu chc nng, v d nh trng
cy, to bng mt v cung cp cc
chc nng sinh thi khc nhau cho cc
khu vn. Cc Supertrees cng gip
khng kh lu thng vi chc nng nh
l mt phn ca h thng lm mt.
tng kh nng tip cn gia cc
khu vn v cc khu vc a hnh xung
quanh cho ngi i b v xe c, cc
trm giao thng cng cng v pht trin
c s h tng c quy hoch. Thit
k cnh quan a hnh ha hn s to
ra khng gian thng thong vi nhng
cn gi nh nhng, mt m. ng thi
cng cc tn cy, gin cy v cc cu
trc khc nh h thng lm mt bng
nc v nhng Supertrees s cung
cp bng mt v ni tr n trong hu
ht cc b phn ca khu vn.

Lun lun lu ti vn mi trng,
cc khu vn c thit k p dng cc
cng ngh mi trng bn vng. Mt h
thng h c tnh thm m v thy vn
cao c tch hp vo cc thit k trong
lu vc vn. N c tc dng tr nc
thi ra t trong khu vn v hot ng
nh mt b lc sinh thi t nhin, lm
sch nc bng cy thy sinh. b
sung cho cc Supertrees, cc tn v
gin cy trng t nhin, cc bin php
khc lm mt khng gian m cng
c p dng nh ph xanh v che
nng cc mi vm i b, hoc dng vt
liu phn chiu trn cc va h.
Hnh II-B.16: V d v s dng vt

liu sng mu phn chiu nh
sng v hnh lang che nng
Hnh II-B.17: Mt hnh lang c

mi che cho ngi i b (Photo:
Eckert R.)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
93

Emmanuel, M. R. (2005): An Urban Approach to Climate-Sensitive Design. Stategies for the
Tropics. Abingdon, Oxon: Spon Press.
Hunh, C. and Eckert, R. (2012): Reducing Heat and Improving Thermal Comfort through
Urban Design A Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City. In: International Journal of Environmental
Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 480-485.
Gartland, L. (2010): Heat Islands. Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas. London: Earthscan Ltd.
MKULNV NRW (Ministerium fr Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen), Ed. (2010): Handbuch Stadtklima. Manahmen
und Handlungskonzepte fr Stdte und Ballungsrume zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel.
Dsseldorf: MKULNV NRW.
Shaw, R., Colley, M., and Connell, R. (2007): Climate Change Adaptation by Design: A Guide
for Sustainable Communities. London: TCPA.
Cc d n in hnh
01 Vin nghin cu Masdar, Thnh ph Masdar, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Masdar City. Exploring the Masdar Institute Campus. Available at: http://www.masdar.ac.ae/
data/grkwx8r2t752.pdf
Foster and Partners. Projects Masdar Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 20072010. Available at http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/masdar-institute/
02 Vn trong vnh, Singapore
Grant Associates. Project Garden by Bay, Singapore. Available at: http://www.grant-associates.uk.com/projects/85-gardens-by-the-bay/4777-gardens-by-the-bay.aspx
94
Thch ng - TP. HCM
II. Qun l Nhit cao
Cp
Cng cng Cng c

01 Hnh lang
thng gi th
Thnh ph
Bn kh hu th
S dng t
nh gi tc ng mi
trng
05 Nng
cao mt
mng
xanh
02 Hng cng trnh

theo hng gi chnh
Qun
09 To bng
trong khng
gian cng cng
bng cy xanh
v cng trnh
Khu t
Cng trnh
Bn quy hoch
chung xy dng
08 Vt liu lt mt
sng mu v phn
chiu
06 Cc mt nc
m
11 Cu trc che
mt trong khng
gian cng cng
04 Hin
tng
Downwashs chuyn
hng gi
do chiu cao
cng trnh
khc nhau
03 Hn ch s
cn gi
07 Mt ng v mi
nh sng mu v phn
chiu
Bn quy hoch
chung cp qun/
Bn phn khu xy
dng
S dng t
nh gi tc ng mi
trng
Bn quy hoch
chi tit
S dng t
nh gi tc ng mi
trng
Thit k th
Bn thit k cng
trnh
Thit k th
Thit k xy dng
nh gi tc ng mi
trng
10 Cu trc che mt
cho ta nh
C nhn
Cng c
Thch ng - TP. HCM
95
III.
Thit k in hnh
Gii
III.
Thit
thiu
k in hnh
Phng php nghin cu

Hai khu t c la chn trong khu
vc hnh chnh TP. HCM kim tra,
chng minh, v nh gi kh nng p
dng cc chin lc thit k th c
xut trong cc trng hp c th. C
hai khu t ny l i din cho cc d
n pht trin th hin ti ti TP. HCM.
Da trn hin ti ca hai khu t v cc
phng n thit k th xut bi
nh u t v chnh quyn a phng,
cc phng n thit k th mi, sau
y gi l Thit k Ti u ha c
tin hnh, nhm ci thin kh nng thch
ng vi bin i kh hu ca hai khu t
gim thiu ri ro l lt v nhit cao.
Cc Thit k Ti u ha, do , cung
Cc Thit k Ti u ha c tin
hnh vi cc lnh vc sau:
cp kh nng so snh vi hin trng v

cc thit k c xut ca mi khu
t, v t gip nh gi c cc
chin lc xut (Hnh III.1).
Cc Thit k Ti u ha c a ra
vi cng tng din tch sn nh thit k
ban u, tuy nhin, chng c tch hp
vi cc gii php xut trong Chng
I & II bng cch thay i hnh thc xy
dng, hng cng trnh, mt xy
dng, h thng cy xanh, v vt liu
xy dng. Thit k Ti u ha, do
s th hin phng cch ng dng cc
gii php thit k v quy hoch
ra trong chng I & II trn tng khu t
c th.
Qun l Ngp do Triu v t

Sng ngi
Qun l Lm mt th
Qun l Nc mt
Qun l Bc x
Mt tri
Khu t vi tnh trng hin hu
Hnh III.1: Phng php nghin

cu ca cc thit k in hnh
Khu t vi thit k th c xut do

cc nh u t a c v cc nh chc trch
Khu t vi thit k th thch ng vi

bin i kh hu
Hin trng
Thit k Hin ti
Thit k Ti u ha
98
Thch ng - TP. HCM
III. Thit k Gii

inthiu
hnh
Gii thiu chung v khu t th

im
Cc khu t c la chn nghin
cu l i l V Vn Kit v khu dn c
Nhn c. C hai u l cc i din
tiu biu cho s pht trin v ti pht
trin th hin ti ca TP. HCM.
i l V Vn Kit l mt d n pht
trin th cao tng, c chc nng s
dng hn hp, nm trong khu vc ni
thnh gia qun 6 v 8, ni c lch s b
ngp lt. Trong khi , khu dn c Nhn
c nm trn mt khu t trng, ngp
nc, nm ngoi thnh, v l i din
tiu biu cho qu trnh th ha vo

cc khu vc trng thp ca TP. HCM.
C hai khu t th im u b ri ro cao
ca l lt v hiu ng o nhit th.
Tuy nhin, cc thit k quy hoch hin
nay cho c hai khu t u khng th
hin y cc cn nhc v cc ri
ro ny. Do , cc Thit k Ti u ha
c thc hin nhm mc ch ti u
ha kh nng thch ng ca hai khu t
vi nhng ri ro bin i kh hu trong
tng lai.
Hnh III.2: a im ca hai khu

t (Da trn bn cao nn
ca: Storch & Downes 2012)
I L V VN KIT
KHU DN C NHN C
Thch ng - TP. HCM
99
NH: Ronald Eckert
Gii
III.
Thit
thiu
k in hnh
Khu t 1: i l V Vn Kit
Khu t u tin, l khu 60ha nm trong
ni thnh gia cc qun 6 v 8. y l
mt phn trong nghin cu thit k
th quy m ln hn do S Quy hoch
Kin trc TP. HCM (DPA), nghin cu
v tim nng v gii hn trong vic ti
u ha s dng t trong n i
l ng-Ty (i l V Vn Kit). Mc
tiu ca d n ny l iu chnh s pht
trin v hnh thc ca th trong tng
lai thng qua mt b hng dn thit k
th, kim sot mt xy dng, t
l din tch sn, v chiu cao cng trnh.
c chuyn i thnh i khu th

mi vi mt cao v cao tng c
c chc nng thng mi, vn phng
v nh theo bn thit k d tho ca
DPA.
Khu vc ny nm trn vng t thp
trong dc theo lu vc sng Tu H phng Bn Ngh v s phi i mt
vi l lt th thng xuyn. Ngoi
ra, khu t ny cng l mt phn ca
mt hnh lang thng gi cp thnh ph,
cung cp khng kh trong lnh cho mt
s khu vc ni thnh.
Hnh III.3: Phi cnh phc tho

ca thit k khu i l V Vn Kit
(S Quy hoch Kin trc TP. HCM)
Khu vc c la chn hin ang c

nhiu nh cng nghip v kho b hoang
dc b sng, v cc khu nh quy m
nh vi nhng ngi nh ph song song
vi cc con ng hp. Khu ny s
100
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Vt liu xy dng hin hu ch yu l

tng gch, mi b tng hoc kim loi.
Hu ht cc mt ng c nim
phong bng nha ng, b tng v xi
III. Thit k Gii

inthiu
hnh
i l V Vn Kit
a im
1044N,
10638E
Tc gi
2 m/s
Hng gi
30 (dc theo
knh)
Vt liu v cy xanh hin trng

Va h
Xi-mng
ng
Nha ng
chng thm
Mi nh
B-tng v kim
loi
Tng nh
Gch
t st
Cy xanh ng ph
cao 5-10m
C b mt
cao 5cm
Cy xanh trong nh
Khng c
Va h xi
mng
Tng
gch
Mi btng
mng. Cy xanh hin hu nm ri rc

dc theo cc ng ph c chiu cao t
5-10m, v mt cy xanh hin nay l
ch khong 2% tng din tch khu vc.
Cc nghin cu v khu quy hoch ny
cn nh gi cc cu hi khc nhau, liu
mt xy dng cao v cng trnh xy
dng cao c nh hng n cc chc
nng thng gi ca knh Tu H hay
khng, lm th no cc hnh thc quy
hoch th c th c ti u ha
gim tc ng tiu cc c th c trn
h thng thng gi, c cc bin php v
chin lc no c th c tch hp vo
cc thit k quy hoch th hin hu
cung cp kh nng chng ngp lt
trong khu vc.
Hnh III.4: Hin trng khu i l V
Vn Kit (nh: Eckert R.)
ng
nha
C cao
5cm
Mt nc
Cy cao
5-10m
t st
Thch ng - TP. HCM
101
Gii
III.
Thit
thiu
k in hnh
So snh ba kch bn thit k

Hnh III.5: (Bn cnh)
Hin trng khu t
(Phng theo Google
Earth 2012)
Hnh III.6: (Bn di)

Phc tho thit k hin
hu (S Quy hoch
Kin trc TP. HCM)
102
Thch ng - TP. HCM
50
50
100
100
200
200
300m
300m
III. Thit k Gii

inthiu
hnh
Hnh III.7: So snh t l b mt
cy xanh
va h,
ng
ph
va h,
ng ph
cy xanh
mt nc
cng trnh
lt gch
khng thm
cng trnh
mt nc
THIT K HIN HU
Thit k phc tho hin hu c trnh

by vi cc gii hn di y lin quan
n thch ng kh hu:
Gii hn lin quan n ri ro l lt:
cha chc nng thch ng vi l
cho cng trnh v h tng
b mt ph kn s lm tng kh nng
nc chy b mt
cha c khu cha nc ma chy trn
v nc l t sng
Gii hn lin quan n nhit cao:
b mt ph kn s lm tng s hp th
bc x mt tri
hng cng trnh cha cp n
hng gi chnh, s to ra hiu ng
lt gch
thm thu
THIT K TI U HA
chn gi
chiu cao cc to nh cng cha thch
hp vi hng gi
Thit k ti u ha c ra tng
thch ng vi cc iu kin vi kh hu
v bo v cc khu t khi cc ri ro
ngp lt. Bng cch iu chnh hng
v chiu cao cng trnh, thit k nhm
kch thch thng gi t nhin vo khu t
v khu vc ln cn. Ngoi ra, hu ht
cc b mt kn c thay th bng cc
b cy xanh, c s dng nh khng
gian cng cng va l cc khu cha
nc l. Cc bin php p dng chi tit
c trnh by trong cc trang sau.
50
100
Hnh III.8: Thit k Ti

u ha
200
300m
Thch ng - TP. HCM
103
Gii
III.
Thit
thiu
k in hnh
Cu trc bo v ti mt tin
sng (Bo v t)
I-A.07
Cu trc bo v nh ca
IIA.04
Hi
chu
Vt liu chng thm trn tng v sn

t cao cc thit b in t
nng cao tng trt
b sng cha nc l, thay v

y nc i ni khc
khng gian b sng c thit
k vi cc terrace hoc nh cc
cng vin dc b
Bo tn vng ng bng
ngp nc
I-A.08
I-A.03
bo v cc khu t phng dc
sng dng cho cha nc l
vng m c ti u ha s
dng bng cch hnh thc nh
t nng nghip, sn chi, sn
th thao
Hng cng trnh theo

hng gi chnh
II-A.02
bo m s thng gi, hng

nh nn t song song vi hng
gi, trnh hiu ng chn gi gy
nn bi cng trnh hoc cy xanh
dy c
ng ph phi rng cn thit
To bng trong khng

gian cng cng bng cy
xanh v cng trnh
cy dc theo ng ph bo v
ng ph v cng trnh khi bc
x mt tri
bng ca cy gip to ra thoi mi
v nhit trong khng gian cng cng
104
Thch ng - TP. HCM
II-B.09
Mi nh, mt ng v Lt va h
sng mu v phn chiu
vt liu cng trnh v va h sng mu v phn

chiu gip gim s hp th bc x mt tri
khng ch c mu sc m cn tnh cht vt liu
quy nh tnh hp th nhit
II-B.07
II-B.08
IIA.05
Nng cao m
b mt ph
cc mng
ging nh
III. Thit k Gii

inthiu
hnh
n tng Downwash Effect - s

uyn hng gi
IIA.03
cc chiu cao nh khc nhau kch thch

s lu thng gi trong th
to ra cc khong trng trong th
h tr thng gi
Hn ch s cn gi
I-A.06
Hnh thi th cao

tng & nn
gim ti thiu b mt xy
dng dnh khng gian
trng cho cha nc l
v cy xanh
cc cng trnh nm n
hng gi v dc b sng
nn c chiu cao thp nhp
Hnh lang thng gi th
IIA.01
bo v hnh lang thng gi cp

thnh ph gip tng cng tnh
thng gi trong th
hnh lang c th kt hp vi cc
ng ph li cc hnh lang cy
xanh v cc knh rch
I L V VN KIT
THIT K TI U HA
0
mt mng xanh
I-A.05
I-B.15
H iu tit tm thi
Thot nc thm thu
I-B.09
50
10
200
Va h thm thu
xanh gip gim nhit tt

xanh ri rc c hiu ng gn
mt mng xanh tp trung
cc khng gian m nh cng vin khu , hoc cc sn th thao c thay th vt liu kn mt vi vt

thit k i km vi chc nng cha nc l tm thi
liu thm thu gip hn ch
cc di c lc c trng c c thit k chuyn nc chy b mt
nc chy b mt
i ni khc ng thi cho nc thm vo lng t
Thch ng - TP. HCM
105
NH: Ronald Eckert
Gii
III.
Thit
thiu
k in hnh
Khu t 2:
Khu dn c Nhn c
Khu t th hai c din tch 40 ha, nm
trong vng t ngp nc pha nam ca
TP. HCM, thuc x Nhn c, huyn
Nh B. y l mt khu , c quy m
va, c u t v thit k bi mt
nh u t a c. Ton b khu t c
chiu cao nn rt thp, a s l m ly,
mt phn s dng cho nui tm nc
ngt v hu ht l khng th i li c.
S th ha khu t ny chc chn
i hi phi nng nn.
Hnh III.9: Hin trng ca khu vc

Nhn c (nh: Eckert R.)
Cu trc nh hin ti ch l mt vi cn
nh tm b, s b di di khi d n c
phn duyt v thi cng. t b che ph
ch yu bi cy da nc cao 3-5m v
rt nhiu ao nh v con rch. Hu ht
cc b mt l cc b mt t v cy c
t nhin.
Cy da nc
cao 3-5m
106
Thch ng - TP. HCM
C cao 10cm
Khu dn c Nhn c
a im
1040N,
10641E
Tc gi
3 m/s
Hng gi
135 (theo
hng Bc)
Vt liu v cy xanh hin hu

Vt liu cng trnh
Cng trnh tm
b bng g
m ly, t
st
Cy b mt
C cao 10cm
Cy da nc
cao 3-5m
Mt nc
t st m ly
III. Thit k Gii

inthiu
hnh
D n quy hoch pht trin cho khu

Nhn c l mt khu thp tng, trong
bao gm nh ph cao 3-4 tng,
chung c cao 5-11 tng, mt s chung
c cao 11 tng, mt to nh thng mi
vn phng, v mt trng tiu hc v
trng mu gio.
D n pht trin khu dn c ny l in
hnh cho qu trnh th ha chnh thc
ang din ra mt cch ph bin ngoi
thnh pha Nam v pha ng ca TP.

HCM, ni d b ngp lt. Tuy nhin,
cng nh cc thit k th trong khu
vc nhy cm vi l khc, thit k ny
cha c tch hp vi nhng chin
lc thch ng vi ngp lt, thay vo ,
n l mt thit k in hnh tiu biu cho
bt k v tr ti TP. HCM.
Hnh III.10: Thit k hin hu c

xut cho khu dn c Nhn c
(y ban Nhn dn huyn Nh B)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
107
Gii
III.
Thit
thiu
k in hnh
So snh ba kch bn thit k

Hnh III.11: Hin trng
(Phng theo Google
Earth 2013)
Hnh III.12: Thit k

Hin hu (y ban
Nhn dn Nh B)
108
Thch ng - TP. HCM
50
100
200
III. Thit k Gii

inthiu
hnh
Hnh III.13: So snh t l b mt
cy xanh
va h, ng
ph
cng trnh
cy xanh
mt nc
cng trnh
lt gch thm
thu
mt nc
lt gch khng
thm
THIT K HIN HU
Thit k hin hu c trnh by vi cc

gii hn di y lin quan n thch
ng kh hu:
Gii hn lin quan n ri ro l lt:
thiu s cn nhc dnh cho thch ng
vi l mt d khu t nm v tr rt
nhy cm vi l
c s chnh sa h thng knh rch
t nhin v san lp nn mnh m
Gii hn lin quan n nhit cao:
b mt ph kn s lm tng s hp th
bc x mt tri
mt s cng trnh c hng chn gi
THIT K TI U HA
Thit k ti u ha c ra gim
nh v thch ng vi cc ri ro ngp lt
tng v cc iu kin vi kh hu. Khu
cm xy dng v khu m cho php cc
cng trnh xy dng thp tng nhng
vn tn trng cc chc nng cha l
ca b sng. Cc gii php quy m nh
cp cng trnh nh thu hoch nc ma
v ti s dng gp phn gim nguy c
nc chy mt v gim nhu cu nc
vi cho h gia nh. Cc khi nh cao
tng cng c chnh sa ph hp theo
hng gi chnh v to ra cc khong
trng cho gi i qua.
50
100
200
Hnh III.14: Thit k

Ti u ha
Thch ng - TP. HCM
109
Gii
III.
Thit
thiu
k in hnh
Mi nh, mt ng v Lt va h
sng mu v phn chiu
IIB.03
To bng trong khng gian cng

cng bng cy xanh v cng trnh
II-B.01& 02
vt liu cng trnh v va h sng mu v phn

chiu gip gim s hp th bc x mt tri
khng ch c mu sc m cn tnh cht vt liu
quy nh tnh hp th nhit
I-B.13
Thu nc ma v ti s dng
I-B.14
Mi nh & mt ng
trng cy
Nc ma c thu hoch x l v ti s dng

trong h gia nh v khu
gim cc mt ph khng
thm nc ca thnh ph
110
cy dc theo ng ph bo v ng ph
v cng trnh khi bc x mt tri
bng ca cy gip to ra thoi mi v
nhit trong khng gian cng cng
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-A.05
H iu tit tm thi trong khu vc th
cc khng gian m nh cng vin khu , hoc cc sn th

thao c thit k i km vi chc nng cha nc l tm
thi trong thi gian c l
nc l c tr trong cc trong cc h tm ny v sau
c chuyn tr li h thng sng rch t nhin
I-B.15
Dn n
cc d
chuyn
cho n
phn
ngm
thit k
III. Thit k Gii

inthiu
hnh
Cu trc bo v ti ti mt tin
sng (Cu trc bo v kh)
I-A.07
ngn chn hon ton nc l xm

nhp vo khu th
tn dng t ti a cho pht trin
th v h tng
cc cu trc bo v v d nh: ,
p, k, bao ct, tng ngn l, thanh
V
ghp chn l, v.v
c thm thu
I-A.02
V
+2,00
T nhin ha sng ngi v knh rch
k sng t nhin v khng bt mt gip tng kh

nng thm, tr nc, gip hn ch lng nc
l, gim tc chy v l h ngun
+1,50
+1,00
+1,00
+1,50
+2,00
IV
Cnh quan thm thu
II
II
IV
I-B.10
I-A.03
cnh quan c thit k t nhin nht c th

bng cch s dng cy v t a phng
Bo tn vng ng bng ngp nc
bo v cc khu t phng dc sng dng

cho cha nc l
vng m c ti u ha s dng bng cch
hnh thc nh t nng nghip, sn chi, sn
th thao
KHU DN C NHN C
THIT K TI U HA
0
II-A.05
i c lc c trng c c thit k
n nc chy b mt i ni khc ng thi
c thm vo lng t
ng php ny ch hiu qu nu mc nc
y thm hn 1m so vi b mt t
50
100
200
Nng cao mt mng

xanh
I-B.12
Vng m ly nhn to
=
b mt ph xanh gip gim
nhit tt
cc mng xanh ri rc c hiu
ng gn ging nh mt mng
xanh tp trung
landscape design has to ensure that marsh planting

fulfils the intended stormwater treatment function
accessible as open space areas with viewing areas,
pathway links, picnic nodes,..
Thch ng - TP. HCM
111
Kt lun
Kt lun
Kt lun
Trc tnh trng phn ln nn t thp, TP. HCM nn tp trung pht trin v
ti pht trin u tin trc cc vng t c nn cao trn 2m so vi mc
nc bin trung bnh. Hnh thi th nn l dng th nn, v cao tng, kt
hp vi h thng h tng k thut v h thng h tng cy xanh v mt nc
hp l. Cc chnh sch quy hoch v thit k th hin hu cn c b
sung v sa i khuyn khch hnh thi th ny.
Khuyn ngh cho mt thit k
th ti u
Ni chung, s pht trin th trn
vng t thp ca TP. HCM l khng
hon ton trnh c, tuy nhin, cn
tp trung pht trin u tin trc trn
vng t cao hoc ni c cc ng
giao thng nng cao, gim thiu
vic ci to v san lp t. Cc thit k
nghin cu trnh by cho thy, mt
cu trc th ph hp vi bin i kh
hu m vi cng mt mt xy dng
nh hin hu khng phi l khng th.
Cc khng gian m cn c thit k
khng nn ch dnh cho mc ch gii
tr, m cn nn l cc khu vc phc v
cho ci thin kh hu. Thm vo , vic
kt ni khng gian xanh, cc hnh lang
thng gi, v cc khu vc lu gi nc
ma s lm gim mt che ph do
cng trnh xy dng.
Vic tch hp cc bin php thch ng
bin i kh hu l rt quan trng cho
vic pht trin thnh ph bn vng v
114
Thch ng - TP. HCM
c tnh thch nghi ca TP. HCM. Mc

d vi thit k th hin nay hu nh
khng cung cp kh nng cho mt mt
xy dng cao hn, cc dng m hnh
xy dng khc c th gip tng mt
nhng vn ci thin tnh thch ng vi
bin i kh hu ca th hin hu,
v d nh dng nh ph vi hai n v
nh xp chng ln nhau hay dng nh
chung c cao tng. i vi cc cu trc
nh hin hu, vn c nhiu gii php
nng cp v ci to tng tnh thch
ng vi bin i kh hu ca chng, v
d nh b sung mi nh trng cy hoc
mt tin sng mu hoc c trng cy
gim thiu bc x mt tri v nng cao
kh nng tr nc ma trong th.
Trong bi cnh nhu cu nh ca cao
nhng li b hn ch t nn cao ca
TP. HCM, vic pht trin th vo trong
vng t thp dng nh rt kh trnh
khi. Tuy nhin, s tng nhit v nhu
cu qun l nc ma v triu cng
i hi mt dng hnh thi th khc.
Hnh thi th c chc nng hn hp
Kt lun
v nh gn kt hp vi h thng h tng
cy xanh v mt nc s l hnh thi
th thch hp cho TP. HCM. Thng qua
hnh thi ny, cc khong trng khng
gian dnh cho cy xanh v mt nc
s c gn gi v bo v, do gip
tng s thch ng ca th thng qua
vic gim che ph b mt, v lng
ghp cc hnh lang thng gi mt v
mt nc.
Ni chung, pht trin th p ng
vi kh hu ca TP. HCM i hi mt
t l thch hp gia cc cng trnh xy
Cp
Thnh ph
dng v cc b mt khng xy dng.

So vi nhu cu cc d n nh hin
nay, s tng xy dng phi c tng
trn cng mt b mt xy dng, trong
khi , khng gian m phi c gi v
thit k nh cc khu chc nng ci thin
kh hu. S ch nn c da trn
nh hng ca ta nh tng cng
thng gi a phng, s cung cp
thm thc vt tng kh nng lm mt,
bay hi cng nh hiu ng bng , v
s kt hp ca thm thu v thu hoch
nc ma trong khu t. Cng cn lu
rng mng xanh th c mt tc ng
Cp quy hoch
Th theo lut quy hoch v lut xy dng
Lut ti cp
Quy hoch chung
xy dng
nh gi mi trng
chin lc, S dng
t, Quy hoch h
tng k thut
Qun Huyn
Cng c quy hoch

tng ng
Bn quy hoch
chung xy dng
(1:50.000, 1:25.000)
Bn quy hoch
chung xy dng cp
qun (1:10.000,1:5.000)
Bn quy hoch
phn khu xy dng
Lut ti cp
Quy hoch phn khu
nh gi tc ng mi
trng, S dng t, Quy
hoch h tng k thut
D n
Lut ti cp
Quy hoch chi tit
nh gi tc ng mi
trng, S dng t,
Hng dn thit k th
Bn quy hoch chi

tit (1:500)
Cng trnh
xy dng
Lut ti cp
Cng trnh xy dng
nh gi tc ng mi
trng, S dng t,
Hng dn thit k th
Bn cng trnh
xy dng
Khu vc
(1:5.000, 1:2.000)
(1:100, 1:50)
Quy & Tiu

chun, Lut
Qun l Nc
mt
Qun l Lm
mt th
Qun l Bc
x Mt tri
Cc vn c th c lng ghp
Quy chun k thut

quc gia v Quy
hoch xy dng
(04/2008/Q-BXD)
Hng dn Cp 1
Lut quy hoch

(30/2009/QH12)
N & TT-Quy nh
v hng dn v
nh gi mi trng
chin lc, nh
gi tc ng mi
trng trong
n quy hoch xy
dng, quy hoch
th (29/2011/N-CP,
(01/2011/TT-BXD)
Hng dn Cp 2
Quy hoch TP. HCM

n 2025(24/Q-TTg)
QC XD (04/2008/
Q-BXD)
Energy efficiency code
(40/2005/Q-BXD)
Cc vn c cp trong quyn Cm nang

Qun l Ngp
do Triu v t
Sng
Hnh 2: S lng ghp ca cc gii

php xut trong h thng quy
hoch hin hu ca TP. HCM
th nn
Hng dn Cp 3
S dng
Nng
lng
Hiu qu
S Phn tn v
Khng gian
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Giao thng
Bn Vng
115
Kt lun
ng k khng nhng trn phng din

tng cng tin nghi v kh hu th
v lm gim nhit khng kh, m cn
a ra cc c hi tr nc l v gim
mt nc chy b mt.
Vic tch hp cc chin lc quy

hoch v cng c vo h thng
quy hoch
Qu trnh ci thin v thch ng ca thit
k th hin ti v cc cng trnh xy
dng i hi s tch hp ca chin lc
quy hoch, cc quy nh v cc bin
php mi vo qu trnh quy hoch hin
ti.
Mc tiu chung ca nhng quy nh ny
l hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc bi
bin i kh hu ln ngi dn v lm
thit hi cho cc ta nh v c s h
tng. Tuy nhin, s thiu tnh php l
trong quy hoch l mt hin tng ca
h thng quy hoch Vit Nam; trong ,
qu trnh quy hoch v xy dng cng
trnh c quy nh bi mt s t rng
buc php lut v s tun th php
lut khng phi lc no cng t c.
Trong bi cnh ny, cc hng dn nn
c nh hng nh mt cng c thch
hp chuyn giao cc bin php thch
ng v gim thiu lng ghp vi qu
trnh quy hoch v qu trnh ra quyt
nh. S tng s lng quy nh khng
ch lm tng cc tiu chun mi trng
v cht lng ni chung, n cn c th
116
Thch ng - TP. HCM
phc v hiu qu tip cn lng ghp

cc gii php thch ng vi bin i kh
hu vo quy hoch th (Eckert, 2011).
lng ghp cc gii php bin i kh
hu vo trong h thng quy hoch th
v tng kh nng thch ng, mt chin
lc kp cn c thc y. Mt mt,
tip cn theo cch chnh thc truyn
thng t trn xung, trong mc
tiu l iu chnh nn tng php l,
nh hng cho cc quyt nh v qu
trnh ra quyt nh cc cp thp hn.
Mt khc, chin lc t di ln cng
cn c p dng, nhm nng cao kh
nng ng ph ca a phng trong quy
hoch th v xy dng thng qua tp
hp a dng ca cc bin php phi cng
trnh v cng trnh cp cng ng a
phng.
Trc tin, cc nh hng, phng
php quy nh t trn xung c p
dng p ng vi vic thiu quy nh
php lut v ng ph vi bin i kh
hu. lp y khong trng ny, cc
cng c nh hng dn thit k th,
quy hoch phn khu chc nng v nh
gi mi trng chin lc phi c
gn kt vo h thng quy hoch. Cc
phn tch h thng quy hoch hin hu
ca TP. HCM, cho thy vn c nhiu
c hi tch hp cc yu t trn. Vic
pht trin v tc hp cc hng dn l
mt c hi tuyt vi tch hp cc gii
php bin i kh hu gia cc cp, cc
Kt lun
a phng.
Tuy nhin, vn c bn ca h thng
quy hoch Vit Nam dng nh khng
ch vic thiu cc quy nh chnh thc,
m cn l trong vic p dng v thc
hin chnh xc cc quy nh ny. Vn
ny c th gii quyt bng cch tip
cn t trn xung, b sung vi tip cn
t di ln. Cch tip cn t di ln
th hin cc gii php tip cn a dng,
bao gm vic p dng cc n tham

gia ca cng ng v ph bin kin thc
thng qua cc Sch hng dn, S tay
hng dn, b cng c v cc chng
trnh khuyn khch lin quan n bin
i kh hu. V vy, cc hot ng xy
dng v ph bin kin thc c coi
nh l mt cng c c gi tr truyn
b v tho lun nhng thch thc lin
quan n bin i kh hu thc y
pht trin th bn vng ti Vit Nam.
Phng php tip cn mi, cn pht huy

Phng php tip cn hin hu, cn
ci thin
Qu trnh p dng
Khuyn ngh cho quy hoch v thit k th thch ng vi bin i kh
hu
Thnh ph
Khu dn c
Cng trnh
Ngi s dng
Ni dung
Hnh 3: Nhng cng c quy hoch

v phng php tip cn hin hu
v xut mi (bao gm rng
buc v khng rng buc) cho vic
tch hp tnh thch ng vi bin
i kh hu
Khng rng buc
Rng buc
Cc tiu chun cp quc gia
Cc quy chun quc gia/ Cc ngh quyt
Cc tiu chun cp a phng
Cc ngh quyt ch o v hng dn
Hng dn cho cc c quan chc nng v

cho cng ng
Cc ngh quyt cp a phng
H thng nh gi
Quy hoch phn khu
Cc hi tho chuyn
Quy chun thit k
Cc khuyn khch, xy dng nhn thc

cng ng
iu chnh, nng cao h thng quy hoch

hin hu
Thch ng - TP. HCM
117
Kt lun
Ti liu thao khm

Eckert, R. (2012): How Climate Changes Urban Design. Challenges and Consequences for
the Urban Fabric of Ho Chi Minh City/ Vietnam. Online-Proceedings of the 10th International
Urban Planning and Environment Association Symposium (UPE 10). Sydney: UPE.
Eckert, R. (2011): Designing Climate-Compliant and Compact Urban Structures for Ho Chi
Minh City. A Contradiction in Terms? In: Gauthier, P. and Gilliland, J. Eds. Urban Morphology
and the Post-Carbon City. Proceedings of the 18th International Seminar on Urban Form.
Montreal: ISUF.
118
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus/ CHLB c

Khoa Quy hoch th v Thit k Khng gian
y ban Nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh
S Quy hoch Kin Trc (DPA)
c chun b trong khun kh d n
Nghin cu Siu th TP. H Ch Minh
Mt phn ca chui d n Nghin cu Siu th
c ti tr bi B Nghin cu v Gio dc CHLB c
ISBN 978-3-00-042750-3
NH: Ronald Eckert
ISBN 978-3-00-042750-3

2013 Edition Handbook On Climate Change Adapted Urban Planning and Design VIE

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Thch ng - TP.

Trong khun kh ca D n nghin cu Siu th TP. H Ch Minh

Thch ng - TP. HCMC

Trong khun kh ca D n nghin cu Siu th TP. H Ch Minh

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Thch ng v gim thiu trong quy hoch v thit k th

A - Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Phng php tip cn chung

Phng php tip cn chung

Tm tt cc gii php xut

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

NH: Chu Hunh

II. Qun l Nhit cao

Phng php tip cn chung

Phng php tip cn chung

Tm tt cc gii php xut

III. Thit k in hnh

Phng php nghin cu

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Thch ng v gim thiu trong

Thch ng - TP. HCM

kha cnh v mi trng ca bin i

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

and Blue Infrastructure) cung cp

Hnh 1: Cc vn chnh lin

Nguy c ngp lt (Ngp lt th)

Cc vn cp trong Quyn Cm Nang

Qun l Ngp do Qun l Nc

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM

S lin h vi cc ti liu khc

Thch ng - TP. HCM

c dng nh mt quyn sch ngun,

Ni dung ca quyn Cm nang

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Long, ngp lt do thy triu v ngp lt

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

NH: Nigel Downes / Chu Hunh

c ngp lt, tc th ha nhanh

Ngoi s ln chim lng sng ca cc

Hnh I.2: nn t ca TP. HCM.

Phn trm nn (%)

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM

lm nhim ngun nc v mi trng

Hnh I.3: Nc chy b mt do

T l trung bnh (mm/a)

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Vic lm dng ngun nc ngm trong

ghi nhn hin tng ln t trung bnh

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t

I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Thit k v quy hoch

Qun l cht thi

Rng v Nng nghip

I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Hnh I-A.2: S ln ngp trong nm