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William III ca Anh

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

William III hoc William x Orange (14 thng 11 nm

1650 8 thng 3 nm 1702)[a] l Hong thn x Orange, t
nm 1672 l Thng c cc tnh ln ca Cng ha H Lan,
ri c tn lm vua Anh, Scotland, v Ireland k t nm
1689. L mt thnh vin ca Nh Orange-Nassau, William
III tr v Anh, Scotland, v Ireland sau cuc Cch mng Vinh
Quang, khi nhc ph ca ng, James II ca Anh, b ph trut.
William ng tr v vi v, Mary II, cho n khi Mary mt
ngy 28 thng 12 nm 1694. ng l "William II" Scotland,
v l "William III" Anh v Ireland.[1] Ti Bc Ireland v
Scotland, ngi ta cn gi ng l "Vua Billy".
L tn hu Khng Cch, William tham gia cc cuc chin
chng Louis XIV ca Php, mt qun vng Cng gio y
quyn lc, trong bi cnh chu u ang b chia ct bi cc
th lc Cng gio v Khng Cch. Phn ln l nh thanh
danh y m William c tn lm vua nc Anh ni c
nhiu ngi lun e s mt s phc hi nh hng Cng gio
do nhng n lc ca James em cu gio tr li vng quc
ny. Chin thng ca William III ti trn sng Boyne khi ng
nh bi James II nm 1690 vn c Hi Orange Bc
Ireland k nim cho n ngy nay. Thi tr v ca William
ni bt vi s khi u ca giai on chuyn i quyn lc
t th ch cai tr c on ca dng h Stuart sang th ch
tp trung nhiu quyn lc hn cho Quc hi di triu
Hanover.

William III & II

Chn dung William III ca Sir Godfrey Kneller

Hong thn x Orange
Ti v

14 thng 11, 1650 8 thng

3, 1702

Tin nhim

William II

K nhim

John William Friso

Vua Anh, Scotland v Ireland

Mc lc

Tr v

13 thng 2, 1689 8 thng 3,

1702

ng quang

11 thng 4, 1689

1.1 Dng di

Tin nhim

James VII & II

1.2 Hc vn

ng tr v

Mary II

K nhim

Anne ca Anh

1 Thiu thi

2 Tham chnh
2.1 Mt chc Thng c
2.2 Tranh chp vi phe Cng ha
3 Thng c H Lan
3.1 Nm thm ha: 1672

Thng tin chung

V

Mary II

Tn y

William Henry ca Orange

Tc hiu

HM The King
HH The Prince of Orange,
Count of Nassau

Hong tc

Nh Orange-Nassau

3.2 Hn nhn
3.3 Ha bnh vi Php, vn ng Anh
4 Cch mng Vinh quang

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4.1 Tin vo nc Anh

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_ca_Anh

Thn ph

William II, Hong thn x

Orange

Thn mu

Mary, Cng nng x

Orange

Sinh

14 thng 11, 1650

4.2 Tn vng
4.3 n nh chnh s
5 ng tr v vi Mary II
5.1 Chin tranh chu u

[Lch c: 4 thng 11, 1650][a]

5.2 Bnh nh trong nc

Binnenhof, Den Haag

5.3 Nghi vn ng tnh luyn i

Mt

8 thng 3, 1702 (51 tui)

Lu i Kensington, Lun
n

An tng

Tu vin Westminster, Lun

n

6 Cui i
6.1 Ha bnh vi Php
6.2 K v ngi vua nc Anh
7 Qua i
8 Di sn
9 Tc hiu v huy hiu
9.1 Tc hiu
9.2 Huy hiu
10 Trong vn ha ngh thut
11 Gia ph
12 Xem thm
13 Ch thch
14 Tham kho
15 Lin kt ngoi

Thiu thi
Dng di
William Henry x Orange cho i ti The Hague thuc Cng ha H Lan ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1650, l con
duy nht ca William II, Hong thn x Orange, v Mary, Cng cha nc Anh.[2] Cha ca William mt v
bnh u ma ch tm ngy trc khi con trai ra i. V vy, William l Hong thn x Orange t lc mi
sinh.[3] Ngay lp tc bng n cuc tranh chp gia Mary v b ca William, Amalia x Solms-Braunfels, trong
vic ginh quyn t tn cho cu b. Mary mun con trai mang tn Charles theo tn anh ca b, nhng b ni
cu b mun chu c tn William hoc Willem nhm cng c trin vng ca cu b tr thnh Thng c trong
tng lai.[4] Trong di chc, William II y nhim v quyn bo h con trai, nhng v cha kp k tn trc
khi cht nn vn kin ny khng c cng nhn.[5] Ngy 13 thng 8 nm 1651 "Hoge Raad" (Hi ng Ti
cao) ca H Lan ra quyt nh giao quyn bo h cho m v b ni ca cu b, cng Tuyn hu Brandenburg
(v ng, Louise Henriette, l ch c ca William).[6]

Hc vn
M ca William cng khng my quan tm n con trai, c khi vng mt c nm, v lun tm cch trnh xa x

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hi H Lan.[7] Ban u vic gio dc dnh cho William c y thc cho cc n

gia s ngi H Lan, v mt s gia s gc Anh, trong c Walburg Howard. T
thng 4 nm 1656, William tip nhn gio hun theo c tin Ci cch t Cornelis
Trigland, nh thuyt gio theo Thn hc Calvin.[8] Mt tiu lun, c l ca mt
trong nhng thy gio ca William, Constantijn Huyens, miu t chi tit nn
gio dc hon thin m William th hng c ta Discours sur la nourriture
de S.H. Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange.[9] William c dy d rng Cha
chn cu hon thnh s mng lch s ca nh Orange.[10] T u nm 1659,
William dnh by nm theo hc ti i hc Leiden, d khng chnh thc ghi
danh, di s dn dt ca Hendrik Bornius, gio s mn o c hc.[11] William
cng hc ting Php vi Samuel Chappuzeau.
Ngy 23 thng 12 nm 1660, m ca William qua i ti Lu i Whitehall, Lun
n, khi cu b mi 10 tui. B li di chc yu cu anh trai ca b, vua
Charles II, chm sc quyn li ca con trai, do Charles II yu cu Ngh vin
H Lan (Staten van Holland en Westfriesland) chm dt mi s can thip.[12]
Ngoi ra, quyn bo h v gio dng William cn tr thnh mc tiu tranh chp
gia phe bo hong vi cc nhm u tranh cho H Lan theo khuynh hng cng
ha.[13]

Song thn ca William,

William II x Orange v
Mary Stuart

Lc u, gii chc trch H Lan tm mi cch che giu nhng cuc vn ng ngm ny, nhng sau khi xy ra
chin tranh AnhH Lan ln th hai, mt trong nhng iu kin vua Charles a ra k ha c l khng nh
a v ca chu trai nh vua.[14] Nm 1666, phn ng trc p lc ca Charles, Ngh vin H Lan chnh thc
cng b William, khi y 16 tui, l "Ngi con ca t nc".[14] De Witt, chnh tr gia hng u ca nn cng
ha, m trch vic hc tp ca William, mi tun ch dn cu chuyn quc s v cng chi qun vt vi
cu.[15]

Tham chnh
Mt chc Thng c
T lc cha William qua i, cc tnh H Lan bi b chc thng c. Mt trong
cc iu khon ca Hip c Westminster chm dt chin tranh AnhH Lan ln
th nht, theo yu cu ca Oliver Cromwell, cm tnh Holland b nhim thnh
vin nh Orange lm thng c.[16] Sau khi vng quyn Anh c phc hi,
iu khon ny b thu hi.[17] Nm 1660, Mary v Amalia c thuyt phc cc tnh
H Lan chp nhn William lm thng c tng lai ca h, nhng b t chi.[17]
Nm 1667, khi William mi va mi tm, nhng ngi trung thnh vi nh
Orange vn ng cho cu vo cc chc v thng c v thng ch qun i.
Nhm ngn chn s hi phc nh hng ca nh Orange, De Witt cho php th
trng (pensionary) Haarlem, Gaspar Fagel, vn ng Ngh vin Holland ban
hnh sc lnh Perpetual (1667),[18] cm thng ch qun i hoc c hi qun
Johan de Witt
kim nhim chc v thng c.[18] Tuy nhin, n thng 9 nm 1668, Ngh vin
Zealand nhn William lm "Qu tc th nht".[19] William phi trn cc gia s
n Middlburg nhn tc v.[19] Mt thng sau, Amalia tuyn b William n tui trng thnh.[20]
Tnh Holland, trung tm ca khuynh hng chng nh Orange, tuyn b bi b chc thng c. Trong thng 3

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nm 1670, bn tnh khc noi theo, cng thit lp mt lin minh mang tn "Harmony".[18] De Witt yu cu cc
ngh vin hi ng thnh ph tuyn th ng h sc lnh. William thy mnh tht bi, nhng trong thc t, y
l mt gii php tha hip: con ng dn William tin n v tr tng t lnh ngy cng r rng.[21] Thm ch
De Witt cn chu nhng b William nhn gh thnh vin Hi ng Quc gia l nh ch c quyn qun l
ngn sch quc phng.[22]

Tranh chp vi phe Cng ha

Thng 11 nm 1670, William c php n Anh thuyt phc Charles tr t nht l mt phn ca s tin
2.797.859 guilder m nh Stuart n nh Orange.[23] Charles khng c kh nng chi tr nhng William ng
gim n cn 1.800.000 guilder.[23] Khi nhn ra chu mnh l mt ngi Khng Cch m o v l mt ngi
H Lan yu nc, Charles b nh t cho William bit hip c b mt k kt vi Php m ch bn v vic
khng ch phe cng ha, v thnh lp vng quyn H Lan.[23] Mt khc, ngoi nhng khc bit trong chnh
kin, William thy li sng ca Charles v James l hon ton xa l vi mnh, h ch quan tm n ru, bi
bc, v n a vi m t thip.[24]
Nm sau, nn cng ha b e da nghim trng khi nguy c b lin minh AnhPhp tn cng ang n gn.[25]
D cn tr tui v thiu kinh nghim, Ngh vin Tnh Gelderland vn mun b nhim William vo chc Thng
ch cng sm cng tt.[26] Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1671, Ngh vin Tnh Utrecht tip bc Gelderland.[27] Song
Ngh vin Holland hn ch nhim k ca William trong mt chin dch. ng hong t chi, ngy 25 thng 2
nm 1672 tin ti mt tha hip, Quc hi ng ko di nhim k ca William trong mt ma h, ri b
nhim trn i khi William 23 tui.[28] Thng 1 nm 1672, William b mt gi th cho Charles ngh bc
lm p lc trn Quc hi b nhim cu vo chc v thng c.[29] i li, Cng ha H Lan s l ng minh
vi Anh, v phc v cc quyn li ca Charles trong mc "danh d v lng trung thnh vi t quc cho
php".[29] Charles khng quan tm n ngh ca ngi chu, tip tc tin hnh k hoch chin tranh vi s
h tr ca ng minh Php.

Thng c H Lan
Nm thm ha: 1672

Bn th h nh Orange: Willem I,
Maurice v Frederick Henry,
Willem II, Willem III

i vi Cng ha H Lan, nm 1672 l nm thm ha (ting H Lan:

rampjaar) do chin tranh PhpH Lan v chin tranh AnhH Lan ln th
ba khi t nc ny b Louis XIV ca Php, Anh, Mnster, v Cologne xm
lng. D hm i lin qun AnhPhp b nh bi ti trn thy chin
Solebay, trong thng 6 b binh Php trn ngp hai tnh Gelderland v
Utrecht. Ngy 14 thng 6, William rt qun v tnh Holland. Khi qun Php
cch Amsterdam khong 35 km, ngy 8 thng 6, Ngh vin ra lnh m ca
p x l nhm bo v phn t cn li.[30] Nc bin trn vo, lm ngp
lt hoa mu v ng c, nhn chm nh ca v hoa vin, dm cht b v
heo, khin cho cng lao kh nhc hng th k pht chc phi tiu tn.
Amsterdam trc vo v tr khng th bo v c, gi tr thnh mt hn
o. Qun Php khng c tu thuyn, ch nh ng t xa m ngm nhn
thnh ph h nh chim ng. Cng lc, William vn ng ngoi giao vi
Habsburg, Brandenburg, Hannover, an Mch v Ty Ban Nha, ng vch
ra rng sc mnh v tham vng ca Louis XIV khng ch l mi e da vi
H Lan, m cn c cc quc gia khc. Cc nc u c n tng vi l lun
ca ng, cng thm n tng vi cuc khng chin dai dng ca H Lan.

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Louis XIV, tin rng cuc chin kt thc, khi s thng tho i c nhiu tin cng tt.[31] Trong khi
, s hin din ca binh lnh Php ngay ti trung tm ca Cng ha H Lan lm ngi dn phn n, h quay
sang chng i De Witt v nhng ngi ng h ng.[31]
Ngy 4 thng 7, Ngh vin tnh Holland b nhim William vo chc v thng c, ng tuyn th nhm chc
nm ngy sau .[32] Hm sau, c s ca Charles, Lord Arlington, n Nieuwerbrug phong William lm
Hong thn Tr v Holland, i li l mt tha c hng phc.[33] Khi b t chi, Arlington da rng William s
chng kin s kt thc ca nn cng ha, William khng khi p tr bng cu ni tr danh:

Ch c mt cch duy nht trnh iu ny: chin u cho n khi ng cht trong chin ho
cui cng.'

William III

Vo ngy 7 thng 7, cc cn l kp phong ta qun i Php. Ngy 16 thng 7, tnh Zealand b nhim
William lm thng c.[32] Vo ngy 15 thng 8, William ph bin mt bc th ca Charles, trong vua nc
Anh cho bit ng khi binh l do s lng quyn ca phe de Witt, khin dn chng cng thm bt bnh. Ngy 20
thng 8, Johan de Witt v em trai, Cornelis, b mt dn qun trung thnh vi nh Orange m st ti The
Hague.[34] K , William thay th nhiu quan nhip chnh ngi H Lan bng nhng ngi ng h ng.[35]
William tip tc chin u chng lc lng ngoi xm n t Anh v Php, ng tm cch lin minh vi Ty Ban
Nha v lnh a Brandenburg. Thng 11 nm 1672, ng em qun n Maastricht e da ct ng tip t ca
qun Php.[36] n nm 1673, tnh hnh dn sng sa. Mc d Louis chim Maastricht v William tht bi khi
tp kch Charleroi, Ph c Michiel de Ruyter ba ln nh bi hm i AnhPhp, buc Charles phi rt
khi Hip c Westminster; k t nm 1673, qun Php dn d trit thoi khi lnh th H Lan, ngoi tr
Maastricht.[37]
Fagel ngh trng pht cc tnh va c gii phng nh Utrecht, Gelderland v Overijssel bng cch xem h
l lnh th b chim ng, bi v trc h sm hng phc qun th.[38] William bc b kin ca Fagel,
v nhn c s y nhim c bit Quc hi b nhim ton b thnh vin Quc hi i din nhng tnh
ny.[38] Ngy 26 thng 4 nm 1674, phe ng h William trong ngh vin Tnh Utretcht b nhim ng lm thng
c.[39] Ngy 30 thng 1 nm 1675, Ngh vin Gelderland ban ng tc v Cng tc Guelder v B tc
Zutphen.[40] Nhng nhng phn ng tiu cc t Zealand v thnh ph Amsterdam khin William t chi cc
tc v ny, thay v vy, ng c ch nh lm thng c Gelderland v Overijssel.[40]

Hn nhn
Gia lc cn chin tranh vi Php, William tm cch nng cao v tr i ngoi ca mnh bng cch kt hn
vi c em h nh hn mnh 11 tui, Mary Stuart, con gi ca vua James II, n Cng tc x York. William tin
rng cuc hn nhn ny s mang n cho ng nhiu c hi k tha cc vng quc ca Charles, v li ko
vng quyn Anh khi lp trng thn Php.[41] James khng ng , nhng Charles gy p lc trn em trai
[42] v mun li dng c hi lp th qun bnh trong m phn, song William nhn mnh rng cn c s tch
bch trong vn ny.[42] Ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1677, Gim mc Henry Compton c hnh l hn phi cho hai
ngi.[43] Do mt ln sy thai v sau l bnh tt, Mary khng c con.[44]

Ha bnh vi Php, vn ng Anh

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Trong nm 1678, Louis mun c ha bnh vi Cng ha H Lan.[45] D vy, vn

cn cng thng gia hai nc: William vn nghi ng vua Php cn nui tham
vng v mt vng quyn cho ton th chu u. Louis tng gi William l "k
thm th", xem ng l k hiu chin ng tm. Thm vo l quyt nh ca
Louis thu hi Chiu ch Nantes dy ln ln sng t nn ca ngi Huguenot trn
vo H Lan.[46] l nhng l do thc y William gia nhp cc lin minh chng
Php nh Association League, ri Lin minh Ausburg (gm c quc La M
Thn thnh, Thy in, Ty Ban Nha, v mt s lnh a c).[47]
Sau khi kt hn vi Mary nh Stuart, tn William c a vo danh sch k v
trong trng hp James, nhc ph v cng l cu ca William, b tc quyn k v
William kt hn vi Mary
v l ngi Cng gio. Sut trong lc xy ra cuc khng hong Exclusion Bill
nm 1677.
nm 1680, lc u Charles mi William n Anh nhm cng c v th ca vng
[48]
quyn, nhng v sau i .
William ngm thuyt phc Quc hi H Lan thnh
nguyn vua Anh ng trao quyn k v cho ngi Cng gio, d khng nhc n tn James.[49] Sau nhng phn
ng gin d ca Charles v James, William ct t quan h vi h.[49]
Nm 1685, James II ln k v Charles, William tm cch ha gii vi James trong khi c xoa du nhng ngi
Khng Cch Anh.[50] William hi vng James gia nhp Lin minh Ausburg, nhng n nm 1687 r rng l
James khng mun gia nhp lin minh chng Php.[50] Mi quan h gia hai ngi ngy cng xu i.[51] Thng
11, v ca James tuyn b c thai.[52] Trong thng , William gi dn chng Anh mt bc th m ch trch
chnh sch tn gio ca James. Vn c mi quan h thn tnh vi William t nhiu nm, ng o chnh tr
gia ngi Anh bt u m phn vi William sp xp mt cuc chnh bin.[53]

Cch mng Vinh quang

Tin vo nc Anh
Lc u William chng i k hoch, nhng n thng 4 nm 1688, khi nhn thy do phi i u vi c v
, nc Php khng th tn cng H Lan nu William em qun tin vo Anh Quc, ng khi s chiu tp binh
m chun b cho mt cuc vin chinh.[54][55] Tin chc rng nhn dn Anh s khng phn ng trc lc lng
ngoi xm, William vit th cho c Arthur Herbert cho bit hu ht nhng nhn vt quan trng ca cng
ng Khng Cch ti Anh mi ng n.[56] Thng 6, v ca James sinh con trai, James Francis Edward Stuart,
ngi th ch Mary Stuart, v ca William, trong cng v ngi ng u danh sch k v.[57] Trong khi ,
s phn ut ca dn chng gia tng khi by Gim mc phn i chnh sch tn gio ca James b truy t.[58]
Ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1688 ngy by Gim mc c ta tha bng mt nhm chnh tr gia, v sau c
mnh danh l "By ngi Bt t", gi th mi William n Anh.[56] n thng 9 nm 1688, k hoch ca
William tin vo Anh nhn c s ng h rng ri ca cng chng.[59] Ngy 5 thng 11 nm 1688, vi s h
tng ca 11.000 b binh v 4.000 k binh, t chin thuyn Brill, William b xung Brixham ng nam
nc Anh vi tuyn co:

Ta s duy tr s t do ca nc Anh v ca c tin Khng Cch.

William III[59][60]

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Khng cn ai theo James, cc s quan b hng ng c bit l Lord Churchill x Eyemouth, t lnh qun i
gii nht ca James, cn gii qu tc trn khp nc tuyn b ng h William.[61] James c chng tr William,
nhng khi nhn ra tnh trng tuyt vng ca mnh, ng sai s gi n m phn vi William, ri b mt o
thot vo ngy 11 thng 12.[62] Cc ng ph bt gi James v gii giao v Lun n. Ngy 23 thng 12, ng li
tm cch o thot, ln ny thnh cng.[62]

Tn vng
Nm 1689, William triu tp Quc hi tho lun nhm tm ra i sch thch
hp vi tnh hnh mi.[63] William mun c thc quyn ch khng n thun l
phu qun ca n hong.[64] Cc nh qu tc thuc khi Tory mun tn Mary lm
n hong nhng b t chi.[65]
Ngy 13 thng 1 nm 1689, Quc hi thng qua o lut Declaration of Rights,
cn gi l Bill of Rights, tuyn b ngai vng b b trng. Vng min khng c
trao cho James Francis Edward m cho William v Mary.[64]
Ngy 11 thng 4 nm 1689, Gim mc Lun n, Henry Compton c hnh l
ng quang cho William v Mary ti Tu vin Westminster.[66] Thng thng,
Tng Gim mc Canterbury m nhn cng vic ny, nhng tng Gim mc
ng chc, William Sancroft, khng chu cng nhn quyt nh ph trut James
ca Quc hi.[66] Ngy 11 thng 5, Quc hi Scotland tn William cng Mary
lm vua. V nh vy, William cng l William II ca Scotland.[67]

Declaration of Rights, mt
trong nhng vn kin quan
trng nht ca Hin php
Anh

n nh chnh s
Nm 1689, vi s thc gic ca William III, o lut Khoan dung c thng qua, bo m quyn t do cho
cc tn hu Khng Cch ngoi quc gio,[63] nhng tri vi s mong i ca William, vn cn hn ch i vi
tn hu Cng gio Rma v cc tn gio khc.[66]
Thng 12 nm 1689 chng kin s ra i ca mt trong nhng vn kin hin php quan trng nht trong lch s
Anh, o lut Declaration of Rights, thng gi l Bill of Rights.[68] o lut thit lp nhng gii hn i vi
quyn lc hong gia nh khng c tr hon ban hnh cc o lut c Quc hi thng qua, ch nh thu
khi c s ng thun ca Quc hi, khng c vi phm quyn kin ngh, khng c triu tp qun i trong
thi bnh nu khng c s ng thun ca Quc hi, khng c bc b quyn trang b v kh ca cc cng dn
Khng Cch, khng c can thip vo cc cuc bu c Quc hi, khng c trng pht cc thnh vin Quc
hi v nhng iu h pht biu trong cc cuc tranh lun, khng c i hi tin bo lnh ti ngoi qu cao,
khng c p dng cc bin php trng pht bt thng hoc tn bo.[63] William chng i nhng iu khon
ny, nhng v khng mun i u vi Quc hi, cui cng nh vua ng chp hnh.[69] Cng Magna
Carta (1215), v Parliament Acts (1911-1949), Bill of Rights c xem l mt trong ba vn kin ch cht cu
thnh Hin php bt thnh vn ca nc Anh.[70]
o lut cng gii quyt vn chn ngi k v William v Mary. Nu mt ngi qua i, ngi cn li s tr
v. Nhng quyn k v sau cng thuc v em gi ca Mary II, Cng cha Anne, v hu du ca b.[68] Cng
nm , o lut Toleration 1689 c thng qua, bo v quyn li ca c ngi Khng Cch bit gio ln
ngi Cng gio.[71]

ng tr v vi Mary II
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Mc d c c s ng h ca ng Whig trong Quc hi, William c duy tr th qun bnh gia ng Whig v
ng Tory.[72] Hu tc Halifax, ni ting vi kh nng hoch nh chnh sch trung dung, c William tin cy
trong nhng nm u nh vua tr v.[73] ng Whig chim a s trong Quc hi cng mun lp th a s trong
chnh ph, t ra tht vng v William khng chu dnh cho h c hi ny.[74] Tuy nhin, "th qun bnh" trong
chnh ph khng th tn ti qu nm 1690, s tranh chp ng phi tr nn quyt lit, William phi cho t chc
bu c sm trong nm.[75]
Sau cuc bu c, William ng v ng Tory di quyn lnh o ca Danby v Nottingham.[76] Mc d ch
trng duy tr quyn lc nh vua, ng Tory khng sc thuyt phc Quc hi ng h quyt nh ca William
tip tc chin tranh chng Php.[77] William quay sang mt nhm thuc ng Whig gi l Junto.[78] Nm 1694,
ng thun vi chnh ph Whig, William cho php thnh lp Ngn hng Anh, mt nh ch ti chnh t, do cc
nh ngn hng thnh lp. ng thi ny c xem l mt trong nhng di sn quan trng nht ca William li
cho nn kinh t ca t nc,[79] thit lp nn tng cho giai on chuyn tip khi nc Anh thay th vai tr
trung tm ca Cng ha H Lan v Ngn hng Amsterdam trong giao thng ton cu th k 18.
Nm 1695, William gii tn Quc hi, ngay trong nm Quc hi mi c triu tp vi th a s thuc v ng
Whig. Sau khi m mu m st nh vua ca nhm Jacobite b l, Quc hi thng qua lut chng li th lnh
nhm ny, John Fenwick. Nm 1697, Fenwick b x chm.[80]

Chin tranh chu u

William thng xuyn vng mt ti triu nh v phi ra trn
trong cuc chin chng Php, t ma xun n ma thu mi
nm.[81] Lc y nc Anh gia nhp Lin minh Augsburg, cn
gi l i Lin minh.[82] Trong khi William chinh chin
phng xa, v ng, Mary II, tr v t nc theo li c vn ca
ng. Mi khi William tr v, Mary trao quyn li cho chng, v
c nh th cho n khi b qua i nm 1694.[83]

Bnh nh trong nc
D phn ln dn chng Anh chp nhn William, nhng li c
William ti trn sng Boyne, 1 thng 7 nm
s chng i ng k Scotland v Ireland. Phe Jacobite ti
1690.
Scotland h tin rng James VII mi l vua hp php ginh
c chin thng ng kinh ngc ti trn Killiecrankie, d b
nh bi ch trong vng mt thng sau .[84] Thanh danh ca
William b tn hi do cuc thm st Glencoe xy ra trong nm 1692, khi 78 ngi Scotland hoc b git hoc b
cho cht v khng chu tuyn th trung thnh vi vua v n hong.[85] Trc p lc ca cng lun, William
tm cch trch nhim cho ngi khc, mc d nhng ngi ny vn tip tc ti v, theo li ca s gia John
Dalberg-Action, "mt ngi l i t, ngi kia l hip s, ngi th ba l mt qu tc, v ngi th t l mt
b tc."[85]
Ti Ireland, vi s tr gip ca ngi Php, phe phin lon sc ko di cuc tranh chp, d James II phi
o thot khi o quc sau chin thng ca William trn sng Boyne nm 1690. Hng nm, vo ngy 12
thng 7, ngi dn Bc Ireland v ngi Khng Cch Scotland vn k nim s kin ny.[86] Sau khi thy binh
Anh - H Lan nh tan nt thy qun Php trong trn thy chin ti La Hogue vo nm 1692, lin qun c lc
lm ch cc b, v Ireland c bnh nh vi Hip nh Limerick.[87] Cng lc, phe i Lin minh b suy yu
ng k khi William tht trn ti Namur H Lan thuc Ty Ban Nha vo nm 1692, ri b nh tan tc trn
Landen nm 1693.[88] Vo nm 1694, vua William III li thn chinh xut qun, ot li c thnh Huy. Nm
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sau tc l nm 1695, ng ginh c thng li Namur. Cn ngoi khi, trc kh khn v ti chnh v qun
ng minh vn lin tip nh thng thy binh Php, Louis XIV phi ct bt chi tiu cho chin tranh trn b.[89]

Nghi vn ng tnh luyn i

Trong thp nin 1690, c nhng li n i v nghi vn William III c th l ngi ng tnh luyn i, t lan
truyn nhng t ri chm bim nhm vo nh vua.[90] William gn gi vi mt vi cn thn ngi H Lan c
ng ban cho tc v Anh: Hans Willem Bentinck c phong B tc Portland, Arnold Joost van Keppel tr
thnh B tc Albemarle. Do khng c nhn tnh m li quan h thn thit vi cc cn thn nam gii, k th
ca William cho rng ng l ngi c khuynh hng ng tnh. Cho n nay vn cn bt ng v tnh chnh
xc ca cc co buc ny, mt s ngi vit tiu s William khng quyt chng ch l s tng tng ca
nhng ngi th ght ng,[91] trong khi nhng ngi khc tin rng vn c mt t s tht trong .[92][93]
S thn cn gia Bentinck vi vua William III khin nhiu ngi ganh t, nhng cc s gia ng i tin rng
kh c yu t ng tnh trong mi quan h ny.[94] Tuy nhin, c nhng nghi vn trong trng hp ca Keppel,
mt thanh nin rt thanh lch nh hn William 20 tui, t danh phn tiu ng tr thnh b tc.[95] Nm 1697,
Portland vit cho William III "nhng u i B h dnh cho chng trai tr dy ln nhng n i m H thn
cm thy xu h khi nghe n."[96] iu ny, ng ni, "lm vy bn thanh danh ca B h trc y cha h b
t di nhng nghi vn nh th." William III tr li, "i vi Trm, tht l bt thng v l mt ti nu khng
th dnh cho mt ngi tr tui s trng vng xng ng." [96]

Cui i
Nm 1694, Mary II mt v bnh u ma, li William III tr v mt mnh. Quc vng William su kh
thng tic v.[97] V d chp nhn c tin Anh gio, uy tn ca nh vua gim st r rt khi khng c n
hong bn cnh.[98]

Ha bnh vi Php
Nm 1696, lnh th Drenthe ca H Lan cng nhn William l Thng c. Cng
trong nm y, phe nhng ngi Jacobite, trong n lc phc hi vng quyn cho
James, mu st William III nhng b bi l. Ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1697, Hip c
Rijswijk c k kt, kt thc cuc Chin tranh Chn nm. Louis XIV cng nhn
William III l vua nc Anh v ngng tr gip James II.[99]
Ging nh cc vua cha chu u, William III quan tm n vic k v ngai vng
Ty Ban Nha, ngoi Ty Ban Nha cn c cc lnh th rng ln , Low Countries
(gm H Lan thuc Nh Burgundy, H Lan thuc Php, H Lan thuc Ty Ban
Nha, v H Lan thuc o), v Tn Th gii. Do vua Ty Ban Nha, Carlos II, khng
c con ni ngi, ngi bu c th thuc v mt trong nhng h hng gn nht, trong
c Louis XIV ca Php), v Hong La M Thn thnh Leopold I. William III
tm cch ngn cn khng cho quyn k v ri vo tay h v e s th cn bng quyn
Vua Louis XIV ca Php
lc s b o ln. C s ng thun gia hai vua William III v Louis XIV v Hip
gi William III l "k
c Partition ln th nht, chia ct quc Ty Ban Nha: Cng tc Joseph
thm th".
Ferdinand x Bavaria c Ty Ban Nha, trong khi vua Php v Hong La M
Thn thnh chia phn vi nhau nhng lnh th nm gia hai nc ny.[100] Carlos
II chp nhn Joseph Ferdinand l ngi k v, nh vy chu u trnh c nguy c bng n chin tranh.[101]

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Tuy nhin, khi Joseph Ferdinand mt v bnh u ma, vn li tr nn nng bng. Nm 1700, William III v
Louis XIV ng vi Hip c Partition th nh (cn gi l Hip c Lun n), theo nc s vo tay
con trai ca Vua Php, cn nhng lnh th khc ca Ty Ban Nha s thuc v con trai Hong La M Thn
thnh.[102] Tha hip ny gy cm phn trong vng dn chng Ty Ban Nha vn tm cch ngn chn s tan r
ca quc ln Hong La M Thn thnh, i vi ng cc lnh th ca c gi tr hn nhiu so vi
nhng vng t khc.[102] Hon ton bt ng, cui nm 1700 khi ang hp hi, Vua Ty Ban Nha, Carlos II,
quyt nh tt c lnh th Ty Ban Nha cho Philippe chu ca Louis XIV. Vua Php lin b l Hip c
Partition th nh nhn phn t t Ty Ban Nha.[103] K , Louis XIV cn c thi th ch vi William
III khi chnh thc cng nhn James Francis Edward Stuart con trai ca cu vng James II lm vua nc
Anh khi James II mt nm 1701.[104] Cuc tranh chp gia vua Anh v vua Php ko di n nm 1713 trong
Chin tranh K v Ty Ban Nha.

K v ngi vua nc Anh

Vic k v Ty Ban Nha khng phi l mi bn tm duy nht ca William. Hn nhn vi Mary II khng cho
ng a con no, m ng khng c nh ti hn sau khi Mary qua i. Em gi ca Mary, Cng cha Anne (k
v William III nm 1702 v l ngi cui cng ca dng h Stuart), c nhiu con nhng tt c u cht tr.
Quc hi thng qua o lut Settlement 1701, quy nh ngai vng s thuc v Sophia nh Hanover.[105]

Qua i
Ngy 8 thng 3 nm 1702, William qua i v bnh vim phi, bin chng t chn thng gy xng n v b
ng khi lng con nga Sorrel.[106] Nh vua c an tng bn cnh v trong Tu vin Westminster.[107]
Ci cht ca William cng l s kt thc ca nh Orange. Cc thnh vin dng h ny tng nm gi chc v
thng c tnh Holland v hu ht cc tnh khc thuc Cng ha H Lan k t William the Silent (1533-1584).
William l thng c ca nm tnh: Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Gelderland v Overijssel. Theo di chc ca
William, Johan Willem Friso tha k lnh a Orange v vi vng t khc H Lan.[108] Friso l hu du ca
William the Silent. Trong khi , vua Friedrich I ca Ph cng ginh quyn tha k lnh th trong t cch hu
du v h ngoi.[109] n nm 1713, theo Hip c Utrecht, con trai ca Friedrich I l Friedrich Wilhelm I
nhng lnh a Orange cho vua Php Louis XIV. Sau Hip c Phn chia (1732), con trai ca Friso, William
IV, chia s tc hiu "Hong thn x Orange" vi vua Friedrich Wilhelm I.[110][111]

Di sn
ng l ngi ti gy dng qun i H Lan, gip h sc chng tr cuc xm lng ca Louis XIV.[71]
Thnh tu ln nht ca vua William III l kim ch Php khi nc ny ang trong v th c th p t mun
ca mnh trn ton chu u. C cuc i ng l mt cuc i u dai dng vi Louis XIV ca Php. Ngay c
sau khi ng qua i, n lc ny cng c ni tip trong Chin tranh K v Ty Ban Nha. Mt thnh qu quan
trng khc ca triu i William III l chm dt s tranh chp cay ng gia Vng quyn v Quc hi khi
pht t thi James I (ng quang nm 1603) - v vua u tin ca Nh Stuart. S tranh chp quyn lc gia
vng quyn v quc hi l nguyn nhn dn n cuc Ni chin Anh trong thp nin 1640, v cuc Cch
mng Vinh quang nm 1688.[112] Tnh trng i u ny kt thc trong thi tr v ca William III vi s ra
i ca o lut Declaration of Rights nm 1689, Triennal Act nm 1694, v Act of Settlement nm 1701, dnh
cho Quc hi nhiu quyn lc hn.[112] S chp nhn hn ch Vng quyn ca William III m ra mt c
cu chnh tr t do cho Anh Quc, "y s l mt k cng ca th k 18." Cc nh s hc t do ch ngha th k
19 nh Thomas Babington Macaulay, Nam tc Macaulay th nht coi ng l v vua v i nht trong lch s
Anh Quc, vi gc gc H Lan c th hin qua chnh sch t do tn gio ca ng.[71]
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n cui th k 17, ng c coi l vt tri hn hn mi chnh khc chu u khc [71]. Nm 1693, William
thnh lp i hc William and Mary (nay ti Williamsburg, Virginia).[113] Nassau, th Bahamas, c t
tn vinh danh ng vo nm 1695.[114] Tng t l Qun Nassau, New York.[115] Long Island tng mang tn
Nassau trong thi k cai tr ca ngi H Lan.[115]

Tc hiu v huy hiu

Tc hiu
T nm 1672, William l "Thng c tnh Holland, Hong thn x
Orange v Cng tc x Nassau-Dillenburg".[116] Khi tr v Vng
quc Anh, William v Mary s dng danh hiu "c Vua v N
hong Anh, Scotland, Php v Ireland; Ngi Bo v c
tin".[117] Ngoi ra, William III cng mang danh hiu "Vua nc
Php" do cc v vua v n hong Anh truyn li k t Edward III
bt chp vic h khng c cht quyn lc no trn t Php.

Huy hiu
Huy hiu ca Vua v N hong l: Quarterly, I and IV
Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (cho Php) and Gules
Huy hiu ca William III
three lions passant guardant in pale Or (cho Anh); II Or a lion
rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (cho Scotland);
III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (cho Ireland); overall an escutcheon Azure billetty and a lion rampant Or
(cho Nassau).[118]

Trong vn ha ngh thut

Trong in nh, hnh tng vua William III ca Anh tng c nhiu din vin th hin:
Bernard Lee trong The Black Tulip (Hoa tulip en, 1937), da trn tiu thuyt ca Alexandre Dumas
Henry Daniell trong Captain Kidd (1945)
Olaf Hytten trong Against All Flags (1952)
Alan Rowe trong lot phim kch ca BBC The First Churchills (1969)
Laurence Olivier trong Peter the Great ("Pyotr i ") ca NBC (1986)
Thom Hoffman trong Orlando (1992), da trn tiu thuyt ca Virginia Woolf
Corin Redgrave trong England, My England (1995), v nh son nhc Henry Purcell
Jochum ten Haaf trong Charles II: The Power & the Passion ca BBC (2003)
Russell Pate trong King Billy Above All ca BBC (2008)
The Baroque Cycle (sch nhiu tp) ca Neal Stephenson v William of Orange.

Gia ph

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Xem thm
Chin tranh K v Ty Ban Nha
Louis XIV ca Php
John Churchill Marlborough

Ch thch
a)^ Vo khong thi gian William III sng, c hai lch c s dng chu u: lch Julius ti Anh cng mt phn ca
chu u v lch Gregory nhng ni khc, bao gm c tnh ca H Lan m William III sinh ra. Lc William sinh, lch
Gregory vt trc 10 ngy so vi lch Julius. Do vy William sinh vo ngy 14 thng 11 nm 1650 theo lch Gregory,
nhng vo ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1650 theo lch Julius. Ngoi ra, nm mi ca ngi Anh bt u vo ngy 25 thng 3 (l
hin thn ca Cha), khng phi 1 thng 1 (ch c p dng khi lch Gregory c dng Anh v Ireland vo nm 1752).
Thi im William qua i, lch Gregory vt 11 ngy so vi lch Julius. V vy, William mt vo 8 thng 3 nm 1702 theo
lch Julius khi vn c p dng Anh nhng vo 19 thng 3 nm 1702 theo lch Gregory. Bi vit ny s dng ngy
theo lch Julius, tr nhng thi im c ch thch.
1. ^ Act of Union 1707, the

11. ^ Troost, 3740

37. ^ Troost, 128129

Revolution in Scotland

12. ^ Troost, 4344

38. ^ a Troost, 106110

(http://www.parliament.uk

13. ^ Van der Kiste, 1217

39. ^ Troost, 109

/actofunion

14. ^ a Troost, 49

40. ^ a Troost, 109112

/01_03_revolution.html). UK

15. ^ Van der Kiste, 1415

41. ^ Van der Kiste, 3839

Parliament. Truy cp ngy 8

16. ^ Troost, 2930

42. ^ a Van der Kiste, 4446

thng 8 nm 2008.

17. ^ a Troost, 41

43. ^ Van der Kiste, 47

18. ^

3. ^ Claydon, 14

19. ^

4. ^ Troost, 26; van der Zee, 67

20. ^ Troost, 57

46. ^ Troost, 153156

5. ^ Troost, 26

21. ^ Troost, 5354

47. ^ Troost, 156163

6. ^ Troost, 2627. Hong thn o

22. ^ Troost, 59

48. ^ Troost, 150151

c chn th gi vai tr

23. ^ a Troost, 6264

49. ^ a Troost, 152153

trung gian gia hai ngi ph

24. ^ Van der Kiste, 1820

50. ^ a Troost, 173175

n, v bi v cng l ngi c

25. ^ Troost, 64

51. ^ Troost, 180183

tn trong danh sch tha k, ng

26. ^ Troost, 65

52. ^ Troost, 189

s quan tm bo v quyn li

27. ^ Troost, 66

53. ^ Troost, 186

nh Orange, iu m Amalia lo

28. ^ Troost, 67

54. ^ e.g.Troost, 190

ngi Mary s khng my bn

29. ^ a Troost, 6566

tm.

30. ^ Troost, 74

2. ^ Claydon, 9

Troost, 5253

Van der Kiste, 1617

7. ^ Van der Kiste, 56; Troost, 27

31. ^ a Troost, 7883

8. ^ Troost, 3437

32. ^ a Troost, 76

9. ^ Troost, 27. The author my also

33. ^ Troost, 8081

have been Johan van den

34. ^ Troost, 8586

Kerckhoven. Ibid.

35. ^ Troost, 8990

10. ^ Troost, 3637

44. ^ Chapman, 8693

45. ^ Troost, 141145

36. ^ Troost, 122

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55. ^ Claydon, Tony (September

2004; rev. May 2008). William

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_ca_Anh

81. ^ Troost, 239241; van der Zee,

368369

109. ^ Israel, 962, 968

110. ^ Israel, 991992

III and II (16501702)

82. ^ Troost, 241246

(http://www.oxforddnb.com

83. ^ Van der Kiste, 150158

Partition

/view/article/29450). Oxford

84. ^ Troost, 270273

(http://www.heraldica.org/topics

111. ^ Text of the Treaty of

Dictionary of National

85. ^

Biography. Oxford University

86. ^ Troost, 278280

ting Php). Heraldica. Truy cp

Press. Truy cp ngy 8 thng 8

87. ^ Troost, 281283

ngy 8 thng 8 nm 2008.

nm 2008. (Subscription

88. ^ Troost, 244246

112. ^ a Claydon, 34

required)

89. ^ Troost, 247

113. ^ Historical Chronology, 1618

56. ^ a Troost, 191

57. ^ Troost, 191; van der Kiste,
9192
58. ^ Van der Kiste, 91
59. ^

Troost, 193196

Troost, 274275

90. ^ Culture and Society In Britain,

- 1699 (http://www.wm.edu

J. Black (ed.), Manchester, 1997.

/vitalfacts/seventeenth.php).

p97

College of William and Mary.

91. ^ Van der Kiste, 204205;

Baxter, 352

60. ^ Van der Kiste, 105

92. ^ Troost, 2526

61. ^ Troost, 204205

93. ^ Henry and Barbara Van der

62. ^

63. ^

Troost, 205207
Davies, 614615

/royalty/berlin1732.htm) (bng

Truy cp ngy 30 thng 7 nm

2008.
114. ^ Craton, Michael; SaundersSmith, Gail (1992). Islanders in

Zee, William and Mary, London,

the Stream: A History of the

1973

Bahamian People. University of

64. ^ a Troost, 207210

94. ^ Van der Kiste, 205

Georgia Press. tr. 101.

65. ^ Troost, 209

95. ^ Van der Kiste, 201

ISBN 0820321222.

66. ^

Troost, 219220

67. ^ Davies, 614615.

68. ^

Van der Kiste, 114115

69. ^ Troost, 212214

70. ^ Acts Retained

96. ^

Van der Kiste, 202203

115. ^ a History of Nassau

97. ^ Van der Kiste, 180184

County

98. ^ Van der Kiste, 186192;

(http://www.nassaucountyny.gov

Troost, 226237
99. ^ Troost, 251

/website/EN/facts_stats_maps
/history_of_NC.html). Nassau

(http://www.attorneygeneral.ie

100. ^ Troost, 253255

County website. Truy cp ngy

/slru/retention.pdf)

101. ^ Troost, 255

30 thng 7 nm 2008.

71. ^ a b Crompton, Louis, trang

102. ^ a Troost, 256257

116. ^ Ashley, Mike (1998). The

103. ^ Troost, 258260

Mammoth Book of British Kings

72. ^ Troost, 220223

104. ^ Troost, 260

and Queens. London: Robinson.

73. ^ Troost, 221

105. ^ Troost, 235

tr. 693. ISBN 1841190969.

74. ^ Van der Zee, 296297

106. ^ Van der Kiste, 251254

75. ^ Troost, 222; van der Zee,

107. ^ William III

410

301302

117. ^ The Guinness Book of

Answers. London: Guinness

(http://www.westminster-

Publishing. 1991. tr. 709.

76. ^ Troost, 223227

abbey.org/history-research

ISBN 0-85112-957-9.

77. ^ Troost, 226

/monuments-gravestones/royalty

78. ^ Troost, 228232

/12322). Westminster Abbey

79. ^ Claydon, 129131

Official site. Truy cp ngy 8

80. ^ Van der Zee, 414

thng 8 nm 2008.
108. ^ Israel, 959960

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118. ^ Maclagan, Michael; Louda,

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_ca_Anh

of Europe. London: Little,

Ji (1999). Line of Succession:

Brown & Co. tr. 2930.

Heraldry of the Royal Families

ISBN 0-85605-469-1 Kim tra

gi tr |isbn= (tr gip).

Tham kho
Baxter, Stephen B., William III and the Defense of European Liberty, 1650-1702 (1966) ASIN:
B000OKZST4
Chapman, Hester W., Mary II: Queen of England (1953)
Churchill, Winston. A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Age of Revolution. Weidenfeld &
Nicolson, (2002). ISBN 0-304-36393-6
Claydon, Tony, William III: Profiles in Power (2002) ISBN 0-582-40523-8
Crompton, Louis, Homosexuality and Civilization. Harvard University Press (31-10-2006). ISBN
0-674-02233-5.
Davies, Norman, The Isles: A History (1999) ISBN 0-19-513442-7
Israel, Jonathan I., The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (1995) ISBN
0-19-820734-4
Mijers, Esther & Onnekink, David, eds., Redefining William III. The Impact of the King-Stadholder in
International Context (http://www.ashgate.com/default.aspx?page=637&calcTitle=1&title_id=7361&
edition_id=7922) (Ashgate, 2007)
Meinel, Freidrich, Samuel Chappuzeau 1625-1701. Dissertation, University of Leipzig, (1908)
Miller, John, James II: A Study in Kingship (1991) ISBN 0-413-65290-4
Robb, Nesca, William of Orange (1962)
Troost, Wout, William III, The Stadholder-king: A Political Biography (2005) (translation by J.C.
Grayson) ISBN 0-7546-5071-5
Van der Kiste, John, William and Mary (2003) ISBN 0-7509-3048-9
Van der Zee, Henri and Barbara, William and Mary (1973) ISBN 0-394-48092-9
Waller, Maureen, Sovereign Ladies: Sex, Sacrifice, and Power. The Six Reigning Queens of England. St.
Martin's Press, New York (2006) ISBN 0-312-33801-5

Lin kt ngoi
Correspondentie van Willem III en van Hans Willem Bentinck, eersten graaf van Portland
(http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/WillemIII)
Official House of Orange website (http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/index.jsp)
"King Billy", BBC (http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/learning/william/)
House of Orange (http://www.friesian.com/ross/orange.htm)
Het Loo Palace (http://www.paleishetloo.nl/)

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Ch Anh

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_ca_Anh

Ch Lch s

Ly t http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_III_ca_Anh&oldid=21005507
Th loi: Lch s H Lan Lch s Vng quc Lin hip Anh Vua Anh Vua Scotland Thng c H Lan
Hong thn Orange Tn hu Trng Lo Tn hu Anh gio Sinh 1650 Mt 1702

Trang ny c sa i ln cui lc 10:26 ngy 5 thng 5 nm 2015.

Vn bn c pht hnh theo Giy php Creative Commons Ghi cng/Chia s tng t; c th p dng
iu khon b sung. Xem iu khon S dng bit thm chi tit.
Wikipedia l thng hiu ng k ca Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., mt t chc phi li nhun.

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