OTC 21166

Continuous Energy Efficiency and Green House Gas Emission Surveillance

and Control
Ron Cramer, KC Goh, Mahesh Iyer (Shell Global Solutions), Nnamdi Wali, Bill Spence, Guus Kessler (Shell
International Exploration and Production), Roy Kanten (Shell Canada)

Copyright 2011, Offshore Technology Conference

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 25 May 2011.
This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Offshore Technology Conference and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Offshore Technology Conference, its officers,
or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Offshore Technology Conference is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is
restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of OTC copyright.

Abstract
ThepurposeofthispaperistodocumentShellsexperiencesandlearningsintheefforttobettertrackandreduceGreenHouseGases(GHG)andimproveEnergy
Efficiency in our downstream manufacturing and upstream production operations. The paper is based on Case Studies from various Operating Units in Shell
upstreamanddownstreamoperations,aswellasoutliningfurtherdevelopmentplans.

InShelloperationsweseektominimizeGHGemissionsbycontinuouslymonitoring,displayingandreportingassociatedKeyPerformanceIndicators(KPIs)and
quickly alerting operators of changes to trigger remedial intervention. Reduction of GHG emission is also achieved by improving cross validated and mass
balancedtrackingofourprocessstreams.Thisensuresthatmanufacturingandproductionprocessesareoperatedefficientlyandtransparently.

Continuous GHG monitoring also allows automatic compilation of emissions by source which can then be automatically reported as part of the normal daily
reportingcycle.TheresultingemissionsfiguresandassociatedKPIsarethenprominentlydisplayedintheDailyProductionReport.Thedailyemissionstotalsare
also stored and trended to flag more subtle and/or gradual changes. In this way GHG emissions data and performance information are made available to
operationsstaffandmanagementtofacilitateawarenessandcorrectiveactionswhenappropriate.
Introduction
By2050theworldsenergydemandislikelytodoubleyetmorethanhalftheenergywegenerateeverydayiswasted.Atthesametimetheworldisbecoming
increasinglymorecarbonconstrainedandinordertocounterthesechallenges,ShellhasdefinedanumberofstrategicpathwaysaspartoftheiroverallGHG
management strategy and policy. The first strategic pathway focusses on energy efficiency in our own operations, both for existing and new assets. Energy
efficiency is regarded within Shell as good business, yielding often attractive and immediate business value, while also providing improved robustness in the
sustainabilityandprofitabilityofouroperations,especiallyinacarbonconstrainedworld.

ThemanagementprocessstartswithunderstandingandmeasuringenergyconsumptionandGHGemissionsandembeddingthisinourdailydecisionmaking
processwhilealsousingthe"CO2lens"fordrivingandvalidatingthedesignchoicesinournewassets.Inordertodothissuccessfully,realtimemeasurementof
thekeyprocessparametersisrequired.Thiswillprovidetheoperatorwithinstantfeedbackofhisprocess/operationalchoicesretheimpactonenergyintensity
and GHG emissions. It can be compared with the fuel efficiency indicator in modern cars. By providing this feedback, it stimulates behavioural change and
positionsenergyefficiencyasacorevaluetobeoptimisedusingdailyoperations.

Thepuposeofthispaperistodescribeanumberofcasestudiesasarepresentativesubsetofouractivities,anddescribehowrealtimedatameasurementand
surveillancecanbeusedtosupportourdriveforoperationalexcellenceinenergyefficiency,therebyfocussingonthefollowingofourglobalbusinesses:

UpstreamE&PEuropeanoperationsderivedfromrealtimeprocessmeasurements;

Downstreamassetsderivedfromrealtimeprocessmeasurements;

NorthAmericanmidstreamoperationsderivedfromacombinationofrealtimeprocessmeasurementsandvalveflowestimates

InternationalupstreamE&Passetsderivedfromacombinationofwellgasflowestimatesandrealtimeprocessmeasurements

Note,ShellisalsoveryactiveintheareaofCO2sequestrationthisoutwiththescopeofthispaperandisdescribedelsewhere(Ref.1)

OTC 21166

Case Study 1 Continuously estimating energy efficiency and gas emissions to the atmosphere using flow measurements and Shells Energy Efficiency
Surviellance(EEST)applicationasappliedintheNorthSea
RealtimeinstrumentationsignalsrelatingtoenergyefficiencyandGHGemissionsareautomaticallyretrievedbytheoffshoreDCSsystems.Alargedatahistorian
islayeredontopoftheDCSsystemswhichinturnfeedsdatatotheEESTsoftwareapplication.
EESTretrievesandstoresinstrumentationsignalsandperfomsrealtimecalculationstoderiveenergyefficiency/emissionsKPIs.TheresultingKPIsareavailable
asreports,trendsanddisplaysthataresimultaneouslyavailabletoprocessoperatorsandsupportengineers.Deviationsfromthenormareflaggedtooperators
using system generated alarms for operating efficiency, energy exported, energy consumed and energy flared to trigger remedial intervention. To minimise
nuisance alarms, the alarms are generated from rolling averages of the instantaneous values. Longterm trends are used by engineers to detect more subtle
and/orgradualchangesinemissionsandenergyefficiency.
EESTscopeappliestoallmajorenergyusersandemissionssourcesinclusiveoffuelusers,wasteheatrecoveryandelectricityusers,thusprovidingacomplete
overviewoftheenergyefficiencyandGHGemissionsforeachasset.Theoverallenergyefficiencyisderivedfromenergyexported,energyconsumedandenergy
flaredandisdisplayedinseveralKPIsincludingthecurrentefficiency(rollingaverage),theestimatedaverage(today)andthedailyaverage(previousdaytotal).
GHGemissionsarederivedfromfuelusedandgasflaredprovidingKPIsforcurrentdailyrate,estimatedtotal(today),dailytotal(previousday)andcumulative
Total(yeartodate).
Fuelusersincludepowergenerationandcompressor/pumpturbines,forwhichEESTgeneratesfuelpowerusedandelectricalpoweroutput/efficiency,along

withtotalwasteheatrecovered,heatexhaustedandspinningreserve .
Theuserinterfacecomprisesofcrossassetoverviewdisplaystoallowcomparisonofrelatedassetsplusasetofoverviewdisplaysforeachasset,asfollows:

Fig 1 Typical EEST overview display for multiple assets showing daily and ytd energy/emission values, alarms and selected trends

Fig 2 - Typical EEST overview for singular asset showing real time energy/emission KPIs and selected trends

The EEST has been applied in a number of Shells European Operating Units and the following illustrates how EEST is being effectively used to monitor and
controlenergyefficiencyandGHGemissionsforanassetinthatOU.

OTC 21166

Fig 3 - Typical EEST analysis display showing the major contributors to emissions and energy efficiency and used to analyse events
which have caused alarms and trends to help analyse what caused these events.
TheEESTapplicationisbeingusedtoreduceGHGemissionsandimproveenergy efficiency.Forexamplealarmsandalertsautomaticallyflagtheoperatorof
increasingflareflowsthefollowingscreenshotindicateshowEESTwasusedtodetectafuelgassystemfaultwhichresultedinincreasingflareflow(increasing
GHG emissions). The fault was traced to the fuel gas system. Once this was repaired the background flare flows returned to normal, thus reducing GHG
emissions.

Fault discovered with fuel gas system

Project Number
Project Title
Background flare rates
Beginning to rise

Fault repaired

Fig 4 - Example of EEST problem solving - Bright green line shows filtered values which help to avoid spurious alarms

ImprovedGHGmonitoringasillustratedintheaboveexamplehasledtoanoverallreductioninflaringandacorrespondingreductioninGHGemissions.

OTC 21166

CaseStudy2ContinuouslyEstimatingEnergyEfficiencyforaDownstreamAromaticsPlant
Real time instrumentation signals relating to energy efficiency and GHG emissions are automatically retrieved by the aromatics plant DCS systems in a Shell
downstreammanufacturingfacility.LayeredontopoftheDCSsystemsisalargedatahistorian.EnergyKPIsarecalculatedfrominstrumentreadingsandstored
inthedatahistorianwhichusesstandardapplicationstocontinuouslymonitorenergyKPIsaswellasenergyefficiencyrelatedinstrumentreadings.ATopdown
displayarchitecturefacilitatesdrillingdownfromsuspectplantperformancegapstotherootcauseofinefficientenergyuse.Forexamplevaluablestafftime
was saved by using the following drill down display architecture to find high oxygen in furnace flue gas and excessive distillation column refluxing which
negativelyaffectedplantenergyefficiency:

Gosh

Figure5:EnergymanagementdisplayfeaturingthedrilldownfromPlantKPItoinefficientenergyuserootcause
AnenergyefficiencyKPIusedisEnergyLossPerformanceGapwhichistheexcessiveEnergylostinplant,unitand/orequipmentthisisthevehicleusedfor
thedrilldownlogictoidentifyenergyinefficiencies.Thedisplaysalsoreporttraditionalbenchmarkindexesandotherrootcausesforenergyinefficiencyaswell
asperformancegaps.Theserealtimedisplaysareusedtoquicklyidentifyenergyinefficienciesandtriggerremedialactionsinatimelyfashion.

Monthendsummaryreportsaregeneratedasshowninthefollowingdiagram.

Fig 6 - Typical Aromatics plant energy month-end energy utilization, KPI and event cause/effect report
Benefitsobtained
Theenergymanagementsystemhasbeeninusesincemid2007thePlantenergyperformanceindicatorimprovedandthescatterpreviouslyobservedreduced
significantly(seefollowingdiagram).TheEnergyManagementsystemwasalsousedtodetectenergyefficiencyrelatedequipmentmaintenancedefectsandto
triggerremedialactionssuchascleaningandrepairs.
200

CEL EI Index short cut calc

190
PU working on Energy
consumption
Reduces fluctuation!

180
170
160
150
140
130
Brick wall?

120
03/01/2008

Furnace restriction,
Turn down Column
22/02/2008
12/04/2008

01/06/2008

21/07/2008

09/09/2008

29/10/2008

18/12/2008

Fig 7 - Energy index as an annual trend for the year of 2008

06/02/2009

OTC 21166

monthly performance gap in TSRF/month (red) and

monthly improvement compared to Februray operation)

ThefollowingdiagraminciateshowmuchEnergyPerformancewasreducedincomparisonwiththeworstmonthofthatyear
1200

1000

800

600

400

200

ob
e

r2
00
8
N
ov
em
be
r2
00
8
D
ec
em
be
r2
00
8

20
08
be
r
em

Se
pt

20
0

Au
gu

ly
Ju

O
ct

**
8

st
20
08

*
8
20
0

20

08
Ju
ne

08

M
ay

20
Ap
r il

M
ar

ch

20
08

20
08
ry

Fe
br
ua

Ja
nu
ar

20
08

month in 2008

performance improvement

Total monthly performance gap

Fig 8 - Energy efficiency improvement trend over the year in comparision with the worst month

OTC 21166

CaseStudy3ContinuouslyEstimatingFlareGasFlowsandAssociatedGHGEmissionsforaNorthAmericanGasPlant
Governmental regulations in this country stipulate that flared volumes and associated emissions be regularly reported. Due to the normally small and
intermittentnatureofreleasestoflareandtheinherentcomplexityofplantwideflaresystems,itisoftendifficulttoobtainqualityflaringdata.Duringnormal
process plant operations, flare meters typically run in severe turndown conditions, resulting in inaccurate flow measurement. During process upsets, flare
volumes are most significant, however the focus of Operations is on safe process shutdown, leaving little time to gather flare volume data safety takes
precedenceoveraccuratecaptureofflaredata.Consequentlyflaredvolumesareoftenmanuallycalculated,retrospectively,utilizingonlyreadilyavailabledata.

ThiscasestudydescribeshowthesedifficultieshavebeenovercomebyusingacombinationofrealtimeinformationfromtheplantDCSandHistoriansystems,
along with smart IT applications, to automatically and continuously estimate, report, display and alert operators to flared volumes and the associated GHG
emissionsduringbothnormalandupsetprocessconditions.Theprojectobjectiveswereasfollows:

Continuouslyestimateandtrackflaredvolumes
Continuouslyestimateandtrackthecompositionoftheflaredgas
Ensureregulatoryflaringandreportingguidelinesaremet
Improveawarenessamongstoperations,leadingtoreducedflaringandassociatedemissions
Quicklyidentifyleaksourcesormeterissues
Helpensureoperationalintegrityoffacilitiesandinfrastructure(e.g.identifyleakingPSVs)

Asystemwasdesignedandbuilttofulfiltheseobjectives.ThebackboneofthesystemaretwoadvancedSpreadsheettemplatesthatestimateflaredvolumes
andemissionsfromallsources(byminute,hour,day,monthoryear)usingvalve/controloutputsandotherflareflowdata(P,T,compositions).Thetemplates
aretiedtoliveplantdataanduseaseriesofformulas,readingsandcalculationstofillintheblanks.Ultimately,allestimatedflaredvolumesarereconciledto
the ultra sonic flare meter. The system is currently used in multiple sour gas plants and thermal insitu operations. The Flare Report is managed by the lead
controlroomoperatorandverifieddailybytheoperationscoordinator.TherealtimedataacquisitioninfrastructureusedandITapplicationsareshowninthe
followingdiagram.

The Flare Management System

Excel based spreadsheet tools

Estimate flared volumes,
sources and composition
Reactive
Auditing Functionality

Estimates SO2
and Ground Level
Concentrations

Flare
Emissions
Report

Flare
Report

Live
Pro-active

Compliance Driven

Preventative

T, P, Flow,
etc.

Plant

DCS

PI Data
LAN
Server

Internet or
WAN
Personal
Computer

Distributed
Control
System

Fig 9 - Flare Management System architecture

Flowthrougheachpressurecontrolvalvetoflareiscontinuouslyestimatedinthesystem,facilitatingarealtimeflarereport.Thesumoftheestimatedflowsare
continuouslyreconciled(scaledtomatch)totheactualultrasonicflareflowmeterreadingoneachflarestack,asshowninthefigurebelow.
ESTIMATED
FLARED VOLUME
from VALVE OP
RECONCILED
FLARED VOLUME

ULTRA SONIC
FLARE METER
VOLUME

ACID GAS
ACID GAS
RECYCLE GAS
RECYCLE GAS

DILUTION GAS

DILUTION GAS

Fig 10 - Reconciliation of flare volume components with measured flare values

OTC 21166

AnexampleofoneoftheplantswhichusedtheFlareManagementSystemintheyearof2009isshownbelow.Theplantusedthesystemtoanalyzetheflare
sourcesandmakecorrectiveactions,leadingtoadecreaseinflaringandassociatedemissions.
HPFlare E3M3/day
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

Jan 09 Feb 09 Mar 09 Apr 09 May 09 Jun 09 Jul 09 Aug 09 Sep 09 Oct 09 Nov 09 Dec 09

Fig 11 -2009 flare volume trend showing significant emission reduction over the year

Aswellascontinuouslyestimatingtheamountandcompositionofgasbeingflared,theH2Sconcentrationduringflaringiscontinuouslyestimated,allowinglive
predictionofthebuildupofmaximumgroundlevelSO2concentrationsovertime.Forthispurpose,simplifiedcorrelationsweredevelopedfromworstcase
dispersionmodellingresults(assumingmostadverseweatherconditions).Anactualscreenshotfromtheflareemissionstoolisshowninthefollowingdiagram.

Start Time: 04-Aug-04 00:00

End Time: 04-Aug-04 00:50

04-Aug-04 00:50

Ttl RESIDUE GAS

Ttl RECYCLE GAS
Ttl ACID GAS
FLARE HEADER PURGE GAS
DILUTION GAS
METERED FLARED GAS
COMMENTS

CURRENT
04-Aug 0:50
SO2
E3M3/d
tpd
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
LHV
53.6
53.6
34.5
DILUTION RATIO

CLOCK HOUR
CUMULATIVE
51 Minutes
SO2
E3M3/d
SO2 FOOTPRINT
tpd
0.0
5.2
4.9
of Alberta Max. Guideline
17.3
21.6
(170 ppb)
12.0
50.7
89.6
22.2
REMAINING ALLOWABLE DURATION OF FLARING

04-Aug-2004 01:00

82%

160

UNKNOWN

ACID

RECYCLE

CURRENT
26.9

RESIDUE

DILUTION

34.5 % H2S

Flare Header Purge

Residue Gas
Recycle Gas

65.0 % H2S

Acid Gas

20.0 % H2S

Acid Gas with Inlet closed

0.0002 % H2S

12.47 GJ/e3m3

LHV Residue Gas

LHV Recycle Gas
LHV Acid Gas

34.52 GJ/e3m3

LHV Fuel Gas

36.42 GJ/e3m3
51.45 GJ/e3m3

11 Minutes

2.3

04-Aug-2004 00:00
04-Aug-2004 00:00

< ENTER >

12.0 E3M3/d

HOURLY RATIO

HO62.7
UR

0
12:00 AM

AUTO 1 MIN UPDATE

FH PURGE

QUIT
CUSTOM END DATE & TIME SELECTION

140
4

120

Oct

2006

17:00

0:59

SELECT Custom End Date & Time

100
80

RESET to
Current

REVERSE 1 ADVANCE 1
ADVANCE 1
Minute
Minute
Minute

REVERSE 1 ADVANCE 1
04-Aug 00:51
04-Aug-04 01:50
Hour
Hour
04-Aug 00:49
03-Aug-04 23:50

60
40
20
0
04 -Aug-04 00:00

04-Aug-04 00:15

04-Aug-04 00:30

04-Aug-04 00:45

51

Fig 12 - Sample SO2 concentration and allowable report

Benefitsachievedviatheseapplicationsareasfollows:

Timeandmanpowersavingsduetoautomatedcalculations

Increasedaccuracyandconsistencyofestimatesversusoldmanualmethods

Moreconsistentoperationandreviewleadingtoimprovedaccountability

Lessnoncomplianceduetooperatoralertsofpotentialregulatorycontraventionsand/orreportingrequirements.

ReducedflaringandGHGemissionsduetoimprovedawarenessofflaredvolumesandsources.

OTC 21166

CaseStudy4ContinuouslyestimatinggasemissionstotheatmosphereusingShellsFieldWare*ProductionUniverse(FWPU)

FWPUisadatadrivenmodelingapplicationdevelopedbyShellthedevelopmentbackgroundandoperationalexperiencewithintheShellGrouphavebeen
extensivelydescribedseereferences2,3,4,5,6,7,8.Usingdatadrivenmodels,FWPUprovidesavirtualthreephasemeterforallofthewells,allofthe
time.ThefollowingisanoverviewdescriptionofFWPU.

The data driven approach of FW PU is designed to take full advantage of the well test and available real time production mueasurements in conventional
productionoperations,particularlywithregardtochangingwellconditionsandinstrumentationuncertainty.Anabbreviatedmultiratewelltest,isconducted
andalongwithhistoricwelltestresultsaretheninputtoFWPUforthemodelingprocesstogeneratedatadrivenwellmodels.Thesemodelsrelatethethree
phaseflowfromthewellontestwithsignalsfromthewellheadinstrumentationsuchastubingheadpressuresandtemperatures,liftgasinjectionratesand
production choke openings. Well test and instrumentation signals are automatically retrieved from associated production data systems e.g. SCADA, DCS or
Historiansystems.Onceamodelhasbeenconstructedforeachofthewells,theFWPUsystemthenusesthemodeltoautomaticallycomputeoil,gasandwater
ratesforeachofthewells.

TheFWPUapplicationhasanintuitivegraphicaluserinterfaceforoperatordataload/display,wellmodelconfiguration/validation.Subsequentwelltestsare
automatically uploaded into FW PU for model validation or updating. Algorithms within FW PU automatically indicate when a model requires updating (re
testing).

The use of data driven models for well production surveillance provides a number of advantages, one of which is the simplicity of the approach and how it
incorporatesandextendstheconventionalwelltestingprocess.Nonumericalassumptionsneedtobemadeabouttheunderlyingphysicsofthewell.Further,in
anoperationalenvironmentwhereengineeringresourcesarelimited,wellheadinstrumentationiscalibratedinfrequently.FWPUrequiresonlyrepeatablewell
measurements;withinlimits,absolutemeasurementaccuracyisnotcritical.Toensurerobustness,anumberofindependentFWPUmodelsarecreatedforeach
wellusingdifferentinputs,allowingwellestimatestocontinueshouldanindividualinstrumentfailuretakeplace.

TheneteffectisthatFWPUrealtimewellflowestimates,comparisonwithbulkmeasurements,fallbackmodelsandeasytouseGraphicalUserInterfaceprovide
thefollowing:
Automaticdailyproductionanddefermenttotalsforindividualandcollectivewells;
RealtimecrosscheckonthequalityoftheFWPUestimatesindicatingwhenwellsneedtoberetestedandpinpointinginstrumentationproblems;
Well flows (when the wells are not on test) are estimated by streaming real time well data to the FW PU models. The sum of the estimated well
productionisalsoautomaticallycomparedwithrealtimesinglephaseflowsasphysicallymeasuredbyexportand/orbulkmeters;
Dailyallocationfactors;
Applicabletoallwelltypese.g.naturallyflowing,artificiallylifted,unstable,onshore,offshore,deepwater,shallowwater

FWPUisusedtoderivecontinuousgasemissionstotheatmosphereasfollows:

FWPUalsoretrievesbulk,fiscalstationoil,gasandwatersignalsfromproductiondatasystemsandthenperformscontinuousmaterialbalancesinwhichthe
wellflowestimatesprovidetheflowinandthebulkmeasurementgivetheflowout.

Hencegasemissionflowstotheatmospherearecontinuouslyestimatedusingasimplematerialbalanceasfollows:

Gasemissionflowtotheatmosphereasaconsequenceofproductionactivities=totalgasflowfromthewells(continuouslyestimatedbyFWPU)totalgas
salestotalgasreinjected.WheregassalesandgasreinjectedflowsarecontinuouslymeasuredandreportedviaSCADAorDCS

Gas emission flow to the atmosphere as a consequence of production activities can also be estimated as the sum of flare gas + gas used for utilities (e.g.
compressors,powergenerationetc.)+unavoidablegaslosses(e.g.valveandflangeleaks).Henceifflaregasandutilitygasflowsareavailabletheycanbeused
toestimateunavoidablegaslosseswhichcannotnormallybemeasured.

Theoperatorisimmediatelyalertedregardingincreasesingasemissionflowssothathecantriggeranalysistoidentifythesourceoftheemissionandwhere
appropriatetriggerremedialaction.

Thefollowingschematic(figure13)showshowFWPUisconfiguredtoderivewellflowsandestimatethetotalflareflowbydifference.

OTC 21166

Figure 13 FW PU schematic illustrating continuous, automatic flare estimation by difference

ThefollowingfigureshowsadailyreportforoneofShellsoperatingunits.Thedailyreportconsistsofindividualwelldailygasflowsandtheflaregasflowas
estimatedbysubtractingsalesgas,inectiongasandutilitygasfromthetotalwellgasflowestimates.
Signals

OilEstimate GASEstimate FlareVol. THPAvg. BHPAvg. UpTime

Units

bbl

MMscf MMscf/d

bar(g)

bar

PB302

8713

29.6

31.7

135.8

95

PB303

7998

12.9

26.1

110.9

98

PB304

8332

18.3

28.8

118.5

95

PB305

9440

17.6

31.5

137.7

94

PB306

5655

3.3

44.1

141.6

57

PB312

3067

3.9

12.8

65.3

0.0

2.1

PBFlare

Estim.Tot.

43205

85.6

2.1

Meas.Tot.

43205

85.5

1.00

1.00

Reconciliationfactor

95
73

Figure 14 - showing daily flare volume as estimated by FW PU

FW PU is already running on 60% of Shells global production (ref 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). For all of this large installed base FW PU is already automatically and
continuouslyestimatinggasflowsforallofthewells.FWPUiscurrentlybeingrolledouttomostof Shellsremainingglobalproduction.Alsototalgassales,
injectionandutilitygasflowsareavailableelectronicallyinmostoftheseassets.Henceitwillbearelativelysimpleandcosteffectiveproceduretocontinuously
andautomaticallyestimategasemissionstoatmosphereandassociateGHGemissionforalargeportionofShellsglobalproduction.

Thistechniqueisparticularlyusefulincaseswherethereareinstrumentationissuessuchasproblemswithflaregasmeasuremente.g.flaregasmetersmaynot
beavailableatthetimeofinitialplantstartup,whenflaringmaybeatitsgreatestandthereisagreaterneedtoestimateandcontrolflaregasemissions(note
thiswillbethesubjectofaforthcomingSPEpaper)
Conclusions
EnergyefficiencyandGHGemissionarebeingcontinuouslymonitoredandcontrolledinanumberofShellupstreamanddownstreamOUs.Themethodologyis
very similar using plant control/historian systems to acquire and process real time data producing displays, reports, trends alerts of KPI changes to identify
significantchangesandtriggerremedialactions.

Significant improvements have been observed for a small number of assets with significant improvement in energy efficiency over a given year and
correspondingreductionsinGHGemissions.Thisisarelativelysmallsample,howeveritdoesservetoindicatethatthecompanyslongtermaimtobecome
significantlymoreefficientinenergyuseisviable.Thechallengewillbescalingandsustainingthesegainsacrossallglobalassets.

10

OTC 21166

Otherbenefitsachievedviatheseapplicationsinclude:

Timeandmanpowersavingsduetoautomatedcalculations

Increasedaccuracyandconsistencyofestimatesversusoldmanualmethods

Moreconsistentoperationandreviewleadingtoimprovedaccountability

Lessnoncomplianceduetooperatoralertsofpotentialregulatorycontraventionsand/orreportingrequirements.

ReducedflaringandGHGemissionsduetoimprovedawarenessofflaredvolumesandsources.

ContinuousestimateofgroundlevelSO2emissions
Glossary
DCSDistributedControlSystem
EESTEnergyEfficiencySurveillanceTool
ELPGEnergyLossPerformanceGap
EOREnhancedOilRecovery
ESPElectricalSubmersiblePump
FWShellsFieldWaresuiteofrealtimesoftwareapplications
FWPUFieldWareProductionUniverse
GHGGreenhousegases
Historianlongtermrepositoryforrealtimedata
KPIKeyPerformanceIndicator
OUOperatingUnit
SCADASupervisoryControlandDataAcquisitionSystem
YTDYeartodate

References

1. K.J.Li,NorskeShell,MikeHainesandWolfK.Heidug,ShellInternationalExploration&Production:CO2RecoveryforSequestrationfromaSolidOxideFuel
CellPowerPlant,PaperSPE61027,SPEHS&Eonference,Stavanger,June2000

2. Poulisse,H.,Moncur,C.,Briers,J.,vanOverschee,P.,Goh,K.:ContinuousWellProductionFlowMonitoringandSurveillance,PaperSPE99963,Intelligent
EnergyConference,April2006,Amsterdam,theNetherlands.

3. Dolle, N., Gelin, F., Tendo. F., Goh, K., van Overschee, P.: "Combining testingbydifference, geochemical fingerprinting and datadriven models: an
integratedsolutiontoproductionallocationinalongsubseatieback,"PaperSPE108957,OffshoreEurope,September2007,Aberdeen,Scotland,U.K.

4. Gerrard,C.,Taylor,I.,Goh,K.,deBoer,F.:"ImplementingRealTimeProductionOptimisationinShellExploration&ProductioninEuropeChangingthe
wayweworkandrunourbusiness,"PaperSPE108515,OffshoreEurope,September2007,Aberdeen,Scotland,U.K.

5. Goh KC, Moncur C, Van Overschee P, Briers J: Production surveillance and optimization with data driven models, Paper IPTC11647, IPTC Conference
Dubai,December2007

6. GohKC,MoncurC,VanOverscheeP,BriersJ:ProductionsurveillanceandoptimisationformultizoneSmartWellswithDataDrivenModels,PaperSPE
112204,IEConference,Amsterdam,February2008

IbrahimK,NarayasamyD,JaberiMdY,BriersJ,GohKC:AssetWideReconciledProductionMonitoring,SPE128654,IntelligentEnergy,March,2010
7.

CramerR,MabianA,TulalianR:LessFootprintsintheSnowforSalymFieldinWesternSiberia,SPE133236,ATCE,Florence,Sept.2010
8.

*TradeMarkownedandusedbycompaniesoftheShellGroup