ACB-S26 ic.oncoats)- 1 1997) Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE ) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES PART3 WIND LOADS { Second Revision } Eighth Reprint DECEMBER 2002 UDG e2s-042-41 o © Copyright 1989 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Get February 198915 :875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987 CONTENTS Poge 0. Forzworo wo 3 1. Score, fm or) Norations me ~ 5 3. TarsanoLooy . ” - 6 4. Gavenat. me ~ 7 5. Winp Spexp ano Pressure a . 7 5.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere = 7 5.2 Basie Wind Speed ~ 8 5.3 Design Wind Speed ( Vz) ws 8 5.3.1 Risk Goeflicient ( ky Factor ) “mom ws 8 5.32 Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor ( ty Factor ) 8 5.3.3. Topography ( fx Factor } fe 5.4 Design Wind Pressure mlm OB 5.5 Off-Shore Wind Velocity ex ream 6. Wino Parssunes ato Forces ox Buitpinos/Stauctunss 13 6.1 General me 6.2 Pressure Coefficients - om « 18 6.2.1 Wind Load on Individual Members Le 13 6.2.2 External Pressure Coefficients ee 13 6.2.3 Internal Pressure Coefficients ~ a 63 Force Coefficients ea ~ 36 6.3.1 Frictional Drag fae 6.8.2 Force Coefficients for Clad Buildings 37 6.3.3 Force Coefficients for Unelad Buildings 38 7. ‘Dywaino Eereors eo iy 7.1 General 4a 7.2. Motion Due to Vortex Shedding 48 7.21 Slender Structures 48 Gust Factor ( GF ) or Gust Eectivencss Factor (GEF) Method... 49 8.1 Application . ~ om 82 Hourly Mean Wind 49 8.2.1 Variation of Hourly Mean Wind Speed with Height =. 49, 8.3 Along Wind Load “ ” ao 18 Aprexpix A Basic Wino Spe ar 10m Heron ron Sows Isrontant Grms/Towss oa ° 83 Appaxpix B Cawors iw Tarai Gatzaorms ... 4 Avranpix G Ervect or a Cusr on Escarpment on Equvatent Hetcret Atovs, Grouno ( fy Factor } ir tine Arrexprt D Wisp Foror on Cincuar Sections .. oF1S: 875 ( Part 3) - 1987 Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES PARTS WIND LOADS { Second Revision } vu FOREWORD QA This Indian Standard (Part 3) ( Second Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 13, November 1987, alter the draft finalized by the Structural Safety Sectional Gom- mittee had been approved by the Givil Engineer- ang Division Council. 0.2 A building hax to perform many functions satisfactorily. “Amongst these functions are the utility of the’ building for the intended use and occupancy, structural safety, fire safety and come pliance with hygienic, sanitation, ventilation and daylight standards, The design of the building is dependent upon the sminimum — requirements preseribed for each of ehe above functions. The minimum requirements pertaining to the stractural tafety of buildings are being covered in. loading codes by way of laying down minimum design loads which Rave tobe assunied for: dead loads, imposed loads, wind loads and other external loads, the. structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standatds, itis hoped, will net only ensure the structural safety of the buildings and structures which are being designed and constructed in the country and thereby reduce the hazards to hfe and property caused by unsafe structures, but also eliminate the wastage caused by assuming ennecessarily heavy loadings ‘without proper assessment, 0.3 This standard was first published in 1957 for the guidance of civit engineers, designers and architects associated with the planning and design of buildings. It included the provisions for the basic design loads (dead loads, Five loads, wind loads and seismic toads } to be assumed in the design of the buildings, In its first revision in 1964, the wind pressure provisions were modified on the basis of studies of wind phenomenon and its effect on structures, undertaken by the special committee in consultation with the Indian Mete- orological Department. Tn addition to this, new clauses on wind loads for butterfly type structures were inchided; wind pressure coefficients for sheeted roofs, both curved and sloping were ‘modified; seismic Joad provisions were deloted {separate code having been prepared ) and metric tystem of weights and measurements was adopted, 0.3.1 With the increased adoption of this Code, a number of comments were received on provi- sions on tive load values adopted for’ different occupancies. Simultaneously, live load surveys have been carried out in America and Canada to arrive at realistic live loads based on actual deter- mination ofoaing (movable and. immovable ) in different occupancies. Keeping this in view an ‘other developments in the field of wind engineer- ing, the Steuctura) Safety Sectional Committee decided ¢o prepare the second revision of 18 : 875 in the following five parts: Part 1 Dead loads Part 2 Imposed loads Part 3 Wind loads Part 4 Snow loads Part 5 Special loads and Joad combinations Earthquake load is covered in a separate sandard, namely, 1S; 1893-198¢* which ahould bbe considered along with the above Toads. 0.3.2 This Part ( Part 8) deals with wind Toads to be considered when designing buildings, structures and components thereof. Tn thia revision, the following important modifications have been made from those covered im the 19¢4 version of IS: 875: 4) The earlier wind pressure maps (one siving winds of shorter duration and ane ther excluding winds of shorter duration } *Oriteria for earsbqvake resistant. design of structures 4 fosris tein)18: 875 ( Part 3) - 1987 have been replaced by a single wind map giving basic maximum wind speed in m/s ( peak gust velocity averaged over a short {ithe interval of about 3 seconds duration }- The wind speeds have been worked out for 50 years return period based on the up- tordate wind data of 43 dines pressure tube (DPT) anemogeaph stations and study of other related works available on the subject since 1964. ‘The map and related recommendations have been provi- ded in the code with the active coopera- tion of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD }. Trotachs (lines of equal velocity ) have not been given as in the opinion of the committee, there & still not cnough estensive meteorological data at. ciose enough stations in the country to justify swing, of isotachs. b) Moditication factors to modify the basic Wind velocity to take into account. the effects of terrain, local topography, size of structure, etc, are inciuded, ©) Terrain is now classified into four catego ies based on characteristics of the ground surface irregulacities, 4) Force and pressure coefficients have been included for a large range of clad and vunelad buildings and for individual struce tural elements, ©) Force coctficients ( drag cocficients ) are for frames, lattice towers, walls and ardings. 4) The calaulation of force on circular sections is included incorporating the effects of Reynolds number and surfnee roughness. 8) The external and internal pressure coeffi- cients for gable tools, lean-to roofs, curved rool, canopy roofs ( butterfly type struc» tures) ‘and multi-span rools have been rationalised h) Pressure coefficients are given for combined roofs, roois with sky light, circular silos, cylindrical etevated structures, grandstands, ete, j) Some requirements regarding study of dynamic effect in flexible slender structures are included. 1) Use of gust enorgy method to arrive at the design wind load on the whole structure is now permitted, 0.3.3 The Committee responsible for. the revision of wind maps while reviewing available metearelogical wind data and response of steuc- tures to wind, felt the paucity of data on which to base wind maps for Indian “condivons on statsti- cal analysis, The Committee, therefore, recomm- ends to all individuals "and organizations responsible for putting-up of tall structures to provide instrumentation. in. their existing and new structures (transmission towers, chimneys, cooling towers, buildings, ete ) at diferent eleva. tions (at least at two levels) to continuously ‘measure and monitor wind data. The instruments are required to collect data on wind direction, wind speed and structural vespoure of the struc- tuze duc to wind ( with the help of accelerometer, strain gauges, ete. It is also the opinion of the committee that such instrumentation in tll true tures will not in any way affect or alter the fanctional behaviour of such structures, The data 40 collected will be very valuable in evolving more accurate wind loading of structires, O44 The Sectionat Committee responsible for the Preparation of this standard has taken into account the prevailing practice in regard to Joad- ing standards followed in. this country by the vvatious authorities and has also takea note of the developmenis in a number of other countries, In the: preparation of this ende, the following ‘overseas standards have also been examined: a) BSCP $:1973 Code of basic data for design of buildings: Chapter V Loading, Part 2 Wind loads. b) AS 1170, Part 2.1983 SAA Loading code Part 2 — Wind forces, ©) NZS 4203-1976 Code of practice for general structural design ‘loading for buildings. 4) ANSI AS8.1-1972 American Standard. Building code requirements for minimum design loads in buildings and other structures. ¢) Wind resistant design regulations, A World List. Association for Science Documents Information, Tokyo, 0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a parti- cular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, ‘expressing the result of'a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960°. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should ‘be the same as that of the specified value in this standard, Rules for counding off numerical values { reid }1. SCOPE Ld Thisstandard gives wind forces and their Gees {static and dynamic) Ghat shouldbe faken into account when designing buildings, structures and components thereof, LLL Ie is believed that ultimately wind load eximation will be made by taking into account the random variation of wird speed with time but avaiable theoretical methods have not matured sufficiently at present for use in the code; For this reason, static wind method of load tstimation which implies a steady wind specd, which has proved to be satisfactory for normal, Short and Heavy structures, is given in 5 and 6. However, a beginning hai been made to take account of the random nature of the wind speed by requiring that the alongewind or drag load on siructares which are prone to wind induced osci- Tlations, be also determined by the gust, factor method (8) and the more Revere of the two fstimaates be taken for design. Allarge majority of structures met with in practice do not however, suffer wind induced Brcillations and generally do not require to, be ‘examined for the dynamic effects of wind, includ- fag use of gust factor method. Nevertheless, there fare various types of structures or their components such as some tall buildings, chimneys, latticed towers, cooling towers, transmission towers, gu) mass, communication sowers, loag span bridges partially or completely solid Taced antenna dish, Ere, which require investigation of wind, induced ‘acllations. The use. of 7 shail be made for identi- fying and analysing such structures. 1.1.2 This code aio applics to buildings of other structures during erectionjeonstruction and the same shall be considered carefully during Various stages of erection/construcuon. In leca~ Uons where the strongest winds and icing may ‘oocar simultaneously, Toads on structural saembers, Cables and ropes thail be calculated, by assuming fn ice covering based on climatic and local experience. LS In the design of special structures, such fas chimneys, overhead transmission, line towers, Cte, specili¢ requirements as specified in the Feapective codes shall be adopted in conjunction ‘with the provisions of this code as_ far as they are applicable. Some of the Indian Standards avail- ‘ble for the design of special structurers are: 18; 4998 ( Part 1 )-1975. Criteria for design ‘of reioforced concrete chimneys: Part 1 Design criteria (jt revision ) 15 + 6589-1971 Code of practice for design and connruction oh eel Gisneys 19; $613 ( Part 1/Sec 1 )-1970 Gode of pracr ‘ice for design, installation and. saaintenance ff overhead power lines: Part | Lines up to and including 11 KV, Section 1 Design 1S 4 875 (Part 3) - 1987 1s: ane (Part 1.1977, Code of praeic: for ‘use of structural steel in overhead transmi- tion line rowers: Part 1 Loads and permissi- De stresses ( socend reision ) 1S: 11504-1985 Criteria for structural design ‘of reinforced concrete natural draught coot- ing towers Nong | — This etandard docs not apply to ings of mevetares wich usconventional shapes, unotual eee oe tend abnormal eneironmental conditioas that see nat been covered ia this code. Special invettigny pare er peceseary an such cases Co estabith wind Jouds tes Gisin effects, Wind tunnel studies may also. be {equired insch situations. Norn? In te cme fall wry oA uanytnnetrial geometry, the designs may have 0 SREY esteaal ease towindprewn 2. NOTATIONS 2a The following notations shall be followed tunless otherwise specified in relevant clauses: ‘A = surface area of a structure of part of a structure; Ag = effective frontal area; Ag = an area at h b= breadth of o structure or structural member normal to the wind stream in the horizontal plane; Cy = force coefficient/drag coefficient; Cin = normal force coefficient; Cy = transverse force coefficients Cy frictional drag coefficient; pressure cocfficient; external pressure coefficient; internal pressure coefficient; depth of a structure or structural member parallel to wind stream; diameter of cylinders eo ale pho De F = force noxmal to the surface; Fy = normal force; Fy = twansverse forces Fi = frictional force; fh = height of structure above mean ground level; bg = height of development of a velocity profile at a distance x down wind From a change in terrain categorys &) s ig} <> muultiplication factors; al ‘K = multiplication factor, {length of the member or greater hori- zontal dimension of a buildings ‘py = design wind pressures18: 875 ( Part 3) «1997 fe = design wind pressure at height 2 fe = external pressure; At = internal pressure, Fig = reynolds number; $ = strouhal number; Ya = regional basic wind speed; Fa = design wind velocity at height 2; Ps = hourly mean wind speed at height 2 wos lense: horizontal dimension of a building, or a structural members w= bay width in multi-bay buildings, flistance down wind from a. change in terrain category: Wind angle from a given axis; inclination of the roof to the hori zontals effective solidity rati shielding factor or shedding frequeneys solidity ratio; @ height or distance ground; and average height of the surface roughe ness, t Aee we dete above the 3. TERMINOLOGY 3:1 For the purpose of this code, the following definitions shal! apply. BUI Anal of Aiteck — Angie between the direc ion of wind and a reference axis of the ston tare, S12 Bread — Breadth means horizontal dimension of the building messured normal ent tion of wind. NOTE a lteadth aud depts are diseasions measie fag Felauon to the “direction of the wing heat pint sed “width "are dimensions” eeinigy MBO plas. 3.13 Depih— Depth means the horizontal Gimension of the building measured in the geet tion of the wind, Hight — Developed height is Penetration of the uals ina pf the unpenctrated earlier velocity srofie ns that height. S15 Bftctive Frontal Ana — the TRE cL Be seucture aormal to the dirfeine the wind. $18 Blom of surface over whicl to be constant, ST Force Cogficimt — & non-dimensional fegiclent such that the toval wind force oe fody is the product of the force eveiicient, mae Surface Ana— The area of ‘the pressure coelficient is taken ores When the force ix in the direction of the Ml, the, won-dismensional coeficient wi he ‘drag cosficient’, When the fot Wig Gircetion of inckdeat wind, the admire ‘sonal coedicient with be called as “lift fostered Sink Ground Roughasss — The nature of the fioan Surface as influenced by small seale obstre’e Sg Gt = A positive oF negative deparure Sfwind speed from its mean value lasting ee Tare aaes Say, 2 minutes over a specified niece Peak Gust — Peak gust ox the wind speed amplitude, peak gust speed is associated with the maximum forest ete}, the wind profile changes in Grae? ter ‘but stich changes ‘are Srpand level spreading or ‘penetrating upwrete with increasing fetch length, Hafiet Height Gradient height is the height Shove the meas) ground level at whieh the Cosh ent wind ‘biowstas presse gradient force, al fe (Mteen Crowd Level — The mean grownd levet isthe average horizontal plane of the ree oni ed by the boundaries of the structure, peilne Covfcin! — Pressare cosfficient is the Fallo of the difference between the pressure acting. te point OP.8 Surface and the statie presare cf the incident wind to the deoon the structure at a height corresponding to that of Fes Nore — Positive sigh of the premure coefficient indicatcnpresure ating towatdstke iriace nd nega te ign adit. premure acting way from the Retum Period — Return period is the number ‘of years, the reciprocal of which gives the proba bility of extreme wind exce-ding a given wind speed in any one year, Shielding Kfeet — Shielding effect or shielding refers to the condition where wind has to pass along some. structure(s) or structural element(s) Toeated on the upstream wind side, before meet ing the structure or structural element under consideration, A factor called “hielding factor’ is used to account for such effects in estimating the force on the shielded structures. Suction —~ Suction means pressure less than the atmospheric ( static ) pressure and is taken to act away from the surface, Suidity Ratio — Sotidity ratio is equal to the Dresos Lave or Singeruns bt ean Be a 8s [All general boiligs and steuetes 50 i en ec “Temporary sheds, structores sch as 5 om 976 073 OTL 07 BF hie nied “eng contruction Gperatiogs (for example, fom enkaed sent arti funng.‘conmraction tages, ‘oundacy walls ‘uildings and atruerares present 2% os 082 091 0% 09 088 Kow'degres of hurard fife a fropertyin the evens of failure, Bieb'ss lolated rower ia wood begat bulldogs other then ‘onetial buildings Important buildiogs and srveturor 100 105106 NOT 10708108 Meter spiale commanccaion Eiitdtogs] towers, power Plast frveuires ‘Nora ‘The factor fy i boted on statistical concepts which take account of the degree of reliability cequired and pericd cba thcas will Ge exponute to wind) that eof the teucture, Whatever crea always prcbsbitity (bowever small) that it any be exceeded feind speeds adopted Tor design Burpoves ae oT ace the greater the, period of years over which thsg oll be exporure to the wind, Fee aa flier rural periods ronging from 109 to I 00D yeas (implying lower risk level) he geater the pra, It epesure shay have soe aclected for egeeptionally oportan stuetares, neh ssasion wih grate Ost atcive communication fowers, Equation given below may be aed in wich cast Be muceae Foyer Talon me eriodyo exponsre and choten provapiiy of exceedance (rk level), The ta aoe eo orally condered slicien for design of buldingyand sructaresaguiat wind eecte Ena aie waluesof fy corresponding fei ik evel are given abOvs. cnn tale be (oe) ] f= Kan, 063 7 a+ where LV w mean probable deviga Hfe of seructute io years: fai evel in ¥ consecutive years ( probsbility that the design wind speed is exceeded at Jeast once im ‘Nauccenive years 3, uomins] value = 03; Nyy = extreme wind speed for given values of Vand Px aod Pe Fu, gs = enteme wind spot for 8 ~ 50 year and Poe = O68 ‘Aand B are coefficients having the following values for diferent baste wind speed zones Zone 4 2 33 mis 852 92 39 mis aro wo Hts 889 180 aT mje 90 20's noms oe, 8 35 mis 0a 7318 ; 875 ( Part 3) - 1987 TABLE 2k, FACTORS TO DIFFERENT TERRAIN! )BIAIN DESIGN WIND SPEED VARIATION WITH HEIGHT IN OR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF BUILDINGS|STRUCTURES (Chasse 5.3.2.2 ) Bewar Tanwar Cavngony 2 — TermaryCarzooay 3 ‘Tennant Garsoony 4 488 ‘Chase Cua m as @ aS Ge ay 8 68 Mm 8 (uy a2) as) x roo 099 083 Oo one Ga O76 O67 13 bed 07 G3 0502 OT «O87 O88 020 076 «(O87 2% WP 19 05 07105100 O88 080 976 OST a TIS NS 092 FIO OF reg a8. ox 93 os mo 820 iB FNS 109 rio 15 085 wo 26 PM 2D eT 2015105 Wo 19001250 be 2B eRe aL re 120010 zoo 13230 63D DT i or rs 2500 138329882 SL So 156 re 124416 MO 13 8! 80 e128 ae 300126 iT rr a a ce Ware 400889515237 gO SHS rR 178 120 4590199378318 9H S32 133 129 at 50 4D 3B SE 39872 TG 133 re 1300 ee Nore 1 — $1 $3,2.2 for definition of Cl ‘A, Claw B and Clas C structures, ‘Nove 2 — Intermediate valves may be obtained by Hinear interpolation, if dered, Tt is permiible to asvime ‘constant wind speed Between 2 heights far simplicity 5.3.2.3. Terrain categories in relation to the direox tion of wind — The terrain category used in the design of a structure may vary depending on the direction of wind under consideration. Where sufficient meteorological information is available, the basic wind speed may be varied for specific wind direcion, 5.3.2.4 Changes in terrain categories — "The veloeity profile fora given terrain jeatezory does not develop to full height immediately with the commencement of that terrain category but develop gradually to height ( fy ) which increa- ses with the fetch or upwind distance (3) a) Fetch ond developed he:ght relationship — The relation between the developed height (fs) ‘and the fetch (x) for wind-flow over each of the four terrain categories may be taken as given in Table 3. ») For structures of heights prcater than the developed height (fx) in Table 3, the velocity profile may be determined in accordance with the following: 4) The Jess or least rough terrain, or ti} The method described in Appendix B. 533 Topography (hy Fader) —The asic wind speed Fy given in Fig. | takes account of the general level of site above tea level. This docs ‘not aliow fer focal topographic features such as hills, valleys, cliffs, escarpments, or ridges which ‘ean Significantly affect wind speed in their vici- nity. The effect of topogra, iy is to accelerate wind nncar the summits of bill of crests of cliff, escaxp- ments or ndges and decelerate the wind in valleys for near the foot of cifs, steep esearpments, or ridges. 2 ‘TABLE 3 FETOH AND DEVELOPED HEIGHT RELATIONSEIP (Clouse 8.3.2.4) Rascals) Davstonen Her, be Maries ‘Fervaia “Terrain Terrsia ‘Terrain Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Categery 4 a a @ @ @ 02 2 20 55 60 08. 0 0 35 % 1 25 6 0 2 35 6 mo 190 5 o 100 m0 10 0 woe 80 20 wo 20850500 0 ne ee ee) 5.3.3.1 The effect of topography will be significant at a-site when the upwind slope (8) is greater than about 3°, and below that, the value Ofdy may be taken to be equal to 1-0. "The value of fis confined in the range of 1-0 to 1°36 for slopes greater than 3, A method of evnluating the value of fy for values greater than 1-0 is given in Appendix’ C. Tt may be noted that the value of 4g varies with height above ground level, at a niaximum near the ground, and reducing to 1-0 at higher levels. 5.4 Design Wind Pressure ~ The design wind pressure at any height above mean ground level shall be obtained by the following relationship between wind pressure and wind velocity: Pe 06 7where Px = design wind pressure in N/m? at height ¢5 and Vqe design wind velocity in m/s at height 2, ‘The coeficient (6 (in ST units a the abore formuis depends ou a suinbsr of factors ard fisily oa the attosphene premare sad sir temperat fore, ‘The value chotea cotrerponis to the average Appropriate Indian atmospheric condition 5.5 Of Shore Wind Velocity —- Cyclonic stormis form far away from the sea coast and gradually reduce in speed as they approach the fea coast, Cyclonic storms generally extend up to about 60 kilometres inland alier string the coast, ‘Their effect on land is already reflected im basic wind speeds specified in Fig. 1. The influence of wind speed off the coast up to a distance of about 200 kilometres may be taken as I-15 times the Value on the nearest coast in the absence of any definite wind data 6 WIND PRESSURES AND FORCES ON BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES 6.1 General — The wind load on a building shall be calculated for: 1a) The buiiding as a whole, 'b) Individual structural elements as roofs and walls, an ©) Individual cladding units including glazing ‘and their fixings, 62 Pressure Coefficients —The _ pressure coefficients are always given for a particular sut- face or part of the surface of a building. The wind Yoad acting normal to a surface is obtained by multiplying whe area of that surface or its appro. priate portion by the pressure coefficient (Cy) and the design wind pressure at the height of the sur- face froma the ground, The average values of these pressure coefficients for some butiding shapes are given in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3. Average values of pressure coefficients are given for critical wind directions in one or more quadrants, In order to determine the maximum wind load on the bailding. the total Joad should be caleulated for each of the critical directions shown from all quadrants. Where considerable Variation of presture occurs over a surface, it has hbcen subdivided and mean pressure coefficients given for each of its several parts, In addition, areas of high local suction (negative pressure concentration } frequently Occurring near the edges of walls and roofs are separetely shown, Coefficients for the local effects should only be used for calculation of forces on these local areas affecting rool sheeting, glass panels, individual cladding units including their fixtures. They should not be used for calculating force on entire structural elements such as rool, walls or structure as a whole. 3 18 + 875 (Part 3) - 1987 Nove t—The prewure cotficients given ta diferent tabies hae Beem ‘obtained mainly om re furcments_ on mates in winds taney aad the Se ‘Bajarty fof “data available. hes been shetiaed 10 gone ovat toe tp, hws cen ad ts eats as. jn” the case of eetemgular ‘obtained to allow for turbuleat how ng al asog an clade ag design baa Been a source of major once Al of Tes comequnce than the collapse of tosia atnies ture daimage to plas can be basurdour ond ease Considerable financial loses, Nora3— For pressure cooficlens for structutes seisoieted hme tence aay be ate Tope literature oa the subject or advise’ may be soughs oat specintte't the aabjece sy be tw 6.2.1 Wind Lead on Individuat Members — When calculating the wind load on individual stroutural elements such as roofs and walls, and individual cladding units and their fittings, it is essential to take account of the pressure difference between opposite faces of such elements or units. For lad structures, it is, therefore, necessary to know the internal pressure as well as the external pressure. ‘Then the wind load, F, acting in a direction normal to the individual’ structural element or cladding unit ‘sulues have been’ . Norm 2 — In recent years, F= (Che — Cy) Ate where pq external pressure cocificient, Cy1 = internal pressure coefficient, A surface area of structural element or cladding unit, and fa ~ design wind pressure. Nore 1 — If the surface design presure varies with eight, the surface areas ofthe structural cleeece ray ba subsdivided so that the speciied preenarn es talon ‘over ampropriate areas, Norw2— Positive wind load indicates the force setuig. towards the structeral clement aad “argative 80) feom i 6.2.2 Esteraat Pressure Coeficiens 6.2.24 Walls — The Pressure coefficient for the walls of clad buildings of rectangular plan shall be as given in Table 4. In addition, local pressure concentration coefi- Cients are also given. 22.2 Pitched oft of rectangular clad build — The average external pressure coeflicients and pressure concentration coefficients for pitched roofs of reecangular clad building shall ‘be as given in Table 5. Whete no pressure concentration Coeflicients are given, the average coefficients shall apply, The pressure coefficients on the under- side of any overhanging roof shall be taken in accordance with 6.227. average external ings Nore ]—The pressure conceatration shall be fisimed to act outward { suctlon presse )-at the ridgen, caves, cornices and 6) degred corners of reals (se 622.75 Nowa? ~The pressure concentration shall not be included! with the netexteraal presaare when compute ing overall loads,1S : 875 ( Part 3 )- 1987 TABLE 4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( Cya) FOR WALLS OF RECTANGULAR ‘CLAD BUILDINGS (tase 82.2.1) income | Burepiea Evavarros Poam Wino Cpe vom Sumpace 1 Locax ¢ Hons’ | "Bear Aste -— Rano | Rane Tl a lelo ma ¢ degrees Sat ls T)o | +07] -o2 -03 isb<3) AO | es aly 1 gg ate, 8 “+ -03| 05 ~02]3 im ; ehgek | oS | o OF | ~0-25) -06 | -06 | 1 aot a + fete! :| -10 ae ° 20 03 | 05 J 407 | or |p L_j a —| s 0 +07 | 025 06 | -06 |) 7 }- ists ja | 90 =06 | -06 | 407 ( -025] J te ted) 5 SENTTOLUAIOD THaSsiNE I awanxt ¢ arava18 +875 ( Part 3) «1967 “soso 290 sono 1.018 Ye Noid Ay “ene Spr weavdte 2g ae (eases Sew pts dv 9 20} aspejc> 0p StR 008 paddy 204 — yaar “Ada stueou209 H2K0 ons ‘nant ae eGeFaw> 1230164 OH4 — Z HOR ‘urmrDa # Jo woprosemp promo 2606] m1 xm puy Hered 30 ¢sa8s op ayeey— rato, uv18 + 875 ( Part 3) - 1987 TARLG #XTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( js )FOR MONOSLOPE ROOFS TOR RECTANGULAR CLAD BUILDINGS Wir = 2 (eee 6.223) 3 = hor w, whichever so |-05 03) Nore — his the height to eaves at lower side, isthe greater horizontsl dimension ofa building and w is the Jester homrontal dimennen of a build isthe tee. h Nome— Area Hf and srea Lrefer tothe whole quadrant, Root Wino Axoue 6 Loca Coa avon . 180" ie tleog ele lal e| alo) mo & 5 |-r0 -05/-10 -09 -re]-05 -10]-20] 1's] -20] -15| -20 1 |=" =05|-10 -08 -10/-04 —1o}-20[ -15/-20]-15|-20 3% |-09 -05|-10 ~o7 10/03 ~10]—re]-o9/—13|—14]-20 ao |-08 -05/-10 -06 -10|-02 -10]-re|-o8|-1/—14|-20 p |-07 93) -10 ~06 -09/-01 -09/-1a)-07|-03| -09| -z0 | ro =0'6. =06) 0 -06|—re! 05] -05|—c4|-20! -20| 1815 1878 (Part 3) - 1987 ‘TABLE7 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR MONOSLOPE FREE ROOFS: (Claws 6.2.2.4) LILLIE IZA L 0 Soup Reso Masntow ( Laneuor + ve) axt0 Mrrowon ( Lanazot — vi) Parsoven ‘Roar nous Ror Axoun Zoereranvae oma, Toca Couns ° ‘ +02 +05 +0 M4 +s i ei 2 4 408 aH +3 w vate ot Hz a4 +16 i 407 +4 07 » ; +8 308 “7 : = +9 sei 2 +10 320 351 323 +2 2 : fe 452 aes ° s r 6 2 2 an on0 eat fom-— For monopitch canopies the centre of presuure should be taken to ct at 03. from the windward 1915: 875 ( Part 3). 1987 TABLES PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR FREE STANDING DOUBLE SLOPED ROOFS (leu 6224) 1 . % Cp ~Cp rtHAy ait +p of + 1 5 =ve ROOF ANGLE + ve ROOF ANGLE L ww 10 co wt Maxton (Lasoesrv2) aye Manom (Lanonn = va) Powsoaw ee ( Deoaxse ) Rario Comrnicatss Opera ‘oval Consens cohen 5 |) == CC) | Z| RS = 409 tis +99 + 3 +88 13 383 +8 es toe ta tes i a te a3 sae ae Ho | aneatenoe a 8 8 | 38 + 3 3 ah ia is he 18 are Tos, te ba : th 18 Be ne HF ~o9 x3 5 moe = 8 4 xt mos as =e Tee 1 15 co art -17 19 at = =a = 1 nto = 8 = =o I +s pt [+10 anf | = +15 st +20 $i = +5 | | eg +30 oy) Bach slope of 4 sani can {o withstand Gre ing bath tp maximum and. ie anja |» |e |e ° | le | “os | oe aw | ot | moe | nos | or | 0s wos | oe ° Tj: iim ~ <8 lon = 02 * “uageny etn os Bg? = 005 lt 21 i i i i i18 4875 (Part 3 ) - 1987 TABLE 16 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PITCHED FREE ROOFS, ‘¢= 30" WITH EFFECTS OF TRAIN OR STORED MA’ (Clause 62.2.4) Roof slope « = 30" Effect." 'of trains or stored ‘materials ons 160°, D, D's f, futl leogeh a0, B,D, eB pam leoged” 67 “thereatier Gee camera : 180" O38 | 00 oF 06 2218 1875 ( Part 3) = 1987 TABLE IL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PITCHED FREE ROOFS, = = 10" (Glanse 6.2.2.4) neo b Parssune Corroicrrers, Cp Roof slope a = 10 Om or 45" 0, DY, BE’ full length S 9 = 90, DB &, £ pave leagth F, 6 theveaiter Cp = 0 | ° D 2 Eg E o 08 03 02 o o1 -09 on oo ° =03 o ~04 os 08 08 o For fi Gp top = ~1°0; Gp bottom = 0% or = 90° | Tangentialy acting friction, Ryn® = 01 publ 2318 1 875 ( Part 3 )+ 1987 TABLE 12 PRESSURE cozrnic! a = 10° WITH EFFECTS OF TRAIN OR STORED MATERIALS (Glawe 6.2.2.4) ENTS (OP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PITCHED FREE ROOFS Roof slope a = 10" Eilects of trainer stored materiale Poor asror 198" — 180", D, DB, B full iength 6 = ab BB BY pact loath 8, therealter Cp = Paxsavnm Consrreustnt, Op 6 Bad Surfaces oT ee g en # ° e c o o os oe -06 o7 ase -03 oF 03 os oo =03 ° -03 ° -04 08 os -06 80" -o4 | 08 ~06 | -03 p bottom = 0-9 4151 875 ( Pact 3) - 1987 ‘TABLE 13. EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR TROUGHED FREE ROOFS, « = 10° (Glows 6.2.2.4) poe | | D ge | ose ™ | ot SS Re bese Lb se “B,D, Fy’ ful length = 5, D, DY, B, B* past length ¥, dhereafier Cp = 0 Fantsvax Conrsiernte, Cp For: Cp ton = 0°4; Gp bottom & —1'5, 1 pad 25181 875 { Part 3 )- 1987 TABLE 4 PRESSURE CORTEIGIENTS (TOP AND BOETONS FOR TROUGHED FREE ROOFS, RE tee (Se TRAINS OF STORED MATERIALS ( Clouse 6.2.2.4) 2 ihe N I ‘ LI ‘| vse ao Va q y {1 LALLA Reef slope «= 30" ‘ Ck a ga ass, or 199" — 100%. B.D tal Ir ah by ah thereafter Ch = 0 Pansguan Comrrrcrents, Cp D Dv zg 5 © 07 oe 06 06 o -04 os -02 o2 ‘ae -o1 o1 ot on 120° -04 a02 -08 -036.2.2.5 Curved roafs — For curved roofs, the quernal prosure cocthaenis shall be as given in ‘Table 15. Allowance for local effects shall be made in accordance with Table 5, 6.2.2.6 Pitched and sarctooth roofs of multix span buildings — For pitched and saw-tooth roofs of multi-span buildings, the external average Pressure coefficients and pressure concentration Coefficients shall be.as given in Tables 16 and 17 ‘tespectively provided that all spans shail be equal and the height to the eaves shall not exceed the span, Erneace on mula, bdings, 17 departure given i Tables 10a ld be investigated separately. 62.2.7 Prsare caefits on oorhangs fiom Weft The preure cosfcenty on ihe wp over hanging portion of the roofs shall be taken to be ‘the sam as that of the nearest top portion of the non-overhanging portion of the roofs. The pressure coefficients for the underside surface of the over- hanging portions shall be taken as follows and shall be taken as positive if the overhanging portion is on the windward side: a} 1-25 if the overhanging slopes, b) 1-00 if the overhanging is horizontal, and ©) 0-75 if the overhanging slopes upwards. For overhanging portions on sides other than the windward side, the average pressure coeffi- w" ( Glaus 6.2.2.6 ) cectiow gon Pip Sep oo ZZ ogres 0406-07-07 04 08-02-01 0 08 06 02 270 Similacly, but hended eetlonal drag: When wind angle © =O", orizonal forces du to fcietonal drag ae allowed for in tho abou ‘when wind angle 8 = 90°, allow for frictional drag in accordance with 63. Nore— Evidence on these buildings is fragene separately. and any departures from the cases given should be invemigate 301 : 875 ( Pact 3) - 1987 ‘TABLE 18 EXTERNAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS AROUND CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES (Glewe 6.2.2.8) rote : a Pano Conencin, Ce Dome Mp = 35 n=? nos 0 ” te i. os oe os * ot 1 « - ® “1 1 ot % on ws = i = i -08 1 ~0s ws ~0s 0 -0s1S 2 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987 ‘TABLE 12 ETERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOFS AND BOTTOMS OF CHLINDRICAE BOLLOINGS (Cle 622:8) r ° e oweerion e SAMS, feo ce} ssore yd 1 i Lt Lop i & —_ g ol | 1] 2 te | | Goxericiert ov Exranxcat,Parsscnx, Cro Srauoruez Acconpnro ro SuarE ‘Total force acting oa tho roof ofthe atracture, P = 0-785 DE (fi ~ Cpea ) ‘The revoltant of Plies egceatrically, «= 01D 3218 1 B75 ( Part 3 ) « 1987 ‘TABLE 2 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, Cos FOR COMBINED ROOFS AND ROOFS WITH A SKY LIGHT 1 Gta 6.22.10) 2) Combined Roofs O8(ppinkcriony AG ommEcrion sea" ‘ = os a A ow og oA] ont ° 4 : TPS ae Pash e i it h 0a ‘Ta 4 -04 H i Toection 7 DIRECTION 2 “10 ‘Vaxons o7 Cpa Pornon Dingestox | Danzerrox 2 « Frora the Diag -o4 ’ = 07, A Geom -07, Mois and d See Table 5 ‘ $622.7 _ (Comsed » 3IS: 875 ( Part 3) 1987 ‘TABLE 20 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, Che FOR COMBINED ROOFS AND ROOFS ‘WITH A SKY LIGHT =~Contd by Roofe with a Sky Light wind Forttox bok | neh | Gre | 06 | 407 | Se Table for combined roots 34182 875 ( Pare 3) + 1987 ‘TABLE 21 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS AT TOP AND BOTTOM ROOF OF GRAND STANDS ‘OPEN THREE SIDES ( ROOF ANGLE UP TO 5°) (Glaus 6.22.11) (arbids og: 1:22) Faoxn ap Back or Watt “Mer = Cy of k= - 10 "Mw = Cp of, +10 (( Shaded area to scale ) “Tor som Bore oF Rone o [| 4 a e > z P 6 8 o 10 409 Pha Gy (d— 4) EF CaO 8 ‘The first term in each case gives the drag on ‘the roof and the second. on the walls. The value “of Gy’ bas the following values: Gy = 001 for smooth surfaces without corra- gations or ribs across the wind direction, Cy = 0-02 For surfaces with corrugations across the wind direction, and Cy = 0-04 for surfacés with ribs across the wind direction. For other buildings, the frictional drag has been indicated, where necessary, in the tables of pressure coefficients and force coefficients, 6.3.2 Force Corficents for Clad Buildings 6.3.21 Clad buildings of uniform section — ‘The overall force coefficients for rectangular clad buildings of uniform section with flat roofs in uniform flow shall be as given in Fig, + and for other clad buildings of uniform section ( without projections, except where otherwise shown ) shall be as given in Table 23, 3715 : 875 ( Part 3 )- 1987 (a) For B Ngee | [t-—| ca ew fo | oz | oe | oz | o2 | es —_ S* fm fo | os |v das | as Pe fos | us | oo foe fa | ae St |e | 0 | os | or | oo | os sgn ais se [os | os e oS O5 oS 05 os os 06 | os | os | os | os | os | es | os wenn S| 09 | os | oo | | vz f ts | re er en | 07 | or | o7 | o@ | op | vo | 2 menus —| — Sn | ot | o | o# | o# | os | os | os neerne %,] 08 | oe | os foro for | oa | ve meatne 07 | or fwe | oe J ro fo yas rnin | |1S: 875 ( Part 3 )- 1987 TABLE 2 FORCE COEFFICIENTS Cr FOR CLAD BUILDINGS OF UNIFORM SECTION (AGEING IN THE DIRECTION OF WIND } —- Contd Puan Saare vat (100 HaaeBaeaora Rane —__aaieiennee | ay Petr 2 | cs | wl ow |e uacre MH] 2 joe foe ve | | os = et the _ <2 os | ro | vt vated o | o7 | oa vo fo | os polygon a2 | or | o7 | or | or | 08 | 09 | on -() ocagen Mf co foe fat |e foe | oe | on -C) Kenge AL] v0 cue trun of tl tnd dei ied vy, ein pei Sow aan ay sed feher ces tne ec ad doa ae le reir oi ed te ee fr alta ion psn tt wae ni {In this table 746 is wed as an indication of the airflow eegime, re {ors jae fore | rs a18 1875 ( Part 3) - 1987 v4 PS EE FOR amy fat? $ x10 60 13] 3 ro} — 2 Rl 10, Ie are? | Cae ot $0: TT i 38 7 20 o4 en EXTRAPOLATED) VALUES. oa ol | J vil tt — 108 203 4 S68 2 3 456 0 ar ra a Fro. 5 Vantarion of —Sty — warts Re ( 3% 108) ror Crnectan Secrioxs 14 TABLE FORGE CORPMRNTS FOR LOW WATAE OR HOARDINGS(= Tam FO) (Clause 6.9.2.3) | P b WZ 7 Pot LA t LL} 4 i ABOVE GROUND h’s025h ONE EOGE ON GROUND Wind normal to face ‘Wonrs 10 Haran Raszo, Bh Daas Compton, Ct Wall on Ground From 10 12, 19, 0 18 32 M4 “ 1% 0 15 120 v8 160 oF more 201S 1875 (Part 3 ) = 1987 SIDE ELEVATION DESCRIPTION OF SHAPE a —| CIRCULAR 01SC 12 —s j REMISPHERICAL 44 BOWL _ HEMISPHERICAL oe BOWL HEMISPHERICAL aoe SOLID v 08 FOR yD<7 — SPHERICAL 02 FoR WOe? ‘SOLID Fro, 6 Force Gorericrents ror Sour SHarns Mounten ox a SuRFAcE ‘TABLE 25 REDUCTION FAGTOR K FOR INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS [ Gteusr 68.2.2 ard 6.3.3.2(0) J 1b tid 2 5 10 20 clas glade, oss e268 Oe Cucutar —eshnder, a om COPD ome Flat plate perpende a a Cube te wind (DT > ongar 0 0 10 oe 087088 053 om bao a ec 4182075 ( Part 3) - 1987 [eivo3] sanaay 01 NOWETox HH “ease 20170 Gf ae “TOU pug UORUaHHID aq OF UoLEIaA WL UDA 8 one 0 10+ ° eat ° at sort seat ot att sae gat 90+ ° ont ° ort ° oat o 9 sy 49, sug up up 9 voi k= — +} e070 Fi ° i | 1 ae ote | sete |e fot te | tot oi | nae Pe oot 0 sat sim | oe cee | ete tot fot wt | ett are | sor ers | ct ert | wo sit | ceo gaot | ont tat | cot ae | ° core ° oz 0 att | toe ane | ett ate [soe ere joe 9 ay | w ay | ay mp | up ay | ap a> | ¥9 = | «| seco i , mt i sep 4 4 7 r 7 T nf F om ‘- - aan a = - etedlt, 4 i I am e sect, “ye g a a tee e el | i ij S st, $ e Rest HANI SLINIANT £0 SMATWIW TVHALONULS TVAGIAIGNI WOd (43) SLNBIDHIIOO TOUS /ATAV Limeee9 ne 1 Ab481.875 ( Part 3) - 1987 ————— ‘TABLE 71 FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR ‘WIRES AND GABLES (HO 100) [tan 639.210) ] Frow Rene Smooth Moder. coed “aoe Galeani- Coon Painted) 4 a 8 : Draoms 05 oF 6.3.3.3 Single frames Force coefficients for a single frame having either: a) all fiat sided members, or b) all circular members in which ail the members of the frame have cith ® 1 ce i) D¥a less than 6 m}}s, or i) DVq greater than 6 m¥js, shall be as given in Table 28 accordi of the member, the diameter (D), wind speed (Vg) and the solidity ratio (4) Foncx Cosrerctass, Ct ron Fine ‘TABLE 2 FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR SINGLE FRAMES Sonny Fouce Conrnycusers, C1, ron oo TT Girear Scans Members panne sie ow enti aw (DP acs mts) (DYaeE a3) w @ co « or 19 12 07 02 10 2 08 os Ww 12 08 oF 7 "1 os os 16 1 oa 075 6 15 V4 100 20 20 20 Thiet Swranded Steanded, Smoorh “Cabier Cables » 13 n ing to the © design ‘Linear snterpelation between the saiues i permitted, — Force coefficients for a single frame not come with the above requirements. shall be plvin ‘aleulated as follows: where Creager = force cocilicient for the super- jeal circular members as given in Table 28 or Appen- dix D, Crem = force coeificient for suberticat circular members as given in ‘Table 26 or Appendix D, Creas = force cocficient for the fat sided members as. given. in Table 28, Adie = effective area of subcritical circular members, Anat = effective aren of Batesided members, osm = Autronn + Ansty and ‘Ares of the frame ina 4 6.3.84 Multiple frame buildings — This section applies to structures having two or more. allel frames where the windward frames may Ive a shictding eee upon the ames ieee side, ‘The windward frame and any unshield parts. of other frames shall be calculated in accordance with 6.9.3.3, but the wind load on the parts of frames that are sheltered should be multiplied by a shielding factor which is dependent upon the solidity ratio of the windward frame, the types of the members comprising the frame and the spac~ ing ratio of the frames. The values of the shielding. factors are given in Table 29. TABLE29 SHIELDING FACTOR yFOR ‘MULTIPLE FRAMES Eprscarra Fraun Seaomo Ramo Resins <05 to 20 40 oO @ 8 @ 6 o 1% 10 1 10 08 we 10 02 08 09 tt 03 07 8 eto om 06 oF eto 03 050608 07 0308 oso to 08 os 08 08 “Linear intepolation between values is permitted, ee Where there are more than two frames of similar geometry and spacing, the wind load on the third and subsequent frames should be taken 4 equal to that on the second frame, ‘The loads on the arious frames shall be added to obtain total load on the structure, a) The frame spacing ratio is equal to the distance, centre to centre of the’ frames, beams or gitders divided by the least overall dimension of the frame, beam or jrder measured at right angles to. the dhceion ofthe wind, Forwiateelar famed structures or rectangular framed structures. diagonal to the wind, the spacing ratio 6should be calculated from the mean dis- tance between the frames in the direction of the b) Effective soli wind. ity ratio, B B= 4 for flatsided members. Bis to be obtained from Fig. 7 for members of circular cross-sections, ° ° ° D EFFECTIVE SOLIDITY RATIO, Tia. 7 Breecrive Souprry Ramo, 8 40 FD 330} 254 a5} + Dor aeasozas oe SOLIDITY RATIO, & ror Rounp Suction Mewnees 6.3.3.5 4) Force coefficient for lattice towers of square Lastice towers 18: 875 ( Part 3) «1987 ¢) Force coefficients for lattice towers of equilateral-triangle section with circular members all in the same flow ragime may be as iven in Table 32. TABLE 31 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR SQUARE TOWERS COMPOSED OF ROUNDED MEMBERS [claus 6.8.3.5(49 1 Souprry Ranoor @——- Fe Fuoxz Fien Suberitical How Cosrr Supercritical How (Dias buts) ¢ Bra 6 mts ‘Gmotace Onto “Onto face Onto” a 2 3) 9%) 08, 7 23 rl 12 OL 12 23 13 02 19 a rs 16 os 1 19 re 16 oe 6 rs a 6 os rm ra ro 18 TABLE 32. OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR, TOWERS ‘COMPOSED OF ROUNDED MEMBERS [ Clanse 6.9,8.5C6) 1 Sormey Reno ‘or Faux? Fach * ‘or equilateral triangle section with flat- sicled members for wind blowing against any face shall be asgiven in Table 20. a ‘TABLE 90 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR, 0s TOWERS COMPOSED OF FLAT-SIDED MEMBERS Souiorre Rasto ‘ a on 02 03 oO 05 b) For square lattice towers with flatsided @ 31 27 23 19 15 angular Towers on 02 os 4 os Fe Conrrsone “Suberitical Flow Supercriteal (Dla < 6 mts) Flow ‘Dra So mts) ‘Al wind ‘wind directions directions 12) @ 13 os 17 08 re. nm 1 rt 6 nm 1 1 6.3.3.6 Tower appurtenances — The wind ‘appurtenances, such as ladders, conduits, lights, elevators, et, shall be caleulaed using appropriate net pressure coefficients for these elements, Allowance may be made for loading on tower members the maximum load, which occurs when the wind blows into a corner shall be taken as 12 times the load tor the wind blowing against a face. ¢} For equilateral-triangle lattice towers with flat-sided members, the load may_be assu- med to be constant for any inclination of wind to a face. 4) Force coefficients for lattice towers of square section with circular members, all ina). Bui the same flow regime, may be as gi Table 31. shielding effect from other elements. 7. DYNAMIC EFFECTS 7 General — Flexible stender structures and structural elements shall be investigated to ascer= tain the importance of wind induced oscillations wind. In general, the following guidelines may for excitations along and across the direction of be used for examining the problems of wind induced jings and cloted structures with a nin height to mioimum lateral dimension ratio of more than about 5*0, and a7181875 ( Pare 3) - 1907 ) Buildings and closed structures whose natural frequency in the frst mode is less than L-0 Fiz, Any building or structure which docs not satialy either of the above two criteria. shall be examined for dynamic effects of wind. Nore 1 — The fundamental tine period (T ray fither be exrablished ‘by experimental observations 23 similar buildings or calculated by any cational eaethod ‘afanalysis, Ta the ascnes of such Galan T mar be Aeterssined as Vollows or mutistoreyed bulldinge 8) For moment resting feames withou beacing of ” Scar wal fr Ty erg, bso T=O1n where ‘Fo oumber of storeys including bavensent stor rey and * ) For all others O09 r= 38 where Hm joa bight ofthe main structure of he building in meters and €= maxiniom base dimension of building ta scree in a direction paraitel to the apied saa Regi ni pty ate anh dala inventions cid bepemaade wad ‘oe allt aoa! pee eye aie 2 ial ean ett mh Eorig rst reas geen cetiagectttis, ote, anieene snp stn ae Serdar stil ed cewe Associated wnthagats The exclntons degen aa eee Seeratihian, mote oe Bary nna ee een wa ‘may intensify motions an the direction of ive winds aod) otf Sept any wre on nc SSP tae, tte Ste ee rae alt Saunas gerne 3 ge Oi» eames aiting ifsome sraetares dito the eee cient cnc eee eae: SER wel Re sons BeScrheoe Pale goraa excitation melude the following: ae Wagener come Sera cr cost Higheek es oe 1 ee eee 0 RA Ye ung ang msn Creede am oer, etn Sober at cory ce eee Eel a Sema Eee i et eee Set jee ciara cago fearon tat te ton Hom with a type of motion which isa combina ton ofthe’ individual modes of iotion: suck ergy sranafee taker place when tne hateeal eauencies of modes, taken todisiduallyy ate close to each other ( ratio being. typically lew han 20 Plutter can set in at wind. Speeds smyeh lest than those requleed for teeing the lndividsal’ moder ef motion Loog “spew xapension Gnidge decks oF uy. member ste Beucture wit large values of aie where d 35 the depth Of a structuce or structural mseber parallel €o-wid wrest and és the feat fatal himension of a member) are prone to low speed Siutes. Wind Tamme dest ted to cee ctcal feet pedal thet sructural response, Other types of ater a ingle degree of freedom stall hatter, tonsonat Grating —This walled steactures with open cada ft env or both ends tach asi torsge tasks, tomers im which the tio a the diameter of minis Taterat Orme ‘onto the wall thickness ig ofthe ‘order of 100 SE more, ate prove to ovalling creations ‘These oscillarions arc characterized by parodies radial Geformation ofthe follow sructure, Nore 7 — Building: and struetuses that may be tubjected to gerious wand excited. osilations secure ‘ateful vestigation, Testo be noted that wied tale ef oscillations inay oceur at wind speeds lover than the Satie design wind speed forthe locadion. Nore 8— Analytica methods for the response of dyaamie ves wind lating Son bo nde ‘slowing pubitctone igceigScance Data, Wind Eagineering sites [¥vaiumes, London, ESBU hace on 4) ‘Wid Knginerng i, the, giles, Contre sity Reyeich ad Tofraion hose oon, ison, Sucre by B,Sumly and iba," New ork, joke’ Wiley Sad ‘Seas, 1978, ') Supplement to the National Building Code of Ganads, [680. NRCC, No. 17723, Ouawa, Nate sonal Research Counet! of Ganade, 180 1) Wind forces on structures by Peter Sachs, Per- sgamon prev. Wi) Flow induced yibration ty Robert B, Cleving, ” Von Neeson Rota vil) Appropriate Indian Standavds (5 13 Nong 8 Ie aaeaing wid lads an wich dy aie phenomrnoa ae galloping, lutcr and ovalog, the reduired informatio i nat avaiable ecaer ihe Siem cet Non per iterate pea se 3 sought, incluting experimen Os meds ‘wind tennets. Ee 7.2 Motion Due to Vortex Shedding 7.2.1 Slender Structures — Kor a structure, the shedding frequency, m shall be determined by the following formula; Sa 1 where ‘$= Strouhal number, Va design wind velocity, and 4 = breadth of a structure or structural members im the horizontal plane normal to the wind direction, 48a) Ginular Suctures — For structures circular in cross-section: 5 = 020 for BY not greater than 7, = 0-25 for BV, greater than 7. b) Rectangular Structures — For structures of rectangulat cross-section: § = 0115 for all values of 67. Nose | — Significant crou wind motions may be produced by vortex thedding sf the natural frequency Sieeetchate on nesctre sree gant to he frequency of ¢he vortex shedding within the TaDg¢ Semel wind velocities Tasuchr cove, fortber anata SRUCid'be carted out on the bas of felerences given ia Nore bof 4. ‘Nowe 2— Unlined welded steel chimacy stacka and oar structures ee prome to excliation by vortex shedding. Nore 3 ~ Intensification of the effects of periodic worter shedding has been reported in eater where t¥9 Shenae fe inated cle pr tity, for example, at lem than 20 bapart, whede bs ihe damennon et he structure normal to tue ibd, Nore 4 — The formulae given in 7.21la) and (b) ace vald for ingnttely long ey ideal sracturs ‘zine of $deeroates sow! Ecing upto about bal the va, ithe sructure is oaly thes igh th wiih, oro hed ted not he conaigered ithe ratio tomer ‘hum trauverse width lee thaa 3-0- 8. GUST FACTOR ( GF) OR GUST EFFEC. ‘TIVENESS FACTOR ( GEF ) METHOD Ol appliestiee = Only the method of calculat- fy ieth along wiod or Seag load by wing gust fattor method 2 given in the code since methods for calculating load across-wind or other compon- ‘ents are not fully matured for all types of struc~ tures, However, it is permissible for a designer to use gust factor method to calculate all compon- ‘ents of loud on a structure using any available theory. However, such a theory must take into SiSoihi the Vasdoen'aatize of stmompherie wiod ‘speed. orm 1h may be outed tha lnvesigations for ecg ed Mar os eran Bred Ne cpu the audy of 98 need fring Eos 8.2 Hourly Mean Wind — Use of the existing theories of gust factor method require a knowl ‘edge of maximum wind speeds averaged over one fies ta poniclar loeson. Howell enean wind speeds at different heights in different terrains is Brean Table 33, Nosn—~ It matt alto be recognized thet. the ratio of uourly mean wind LHMW to peau speed givea m ‘Table 39 may not be obtsimablo i India since extreme sind eccire mainly due to eyclones and thuwlerstorey Dubke in UE and Canada’ where the. mechani 1 Tully ‘coveloped pressure systera, However Table 33 may be followed! nt preseal for the estimation of she hourly, mesa wind apecd ull more seliable. valsea become svaviable 49 38+ 875 ( Part 3) «1987 8.21 Variation of Hlewrly Mean Wind Speed with Heighi — ‘The variation of hourly mean wind speed with height shall be calculated as follows: Pam Vy ky Be ty where Pym hourly mean wind speed in m/s at height < m ” Py = regional basic wind speed in m/s (se Fig. 1); hy on probability factor ( se¢5.341 ) Hy terrain and height factor (see Table 33}; and shy = topography factor ( see 5.9.3). ‘TAULE 33 HOURLY MEAN WIND SPEED FACTOR 1s IN DIFFERENT TERRAINS FOR DIFFERENT HEIGHTS ( Glanes 8.2 and 8.2.1 ) mony Desmace Gaiegory 1 Category 2 Category 9 Gntcgory @ @ @) a 6) Uptold 078 we? DOH 15082 OR 055 2 085 075 © 0spe 2 003079 3005308507] 0098 R 079 os? 10 103, 0% oth 20108 100 0m O88 35010 102 Ost on 20109 10% 08374 3000 106 085 nT wm 12 vo oa? O78 400018 roe 008 sm te yoo 083 aR 8.3 Along Wind Load — Along wind load on a Sructure sa astriparea (4,) a any beght (2) igen by: FaG AG where Fev along wind load on the strucure at toy Hight comenponding sp aren = force coefficient forthe building, Aum effective frontal area considered for the Stroctre at height 2, Jz = design pressure at height z due to hourly Sean wind obtained 2s 0% Fy! ( Njta®), Go gust factor (— BEI), and ie given bys1S +875 ( Part 3) ~ where fr = peak factor defined as the ratlo of the jeak value to the root mean expected, 1987 '$ = size reduction factor ( s#e Fig. 10 ), value of alluctuating load, and roughness factor which is dependent on thesize of the structure in relation (© B= the ground roughness. ‘The value of ‘gq’ is given in Fig, 8. 2 = background factor indicating a measure ofslowly varying component of fiuctuat- = ing wind load! ands “obtained trem Fig. & oe measure of the resonant component of the fluctuating wind Toad, 425} VALUE OF oye 03 og 30 100 BUILDING HEIGHT, m Em measure of available energy in the wind stream ac the natural frequency of the structure ( ste Fig. 11 ), damping coefficient (as a fraction of eritical damping ) of the swucture (see ‘Table 34), and ave + and is t0 be accounted only for buildings Jess than 75 m high in terrain Category 4 and for buildings less than 25 m high in terrain Category 3, and is to be taken as zero in all other: cases. 200 500 Fic, 8 Vatuus oF gyr axn L(A) 06 2 == 101 os] = 0.3] Az io or ob | oa 0-06 00 BACKGROUND FACTOR 002) aot “Or “ah oo 1 2 34 5 Cah/Lthh ere ee 8 Fis. 9. Backanowxp Facror & 50875 ( Part 3) - 1987 § MoM NoLDnaNY wag 1 “OL ud | i33 1875 ( Pare 3) - 1987 oa of o2l on5| a1 00s rr 003 oz GUST ENERGY FacToR,© oy a FBT BT IOS BA0 307 BOT to Ltn %, Fro. 11 Gust Exzroy Factor, E In figures 8 to 11, Gefoh Ge de ep and Fo where G, = lateral correlation constant which may be taken as 10 in the absence of more precise load data, G = longitudinal correlation constant which may be taken as [2 in the absence of more precise load data, b= breadth of a structure normal to the ‘wind stream, hm height of structure, Py Pee hourly mean wind speed at height 2, fo = natural frequency of the structure, and Ley = a measure of turbulence length scale (se Fig. 9} 2 TABLE $4 SUGGESTED VALUES OF DAMPING ‘COEPFICIENT. (Glewe 3.5) Navone or Sangevens Dasa Correicersn, 8 ao 2) Welded acoet structures ecto Bolted stee! structures cz Relnforcod concrete structurer oor 8.5.1 The peak acceleration along the wind Girection, at the top of the structure 1s given by the following formula: o= (nf tara where = mean deftection at the position where the acceleration is required. Other notations are same as given in 8.3, aE gCuy/Tewn Agra ‘Ahmadabad Ajmer Almora Amritsar Asansol ‘Aurangabad, Bahraich Bangalore Barauni Bareilly Bhatinda Bhilai Bhopal Bhubaneshwar Bhuj Bikanet Bokaro Bombay Caleutta Calieut Chandigarh Coimbatore Cuttack Darbhanga. Darjeeling. Dehra Dun Delhi Durgapur Gangtok Gauhati Gaye Gorakhpor Hyderabad Imphal Jabalpur Jaipur Jamshedpur APPENDIX A (Clause 5.2) BASIC WIND SPEED AT 10 m HEIGHT FOR SOME IMPORTANT CITIES/TOWNS Basio Wind Speed ( majs ) 47 39 47 a7 7 7 39 47 33 47 7 47 39 39 50 30 a7 a7 44 50 39 PT 39 50 58 7 47 47 a ar 30 39 47 44 a ar a7 ity Toun Jhansi Jodhpar Kanpur Kohima Kurnoo! Lakshadweep Lucknow Ludhiana ‘Madras Madurai Mandi Mangalore Moradabad Mysore Nagpur Nainital Nasik Nellore Panjim Patiata Patna, Pondicnerry Port Blair Pune Raipur Rajkot Ranchi Roorkee Rourkela Simla Srinagar Surat ‘Tiruchchirrappalli sidrum Udaipur Vadodara Varanasi Vijaywada, Visakhapatnam 33 18 + 875 ( Part 3) - 1987 Basic Wind Speed { wa/s ) a7 a a7 4 39 39 7 a 50 39 39 39 a7 33 4 7 39 50 39 47 a 50 4 39 33 99 39 39 39 39 39 “4 47 39 47 4 a7 50 5018 1 875 ( Part 3) = 1987 APPENDIX B [ Clouse 5.3.24(b)(i) J GHANGES IN TERRAIN CATEGORIES B.1, LOW TO HIGH NUMBER Bel] In cases of transitio from a low category number ( corresponding to a low terrain rotigh- ness) to1a higher category number ( correspond- ing to a rougher terrain ), the velocity profile over the rougher terrain shall be determined as follows: 4) Below height ithe, velocitcs shall be determined in relation to the rougher terrain; and 1) Above height fg, the velocities shall be determined in relation to the less rough (more distant ) terrain, B-2, HIGH TO LOW NUMBER B-21 In cases of transition from @ more rough to lew rough terrain, the velocity profile shall be determined as follows: fa) Above height 4x, the velocities shall be wind DIRECTION. CATEGORY 2 124, Determination of Voloctty Profile N win CATEGORY & determined in accordance with the rougher (more distant ) terrain; and 1b) Below height hy, the velocity shall be taken. as the lester of the following: i) that determined in accordance with the Jess rough terrain, and i) the velocity at height A, a8 determined in relation to the rougher terrain. Nore — Examples of determination of veloci ‘profiles in the vicinity ofa changeinterrain category fire sbown fo Fig. 1ZA and 121 B-3. MORE THAN ONE CATEGORY B31 Terrain changes involving more_ than one category shall be treated in similar fashion to that described in Bei and B-2, Nome'— Examples involving three terrain catego- ses ere shown in Fig. 12C. FETCH hy = HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY & ++ PROFILE FOR CATESORY PROFKE FOR CATEGORY ? —— DESIGN PROFILE AT A My Xe (Ae “f L _ CATEGORY & hy ‘8 Change in Terrain Cate ory (loss rough to more rough) | Xg=FETCH, hy2 HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY 2 “PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 4 — PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 2 DESIGN PROFILE AT A 428. Determioation of Velocity Profile Near a Change In Terraln Category ( mare rough to lass rough) Fra. 12 Venocrry Paorze iy rue Viorwrry oF a Gaanor iy Trrmats Cartcoay — Contd 54ays FETCH, hy: xj=FEICH, by ‘wind DIRECTION CATEGORY 3 ‘CATEGORY VELOCITY PROFIL HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY & HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY + , 1S: 875 ( Part 3) - 1987 nye | * catesony ® E FoR CATEGORY & VELOCITY PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 3 == VELOCITY PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 1 —— DESIGN PROFILE HEIGHT HEIGHT vevocny, 12€ Determination of Design Pofti Inveiving Pio. 12 Vecoorry Promna in tie Victntry or a Cuanon iv Terrain Catecont APPEN ( Clause 5. EFFECT OF A GLIFF OR ESCARPM! ‘VELOCITY veLocity More Than One Charige in Ferrata Catagory DIX G 3.3.1) ENT ON EQUIVALENT HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND ( ky FACTOR ) C1. The influence of the topographic feature is considered to extend 1°5 Ly upwind add 2°5 Ly downwind of the summit of crest of the fearure ‘where Ly is the effective horizontal length of the Bil depending on lope at indicated below (se Fig. 15): Slope eecogir >ir where Lm actual length of the upwind slope in the wind direction, nnn OP 35 Ze effective height of the feature, and 6 = upwind slope in the wind direction, Ifthe zone downwind from the crest of the Feature is relatively Rat (@ < 3°) for a distance exceeding Ze, then the feature should be treated as an escarpment. If not, then the feature should bbe treated as a hill or ridge. Exarples of typical features are giver in Fig. 15. Norm 1— Ne difference ig msde, in evaluating fy begnern are dmeanona Bil od to dimensional dg Nome? —In undulating terrain, it is often aot possible to decide whether te local ‘othe Sets sigaidcnot in" terme of wind ow tn such cases, the average value of the terrala upwind of che ste for 4 distance of3 kia sbould be tan as tho’ base leva) from wind vo nse the height, 2, aad the upwind slope Oy of the feature.18 1 875( Part 3) - 1987 2. TOPOGRAPHY FACTO! level and the distance, X, from the summit or “ aot crest relative to the effective length, Ly. ‘The topography factor Ay is given by the Silewing: ©-2.1 The factor, should be determined from: hyeltCs where G has the following values: ) Figure 14 for cliffs and escarpments, and ‘Slope e 'b) Figure 15 for hills and ridges. veeeim18(4) semen te ome st par 0-36 Teduced accelerations or even shelter aid it i bot and sis a factor derived in accordance with C-2.1 _Patslblewo eive general eng, rut 1G cat ee appropriate to the height, H above mean ground upper bound value REGION AFFECTED BY TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURE VSle CREST BU 4 3° 138 Clif and Escarpment CREST DOWNWIND SLOPE <3” {3C Hill end Ridge Fig. 13. Toroanapsicat Darexsions 5615 + 875 ( Part 3 )- 1987 crest CREST 20 a 15 1s g a 5 1 = wy i ree 0 joc os bg A a ee re 0 os 10 16 20 25 x x UPWIND ie DOWNWIND: Te Fro. 14 Facron s ron Cuter AND BecanPinnt . crest crest : 20 PS 0 14) 4 | 1S Popo EER te ro] Pio ft / a ¢ os EE los / / es | >| 4 — vupwino 0s 0 1s 20 2 pownwiny X le Fic, 15 Factor s vor Rroos anp Hit APPEN { Clauses 6.3. DIX D , 6.3.3.2(c) and 6.3.3 3(b) } WIND FORCE ON CIRCULAR SECTIONS Del, The wind force on any object is given by: Fo Cr deta where Ct = force coefficient, de = effective area of the object normal to the wind direction, and fa = design pressure of the wind. For most shapes, the force coefficient remains approximately constant over the whole range of 7 ‘wind speeds likely to be encountered. However, for objects of circular cromtetion, i varie con: siderably. For a circular section, the force coefficient depends upon the way in ‘which the wind flows around it and'is dependent upon the velocity and Kinematic viscosity of the wind and diameter of the section, The force coefficient is usually quoted against a non-dimensional parameter, called the Reynolds number, which takes account of the15 1875 ( Pare )-1997 velocity and viscosity of the Sowing medium ( in this case the wind ), and the member diameter. Reynolds number, Ry = Pf where D = diameter of the member, Vg e» design wind speed, and ym Kinematic viscosity of the air which is 146 10“8m?s at 15°C and standard atmospheric pressure. ince in most natural environments likely to be found in India, the kinematic viscosity of the air is fairly constant, it is convenient to use DV qs the parameter instead of Reynolds hume ‘bers and this has bees done in this code ‘The dependence of a cireular section's force coefficient or Reynolds number is due. to. the ‘change in the wake developed behind the body. Ata low Reynolds number, the wake is as shown in Fig, 16 and the force coefficient is typi: cally 1°2. As Reynolds number is increased, the wake gradually changes to that shown in Fig. 1, that is, the wake width dp decreases and’ the separation point, 5, moves from front to the back of the body. v— ay Fis. 16 Wax wv Suacaimeat Fiow vo iw Fio. 17 Waxe 18 Surercamicat Frow Asa result, the force coefficient shows a rapid drop at a critical value of Reynolds number, followed by a gradual rise as Reynolds number is increased sti r The variation of Cy with parameter DVa is shown in Fig. 5 for infinitely long circalar eyline ders having” various values of relative surface roughness ( «/D ) when subjected to wind having an intensity and scale of turbulence typical builtup urban areas, The curve for a ‘smooth gplinder (6D ) = 1 x 10-8 in a ‘steady air stream, a found in a low-turbulence wind tunnel, is shown for comparison, Tecan be secn that the main effect of free. stream turbulence is to decrease the critical value of the parameter DV'g. For subcritical flows, tur lence can preduce a considerable reduction in C; below the steady airstream values. For supercritical flows, this effect becomes significantly. smaller. 1 the torace of the cylinder in deliberately roughened such as by incorporating flutes, rivett. ed construction, ete then tie date Svea es for appropriate value of ¢/D > 0 shall be wed, Nowa ~ In cate of uncertainty regarding the value Zeparding of «to be ted’ for small rougbncste, eB that a {ahem as abl, we $8Bureau of Indian Standards BIS 1s a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Aci, 1986 to promote ‘harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attendiag to vonnceted matters in the country. Copyright BIS has the copyright of all sts publications. No part of these publications may be reprodued in any form ‘without the prior permission in variting from BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementmg the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enqumnes relating to copyright may be acldressed to the Director (Publications), BIS, Review of Indian Standards Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes wre needed: if the review indicates that changes are needed, itis taken ap for revision, Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of "BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards; Monthly Additions’. Amendments Issued Since Publication Amend No. Date of Issue ‘Text Affected BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS — ee ener ar ose eae reste C7 com, vom ent, mn mp aaa aa Seale Westem --Manakalaya, U9 MIDG, Marot, Andheri (East) 832 92 95, 832 78 58 MUMBAT 409 093, 832 78 91, 832 78 92 Branches. AHMEDABAD BANGALORE, BHOPAL, BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATL HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW: NAGPUR. NALAGARH. PATNA, PUNE, RAJKOT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. VISAKHAPATNAM, ‘Fitsed by Dee ay PoeAMENDMENT NO. 1 DECEMBER 1997 TO IS 875 (Part3): 1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES PART3 WIND LOADS (Second Revision) (Page 15, Table 4, first column ) — Substitute 2 26 for® De (Page 40, Table 23, first column, first row ) — Substitute ‘See aio AgpendexD for ‘Soe leo Agpeadie (Page 47, Table 32, col 2) — Substitute “DV ax 6 mis" for DVag 6 ms", (CED37) Footed a Dee Kav Printers, New Delhi tAMENDMENT NO. 2 MARCH 2002 TO 1S 875 (PART 3}: 1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES PART 3. WIND LOADS (Second Revision } ‘Substtute “Vz for ‘Va atall places ( Tables 5,6,7 and 8) — Insert the following. SNOTE — W and L ase overall Length and width vec riers between oe walls excluding overangs at column ) — Substiture the following, ‘of 6 given therein. Note at the end of each table: overhangs, w and are (Tables 9, 40, LL, 12. 13 and 14. fi matter inthe last row for the specific values “forall values of O | Page 27, clase 6.2.2.7ay |— Insert atthe end elause 62.2842) | — Substitute “0.8 for 08" {(b) | — Substitute 0.5’ for 05 ‘downwards’ [ Page 27. { Page 27, clause 6.2.24 ( Page 27, clause 6.2.2.9 ) — Substitute “p< 0.785 D? (Cor Coe) pa For the existing formule ( Page 32, Table 19) — Substuuie "P= 0788 D* Cpi Coe) pa for the existing, formala. ) Substitute ‘0 va <6" for the existing, Substitute “18 for “10° )— Substitute {Page 46, Table 27, third row (Page 46, Table 28, cof 2, second row Y— (Page 46, clause 63.3.3, formuda, ast tine ( Ares of the frame in a supercritical low ) for the existing. 4 Ae Page, clause 7.1a) shir Tine J —~Substitate “oF for ‘and 1to 58 875 (Part 3) 51987 st Tine |-— Delete ‘closed ) — Substitute “sates” for “does Amend No. 2 J Page 48, clause 7-100).f0 Page a8. clause 7 fonts and iA HE not satisfy’ (Page 85. clause C 156, clause C-2, last line Substitute “A, second line }— Subsatae “and for add". ‘relative’ 5) —Ansert between ‘orest and the existing (Page (Page 56. Fig. 3A) the following figure for wind —. P AVERAGE GROUND evel ah Gonsral Notation? ( page 56, Fig, 13) — Subsite “iih_and Ridge” for “Cn#l and excarpment (Page Sb, Fig. 196 )~ Subst CH and Escarpment’ for Hill and Ridge” (Pages, clause D-.cghth ine) — SOPH atts’ forms (CEDST) or ‘asa, New Det Panes o Dee Kay