Section 4.

2 The Mean Value Theorem

183

(b) Graphing faxb x&
&x$  %x and f w axb &x%
"&x#  % on
$ $ by
( ( we see that each x-intercept of
f w axb lies between a pair of x-intercepts of faxb, as expected by Rolle's Theorem.

(c) Yes, since sin is continuous and differentiable on a
_ _b.

59. faxb must be zero at least once between a and b by the Intermediate Value Theorem. Now suppose that faxb is zero twice
between a and b. Then by the Mean Value Theorem, f w axb would have to be zero at least once between the two zeros of
faxb, but this can't be true since we are given that f w axb ! on this interval. Therefore, faxb is zero once and only once
between a and b.
60. Consider the function kaxb faxb
gaxb. kaxb is continuous
and differentiable on a, b, and since kaab faab
gaab and
kabb fabb
gabb, by the Mean Value Theorem, there must
be a point c in aa, bb where kw acb !. But since
kw acb f w acb
gw acb, this means that f w acb gw acb, and c is a
point where the graphs of f and g have tangent lines with the
same slope, so these lines are either parallel or are the same
line.
61. f w axb 1 for 1 x 4 faxb is differentiable on 1 x 4 f is continuous on 1 x 4 f satisfies the
conditions of the Mean Value Theorem
fa4b
fa1b 3
62. 0  f w axb 

"
#

fa4b
fa1b
4
1

f w acb for some c in 1  x  4 f w acb 1

fa4b
fa1b
3

for all x f w axb exists for all x, thus f is differentiable on a
1, 1b f is continuous on
1, 1

f satisfies the conditions of the Mean Value Theorem

fa1b
fa
1b
1
a
1b

f w acb for some c in
1, 1 0 

fa1b
fa
1b
2

0  fa1b
fa
1b  1. Since fa1b
fa
1b  1 fa1b  1  fa
1b  2  fa
1b, and since 0  fa1b
fa
1b
we have fa
1b  fa1b. Together we have fa
1b  fa1b  2  fa
1b.
63. Let fatb cos t and consider the interval 0, x where x is a real number. f is continuous on 0, x and f is differentiable on
a0, xb since f w atb
sin t f satisfies the conditions of the Mean Value Theorem
0, x

cos x
1
x

sin c. Since
1 sin c 1
1
sin c 1
1

x cos x
1 x lcos x
1l x l x l. If x  0,
1

cos x
1
x

cos x
1
x

faxb
fa0b
x
a0 b

f w acb for some c in

1. If x  0,
1

cos x
1
x

1
x cos x
1 x

x cos x
1
x
a
xb cos x
1
x lcos x
1l
x l x l. Thus, in both cases, we have

lcos x
1l l x l. If x 0, then lcos 0
1l l1
1l l0l l0l, thus lcos x
1l l x l is true for all x.
64. Let f(x) sin x for a x b. From the Mean Value Theorem there exists a c between a and b such that
sin b
sin a
sin a
sin a
cos c
1 sin bb

1 sin bb

1 ksin b
sin ak kb
ak.
b
a

a

a
65. Yes. By Corollary 2 we have f(x) g(x)  c since f w (x) gw (x). If the graphs start at the same point x a,
then f(a) g(a) c 0 f(x) g(x).

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

"
#

184

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

66. Assume f is differentiable and lfawb
faxbl lw
xl for all values of w and x. Since f is differentiable, f w axb exists and
f w axb lim
wx

fawb
faxb
w
x

using the alternative formula for the derivative. Let gaxb lxl, which is continuous for all x.

By Theorem 10 from Chapter 2, f w axb lim

wx
lfawb
faxbl lw
xl for all w and x
f w axb lim
wx

lfawb
faxbl
lw
x l

fawb
faxb
w
x

lfawb
faxbl
lw
x l

faxb
lim fawwb


x wlim
wx
x

lfawb
faxbl
lw
x l .

Since

1 as long as w x. By Theorem 5 from Chapter 2,

lim 1 1 f w axb 1
1 f w axb 1.

wx

67. By the Mean Value Theorem we have

we have f(b)
f(a)  0 f w (c)  0.

f(b)
f(a)
b
a

f w (c) for some point c between a and b. Since b
a  0 and f(b)  f(a),

68. The condition is that f w should be continuous over [a b]. The Mean Value Theorem then guarantees the
existence of a point c in (a b) such that
w

f(b)
f(a)
b
a
w

f w (c). If f w is continuous, then it has a minimum and

maximum value on [a b], and min f f (c) max f w , as required.

69. f w (x) a1  x% cos xb

"

f ww (x)
a1  x% cos xb

#

a4x$ cos x
x% sin xb

#

x$ a1  x% cos xb (4 cos x
x sin x)  0 for 0 x 0.1 f w (x) is decreasing when 0 x 0.1
f(0.1)
"
0.1

min f w 0.9999 and max f w 1. Now we have 0.9999

1 0.09999 f(0.1)
1 0.1

1.09999 f(0.1) 1.1.

70. f w (x) a1
x% b

"

f ww (x)
a1
x% b

#

a
4x$ b

4x$
$
a1
x % b

 0 for 0  x 0.1 f w (x) is increasing when

0 x 0.1 min f w 1 and max f w 1.0001. Now we have 1

f(0.1)
2
0.1

1.0001

0.1 f(0.1)
2 0.10001 2.1 f(0.1) 2.10001.

71. (a) Suppose x  1, then by the Mean Value Theorem
(b)

f(1)
Mean Value Theorem f(x)x

0

1
f(x)
f(1)
Yes. From part (a), lim c x
1
x1

f(x)
f(1)
x
1

 0 f(x)  f(1). Suppose x  1, then by the

f(x)  f(1). Therefore f(x) 1 for all x since f(1) 1.

f(1)
0 and lim b f(x)x

0. Since f w (1) exists, these two one-sided

1
x1
limits are equal and have the value f w (1) f w (1) 0 and f w (1) 0 f w (1) 0.

72. From the Mean Value Theorem we have

f(b)
f(a)
b
a

f w (c) where c is between a and b. But f w (c) 2pc  q 0

has only one solution c
#qp . (Note: p 0 since f is a quadratic function.)

4.3 MONOTONIC FUNCTIONS AND THE FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST
1. (a) f w (x) x(x
1) critical points at 0 and 1
(b) f w 


 increasing on (
_ !) and (" _), decreasing on (! ")
!
"
(c) Local maximum at x 0 and a local minimum at x 1
2. (a) f w (x) (x
1)(x  2) critical points at
2 and 1
(b) f w 


 increasing on (
_
#) and (" _), decreasing on (
2 ")

#
"
(c) Local maximum at x
2 and a local minimum at x 1
3. (a) f w (x) (x
1)# (x  2) critical points at
2 and 1
(b) f w


  increasing on (
2 1) and (" _), decreasing on (
_
2)

#
"

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test

(c) No local maximum and a local minimum at x
2
4. (a) f w (x) (x
1)# (x  2)# critical points at
2 and 1
(b) f w    increasing on (
_
2)  (
# ")  (" _), never decreasing

#
"
(c) No local extrema
5. (a) f w (x) (x
1)(x  2)(x
3) critical points at
2, 1 and 3
(b) f w





 increasing on (
2 1) and ($ _), decreasing on (
_
2) and (" $)

#
"
$
(c) Local maximum at x 1, local minima at x
2 and x 3
6. (a) f w (x) (x
7)(x  1)(x  5) critical points at
5,
1 and 7
(b) f w





 increasing on (
5
1) and (7 _), decreasing on (
_
5) and (
" 7)

&

"
(
(c) Local maximum at x
1, local minima at x
5 and x 7
7. (a) f w (x)

x 2 ax
1 b
ax  2 b

critical points at x 0, x 1 and x
2

(b) f )(





 increasing on a
_
2b and a1 _b, decreasing on a
2 0b and a0 1b

2
0
1
(c) Local minimum at x 1
8. (a) f w (x)

ax
2bax  4b
ax  1bax
3b

critical points at x 2, x
4, x
1, and x 3

(b) f 


)( 


)( increasing on a
_
4b, a
1 2b and a3 _b, decreasing on

1
3

4
2
a
4
1b and a2 3b
(c) Local maximum at x
4 and x 2
9. (a) f w (x) 1

w

4
x2

x2
4
x2

critical points at x
2, x 2 and x 0.

(b) f 


)(


 increasing on a
_
2b and a2 _b, decreasing on a
2 0b and a0 2b
0

2
2
(c) Local maximum at x
2, local minimum at x 2
10. (a) f w (x) 3

6
x

3 x
6
x

critical points at x 4 and x 0

(b) f w (


 increasing on a4 _b, decreasing on a0 4b

0
4
(c) Local minimum at x 4
11. (a) f w (x) x
"$ (x  2) critical points at x
2 and x 0
(b) f w 


)(  increasing on (
_
2) and (0 _), decreasing on (
2 0)
0

2
(c) Local maximum at x
2, local minimum at x 0
12. (a) f w (x) x
"# (x
3) critical points at x 0 and x 3
(b) f w (


 increasing on (3 _), decreasing on (0 3)
0
3
(c) No local maximum and a local minimum at x 3
13. (a) f w (x) asin x
1ba2cos x  1b, 0 x 21 critical points at x 12 , x 231 , and x 431
(b) f w








increasing on 231 431 , decreasing on 0 12 , 12 231 and 431 21
1
21
41
0
21
2
3

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

185

186

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(c) Local maximum at x

41
3

and x 0, local minimum at x

21
3

and x 21

14. (a) f w (x) asin x  cos xbasin x
cos xb, 0 x 21 critical points at x 14 , x 341 , x 541 , and x 741
(b) f w








increasing on 14 341 and 541 741 , decreasing on 0 14 ,
1
51
71
31
0
21
4
4

341 541 and 741 21

(c) Local maximum at x 0, x

31
4

and x

71
4 ,

local minimum at x 14 , x

51
4

and x 21

15. (a) Increasing on a
2 0b and a2 4b, decreasing on a
4
2b and a0 2b
(b) Absolute maximum at a
4 2b, local maximum at a0 1b and a4
1b; Absolute minimum at a2
3b, local minimum at
a
2 0b
16. (a) Increasing on a
4
3.25b, a
1.5 1b, and a2 4b, decreasing on a
3.25
1.5b and a1 2b
(b) Absolute maximum at a4 2b, local maximum at a
3.25 1b and a1 1b; Absolute minimum at a
1.5
1b, local
minimum at a
4 0b and a2 0b
17. (a) Increasing on a
4
1b, a0.5 2b, and a2 4b, decreasing on a
1 0.5b
(b) Absolute maximum at a4 3b, local maximum at a
1 2b and a2 1b; No absolute minimum, local minimum at
a
4
1band a0.5
1b
18. (a) Increasing on a
4
2.5b, a
1 1b, and a3 4b, decreasing on a
2.5
1b and a1 3b
(b) No absolute maximum, local maximum at a
2.5 1b, a1 2b and a4 2b; No absolute minimum, local minimum at
a
1 0b and a3 1b
19. (a) g(t)
t#
3t  3 gw (t)
2t
3 a critical point at t
3# ; gw 


, increasing on

$#

_
3# , decreasing on
3# _
3
21
3
(b) local maximum value of g
3# 21
4 at t
# , absolute maximum is 4 at t
#
20. (a) g(t)
3t#  9t  5 gw (t)
6t  9 a critical point at t

3
#

; gw 


, increasing on
_ 32 ,

$#

decreasing on 3# _

(b) local maximum value of g 3#

47
4

at t 3# , absolute maximum is

47
4

at t

3
#

21. (a) h(x)
x$  2x# hw (x)
3x#  4x x(4
3x) critical points at x 0, 43
hw





, increasing on 0 43 , decreasing on (
_ !) and 43 _
!
%$
4
(b) local maximum value of h 43 32
27 at x 3 ; local minimum value of h(0) 0 at x 0, no absolute extrema
22. (a) h(x) 2x$
18x hw (x) 6x#
18 6 x  3 x
3 critical points at x 3
hw  |


| , increasing on
_
3 and $ _ , decreasing on
$ 3
$

$
(b) a local maximum is h
3 123 at x
3; local minimum is h 3
123 at x 3, no absolute
extrema

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test

23. (a) f()) 3)#
4)$ f w ()) 6)
12)# 6)(1
2)) critical points at ) 0,

"
#

187

f w





,

!
"#

increasing on 0 "# , decreasing on (
_ !) and "# _

(b) a local maximum is f "# 4" at ) #" , a local minimum is f(0) 0 at ) 0, no absolute extrema
24. (a) f()) 6)
)$ f w ()) 6
3)# 3 2
) 2  ) critical points at ) 2
f w





, increasing on
2 2, decreasing on
_
2 and 2 _
#

#
(b) a local maximum is f 2 42 at ) 2, a local minimum is f
2
%2 at )
2, no absolute
extrema
25. (a) f(r) 3r$  16r f w (r) 9r#  16 no critical points f w , increasing on (
_ _), never
decreasing
(b) no local extrema, no absolute extrema
26. (a) h(r) (r  7)$ hw (r) 3(r  7)# a critical point at r
7 hw  , increasing on

(
(
_
7)  (
( _), never decreasing
(b) no local extrema, no absolute extrema
27. (a) f(x) x%
8x#  16 f w (x) 4x$
16x 4x(x  2)(x
2) critical points at x 0 and x 2
f w





, increasing on (
# !) and (# _), decreasing on (
_
2) and (! #)

#
!
#
(b) a local maximum is f(0) 16 at x 0, local minima are f a 2b 0 at x 2, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is 0 at x 2
28. (a) g(x) x%
4x$  4x# gw (x) 4x$
12x#  )x 4x(x
2)(x
1) critical points at x 0, 1, 2
gw





, increasing on (0 1) and (# _), decreasing on (
_ 0) and (1 #)
!
"
#
(b) a local maximum is g(1) 1 at x 1, local minima are g(0) 0 at x 0 and g(2) 0 at x 2, no absolute
maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x 0, 2
29. (a) H(t)

3 %
# t

t' Hw (t) 6t$
6t& 6t$ (1  t)("
t) critical points at t 0, 1

Hw 





, increasing on (
_
1) and (0 1), decreasing on (
" 0) and (" _)

"
!
"
(b) the local maxima are H(
1) "# at t
1 and H(1) "# at t 1, the local minimum is H(0) 0 at t 0, absolute
maximum is

"
#

at t 1; no absolute minimum

30. (a) K(t) 15t$
t& Kw (t) 45t#
5t% 5t# (3  t)(3
t) critical points at t 0, 3
Kw


 


, increasing on (
3 0)  (0 3), decreasing on (
_
3) and (3 _)

$
!
$
(b) a local maximum is K(3) 162 at t 3, a local minimum is K(
3)
162 at t
3, no absolute extrema
31. (a) f(x) x
6x
1 f w (x) 1

3
x
1

x
1
3
x
1

critical points at x 1 and x 10

f w (


, increasing on a10, _b, decreasing on a1, 10b

1
10
(b) a local minimum is fa10b
8, a local and absolute maximum is fa1b 1, absolute minimum of
8 at x 10

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

188

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

32. (a) g(x) 4x
x2  3 gw (x)

2
x

2
2x32
x

2x

critical points at x 1 and x 0

g w 


, increasing on a0, 1b, decreasing on a1, _b

0
1
(b) a local minimum is fa0b 3, a local maximum is fa1b 6, absolute maximum of 6 at x 1
33. (a) g(x) x8
x# x a8
x# b

"#

gw (x) a8
x# b

"#

 x "# a)
x# b

"#

(
2x)

2(2
x)(2  x)
22
x 22  x

critical points at x 2, 22 gw (




, increasing on (
# #), decreasing on

#
#

##
# #

#2
# and # #2
(b) local maxima are g(2) 4 at x 2 and g
22 0 at x
22, local minima are g(
2)
4 at
x
2 and g 22 0 at x 22, absolute maximum is 4 at x 2; absolute minimum is
4 at x
2
34. (a) g(x) x# 5
x x# (5
x)"# gw (x) 2x(5
x)"#  x# "# (5
x)
"# (
1)

5x(4
x)
2 5
x

critical points at

x 0, 4 and 5 gw





, increasing on (0 4), decreasing on (
_ !) and (% &)
&
!
%
(b) a local maximum is g(4) 16 at x 4, a local minimum is 0 at x 0 and x 5, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is 0 at x 0, 5
35. (a) f(x)

x#
3
x
#

f w (x)

2x(x
2)
ax#
3b (1)

(x
2)#

(x
3)(x
")
(x
#)#

critical points at x 1, 3

f w 


)(


, increasing on (
_ 1) and ($ _), decreasing on (" #) and (# $),
#
"
$
discontinuous at x 2
(b) a local maximum is f(1) 2 at x 1, a local minimum is f(3) 6 at x 3, no absolute extrema
36. (a) f(x)

x$
3x#  1

f w (x)

3x# a3x#  1b
x$ (6x)

a3x#  1b#

3x# ax#  1b
a3x#  1b#

a critical point at x 0

f w  , increasing on (
_ !)  (! _), and never decreasing

!
(b) no local extrema, no absolute extrema
37. (a) f(x) x"$ (x  8) x%$  8x"$ f w (x)

4
3

x"$  83 x
#$

4(x  2)
3x#$

critical points at x 0,
2

f


 )( , increasing on (
# !)  (! _), decreasing on (
_
2)

!

#
(b) no local maximum, a local minimum is f(
2)
6 $2
7.56 at x
2, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is
6 $2 at x
2
38. (a) g(x) x#$ (x  5) x&$  5x#$ gw (x)

5
3

x#$ 

10
3

x
"$

5(x  2)
$
3
x

critical points at x
2 and

x 0 g 


)( , increasing on (
_
2) and (! _), decreasing on (
2 !)
!

#
(b) local maximum is g(
2) 3 $4 4.762 at x
2, a local minimum is g(0) 0 at x 0, no absolute extrema
39. (a) h(x) x"$ ax#
4b x($
4x"$ hw (x)
x 0,

2
7

7
3

x%$
43 x
#$

7x  2 7x
#
$ #
3
x

critical points at

2
hw 



)(


, increasing on
_
and 27 _ , decreasing on
7
!

#(
#(

2
! and ! 27

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test

2
(b) local maximum is h

$
24
2
7('

3.12 at x

2
7 ,

the local minimum is h 27

$
24
2
7('

189

3.12, no absolute

extrema
40. (a) k(x) x#$ ax#
4b x)$
4x#$ kw (x)

8
3

x&$
83 x
"$

8(x  1)(x
1)
$
3
x

critical points at

x 0, 1 k


 )(


, increasing on (
" !) and (" _), decreasing on (
_
1)
!

"
"
and (! 1)
(b) local maximum is k(0) 0 at x 0, local minima are k a 1b
3 at x 1, no absolute maximum; absolute
minimum is
3 at x 1
41. (a) f(x) 2x
x# f w (x) 2
2x a critical point at x 1 f w 


] and fa1b 1 and fa2b 0
2
1
a local maximum is 1 at x 1, a local minimum is 0 at x 2.
(b) There is an absolute maximum of 1 at x 1; no absolute minimum.
(c)

42. (a) f(x) (x  1)# f w (x) 2(x  1) a critical point at x
1 f w


 ] and f(
1) 0, f(0) 1
!

"
a local maximum is 1 at x 0, a local minimum is 0 at x
1
(b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x
1
(c)

43. (a) g(x) x#
4x  4 gw (x) 2x
4 2(x
2) a critical point at x 2 gw [


 and
"
#
g(1) 1, g(2) 0 a local maximum is 1 at x 1, a local minimum is g(2) 0 at x 2
(b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x 2
(c)

44. (a) g(x)
x#
6x
9 gw (x)
2x
6
2(x  3) a critical point at x
3 gw [ 


and

%

$
g(
4)
1, g(
3) 0 a local maximum is 0 at x
3, a local minimum is
1 at x
4

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

190

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(b) absolute maximum is 0 at x
3; no absolute minimum

(c)

45. (a) f(t) 12t
t$ f w (t) 12
3t# 3(2  t)(2
t) critical points at t 2 f w [







$

#
#
and f(
3)
9, f(
2)
16, f(2) 16 local maxima are
9 at t
3 and 16 at t 2, a local minimum is

16 at t
2
(b) absolute maximum is 16 at t 2; no absolute minimum
(c)

46. (a) f(t) t$
3t# f w (t) 3t#
6t 3t(t
2) critical points at t 0 and t 2
f w 


 ] and f(0) 0, f(2)
4, f(3) 0 a local maximum is 0 at t 0 and t 3, a
$
!
#
local minimum is
4 at t 2
(b) absolute maximum is 0 at t 0, 3; no absolute minimum
(c)

x$
3

2x#  4x hw (x) x#
4x  4 (x
2)# a critical point at x 2 hw [   and

!
#
h(0) 0 no local maximum, a local minimum is 0 at x 0
(b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum is 0 at x 0
(c)

47. (a) h(x)

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Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test

191

48. (a) k(x) x$  3x#  3x  1 kw (x) 3x#  6x  3 3(x  1)# a critical point at x
1
kw   ] and k(
1) 0, k(0) 1 a local maximum is 1 at x 0, no local minimum
!

"
(b) absolute maximum is 1 at x 0; no absolute minimum
(c)

49. (a) faxb 25
x2 f w axb

x
25
x2

critical points at x 0, x
5, and x 5

f 


, fa
5b 0, fa0b 5, fa5b 0 local maximum is 5 at x 0; local minimum of 0 at

5
5
0
x
5 and x 5
(b) absolute maximum is 5 at x 0; absolute minimum of 0 at x
5 and x 5
(c)

50. (a) faxb x2
2x
3, 3 x  _ f w axb

2x
2
x2
2x
3

only critical point in 3 x  _ is at x 3

f [ , fa3b 0 local minimum of 0 at x 3, no local maximum

3
(b) absolute minimum of 0 at x 3, no absolute maximum
(c)

51. (a) gaxb

x
2
x2
1 ,

0 x  1 g w axb

x2  4x
1
ax 2
1 b 2

only critical point in 0 x  1 is x 2
3 0.268

g w [


l  ), g2
3 43 3
6 1.866 local minimum of

0
1
0.268
maximum at x 0.

(b) absolute minimum of 43 3
6 at x 2
3, no absolute maximum

3
4 3
6

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

at x 2
3, local

192

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(c)

52. (a) gaxb

x2
4
x2 ,

2  x 1 g w axb

only critical point in
2  x 1 is x 0

8x
a4
x 2 b 2

g (


l  ], ga0b 0 local minimum of 0 at x 0, local maximum of

1

2
0
(b) absolute minimum of 0 at x 0, no absolute maximum
(c)

1
3

at x 1.

53. (a) faxb sin 2x, 0 x 1 f w axb 2cos 2x, f w (x) 0 cos 2x 0 critical points are x 14 and x 341
f w [ 


 ] , fa0b 0, f 14 1, f 341
1, fa1b 0 local maxima are 1 at x 14 and 0
1
1
31
0
4

at x 1, and local minima are
1 at x

w

31
4

and 0 at x 0.

(b) The graph of f rises when f  0, falls when f w  0,

and has local extreme values where f w 0. The function
f has a local minimum value at x 0 and x 341 , where
the values of f w change from negative to positive. The
function f has a local maximum value at x 1 and
x 14 , where the values of f w change from positive to
negative.
54. (a) faxb sin x
cos x, 0 x 21 f w axb cos x  sin x, f w (x) 0 tan x
1 critical points are x 341 and
x 741 f w [ 


 ] , fa0b
1, f 341 2, f 741
2, fa21b
1 local maxima are
71
31
0
21
2 at x

31
4

and
1 at x 21, and local minima are
2 at x

w

71
4

and
1 at x 0.

(b) The graph of f rises when f  0, falls when f  0,

and has local extreme values where f w 0. The function
f has a local minimum value at x 0 and x 741 , where
the values of f w change from negative to positive. The
function f has a local maximum value at x 21 and
x 341 , where the values of f w change from positive to
negative.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test

55. (a) faxb 3cos x  sin x, 0 x 21 f w axb
3sin x  cos x, f w (x) 0 tan x
x

1
6

and x

71
6

1
3

193

critical points are

f w [ 


 ] , fa0b 3, f 16 2, f 761
2, fa21b 3 local

1
71
0
21
6
6

maxima are 2 at x

1
6

and 3 at x 21, and local minima are
2 at x

w

71
6

and 3 at x 0.

(b) The graph of f rises when f  0, falls when f  0,

and has local extreme values where f w 0. The function
f has a local minimum value at x 0 and x 761 , where
the values of f w change from negative to positive. The
function f has a local maximum value at x 21 and
x 16 , where the values of f w change from positive to
negative.
56. (a) faxb
2x  tan x,
12  x 
x
14 and x
maximum is

1
2

1
4

1
2

f w axb
2  sec2 x, f w (x) 0 sec2 x 2 critical points are

f w ( 


 ) , f
14 12
1, f 14 1
12 local
1
1

12

14
2
4

1 at x
14 , and local minimum is 1

(b) The graph of f rises when f w  0, falls when f w  0,

and has local extreme values where f w 0. The function
f has a local minimum value at x 14 , where the values

1
2

at x 14 .

of f w change from negative to positive. The function f

has a local maximum value at x
14 , where the values
of f w change from positive to negative.

57. (a) f(x)

x
#

2 sin x# f w (x)

f w [


 ]
!
#1
#1$

cos x# , f w (x) 0 cos x# "# a critical point at x 231

and f(0) 0, f 231 13
3, f(21) 1 local maxima are 0 at x 0 and 1
"
#

at x 21, a local minimum is 13
3 at x 231

(b) The graph of f rises when f w  0, falls when f w  0,
and has a local minimum value at the point where f w
changes from negative to positive.

58. (a) f(x)
2 cos x
cos# x f w (x) 2 sin x  2 cos x sin x 2(sin x)(1  cos x) critical points at x
1, 0, 1
f w [


 ] and f(
1) 1, f(0)
3, f(1) 1 a local maximum is 1 at x 1, a local

1
1
!
minimum is
3 at x 0

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

194

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

(b) The graph of f rises when f w  0, falls when f w  0,

and has local extreme values where f w 0. The
function f has a local minimum value at x 0, where
the values of f w change from negative to positive.

59. (a) f(x) csc# x
2 cot x f w (x) 2(csc x)(
csc x)(cot x)
2 a
csc# xb
2 acsc# xb (cot x
1) a critical
point at x 14 f w (


 ) and f 14 0 no local maximum, a local minimum is 0 at x 14
1
!
1%
w
(b) The graph of f rises when f  0, falls when f w  0,
and has a local minimum value at the point where
f w 0 and the values of f w change from negative to
positive. The graph of f steepens as f w (x) _.

60. (a) f(x) sec# x
2 tan x f w (x) 2(sec x)(sec x)(tan x)
2 sec# x a2 sec# xb (tan x
1) a critical point
at x 14 f w (


 ) and f 14 0 no local maximum, a local minimum is 0 at x 14
1#

1#
1%
w
(b) The graph of f rises when f  0, falls when f w  0,
and has a local minimum value where f w 0 and the
values of f w change from negative to positive.

61. h()) 3 cos #) hw ())
3# sin #) hw [


] , (! $) and (#1
3) a local maximum is 3 at ) 0,
!
#1
a local minimum is
3 at ) 21
62. h()) 5 sin #) hw ())
minimum is 0 at ) 0
63. (a)

5
#

cos #) hw [  ] , (! 0) and (1 5) a local maximum is 5 at ) 1, a local

1
!

(b)

(c)

(d)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.3 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test

64. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

65. (a)

(b)

66. (a)

(b)

195

67. The function faxb x sin 1x has an infinite number of local maxima and minima. The function sin x has the following
properties: a) it is continuous on a
_, _b; b) it is periodic; and c) its range is
1, 1. Also, for a  0, the function
a range of
_,
a  a, _ on

1a , 1a .

In particular, if a 1, then

1
x

1 or

1
x

1
x

has

1 when x is in
1, 1. This means

sin 1x takes on the values of 1 and
1 infinitely many times in times on the interval
1, 1, which occur when
1
1
31
51
2
2
2
1
x 2 , 2 , 2 ,. . . . x 1 , 31 , 51 , . . . . Thus sin x has infinitely many local maxima and minima

in the interval
1, 1. On the interval 0, 1,
1 sin 1x 1 and since x  0 we have
x x sin 1x x. On the
interval
1, 0,
1 sin 1x 1 and since x  0 we have
x x sin 1x x. Thus faxb is bounded by the lines y x

and y
x. Since sin 1x oscillates between 1 and
1 infinitely many times on
1, 1 then f will oscillate between y x
and y
x infinitely many times. Thus f has infinitely many local maxima and minima. We can see from the graph (and
verify later in Chapter 7) that lim x sin 1x 1 and lim x sin 1x 1. The graph of f does not have any absolute
x_

x
_

maxima., but it does have two absolute minima.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

196

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

68. f(x) a x#  b x  c a x#  ba x  c a x#  ba x 

b#
4a#

b#
4a

 c a x 

b #
2a

b#
4ac
4a

2ab _

, a parabola whose

vertex is at x
. Thus when a  0, f is increasing on

and decreasing on
_
when a  0,


b


b
w
f is increasing on
_ #a and decreasing on #a _ . Also note that f (x) 2ax  b 2a x  #ba for
b
2a

b
#a ;

a  0, f w


|  ; for a  0, f w 


.

b2a

b2a

69. f(x) a x#  b x f w axb 2a x  b, fa1b 2 a  b 2, f w a1b 0 2a  b 0 a
2, b 4

f(x)
2x#  4x
70. f(x) a x3  b x#  c x  d f w axb 3a x2  2b x  c, fa0b 0 d 0, fa1b
1 a  b  c  d
1,
f w a0b 0 c 0, f w a1b 0 3a  2b  c 0 a 2, b
3, c 0, d 0 f(x) 2x3
3x#
4.4 CONCAVITY AND CURVE SKETCHING
1. y

x$
3

x#
#

2. y

x%
4

2x#  4 yw x$
4x x ax#
4b x(x  2)(x
2) yww 3x#
4 3x  2 3x
2 . The

yw x#
x
2 (x
2)(x  1) yww 2x
1 2 x
"# . The graph is rising on

(
_
1) and (# _), falling on (
" #), concave up on "# _ and concave down on
_ "# . Consequently,
a local maximum is 3# at x
1, a local minimum is
3 at x 2, and "#
34 is a point of inflection.

2x 

"
3

graph is rising on (
2 0) and (# _), falling on (
_
#) and (! #), concave up on
_
23 and 23 _ and
concave down on
23 23 . Consequently, a local maximum is 4 at x 0, local minima are 0 at x 2, and
2
16

23 16
9 and 3 9 are points of inflection.

3
4

ax#
1b

#$

yw 34 23 ax#
1b

"$

minima are 0 at x 1; yww ax#
1b

"$

(2x) x ax#
1b

"$

, yw


) ( 


)( 

"
"
!
the graph is rising on (
" !) and (" _), falling on (
_
") and (! ") a local maximum is 34 at x 0, local

3. y

 (x)
3" ax#
1b

%$

(2x)

x #
3
3

ax #
1 b %

yww 


) (


)(


 the graph is concave up on
_
3 and 3 _, concave

"
"
$

$
$

down on
3 3 points of inflection at 3 $ %

%

x
#$ ax#
1b, yw 


)(




!

"
"
the graph is rising on (
_
1) and (" _), falling on (
1 ") a local maximum is 27
7 at x
1, a local

4. y

9
14

x"$ ax#
7b yw

3
14

x
#$ ax#
7b 

9
14

x"$ (2x)

3
#

ww

&$
minimum is
27
ax#
1b  3x"$ 2x"$  x
&$ x
&$ a2x#  1b ,
7 at x 1; y
x

yww


)(  the graph is concave up on (! _), concave down on (
_ !) a point of inflection at (! !).
!
5. y x  sin 2x yw 1  2 cos 2x, yw [





] the graph is rising on
13 13 , falling

#1$
1$
#1$
1$
on
#31
13 and 13 231 local maxima are
231 

13

3
#

at x
13 and

21
3

3
#

3
#

at x
231 and

1
3

3
#

at x

1
3

21
3

, local minima are

; yww
4 sin 2x, yww [





 ]

the
!

#1$
1#
#1$
1#
graph is concave up on
1# ! and 1# 231 , concave down on
231
1# and ! 1# points of inflection at

at x

1#
1# , (! !), and 1# 1#

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

197

6. y tan x
4x yw sec# x
4, yw ( 


 )

the graph is rising on
12
13 and
1

1#
1$
#
1$
13 1# , falling on
13 13 a local maximum is
3  431 at x
13 , a local minimum is 3
431 at x 13 ;
yww 2(sec x)(sec x)(tan x) 2 asec# xb (tan x), yww (


 ) the graph is concave up on 0 1# ,
!

1#
1#
1

concave down on
2 0 a point of inflection at (0 0)

7. If x 0, sin kxk sin x and if x  0, sin kxk sin (
x)

sin x. From the sketch the graph is rising on

3#1
1# , ! 1# and 3#1 #1 , falling on
21
3#1 ,

1# ! and 1# 3#1 ; local minima are
1 at x 3#1
and 0 at x !; local maxima are 1 at x

1
#

and 0 at

x #1; concave up on (
#1
1) and (1 #1), and

concave down on (
1 0) and (! 1) points of inflection
are (
1 !) and (1 !)
8. y 2 cos x
2 x yw
2 sin x
2, yw [






 ] rising on

1
$1#

$1%

1%
&1%

341
14 and 541 3#1 , falling on
1
341 and
14 541 local maxima are
2  12 at x
1, 2 
2

at x
14 and
31#

at x

31
# ,

at x
341 and
2
514 2 at x 541 ;

concave up on
1
1# and 1# 3#1 , concave down on

and local minima are
2 

yww
2 cos x, yww [ 


 ]

1
$1#

1#
1#

1# 1# points of inflection at
1#

21
#

and 1#

31 2
4

12
4

21
#

9. When y x#
4x  3, then yw 2x
4 2(x
2) and

yww 2. The curve rises on (# _) and falls on (
_ #).
At x 2 there is a minimum. Since yww  0, the curve is
concave up for all x.

10. When y '
2x
x# , then yw
#
2x
2("  x) and

yww
2. The curve rises on (
_
1) and falls on
(
1 _). At x
1 there is a maximum. Since yw w  0, the
curve is concave down for all x.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

198

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

11. When y x$
3x  3, then yw 3x#
3 3(x
1)(x  1)

and yww 6x. The curve rises on (
_
1)  (" _) and
falls on (
1 1). At x
1 there is a local maximum and at
x 1 a local minimum. The curve is concave down on
(
_ 0) and concave up on (! _). There is a point of
inflection at x 0.

12. When y x(6
2x)# , then yw
4x(6
2x)  ('
2x)#

12(3
x)("
x) and yww
12(3
x)
12("
x)
24(x
2). The curve rises on (
_ ")  ($ _) and
falls on (" $). The curve is concave down on (
_ #) and
concave up on (# _). At x 2 there is a point of
inflection.
13. When y
2x$  6x#
3, then yw
6x#  12x

6x(x
2) and yww
12x  12
12(x
1). The
curve rises on (! #) and falls on (
_ 0) and (# _).
At x 0 there is a local minimum and at x 2 a local
maximum. The curve is concave up on (
_ ") and
concave down on (" _). At x 1 there is a point of
inflection.

14. When y 1
9x
6x#
x$ , then yw
9
12x
3x#

$(x  3)(B  1) and yww
12
6x
6(x  2).
The curve rises on (
$
") and falls on (
_
3) and
(
" _). At x
1 there is a local maximum and at
x
3 a local minimum. The curve is concave up on
(
_
2) and concave down on (
# _). At x
2
there is a point of inflection.

15. When y (x
2)$  1, then yw 3(x
2)# and

yww 6(x
2). The curve never falls and there are no
local extrema. The curve is concave down on (
_ #)
and concave up on (# _). At x 2 there is a point
of inflection.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

16. When y 1
(x  1)$ , then yw
3(x  1)# and
yww
6(x  1). The curve never rises and there are
no local extrema. The curve is concave up on (
_
1)
and concave down on (
" _). At x
1 there is a
point of inflection.

17. When y x%
2x# , then yw 4x$
4x 4x(x  1)(x
1)

and yww 12x#
4 12 x 

"
3 x

"
3 .

The curve

rises on (
" !) and (" _) and falls on (
_
1) and (! ").
At x 1 there are local minima and at x 0 a local
maximum. The curve is concave up on
_
"3 and
"3 _ and concave down on
"3 "3 . At x

"
3

there are points of inflection.

18. When y
x%  6x#
4, then yw
4x$  12x

4x x  3 x
3 and yww
12x#  12

12(x  1)(x
1). The curve rises on
_
3
and ! 3 , and falls on
3 ! and 3 _ . At
x 3there are local maxima and at x 0 a local
minimum. The curve is concave up on (
" ") and concave
down on (
_
1) and (" _). At x 1 there are points
of inflection.
19. When y 4x$
x% , then yw 12x#
4x$ 4x# ($
x) and
yww 24x
12x# 12x(2
x). The curve rises on a
_ $b
and falls on a$ _b. At x 3 there is a local maximum, but
there is no local minimum. The graph is concave up on
a! #b and concave down on a
_ !b and a# _b. There are
inflection points at x 0 and x 2.
20. When y x%  2x$ , then yw 4x$  6x# 2x# (2x  3) and
yww 12x#  12x 12x(x  1). The curve rises on

3# _ and falls on
_
32 . There is a local
minimum at x
3# , but no local maximum. The curve is

concave up on (
_
1) and (! _), and concave down on

(
1 0). At x
1 and x 0 there are points of inflection.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

199

200

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

21. When y x&
5x% , then yw 5x%
20x$ 5x$ (x
4) and

yww 20x$
60x# 20x# (x
3). The curve rises on
(
_ !) and (% _), and falls on (! %). There is a local
maximum at x 0, and a local minimum at x 4. The
curve is concave down on (
_ 3) and concave up on
(3 _). At x 3 there is a point of inflection.
%
%
$
22. When y x x#
5 , then yw x#
5  x(4) x#
5 "#
$
ww

x
# "# 5x

x#
5 5x
#
5 , and y 3 #
5
#
5

$
#
 x#
5 5# 5 x#
5 (x
4). The curve is rising

on (
_ #) and (10 _), and falling on (# 10). There is a

local maximum at x 2 and a local minimum at x 10.
The curve is concave down on (
_ %) and concave up on
(% _). At x 4 there is a point of inflection.
23. When y x  sin x, then yw "  cos x and yww
sin x.
The curve rises on (! 21). At x 0 there is a local and
absolute minimum and at x 21 there is a local and absolute
maximum. The curve is concave down on (! 1) and concave
up on (1 #1). At x 1 there is a point of inflection.

24. When y x
sin x, then yw "
cos x and yww sin x.

The curve rises on (! 21). At x 0 there is a local and
absolute minimum and at x 21 there is a local and absolute
maximum. The curve is concave up on (! 1) and concave
down on (1 #1). At x 1 there is a point of inflection.

25. When y 3x
2 cos x, then yw 3  2 sin x and

yww 2 cos x. The curve is increasing on ! 431 and
531 21, and decreasing on 431 531 . At x 0 there
is a local and absolute minimum, at x
maximum, at x

51
3

41
3

there is a local

there is a local minimum, and and at

x 21 there is a local and absolute maximum. The curve

is concave up on ! 12 and 321 21, and is concave
down on 12 321 . At x 12 and x 321 there are points
of inflection.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

26. When y 43 x
tan x, then yw

sec2 x and

4
3

yww
2 sec2 x tan x. The curve is increasing on
16 16 ,

and decreasing on
12
16 and 16 12 . At x
16
there is a local minimum, at x

1
6

there is a local

maximum,there are no absolute maxima or absolute minima.

The curve is concave up on
12 0, and is concave
down on0 12 . At x 0 there is a point of inflection.
27. When y sin x cos x, then yw
sin2 x  cos2 x cos 2x
and yww
2 sin 2x. The curve is increasing on 0 14 and
341 1, and decreasing on 14 341 . At x 0 there is a
local minimum, at x
maximum, at x

31
4

1
4

there is a local and absolute

there is a local and absolute minimum,

and at x 1 there is a local maximum. The curve is concave

down on 0 12 , and is concave up on 12 1. At x 12
there is a point of inflection.
28. When y cos x  3sin x, then yw
sin x  3cos x
and yww
cos x
3sin x. The curve is increasing on
0 13 and 431 21, and decreasing on 13 431 . At

x 0 there is a local minimum, at x

and absolute maximum, at x

41
3

1
3

there is a local

there is a local and

absolute minimum, and at x 21 there is a local maximum.

The curve is concave down on 0 561 and 11'1 21,
and is concave up on 561 11'1 . At x 561 and x 1161
there are points of inflection.
29. When y x"& , then yw

"
5

4
*&
x
%& and yww
25
x
.

The curve rises on (
_ _) and there are no extrema.

The curve is concave up on (
_ !) and concave down
on (! _). At x 0 there is a point of inflection.

30. When y x#& , then yw

2
5

6
)&
x
$& and yww
25
x
.

The curve is rising on (0 _) and falling on (
_ !). At

x 0 there is a local and absolute minimum. There is
no local or absolute maximum. The curve is concave
down on (
_ !) and (! _). There are no points of
inflection, but a cusp exists at x 0.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

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Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

31. When y
yww

x
x2  1 ,

3x
. The
ax2  1b52

then yw

1
ax2  1b32

and

curve is increasing on a
_ _b.

There are no local or absolute extrema. The curve is

concave up on a
_ !b and concave down on a! _b.
At x 0 there is a point of inflection.
32. When y

1
x2
2x  1 ,

then yw

ax  2 b
a2x  1b2 1
x2

and

4x3
12x2  7
. The curve is decreasing on
a2x  1b3 a1
x2 b32

1
"# and
"# 1. There are no absolute extrrema,

yww

there is a local maximum at x
1 and a local minimum

at x 1. The curve is concave up on a
1
0.92b and

"# 0.69, and concave down on
0.92
"# and
a0.69 1b. At x
0.92 and x 0.69 there are points of
inflection.

33. When y 2x
3x#$ , then yw 2
2x
"$ and

yww 23 x
%$ . The curve is rising on (
_ !) and
(" _), and falling on (! "). There is a local maximum
at x 0 and a local minimum at x 1. The curve is
concave up on (
_ !) and (! _). There are no
points of inflection, but a cusp exists at x 0.

34. When y 5x#&
2x, then yw 2x
$&
2 2 x
$&
1

and yww
65 x
)& . The curve is rising on (0 1) and
falling on (
_ 0) and (" _). There is a local minimum
at x 0 and a local maximum at x 1. The curve is
concave down on (
_ !) and (! _). There are no
points of inflection, but a cusp exists at x 0.
35. When y x#$ #5
x

5 #$

x&$ , then
# x
yw 53 x
"$
53 x#$ 53 x
"$ (1
x) and

"$
yww
59 x
%$
10

95 x
%$ (1  2x).
9 x

The curve is rising on (! ") and falling on (
_ !) and

(" _). There is a local minimum at x 0 and a local
maximum at x 1. The curve is concave up on
_
"#
and concave down on
"# ! and (0 _). There is a point
of inflection at x
"# and a cusp at x 0.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

36. When y x#$ (x
5) x&$
5x#$ , then

"$
yw 53 x#$
10
35 x
"$ (x
2) and
3 x
yww

10
9

x
"$ 

10
9

x
%$

10
9

x
%$ (x  1). The curve

is rising on (
_ !) and (# _), and falling on (! #).

There is a local minimum at x 2 and a local maximum
at x 0. The curve is concave up on (
" 0) and (! _),
and concave down on (
_
1). There is a point of
inflection at x
1 and a cusp at x 0.
37. When y x8
x# x a8
x# b
# "#

yw a 8
x b

#
"#

a8
x b

2x ax
12b
a8
x # b $

, then

#
"#

 (x) "# a8
x b
a8
2x b

$#

(
#x)

2(2
x)(2  x)

yww
"# a8
x# b
#

"#

22  x 22
x

and

(
2x)a8
2x# b  a8
x# b

#"

(
4x)

. The curve is rising on (
# #), and falling

on
22
2 and # 22 . There are local minima

x
2 and x 22, and local maxima at x
22 and
x 2. The curve is concave up on
22 ! and
concave down on ! #2 . There is a point of inflection
at x 0.
38. When y a2
x# b

$#

, then yw 3# a2
x# b

"#

(
2x)

3x2
x#
3x2
x 2  x and

yww (
3) a2
x# b

"#

6("
x)(1  x)
2
x 2  x

 (
3x) "# a2
x# b

"#

(
2x)

. The curve is rising on

2 ! and falling on ! 2 . There is a local

maximum at x 0, and local minima at x 2. The
curve is concave down on (
" ") and concave up on

2
" and " 2 . There are points of inflection at
x 1.
39. When y 16
x# , then yw
yww

16
a16
x# b32

x
16
x#

and

. The curve is rising on a
4 0b and falling

on a0 4b. There is a local and absolute maximum at x 0

and local and absolute minima at x
4 and x 4. The
curve is concave down on a
4 4b. There are no points
of inflection.

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203