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TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM
KHOA IEN
BO CONG NGHIEP
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHIEP TP. HO CH MINH
TTTN TH IEN
Bo mon : THIET B IEN

GIAO TRNH LY THUYET
Bien soan: BACH THANH QUY VAN TH KIEU NHI NINH VAN
TIEN
Lu hanh noi bo
THANG 09/ 2004
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LI NOI AU
at nc Viet Nam trong cong cuoc cong nghiep hoa - hien ai hoa, nen
kinh te ang tren a phat trien, viec s dung cac thiet b ien, kh cu ien vao
trong xay lap cac khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat - lien doanh, khu nha cao tang
ngay cang nhieu. V vay viec tm hieu ac tnh, ket cau, tnh toan la chon s
dung rat can thiet cho sinh vien - hoc sinh nganh ien. Ngoai ra can phai cap
nhat them nhng cong nghe mi ang khong ngng cai tien va nang cao cac
thiet b ien, kh cu ien c cac hang san xuat ln nh: Merlin Gerin,
Telemecanique, General Electric, Siemens.
Quyen giao trnh nay c bien soan gom bon phan:
- Phan 1 : Ly thuyet c ban cua kh cu ien.
- Phan 2 : Tm hieu ac tnh, ket cau, tnh toan la chon s dung kh cu
ien ha ap.
- Phan 3 : Gii thieu ac tnh, ket cau kh cu ien cao ap.
- Phan 4 : Mot so s o can ban ve nguyen ly ieu khien, van hanh.
Trong moi phan c trnh bay cu the hnh dang thc te va v du tnh toan
chon la cu the cho cac kh cu ien nham giup cho sinh vien - hoc sinh co the
ng dung vao thc te.
Trong qua trnh bien soan chac chan co sai sot, knh mong c ung ho va
gop y chan thanh t quy oc gia.
BIEN SOAN
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PHAN 1 :
LY THUYET C BAN
CUA KH CU IEN
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CHNG 1:
LC IEN ONG TRONG KH CU IEN
Khi li ien xay ra s co ngan mach, dong ien s co gap chuc lan dong
ien nh mc. Di tac dung cua t trng, cac dong ien nay gay ra lc ien
ong lam bien dang day dan va cach ien nang chung.
Nh vay kh cu ien co kha nang chu lc tac ong phat sinh khi co dong
ien ngan mach chay qua la mot tieu chuan khong the thieu cua kh cu ien.
c goi la tnh on nh ien ong.
I . PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN LC IEN ONG
Co the s dung mot trong hai phng phap sau e tnh lc ien ong:
1. Phng phap da tren s tac dung gia dong ien at trong t trng va
cam ng t cua t trng o.
Goi :
i la dong ien chay qua day dan (A).
l la chieu dai day dan ien.
dl la mot nguyen to cua chieu dai day dan ien.
B la cam ng t (do dong ien khac tao ra).
la goc gia day dan 1 va cam ng t B.
F la lc ien ong.
Khi co dong ien i chay qua mot nguyen to day dan dl at trong t
trng co cam ng t B th se sinh ra lc ien ong tac dung len nguyen to
nay:
dF = i.B.dl.sin
Khi xet lc tren ca oan day l:

l
F dF i.B.sin .dl i.B.l.sin

0
Khi day dan at vuong goc vi cam ng t th = 90 o :

F = i.B.l
2. Phng phap da tren s can bang nang lng cua he thong day dan.
Goi :
W la nang lng ien t.
x la oan ng dch chuyen theo hng tac dung cua lc.
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F la lc ien ong can tnh.

Nh vay lc ien ong c tnh qua nang lng ien t:
W
x
He thong gom hai mach vong:

Nang lng ien t cua he thong la:
1
1
. L1 .i12 . L2 .i22 M .i1 .i2
2
2
Trong o:
L 1 , L 2 la ien cam cua cac mach vong.
i 1 , i 2 la dong ien chay trong cac mach vong.
M la ien cam tng ho.
He thong la mach vong oc lap:
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1
2
1 2 1
1
.i . .i .n..i
2 i
2
2
W A .L.i 2 .
Trong o:
L la ien cam cua mach vong oc lap
i la dong ien chay trong mach vong.
la t thong moc vong.
la t thong.
n la so vong day trong mach vong.
Lc tac dung trong mach vong se hng theo chieu sao cho ien cam, t
thong moc vong va t thong khi bien dang mach vong di tac dung cua lc nay
tang len
II . TNH TOAN LC IEN ONG GIA CAC DAY DAN SONG SONG
Khi hai day dan at song song, lc ien t sinh ra c tnh theo cong thc:
l2
o
l1 x
x
dx
F
.i1 .i 2
2
2
2
2
4a
x
a
x
a
(
1
Trong o:
- l 1 , l 2 la chieu dai cua hai day dan song song.
- i 1 , i 2 la dong ien qua hai day dan song song.
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- o la o dan t cua khong kh, o =4.10 -7 H/m.

- a la khoang cach gia hai day dan.
- x la oan ng dch chuyen theo hng tac dung cua lc.
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1. Hai day dan song song co cung chieu dai
l1 = l2 = l
- Lc ien sinh ra:
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2
o
a a
2l
.i1 .i 2 . 1
F
4
a
l
l
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Khi khoang cach gia day dan be ang ke so vi chieu dai cua chung:
o
2l
.i1 .i 2 .
4
a
2. Hai day dan song song khong cung chieu dai

B1
C1
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C2
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B2
Trong o:
C 1 , C 2 la khoang cach ng cheo
cua hai day dan.
B 1 , B 2 la khoang cach ng cheo
cua hai day dan.
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Lc ien ong sinh ra:
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o
2 l C C 2 B1 B2
.i1 .i 2 . . 1
4
a
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III . TNH TOAN LC IEN ONG LEN VONG DAY, GIA CAC
CUON DAY
1. Tnh toan lc trong vong day:
R la ban knh cua vong day dan.
2r la ng knh cua day dan.
I la dong ien chay trong day dan.
Lc tac ong:
R
F
2r
8R
.i 2 ln
0,75
2 r
i
2. Tnh toan lc trong vong day:
F
F
2R
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2R
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R2 > R1
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Lc tac ong:
F o .i1.i2
R1.h
h2 c2
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IV . LC IEN ONG TRONG DONG IEN XOAY CHIEU- CONG

HNG C KH.
1. Lc ien ong trong dong ien xoay chieu mot pha:
Dong ien xoay chieu mot pha bien oi theo quy luat:
i = I m .sint
trong o: I m la bien o cua dong ien, la tan so goc.
Neu cac dong ien trong cac day dan co cung chieu th cac day dan b hut
vao nhau vi lc:
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F c.I m2 .sin 2 t c.I m2
1 cos 2 t Fm Fm
. cos 2 t
2
2
2
o 2l
.
4 a
F m la tr so lc cc ai.
2. Lc ien ong trong dong ien xoay chieu ba pha:
Dong ien xoay chieu ba pha bien oi theo quy luat:
i 1 = I m .sint
c la hang so =
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i3 I m.sin t
3
i2 I m.sin t
Lc tac dung len day dan cua pha 1:

F 1 = F 12 + F 13
F 12 la lc ien ong gia cac day dan cua pha 1 va 2.
F 13 la lc ien ong gia cac day dan cua pha 1 va 3.
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2
3
1
4
F13 c.I m2 . sin t. sin t

2
3
F12 c.I m2 . sin t. sin t

2 1
4
F1 c.I m2 . sin t.sin t sin t
3 2
3

Tng t, ta co:
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F 2 = F 21 + F 23 = c.I m2 .sin t .sin t sin t

3
2
3
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2 1 4
2
c
.
I
.
sin
t
.
m
sint 3 2sint 3
F3 = - F1 =

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3. Cong hng c kh:

Trong trng hp khi tan so cua thanh phan bien thien cua lc gan vi tan
so rieng cua dao ong c kh se sinh ra hien tng cong hng. Hien tng nay
co kha nang pha hong kh cu ien .
Thong thng, ngi ta chon tan so rieng cua cac dao ong c kh ln hn
gap oi tan so cua lc.
V . ON NH LC IEN ONG.
o ben c kh cua vat lieu phu thuoc khong ch vao o ln cua lc ma con
phu thuoc vao chieu, o dai thi gian tac ong va o doc tang len. Kh cu ien
on nh lc ien ong phai thoa man:
- Viec tnh toan lc ien ong: tnh theo dong ien xung cua hien tng
ngan mach.
- Viec tnh toan o ben ong hoc khi co hien tng cong hng.
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CHNG 2:
PHAT NONG KH CU IEN
I.
KHAI NIEM
Khi kh cu ien lam viec lau dai trong cac mach dan ien, nhiet o cua kh
cu ien tang len gay ton that ien nang di dang nhiet nang va ot nong cac
bo phan dan ien va cach ien cua kh cu. V vay, kh cu ien lam viec c
trong moi che o khi nhiet o cua cac bo phan phai khong qua nhng gia tr cho
phep lam viec an toan lau dai.
II . TNH TOAN TON THAT IEN NANG TRONG KH CU IEN
Ton that ien nang trong kh cu ien c tnh theo:
t
Q i 2 .R.t
0
Q : ien nang ton that.

i : dong ien trong mach.
R : ien tr cua kh cu.
t : thi gian co dong ien chay qua.
oi vi day dan ong chat:
(1 .m ).l
R o
o : ien tr suat cua vat lieu 0 o C.

l : chieu dai day dan.
: he so nhiet o cua ien tr.
m : nhiet o cho phep che o nh mc.
s : tiet dien co dong ien chay qua.
Tuy theo kh cu ien tao nen t cac vat lieu khac nhau, kch thc khac
nhau, hnh dang khac nhau se phat sinh ton that khac nhau.
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III . CAC CHE O PHAT NONG CUA KH CU IEN

Sau ay la BANG NHIET O CHO PHEP CUA MOT SO VAT LIEU:
Nhiet o cho phep ( o C)
Vat lieu lam kh cu ien
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- Vat lieu khong boc cach ien hoac e xa chat

cach ien.
- Day noi dang tiep xuc co nh.
- Vat lieu co tiep xuc dang hnh ngon.
- Tiep xuc trt cua Cu va hp kim Cu.
- Tiep xuc ma bac.
- Vat khong dan ien va khong boc cach ien.
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110
75
75
110
120
110
Nhiet o cho phep

( o C)
90
- Vai si, giay khong tam cach ien.
Y
105
- Vai si, giay co tam cach ien.
A
- Hp chat tong hp.
E
120
- Mica, si thuy tinh.
B
130
- Mica, si thuy tinh co tam cach ien.
F
155
180
- Chat tong hp Silic.
H
C
> 180
- S cach ien.
Tuy theo che o lam viec khac nhau, moi kh cu ien se co s phat nong
khac nhau.
1. Che o lam viec lau dai cua kh cu ien:
Khi kh cu ien lam viec lau dai, nhiet o trong kh cu cu bat au tang va
en nhiet o on nh th khong tang na, luc nay se toa nhiet ra moi trng
xung quanh.
Vat lieu cach ien
Cap cach nhiet
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on nh
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Cu ien
bantaKh
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2. Che o lam viec ngan han cua kh cu ien:

Che o lam viec ngan han cua kh cu la che o khi ong ien nhiet o cua
no khong at ti nhiet o on nh, sau khi phat nong ngan han, kh cu c ngat,
nhiet o cua no sut xuong ti mc khong so sanh c vi moi trng xung
quanh.
on nh
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phat nong
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t(s)
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3. Che o lam viec ngan han lap lai cua kh cu ien:

Nhiet o cua kh cu ien tang len trong khoang thi gian kh cu lam viec,
nhiet o giam xuong trong khoang thi gian kh cu ngh, nhiet o giam cha at
en gia tr ban au th kh cu ien lam viec lap lai. Sau khoang thi gian, nhiet
o tang len ln nhat gan bang nhiet o giam nho nhat th kh cu ien at c
che o dng.
on nh
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phat nong
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t lam viec
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t ngh
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CHNG 3:
TIEP XUC IEN HO QUANG IEN
I . TIEP XUC IEN
1. Khai niem:
Tiep xuc ien la ni ma dong ien i t vat dan nay sang vat dan khac. Be
mat tiep xuc cua hai vat dan c goi la tiep xuc ien.
Cac yeu cau c ban cua tiep xuc ien:
+ Ni tiep xuc ien phai chac chan, am bao.
+ Moi noi tiep xuc phai co o ben c kh cao.
+ Moi noi khong c phat nong qua gia tr cho phep.
+ On nh nhiet va on nh ong khi co dong ien cc ai i qua.
+ Chu c tac ong cua moi trng (nhiet o, chat hoa hoc.)
e am bao cac yeu cau tren, vat lieu dung lam tiep iem co cac yeu cau:
+ ien dan va nhiet dan cao.
+ o ben chong r trong khong kh va trong cac kh khac.
+ o ben chong tao lp mang co ien tr suat cao.
+ o cng be e giam lc nen.
+ o cng cao e giam hao mon cac bo phan ong ngat.
+ o ben chu ho quang cao ( nhiet o nong chay).
+ n gian gia cong, gia thanh ha.
Mot so vat lieu dung lam tiep iem: ong, bac, nhom, Von-fram
2. Phan loai tiep xuc ien:
Da vao ket cau tiep iem, co cac loai tiep xuc ien sau:
a) Tiep xuc co nh:
Cac tiep iem c noi co nh vi cac chi tiet dan dong ien nh la: thanh
cai, cap ien, cho noi kh cu vao mach. Trong qua trnh s dung, ca hai tiep
iem c gan chat vao nhau nh cac bu-long, han nong hay han nguoi.
b) Tiep xuc ong m :
La tiep xuc e ong ngat mach ien. Trong trng hp nay phat sinh ho
quang ien, can xac nh khoang cach gia tiep iem tnh va ong da vao
dong ien nh mc, ien ap nh mc va che o lam viec cua kh cu ien.
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c) Tiep xuc trt :

La tiep xuc co gop va vanh trt, tiep xuc nay cung de sinh ra ho quang
ien.
3. Cac yeu to anh hng en ien tr tiep xuc:
- Vat lieu lam tiep iem: vat lieu mem tiep xuc tot.
- Kim loai lam tiep iem khong b oxy hoa.
- Lc ep tiep iem cang ln th se tao nen nhieu tiep iem tiep xuc.
- Nhiet o tiep iem cang cao th ien tr tiep xuc cang ln.
- Dien tch tiep xuc.
Thong thng dung hp kim e lam tiep iem.
II . HO QUANG IEN
1. Khai niem:
Trong cac kh cu ien dung e ong ngat mach ien( cau dao, contactor,
rle) khi chuyen mach se phat sinh hien tng phong ien. Neu dong ien
ngat di 0,1A va ien ap tai cac tiep iem khoang 250V-300V th cac tiep
iem se phong ien am . Trng hp dong ien va ien ap cao hn tr so trong
bang sau se sinh ra ho quang ien.
Vat lieu lam tiep iem
Platin
Vang
Bac
Von-fram
ong
Than
U (V)
17
15
12
17
12,3
18-22
Z
I(A)
0,9
0,38
0,4
0,9
0,43
0,03
I hq
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2. Tnh chat c ban cua phong ien ho quang:

- Phong ien ho quang ch xay ra khi cac dong ien co tr so ln.
- Nhiet o trung tam ho quang rat ln va trong cac kh cu co the en
6000- 18000 o K.
- Mat o dong ien tai catot ln (10 4 10 5 )A/cm 2 .
- Sut ap catot bang 10-20V va thc te khong phu thuoc vao dong ien.
3. Qua trnh phat sinh va dap tat ho quang:
a) Qua trnh phat sinh ho quang ien:
oi vi tiep iem co dong ien be, ban au khoang cach gia chung nho
trong khi ien ap at co tr so nhat nh, v vay trong khoang khong gian nay se
sinh ra ien trng co cng o rat ln (3.10 7 V/cm) co the lam bat ien t t
catot goi la phat xa t ong ien t (goi la phat xa nguoi ien t). So ien t
cang nhieu, chuyen ong di tac dung cua ien trng lam ion hoa khong kh
gay ho quang ien.
oi vi tiep iem co dong ien ln, qua trnh phat sinh ho quang phc tap
hn. Luc au m tiep iem, lc ep gia chung co tr so nho nen so tiep iem
tiep xuc e dong ien i qua t. Mat o dong ien tang ang ke en hang chuc
nghn A/cm 2 , do o tai cac tiep iem s phat nong se tang en mc lam cho
nhau, giot kim loai c keo cang ra tr thanh cau chat long va noi lien hai tiep
iem nay, nhiet o cua cau chat long tiep tuc tang, luc o cau chat long boc hi
va trong khong gian gia hai tiep iem xuat hien ho quang ien. V qua trnh
phat nong cua cau thc hien rat nhanh nen s boc hi mang tnh chat no. Khi
cau chat long cat keo theo s mai mon tiep iem, ieu nay rat quan trong khi
ngat dong ien qua ln hay qua trnh ong m xay ra thng xuyen.
b) Qua trnh dap tat ho quang ien:
ieu kien dap tat ho quang la qua trnh ngc lai vi qua trnh phat sinh
ho quang.
- Ha nhiet o ho quang.
- Keo dai ho quang.
- Chia ho quang thanh nhieu oan nho.
- Dung nang lng ben ngoai hoac chnh no e thoi tat ho quang.
- Mac ien tr Shunt e tieu thu nang lng ho quang.
Thiet b e dap tat ho quang.
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- Ha nhiet o ho quang bang cach dung hi kh hoac dau lam nguoi,

dung vach ngan e ho quang co xat.
- Chia ho quang thanh nhieu cot nho va keo dai ho quang bang cach
dung vach ngan chia thanh nhieu phan nho va thoi kh dap tat.
- Dung nang lng ben ngoai hoac chnh no e thoi tat ho quang, nang
lng cua no tao ap suat e thoi tat ho quang.
- Mac ien tr Shunt e tieu thu nang lng ho quang (dung ien tr mac
song song vi hai tiep iem sinh ho quang).
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PHAN 2 :
TM HIEU AC TNH, KET CAU,

TNH TOAN LA CHON S DUNG
KH CU IEN HA AP
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CHNG 2 :
KH CU IEN ONG NGAT BAO VE MACH IEN
A - CB (CIRCUIT BREAKER)
I . KHAI NIEM VA YEU CAU.
CB (CB c viet tat t danh t Circuit Breaker- tieng Anh), ten khac
nh : Disjonteur (tieng Phap) hay Aptomat (theo Lien Xo). CB la kh cu ien
dung ong ngat mach ien (mot pha, ba pha); co cong dung bao ve qua tai,
ngan mach, sut ap mach ien.
Chon CB phai thoa ba yeu cau sau:
+ Che o lam viec nh mc cua CB phai la che o lam viec dai han,
ngha la tr so dong ien nh mc chay qua CB lau tuy y. Mat khac, mach
dong ien cua CB phai chu c dong ien ln (khi co ngan mach) luc cac
tiep iem cua no a ong hay ang ong.
+ CB phai ngat c tr so dong ien ngan mach ln, co the vai chuc KA.
Sau khi ngat dong ien ngan mach, CB am bao van lam viec tot tr so
dong ien nh mc.
+ e nang cao tnh on nh nhiet va ien ong cua cac thiet b ien, han
che s pha hoai do dong ien ngan mach gay ra, CB phai co thi gian cat be.
Muon vay thng phai ket hp lc thao tac c hoc vi thiet b dap ho quang
ben trong CB.
II . CAU TAO VA NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG.
1. Cau tao:
a. Tiep iem
CB thng c che tao co hai cap tiep iem (tiep iem chnh va ho
quang), hoac ba cap tiep iem (chnh, phu, ho quanq).
Khi ong mach, tiep iem ho quang ong trc, tiep theo la tiep iem
phu, sau cung la tiep iem chnh. Khi cat mach th ngc lai, tiep iem chnh
m trc, sau en tiep iem phu, cuoi cung la tiep iem ho quang
Nh vay ho quang ch chay tren tiep iem ho quang, do o bao ve c tiep
iem chnh e dan ien. Dung them tiep iem phu e tranh ho quang chay
lan vao lam h hai tiep iem chnh.
b. Hop dap ho quang
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KHOA IEN
e CB dap c ho quang trong tat ca cac che o lam viec cua li

ien, ngi ta thng dung hai kieu thiet b dap ho quang la: kieu na kn va
kieu h.
Kieu na kn c at trong vo kn cua CB va co lo thoat kh. Kieu nay
co dong ien gii han cat khong qua 50KA. Kieu h c dung khi gii han
dong ien cat ln hn 50KA hoac ien ap ln 1000V(cao ap).
Trong buong dap ho quang thong dung, ngi ta dung nhng tam thep
xep thanh li ngan, e phan chia ho quang thanh nhieu oan ngan thuan li
cho viec dap tat ho quang.
c.
C cau truyen ong cat CB
Truyen ong cat CB thng co hai cach : bang tay va bang c ien
(ien t, ong c ien).
ieu khien bang tay c thc hien vi cac CB co dong ien nh mc
khong ln hn 600A. ieu khien bang ien t (nam cham ien) c ng
dung cac CB co dong ien ln hn (en 1000A).
e tang lc ieu khien bang tay ngi ta dung mot tay dai phu theo
nguyen ly on bay. Ngoai ra con co cach ieu khien bang ong c ien hoac
kh nen.
d.
Moc bao ve
CB t ong cat nh cac phan t bao ve goi la moc bao ve, se tac
ong khi mach ien co s co qua dong ien (qua tai hay ngan mach) va
sut ap.
+ Moc bao ve qua dong ien (con goi la bao ve dong ien cc ai) e
bao ve thiet b ien khong b qua tai va ngan mach, ng thi gian dong
ien cua moc bao ve phai nam di ng ac tnh cua oi tng can bao
ve. Ngi ta thng dung he thong ien t va rle nhiet lam moc bao ve, at
ben trong CB.
Moc kieu ien t co cuon day mac noi tiep vi mach chnh, cuon day
nay c quan tiet dien ln chu dong tai va t vong. Khi dong ien vt qua
tr so cho phep th phan ng b hut va moc se dap vao khp ri t do, lam
tiep iem cua CB m ra. ieu chnh vt e thay oi lc khang cua lo xo, ta co
the ieu chnh c tr so dong ien tac ong. e gi thi gian trong bao ve
qua tai kieu ien t, ngi ta them mot c cau gi thi gian (v du banh xe
rang nh trong c cau ong ho).
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KHOA IEN
Moc kieu rle nhiet n gian hn ca, co ket cau tng t nh rle nhiet
co phan t phat nong au noi tiep vi mach ien chnh, tam kim loai kep dan
n lam nha khp ri t do e m tiep iem cua CB khi co qua tai. Kieu nay
co thieu sot la quan tnh nhiet ln nen khong ngat nhanh c dong ien tang
vot khi co ngan mach, do o ch bao ve c dong ien qua tai.
V vay ngi ta thng s dung tong hp ca moc kieu ien t va moc
kieu rle nhiet trong mot CB. Loai nay c dung CB co dong ien nh
mc en 600A.
+ Moc bao ve sut ap (con goi la bao ve ien ap thap) cung thng dung
kieu ien t. Cuon day mac song song vi mach ien chnh, cuon day nay
c quan t vong vi day tiet dien nho chu ien ap nguon .
2. Nguyen ly hoat ong:
S o nguyen ly cua CB dong ien cc ai va CB ien ap thap c
trnh bay tren hnh ben.
trang thai bnh thng sau khi ong ien, CB c gi trang thai
ong tiep iem nh moc 2 khp vi moc 3 cung mot cum vi tiep iem ong.
source
2
6
4
5
Cuon day
bao ve qua
dong
load
Bat CB trang thai ON, vi dong ien nh mc nam cham ien 5 va phan
ng 4 khong hut.
Khi mach ien qua tai hay ngan mach, lc hut ien t nam cham
ien 5 ln hn lc lo xo 6 lam cho nam cham ien 5 se hut phan ng 4 xuong
lam bat nha moc 3, moc 5 c tha t do, lo xo 1 c tha long, ket qua cac
tiep iem cua CB c m ra, mach ien b ngat.
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source
7
KHOA IEN
10
11
Cuon day
bao ve sut
ap
load
Bat CB trang thai ON, vi ien ap nh mc nam cham ien 11 va

phan ng 10 hut lai vi nhau.
Khi sut ap qua mc, nam cham ien 11 se nha phan ng 10, lo xo 9
keo moc 8 bat len, moc 7 tha t do, tha long, lo xo 1 c tha long, ket qua
cac tiep iem cua CB c m ra, mach ien b ngat.
3. Phan loai va cach la chon CB
Theo ket cau, ngi ta chia CB ra ba loai: mot cc, hai cc va ba cc.
Theo thi gian thao tac, ngi ta chia CB ra loai tac ong khong tc
thi va loai tac ong tc thi (nhanh).
Tuy theo cong dung bao ve, ngi ta chia CB ra cac loai: CB cc ai
theo dong ien, CB cc tieu theo ien ap, CB dong ien ngc v.v
Viec la chon CB, chu yeu da vao :
- Dong ien tnh toan i trong mach.
- Dong ien qua tai.
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KHOA IEN
- Khi CB thao tac phai co tnh chon loc.

Ngoai ra la chon CB con phai can c vao ac tnh lam viec cua phu
tai la CB khong c phep cat khi co qua tai ngan han thng xay ra trong
ieu kien lam viec bnh thng nh dong ien khi ong, dong ien nh
trong phu tai cong nghe.
Yeu cau chung la dong ien nh mc cua moc bao ve I CB khong c
be hn dong ien tnh toan Itt cua mach.
Tuy theo ac tnh va ieu kien lam viec cu the cua phu tai, ngi ta
hng dan la chon dong ien nh mc cua moc bao ve bang 125%, 150%
hay ln hn na so vi dong ien tnh toan mach.
Sau ay la mot so hnh anh cua CB hang Merlin Gerin
BB
BB
Trang thai ON
Trang thai CB tac ong co s
co
Trang thai OFF
Push to trip
(nhan vao e th
CB)
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KHOA IEN
CAU HOI PHAN A

1. Cho biet cong dung, cau tao, cac loai CB
2. Hay neu nguyen ly hoat ong cua cac loai CB
3. Cach chon CB
Bai tap 1: chon CB dung e ong cat cho mach gom cac thiet b sau :
10 bo en. Moi bo co cong suat sau : 40W; U dm =220V; Cos = 0.8
10 quat. Moi quat co cong suat 60W; U dm =220V; Cos = 0.9
Bai tap 2: Chon CB dung e ong cat cho ong c ba pha co thong so sau:
P dm =5HP; U dm = 380V; Cos dm =0.8; K mm = 3
Bai tap 3 : Chon CB e ong cat cho mach 2 ong c 3 pha co thong so
sau:
ong c 1 : P dm1 =5HP; U dm1 = 380 V; Cos dm1 = 0.8; K mm = 4
ong c 2 : P dm2 =7.5HP; U dm2 = 380V; Cos dm2 = 0.85; K mm2 = 5.
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KHOA IEN
B - CAU CH
I . KHAI NIEM VA YEU CAU.
Cau ch la mot loai kh cu ien dung e bao ve thiet b va li ien tranh
s co ngan mach, thng dung e bao ve cho ng day dan, may bien ap,
ong c ien, thiet b ien, mach ien ieu khien, mach ien thap sang.
Cau ch co ac iem la n gian, kch thc be, kha nang cat ln va gia
thanh ha nen c ng dung rong rai.
Cac tnh chat va yeu cau cua cau ch:
- Cau ch co ac tnh lam viec on nh, khong tac ong khi co dong ien m
may va dong ien nh mc lau dai i qua.
- ac tnh A-s cua cau ch phai thap hn ac tnh cua oi tng bao ve.
- Khi co s co ngan mach, cau ch tac ong phai co tnh chon loc.
- Viec thay the cau ch b chay phai de dang va ton t thi gian.
1. Cau tao:
Cau ch bao gom cac thanh phan sau :
+ Phan t ngat mach : ay chnh la thanh phan chnh cua cau ch, phan t
nay phai co kha nang cam nhan c gia tr hieu dung cua dong ien qua no.
Phan t nay co gia tr ien tr suat rat be ( thng bang bac , ong, hay cac vat
lieu dan co gia tr ien tr suat nho lan can vi cac gia tr neu tren ..). Hnh
dang cua phan t co the dang la mot day (tiet dien tron) , dang bang mong .
+ Than cua cau ch : thng bang thuy tinh, ceramic (s gom ) hay cac vat
lieu khac tng ng. Vat lieu tao thanh than cua cau ch phai am bao c
hai tnh chat :
- Co o ben c kh .
- Co o ben ve ieu kien dan nhiet , va chu ng c cac s thay oi
nhiet o ot ngot ma khong h hong.
+ Vat lieu lap ay ( bao boc quanh phan t ngat mach trong than cau ch )
: thng bang vat lieu silicat dang hat, no phai co kha nang hap thu c nang
lng sinh ra do ho quang va phai am bao tnh cach ien khi xay ra hien tng
ngat mach.
+ Cac au noi : Cac thanh phan nay dung nh v co nh cau ch tren cac
thiet b ong ngat mach ; ong thi phai am bao tnh tiep xuc ien tot.
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KHOA IEN
2. Nguyen ly hoat ong:

ac tnh c ban cua cau ch la s phu thuoc cua thi gian chay t vi dong
ien chay qua (ac tnh ampe giay). e co tac dung bao ve, ng ampe
giay cua cau ch tai moi iem phai thap hn ac tnh cua oi tng can bao ve.
+ oi vi dong ien nh mc cua cau ch : nang lng sinh ra do hieu ng
Joule khi co dong ien nh mc chay qua se toa ra moi trng va khong gay
nen s nong chay, s can bang nhiet se c thiet lap mot gia tr ma khong
gay s gia hoa hay pha hong bat c phan t nao cua cau ch.
+ oi vi dong ien ngan mach cua cau ch : s can bang tren cau ch b
pha huy, nhiet nang tren cau ch tang cao va dan en s pha huy cau ch.
Ngi ta phan thanh hai giai oan khi xay ra s pha huy cau ch :
Qua trnh tien ho quang (t p ).
Qua trnh sinh ra ho quang (t a )
BB
BB
BB
Dong
pho
ienng
oan
I
Dong ien
tieho
n
quang
BB
I
p
BB
BB
BB
BB
Dong
trong
ienqua
ho
trnh
quang
t 0 : thi iem bat au s

co.
t p : thi iem cham dt
giai
oan tien ho
quang.
t t : thi iem cham dt
qua trnh phat sinh ho
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
tt
(tp
(ta
Thi gian tien ho
Thi gian sinh ho
Thi gian toaquang
n bo qua
quang
trnh
Gian o thi gian cua qua trnh phat sinh ho quang.
Qua trnh tien ho quang : gia s tai thi iem t 0 phat sinh s qua dong,
trong khoang thi gian t p lam nong chay cau ch va phat sinh ra ho quang ien.
BB
BB
BB
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KHOA IEN
Khoang thi gian nay phu thuoc vao gia tr dong ien tao nen do s co va s
cam bien cua cau ch .
Qua trnh phat sinh ho quang : tai thi iem t p ho quang sinh ra cho en
thi iem t t mi dap tat toan bo ho quang. Trong suot qua trnh nay, nang lng
sinh ra do ho quang lam nong chay cac chat lam ay tai moi trng ho quang
sinh ra; ien ap hai au cau ch hoi phuc lai, mach ien c ngat ra.
BB
BB
BB
BB
3. Phan loai, ky hieu, cong dung:

Cau ch dung trong li ien ha the co nhieu hnh dang khac nhau, trong
s o nguyen ly ta thng ky hieu cho cau ch theo mot trong cac dang sau :
F1
.
FUSE
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KHOA IEN
Vo hop cha cau ch

( Loai 3 pha )
Cau ch
dang ong
Hop cha cau

ch ang v
the m , (cau
ch co kem
theo contact
ong m
mach).
PP
Hnh dang cua cau ch ong, va vo hop (Cau ch cua SIEMENS)
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KHOA IEN
Cau ch dang ON
Cau ch dang OFF
Cau ch v the
ang thay the
S o mo ta cau tao ben trong mot dang cau ch dung kem theo contact
ong (ON) m (OFF).
Cau tao ben trong mot dang cau ch dung kem theo contact ong (ON) m
(OFF). Dang cau ch trong hnh 3.2 va 3.3 khong thao tac lap at giong nhau.
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KHOA IEN
Hnh dang cua e dung lap at cau ch (dang xoay )

Cau ch co the c chia thanh hai dang c ban, tuy thuoc vao nhiem vu :
+ Cau ch loai g : cau ch dang nay co kha nang ngat mach, khi co s co
qua tai hay ngan mach xay ra tren phu tai.
+ Cau ch loai a : cau ch dang nay ch co kha nang bao ve duy nhat trang
thai ngan mach tren tai.
Muon phan biet nhiem vu lam viec cua cau ch, ta can can c vao ac
tuyen Ampe - giay (la ng bieu dien mo ta moi quan he gia dong ien qua
cau ch va thi gian ngat mach cua cau ch).
Goi I cc : gia tr dong ien ngan mach ( cc : court circuit Phap van)
I s : gia tr dong ien qua tai ( s : surchage Phap van).
Vi cau ch loai g : khi co dong I cc qua mach no phai ngat mach tc th,
va khi co dong I s qua mach cau ch khong ngat mach tc th ma duy tr mot
khoang thi gian mi ngat mach (thi gian ngat mach va gia tr dong I s t le
nghch vi nhau).
Vi cau ch loai a : no cho phep dong ien I s qua mach trong thi gian
dai, va khi co dong ngan mach I cc qua no, no khong ngat tc th ma duy tr mot
khoang thi gian mi ngat mach ( thi gian ngat mach va gia tr dong I cc t le
nghch vi nhau ).
BB
BB
BB
BB
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BB
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KHOA IEN
Do o neu quan sat hai ac tnh Ampe - giay cua hai loai cau ch a va g;
ta nhan thay ac tnh Ampe - giay cua cau ch loai a nam xa truc thi gian ( truc
tung ) va cao hn ac tnh Ampe - giay cua cau ch loai g.
t
cau ch loai g
Vung bao ve qua tai

cau ch loai a
iem qua tai

ac tnh Ampe
giay cua cau ch
qua tai
ac tnh Ampere
giay cua cau ch
iem ngan mach
iem ngan mach

Icc
Icc
I
In Is
In
ac tnh ampere giay cua cac loai cau ch .

4. Cac ac tnh ien cua cau ch:
ien ap nh mc la gia tr ien ap hieu dung xoay chieu xuat hien
hai au cau ch (khi cau ch ngat mach), tan so cua nguon ien trong pham vi
48Hz en 62Hz.
Dong ien nh mc la gia tr hieu dung cua dong ien xoay chieu ma
cau ch co the tai lien tuc thng xuyen ma khong lam thay oi ac tnh cua
no.
Dong ien cat cc tieu la gia tr nho nhat cua dong ien s co ma day
ch co kha nang ngat mach. Kha nang cat nh mc la gia tr cc ai cua dong
ien ngan mach ma cau ch co the cat.
Sau ay la cac v tr tren bieu o cua cac dong ien khac nhau:
Cac ac tnh cua

dong ien
Dong ien
s dung
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Cac ac tnh cua
cau ch
Dong ien
ngan mach
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Dong ien Dong ien Dong ien Kha nang
nh mc cat cc tieu cat gii han cat nh mc
Hnh anh thc te cua cau ch hang Merlin Gerin.
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KHOA IEN
KHOA IEN
TH DU : Mot lo nung dung ien 3 pha co cong suat 18KW can bao ve qua tai
va ngan mach bang cau ch. Nguon ien 3 pha cung cap la 230V/400V ; dong
ien ngan mach cho phep oi vi may bien ap nguon la 10KA (xem s o n
tuyen cua he thong).
3 day
F1
Lo
nung
1/ Chon theo bang sau cau ch F1 dung bao ve cac s co neu tren.
2/ Gan cac gia tr dong ien vao gian o dong ien.
GIAI
1./ Dong ien nh mc qua moi day dan en lo nung la :
I
P
U. 3
18.000
400. 3
25,98 26 A
Khi chon cau ch F1, can c vao gia tr dong ien nh mc, ien ap
nguon, chc nang bao ve, tnh chat phu tai .. kch thc vo hop cha cau ch.
Dong nh mc la 26A.
ien ap nguon (ien ap day) 400V.
Bao ve qua tai va ngan mach.
Phu tai thuan tr (lo nung).

Tra bang tieu chuan, ta chon loai cau ch sau cho F1:
Kch thc(Taille) (14 x51) , Code : gl 1432 ma so P 93393 ; dong nh
mc 32A
2./ ien cac gia tr dong ien vao bang
Cac ac tnh cua
dong ien
Dong ien
s dung
32A
Dong ien
ngan mach
1,6 x32A
=52A
26A
Cac ac tnh cua
cau ch
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
100KA
Dong ien
nh mc
Dong ien Dong ien Kha nang

cat cc tieu cat gii han cat nh mc
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KHOA IEN
CAU HOI PHAN B

1- Neu cong dung cua cau ch.
2- Cho biet cau tao cua cau ch gom cac thanh phan nao ?
3- Cau ch co may loai. Chc nang cua tng loai cau ch.
Bai tap 1 : Chon cau ch dung e bao ve cho mach gom cac thiet b sau :
10 bo en. Moi bo co cong xuat sau : 40W U m = 220V ; cos = 0.8
10 quat : Moi quat co cong suat 60W; U m =220V ; cos = 0.9
Bai tap 2 : Chon cau ch dung e bao ve cho ong c 3 pha co thong so sau :
P m =5HP; U m = 380V;Cos m = 0.8; K mm = 3
Bai tap 3: Chon cau ch e bao ve cho mach 2 ong c 3 pha co thong so sau:
ong c 1 : P m = 5HP; U m =380V; Cos m = 0.8; K mm = 4
ong c 2: P m = 7.5HP; U m =380V; Cos m = 0.85; K mm =5.
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
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BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
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BB
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BB
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BB
BB
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BB
KHOA IEN
C - THIET B CHONG DONG IEN RO

I . KHAI NIEM
C the ngi rat nhay cam vi dong ien, v du: dong ien nho hn 10mA
th ngi co cam giac kim cham; ln hn 10mA th cac c bap co quap; dong
ien en 30mA a en tnh trang co that, ngat th va chet ngi. Khi thiet b
ien b h hong ro ien, cham mat ma ngi s dung tiep xuc vao se nhan dong
ien i qua ngi xuong at ien ap nguon. Trong trng hp nay, CB va cau
ch khong the tac ong ngat nguon ien vi thiet b, gay nguy hiem cho ngi s
dung.
Neu trong mach ien co s dung thiet b chong dong ien ro th ngi s
dung se tranh c tai nan do thiet b nay ngat nguon ien ngay khi dong ien
ro xuat hien.
Thiet b chong dong ien ro co mot so thng hieu:
Nc che
tao
Anh
Phap
Nhat Ban
Australia
Malaysia
Thng hieu
Ky hieu
MEM
HAGER
MERLIN
GERIN
FUJI
KASUGA
TEMPEARL
CLIPSAL
LKE
RCD
Ten ay u cua ky hieu

Residual Circuit Devides
RCBO
Residual Circuit Breakers Over
ELCB
Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers
RCD
RCCB
Residual Circuit Devides

Residual Current Circuit Breakers

1. Cau tao:
Thiet b chong dong ien ro hoat ong tren nguyen ly bao ve so lech,
c thc hien tren c s can bang gia tong dong ien vao va tong dong ien
i ra thiet b tieu thu ien.
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KHOA IEN
Khi thiet b tieu thu ien b ro ien, mot phan cua dong ien c re
nhanh xuong at, o la dong ien ro. Khi o dong ien ve theo ng day trung
tnh rat nho va rle so lech se do tm s mat can bang nay va ieu khien cat
mach ien nh thiet b bao ve so lech.
Thiet b bao ve so lech gom hai phan t chnh:
- Mach ien t dang hnh xuyen ma tren o c quan cac cuon day cua
phan cong suat (day co tiet dien ln), chu dong cung cap cho thiet b tieu thu
ien.
- Rle m mach cung cap c ieu khien bi cuon day o lng (day co
tiet dien be) cung c at tren hnh xuyen nay, no tac ong ngat cac cc.
a) oi vi he thong ien mot pha:
L N
1
Test
Chu thch:
I1 : dong ien i vao thiet b tieu thu
ien.
I2 : dong ien i t thiet b tieu thu
ien ra.
Isc : dong ien s co.
In : dong ien i qua c the ngi.
1: thiet b o lng s can bang.
2: c cau nha.
3: loi t hnh vanh xuyen.
RTes
3
I2
I1
Isc
PE
4
In
RG
Groun
d
Trng hp thiet b ien khong co s co: I 1 I 2
Trng hp s co :
I 1 I 2 I sc
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KHOA IEN
do o xuat hien mat s can bang trong hnh xuyen t, dan en

cam ng mot dong ien trong cuon day do tm, a en tac ong rle va ket qua
lam m mach ien.
b) oi vi he thong ien ba pha:
I1 I 2
L1 L2 L3 N
Chu thch:
I1 : dong ien i qua pha 1.
Io : dong ien i qua day trung tnh.
1: c cau nha.
2: loi t hnh vanh xuyen.
I1
I2
I3
I0
Trng hp thiet b ien khong co s co: I 1 I 2 I 3 I o 0 T

thong tong trong mach t hnh xuyen bang 0, do o se khong co dong ien cam
ng trong cuon day do tm.
I I I I 0
2
3
o
Trng hp thiet b ien khong co s co: 1
T thong tong trong mach t hnh xuyen khong bang 0, do o se co dong ien
cam ng trong cuon day do tm, vay cuon day do tm se tac ong m cac cc
ien.
c) Phan loai RCD theo cc cua he thong ien.
L1 L2 L3 N
RCD 4t Kh Cu ien
Ly Thuye
cc
L1 L2 L3
RCD 3
cc
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RCD 2
cc
KHOA IEN
RCD tac ong tc thi va RCD tac ong co thi gian tre.
III . S TAC ONG CUA THIET B CHONG DONG IEN RO.
1. S tac ong tin cay cua RCD.
- RCD tac ong nhay va tin cay.
- Dong ien tac ong ro thc te luon thap hn dong tac ong ro danh nh
( ghi tren nhan hieu cua RCD) khoang (25 40)% khi dong ien ro xuat hien
tang dan hay ot ngot.
- Thi gian tac ong thc te eu nho hn thi gian tac ong c nha san
xuat quy nh (ghi tren nhan hieu) khoang (20 80)%. Thong thng thi gian
tac ong cat mach c ghi tren nhan hieu cua RCD la 0,1s va thi gian tac
ong cat mach thc te nam trong khoang (0,02 0,008)s.
2. S tac ong co tnh chon loc cua RCD bao ve he thong ien s o ien.
- Khi xuat hien dong ien ro u ln oan ng day ien hoac phu tai,
RCD c lap at gan nhat se tac ong cat mach, tach oan day hoac phu tai b
ro ien ra khoi he theng cung cap ien. Nh vay am bao tnh chon loc, viec
cung cap ien khong anh hng en phan con lai.
- Neu RCD lap at khong ung yeu cau ky thuat th RCD o se khong
tac ong cat mach khi xuat hien dong ien ro phan ng day hay phu tai
tng ng vi chung, hoac tac ong khong ung yeu cau a e ra.
a) Kha nang chon loc tong hp.
Kha nang chon loc tong hp la nham loai tr duy nhat thiet b co s co.
e at c kha nang nay phai thoa hai ieu kien:
- Dong ien so lech d nh mc cua RCD pha tren phai co gia tr ln
hn dong ien so lech d nh mc cua RCD pha di.
- Thi gian toi thieu khong lam viec cua RCD pha tren phai co gia tr
ln hn thi gian toi thieu khong lam viec cua RCD pha di.
V du:
In'=300mA, tn' =400ms
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
In'=30mA, tn'
=100ms
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KHOA IEN
KHOA IEN
b) Kha nang chon loc tng phan.

Tnh chon loc c goi la tng phan v no khong tiep nhan oi vi mot so
gia tr dong ien s co. Tnh chon loc c thoa man khi cac he qua cua mot so
s co co the keo theo ngat ien tng phan hay ngat ien toan bo he thong cung
cap ien. sau ay la v du ve tnh chon loc tng phan:
In'=1A, tn' =200ms
In'=100mA, tn' =50ms

2
In'=30mA
In'=30mA
In'=30mA
In'=300mA, tn'
=50ms
In'=100m
A
He thong cung cap ien cong nghiep vi kha nang chon loc tong ba
mc cham (tre) mc 1: cham 200ms; mc 2: cham 50ms; mc 3: khong co thi
gian tre. Hnh anh thc te cua thiet b chong dong ro hang Merlin Gerin.
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KHOA IEN
KHOA IEN
CHNG 3:
KH CU IEN IEU KHIEN BANG TAY
I . CAU DAO
1. Khai quat va cong dung:
Cau dao la mot kh cu ien dung e ong cat mach ien bang tay, c s
dung trong cac mach ien co nguon di 500V,dong ien nh mc co the len
ti vai KA.
Khi thao tac ong ngat mach ien, can am bao an toan cho thiet b dung
ien. Ben canh, can co bien phap dap tat ho quang ien, toc o di chuyen li
dao cang nhanh th ho quang keo dai nhanh, thi gian dap tat ho quang cang
ngan. V vay khi ong ngat mach ien, cau dao can phai thc hien mot cach dt
khoat.
Thong thng, cau dao c bo tr i cung vi cau ch e bao ve ngan
mach cho mach ien.
2. Cau tao, nguyen ly hoat ong va phan loai :
a. Cau tao:
Phan chnh cua cau dao la li dao va he thong kep li, c lam bang
hp kim cua ong, ngoai ra bo phan noi day cung lam bang hop kim ong.
2
Cau dao co:

1. Li dao chnh.
2. Tiep xuc tnh (ngam)
(he thong kep).
b. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua cau dao cat nhanh:

Khi thao tac tren cau dao, nh vao li dao va he thong kep li, mach
ien c ong ngat. Trong qua trnh ngat mach, cau dao thng xay ra ho
quang ien tai au li dao va iem tiep xuc tren he thong kep li. Ngi s
dung can phai keo li dao ra khoi kep nhanh e dap tat ho quang.
Do toc o keo bang tay khong the nhanh c nen ngi ta lam them li
dao phu. Luc dan ien th li dao phu cung li dao chnh c kep trong
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KHOA IEN
ngam. Khi ngat ien, tay keo li dao chnh ra trc con li dao phu van kep
trong ngam. Lo xo lien ket gia hai li dao c keo cang ra va ti mot mc
nao o se bat nhanh keo li dao phu ra khoi ngam mot cach nhanh chong. Do
o, ho quang c keo dai nhanh va ho quang b dap tat trong thi gian ngan.
2
3
Cau dao co cau dao
phu:
1. Li dao chnh.
2. Tiep xuc tnh (ngam).
3. Li dao phu.
4. Lo xo bat nhanh.
4
1
c. Phan loai:
Phan loai cau dao da vao cac yeu to sau:
- Theo ket cau: cau dao c chia lam loai mot cc, hai cc, ba cc hoac
bon cc.
- Cau dao co tay nam gia hoac tay ben. Ngoai ra con co cau dao
mot nga, hai nga c dung e ao nguon cung cap cho mach va ao chieu
quay ong c.
- Theo ien ap nh mc : 250V, 500V.
- Theo dong ien nh mc: dong ien nh mc cua cau dao c cho
trc bi nha san xuat (thng la cac loai 10A, 15A, 20A, 25A, 30A, 60A, 75A,
100A, 150A, 200A, 350A, 600A, 1000A).
- Theo vat lieu cach ien: co loai e s, e nh, e a.
- Theo ieu kien bao ve: loai co nap va khong co nap (loai khong co nap
c at trong hop hay tu ieu khien).
- Theo yeu cau s dung: loai cau dao co cau ch bao ve ngan mach hoac
khong co cau ch bao ve.
Ky hieu cau dao khong co cau ch bao ve:
mot tcKh
c Cu ie
hain cc
Ly Thuye
ba cc
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bon cc
KHOA IEN
Ky hieu cau dao co cau ch bao ve:
mot cc
hai cc
ba cc
bon cc
d. Cac thong so nh mc cua cau dao:

Chon cau dao theo dong ien nh mc va ien ap nh mc:
Goi I tt la dong ien tnh toan cua mach ien.
U nguon la ien ap nguon cua li ien s dung.
I m cau dao I tt
U m cau dao U nguon
II. CONG TAC
Cong tac la kh cu ien dung e ong ngat mach ien co cong suat
nho va co dong ien nh mc nho hn 6A. Cong tac thng co hop bao ve e
tranh s phong ien khi ong m. ien ap cua cong tac nho hn hay bang
500V.
Cong tac hop lam viec chac chan hn cau dao, dap tat ho quang nhanh
hn v thao tac ngat nhanh va dt khoat hn cau dao.
Mot so cong tac thng gap:
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
Tiep iem thng

h
Tiep iem thng
ong
Cong tac hanh trnh
BB
BB
Cong tac ba pha
2. Phan loai va cau tao:

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Cong tac ba pha hai nga
KHOA IEN
a. Cau tao
Cau tao cua cong tac: phan chnh la tiep iem ong m c gan tren e
nha va co lo xo e thao tac chnh xac.
b. Phan loai :
- Phan loai theo cong dung lam viec, co cac loai cong tac sau:
+ Cong tac ong ngat trc tiep.
+ Cong tac chuyen mach (cong tac xoay, cong tac ao, cong tac van
nang), dung e ong ngat chuyen oi mach ien, oi noi sao tam giac cho ong
c.
+ Cong tac hanh trnh va cuoi hanh trnh, loai cong tac nay c ap
dung trong cac may cat got kim loai e ieu khien t ong hoa hanh trnh lam
viec cua mach ien.
3. Cac thong so nh mc cua cong tac:
U m : ien ap nh mc cua cong tac.
I m : dong ien nh mc cua cong tac.
Tr so ien ap nh mc cua cong tac thng co gia tr 500V.
Tri so dong ien nh mc cua cong tac thng co gia tr 6A.
Ngoai ra con co cac thong so trong viec th cong tac nh o be c kh, o
cach ien, o phong ien
4. Cac yeu cau th cua cong tac:
Viec kiem tra chat lng cong tac phai th cac bc sau:
Th xuyen thung: at ien ap 1500V trong thi gian mot phut cac
iem can cach ien gia chung.
Th cach ien: o ien tr cach ien < 2M.
Th phat nong.
Th cong suat cat.
Th o ben c kh.
Th nhiet o oi vi cac chi tiet cach ien: cac chi tiet cach ien phai
chu ng 100 o C trong thi gian hai gi ma khong b bien dang hoac sui
nham.
III. NUT NHAN
Nut nhan cong goi la nut ieu khien la mot loai kh cu ien dung e ong
ngat t xa cac thiet b ien t khac nhau; cac dung cu bao hieu va cung e
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KHOA IEN
chuyen oi cac mach ien ieu khien, tn hieu lien ong bao ve mach ien
mot chieu ien ap en 440V va mach ien xoay chieu ien ap 500V, tan so
50HZ; 60HZ, nut nhan thong dung e khi ong, ao chieu quay ong c ien
bang cach ong va ngat cac cuon day cua contactor noi cho ong c.
Nut nhan thng c at tren bang ieu khien, tu ien, tren hop nut
nhan. Nut nhan thng c nghien cu, che tao lam viec trong moi trng
khong am t, khong co hi hoa chat va bui ban.
Nut nhan co the ben ti 1.000.000 lan ong khong tai va 200.000 lan
ong ngat co tai. Khi thao tac nhan nut can phai dt khoat e m hoac ong
mach ien.
2. Phan loai va cau tao:
a. Cau tao:
Nut nhan gom he thong lo xo, he thong cac tiep iem thng h thng
ong va vo bao ve.
Khi tac ong vao nut nhan, cac tiep iem chuyen trang thai; khi khong
con tac ong, cac tiep iem tr ve trang thai ban au.
b. Phan loai:
Nut nhan c phan loai theo cac yeu to sau:
- Phan loai theo chc nang trang thai hoat ong cua nut nhan, co cac
loai:
+ Nut nhan n:
Moi nut nhan ch co mot trang thai (ON hoac OFF)
Ky hieu:
ON
hoac ON
OFF
hoac OFF
Tiep iem thng h

Tiep iem thng ong
+ Nut nhan kep:
Moi nut nhan co hai trang thai (ON va OFF)
Ky hieu:
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Tiep iem thng h

lien ket
Tiep iem thng ong
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KHOA IEN
Trong thc te, e de dang s dung vao thao rap lap lan trong qua trnh
sa cha, thng ngi ta dung nut nhan kep, ta co the dung no nh la dang
nut nhan ON hay OFF.
- Phan loai theo hnh dang ben ngoai, ngi ta chia nut nhan ra thanh 4
loai:
+ Loai h.
+ Loai bao ve.
+ Loai bao ve chong nc va chong bui.
Nut an kieu bao ve chong nc c at trong mot hop kn kht e tranh
nc lot vao.
Nut an kieu bao ve chong bui nc c at trong mot vo cacbon ut kn
kht e chong am va bui lot vao.
+ Loai bao ve khoi no.
Nut an kieu chong no dung trong cac ham lo, mo than hoac ni co cac
kh no lan trong khong kh. Cau tao cua no ac biet kn kht khong loat c tia
la ra ngoai va ac biet vng chac e khong b pha v khi no.
- Theo yeu cau ieu khien ngi ta chia nut an ra 3 loai: mot nut, hai nut,
ba nut.
- Theo ket cau ben trong:
+ Nut an loai co en bao.
+ Nut an loai khong co en bao.
3. Cac thong so ky thuat cua nut nhan:
U m : ien ap nh mc cua nut nhan.
I m : dong ien nh mc cua nut nhan.
Tr so ien ap nh mc cua nut nhan thng co gia tr 500V.
Tr so dong ien nh mc cua nut nhan thng co gia tr 5A.
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Hnh dang cua mot so dang nut nhan:
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KHOA IEN
IV. PHCH CAM VA O CAM IEN

O cam va phch cam c dung cap ien, noi chuyen tiep trong sinh hoat
hang ngay.
Thong thng, o cam va phch cam c che tao ien ap 250V, dong
ien nh mc 10A, nen day noi ien la:
+ oi vi phch cam: toi thieu 0,75mm 2 , toi a 1mm 2 .
+ oi vi o cam: toi thieu 1mm 2 , toi a 2,5mm 2 .
V. IEN TR BIEN TR
1. Khai quat cong dung:
ien tr dung e thay oi cac gia tr trong mach ien e cac gia tr o
phu hp vi ieu kien van hanh hay che o lam viec cua cac ong c ien.
PP
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PP
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KHOA IEN
Bien tr la ien tr nhng co the thay oi c gia tr cua no nh cac can

gat hoac num van. Co cac loai ien tr thong dung: ien tr m may va ien tr
ieu chnh, ien tr ham, ien tr phong ien
+ ien tr m may la ien tr c s dung khi m may ong c nham
han che dong ien khi ong cho cac ong c co cong suat trung bnh va ln
(phng phap m may gian tiep) nham tranh sut ap tren li ien va bao ve
ong c phat nong qua nhiet o cho phep khi co dong khi ong ln (P10KW).
+ ien tr ieu chnh: e ieu chnh dong ien trong mach kch thch hay
mach phan ng cua ong c ien mot chieu nham thay oi toc o quay cua no.
+ ien tr ham nham giam dong ien khi ham ong c.
+ ien tr phong ien e giam ien ap khi co s bien thien ot ngot
nham giam s phong ien xay ra trong qua trnh bien thien nay.
2. Cau tao:
Bien tr c cau tao bang cac day Kim loai Al, Zn, hp kim ong,
thng c quan tren cac loi t (hnh tru tron hnh xuyen).
Bien tr cung co the la thanh kim loai c a ra cac au day theo cac
gia tri nh trc. Bien tr n co the ghep thanh bien tr oi.
Cac gia tr ln nhat va nho nhat c ghi ro tren bien tr.
CAU HOI CHNG 3

1) Cau dao: neu cong dung, cach phan loai, ky hieu, nguyen tac hoat ong,
cach la chon.
2) Cong tac: cong dung, cau tao, cach la chon.
3) Nut nhan: neu cong dung, phan loai, ky hieu, cach la chon.
4) ien tr, bien tr: cong dung, phan loai, cau tao ien tr, bien tr.
5) Bai tap 1: chon cau dao dung e ong cat cho mach gom cac thiet b sau:
10bo en, moi bo co cong suat sau: 40W; U m =220V;cos =0.8.
10 quat, moi quat co cong suat 60W; U m =220V; cos = 0.9.
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KHOA IEN
6) Bai tap 2: Chon cau dao dung e ong cat cho ong c 3 pha co thong so
sau: P m = 5HP; U m = 380V; cos m = 0.8; K mm = 3.
7) Bai tap 2: Chon cau dao dung e ong cat cho ong c 1 pha co thong so
sau: P m = 5HP; U m = 220V; cos m = 0.8; K mm = 5.
8) Bai tap 3: chon cau dao e ong cat cho mach ien 2 ong c 3 pha co
thong so sau:
ong c 1: P m = 5HP; U m = 380V; cos m = 0.8; K mm = 4.
ong c 2: P m = 7.5HP; U m = 380V; cos m = 0.85; K mm = 5.
BB
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KHOA IEN
CHNG 4 :
KH CU IEN IEU KHIEN MACH IEN
A CONTACTOR
I . KHAI NIEM.
Contactor la mot loai kh cu ien dung e ong ngat cac tiep iem, tao
lien lac trong mach ien bang nut nhan. Nh vay khi s dung contactor ta co the
ieu khien mach ien t xa co phu tai vi ien ap en 500V va dong la 600A
(v tr ieu khien, trang thai hoat ong cua contactor rat xa v tr cac tiep iem
ong ngat mach ien).
Phan loai contactor tuy theo cac ac iem sau:
+ Theo nguyen ly truyen ong: ta co contactor kieu ien t (truyen ien
bang lc hut ien t), kieu hi ep, kieu thuy lc. Thong thng s dung
contactor kieu ien t.
+ Theo dang dong ien: contactor mot chieu va contactor xoay chieu
(contactor 1 pha va 3 pha).
1. Cau tao:
Contactor c cau tao gom cac thanh phan : c cau ien t (nam cham
ien), he thong dap ho quang, he thong tiep iem (tiep iem chnh va phu).
a. Nam cham ien:
Nam cham ien gom co 4 thanh phan:
+ Cuon day dung tao ra lc hut nam cham.
+ Loi sat (hay mach t) cua nam cham gom hai phan: phan co nh, va
phan nap di ong. Loi thep nam cham co the co dang EE, EI hay dang CI.
+ Lo xo phan lc co tac dung ay phan nap di ong tr ve v tr ban au
khi ngng cung cap ien vao cuon day.
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Trang thai nam cham cha

hut
KHOA IEN
Trang thai nam cham tao lc

hut
b. He thong dap ho quang ien:

Khi contactor chuyen mach, ho quang ien se xuat hien lam cac tiep
iem b chay, mon dan. V vay can co he thong dap ho quang gom nhieu vach
ngan lam bang kim loai at canh ben hai tiep iem tiep xuc nhau, nhat la cac
tiep iem chnh cua contactor.
c. He thong tiep iem cua contactor:
He thong tiep iem lien he vi phan loi t di ong qua bo phan lien ong
ve c. Tuy theo kha nang tai dan qua cac tiep iem, ta co the chia cac tiep
iem cua contactor thanh hai loai:
- Tiep iem chnh: co kha nang cho dong ien ln i qua (t 10A en vai
nghn A, th du khoang 1600A hay 2250A). Tiep iem chnh la tiep iem thng
h ong lai khi cap nguon vao mach t cua contactor lam mach t contactor
hut lai.
- Tiep iem phu: co kha nang cho dong ien i qua cac tiep iem nho hn
5A. Tiep iem phu co hai trang thai: thng ong va thng h,
Tiep iem thng ong la loai tiep iem trang thai ong (co lien lac vi
nhau gia hai tiep iem) khi cuon day nam cham trong contactor trang thai
ngh (khong c cung cap ien). Tiep iem nay h ra khi contactor trang thai
hoat ong. Ngc lai la tiep iem thng h.
Nh vay, he thong tiep iem chnh thng c lap trong mach ien ong
lc, con cac tiep iem phu se lap trong he thong mach ieu khien (dung ieu
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KHOA IEN
khien viec cung cap ien en cac cuon day nam cham cua cac contactor theo
quy trnh nh trc).
Theo mot so ket cau thong thng cua contactor, cac tiep iem phu co the
c lien ket co nh ve so lng trong moi bo cotactor; tuy nhien cung co mot
vai nha san xuat ch bo tr co nh so tiep iem chnh tren moi contactor; con cac
tiep iem phu c che tao thanh nhng khoi ri rieng le. Khi can s dung ta chi
ghep them vao tren contactor, so lng tiep iem phu trong trng hp nay co
the bo tr tuy y.
2. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua contactor:
Contactor xoay chieu
Tiep iem
Tay on
Cuon day
Nap
Thep
Loi thep
Contactor mot chieu

Tiep iem
Nap
thep
Cuon day hut

Loi
thep
Khi cap nguon ien bang gia tr ien ap nh mc cua contactor vao hai
au cua cuon day quan tren phan loi t co nh th lc t tao ra hut phan loi t
di ong hnh thanh mach t kn (lc t ln hn phan lc cua lo xo), contactor
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KHOA IEN
trang thai hoat ong. Luc nay nh vao bo phan lien ong ve c gia loi t di
ong va he thong tiep iem lam cho tiep iem chnh ong lai, tiep iem phu
chuyen oi trang thai (thng ong se m ra, thng h se ong lai) va duy tr
trang thai nay. Khi ngng cap nguon cho cuon day th contactor trang thai
ngh, cac tiep iem tr ve trang thai ban au.
Cac ky hieu dung bieu dien cho cuon day (nam cham ien) trong
contactor va cac loai tiep iem.
Ta co nhieu tieu chuan cua cac quoc gia khac nhau, dung bieu dien cho
cuon day va tiep iem cua contactor; e de phan biet ta co the tom tat trong
bang ky hieu nh sau:
KY HIEU THEO TIEU CHUAN
AI
LNG
CHAU AU
Mach
ieu
khien
Mach
ong lc
MY
Mach
ieu
khien
CUON
DAY
(NAM
CHAM
IEN)
TIEP
IEM
THNG
ONG
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Mach
ong lc
LIEN XO
Mach
ieu
khien
Mach
ong lc
KHOA IEN
TIEP
IEM
THNG
H
Chu y:
Trong mot s o mach s dung nhieu contactor, muon phan biet cac cuon
day va tiep iem cua contactor, ta thc hien qui c nh sau:
- Ghi ky hieu, hay ma so cho cuon day cua contactor (th du M, R, S)
- Cac tiep iem thuoc ve contactor nao th mang cung ma so cuon day
contactor o. Vi ky hieu cuon day cua MY, ta ghi ma so cuon day ngay tam
vong tron ky hieu cua cuon day, vi cac ky hieu khac, ta ghi lien ngay canh ky
hieu.
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KHOA IEN
III . CAC THONG SO C BAN CUA CONTACTOR.

1. ien ap nh mc:
ien ap nh mc cua contactor Um la ien ap cua mach ien tng ng
ma tiep iem chnh phai ong ngat, chnh la ien ap at vao hai au cuon day
cua nam cham ien sao cho mach t hut lai.
Cuon day hut co the lam viec bnh thng ien ap trong gii han (85105)% ien ap nh mc cua cuon day. Thong so nay c ghi tren nhan at
hai au cuon day contactor, co cac cap ien ap nh mc: 110V, 220V, 440V
mot chieu va 127V, 220V, 380V, 500V xoay chieu.
2. Dong ien nh mc:
Dong ien nh mc cua contactor Im la dong ien nh mc i qua tiep
iem chnh trong che o lam viec lau dai, thi gian contactor trang thai ong
khong qua 8 gi.
Dong ien nh mc cua contactor ha ap thong dung co cac cap la: 10A,
20A, 25A, 40A, 60A, 75A, 100A, 150A, 250A, 300A, 600A. Neu contactor at
trong tu ien th dong ien nh mc phai lay thap hn 10% v lam kem mat,
dong ien cho phep qua contactor con phai lay thap hn na trong che o lam
viec dai han.
3. Kha nang cat va kha nang ong:
Kha nang cat cua contactor ien xoay chieu at boi so en 10 lan dong
ien nh mc vi phu tai ien cam.
Kha nang ong: contactor ien xoay chieu dung e khi ong ong c
.
ien can phai co kha nang ong t 4 en 7 lan I m
4. Tuoi tho cua contactor:
Tuoi tho cua contactor c tnh bang so lan ong m, sau so lan ong
m ay th contactor se b hong va khong dung c.
5. Tan so thao tac:
La so lan ong cat contactor trong mot gi. Co cac cap: 30, 100, 120, 150,
300, 600, 1200, 1500 lan / h.
6. Tnh on nh lc ien ong:
Tiep iem chnh cua contactor cho phep mot dong ien ln i qua
(khoang 10 lan dong ien nh mc) ma lc ien ong khong lam tach ri tiep
iem th contactor co tnh on nh lc ien ong.
BB
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BB
KHOA IEN
7. Tnh on nh nhiet:
Contactor co tnh on nh nhiet ngha la khi co dong ien ngan mach chay
qua trong mot khoang thi gian cho phep, cac tiep iem khong b nong chay va
han dnh lai.
Sau ay la mot so hnh anh cu the cua contactor.
Contactor DONGA
TIEP IEM PHU
AU RA CUA CUON DAY
TIEP IEM CHNH
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.
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
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KHOA IEN
Contactor cua hang Merlin gerin
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KHOA IEN
KHOA IEN
IV . CAC CHE O S DUNG CONTACTOR (THEO TIEU CHUAN CUA

PHAP VA TAY AU)
Tuy theo gia tr dong ien ma contactor phai lam viec trong luc bnh
thng hay khi cat ma ngi ta dung cac c khac nhau, ben canh o phu thuoc
vao loai ho tieu thu, ieu kien ong m, qua trnh khi ong nang nhe, ao
chieu, ham. Sau ay la cac loai che o s dung cua contactor.
1. Cac contactor s dung ien xoay chieu: ky hieu AC1; AC2; AC3; AC4.
Theo tieu chuan IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) thiet ke
hay la chon contactor theo che o lam viec, ta chu y en cac ky hieu AC ghi
tren contactor. Y ngha cua cac ky hieu va pham vi s dung contactor c trnh
bay tom tat nh sau:
a. Ky hieu AC1:
Qui nh gia tr dong ien nh mc qua cac tiep iem chnh cua
contactor, khi contactor c chon la e ong ngat cho nhng thiet b, kh cu
ien, cac loai phu tai xoay chieu co he so cong suat t nhat phai bang 0,95 (cos
0,95).
V du dung cho nhng ien tr dang si am, li phan pho co he so
cong suat ln hn 0,95.
b. Ky hieu AC2:
Contactor khi c chon la theo trang thai nay, dung e khi ong phanh
nhap nha (plugging), phanh ngc (reverse current braking) cho ong c khong
ong bo rotor day quan.
Khi cac tiep iem contactor ong kn mach, hnh thanh dong ien khi
ong, gia tr dong ien nay bang khoang 2,5 lan dong ien nh mc cua ong
c. Khi cac tiep iem contactor h mach, ngat dong ien khi ong cua ong c,
ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem khong ln hn ien ap nh mc
cua nguon ien cung cap.
V du nh: ong c may in, nang hang
c. Ky hieu AC3:
Contactor khi c chon la theo trang thai nay, dung e ong ngat ong
c khong ong bo rotor long soc trong suot cac qua trnh van hanh thong thng.
Khi cac tiep iem contactor ong kn mach, hnh thannh dong ien khi
ong, co gia tr bang khoang 5 en 7 lan gia tr dong ien nh mc cua ong
c. Khi cac tiep iem contactor h mach, ngat dong ien nh mc cua ong c,
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KHOA IEN
luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem ch ln khoang 20% ien ap
nh mc cua nguon ien cung cap.
V du nh: cac ong c long soc thong dung: ong c thang may, bang
chuyen, can cau, may nen, may ieu hoa nhiet o
d. Ky hieu AC 4:
Contactor khi c chon la theo trang thai nay dung e khi ong, phanh
nhap nha, phanh ngcong c khong ong bo rotor long soc.
Khi cac tiep iem contactor ong kn mach, tai dong ien nh, co gia tr
bang khoang 5 en 7 lan gia tr dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Khi cac tiep
iem contactor h mach, ngat dong ien tai gia tri ln tng t nh neu tren, luc
o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem ln bang mc ien ap nh mc
cua nguon ien cung cap.
Loai nay c s dung cho cac ong c khong ong bo rotor long soc
trong may in, may nang hang, trong cong nghiep luyen kim
Ta co gian o thi gian mo ta cac che o hoat ong AC1, AC2, AC3 va
AC4 cua contactor trong hnh ve 5.3
I
I
Ik
Thi iem
ngat mach
Im
I
Ik
Thi iem
ngat mach
Im
Thi iem
ngat mach
Im
Chu ky khi ong
Che o
Che o AC2
AC1
AC4
Im la dong ien nh mc cua ong c.
Ik la dong ien khi ong cua ong c.
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Chu ky khi ong
Che o
AC3
KHOA IEN
2. Cac contactor s dung ien mot chieu: DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4, DC5.
Theo tieu chuan IEC, s dung cac contactor e ong ngat cac phu tai mot
chieu (DC load) c phan thanh 5 che o hoat ong (contactor dung trong
trng hp nay la contactor mot chieu, ien ap cung cap vao cuon day contactor
la loai ien ap mot chieu).
a. Ky hieu DC1:
Cac contactor mang ky hieu DC1 dung ong cat cho tat ca cac phu tai mot
chieu (DC load) co thi hang (T = L/R) nho hn hay bang 1ms.
DC1 c s dung cho cac ho tieu thu, phu tai khong co tnh cam ng
hoac tnh cam ng be, cac lo ien tr.
b. Ky hieu DC2:
Cac contactor mang ky hieu DC2 c s dung e ong ngat mach ong
c mot chieu kch t song song. Hang so thi gian cua mach tai khoang 7,5 ms.
Khi cac tiep iem ong kn mach hnh thanh dong ien khi ong, dong
ien nay co gia tr khoang 2,5 lan dong ien nh mc cua ong c.
Khi tiep iem cua contactor ngat mach, cat dong ien nh mc ong c;
luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem la ham so phu thuoc theo
sc phan ien cua phan ng ong c, s ngat mach xay ra nhe nhang.
c. Ky hieu DC3:
Cac contactor mang ky hieu nay c s dung trong cac trng hp khi
ong, phanh nhap nha, hay phanh ngc cac ong c mot chieu kch t song
song. Thi hang cua mach tai nho hn 2 ms.
Khi cac tiep iem ong kn mach hnh thanh dong ien khi ong, dong
ien co gia tr khoang 2,5 lan dong ien nh mc cua ong c.
Khi cac tiep iem cua contactor ngat mach, cat dong ien co gia tr
khoang 2,5 lan gia tr dong ien nh mc qua mach cua ong c, luc o ien ap
xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem co the ln hn ien ap nguon cung cap.
ien ap xuat hien ln khi toc o quay cua ong c thap, sc phan ien cua phan
ng co gia tr thap, s ngat mach xay ra nang ne thc hien kho khan.
d. Ky hieu DC4:
Cac contactor mang ky hieu nay c s dung ong ngat mach phu tai la
ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep. Thi hang cua mach phu tai khoang 10ms.
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KHOA IEN
Khi cac tiep iem ong kn mach hnh thanh dong ien khi ong dong
ien nay co gia tr khoang 2,5 lan dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Khi cac tiep
iem cua contactor ngat mach, cat dong ien co gia tr khoang 1/3 lan gia tr
dong ien nh mc qua mach cua ong c; luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai
cc cua tiep iem khoang 20% ien ap nguon cung cap.
Trong pham vi ng dung nay so lan ong cat trong mot gi co the gia
tang. S ngat mach xay ra nhe nhang.
e. Ky hieu DC5:
Cac contactor mang ky hieu nay c s dung khi ong, phanh ngc,
ao chieu quay ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep. Thi hang cua mach phu tai
nho hn hay bang 7,5 ms.
Khi cac tiep iem ong kn mach hnh thanh dong ien nh co gia tr 2,5
lan dong ien nh mc cua ong c.
Khi cac tiep iem cua contactor ngat mach, cat dong ien co gia tr ln
khoang gia tr dong ien nh neu tren; luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc
cua tiep iem ln bang mc ien ap nguon cung cap. S ngat mach xay ra kho
khan.
AC TNH CUA CONTACTOR KHI S DUNG THEO CAC CHE O
TRONG MACH XOAY CHIEU AC:
Van hanh bnh thng
Van hanh ac biet
ong mach
Ngat mach
ong mach
Ngat mach
LOAI
TAI
Che
o
Tai thuan
tr (khong AC1
tnh cam)
ong c
rotor day AC2
quan
ong c
rotor long AC3
soc
I
IE
BB
BB
U
cos
U
BB
I
IE
BB
BB
U
UE
BB
BB
cos
I
IE
BB
U
BB
BB
UE
BB
0.95
2.5
0.65 2.5
0.35
0.95
1.5
0.65
0.17 0.35
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cos
I
IE
BB
BB
U
UE
BB
BB
cos
BB
1.1 0.95 1.5
1.1
0.95
1.1 0.65
1.1
0.65
1.1 0.35
1.1
0.35
KHOA IEN
ong c
rotor long AC4 6
1 0.35 6
1 0.35 10 1.1 0.35 8
1.1 0.35
soc
AC TNH CUA CONTACTOR KHI S DUNG THEO CAC CHE O TRONG
MACH XOAY CHIEU DC:
Van hanh bnh thng
Van hanh ac biet
ong mach
Ngat mach
ong mach
Ngat mach
Loai Tai
Tai thuan tr
(khong tnh
cam)
ong c DC
kch t song
song
(van hanh
bnh thng)
ong c DC
kch t song
song
(khi ong,
ham phanh
dong ien
ngc)
ong c DC
kch t noi
tiep
(van hanh
bnh thng)
ong c DC
kch t noi
tiep
Che
o
I
IE
BB
BB
U
U
BB
L
R
I
IE
BB
BB
U
UE
BB
BB
L
R
I
IE
BB
BB
U
UE
BB
BB
L
R
I
IE
BB
BB
U
UE
BB
BB
L
R
BB
DC1
0.95
DC2
2.5
0.65 2.5
DC3
0.35
DC4
2.5
0.65 2.5
DC5
0.35
0.95 1.5 1.1 0.95 1.5 1.1 0.95
0.65
1.1 0.65
1.1 0.65
0.17 0.35
1.1 0.35
1.1 0.35
0.65
1.1 0.65
1.1 0.65
0.17 0.35
1.1 0.35
1.1 0.35
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
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67/ 103

(khi ong,
ham phanh
dong ien
ngc)
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
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KHOA IEN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CAU HOI PHAN A

Neu cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong cua contactor.
Phan biet cac loai tiep iem co trong contactor.
Cho biet cac che o lam viec cua cotactor xoay chieu.
Cho biet cac che o lam viec cua cotactor xoay chieu.
Chon contactor theo tai la ong c KB 3 pha rotor long soc 10HP, 220V,
cos=0.75, =0.8, k mm = 4, van hanh dng ong c bnh thng.
Mot lo nung co cong suat 5KW, 1 pha 220V. =0.8, chon contactor e
ong ngat cho tai tren.
BB
6.
KHOA IEN
BB
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KHOA IEN
B - R-LE IEU KHIEN VA BAO VE

I. KHAI QUAT VA PHAN LOAI:
R-le la loai kh cu ien dung e t ong ong cat mach ieu khien , bao
ve va ieu khien s lam viec cua mach ien.
Co nhieu cach phan loai r le:
Phan loai theo nguyen ly lam viec co:
- R-le ien t.
- R-le ien ong.
- R-le t ien.
- R-le cam ng.
- R-le nhiet.
- R-le ban dan va vi mach
Phan loai theo vai tro va ai lng tac ong cua r-le co:
- R-le trung gian.
- R-le thi gian.
- R-le nhiet.
- R-le toc o.
- R-le dong ien.
- R-le ien ap.
- R-le cong suat.
- R-le tong tr.
- R-le tan so
Phan loai theo dong ien co:
- R-le dong ien mot chieu.
- R-le dong ien xoay chieu.
Phan loai theo gia tr va chieu cua ai lng i vao r-le:
- R-le cc ai.
- R-le cc tieu.
- R-le sai lech.
- R-le hng
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KHOA IEN
II. MOT SO LOAI RLE THONG DUNG:

1. R-le trung gian:
a) Khai niem va cau tao:
R-le trung gian la mot kh cu ien dung trong lnh vc ieu khien t ong,
c cau kieu ien t. R-le trung gian ong vai tro ieu khien trung gian gia cac
thiet b ieu khien (contactor, r-le thi gian).
R-le trung gian gom: mach t cua nam cham ien, he thong tiep iem chu
dong ien nho ( 5A), vo bao ve va cac chan ra tiep iem.
b) Nguyen ly hoat ong
Nguyen ly hoat ong cua r-le trung gian tng t nh nguyen ly hoat ong
cua contactor. Khi cap ien ap bang gia tr ien ap nh mc vao hai au cuon day
cua r-le trung gian (ghi tren nhan), lc ien t hut mach t kn lai, he thong tiep
iem chuyen oi trang thai va duy tr trang thai nay (tiep iem thng ong h ra,
tiep iem thng h ong lai). Khi ngng cap nguon, mach t h, he thong tiep
iem tr ve trang thai ban au.
iem khac biet gia contactor va r-le co the tom lc nh sau:
- Trong r-le ta ch co duy nhat mot loai tiep iem co kha nang tai dong
ien nho, s dung cho mach ieu khien (tiep iem phu).
- Trong r-le ta cung co cac loai tiep iem thng ong va tiep iem thng
h, tuy nhien cac tiep iem khong co buong dap ho quang (khac vi he thong tiep
iem chnh trong contactor hay CB).
Cac ky hieu dung cho r-le trung gian:
Trong qua trnh lap rap cac mach ieu khien dung r-le hay trong mot so
mach ien t trong cong nghiep, ta thng gap cac ky hieu sau ay:
- Ky hieu SPDT:
Ky hieu nay c viet tat t thuat ng SINGLE POLE DOUBLE THROW,
r-le mang ky hieu nay co mot cap tiep iem, gom tiep iem thng ong va
thng h, cap tiep iem nay co mot au chung.
5
4
3
1
2
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
SPDT
Trang 71/
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KHOA IEN
- Ky hieu DPDT:
Ky hieu nay c viet tat t thuat ng DOUBLE POLE DOUBLE THROW,
r-le mang ky hieu nay gom co hai cap tiep iem . Moi cap tiep iem gom tiep
iem thng ong va thng h, cap tiep iem nay co mot au chung.
- Ky hieu SPST:
Ky hieu nay c viet tat t thuat ng SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW,
r-le mang ky hieu nay gom co mot tiep iem thng h.
- Ky hieu DPST:
Ky hieu nay c viet tat t thuat ng DOUBLE POLE SINGLE THROW,
r-le mang ky hieu nay gom co hai tiep iem thng h.
4
4
1
2
1
2
SPST
DPST
4
5
7
8
3
6
1
2
DPDT
Ngoai ra, cac r-le khi c lap ghep trong tu ieu khien thng c lap tren cac
e chan ra. Tuy theo so lng chan ra ta co cac kieu khac nhau: e 8 chan, e 11
chan, e 14 chan
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KHOA IEN
Mot so hnh dang r-le trung gian
2. R-le thi gian:

a) Khai niem:
R-le thi gian la mot kh cu ien dung trong lnh vc ieu khien t ong,
vi vai tro ieu khien trung gian gia cac thiet b ieu khien theo thi gian nh
trc.
R-le trung gian gom: mach t cua nam cham ien, bo nh thi gian lam
bang linh kien ien t, he thong tiep iem chu dong ien nho ( 5A), vo bao ve
va cac chan ra tiep iem.
Tuy theo yeu cau s dung khi lap rap he thong mach ieu khien truyen
ong, ta co hai loai r-le thi gian: r-le thi gian ON DELAY, r-le thi gian OFF
DELAY.
b) R-le thi gian ON DELAY:
Ky hieu:
TR
TR
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
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- Cuon day r-le thi gian:
KHOA IEN
hoac
ien ap at vao hai au cuon day r-le thi gian c ghi tren nhan, thong
thng : 110V, 220V
- He thong tiep iem:
Tiep iem tac ong khong tnh thi gian: tiep iem nay hoat ong tng t cac
tiep iem cua r-le trung gian.
TR
TR
Thng ong:
hoac
Thng h :
TR
hoac
TR
Tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian:

Tiep iem thng m ,ong cham, m nhanh:
Tiep iem thng ong ,m cham , ong nhanh:
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TR
TR
hoac
TR
KHOA IEN
Nguyen ly hoat ong:

Khi cap nguon vao cuon day cua r-le thi gian ON DELAY, cac tiep
iem tac ong khong tnh thi gian chuyen oi trang thai tc thi (thng ong
h ra, thng h ong lai), cac tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian khong oi.
Sau khoang thi gian a nh trc, cac tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian se
chuyen trang thai va duy tr trang thai nay.
Khi ngng cap nguon vao cuon day, tat ca cac tiep iem tc thi tr ve
trang thai ban au.
Sau ay la s o chan cua r-le thi gian ON DELAY:
7
1
source
Hnh dang cu the cua r-le thi gian ON DELAY c pho bien:
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KHOA IEN
b) R-le thi gian OFF DELAY:

Ky hieu:
TR
TR
- Cuon day r-le thi gian:
hoac
ien ap at vao hai au cuon day r-le thi gian c ghi tren
nhan, thong thng : 110V, 220V
- He thong tiep iem:
Tiep iem tac ong khong tnh thi gian: tiep iem nay hoat ong
tng t cac tiep iem cua r-le trung gian.
TR
TR
Thng ong:
hoac
TR
Thng h :
hoac
TR
Tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian:

Tiep iem thng m, ong nhanh, m cham:
TR
hoac
TR
TR
TR
Tiep iem thng ong, m nhanh, ong cham:
Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Khi cap nguon vao cuon day cua r-le thi gian OFF DELAY, cac tiep
iem tac ong tc thi va duy tr trang thai nay.
Khi ngng cap nguon vao cuon day, tat ca cac tiep iem tac ong khong
tnh thi gian tr ve trang thai ban au. Tiep sau o mot khoang thi gian a
nh trc, cac tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian se chuyen ve trang thai ban
au.
Sau ay la s o chan cua r-le thi gian OFF DELAY:
4
3
7
1
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
source
Trang 76/
76/ 103
KHOA IEN
Hnh dang cu the cua r-le thi gian OFF DELAY c pho bien:
Sau ay la cataloge cua Merlin ve timer
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KHOA IEN
3. R-le nhiet (Over Load OL):

a) Khai niem va cau tao:
R-le nhiet la mot loai kh cu e bao ve ong c va mach ien khi co s
co qua tai. R-le nhiet khong tac ong tc thi theo tr so dong ien v no co
quan tnh nhiet ln, phai co thi gian phat nong, do o no lam viec co thi gian
t vai giay en vai phut. 10
11
9
12
7
8
1
3
4
6
2
Cau tao r-le nhiet
Khi r-le nhiet tac ong
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KHOA IEN
Phan t phat nong 1 c au noi tiep vi mach ong lc bi vt 2 va om

phien lng kim 3. Vt 6 tren gia nha cach ien 5 dung e ieu chnh mc o
uon cong au t do cua phien 3. Gia 5 xoay quanh truc 4, tuy theo tr so dong
ien chay qua phan t phat nong ma phien lng kim cong nhieu hay t, ay
vao vt 6 lam xoay gia 5 e m ngam on bay 9. Nh tac dung lo xo 8, ay on
bay 9 xoay quanh truc 7 ngc chieu kim ong ho lam m tiep iem ong 11
khoi tiep iem tnh 12. Nut nhan 10 e reset r-le nhiet ve v tr ban au sau khi
phien lng kim nguoi tr ve v tr ban au.
b) Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Nguyen ly chung cua r-le nhiet la da tren c s tac dung nhiet cua dong
ien lam gian n phien kim loai kep. Phien kim loai kep gom hai la kim loai co
he so gian n khac nhau (he so gian n hn kem nhau 20 lan) ghep chat vi
nhau thanh mot phien bang phng phap can nong hoac han . Khi co dong ien
qua tai i qua, phien lng kim c ot nong, uon cong ve pha kim loai co he
so gian n be, ay can gat lam lo xo co lai va chuyen oi he thong tiep iem
phu.
e r-le nhiet lam viec tr lai, phai i phien kim loai nguoi va keo can
reset cua r-le nhiet.
Ky hieu
Phien lng kim
Tiep iem chnh
Tiep iem phu:
OL
OL
OL
hoac
OL
c) Phan loai r-le nhiet:

Theo ket cau: r-le nhiet chia thanh hai loai: kieu h va kieu kn.
Theo yeu cau s dung: loai mot cc va hai cc.
Theo phng thc ot nong:
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KHOA IEN
+ ot nong trc tiep: dong ien i qua trc tiep tam kim loai kep. Loai
nay co cau tao n gian, nhng khi thay oi dong ien nh mc phai thay oi
tam kim loai kep, loai nay khong tien dung.
+ ot nong gian tiep: dong ien i qua phan t ot nong oc lap, nhiet
ln toa ra gian tiep lam tam kim loai cong len. Loai nay co iem la muon
thay oi dong ien nh mc ta ch can thay oi phan t ot nong. Khuyet iem
cua loai nay la khi co qua tai ln, phan t ot nong co the at en nhiet o kha
cao nhng v khong kh truyen nhiet kem, nen tam kim loai cha kp tac ong
ma phan t ot nong a b chay t.
+ ot nong hon hp: loai nay tng oi tot v va ot trc tiep va ot
gian tiep. No co tnh on nh nhiet tng oi cao va co the lam viec boi so
qua tai ln.
d) Chon la r-le nhiet:
ac tnh c ban cua r-le nhiet la quan he gia dong ien phu tai chay
qua va thi gian tac ong cua no (goi la ac tnh thi gian dong ien, A-s).
Mat khac, e am bao yeu cau gi c tuoi tho lau dai cua thiet b theo ung
so lieu ky thuat a cho cua nha san xuat, cac oi tng bao ve cung can ac
tnh thi gian - dong ien.
La chon ung r-le nhiet la sao cho ng ac tnh A-s cua r-le gan sat
ng ac tnh A-s cua oi tng can bao ve. Neu chon thap qua se khong tan
dung c cong suat cua ong c ien, chon cao qua se lam giam tuoi tho cua
thiet b can bao ve.
Trong thc te, cach lc chong phu hp la chon dong ien nh mc cua
r-le nhiet bang dong ien nh mc cua ong c ien can bao ve, r-le se tac
ong gia tr (1,21,3)I m . Ben canh, che o lam viec cua phu tai va nhiet o
moi trng xung quanh phai c xem xet.
BB
BB
t
1000
ac tnh A-s cua oi tng can bao

ve
R-le nhiet tac ong gia tr
(1,2 1,3)I
ac tnh A-s cua r-le nhiet
100
10
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0
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3
I
I dm
KHOA IEN
Contactor cua hang Merlin gerin

Chnh dong cua Rle nhiet
Che o Auto/ Hand (A/H)
NO : Normal Open, tiep iem phu thng h.

NC : Normal Close, tiep iem phu thng ong.
4. R-le dong ien:
- Dung e bao ve qua tai va ngan mach.
- Cuon day hut co t vong va quan bang day to mac noi tiep vi mach
ien can bao ve, thiet b thng ong ngat tren mach ieu khien.
- Khi dong ien ong c tang ln en tr so tac ong cua r-le, lc hut
nam cham thang lc can lo xo lam m tiep iem cua no, ngat mach ien ieu
khien qua cong tac t K, m cac tiep iem cua no tach ong c ra khoi li.
RD2
(Rle
dong ien )
RD1
K
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M
K
KHOA IEN
5. Relay ien ap :
- Dung e bao ve sut ap mach ien.
- Cuon day hut quan bang day nho nhieu vong mac song song vi mach
ien can bao ve. Khi ien ap bnh thng, r-le tac ong se lam nong tiep iem
cua no. Khi ien ap sut thap di mc quy nh, lc lo xo thang lc hut cua nam
cham va m tiep iem.
6. R-le van toc :
Thanh
dan
Phan ng
N
Nam cham vnh

cu
Truc ong
c
Cau tiep
iem
Tiep
iem
- Lam viec theo nguyen tac phan ng ien t c dung trong cac mach
thang cua ong c
- R-le c mac ong truc vi ong c va mach ieu khien. Khi c quay,
nam cham vnh cu quay theo. T trng cua no quet len cac thanh dan se sinh
ra suat ien ong va dong ien cam ng. Dong ien nay nam trong t trng se
sinh ra lc ien t lam cho phan ng quay, di chuyen can tiep iem en ong
tiep iem cua no. Khi toc o ong c giam nho gan bang khong, lc ien t yeu
i, trong lng can tiep iem a no ve v tr cu va m tiep iem cua no.
- R-le van toc thng dung trong cac mach ieu khien ham ngc ong c.
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KHOA IEN
C - KHI ONG T
I . KHAI QUAT VA CONG DUNG:
Khi ong t la mot loai kh cu ien dung e ieu khien t xa viec ong
ngat, ao chieu va bao ve qua tai (neu co lap them rle nhiet) cac ong c
khong ong bo ba pha roto long soc.
Khi ong t co mot contactor goi la khi ong t n thng e ongngat ong c ien. Khi ong t co hai contactor goi la khi ong t kep dung
e thay oi chieu quay cua ong c goi la khi ong t ao chieu. Muon bao ve
ngan mach phai lap them cau ch.
II .
CAC YEU CAU KY THUAT

ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha co the lam viec lien tuc c hay
khong tuy thuoc vao mc o tin cay cua khi ong t. Do o khi ong t can
phai thoa man cac yeu cau ky thuat sau:
- Tiep iem co o ben chu mai mon cao.
- Kha nang ong cat cao.
- Thao tac ong cat dt khoat.
- Tieu thu cong suat t nhat.
- Bao ve ong c khong b qua tai lau dai ( co rle nhiet ).
- Thoa ieu kien khi ong ( dong ien khi ong t 5 en 7 lan dong
ien nh mc).
III . KET CAU VA NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC
1. Khi ong t thng c phan chia theo:
- ien ap nh mc cua cuon day hut: 36V, 127V, 220V, 380V, 500V.
- Ket cau bao ve chong cac tac ong bi moi trng xung quanh: h,
bao ve, chong bui, nc, no
- Kha nang lam bien oi chieu quay ong c ien: khong ao chieu
quay va ao chieu quay.
- So lng va loai tiep iem: thng h, thng ong.
2. Nguyen ly lam viec cua khi ong t :
a) Khi ong t n va hai nut nhan:
Khi cung cap ien ap cho cuon day bang nhan nut khi ong M, cuon day
contactor co ien hut loi thep di ong va mach t khep kn lai; lam ong cac
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KHOA IEN
tiep iem chnh e khi ong ong c va ong tiep em phu thng h e duy
tr mach ieu khien khi buong tay khoi nut nhan khi ong. Khi nhan nut dng
D, khi ong t b ngat ien, di tac dung cua lc lo xo nen lam phan loi t di
ong tr ve v tr ban au; cac tiep iem tr ve trang thai thng h. ong c
dng hoat ong. Khi co s co qua tai ong c, rle nhiet se thao tac lam ngat
mach ien cuon day, do o cung ngat khi ong t va dng ong c ien.
CB
L1
L2
L3
RN
CB
D
F
RN
K
N
M
3
b) Khi ong t ao chieu va ba nut nhan:

Khi nhan nut nhan M T , cuon day contactor T co ien hut loi thep di ong
va mach t khep kn lai; lam ong cac tiep iem chnh T e khi ong ong c
quay theo chieu thuan va ong tiep em phu thng h T e duy tr mach ieu
khien khi buong tay khoi nut nhan khi ong M T .
e ao chieu quay ong c, ta nhan nut nhan M N , cuon day contactor T
mat ien, cuon day contactor N co ien hut loi thep di ong va mach t khep
kn lai; lam ong cac tiep iem chnh N, luc nay tren mach ong lc ao hai day
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
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BB
KHOA IEN
trong ba pha ien lam cho ong c ao chieu quay ngc lai va tiep em phu
thng h N e duy tr mach ieu khien khi buong tay khoi nut nhan khi ong
MN .
Qua trnh ao chieu quay c lap lai nh tren.
Khi nhan nut dng D, khi ong t N ( hoac T ) b ngat ien, ong c
dng hoat ong.
Khi co s co qua tai ong c, rle nhiet se thao tac lam ngat mach ien
cuon day, do o cung ngat khi ong t va dng ong c ien.
S o tren co the thc hien ca khoa lien ong ien bang cac tiep iem phu
thng ong cua ban than hai khi ong t nay.
S o trang ben
IV . LA CHON VA LAP AT KHI ONG T:
BB
BB
Hien nay nc ta, ong c khong ong bo ba pha roto long soc co cong
suat t 0,6 en 100KW c s dung rong rai. e ieu khien van hanh chung,
ta thng dung khi ong t. V vay e thuan li cho viec la chon khi ong
t, nha san xuat thng khong nhng ch cho cng o dong ien suat nh mc
ma con cho ca cong suat cua ong c ien ma khi ong t phuc vu ng vi
cac ien ap khac nhau.
e khi ong t lam viec tin cay, khi lap at can phai bat chat cng khi
ong t tren mot mat thang ng ( o nghieng cho phep so vi truc thang ng
5 o ), khong cho phep boi m vao cac tiep iem va cac bo phan ong. Sau khi
lap at khi ong t va trc khi van hanh, phai kiem tra:
- Cho cac bo phan ong chuyen ong bang tay khong b ket, vng.
- ien ap ieu khien phai phu hp ien ap nh mc cua cuon day.
- Cac tiep iem phai tiep xuc eu va tot.
- Cac day au ien phai theo ung s o ieu khien.
- Rle nhiet phai at nac dong ien thch hp.
- Khi lap at khi ong t can at kem theo cau ch bao ve.
PP
PP
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KHOA IEN
F
L
RN
D
MT
MN
N
L1
L2
L3
RN
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3
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KHOA IEN
PHAN 3 :
GII THIEU AC TNH, KET CAU
KH CU IEN CAO AP
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KHOA IEN
CHNG 5:
KH CU IEN CAO AP
I . KHAI QUAT.
Trong ieu kien van hanh, cac kh cu ien co the lam viec cac che o
sau :
- Che o lam viec lau dai : trong che o nay cac kh cu ien se lam viec
tin cay neu chung c chon ung ien ap va dong ien nh mc.
- Che o lam viec qua tai : trong che o nay dong ien qua kh cu ien
se ln hn dong ien nh mc, chung ch lam viec tin cay khi thi gian dong
ien tang cao chay qua chung khong qua thi gian cho phep cua tng thiet b.
- Che o lam viec ngan mach : kh cu se am bao s lam viec tin cay
neu trong qua trnh la chon chu y cac ieu kien on nh nhiet va on nh ong.
II . NHNG IEU KIEN CHUNG E LA CHON THIET B IEN VA CAC
PHAN DAN IEN.
1. Chon theo ieu kien lam viec lau dai:
a. Chon theo ien ap nh mc :
ien ap nh mc cua kh cu ien c ghi tren nhan hay ly lch may, phu
hp vi o cach ien cua no. Ngoai ra, khi thiet ke che tao cac kh cu ien eu
co o d tr o ben ve ien nen cho phep chung lam viec lau dai khong han
che vi ien ap cao hn nh mc 10 15% va goi la ien ap lam viec cc ai
cua kh cu ien. Do vay khi chon kh cu ien phai thoa man ieu kien ien ap
sau:
U dmKCD + rU dmKCD U dmMang +rU Mang
Vi
U dmKCD ien ap nh mc cua kh cu ien.
rU dmKCD o tang ien ap cho phep cua kh cu ien.
U dmMang ien ap nh mc cua mang ien ni thiet b va kh cu ien lam viec.
rU Mang
o lech ien ap co the cua mang, so vi ien ap nh mc trong ieu
kien van hanh.

b. Chon theo dong ien nh mc :
Dong ien nh mc cua kh cu ien I dmKCD do nha may che tao cho san
va chnh la dong ien i qua kh cu ien trong thi gian khong han che vi nhiet
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KHOA IEN
o moi trng xung quanh la nh mc. Chon thiet b kh cu ien , ta phai am

bao cho dong ien nh mc cua no ln hn hay bang dong ien lam viec cc
ai cua mach ien I lv max tc la:
I dmKCD I lv max
Dong ien lam viec cc ai cua mach c tnh nh sau:
- Luc cat mot trong hai ng day lam viec song song, ng day con lai
phai ganh toan bo phu tai.
- oi vi mach may bien ap : ta tnh khi may bien ap s dung kha nang
qua tai cua no.
- oi vi ng day cap khong co d tr : tnh khi s dung kha nang qua
tai cua no.
- oi vi thanh gop nha may ien, tram bien ap, cac thanh dan mach
phan oan va cac mach noi kh cu ien: tnh trong ieu kien van hanh xau nhat.
- oi vi may phat ien: tnh bang 1.05 lan dong ien nh mc cua no;
v may phat ien ch cho phep qua tai ve dong ien en 5%.
2. Cac ieu kien kiem tra kh cu ien
a. Kiem tra on nh ong:
oi vi mang ien co ien ap 1 35KV iem trung tnh khong noi at, dong
ien ngan mach ln nhat la dong ien ngan mach ba pha. Do vay ta lay dong
ien o e kiem tra on nh ong cho cac thiet b. oi vi mang co ien ap U
110kV, iem trung tnh trc tiep noi at, dong ien ngan mach ln nhat co the
la dong ien ngan mach mot pha hoac ba pha. Khi kiem tra cac thiet b cua
mang nay ve phng dien on nh lc ien ong, ta phai chon dong ngan mach
ln nhat trong hai mach o.
ieu kien kiem tra on nh ong cua kh cu ien la:
i max i xk
Hay I max I xk
Vi I max , i max : tr so bien o va tr so hieu dung cua dong ien cc ai cho
phep, ac trng on nh ong cao cua kh cu ien.
I xk , i xk : tr so bien o va tr so hieu dung cua dong ien ngan mach
xung kch.
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KHOA IEN
b. Kiem tra on nh nhiet:

Day dan va kh cu ien khi co dong ien i qua se b nung nong len v co
cac ton that cong suat. Cac ton that nay phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh ien
ap, tan so nhng chu yeu phu thuoc vao bnh phng cng o dong ien.
Khi nhiet o cua kh cu ien va day dan cao qua se b h hong hay giam
thi gian phuc vu. Do o can phai qui nh nhiet o cho phep cua chung khi lam
viec bnh thng cung nh khi ngan mach.
oi vi day dan, ieu kien on nh nhiet co the ap dung mot trong ba
phng phap sau:
Can c vao nhiet o cuoi cung cua day dan khi ngan mach phai nho hn
hay bang nhiet o ot nong cho phep ln nhat cua chung khi ngan mach :
u 2 N u cp max
u 2 N : nhiet o cuoi cung cua day dan khi ngan mach
u cp max : nhiet o ot nong cho phep ln nhat khi ngan mach
Day dan c on nh nhiet neu tiet dien chon S chon ln hn hay bang tiet
dien nho nhat e on nh nhiet S min
S chon S min
Vi
S min =
BN
CT
B N = I ,,2 . (t N + T a ) :xung lng nhiet cua dong ien ngan mach (A 2 .s);
I ,, : gia tr hieu dung ban au cua dong ien ngan mach , neu ngan mach xay ra
xa ni at thiet b th I ,, = I (I ) ;
t N = t bv + t MCD : thi gian cat ngan mach hay thi gian ngan mach (S),
BB
BB
BB
BB
t bv : thi gian chnh cua thiet b bao ve chnh,

t MCD : thi gian cat cua may cat ien.
C T : he so phu thuoc vao nhiet o cho phep khi ngan mach va vat lieu dan .
Bang tr so C T :
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KHOA IEN
Vat lieu day dan
Nhiet o ban
au u u cp
Nhiet o cuoi
cung u 2 N =
u cp max
He so C T
- Thanh dan ong.

- Thanh dan nhom.
- Cap en 10KV, cach ien
giay, loi nhom.
- Cap va day dan, cach ien
polyvinin clorua, loi nhom.
- Cap va day dan, cach ien
polyetylen, loi nhom.
- Cap 10kV, loi ong.
70
70
65
300
200
200
171
88
85
55
150
75
65
200
65
65
200
159
Can c vao on nh nhiet: dong ien on nh nhiet nh mc I dmnh ng

vi thi gian on nh nhiet nh mc t dmnh do nha che tao cho . Kh cu ien se on
nh nhiet neu thoa ieu kien sau:
I2
PP
PBPB
PP
PBPB
mnh
. t dmnh
BN
mnh
. t dmnh
BB
BB
. t q
BB
BB
t q :thi gian tac ong qui oi cua dong ien ngan mach c xac nh nh
la tong thi gian tac ong cua bao ve chnh at tai cho may cat ien s co vi
thi gian tac ong toan phan cua may cat ien o.
III . MOT SO KH CU IEN CAO AP (1000V)
1. May cat :
a. Khai niem :
May cat ien ap cao la thiet b ien chuyen dung e ong ngat mach ien
xoay chieu tat ca cac che o van hanh co the co : ong ngat dong ien nh
mc, dong ien ngan mach ; dong ien khong tai May cat la loai thiet b ong
BB
BB
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KHOA IEN
cat lam viec tin cay song gia thanh cao nen may cat ch c dung nhng ni
quan trong.
b. Phan loai may cat:
Thong thng may cat c phan loai theo phng

phap dap tat ho quang, theo dang cach ien cua phan
dan ien, theo ket cau cua buong dap ho quang.
Da vao dang cach ien cua cac phan dan ien,
may cat c phan thanh:
- May cat nhieu dau : gia cac thanh phan dan ien c cach ien bang
dau may bien ap va ho quang sinh ra khi cat may cat cung c dap tac bang
dau bien ap.
- May cat t dau : gia cac thanh phan dan ien c cach ien bang cach
ien ran va ho quang sinh ra khi cat may cat cung c dap tat bang dau bien
ap.
- May cat khong kh.
- May cat ien t.
- May cat chan khong.
c. Cac thong so c ban cua may cat:
- Dong ien cat nh mc : la dong ien ln nhat ma may cat co the cat
mot cach tin cay ien ap phuc hoi gia hai tiep iem cua may cat bang ien
ap nh mc cua mach ien.
- Cong suat cat nh mc cua may cat ba pha : S dm = 3 .U dm .I cdm (VA)
Trong o : U dm la ien ap nh mc cua he thong (V)
I cdm la dong ien cat nh mc (A)
Khai nien cong suat nay la tng oi khi dong ien qua may cat I cdm th
ien ap tren hai au cua no tren thc te bang ien ap ho quang va ch bang vai
% so vi ien ap cua mach ien . Sau khi ho quang b dap tat , tren cac tiep
iem cua may cat bat au phuc hoi ien ap nhng trong thi gian nay dong ien
bang 0.
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KHOA IEN
- Thi gian cat cua may cat : thi gian nay c tnh t thi iem a tn
hieu cat may cat en thi iem ho quang c dap tat tat ca cac cc. No bao
gom thi gian cat rieng cua may cat va thi gian chay ho quang.
- Dong ien ong nh mc : ay la gia tr xung kch ln nhat cua dong
ien ngan mach ma may cat co the ong mot cach thanh cong ma tiep iem cua
no khong b han dnh va khong b cac h hong khac trong trng hp ong lap
lai. Dong ien nay c xac nh bang gia tr hieu dung cua dong ien xung
kch khi xay ra ngan mach.
- Thi gian ong may cat : la thi gian khi a tn hieu ong may cat cho
ti khi hoan tat ong tac ong may cat.
d. La chon va kiem tra may cat ien cao ap (1000V)
May cat ien c chon theo en ap nh mc, loai may cat, kiem tra on
nh ong, on nh nhiet va kha nang cat trong tnh trang ngan mach.
2. Dao cach ly :
a. Khai niem
Dao cach ly la mot loai kh cu ien dung e tao

mot khoang h cach ien c trong thay gia bo
phan ang mang dong ien va bo phan cat ien
nham muc ch am bao an toan, khien cho nhan
vien sa cha thiet b ien an tam khi lam viec.
Dao cach ly khong co bo phan dap tat ho quang
nen khong the cat c dong ien ln
b. Phan loai:
Theo yeu cau s dung, dao
cach ly co hai loai
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KHOA IEN
- Dao cach ly mot pha.

- Dao cach ly ba pha.
Theo v tr s dung, dao
cach ly co hai loai:
- Dao cach ly at trong nha.
- Dao cach ly at ngoai
tri.
c. La chon va kiem tra dao cach ly
Dao cach ly c chon theo ieu kien nh mc,

chung c kiem tra theo ieu kien on nh lc ien
ong va on nh nhiet.
3. Cau ch cao ap:
a. Khai niem:
Cau ch la mot kh cu ien dung e bao ve mach ien khi qua tai hay
ngan mach. Thi gian cat mach cua cau ch phu thuoc nhieu vao vat lieu lam
day chay. Day chay cua cau ch lam bang ch, hp kim vi thiec co nhiet o
nong chay tng oi thap,ien tr suat tng oi ln.Do vay loai day chay nay
thng che tao co tiet dien ln va thch hp vi ien ap nho hn 300V oi vi
ien ap cao hn (1000 v): khong the dung day chay co tiec dien ln c v luc
nong chay, lng kim loai toa ra ln. Kho khan cho viec dap tat ho quang ; do
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
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94/ 103
KHOA IEN
o ien ap nay thng dung day chay bang ong, bac, co ien tr suat be,
nhiet o nong chay cao.
b. Day chay:
Thanh phan chnh cua cau ch la day chay. Day chay co kch thc va vat
lieu khac nhau, c xac nh bang ac tuyen dong ien thi gian (TCC).
Song song vi day chay la mot si day cang ra e triet tieu s keo cang cua day
chay. e tang cng kha nang dap ho quang sinh ra khi day chay b t va bao
am an toan cho ngi van hanh cung nh cac thiet b khac xung quanh trong
cau ch thng chen ay cac thach anh. Cac thach anh co tac dung phan chia
nho ho quang. Vo cau ch co the lam bang chat xenluylo. Nhiet o cao cua ho
quang se lam cho xenluylo boc hi gay ap suat ln e nhanh chong dap tat ho
quang.
c. Phan loai cau ch:
Tuy theo chc nang cua moi loai cau ch ma ta co the phan nh sau :
Cau ch t ri (fuse cut out: FCO) : hoat ong theo nguyen tac "ri" do
mot day ch c noi lien ket hai au. Viec dap tat ho quang ch yeu da vao
ong phu ben ngoai day ch. Ngoai nhiem vu bao ve qua tai va ngan mach cau
ch t ri con co nhiem vu cach ly ng day b s co .
Cau ch chan khong: la loai cau ch ma day chay c at trong moi
trng chan khong. Cau ch chan khong co the c lap ben tren hoac di
dau.
Cau ch han dong : chc nang chnh la han che tac ong cua dong ien s
co co the co oi vi nhng thiet b c no bao ve.
d. La chon va kiem tra cau ch:
Cau ch c chon theo ien ap nh mc, dong ien nh mc va dong
ien cat nh mc ( hay cong suat cat nh mc). Ngoai ra, can chu y v tr at
cau ch (trong nha hay ngoai tri.)
U dmMang
U dmCC
I dmCC
S dmcatCC
I lv max
S ,,
Vi:
U dmCC : ien ap nh mc cua cau ch
U dmMang : ien ap nh mc cua mang ien ni cau ch lam viec
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 95/
95/ 103
KHOA IEN
I dmCC : dong ien nh mc cua cau ch

I lv max : dong ien lam viec cc ai cua mach ien can bao ve
S dmcatCC : cong suat cat nh mc cua cau ch
S ,, = 3 . U dmMang . I ,, ;
I ,, : la gia tr hieu dung ban au cua dong ien ngan mach
CAU HOI CHNG 5

1- Hay neu nhng ieu kien chung e la chon kh cu ien ap cao.
2- Cho biet khai niem, phan loai va cach la chon may cat.
3- Cho biet khai niem, phan loai va cach la chon dao cach ly.
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 96/
96/ 103
KHOA IEN
PHAN 4 :
MOT SO S O CAN BAN
VE NGUYEN LY IEU KHIEN,

VAN HANH.
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 97/
97/ 103
KHOA IEN
CHNG 5:
MOT SO S O CAN BAN
VE NGUYEN LY IEU KHIEN, VAN HANH ONG C.
I. MACH IEN KHI ONG DNG MOT ONG C KB 3 PHA.
a. Nguyen ly:
Dung mach e khi ong mot ong c KB 3 pha, co tiep iem
duy tr e ong c lam viec, sau o dng ong c.
b. S o mach: ( hnh 1)
c. Th t thc hien:
- Nhan nut nhan S 2 , contactor K 1 co ien, cac tiep iem chnh
ong lai, ong c hoat ong; cac tiep iem phu thay oi trang thai, tiep
iem phu thng ong h ra lam cho en H 1 tat, tiep iem phu thng h
ong lai duy tr nguon cho contactor K 1 va en H 2 .
- Nhan S 1 e dng ong c.
II. MACH IEN KHI ONG TH T HAI ONG C KB 3 PHA.
a. Nguyen ly:
Dung mach e khi ong th t hai ong c KB 3 pha. ong c 1
(ieu khien bi contactor K 1 ) chay trc, sau o ong c 2(ieu khien bi
contactor K 2 ) chay theo. Neu co s tac ong nham lan, mach ien khong
hoat ong. Cuoi cung dng ca hai ong c.
c. Th t thc hien:
- Nhan S 3 , ong c M 1 hoat ong, en H 1 sang.
- Nhan S 2 e dng ong c M 2 , en H 2 tat.
- Nhan S 1 e dng ong c M 1 , dng toan bo mach ieu
khien, en H 1 tat.
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 98/
98/ 103
BB
BB
KHOA IEN
Hnh 1:S o mach ien khi ong dng mot ong c KB 3 pha
CB
L
RN
S1
S2
K1
K1
K1
K1
H2
L1
L2
CB
3
F
K1
RN
M
3
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 99/
99/ 103
H1
L3

KHOA IEN
Hnh 2: S o mach khi ong th t hai ong c KB ba pha
F
L
RN
RN
S1
S2
S3
K1
S4
K2
K1
K1
K2
H1
H2
N
L1
L2
L3
F
K1
K2
RN
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
RN
M1
3
Trang 100/
100/ 103
M2
3
KHOA IEN
III. MACH IEN AO CHIEU ONG C KB BA PHA.

a. Nguyen ly:
ao chieu quay ong c KB ba pha bang cach ao hai trong ba
day nguon trc khi a nguon vao ong c. Mach ien nay dung ieu
khien ong c KB ba pha lam viec hai chieu quay, sau o dng ong c.
c. Th t thc hien:
- Nhan S 2 , ong c hoat ong theo chieu thuan, en H 1 sang.
- Nhan S 3 , ong c hoat ong theo chieu nghch, en H 1 tat,
en H 2 sang.
- Nhan S 1 e dng toan bo mach ieu khien, ong c ngng
hoat ong.
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 101/
101/ 103
BB

KHOA IEN
Hnh 3: S o mach ao chieu ong c KB ba pha
F
L
RN
S1
KT
S2
KN
S3
KN
KT
KT
KN
H1
H2
N
L1
L2
L3
KT
KN
RN
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
M1
3
Trang 102/
102/ 103
KHOA IEN
IV. MACH IEN KHI ONG MOT ONG C KB 3 PHA T

ONG DNG.
a. Nguyen ly:
Dung mach e khi ong mot ong c KB 3 pha, co tiep iem
duy tr e ong c lam viec, sau thi gian lam viec a nh tren timer,
tiep iem thng ong m cham cua timer h ra, ong c dng.
c. Th t thc hien:
- Nhan S 2 , ong c hoat ong, en H 1 tat, en H 2 sang.
- Rle thi gian K TON co ien va bat au tnh thi gian ong c
lam viec. Khi het khoang thi gian a nh, tiep iem thng
ong K TON h ra lam ngng cap ien cho contactor K 1 , ong
c ngng hoat hoat ong. H 1 sang, en H 2 tat.
- Nhan S 1 e dng ong c khan cap.
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 103/
103/ 103
BB
BB
BB
TRNG CAO ANG CONG NGHIEP IV
KHOA IEN
S o mach ien khi ong dng mot ong c KB 3 pha

F
L
RN
S1
KTON
S2
K1
K1
K1
KT
10s
H2
K1
H1
N
L1
L2
K1
RN
M
3
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 1/ 103
L3
KHOA IEN
V. MACH IEN T ONG KHI ONG THEO TH T CUA HAI

ONG C KB 3 PHA
a. Nguyen ly:
Mach ien s dung TON.
Dung mach e khi ong th t hai ong c KB 3 pha. ong c 1
(ieu khien bi contactor K 1 ) khi ong trc, sau thi gian khi ong
cua ong c 1 th tiep iem thng h ong cham cua rle thi gian TON
ong lai ong c 2 (ieu khien bi contactor K 2 ) khi ong. Cuoi cung
dng ca hai ong c, ta nhan S 1 .
c. Th t thc hien:
- Rle thi gian K TON co ien va bat au tnh thi gian. Sau
khoang thi gian a chnh tren K TON , tiep iem thng h
ong cham K TON chuyen trang thai, ong c M 2 hoat ong,
en H 2 sang.
- Nhan S 1 e dng ca hai ong c.
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 1/ 103
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
KHOA IEN
S o mach khi ong th t hai ong c KB ba pha

F
L
RN
RN
S1
S2
KT
K1
KT
K1
K2
H1
5s
H2
N
L1
L2
L3
F
K1
K2
RN
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 2/ 103
RN
M1
3
M2
3
KHOA IEN
CAU HOI CHNG 6

1- Ve mach luan phien hai ong c ( ch co mot trong hai ong c
lam viec).
2- Ve mach luan phien ba ong c ( ch co mot trong ba ong c
lam viec).
3- Ve mach khi ong ong c khong ong bo ba pha bang
phng phap oi noi sao tam giac ( ong c m may che o
sao, lam viec che o tam giac).
4- Ve mach ieu khien toc o ong c bang phng phap thay oi
so oi cc t.
5- Ve mach ieu khien ao chieu ong c khong ong bo ba pha
ket hp oi noi sao tam giac.
6- Ve mach ieu khien ao chieu ong c khong ong bo ba pha,
moi chieu quay lam viec hai cap toc o.
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Trang 3/ 103

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TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Bo mon : THIET B IEN

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Khi xet lc tren ca oan day l:

F dF i.B.sin .dl i.B.l.sin

Khi day dan at vuong goc vi cam ng t th = 90 o :

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

F la lc ien ong can tnh.

He thong gom hai mach vong:

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

- o la o dan t cua khong kh, o =4.10 -7 H/m.

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

1. Hai day dan song song co cung chieu dai

2. Hai day dan song song khong cung chieu dai

Lc ien ong sinh ra:

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

IV . LC IEN ONG TRONG DONG IEN XOAY CHIEU- CONG

F c.I m2 .sin 2 t c.I m2

Lc tac dung len day dan cua pha 1:

F13 c.I m2 . sin t. sin t

F12 c.I m2 . sin t. sin t

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

F 2 = F 21 + F 23 = c.I m2 .sin t .sin t sin t

3. Cong hng c kh:

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Q : ien nang ton that.

o : ien tr suat cua vat lieu 0 o C.

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

III . CAC CHE O PHAT NONG CUA KH CU IEN

Vat lieu lam kh cu ien

- Vat lieu khong boc cach ien hoac e xa chat

Nhiet o cho phep

Cap cach nhiet

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

2. Che o lam viec ngan han cua kh cu ien:

3. Che o lam viec ngan han lap lai cua kh cu ien:

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

c) Tiep xuc trt :

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

2. Tnh chat c ban cua phong ien ho quang:

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

- Ha nhiet o ho quang bang cach dung hi kh hoac dau lam nguoi,

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TM HIEU AC TNH, KET CAU,

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

e CB dap c ho quang trong tat ca cac che o lam viec cua li

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Bat CB trang thai ON, vi ien ap nh mc nam cham ien 11 va

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

- Khi CB thao tac phai co tnh chon loc.

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

CAU HOI PHAN A

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

In'=100mA, tn' =50ms