113

Chng X
BM LY TM
10.1. KHI nim chung
Bm ly tm thuc loi bm cnh dn c s dng rng ri do c nhng u
im sau :
- Cu to n gin v chc chn, tho lp tin li, trng lng kch thc khng
ln khi c nng sut ln, din tch t my khng ln v nn my n gin.
- Ni trc tip vi ng c in hoc tuc bin hi thch ng vi kch thc ca
tt c trm bm v nng cao hiu sut ca lin hp bm.
- Khi ng bm nhanh v iu chnh n gin trong khong lu lng ln.
- Truyn nc u v lin tc. C th bm c nhiu loi cht lng khc nhau,
hn hp cht lng v cht rn.
- Gi thnh tng i r, s dng n gin, tin li.
Xt s kt cu cu mt bm ly tm n gin (Hnh 10-1).
3

4
2

1
6
6
7
8

114

Hnh 10-1
B phn c bn v quan trng nht l bnh cng tc 1 t trn trc 2.
Bnh cng tc gm c nhng bn l un cong t trong bung xon c nh.
u b phn dn hng vo 3 c ng ht 5 c lp van mt chiu 7 v li chn rc 8.
b phn dn hng ra ca bung xon 4 c ng y 6.
Trc khi khi ng bm, phi y cht lng vo bm (mi bm) khi bm
lm vic bnh cng tc quay, cc phn t cht lng trong rnh ca bnh cng tc
di nh hng ca lc ly tm b dn t trong ra ngoi, chuyn ng theo mng dn v
i vo ng y vi p sut cao hn. ng thi li vo ca bnh cng tc to nn mt
vng c chn khng v di tc dng ca p sut trong b cha ln hn p sut li
vo ca bm, cht lng b ht lin tc b y vo bm theo ng ht. Qu trnh ht v
y ca bm l qu trnh lin tc, to nn dng chy lin tc qua bm.
tin cho vic thit k, ch to v s dng, bm c phn loi nh sau:
Phn loi theo ct p ca bm:
- Bm ct p thp :

H < 20m ct nc

- Bm ct p trung bnh :

H = (2060)m ct nc

- Bm ct p cao :

H > 60m ct nc.

Phn loi theo s lng bnh cng tc lp ni tip trong bm:

- Bm mt cp (mt bnh cng tc): ct p ca bm hn ch ( 10m ct nc)
bi s vng quay v sc bn vt liu cnh dn.
- Bm nhiu cp: gm 2 hay nhiu bnh cng tc mc ni tip nhm nng cao
ct p ca bm.
Phn loi theo cch dn cht lng vo bnh cng tc:
- Bm mt ming ht - bm c bnh cng tc ht cht lng t 1 pha (cn gi l
bm Congxon). Cch ht ny lu lng hn ch, pht sinh lc dc trc.

115
- Bm hai ming ht - Bm c bnh cng tc ht cht lng t hai pha, cch ht
ny lu lng bm tng gp i, khng gy lc hng trc, bm lm vic n
nh, b vng hn.
Ngoi ra cn phn loi theo s b tr ca trc bm: bm trc ngang, bm trc
ng. Theo iu kin chy ca cht lng vo bm: loi c c cu dn hng v khng
c c cu dn hng...
10.2. L thuyt c bn v bm ly tm
10.2.1. Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm
thit lp c phng trnh c bn ca bm, ta gi thit khi bm lm vic
khng c tn tht thu lc v bnh cng tc c v s bn l. iu cho php ta xem
dng chy trong bnh cng tc gm nhng dng nguyn t v tc ca nhng cht
im trn b mt dng nguyn t c xc nh nh nhau.
ng dng phng trnh m men ng lng ( cp n Chng IV) i
vi bm ta c biu thc m men quay ca trc (Hnh 10-2):
u2

C2

2
2
w2

w1

C1
C1

2
D1

w1

1 = 90o

D
2

u1

1 = 90o

1
u1

Hnh 10-2

M = QT(c2 l2 - c1 l1) = QT(C2 R2 cos2 - C1 R1 cos1)

Cng sut trn trc ca bnh cng tc: N = M; - vn tc gc.

116

Cng sut thu lc: Ntl = QHT ; HT - Ct p l thuyt.

V b qua tn tht thu lc: N = Ntl , ngha l gQTHT = M
Suy ra:

HT =

C 2 R2 cos 2 C1 R1 cos 1
g

V: R1 = u1 ; R2 = u2 - vn tc theo chiu quay

cos1 = C1u ; C2cos2 = C2u - Thnh phn vn tc tuyt i chiu theo phng u,
nn:
HT =

u2 C 2u u1C1u
g

(10-1)

l phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm hay cn gi l phng trnh le ca

bm.

Trong cc bm ly tm hin i C1 u1

1 = 90 o C1u = 0

( ct p

ca bm c li nht) nn ta c :
HT =

u 2 C2 u
g

(10-2)

Xt phng trnh (10-2) ta thy ct p ca bm cng ln khi tc quay vnh

ngoi ca bnh cng tc cng ln v hnh chiu ca tc tuyt i trn phng tc
quay cng ln (2 nh, 2 ln).
Ct p thc t ca bm ly tm nh hn ct p l thuyt do 2 nguyn nhn:
Do tn tht thu lc trong bm; Do c s bn l nht nh nn khng phi tt c
cc cht im ca cht lng u chuyn ng bng nhau.
N lm gim tc tuyt i hay hnh chiu ca tc tuyt i trn phng
tc quay.
Vy phng trnh tnh ct p thc t ca bm c dng.
H = K t

u 2 C2u
g

117
Trong : H - Ct p ton phn ca bm

t - Hiu sut thu lc ca bm, ph thuc vo cu to bm, cht lng ch

to cc chi tit bm v kch thc bm.
K - H s c tnh n s bn l nht nh.

10.2.2. nh hng ca kt cu cnh dn n ct p ca bm ly tm

Kt cu ca bnh cng tc ni chung v cnh dn ni ring c nh hng quyt
nh n ct p ca bm ly tm. Hnh dng b tr kt cu ca cnh dn ch yu ph
thuc vo gc 1 (gc vo) v 2 (gc ra).
- nh hng ca 1:
Gc 1 biu th phng ca vn tc tng i li vo ca bnh cng tc. Nh
ta  bit, trng hp c li nht v ct p ca bm l 1 = 90o, do 1 ch ph thuc
vo u1 v C1 (Hnh 11-2):
tg1 =

C1
u1

Theo (11-2) th gc vo 1 khng nh hng trc tip n ct p ca bm.

Nhng nu tr s gc 1 khng thch hp th s gy va p dng chy vi cnh dn li
vo bnh cng tc, nh hng xu n hiu sut, ct p ca bm (thng 1 15
30o).
- nh hng ca 2:
Gc 2 biu th phng ca vn tc li ra ca bnh cng tc (Hnh 10-2). L
thuyt v thc nghim chng t gc 2 c nh hng trc tip n phng v tr s cc
thnh phn vn tc ca dng chy trong mng dn, do c nh hng quyt nh n
ct p ton phn HT v cc ct p thnh phn Ht, H ca bm.
Tu theo tr s ca 2, bnh cng tc c ba cch b tr cnh dn sau y :

2 < 90o - Cnh dn cong v pha sau (Hnh 10-3a)

118

2 = 90o - Cnh dn hng knh li ra (Hnh 10-3b)

2 > 90o - Cnh dn cong v pha trc (Hnh 10-3c)

a)
W2

b)

C2

W2

U2

Cu2

C2

W1

W C1

C1
u

c)

Cu2 = u2

W1

W2

C1

Cu2

u2

U1

C2

2 < 90 o

2 > 90 o

2 = 90 o

Hnh 10-3

T (10-2) ta xc nh tr s ct p ng ca bm theo cng thc :

Hd =

C 2 2 C1 2
2g

(10-3)

trong : C1 v C2 - tc tuyt i ca cht lng vo v ra khi bnh cng tc.

Trong cu trc ca bm, thng thit k sao cho C1 = C2r .
Phng trnh (10-3) c vit li nh sau :
Hd =

2
2
C
C2 C2 r
= 2u
2g
2g

M ct p ton phn ca bm t (10-2) c dng :

HT =

u 2 C2u
g

- Nu 2 < 90o th C2u < u2 do C2u2 < u2 C2u

2

C2 u
1 u 2 C2 u
<
2g
2 g

Ngha l H < 1/2 HT (Ct p ng hc nh hn mt na ct p ton phn)

119

- Nu 2 = 90o th C2u = u2 , do
2

C2u
1 u 2 C2u
=
2g
2 g

H = 1/2 HT (Ct p ng hc bng ct p tnh hc)

hay

- Nu 2 > 90o th C2u > u2 do C2u2 > C2uu2

2

C2u
1 C2u u 2
>
2g
2 g

H > 1/2 HT (Ct p ng hc ln hn mt na ct p ton phn)

Nhim v ca bm l to thnh ct p tnh hc truyn nc i xa hoc ln
cao. V vy bnh cng tc ca bm ly tm c cnh dn cong v pha sau (Nu 2< 90o)
c li hn v ct p tnh hc. Tuy nhin tr s 2 xc nh trong mt gii hn nht nh
(2 = 15 30o).
10.3. ng c tnh ca bm ly tm
Cc quan h H = 1(Q); N =2(Q); = 3(Q) biu th di dng th gi l
cc ng c tnh ca bm.
C 2 phng php xy dng cc ng c tnh: bng l thuyt v thc nghim.

11.3.1. ng c tnh lm vic (n = const)

a - ng c tnh l thuyt :
T phng trnh c bn, ta c th xy dng ng c tnh l thuyt ca bm.
HT =

u 2 C2u
g

Xt tam gic vn tc (Hnh 10-4) ta c :

C2u = u2 - C2r cotg2

120

Mt khc :

C2u =

QT
D2 b2 2

2 - H s tnh n s gii hn mt ct i ra do c cc cnh dn (2 < 1)

Do :

HT =

u 2 2 u 2 cot g 2

QT
D2 b2 2
g

HT = A - B cotg2QT
trong A, B l nhng hng s dng.
ng biu din phng trnh ny gi l ng c tnh c bn l thuyt, l
mt ng thng khng qua gc to , h s gc ca n ph thuc vo tr s gc 2
(Hnh 10-5)
Nu 2 < 90o th cotg2 > 0, ta c ng AD
Nu 2 = 90o th cotg2 = 0, ta c ng AC
Nu 2 < 90o th cotg2 < 0, ta c ng AB
Nh  phn tch trn i vi bm ly tm th 2 < 90o, do ng c tnh l
thuyt ca bm l ng nghch bin bc nht AD.
Cn ch ng c tnh l thuyt AD biu din phng trnh c bn (11-2)
trong cha k ti nh hng ca s cnh dn c hn v cc loi tn tht Khi k ti
nh hng do s cnh dn c hn, ng c tnh tr thnh on thng AD.
HT = KHT
trong K < 1 - h s k ti nh hng ca s cnh dn c hn.
Khi k ti cc loi tn tht thu lc ca dng chy qua bnh cng tc cc loi
tn tht ny u t l vi bnh phng ca vn tc, tc l vi bnh phng ca lu
lng, th ng c tnh l ng cong bc hai AD.
Khi k n cc loi tn tht c hc v lu lng th ng c tnh AD thp
hn mt cht so vi AD. ng AD chnh l ng c tnh c bn tnh ton ca
bm ly tm.

121

H T(
u2
A

A'
W2

A"

90
2 >

HT ( 2 = 90 o )

H (
T

< 90 o

)
D
D'

C2

C2u

C2m

DII
DIII

Hnh 10- 4.

Hnh 10-5.

Cch xy dng ng c tnh bng tnh ton rt phc tp v vic nh gi chnh

xc cc loi tn tht ca bm hin nay cn gp nhiu kh khn. Bi vy trong k thut
thng xy dng cc ng c tnh bng cc s liu o c khi kho nghim trn cc
my c th - ng c tnh thc nghim.
b - ng c tnh thc nghim.
Mun xy dng cc ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm ly tm th phi cho
bm lm vic trong mt h thng th nghim (Hnh 10-6).
Trnh t kho nghim nh sau :
u tin m kho 2, cho bm lm vic cho n khi s vng quay ca trc bm
t ti tr s yu cu, trong khi kho 5 vn ng (Q = 0). T cc tr s o c lc
ny p k v chn khng k ta xc nh c ct p H ca bm ch khng ti.
Sau m dn kho 5 tng lu lng ca bm (trong khi n =const). ng vi
mi v tr m ca kho 5 ng vi mi tr s lu lng Q, ta xc nh c cc tr s ct
p H, cng sut ca ng c Nc tng ng.

122
Trnh t th nghim cng c th tin hnh ngc li t ch lm vic c Q ln
nht, sau gim dn (bng cch ng dn kho 5) cho n ch khng ti (Q =
0).
Ti mi im lm vic ng vi Q, H nht nh ta xc nh c cng sut thu
lc ca bm (Ntl) tng ng. So snh cng sut thu lc vi cng sut o c trn trc
bm ta xc nh c hiu sut ca bm .
Nh vy t cc s liu th nghim, ta c th xy dng c cc ng c tnh
thc nghim ca bm H - Q, N - Q, - Q (Hnh 10-7).
Cc ng c tnh thc nghim ni chung khng trng vi ng c tnh l
thuyt i vi mt bm c th. iu c th l gii l trong l thuyt tnh ton khng
th nh gi hon ton chnh xc cc loi tn tht trong bm so vi thc t.
H,N

H ~Q
4

N~

A
y

Hnh 10-6.

Hnh 10-7.

Cc ng c tnh thc nghim trn thng c ghi trong cc ti liu k thut

ca bm. i vi bm ly tm, thng c thm ng biu din quan h chn khng
ht cho php vi lu lng [HcK] = (Q).
11.3.2. ng c tnh tng hp (n = var)

123

xc nh c nhanh chng cc thng s Q, , N ca bm thay i nh th

no khi s vng quay lm vic ca bm thay i, ngi ta xy dng ng c tnh
tng hp ca bm (Hnh 10-8).
ng c tnh tng hp ca bm chnh l ng biu din quan h Q - H vi
cc s vng quay lm vic ca bm khc nhau, trn cc im lm vic cng hiu

n=1980

N-n

20

=2
9

=25

1425

100

0
0

40

10
20

40

20
60

80

Q(l/s)
Q m3 / h

Hnh 10- 8

75

300 Q

80
=8
n 4 00
8
n 3= 20
7
n 2= 40
6
n 1=

0 0

200

n=
6
n 1040
5=
96
0

n =1230
10
=15
N-n 1425
=
N-n

70

n 1=640

80
70
60

n
N-

5 10

E
10

79

60

20
n=25

25

10 20

81%
79
%
75
%

15 30

0
n 6=104
0
6
9
n 5=
80
30 n 4=8
n 3=800
0
20 n 2=72

40

60
70
7 8 75

H (m)
50

83%

975
n =2

81%
83%

N H
(KW) (m)

75%
79%

sut c ni vi nhau thnh nhng ng cong, gi l ng cng hiu sut.

20
0

100

200

300 Q(l/s)

Hnh 10-9

xy dng ng c tnh tng hp, cn phi c cc ng c tnh lm vic

ng vi nhiu s vng quay khc nhau ca bm. Trn hnh 10- 9 biu th cc ng c
tnh H - Q, - Q ng vi nhiu s vng quay.
Cn c vo ng c tnh tng hp ca bm ly tm, ta c th chn ch lm
vic thch hp nht trong khi iu chnh bm, xc nh c kh nng lm vic ca
bm khi chn mua bm.

10.4. im lm vic, iu chnh bm

10.4.1. im lm vic

124
Bm bao gi cng lm vic trong mt h thng ng ng c th no y. Do
ta cn phi xc nh ch lm vic ca bm. Theo (10 - 7) c th xc nh c
ct p ca bm lm vic trong mt h thng ( cng chnh l ct p ca h thng):
H = Z + hw
trong :
Z - cao hnh hc ca bm; hw - Tn tht nng lng trong ng ht v ng y ca
bm. Nh  bit trong thu lc hw ph thuc vo ng knh, chiu di ng dn,
lu lng truyn trong ng dn, vt liu v trng thi ng dn.

hw = AQ2
trong : A - h s tn tht ph thuc vo cc yu t  ni trn.
Q - lu lng ca bm.
Do c th vit :
H = Z + AQ2

H,m

(10 - 4)

H~Q

N,KW

HA

ng biu din quan h (10 - 4)

gi l ng c tnh ng dn (ng

c tnh li) trong h thng bm vi

NA

iu kin cho trc. V th ng

c tnh ng dn ln cng th

A
HO

ng c tnh lm vic ca bm
(Hnh 10-10). Giao im ca 2 ng
c tnh (ca bm v ca h thng
ng ng) chnh l im lm vic
ca bm ly tm (im A trn hnh 1010). Ti bm lm vic n nh v
ct p yca bm bng ct p
cn ca h thng (xem thm [1],
[5], [6]).

Q
N~

~Q

QA
O

Q,l/s

Hnh 10-10

125
im A cho ta bit nhng thng s biu th ch lm vic ca bm (lu lng
QA, ct p HA , cng sut NA v hiu sut A ca bm).
10.4.2. iu chnh bm
iu chnh bm sang ch lm vic khc ngha l thay i im lm vic ca
bm theo mt yu cu no . C nhiu phng php iu chnh.
a - iu chnh bng kho
Ni dung ca phng php ny l to nn s thay i ng c tnh li bng
cch iu chnh kho ng y thay i lu lng Q ca h thng (khng iu
chnh kho ng ht v c th gy nn hin tng xm thc trong bm).
Trn hnh 10-11: Khi m kho hon ton c im lm vic A (HA,QA).

B
HB

HB
HA

HA

QB

QA

Hnh 10-11.

B
A

QA Q
B

Hnh 10-12.

Khi ng bt kho li th tn tht kho s tng ln (A B) lu lng ca h

thng gim i, ngha l ng c tnh li s thay i (dc hn), trong khi ng
c tnh bm vn khng i v nh vy im lm vic ch mi l im B (HB,QB)
Phng php iu chnh ny n gin, thun tin nhng khng kinh t v gy thm tn
tht kho (hwK) khi iu chnh v ch iu chnh c trong phm vi hn ch.
b - iu chnh bng s vng quay trc bm

126
Ni dung phng php ny l lm thay i ch lm vic ca bm bng cch
thay i ng c tnh ca bm khi thay i s vng quay ca trc bm.
Trn hnh 10-12: im lm vic A (HA,QA) ng vi s vng quay nA.
Khi tng s vng quay n nB > nA th ng c tnh bm s thay i trong,
trong khi ng c tnh li khng thay i, im lm vic t im A chuyn n
im B (HB,QB).
So vi phng php iu chnh bng kho, phng php ny kinh t hn (v
khng mt tn tht nng lng v ch do kho) song phc tp hn v phi c thit b
thay i s vng quay.
Ngoi ra nu dng lu di vi nng sut nh hn ta c th iu chnh ng c
tnh lm vic ca bm bng cch ng dng nh lut tng t gt nh bt bnh cng
tc. Nhng phng php ny t c s dng v s ph hoi bnh cng tc khng phc
hi li c.

10.5. Ghp bm ly tm
Trong thc t c trng hp phi ghp nhiu bm lm vic trong cng mt h
thng, khi h thng c yu cu ct p hoc lu lng ln hn ct p v lu lng ca
mt bm. C hai cch ghp sau y :
10.5.1. Ghp song song
Dng trong trng hp h thng c yu cu lu lng ln hn lu lng ca
mt bm.
Trn hnh 10-13 biu th s ghp song song 2 bm. xc nh im lm
vic chung ca h thng bm ta v ng c tnh chung ca cc bm ghp bng cch
cng cc lu lng ca tng bm ghp vi cng mt ct p. Giao im ca ng c
tnh chung vi c tnh li l im lm vic ca cc bm ghp trong h thng.

127

Q c = Q 1c + Q 2c

Q2c
Q1c
B
~Q
H

~Q
H1

Q'1
Q'2
Qc < Q'1=Q'2

)
i

H~
Q

~Q
H2

HB

(l

Hnh 10-13
R rng tng lu lng ca 2 bm lm vic song song s ln hn lu lng mt
bm nhng nh hn lu lng ca hai bm lm vic ring r v tn tht trong ng dn
tng, lm tng ct p ton phn ca bm.
Sau khi nghin cu nguyn tc ghp bm song song ta thy:
- S iu chnh (thay i im lm vic) ca h thng bm ghp song song
tng i phc tp khi cc bm ghp c ng c tnh khc nhau nhiu. V vy ngi
ta thng ghp cc bm c ng c tnh gn ging nhau hoc nh nhau iu
chnh thun li.
- Cch ghp bm song song ch c hiu qu ln khi ng c tnh ca cc bm
ghp thoi (c dc nh) v ng c tnh li khng dc lm cch ghp ny ng
dng trong cc h thng bm cn c ct p H thay i t, khi lu lng Q thay i
nhiu.
- S lng bm ghp song song tng lu lng trong h thng c gii hn
nht nh, xc nh bi ng c tnh chung ca cc bm ghp v c tnh li.
10.5.2. Ghp ni tip
Dng trong trng hp h thng c yu cu ct p ln hn ct p ca mt bm .
iu kin cc bm ghp ni tip lm vic c bnh thng trong h thng l cc
bm ghp c cng mt lu lng .

128
Q1 = Q2 = ... = Qi
Ct p lm vic ca h thng c ghp ni tip bm khi Q = const bng tng ct
p cc bm ghp:

Hc = H1 + H2 + ... + Hi

Xt hai bm 1,2 ghp ni tip (Hnh 10-14) lm vic trong mt h thng.

ng c tnh chung ca 2 bm

ghp (Hc - Q) c xy dng bng cch

H~Q

Hc = H1+H2

cng cc ct p ca ring tng bm ghp

Q
H~ i)
( l

vi cng mt lu lng. Giao im ca

ng c tnh chung vi ng c tnh

li l im lm vic ca cc bm ghp
trong h thng (im A - Hnh 10-14).

H2
H1

H2 ~Q
H ~Q
1

T ta xc nh c lu lng Q v

ct p ca hai bm ghp (H1+H2).

Hnh 10-14
Ch :
- Khi ghp ni tip nn chn bm v h thng c ng c tnh dc nhiu mi
c hiu qu cao.
- Khi ghp ni tip, bm th 2 phi lm vic vi p sut cao hn bm 1, do
phi ch n bn ca bm v h thng ng ng.

10.6. ng dng lut tng t trong bm ly tm

10.6.1. S lin h gia lu lng, ct p vi s vng quay ca bm ly tm
Ta  bit trong mt bm ly tm khi s vng quay lm vic (n) ca bm thay i
th cc thng s lm vic khc ca bm Q, H, N cng thay i theo. Thc nghim
chng t rng khi mt bm ly tm lm vic vi s vng quay n thay i t (di 50% so
vi n nh mc) th hiu sut ca bm thay i t c th xem = const. Mt khc cc
vn tc u t l vi s vng quay nn cc tam gic vn tc s ng dng vi nhau. Do

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cc ch lm vic khc nhau ca mt bm khi s vng quay n thay i t, xem
nh cc trng hp tng t.
ng dng cc cng thc xc nh lu lng Q v ct p H ca bm ly tm :
Q = D b C2rV
H=

Ku2C2 cos 2t
g

Gi H1 , Q1 , N1 l ct p, lu lng v cng sut ng vi s vng quay n1;

H2 , Q2 , N2 l ct p, lu lng v cng sut ng vi s vng quay n2;
Ta xc nh c cc quan h t l gia lu lng, ct p v cng sut vi s
vng quay ca bm ly tm nh sau :
Q1 n1
=
Q2 n2

(11-5)

H 1 n1
=
H 2 n2

N1 n1
=
N 2 n2

(11-6)

(11-7)

10.6.2. Xc nh im lm vic v ng c tnh khi ch lm vic ca

bm thay i
a) V ng c tnh mi ca bm khi s vng quay lm vic thay i: Bit
ng c tnh lm vic H = (Q) vi s vng quay n (Hnh 11-15) ng vi im lm
vic A1(H1 , Q1), dng cng thc (11-5)(11-6) c th tnh c H1 , Q1 ng vi im
lm vic A1(H1 , Q1) khi s vng quay ca bm n n.
n'
H '1 = H 1
n

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n'
Q'1 = Q1
n

Cng tng t nh vy i vi cc im khc A2 ,A3 ,...,Ai trn ng c tnh H

= (Q) ta c th tm ra cc im tng ng A2 ,A3 ,...,Ai. V ta c th v c ng
c tnh mi ca bm H = (Q) ng vi s vng quay lm vic n ca bm.

H=f(Q)
A
3

H=f'(Q
)

H1

H
2

A'
3
A'
2

H'1

H=f'
(Q)

H=f(Q)

H'1

A'
A

H1

A'

n'

Q'1 Q1

Q1Q'1

Hnh 10-15.

Hnh 10-16.

b) V ng biu din nhng im lm vic tng t (ng cng hiu sut) t

cc quan h tng t (10-5)(10-6) ta c th vit:
H 1 Q1

=
H '1 Q'1

hoc

H1
Q12

H '1
Q'12

= const

Nh vy cc im lm vic A1 ,A1 ,... ng vi cc cp tr s H1 , Q1 ; H1 , Q1

;... biu din nhng ch lm vic tng t. Cc im lm vic tng t biu th quan
h bc 2 gia lu lng v ct p - Quy lut Parabol: H = KQ2 (K - hng s). ng
cong ny l ng biu din cc im lm vic c hiu sut bng nhau gi l ng
cng hiu sut.
c) Xc nh s vng quay lm vic ca bm ng vi mt im lm vic cho
trc.

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Chng hn cn xc nh s vng quay n c ng c tnh lm vic i qua im
A1(H1, Q1) khng nm trn ng c tnh cho trc H = (Q) ng vi s vng quay
n.
Mun vy, trc ht ta phi xc nh ng cong cng hiu sut - biu din cc
im lm vic tng t vi im A1(H1 , Q1).
Nh vy c H1 = KQ12 hay K =

H '1
2
Q'1

Khi bit K ri, v ng H = KQ2 i qua im cho trc A1 ct H = (Q) ti

im A1 (Hnh 10-16) chnh l im lm vic tng t vi im A1. Khi bit c
im A1(H1 , Q1) t quan h tng t (10-5 ), hoc (10- 6 ) ta c th xc nh c s
vng quay n:
n' =

Q'1
n
Q1

hoc n ' = n

H '1
H1

*Ch : bm c th lm vic vi s vng quay gim, nhng tng s vng quay

trong trng hp cn phi theo qui nh ca nh my ch to.
10.6.3. nh lut tng t
Hai my bm tng t phi tho mn cc tiu chun tng t sau y:
- Tng t hnh hc l hai my bm phi ng dng, ngha l cc gc b tr
cnh dn phi bng nhau v cc kch thc tng ng phi t l vi nhau.
- Tng t ng hc l cc tam gic vn tc tng ng ca cht lng chy trong
2 bnh cng tc ca 2 my bm phi ng dng, ngha l t l gia cc vn tc tng
ng phi bng nhau.
Ta thy rng nhng bnh cng tc tng t c ng knh D1 v D2 vi s vng
quay n1 v n2 to nn ct p H1v H2 .
T phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm (xc nh ct p) v cng thc xc nh
lu lng ca bm, ta xc nh c cc quan h tng t ca lu lng ct p v cng
sut khi s vng quay v ng knh bnh cng tc ca 2 bm khc nhau :

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Q1 n1D1
=
Q'2 n2 D23

(10-8)

H 1 n1D1

=
H 2 n2 D2
N1 n1
=
N 2 n2

D1

D2

(10-9)
5

(10-10)

Cc quan h (10-8),(10-9),(10-10) th hin ni dung ca nh lut tng t ca

bm ly tm.
Da vo nh lut tng t ta c th tnh ton vi chnh xc cao nhng thng
s c bn ca bm thit k, nu bit thng s ca bm tng t v nghin cu bng
thc nghim loi bm mi trn m hnh nh lm gim nh cng vic v tng thm s
hon chnh cu to bm.
Tuy nhin nh lut tng t ch ng dng trong trng hp kch thc ca bm
khng khc nhau qu 2 n 3 ln v bm lm vic vi cng mt loi cht lng.

10.6.4. S vng quay c trng nS

S vng quay c trng l s vng quay ca bnh cng tc bm ly tm, c cc
chi tit my tng t hnh hc vi bnh cng tc ca bm nghin cu, c nng sut Q
= 75l/s v ct p H = 1m ct nc.
Dng nh lut tng t ta c:
2
2
1 nS DS
= 2 2
H
n D

va

3
0 ,075 nS DS
=
Q
nD 3

DS v nS l ng knh bnh cng tc v s vng quay bm c nng sut

Q=75l/s , ct H = 1m ct nc.
T hai biu thc trn ta tnh c

133

DS
n2
=
D 2 nS 2 H

v :

Rt ra :

DS
=
D3

n3
3

nS H

3
2

nS n 3
0 ,075
n2
=
=
Q
nnS 3 H 3 / 2 nS 2 H 3 / 2
nS = 3 ,65

n Q

(10-11)

H3/4

Xt phng trnh (10-11) ta thy s vng quay c trng khng ph thuc vo

loi cht lng. Nh vy ta c th xc nh c s vng quay c trng ca bt k loi
bm no, nu bit c nng sut, ct p ca bm ng vi s vng quay n.
Dng khi nim v s vng quay c trng, ta c th :
- Thnh lp s phn loi thu lc bm ;
- So snh nhng loi bnh cng tc khc nhau ca bm ly tm ;
- Nghin cu nhng bm ln trn m hnh nh ;
- Chn bm tin li nht khi bit nng sut v ct p.

10.7. Mt s im ch trong kt cu v s dng bm ly tm

10.7.1. Lc hng trc trong bm ly tm
nhng bm ht mt pha, trong

P2

thi gian lm vic bnh cng tc chu

tc dng ca lc hng trc v pha

ngc vi hng chuyn ng ca cht
lng i vo bm. Lc sinh ra lc ma

P2
R1

P2
P1

R0

st ph lm tng thm tn tht nng

lng, gim nng sut v hiu sut ca
bm.Quan st s bnh cng tc
(Hnh 10-17),

R2

Hnh 10-17

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khi cht lng i vo bnh cng tc c p sut p1 v khi i ra p sut tng ln p2 .
V p2 ln hn p1 nn cht lng i qua cc k h gia bnh cng tc v thn bm v cc
bung trng 1 v 2 v c th chy ngc v ng ht lm gim nng sut bm.
Lc hng trc l chnh p lc tc dng ln
hai mt trng 1 v 2 t hai pha, ngha l:
Pht = ( R22 - Ro2 ) p2 - (R22 - R12 ) p2 - (R12 - Ro2 ) p1
Sau khi bin i ta c:
Pht = (R12 - Ro2 ) ( p2 - p1 )
Nu p2 - p1 = H (ct p ca bm) ta c:
Pht = H (R12 - Ro2)

(10-12)

lm cn bng lc hng trc, thng dng cc bin php sau y :

- Vi bm c mt bnh cng tc: cho cht lng i vo t hai pha (bm c 2
ming ht) hoc trn a sau bnh cng tc c khoan nhng l, do lm gim
chnh p sut tc dng ln thnh ngoi ca bnh cng tc.
- Vi bm c nhiu bnh cng tc: c th b tr cc bnh cng tc i xng
ngc nhau; hoc dng pittong cn bng gn vo phn cui roto ca bm ; hoc dng
a cn bng gn vo trc bm cp cui cng.

10.7.2. Mt s im ch khi s dng bm

- Chn bm ng theo yu cu k thut, da vo ng c tnh ca h thng v
ng c tnh ca bm, trong c bit ch ng c tnh c bn (H - Q);
- Cc thit b v ng h o p sut, o chn khng, o in nn c y , phi
c van mt chiu ng ht d dng khi mi bm v khi ng bm;
- Trc khi khi ng bm phi kim tra tnh trng bm, du m bi trn, ng
c, cc mi ghp, h thng in ..., sau nc mi bm cho nc in y

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vo trong ng ht v bnh cng tc ca bm, ng kho trn ng ng y li
trnh qu ti ng c khi khi ng bm;
- Khi khi ng bm, cho ng c quay n nh ri mi t t m kho ng
y cho n khi t nng sut cn thit;
- Trong khi bm lm vic cn theo di ng h o, ch nghe ting my
pht hin nhng hin tng bt thng v c bin php x l kp thi;
- Khi chun b tt my, lm th t ng tc ngc vi khi cho my chy: ng
kho trn ng y trc, tt my sau.
- Khi bm lm vic cht lng khng ln hoc ln t, cn dng my v kim tra
li:
+ Cc van hoc kho trn ng y;
+ ng ht khng kn hoc cha ui ht khng kh ra khi mi bm;
+ Li chn rc b lp kn hoc ming ng ht khng ng su cn thit
cch mt thong b ht;
+ Bnh cng tc quay ngc chiu (khi u dy ngc pha trong ng c in)
hoc s vng quay bnh cng tc tng, gim qu nh mc cho php...