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s chui lu tha
7.1. chui s
(k hiu l
un ) c gi l mt chui s. Vy:
n 1
un = u1 u2 u3... un...
n 1
2n ,
3n 1 l cc chui s dng.
n 1
n 1
(ii)
2 n 1
1 , 1 2n
n 1
n 1
(iii)
n
n 1
1 , 1 n2
n 1
(iiii)
l cc chui s m.
l cc chui s an du.
n 1
2 n 1
cos n ,
n 1
sin n l cc chui s bt k.
n 1
7.1.3. S hi t ca chui s.
Cho chui s
un c
n 1
un c gi l hi t. Khi ,
n 1
Sn =I,
un = nlim
n 1
un
n 1
c gi l phn k.
un phn k khi
n 1
nhng l s v hn.
V d 7.3.
(i) Chui
2n
hi t v c tng = 1 v:
n 1
Sn =
1 1
1
1
1
(ii) Chui
n phn k v:
n 1
Sn = 1 2 ... n
(iii) Chui
n n 1
n n 1
lim Sn lim
.
n
n
2
2
phn k v:
n 1
1 khi n 2 k 1
n
Sn = 1 1 1 ... 1
(k nguyn, dng).
0 khi n 2 k
lim Sn khng tn ti.
n
un v
vn l cc chui hi t th
n 1
n 1
un vn cng hi t.
n 1
chui s
un 0 .
un hi t l nlim
n 1
un hi t nn:
n 1
hi t hay phn k.
V d 7.4.
(i) Chui
n1
2n 1 phn k v:
n 1
(ii) Chui
n 1 1
0.
n 2 n 1
2
lim un lim
n 1
(i) Chui s
(ii) Chui s
ns
n 1
(i)
(ii)
n 1
(iii)
1
< 1.
3
n 1
(iiii)
1
< 1.
3
n 1
(n =1, 2, 3,...).
n 1
un ,
vn ; tn ti s c > 0 v tn ti
n 1
n 1
vn hi t th chui s
un hi t.
n 1
n 1
(ii) Nu chui s
un phn k th chui s
vn phn k.
n 1
n 1
Bc 2: a ra chui s th hai
vn tho
mn cc iu kin: l
n 1
5n
V d 7.5. Xt s hi t ca cc chui: a) 2
, b) n
.
n 1 3 n 1
n 1 3 2
Gii. a)
3 n2 1 .
Ta c un =
n 1
1
2
3n 1
>0
vn =
n2
n 1
n 1
s = 2 > 1. Mt khc:
un =
1
2
3n 1
<
1
1
vn (n =1, 2, 3,...).
2
3
3n
5n
5n
.
Ta
c
u
=
>0 (n=1,2,...) vy chui cho l chui dng.
n
n
n
3
2
3
2
n 1
b)
5
Chui s vn = l chui dng v l chui nhn phn k v
n 1
n 1 3
n
5n
5
q > 1. Mt khc: un = n
vn (n =1, 2, 3,...).
3 2 3
Theo du hiu so snh 1, chui cho phn k.
Nhn xt 7.5. Nu trong v d 7.5, phn a) mu s 3n2 1 c thay bi
3n2 k hoc phn b) mu s 3n 2 c thay bi 3n k (vi k l hng s
dng). Th chng ta khng th p dng du hiu so snh 1 c. khc
phc, sau y chng ta a ra du hiu so snh 2.
7.2.2. Du hiu so snh 2.
nh l 7.3. Cho hai chui s dng
un ,
n
=
vn c nlim
v
n1
n1
k 0, hu
un
u
= k ( > 0), (N > 0: n > N) k < n < k
n v
vn
n
lim
(7.1)
k
> 0. Ngha l tn
2
k
k
k
3k
vn = (k )vn < un < (k )vn =
vn .
2
2
2
2
(i) Nu
un hi t
n 1
un hi t. T (7.2) ta c:
n N0
k
vn < un ( n > N0). p
2
vn hi t
n N0
vn hi t.
n 1
(7.2)
(ii) Nu
un phn k
n 1
n N0
vn phn k.
vn phn k
n N0
(iii) Nu
vn hi t
n 1
n 1
n N0
un hi t
n N0
(iiii) Nu
3k
vn ( n >N0).
2
vn hi t. T (7.2) ta c: un <
un hi t.
n 1
vn phn k
vn phn k. T (7.2) ta c:
n N0
n 1
k
vn < un (n >
2
3k
vn ( n
2
un phn k
n N0
un phn k.
n 1
1
V d 7.6. Xt s hi t ca cc chui: a) 2
, b)
3
n
2
n 1
Gii. a)
3n2 2 .
Ta c un =
n 1
1
>0
3n2 2
5n
3n 2 .
n 1
Chui s
vn
n 1
n2
n 1
s = 2 > 1. Mt khc:
un
1
n2
lim 2
= 0, hu hn.
n v
n 3n 2
3
n
lim
5n
b) n
.
n 1 3 2
Ta c un =
5n
> 0 (n =1, 2, 3,...) vy chui cho l chui dng.
3n 2
5
Chui s vn = l chui dng v l chui nhn phn k v
n 1
n 1 3
un
5 n 3n
q > 1. Mt khc: lim
lim n
= 1 0, hu hn.
n v
n 3 2 5 n
n
un
= k 0, hu hn. Nu k = 0 hoc k = th du hiu so snh 2
n v
n
hp lim
un
=k
n v
n
(i) Nu k = 0 lim
un
<
vn
(7.3)
Nu
vn
n 1
(7.4)
hi t
n N0
un hi t
n N0
10
un hi t.
n 1
Nu
un phn k
n N0
n 1
vn phn k
n N0
vn phn k.
n 1
Nu k = 0 th t chui
vn hi t
un hi t.
n 1
n 1
un phn k
vn phn k.
n 1
n 1
un
=
n v
n
(ii) Nu k = lim
un
>M
vn
(7.5)
vn phn k
n 1
(7.6)
n N0
un phn k
n N0
Nu
un hi t
n 1
un phn k.
n 1
n N0
vn hi t
n N0
11
vn hi t.
n 1
Nu
un hi t vn hi t.
n 1
Nu
n 1
vn phn k
un phn k.
n 1
n 1
un
n 1
un 1
= k. Khi :
n u
n
c lim
(i)
Nu k < 1. Th chui
un
hi t.
n 1
un
phn k.
n 1
chui
un .
n 1
V d 7.7. Xt s hi t ca cc chui:
2n
3n2 2 , b)
n 1
a)
5n 13
3n , c)
n 1
12
3n2 2 .
n 1
n
2n
Gii. a) 2
. Ta c un =
> 0 (n =1, 2, 3,...) vy chui
3n2 2
n 1 3n 2
2n 1
cho l chui dng ; un+1 =
.
3n2 6 n 1
2 n 1 3 n2 2
un 1
k = lim
lim n
2 > 1.
2
n u
n 2
3
n
6
n
1
n
b)
5n 13
5n 13
. Ta c un =
>0
n
n
3
3
n 1
(n =3, 4, 5,...), u1 =
8
< 0 vy
3
dng ; un+1
5n 8
=
.
3 n 1
5n 13
l chui
n
3
n 3
3n 5n 8
un 1
1
k = lim
lim n 1
< 1. Theo
n u
n 3
5n 13 3
n
5n 13
hi t. Theo tnh cht v s hi t
3n
n 3
c)
3n2 2 . Ta c un =
n 1
n
>0
3n 2
3n2 2 n 1
n1
un 1
chui dng ; un+1 =
. k = lim
lim
1.
n u
n n 3n2 6 n 1
3n2 6 n 1
n
vn
n 1
13
n 1
l chui s dng v l
un
n2
1
chui Dirichlet phn k. Ta li c: lim
lim
0 , hu
2
n v
n 3n 2
3
n
un
n 1
c lim n un = k. Khi :
n
(i)
Nu k < 1. Th chui
un
hi t.
n 1
un
phn k.
n 1
un .
n 1
n2
V d 7.8. Xt s hi t ca cc chui: a) 1 , b)
n
n 1
n2
n
3n 1 .
n 1
n2
1
1
n 1
n
n
n
b)
. Ta c un =
> 0 (n =1, 2, 3,...), vy chui cho
3
n
1
3
n
n 1
l chui dng
n 1
k = lim n un lim
< 1.
n
n 3n 1
3
14
V d 7.9. Xt s hi t ca chui 1
n
n 1
n2
1
.
en
0 v:
1 1 t
ln1 t t
1
x
lim
lim x x ln 1 1
lim
1
1
1
2
2 t 1 t
x
x
t 0
t
lim un lim 1 e
e
et 0 e 2 .
n
x e
x
7.3. S hi t ca chui s an du
7.3.1. nh ngha chui s an du.
15
sau:
1 un hoc 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
V d 7.9.
n 1
(ii) Chui s
1
n
n 1
n 1
n2 2
n 1
Nhn xt 7.9.
n 1
n 1
n 1
un tho
n 1
mn cc iu kin sau:
(i) u1 u2 u3 ... un ...;
(ii) lim un = 0.
n
(7.7)
(7.8)
16
lim S2 k = I u1.
(7.9)
(7.10)
V d 7.10. Xt s hi t ca chui s
1 n 1 .
n 1
n3
1
v ta c:
n3
1
1
1
1
> u2 = > u3 = > ....; lim un lim
= 0.
n
n n 3
4
5
6
1
.
4
Ch 7.3.
n 1
un v l
n 1
iu kin chui
n 1
un hi t. i vi chui an du dng
n 1
1 un
n 1
cc s hng ca
1 un vi (1), do ch kt lun uc s hi t ca
n 1
n 1
17
n 1
un m cc gi thit ca nh l
n 1
n 1
, (ii)
1 n n .
n2 16
n 1
1
. Nhn tt c cc
n
n1
n 1
v ta
c:
u1 = 1 > u2 =
1
1
1
> u3 = > ....; lim un lim
= 0.
n
n n
2
3
n 1
n 1
hi t v c tng 1. Theo
n
. Nhn tt c cc s
n2 16
n 1
n 1
n 2 16
v ta
c:
n
n2 n 16
0 (n 4).
lim un lim 2
0 , un+1 un =
n
n n 16
n 12 16 n2 16
18
Xy dng chui
n 1
n 1
ba chui
1 n n ,
n2 16
n 1
n 1
u
vn nh sau: vn = 4
un
1 n 1 n
n2 16
n 1
khi n 1, 2 , 3 , 4 ;
khi
n 4.
Th
n 1
n 1
vn l chui an du
n 1
1 n n
n2 16
hi t.
n 1
n 1
. y l chui s an du hi t. Ta
n 1
300
1 1
... l chui hi t tho mn iu
2 3
1 1
1
1
1
1
2 3 4 ...
2 n ... l chui s an du hi
2 n 1
2 3
2
3
3
2
19
12 k 2 , u
2k 1
2k
1 2 k 1
2k
2 k 2
(k = 1,2,3,
2 k 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
...). Chui c th nh sau: 1
...
2
2k
3 4
5
2k 1
...
2k 2k 1
.
2
k
2
k
1
k 1
7.4. Chui s bt k
un l chui s bt k th chui
un
n 1
n 1
c gi l
un .
n 1
Nu chui
un
hi t cn chui
n 1
un
phn k th chui
n 1
un c
n 1
gi l chui bn hi t.
Nu c hai chui
un v un
n 1
u hi t th chui
n 1
un c gi l
n 1
chui hi t tuyt i.
V d 7.13. D dng kim tra c cc kt qu sau:
20
Chui s
n 1
l chui bn hi t; Chui s
n 1
n2
l chui
hi t tuyt i.
7.4.2. Tnh cht.
nh l 7.8. Nu chui
un hi t th chui
n 1
un cng hi t.
n 1
Nhn xt 7.11.
kim tra mt chui s c hi t tuyt i hay khng ta ch cn
kim tra s hi t ca chui tr tuyt i ca n.
V d 7.14.
n 1
n 1
mt
chui
hm
trn
n 1
(;).
fn x cc hm xc nh trn X, x0 X. Th
n 1
fn x0 l
n 1
21
fn x c gi l hi t ti x0 v im x0 c gi l im t ca chui
n 1
hm
fn x . Tp hp tt c cc im t ca mt chui hm c gi l
n 1
min hi t ca chui hm .
V d 7.15. Chui
n 1
sin nx hi t ti
n 1
cc im k vi mi k = 1, 2, 3,...
7.5.2. Chui lu tha.
nh ngha 7.8. Chui lu tha l mt chui hm s c mt trong cc
dng sau:
an x
(1),
n 1
an x x0
(2),
n 1
V d 7.16.
xn l chui lu tha vi an = 1
( n =1, 2, 3,...).
n 1
n 1
x 2
3n 1
l chui lu tha vi an =
1
(n =1, 2, 3,...).
3n 1
Nhn xt 7.12.
(i) Chui lu tha dng (1) lun hi t ti x = 0, chui lu tha dng
(2) lun hi t ti x = x0.
(ii) Chui lu tha dng (2) lun a c v dng (1) bng cch t
y = x x0. V vy xt s hi t ca chui lu tha chng ta ch cn xt s
hi t ca chui lu tha dng (1).
22
7.6.1. nh l Abel.
an x n hi t ti x0 0 th chui lu tha
n 1
an x n hi
t ti x0 0, nn chui s
n 1
an x0n
n 1
Ti x = 0 chui
an x n hi t v c tng bng 0.
n 1
Vi x 0, ta c: anxn = an x0n
n 1
x
x0
x
M
x0
( n > N0).
x
l dng v l chui nhn hi t khi x x0. Vy theo du
x0
n
an x
hi
n N0 1
an x
n
n
hi t. Do
n 1
, chui
an x n phn k ti x1 0 th chui lu
n 1
Chng minh.
an x n hi t ti x0. Th
n 1
an x n hi t
n 1
t ca chui lu tha
an x n .
n 1
an x n c
n 1
lim
lim
an 1
k
an
hoc
24
cng thc:
0 khi k ;
r = khi k 0 ;
1
khi 0 k .
k
V d 7.16. Tm min hi t ca cc chui sau:
xn
a)
,
n 1 3 n 1
b)
x 1n ,
n
n 1
n 1
c)
n 1 2 n 1
x 2 2 n .
1
xn
3n 1 . y l chui lu tha vi an = 3n 1 > 0
n 1
Gii. a)
3,...) v: k = lim
( n = 1, 2,
an 1
3n 2
lim
1 . Vy bn knh hi t ca chui
n 3n 1
an
Ti x = 1, ta c chui s:
n 1
snh vi chui
n 1
Ti x = 1, ta c chui s:
3 n 1 . y l chui s an du hi t
n 1
b)
n 1
x 1
n
. y l chui lu tha vi an =
1
> 0 ( n = 1, 2, 3,...) v:
n2
2
a
n 1 1 .
k = lim n 1 lim
n a
n
n2
n
25
Ti x 1 = 1, ta c chui s:
n 1
Ti x 1 = 1, ta c chui s:
n 1
nn chui
n2
n 1
. C
n 1
1
n
n2
hi t
n 1
n 1
c)
n 1 2 n 1
2n
x 2
n1
. y l chui lu tha vi an =
> 0 ( n =
2n 1
k = lim
1, 2, 3,...) v:
n 1 1
.
n 2 n 1
2
an lim
n 1
Ti (x 2) = 2, ta c chui s:
. y l chui s dng v l
n 1 2 n 1
2
2 2 2 x 2
2.
a)
n! x ,
n 1
b)
n 1
x 1
n!
26
c)
2 n 13
n
x
2
.
3
n
2
n 1
Gii. a)
n ! xn
n 1
k = lim
an 1
n 1 ! lim n 1 .
lim
n
n
an
n!
b)
n 1
x 1
n!
l chui lu tha vi an =
k = lim
1
> 0 ( n = 1, 2, 3,...) v:
n!
an 1
n!
1
lim
lim
0.
n n 1 !
n n 1
an
c)
2 n 13
2 n 13
> 0 ( n = 7, 8, 9,...)
x 2 n l chui lu tha vi an = 3
3
n 2
n 1 n 2
n3 2 2 n 13
an 1
v: k = lim
lim
1.
3
n a
n
n
n 1 2 2n 11
Ti x 2 = 1, ta c chui s:
2 n 13
. y khng phi l chui s
3
n 1 n 2
2 n 13
dng, nhng 3
l chui s dng hi t (so snh vi
n7 n 2
n2 ). Nn
n7
2 n 13
l chui s hi t . Vy chui lu tha cho hi t ti x 2 =
3
n 1 n 2
1.
27
Ti x 2 = 1, ta c chui s:
n 1
nhng chui
1
n7
chui
1
n 1
2 n 13
. y khng phi l
n3 2
1
1
v s hng th 7 bng
,
218
345
2 n 13
l chui s an du hi t (theo Leibniz). Vy
n3 2
2 n 13
hi t hay chui lu tha cho hi t ti x 2 = 1.
n3 2
an x n .
n7
an 1 x n 1
a
lim
x lim n 1 = k(x),
n
n
n a
an x
n
hoc lim
an x n x lim
an = k(x).
(7.11)
(7.12)
Vi x 0. V an 0 (n>N0) nn chui
an x n l chui s dng.
n N0 1
n N0 1
28
2n 1 n
x .
n
3
n 1
2n 1
> 0 ( n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
3n
Ti mi x 0 ta c:
n 1
2n 1 n
x l chui s dng v
3n
2 n 1 3n
x
an 1 x n 1
an 1
k(x) = lim
x
lim
x
lim
.
n
n a
n 3n 1 2 n 1
3
an x n
n
n 1
k khi
x
2n 1 n
x
hi
t
khi
1 , phn
3
3n
x
1 . Do , chui lu tha cho hi t tuyt i khi x (3; 3).
3
di dng:
un(x) =
2n 1
3n x n =
n 1
n
1
n 1
2 n 1 n
n
x
=
1
un x , vi
3n
n 1
2n 1 n 2n 1 n
x
3 = 2n 1 lim un x lim 2n 1 .
n
n
3n
3n
Vi x = 3 ta c chui s
un lim 2 n 1
2n 1 nlim
n
n 1
29
Vi x = 3 ta c chui s
n
1 2n 1 .
n 1
an x n hi t trn min X v vi mi x
n 1
X ta c
an x n = S(x).
n 1
n
ca chui. C th: an x nan x n 1 S x ( x X);
n 1
n 1
n
an x dx
n 1
an x n 1
n 1 S x dx .
n 1
1
1
1
(iii) S3(x) = x x2 x3 x4 ...
2
3
4
Gii. Ta c
xn 1 x
l chui lu tha hi t v
n 1
n 1
1 x 2
(x (1;1)).
30
S2(x) = x 2x 3x 4x .... =
Mt khc,
x2
1 x
(x (1;1)).
n 0
tha hi t v
x
n0
1
(x (1;1)). Theo nh l 7.11, tch phn
1 x
1
1
1
dx
S3(x) = x x2 x3 x4 ... =
ln 1 x C
2
3
4
1 x
(x (1;1)).
f(x) =
1 k
k
k ! f x0 x x0 .
k0
f(n)(x) = sin x n
sin n n
x3 x5
2 x ...
f(x) = sin x = x
...
3! 5!
n!
31
f(n)(x) = cos x n
cos n n
x2 x4
2 x ...
f(x) = cos x = 1
...
2! 4!
n!
(iii) f(x) = ln x l hm c o hm mi cp ti x = 1 v
f (x) =
1
x 1 , f (1) =1, f(n)(x) = (1)n1(n1)! xn, f(n)(1) = (1)n1(n1)!.
x
1
1
3
4
x 1 x 1 ....
2!
3!
Cu hi n tp chng 7
Cu 1: nh ngha chui s; nh ngha tng ca chui s.
Cu 2: nh ngha s hi t ca chui s. Nu cc tnh cht v s hi t
ca chui s; chng minh tnh cht th 3 v s hi t ca chui s.
un A , vn B . Khi c th ni g v s hi
n 1
n 1
t ca chui
un vn nu:
n 1
32
2. Cho chui s
un c
n 1
an
bn
1 . Th c th khng
n a
n
hi t v lim
n 1
nh chui
un A , vn B
n 1
l cc chui s hi t, ng
n 1
tn (C) cng hi
n 1
t.
Nu cc chui (A) v (B) cng phn k th c th ni g v s hi t
ca chui (C)?
Cu 9: Cho
lim nan k 0.
33
un khng? ti
n 1
un . Nu
mi lin h gia s hi t ca
n 1
chui s
n 1
34