Step 1 Terminologi

Diarhea
a disease in which fesses becomes diluted
as a result of digestive system disorders
Constipation
fesses hardened, less fiber in the body
Pain
a sense of discomfort due to the
stimulation of specific nerve endings
Stress
Psychic conditions deteriorating due to
pressure from outside

Step 2 Identification
Problem
Why diarrhea may occur?
Why the stress can add to pain in the
solar plexus?
What kind of medication can reduce
stomach acid?

Step 3 Brainstroming
1. intestinal infections, bacteria,
environmental factors, psychological
factors
2. stress causes an increase in
stomach acid and causes pain
3. anti histamine 2 (ranitidine)

Step 4
SALIVA
STRESS

STOMACH

CONSTIPATI
ON

DHIARREA

STOMACH
ACID
PAIN ON
ULU HATI

SECRETION

TEETH
NAUSEA
AND
VOMITTING
ABSORPTIO
N

Defecation
When mass movement forces feces into
the rectrum
Immediate desire to defecate
Reflex contraction of rectrum
Relaxation of anal sphincter

Approx. 80 to 200 mL of fecal matter

expelled daily

Defecation
Tonic constriction by:
Internal anal
sphincter (circular
smooth muscle)
External anal
sphincter (striated
voluntary muscle)
Controlled by
pudendal nerve
(somatic NS)
Voluntary control

Defecation Reflexes
Intrinsic reflex
Local enteric nervous system (myenteric plexus)
Distension of rectal wall
Peristaltic waves in descending colon, sigmoid
and rectum
Relaxation of internal anal sphincter (inhibitory
action of the myenteric plexus)
Weak when functioning alone
Parasympathetic defecation reflex
Involves sacral segments of the spinal cord
Pelvic nerves

Defecation and the Parasympathetic

Nervous System
Signals transmitted
into spinal cord
Reflex back to
descending colon,
sigmoid, rectum and
anus (pelvic nerves)
Intensify peristalisis
Relax internal anal
sphincter

Defecation
Relaxation of the
external anal sphincter
is voluntary
Defecation reflexes
can be purposely
activated
Forcing fecal particles
into the rectum to cause
new reflexes
Not as effective as the
natural reflexes

From the spinal cord,

defecation signals also
have the following
effects
Taking deep breath
Closure of glottis
Contraction of
abdominal wall muscles
Relaxation and
movement of pelvis
floor downward