PHN 1 : B GIAO THC TCP/IP

I Gii Thiu:
- cc my my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau qua mng, chng phi s
dng cng 1 ngn ng hay cn gi l 1 giao thc (Protocol). Giao thc l 1
h lut v chun cho php cc my tnh trong mng lin lc vi nhau.
-TCP/IP l vit tt ca Transmission Control Protocol (Giao thc iu
Khin Truyn Thng) / Internet Protocol (Giao thc Internet).
-TCP/IP khng ch gm 2 giao thc m thc t n l tp hp ca nhiu
giao thc. Chng ta gi l 1 H Giao Thc hay B Giao Thc (Suite Of
Protocols). Bi vit chng ta s tp trung vo B Giao Thc ny.
II Tng qut:
- cho cc my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau TCP/IP s dng m hnh
truyn thng 4 tng hay cn gi l M Hnh DoD (M hnh ca B Quc
Phng M). Cc tng trong m hnh ny l (Theo th t t trn xung):
+ Tng ng Dng (Application Layer)
+ Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer)
+ Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer)
+ Tng Giao Din Mng (Network Interface Layer)
- Mi giao thc ca H TCP/IP u thuc 1 trong cc tng ny. Ta s
cng tm hiu tng tng .
1.Tng Giao Din Mng (Network Interface Layer):
- Tng Giao Din Mng c trch nhim a d liu ti v nhn d liu
t phng tin truyn dn. Tng ny gm cc thit b phn cng vt l chng
hn nh Card Mng v Cp Mng.
- 1 Card Mng chng hn card Ethernet cha 1 s HEX 12 k t (00-1837-03-C0-F4) c gi l a Ch MAC (Media Access Control) hay a
Ch Truy Nhp Phng Tin . MAC ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gn
a ch v truyn d liu.
- 1 s giao thc tiu biu thuc tng ny gm :
+ ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
+ Ethernet
+ Token Ring
+ FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
+ Frame Relay
2.Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer):
- Nm bn trn tng giao din mng. Tng ny c chc nng gn a
ch, ng gi v nh tuyn (Route) d liu. 4 giao thc quan trng nht
trong tng ny gm:

+ IP (Internet Protocol): C chc nng gn a ch cho d liu trc khi

truyn v nh tuyn chng ti ch.
+ ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C chc nng bin dch a ch IP ca
my ch thnh a ch MAC.
+ ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): C chc nng thng bo li
trong trng hp truyn d liu b hng.
+ IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol): C chc nng iu khin
truyn a hng (Multicast)
3.Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer):
- C trch nhim thit lp phin truyn thng gia cc my tnh v quy nh
cch truyn d liu. 2 giao thc chnh trong tng ny gm:
+ UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Cn gi l Giao Thc Gi Ngi Dng.
UDP cung cp cc knh truyn thng phi kt ni nn n khng m bo
truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy. Cc ng dng dng UDP thng ch truyn
nhng gi c kch thc nh, tin cy d liu ph thuc vo tng ng
dng
+ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ngc li vi UDP, TCP cung cp
cc knh truyn thng hng kt ni v m bo truyn d liu 1 cch tin
cy. TCP thng truyn cc gi tin c kch thc ln v yu cu pha nhn
xc nhn v cc gi tin nhn.
4.Tng ng Dng (Application Layer):
- Gm nhiu giao thc cung cp cho cc ng dng ngi dng. c s
dng nh dng v trao i thng tin ngi dng. 1 s giao thc thng
dng trong tng ny l:
+ DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Giao Thc Cu Hnh Trm
ng
+ DNS (Domain Name System): H Thng Tn Min
+ SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Giao Thc Qun L
Mng n Gin
+ FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin
+ TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin Bnh
Thng
+ SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Th n Gin
+ TELNET
***Bng sau m t khi qut v B Giao Thc TCP/IP:

PHN 2 : A CH IP
I a ch IP:
- Mi my trn mng TCP/IP hay cn gi l trm TCP/IP c nhn dng
bng 1 a ch IP logic. Mi trm hay mi thit b mng s dng TCP/IP
truyn thng cn c 1 a ch IP duy nht.
- a ch IP cho bit v tr ca 1 h thng trong 1 mng ging nh a ch xc
nh ngi nh trn 1 con ng no . Tng t nh 1 khu dn c. a ch
IP phi l duy nht trn ton cu v phi c vit di 1 nh dng chun.
- Mi a ch IP c chia thnh 2 phn : Phn a ch mng (Net ID) v
Phn a ch trm (Host ID).
+ Net ID: Dng nhn dng nhng h thng trong cng 1 khu vc vt l
cn c gi l Phn on (Segment). Mi h thng trong cng 1 Phn
on phi c cng a Ch Mng v Phn a ch ny phi l duy nht trong
s cc mng hin c.
+ Host ID: Dng nhn dng 1 trm lm vic, 1 my ch, 1 Router hoc 1
trm TCP/IP trong 1 phn on. Phn a ch trm cng phi l duy nht
trong 1 mng
- Ging a ch bu in gm 2 phn: M BU IN S NH,TN
NG. a ch IP cng gm 2 phn: NET ID HOST ID.
+ Phn u tin, NET ID nhn dng mng m my tnh ni ti, tt c my
tnh trong cng mng phi c cng NET ID ging nh mi nh trong cng
qun phi c cng M BU IN.
+ Phn th hai, HOST ID xc nh my tnh, router hoc thit b mng khc

trong mng. HOST ID phi l duy nht trong 1 mng ging nh S

NH,TN NG phi l duy nht trong 1 qun. Hai my tnh c th c
cng HOST ID nu NET ID ca chng khc nhau, ging nh hai NG
c th cng tn nu nh chng thuc 2 qun khc nhau.
- S kt hp gia NET ID v HOST ID phi cho php nhn dng duy nht
mi my tnh ring bit.
- Cc a ch IP c chiu di 32bit c chia thnh 4 dy. Mi dy gm 8bit
(1Byte), mi Byte c phn cch = 1 du ., 1 Byte l 1 gi tr nm trong
khong t 0-255. Cch biu din nh vy gi l K hiu thp phn du
chm (Dotted-Decimal Notation) cho mi ngi s dng nh a ch 1
cch d dng.

- Tuy nhin khi x l thng tin my tnh li s dng H Nh Phn (Binary) v

tn hiu chng s dng truyn thng ch c 2 trng thi l Bt (1) v Tt
(0)
***Bng bn di y s m t s kt hp gia K Hiu Thp Phn
(Decimal Notation) v K Hiu Khoa Hc (Scientific Notation) vi mi
Bit bn trong 1 B Tm Nh Phn (Binary Octet).

Trong 1 Byte , mi bit c gn mt gi tr. Nu Bit c t l 0 th n

c gn gi tr 0, nu Bit c t l 1 th c th chuyn i thnh 1
gi tr thp phn. Bit thp nht trong Byte tng ng vi 1, Bit cao nht

tng ng vi 128. Vy gi tr ln nht ca 1 Byte l 255 tng ng vi

trng hp c 8 Bit u c t l 1.

V d: Ta s i a ch sau: 10101100 00010000 00000101 01111101 sang

dng K Hiu Thp Phn Du Chm.

II a ch IP Public v a ch IP Private:
1.IP Public:
- Mi 1 a ch IP ngoi Internet l duy nht. cc Network c nhng a
ch duy nht ngoi Internet, th Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA) s chia nhng khong a ch khng d tr thnh nhng phn nh v
y thc trch nhim phn phi a ch cho cc t chc ng K Min khp
th gii. Nhng t chc l Asia-Pacific Network Information Center
(APNIC), American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), and Rseaux IP
Europens (RIPE NCC). Nhng t chc ny s phn phi nhng khi a ch
n 1 s nh cc Internet Service Provider (ISP) ln v cc ISP ln ny sau
s gn nhng khi nh hn cho cc i l v cc ISP nh hn.
- ISP s cp 1 IP Public cho mi my tnh ca bn cc my tnh ny c th
kt ni trc tip n ISP. Cc a ch ny c cp 1 cch t ng dn mi
my tnh khi my tnh kt ni v c th l a ch tnh nu ng line ca
bn thu ring hay cc ti khon Dial-up
2.IP Private:
- IANA d tr mt t a ch IP m cc a ch ny khng bao gi c s
dng trn Internet. Nhng a ch IP Private ny c s dng cho nhng

Host yu cu c IP kt ni nhng khng cn c thy trn cc mng

Public. V d, 1 user kt ni nhng my tnh trong mng TCP/IP nh th ko
cn cp 1 a ch IP Public cho mi Host. User c th ly nhng khong IP
bng di y cung cp a ch cho cc Host trong mng.

- Nhng host c a ch IP Private c th kt ni n Internet bng cch s

dng 1 Proxy Server hay 1 my tnh chy Windows Server 2003 cu hnh
nh l 1 Network Address Translation (NAT) Server. Windows Server 2003
cng tch hp chc nng Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) cung cp dch
v NAT n gin cho cc Client trong mng Private.
III Lp a ch:
- C 5 lp a ch IP to cc mng c kch thc khc nhau gm: Lp A,
Lp B, Lp C, Lp D, Lp E.
- TCP/IP h tr gn a ch lp A, lp B, lp C cho cc trm.
- Cc lp ny c chiu di phn NET ID v HOST ID khc nhau nn s
lng Mng v s lng Trm trn mi mng cng khc nhau:
+ Lp A: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc cc ln. Trong lp a ch
ny Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, Bit cao nht ca Byte ny lun c t
l 0. 3 Byte cn li xc nh Host ID. Do lp A c th cp cho 126 Mng
vi 16.777.214 Trm trn mi Mng.
+ Lp B: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc va v ln. Trong lp a
ch ny 2 Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, 2 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin
lun c t l 1 0. 2 Byte cn li xc nh Host ID. Do lp B c th cp
cho 16.384 Mng vi 65.534 Trm trn mi Mng.
+ Lp C: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc nh. Trong lp a ch ny
3 Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, 3 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c
t l 1 1 0. Byte cui cng xc nh Host ID. Do lp C c th cp cho
2.097.152 Mng vi 254 Trm trn mi Mng.
+ Lp D: Cc a ch lp ny s dng cho Truyn a Hng (Multicast). 1
nhm Multicast c th cha 1 hoc nhiu Trm. Trong lp ny 4 Bit cao nht
ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 1 0, cc Bit cn li nh ngha nhm
Multicast. a ch lp D khng c chia thnh Net ID v Host ID. Cc
gi(Packets) Multicast c truyn ti 1 nhm Trm c th v ch c cc

Trm ng k vo nhm ny mi nhn c gi.

+ Lp E: L lp a ch thc nghim, n khng c thit k cho mc ch
s dng chung. Lp E c d phng cho cc ng dng tng lai. Cc Bit
cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 1 1.
- Tng s IP c th s dng l : 3.720.314.628
*** Bng sau y s m t khi qut v cc lp a ch IP:

*** Bng m t s khc nhau gia 3 Lp a ch A, B v C:

IV Subnet Mask:

- bit Trm ch thuc Mng cc b hay xa. Trm ngun cn 1 thng

tin khc. Thng tin ny chnh l Subnet Mask
- Subnet Mask l 1 a ch 32 bit c s dng che 1 phn ca a ch IP.
Bng cch ny cc my tnh c th xc nh u l Net ID v u l Host ID
trong 1 a ch IP.
- Mi Trm trong mng TCP/IP yu cu c 1 Subnet Mask.N c gi l
Subnet Mask mc nh, nu n cha c chia Subnet (v v vy n ch c 1
Subnet n), v c gi l Subnet Mask ty nu n c chia thnh
nhiu Subnet
Vd: 1 s 32bit tiu biu cho 1 Subnet Mask mc nh c dng bi nhng
Trm cu hnh vi 1 a ch lp C (vd 192.168.20.50) l :
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0). Khi 1 trm c a
ch 192.168.20.50 gi gi tin n a ch 192.168.50.20. u tin, Trm s
thc hin php tnh AND gia a Ch cc b vi Subnet Mask mc nh
cc b. Bi v khi thc hin php tnh AND 2 s, bt k s no AND vi 0 s
l 0, v AND vi 1 s l chnh n => khi AND 192.168.20.50 vi
255.255.255.0 kt qu l 192.168.20.0. My trm sau s thc hin php
tnh AND gia a ch ch vi Subnet Mask ging trn. TCP/IP sau s
so snh kt qu nhng gi tr t 2 php tnh AND. Nu 2 gi tr ng nht th
Trm TCP/IP kt lun ch kia l trn Subnet cc b. Nu 2 gi tr khc nhau
th Trm xc nh ch kia l xa.
- Ta cng c 1 cch vit khc xc nh Subnet Mask l:
a ch IP / Tin t Mng
Tin t Mng c xc nh bng cch cng tt c cc bit 1 trong dy 32bit
ca Subnet Mask.
Vd: 192.168.5.10 c Subnet Mask mc nh l 255.255.255.0.
i qua s nh phn s l 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000.
=> Tng cng c 24 bit 1. Vy ta c th vit di dng:
192.168.5.10 / 24

*** Bng di y s a ra nhng Subnet Mask mc nh cho cc Lp

Mng: