CHNG 1

GiI THIU H VI X L TNG QUT

1.1 S pht trin ca cc h vi x l

H vi mch s v cng ngh
IC thng c phn loi thnh SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI hoc ULSI
V cng ngh ch to: MOS, TTL, IIL.

Khi nim my tnh, my vi tnh v vi x l

Bao gm: ALU, control, storage, input, output, trong ALU + control =
CPU.
CPU c th chia lm 3 dng thit k:
Multi-chip CPU
Microprocessor (vi x l)
Single-chip microprocessor (vi x l n chip): thng c gi tt
l microcontroller unit (vi iu khin).

Lch s pht trin vi x l

05H

18

05H

18

04H

45
87

04H

45

03H

10

03H

10

02H

FB

02H

FB

01H

98

01H

98

00H

B3

00H

B3

SP

03H
04H

SP

03H
04H

PUSH:
chuyen data 45H vao STACK

POP:
data 45H c lay ra khoi
7
STACK

1.2 S khi mt h vi x l c bn

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1.3 CPU

Cc thnh phn chnh ca CPU:

n v lu tr: cc thanh ghi, c

n v thc thi: ALU
n v chuyn tn hiu: bus
n v iu khin

Dng lnh
Cc cch nh a ch

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 Thng thng, mt lnh c chia lm ba vng:

M lnh (opcode): tc v cn thc thi
a ch: b nh hoc thanh ghi
Cch nh a ch: Cho bit cch thc din dch hoc tnh ton
vng a ch trong lnh thnh a ch ton hng trc khi thc s
truy xut ton hng. Mt CPU thng bao gm cc cch nh a
ch sau: nh a ch hiu ngm, nh a ch tc thi, nh a ch
thanh ghi, nh a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi, nh a ch trc
tip, nh a ch gin tip, nh a ch tng i.
C 3 t chc CPU thng dng:
1 thanh ghi tch ly
Dng thanh ghi tng qut
Ngn xp

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1.4 B nh
Bit, byte, word
Cc loi b nh
RAM: SRAM, DRAM
ROM: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FlashROM
Bn trong b nh:

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1.5 Ngoi vi

Phn loi ngoi vi: nhp (I), xut (O)

Bus I/O v cc module giao tip
Bus I/O v bus b nh
I/O cch ly v I/O nh x b nh
Giao tip I/O
Cc vn truyn d liu
Cc phng php iu khin I/O

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 C 2 phng php truyn d liu: ng b v bt ng b

Giao thc truyn bt ng b: dng strobe (t ngun hoc ch) v
phng php handshake

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B thu phi bit trc vn tc truyn, s bit d liu, bit stop c pht i
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1.6 Bus h thng

Bus: l tp hp cc ng tn hiu m qua data, address hoc
control c th c truyn i gia cc thnh phn.
Ci t bus chung
Chu k c bus
Chu k ghi bus

Cc khi nim: bus mt chiu, bus hai chiu, bus c dn knh,

tranh chp bus
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Chu k c bus:

Chu k ghi bus:

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1.7 Gii m a ch

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1.8 nh th
Cc qui c trong gin nh th
nh th giao tip b nh
nh th giao tip b nh DRAM

Hnh 1.40 Cc qui c trong gin nh th

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Hnh 1.43 Gin nh th bus

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nh th c DRAM:

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1.9 Chng trnh

Chng trnh v ngn ng lp trnh:
Chng trnh l danh sch cc lnh hay pht biu iu khin CPU
thc hin cng vic x l d liu mong mun.
C nhiu loi ngn ng lp trnh: ngn ng my, hp ng (cn
assembler), ngn ng cp cao (cn compiler).

Assembler
Lu chng trnh

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1.10 Vi iu khin
Cc gii hn ca vi x l:
Cn b nh ngoi thc thi chng trnh.
Khng th giao tip trc tip vi I/O m cn phi c mch giao tip bn ngoi.

Vi x l v vi iu khin:

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