Ni dung

(Bi ging tm tt)

Chng 5
DUNG DCH iN LY:
TNH CHT V S CHUYN VN
iN TCH

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Gii thiu
Tnh cht nhit ng
nh lut gii hn Debye-Huckel
S dn in
S ti
Phng php o dn in & ng dng

Cht in ly

Electrolyte

1. Gii thiu

Cht in ly (cht in phn): l cc

cht c th to ra cc dung dch ion v
hn hp nng chy c cha cc ion.

Dung dch cht in ly

S in ly

Electrolyte solutions

Electro- dissociation (dissociation)

L cc dung dch c tnh cht:

ng nht trong th tch
c thnh phn thay i lin tc trong
mt gii hn
c kh nng cho dng in i qua nh
s chuyn vn in tch ca cc ion.

Hng s in ly KD
Dissociation constant
M+A-

+Mz+ + -Az-

l s phn ly ca cc cht in ly trong

dung dch.
l mt qu trnh thun nghch
M+A-

+Mz+ + -Az-

phn ly
Percent dissociation
l s phn phn t phn ly so vi s
phn t ho tan trong dung dch ban
u.

Khi cn bng:

(n ) .(n )
KD
nM A

n: nng mol, ion-mol

KD= f()=?

KD

t :

H s Van tHoff i

Percent dissociation

Van tHoff factor

n(0 1). ( )
(1 )

Khi + = - = 1

phn ly

KD

l t s gia s phn t sau phn ly (ion +

phn t) so vi s phn t trc khi phn
ly (s phn t ho tan)

n0 = s mol cht
in ly (ban u)

H s Van tHoff i

H s Van tHoff i

Van tHoff factor

Van tHoff factor

(n 0 n 0 .) .n 0 . .n 0 .
n0

= + + -

i = 1 + (-1).

n0 . 2
1

.( ) ( )

i 1
1

Dung dch long c i 14

Cht in ly yu: c rt nh, 0;
Cht in ly mnh: 1
V d: Cc mui tan, cc acid. base v c

Tnh cht ca DD CL
ng nht v tnh cht ho l mi im
trong th tch
Thnh phn c th thay i lin tc trong
mt gii hn
Tng im si
Gim im kt tinh
Tng p sut thm thu: =i.C.R.T (do s
phn ly cht in ly thnh ion nn lm tng
s ht phn t trong dung dch)

Tnh cht ca DD CL
Tng p sut thm thu: =i.C.R.T (do s
phn ly cht in ly thnh ion nn lm tng s
ht phn t trong dung dch)

V i n R T

i C R T

Tdd i K dd c2, m

Ts i K s c2, m

Tnh cht ca DD CL
Tng im si
Dung dch 50% NaOH: si 1200C

Gim im kt tinh:
Dung dch 22% NaCl: kt tinh -21 0C

p sut thm thu: =i.C.R.T

Ap sut cn phi
tc dng ln dung
dch dung mi
nguyn cht
khng th thm
thu qua mng
bn thm sang
dung dch.

Dung mi
Cc cht c thm in mi cao (VD
nc) th c tnh cht ion ho tt
phn ly cht in ly tt.
thm in mi tng i D:
D = /0

Lc tnh in gia 2 ion

f

q1.q2
4r 2

q1.q2
40Dr 2

(L Coulomb)

q1, q2: in tch ca 2 ion tri du

Ch : gia dung mi v cht in ly
c th c tng tc (ho hc, vt l).

0 = 8,8542.10-12 (J.coulomb/m) (F/m):

thm in mi chn khng
: thm in mi

Nc

S solvat (hydrat) ho

S solvat (hydrat) ho
Qu trnh tc dng ca ion vi cc phn t dung
mi to tp hp tng i bn chc gi l
solvate ha. Dung mi nc: hydrat ha.

Vi dung mi nc: dung dch ca cation

kim loi kim, kim th to ra do tng tc
tnh in ion lng cc.

S ca cc phn t nc rng buc trong hydrat

(phc nc) gi l s ca hydrat ha (s phi
t).

Tng tc ny ph thuc: in tch, bn

knh, khi lng cation

S solvat (hydrat) ho

Nguyn nhn ca s in ly

lp hydrat ha gn: lin kt cho nhn, do cn

obitan trng ca cation v cp in t ghp i ca
nc.

S solvat ha, hydrat ha gii phng nng

lng tinh th rn b ph v, lin kt ha hc b
ph v.

lp hydrat ha xa: cc phn t dung mi nh

hng khng hon ton, do lin kt lng lo hn.
Cc ligand nc khng c nh trong phc nc m
c th thay i v tr. Ligand ny ra i, ligand khc vo
th.

S solvat (hydrat) ho

Phn loi cht in ly

Ion

Unhydrated
radius (pm)

Hydrated
radius (pm)

Na+

117

358

K+

149

331

NH4+

148

331

Ca2+

100

412

Mg2+

72

428

Al3+

53

480

Cl-

164

332

OH-

133

300

NO3-

179

340

Cht in ly mnh, yu: da vo phn ly .

Cht in ly thc, th: da vo bn cht
lin kt trong phn t, tinh th.
Kinetic diameter 270 pm

Source (Volkov, A. G., S. Paula, and D. W. Deamer (1997))

Phn loi cht in ly

cht in ly thc (true electrolyte): Lin kt ion
v d: NaCl
Tng tc gia ion trong tinh th v phn t dung mi lng cc +
chuyn ng nhit ca ion lin kt mng b t ion lin kt
vi dung mi, tch khi mng.

cht in ly th (potential electrolyte): Cc loi lin

kt khc:
v d: HCl
Tng tc lng cc - lng cc + chuyn ng nhit Ph hy
phn t c cc thnh ion hydrat ha ion tng tc nc to
ion H3O+ (oxonium, hydronium).

Phn loi dung mi

Non-polar
solvents

polar
aprotic
solvents

Polar
protic
solvents

Increase polarity
- Dung mi proton (Protic solvents): Cho H+, to lin
kt hydro gia DM v cht tan c th ha tan, phn
ly, solvat ha cc ion.( H2O, ethanol, buthanol,)
- Dung mi aproton (aprotic solvents): C nhng
cp e- dng chung c th solvat cc cation, to cc
dung dch ion. (Acetone, Acetonitrile,..)

 Cht in ly mnh, phn ly hon ton

2. Tnh cht nhit ng

M+A-

+Mz+ + -Az-

m: nng molan: mol / 1000g dung mi

m+ = +.m
m- = -.m
+, - : h s hot ca cc ion c nng m+, ma+, a- : hot ca ion
a+ = +.m+

a- = -.m-

a1 , a2 : hot ca dung mi (1) , cht tan (2)

chn trng thi chun sao cho: (a+)+.(a-)- = a2 (xem SGK)

Th ho hc ca cc ion
+ = +0 + RT.lna+
= +0 + RT.lnm+ + RT.ln+

Th ho hc trung bnh ca cc ion

Th ho hc trung bnh ca cc ion tnh cho 1 ion-mol:

. .
. 0 . 0

RT ln(a .a )1 /

- = -0 + RT.lna= -0 + RT.lnm- + RT.ln-

= + + Cc i lng trung bnh ca cc ion:

= (++.--)1/
m = (m++.m--)1/ = m(++.--)1/
a =(a++.a--)1/ = .m

a = (a++.a--)1/
(Hot trung bnh
ca cc ion)

l i lng c trng cho sai lch nng dung dch thc so

vi dung dch trang thi l tng.

Cc loi nng trung bnh

Hot ca mui ha tan

1. Hot mol ca mui (a2): xc nh bng thc nghim
ging hot cu t trong dd cht khng in ly
2. Hot trung bnh ion (a)

a = a 2

Cc loi h s hot trung bnh

m = (m++. m--)1/

Molan

x = (x++. x--)1/

Phn mol

c = (c++. c--)1/

Mol/lit

Quan h:

m.M 1
c( M 1 M 2 )
) ln c ln(
)
1000
0
1000 0

, 0 : khi lng ring dung dch, dung mi (g/ml)

Molan

x = (x++.x--)1/

Phn mol

c = (c++.c--)1/

Mol/lit

Quan h:

ln x ln m ln(1

m = (m++.m--)1/

m
c

m 1000 / M 1 c (1000 M 2 .c ) / M 1

: khi lng ring

dung dch (g/ml)

Th ho d
- lt = .RT.ln
Nguyn nhn: tng tc gia cc ion vi
nhau, gia cc ion vi phn t dung
mi v gia cc phn t dung mi vi
nhau (khi c ion).
ngha ca : xc nh s khc bit gia dung dch
thc v dung dch l tng

*Dung dch rt long tng tc khng

ng k = 1

Lc ion (I)

(Ionic strength)
Trong vng dung dch long ca cht
in ly mnh, ph thuc vo lc ion:
Lc ion I ca mt dung dch:
Im = 1/2.(mi.Zi2)

Lc ion (I)
Nu dung dch ch c 2 loi ion:
Im =1/2(m+.Z+2 + m-.Z-2)
= 1/2(+.Z+2 + -.Z-2).m
IC = 1/2.(Ci.Zi2)
mi: nng molan
Ci: nng thc ca cc ion, khng k n
phn khng phn ly.

Lc ion (I)
nh lut thc nghim Lewis Randall
Trong vng nng long ca cc dung dch,
h s hot trung bnh ca mt cht in ly
mnh c gi tr nh nhau i vi tt c cc
dung dch c cng lc ion.
Trong mt dung dch cht in ly mnh,
khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca
cht in ly khc thm vo, ch ph
thuc nng v ho tr ca n.

10

3. nh lut gii hn

Debye-Huckel

nh lut gii hn Debye-Huckel

Debye-Huckel a ra cng thc xc nh h
s hot ion i:

lg i A.Z i2 . I C

(Phng trnh gn ng bc 1)

Xc nh h s hot ion: i
lg i A.Z i2 . I C
Vi dung mi l H2O 25oC:

Vi:
2

e0
2,303.2kT

8 .e0 N 0
.k .T .1000

k: Hang so Boltzmann
N0: So Avogadro
: Hang so ien moi
e0: ien tch ca ien t = 4,8 . 10-10

lg i 0,509.Z i2 . I C

Zi : Ha tr (in tch) ca ion

IC = 0.5Ci.Zi2 : Lc ion (ion-gam/l)

Xc nh h s hot ion: i
lg i A.Z i2 . I C

(Phng trnh gn ng bc 1)

Phng trnh gn ng bc 2
Vi dung mi l H2O 25oC:

(I 0,1)

Gii hn ca PTG bc 1:

dng cho dd long (C 0.01M, I= 0.01-0.03)

ca cht in ly 1-1

a (nm): radius of the hydrated ion

(Bn knh hydrate ca ion).

(Extended Debye-Hckel equation)

11

Xc nh h s hot trung bnh ion:

Phng trnh gn ng bc 3

M A M z A z

Vi dung mi l H2O 25oC:

= (++.--)1/

(I 0,5)

.lg = +lg+ + -lg-

= + + -

lg
Do: + .Z+
(xem SGK)

C: hng s thc nghim

= - Z-

Z 2 Z 2
A IC

lg Z Z A I C Z Z A' I m
( A' A 0 )

Vi dung mi l H2O 25oC: A A = 0,509 (mol/l)-0.5

Xc nh h s hot trung bnh ion:

lg Z Z A I C Z Z A' I m
Vi dung mi l H2O

NaCl

ZnSO4

(L
thuyt)

(Thc
nghim)

(L
thuyt)

(Thc
nghim)

0,001

0,954

0,965

0,812

0,700

0,002

0,946

0,952

0,812

0,700

0,01

0,840

0,906

0,517

0,387

25oC:

lg 0.509. Z Z I

12

C
(mol/l)

Xc nh h s hot trung bnh ion:

PT thc nghim Davies

lg Z Z A

IC
1 IC

Lu
Vi dung dch thc:
Thay nng bng hot trong cc cng thc
tnh ton

0,1( Z Z ) I C

(I 0,5)

Xc nh h s hot trung bnh ion,

dng nh gi kt qu

p dng

Hng s cn bng
Gi tr pH
H s hot ion trong dung
dch nhiu ion

13

Nhn xt

Tng nng ion

Tng in tch ion

Cc loi dy dn
Dy dn loi 1 (kim loi, cht bn dn) :
Dn in nh cc e v cc l
trng

4. S dn in

Dy dn loi 2 (DDL, cht in ly nng

chy,..) : Dn in nh cc ion.

nh lut in phn Faraday

S in phn
ion (+)
(Dy dn loi 1)

ANOD
Phn ng oxi ha

cation

ion(-)
anion

14

(Dy dn loi 1)

CATOD
Phn ng kh
Cu2+ + 2e Cu

2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e

(Dy dn loi 2)

2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH-

nh lut 1: Lng cht b tch ra hay b

ha tan khi in phn t l thun vi in
lng i qua dung dch in ly

m= k0It = k0.q
k0: ng lng in ha
q: in lng (C- culong= 1 Ampe.giy)

nh lut in phn Faraday

nh Lut 2: Cng mt in lng i qua
cc cht in ly khc nhau th lng
cht b chuyn ha s t l thun vi
ng lng ha hc ca chng
S Faraday: F= 96.500 C : in lng cn thit
chuyn ha 1 ng lng gam (lg) ca mt cht
bt k.
Hiu sut dng in: = mthc/mlt (<1) vi mlt lng
cht tnh da trn nh lut Faraday.

n v: - H SI: S.m-1 [ vi S= -1 : /siemens/]

- hoc -1.cm-1 vi: 1 [-1.cm-1] = 100 [S.m-1]

Dy dn loi 1:

( : in tr sut )

Dy dn loi 2: dn in ca 1cm3 (1ml)

dung dch t gia 2 in cc phng song
song c cng din tch S, cch nhau 1 cm.

nh hng ca nhit n :

dn in ring (/kai/)

15

dn in ring (/kai/)

dn in

dn in

Cht

dn in

( -1.cm-1)
180C

Ag

615.000

dd KCl 1N

0,0098

Paraffin

10-18

T = 25 [1- (T-25) + (T-25)2]

T , 25 : dn in ring nhit T 0C v 250C
, : h s nhit (ph thuc cht in ly)
Phng trnh thc nghim:
= 0,0163 (- 0.0174)

 dn in

dn in

nh hng ca nng n :

dn in ng lng (-1.lg-1.cm2)
(-1.cm-1)

Cht in ly mnh (vd: HCl):

dn in ca mt th tch dung dch cha 1 lg

cht in ly nm gia 2 in cc phng song song,
cng din tch, cch nhau 1 cm.

nng thp: chuyn vn ca ion

khng ph thuc nng , nn khi C
tng th cng tng.
nng cao: m my ion lm gim
tc chuyn vn ca ion, gim

Cht in ly yu (vd: CH3COOH):

Mt m my ion nh, it nh hng
n tc ca ion, t nh hng n
nng cao: phn ly gim, dn
in gim

dn in

Vi

Tc vn chuyn ion & dn in

( lg .cm )
-1

-1

Cc k hiu v gii thch: (upsilon)

+ , - : tc chuyn vn ca cation, anion (cm/s)
ph thuc bn cht, nng , T, nht, cng
in trng ngoi,
0+ , 0- : tc tuyt i hay linh cation, anion (cm2.s-1.V-1)
+ = 0+.(E/l) ; - = 0-.(E/l)
[E/l: cng in trng ngoi]
C, : Nng ng lng (lg/l), phn ly ca cht in ly

nh lut Kolhrausch 1:

= - A.C1/2

C (lg/l)
( lg .cm )
-1

-1

C. /1000 (lg/cm3) : S lg cation, anion trong 1cm3

- Cht in ly yu: gim nhanh khi C

tng, quan h =f(C1/2) l ng cong.

C1/2 (lg/l)

16

C: nng ng lng (lg/l)

C (M)

nh hng ca C n :
- Cht in ly mnh: gim chm khi C
tng, quan h =f(C1/2) l ng thng.

Vi:
: dn in ng lng gii hn;
A: h s thc nghim

.1000
C

1/2

Tc vn chuyn ion & dn in

C. /1000 (lg/cm3)

C. /1000 (lg/cm3)

Tc vn chuyn ion & dn in

Tng in lng chuyn bi cation, anion qua
tit din S (cm2) trong 1s:

cation
anion

I I I

S (cm2)

S lg cation, anion chuyn vn qua tit din S

(cm2) trong 1s:

( ).S . .C .F ( 0 0 ).S . .C .F .E

1000
1000l

Theo nh lut Ohm: I E E. .S E. .S .C

R

Do :

1000l

= .F.(0+ + 0-)

Tc vn chuyn ion & dn in

Vi cht in ly mnh (=1):
= F.(0+ + 0-) = + + Vi cht in ly yu (<1):
= .F.(0+ + 0-) = (+ + -)
+ = 0+F ; - = 0-F : dn in ng lng
(DL) ion

17

Tc vn chuyn ion & dn in

Dung dch v cng long- L Kohlrausch 2:

= + + -
, + , - : DL gii hn v DL gii hn
ca cc ion (-1.lg-1.cm2)
Lu : (axit) >

(baz) >> (mui)

Tc vn chuyn ion & dn in

Tc vn chuyn ion & dn in

Linh ca ion H+ v OHoH+ v oOH- rt ln so vi o ca cc ion khc.

Ion
Nguyn nhn:
Di in trng ngoi, ion H+ v OH- chuyn vn trong
nc theo c ch dy chuyn
H+ + H2O H3O+

H
H
H-O-H + O-H
+

H
H
H-O + H-O-H
+

H
H-O +

H
O
-

H
H
O + H-O
-

5
2 -1 -1
oi .10 (cm .s .V )
(dd v cng long 25oC)

H+
OHNa+
Cl-

363,0
205,0
52,0
79,0

dn in VS. dung mi

18

Dung mi

Max
(HCl)

H2O
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C3H7OH
C4H9OH
(C2H5)2O

81
31,2
25,8
22,2
28,2
4,4

394
117
27,2
9,7
4,0
0,04

5. S ti

S chuyn vn ca ion (S ti)

(Transport number, transference number)

L t s gia in lng mang bi ion

qua tit din ca dd CL v tng
in lng i qua tit din .

ti

qi
qi

Nu dd CL ch cha 2 loi ion:

t 1 t

Phng php Hittorf xc nh s ti

Nhn xt:
ti ph thuc vo ion cng cp vi ion .

19

Cht in ly

NaCl

HCl

t-(Cl-)

0.604

0.170

Nguyn tc:
Xc nh ti thng qua s bin thin nng
ion vng anolit v vng catolit.

Phng php Hittorf xc nh s ti

V d: in phn dd HCl, in cc tr
Anolit

Gia

Catolit

Trc khi
in phn

Phng php Hittorf xc nh s ti

Lng cht in ly gim:
- anolit : na
- catolit : nc

Trong khi
in phn
Sau khi
in phn

1
( / ) 1

1
( nc / na ) 1

Lu : Do s solvat ha, dung mi cng di chuyn theo ion c s

khc bit Ti (thc) v ti (biu kin, theo PP Hittorf). Trong cc
dd long, s khc bit ny t.

Phng php o dn in
- Dng cu Wheatstone:
Khi G=0:

6. Phng php o dn
in & ng dng

20

R1/R2= R3/Rx

- Dng bnh o dn:

ng dng

Php nh phn in dn

- Xc nh nng lng tiu th trong qu trnh in

phn
- Xc nh hm lng mui trong cc dung dch (vd:
trong ni supde)
- Xc nh bc ca acid

Nguyn tc:
Do dn in c bit ln ca
ion H+ v OH- so vi cc ion
khc m c s thay i dn
in ca dd.

- Xc nh ha tan ca cc cht kh tan

- Trong phn tch: php nh phn in dn

Php nh phn in dn

(Bi ging tm tt)

Chng 6

HCl bng
NaOH

21

Acid yu
bng
NaOH

Hn hp
acid mnh,
yu bng
NaOH

KCl bng
AgNO3

PIN V iN CC

Pin in ha

Ni dung
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Pin in ha
Nhit ng hc pin v in cc
Phn loi pin v in cc
in th khuch tn v pin c ti
o v ng dng php o sc in ng
Cc ngun in ha

+2e

-2e

Zn + CuSO4 = ZnSO4 + Cu
H0298= -51820 cal/mol
G0298= -50710 cal/mol

Ni 2 in cc bng dy dn loi 1 e- s di chuyn t in

cc Zn qua in cc Cu, to thnh dng in- HA nng IN
nng.

Pin in ha

Pin in ha

K hiu pin

Ha nng
in nng

Pin in ha (pin, nguyn

t Galvanic): l mt h
bin i ha nng thnh
in nng, nh phn ng
oxy ha kh trn in cc.

(-) Zn ZnSO4 CuSO4 Cu (+)

(-) Zn ZnSO4 :. CuSO4 Cu (+)
(-) Pt, H2

22

H+

Fe3+

Fe2+ ,

Pt (+)

: in cc- dung dch,

cc thnh phn in cc

: dung dch- dung dch

:.

: dung dch- dung dch

(khng c th khuch tn)

(c th khuch tn)

: cc thnh phn ca
in cc

Pin in ha
Lp in tch kp

Th in cc ()

+k > +dd

- Khi +k > +dd :

cation tch khi b mt kim loi i vo dd,
li e- b mt tch in (-) ht cc cation
cn tr qu trnh ha tan. Khi cn bng :
lp in tch kp

- Lp in tch kp gia ranh gii in

cc- dung dch lm xut hin mt bc
nhy th (BNT)

+k < +dd

- BNT ph thuc: bn cht KL, dung mi,

nng ion, v nhit

- Khi +k < +dd :

cation kt ta trn mt kim loi b mt tch
in (+) ht cc anion cn tr qu trnh
kt ta. Khi cn bng : lp in tch kp

Pin in ha

Th in cc ()

Pin in ha

Bng th in cc chun

Do khng th xc nh gi tr tuyt i ca BNT nn

dng 1 in cc chun so snh.

Bng th in cc chun ca cc cp Ox/Kh:

gi tr o298 iu kin chun (a=1, 25 0C)

Ghp in cc chun, lm cc (-), vi in cc kho

st , lm cc (+)
Sc in ng ca pin (E) = : th in cc

Nu Kh c tnh kh > H2 : o298 < 0

V d: o298 (Zn2+/Zn)= -0,7628V, nn
2H+ + Zn = H2 + Zn2+

: s khc bit th ca in cc so vi in cc
chun

23

Pin in ha

in cc chun: in cc Hydro : oH+/H2 = 0 (V)

Nu Ox c tnh oxy ha > H+ : o298 > 0

V d: o298 (Cu2+/Cu)= +0,337V, nn
H2 + Cu2+ = 2H+ + Cu

Pin in ha

Sc in ng
Sc in ng:
E= bc nhy th

Pin in ha

Sc in ng

M2

M2

M1

L1

L2

Xt pin

(A) :

(-) M2 M1 L1 L2 M2 (+)

V 2 pin:

(B):

(-) M0 L0 L1 M1 M0 (+)
(-) M0 L0 L2 M2 M0 (+)

(C):

EA= M2/M1+M1/L1+L2/M2

E= M2/M1 +M1/L1+L1/L2+L2/M2
: th galvani- hiu th gia 2 im nm su trong lng 2 pha khc nhaucha c pp xc nh trc tip.

EB= M0/L0+L1/M1+M1/M0

EC-EB= EA

EC= M0/L0+L2/M2+M2/M0
Nu M0 L0 l in cc chun (H2H+): EB= (-) v EC= (+)

L1/L2 : th khuch tn- nh v c th loi tr

Do :

E = M2/M1 +M1/L1+L2/M2

Pin in ha

Sc in ng
EA= (+) - (-)
Sc in ng ca mt mch in ha
bng hiu th gia in cc dng v
in cc m (khi khng c th khuch tn)

EA= (+) - (-)

(Khi khng c th khuch tn)

Nhit ng hc ca pin & in cc

Cng in ca pin
Khi pin lm vic thun nghch nhit ng th
cng in ca pin l cng hu ch cc i
Amax. Cng in khi chuyn ha 1 mol cht:
Amax= q.E = nF.E

(n: s e trao i)

Khi T,P= const, theo nguyn l 2 nhit ng hc:

G = -Amax
G= -nFE

24

Nhit ng hc ca pin & in cc

Nhit ng hc ca pin & in cc

Phng trnh NERNST

Phng trnh NERNST

(nh hng ca nng n E v )

(nh hng ca nng n E v )

aA + bB dD + eE

Phn ng xy ra trong pin:

G = -RT ln(Ka / a )

PT ng nhit Vant Hoff:

PT NERNST tr thnh:

nFE= RT ln(Ka / a )= RT lnKa - RTlna

Hay:

R.T
R.T
a d .a e
ln K a
. ln Da Eb
n.F
n.F
a A .a B

E E0

R.T a dD .a eE
ln
n.F a aA .a Bb

(Phng Trnh NERNST)

0: th in cc khi hot ca cc cu t bng 1

(E0: S khi ai=1)

Nhit ng hc ca pin & in cc

nh hng ca nhit

nh hng ca nhit

G = H - TS

(G )
PT Gibbs - Helmholtz : G H T.
T P
( n.E.F )
n.E.F H T .
T
P

H T (nFE )
H
E

T.
n.F n.F
T P
n.F
T P

25

H
dE
T
n.F
dT

R.T aKh

ln
n.F aOx

25oC :

Nhit ng hc ca pin & in cc

Ox + ne Kh

Phn ng xy ra in cc:

E
dE
dT

H
dE
T
n.F
dT

: h s nhit ca S

dE
1 (G )
S

dT
nF T P nF

H s nhit ca S t l vi
bin thin entropy

Nhit ng hc ca pin & in cc

Nhit ng hc ca pin & in cc

nh hng ca nhit
Tng t, i vi th in cc:
d S

dT nF

Va:

T 0T

d
.(T 298)
dT

Nhit ng hc ca pin & in cc

V d: Xc nh H, S, G ca phn
ng:

Ag + 0,5 Cl2 = AgCl

Bit pin:
(-) Ag, AgCl HCl Cl2, Pt (+) c:
E = 1,132 V ; dE/dT = -0,000477 V/K

Nhit ng hc ca pin & in cc

H thc Luther (c SGK)

Xt chiu phn ng = E ??

26

(h-n).h/n = hh - nn

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Cc loi in cc
in cc loi 1:
in cc thun nghch cation/anion gm
kim loi (hoc phi kim) nhng vo dd cha
ion ca n
Mn+M:

V d:

Mn+

AAn-:

+ ne = M
A + ne = An-

Cu2+Cu:
SeSe2-:

Cu2+ + 2e = Cu
Se + ne = Se2-

Cc loi in cc
in cc loi 1:
Mn+M:
AAn-:
PT NERNST:

R.T a Mn
R.T
ln
0
ln a M n
n.F
aM
n.F

a
R.T
R.T
1
ln A 0
ln
n.F a A n
n.F a A n

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Cc loi in cc
in cc loi 2:
Kim loi c ph cht kh tan ca chnh
n, nhung vo dd cha anion ca hp cht
kh tan
An- MA M:

MA + ne = M+ An-

27

Cc loi in cc
in cc loi 2:
An- MA M:
PT NERNST:

MA + ne = M+ AnR.T
1
ln
n.F a A n

L cc in cc so snh in hnh. V d:
- in cc Calomel: Cl-Hg2Cl2Hg,Pt

V d:
Cl-AgCl Ag:

Mn+ + ne = M
A + ne = An-

AgCl + 1e =Ag + Cl-

- in cc Bc-clorua bc: Cl-AgClAg

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Cc loi in cc

Cc loi in cc
in cc loi 3:
Kim loi tip xc vi 2 mui kh tan c
chung anion, nhng vo dd cha cation ca
mui kh tan th hai

in cc loi 3:
Mn+MA, MAM (TMA < TMA)
Ca2+CaCO3, PbCO3Pb
Phn ng: PbCO3 + Ca2+ + 2e = Pb + CaCO3

Mn+MA, MAM (TMA < TMA)

0
Pb

V d:

TPbCO3 aPb 2 .aCO 2 ;

3

Ca2+CaCO3, PbCO3Pb

a Pb 2

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Cc loi in cc

OxKh, Pt : Ox + ne = Kh

Phc tp:

C6H4O2,H+C6H4(OH)2,Pt :
(/C quinhidron)

Quinon (Q)

28

OH
-

+ 2H + 2e =

R.T
. ln aPb2
n.F

TCaCO3 aCa 2 .aCO 2

3

'0
aCa 2

R.T
. ln aCa 2
n.F

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

in cc oxy ha-kh: (in cc Redox)

OxKh, Pt : Ox + ne = Kh
a
R.T
0
PT NERNST:
. ln kh
Re dox Re dox
n.F

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e = Mn2+ + 4H2O

a ox

Fe3+Fe2+, Pt : Fe3+ + e = Fe2+

MnO4-,H+Mn2+, Pt :

TCaCO3

/ Pb

Cc loi in cc

in cc oxy ha-kh: (in cc Redox)

Kim loi tr nhng vo dd cha c 2 dng:
oxy ha v kh
V d:
n gin:

TPbCO3

OH
Hydroquinon (QH2)

C6H4O2,H+C6H4(OH)2,Pt :
(/C quinhidron)

OH
+

+ 2H + 2e =

o
Quinon (Q)

25oC: Quinh = 0,69976 - 0,059 pH

(Dng lm in cc ch th o pH)

OH
Hydroquinon (QH2)

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Cc loi in cc

Cc loi in cc

in cc kh:
Kim loi tr tip xc vi kh v ion ca kh
V d: H+ H2 Pt: in cc hydro
2H+ + 2e = H2

/ H2

H0 / H

a2
R.T

. ln H
2 .F
pH 2

in cc hn hng:
Hn hng ca mt kim loi tip xc vi dd
cha ion ca kim loi Mn+ M(Hg):

Mn+ + ne = M(Hg)

25oC:

H+/H2 = - 0,059 pH 0,0245 lg pH2

Khi: pH2= 1atm
H+/H2 = - 0,059 pH

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Cc loi mch in ha
Mch ha hc- mch nng :

v d: Cd2+ Cd(Hg)
/C hn hng Cadimi (Cd 12,5%) dng ch to pin
Weston, c E khng i theo thi gian, dng
trong php o sc in ng.

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Cc loi mch in ha
Mch c ti- mch khng ti:
Mch c ti: khi 2 in cc c 2 dd (ging
nhau hoc khc nhau v bn cht) tip xc nhau
qua mng xp C th khuch tn.
(-) Ag AgNO3 (a) AgNO3(a) Ag (+)

Mch ha hc: pin to thnh do 2 in cc khc

nhau v bn cht ha hc.
Pin Jacobi Daniell:
(-) Zn ZnSO4 CuSO4 Cu (+)
Mch nng : pin to thnh do 2 in cc ging
nhau v bn cht ha hc nhng khc v hot ca
dd in cc.
(-) Ag AgNO3 (a) AgNO3(a) Ag (+)

29

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Mch khng ti: khi 2 in cc c chung mt

dd hoc c 2 dd khc nhau nhng khng tip xc
nhau trc tip: v d s dng cu mui, mch kp
loi b th khuch tn.

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Cc loi mch in ha

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Cc loi mch in ha

Mch thun nghch v khng thun nghch:

S thun nghch nhit ng ca mt mch in
ha gm:

- S TN v iu kin lm vic: Khi hot ng

E ln hn V mt lng v cng nh: tc
lm vic v cng chm.
- S TN ca chnh bn thn mch: xy ra
theo chiu no ty hiu in th tc ng

Phn loi in cc- mch in ha

Mch thun nghch v khng thun nghch:

Xt pin Jacobi- Daniel:

- Nu V > E : mch in phn
Zn2+ + Cu Zn + Cu2+
- Nu V < E : pin in
Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
h ny l mch TN.

in th khuch tn

Cc loi mch in ha
Mch thun nghch v khng thun nghch:
Xt pin : (-) Zn CuSO4 Cu (+)
- Nu V > E : mch in phn
Zn2+ + Cu Zn + Cu2+
- Nu V < E : Trong dd khng c
kt ta ti (-); Cu ha tan ti (+)
Cu + Cu2+ Cu2+ + Cu
H ny l mch khng TN.

30

Zn2+,

nn Cu

kt: Tn ti trong mch c ti, ti ranh

gii tip xc gia hai dd in cc
Nguyn nhn: do linh khc nhau ca
cation, anion xut hin lp in tch
kp xut hin bc nhy th in
th khuch tn

in th khuch tn

in th khuch tn

V d:

E tai E kt

(-) Ag AgNO3 (a) : AgNO3(a) Ag (+) (Vi a < a)

- AgNO3 khuch tn t (+) sang (-)
- Linh NO3- > linh Ag+
NO3- i qua mng xp nhanh hn
bn tri mng xp tch in (-),
bn phi tch in (+) kt
- Gi tr ca kt khong vi chc
mV

(-)Ag

t-

kt
- +
- +
- +
- +
- +

AgNO3(a1)

kt

(+)Ag

t+

RT a''
ln '
F
a

Neu t- > t+

tc - > +

th kt > 0

Va Etai > E

Neu t- < t+

tc - < +

th kt < 0

Va Etai < E

Neu t- = t+

tc - = +

th kt = 0

Va Etai = E

AgNO3(a2)

in th khuch tn

Bin php loi tr kt

- Dng cu mui:
dd m c ca mt mui c linh
cation v anion gn bng nhau
trong dd keo agar. VD: KCl, KNO3,
NH4Cl, NH4NO3, .. kt khng ng
k.
- To mch kp: Loi b hon ton kt
.

(-) Ag,AgCl HCl(a) : HCl(a) AgCl,Ag (+)

(-) Ag,AgCl HCl(a)H2, Pt, H2 HCl(a) AgCl,Ag (+)

ng dng ca php o S

Phng php o Sc in ng
Ex

Ew: pin mu c S
bit, n nh, bn vi
thi gian pin Weston
Phng php xung i

31

AC
.E w
AC '

ng dng ca php o S

Chun in th

Phng php o Sc in ng

ng dng o pH
Nguyn tc: o S ca pin gm:

pin Weston:
(-) /C hn hng Cadimi
(+) /C thy ngn loi 2
H s nhit ca pin: 5.10-5 V/oC

- in cc c bit: in cc Calomel,
in cc bc
- in cc c ph thuc pH ca dd in
cc ch th: in cc Hydro, in cc
quinhydron, in cc thy tinh

(-) Cd(Hg) (12,5%)CdSO4 ,CdSO4 .8/3H2O (r)Hg2SO4 Hg,Pt (+)

Chun in th

Chun in th

ng dng Xc nh h s hot trung bnh ()

V d: Xc inh ca dd HCl nng m.
(-)Hg, Hg2Cl2 | KCl || H+ (x)| ien cc thuy tinh (+)
E tt cal 0tt 0,059pH cal
pH

0tt cal E
0,059

u iem: khong dung phu gia kem theo.

Nhc iem: de v v mang thuy tinh mong 0,01 0,03mm.

32

Lp pin: (-) Pt, H2 (1 atm) | HCl (m) | Hg2Cl2, Hg (+)

Phn ng:

Hg2Cl2 + H2 = 2Hg + 2HCl

Sc in ng: E E 0 R.T . ln
2F

E0

a 2HCl
R.T
E0
ln a HCl
PH 2
F

R.T
R.T
ln a2 HCl E 0 2
ln( . .m )
F
F

E E0 2

R.T
R.T
ln( .m) 2
. ln( )
F
F

Chun in th

Chun in th

ng dng Xc nh tch s tan (T)

E E0 2

R.T
R.T
ln( .m) 2
. ln( )
F
F

V d: xc inh T ca AgCl

1
Cl 2 Ag AgCl
2

Phn ng:

- Nu cha bit Eo :
E2

(-) Ag, AgCl | HCl | Cl2, Pt (+)

Lp pin:

- Nu bit Eo : o E, xc inh

E Cl

R.T
R.T
ln( .m) E 0 2
. ln( ) =Y
F
F

/ Cl

AgCl / Ag ,Cl Cl0

/ Cl

0
E Cl

V th Y-m , ngoai suy ti m= 0 thu c Eo

0Cl

/ Cl

/ Cl

0Ag / Ag 0,059 lg TAgCl

-10
1,358V; 0Ag / Ag 0,799V ; Eo = 1,136V TAgCl = 1,77x10

Ngun in ha hc

- Ngun in th cp- acquy: C th

np in v s dng nhiu ln
V d: Acquy acid, acquy kim

Ngun in ha hc
- Ngun in s cp- pin: ch dng
mt ln.
V d: pin kh La Clanch (Zn-C)

Pin La-Clanch

Pin La-Clanch

(-) Zn NH4Cl (20%), ZnCl2 MnO2, C (+)

- Pin nhin liu: lm vic lin tc, trc

tip bin ha nng thnh in nng
V d: pin Hydro-oxy

(-) Zn 2e = Zn+2

Eo = 1,6 V

(+) 2MnO2 + H2O + 2e = Mn2O3 + 2OHPin nhin liu

33

Ta li c:
0AgCl / Ag,Cl 0Ag / Ag 0,059 lg TAgCl

Khi m 0 : 1 nn Y Eo

- Ngun in s cp- pin: ch dng

mt ln.
V d: pin kh La Clanch (Zn-C)

0
0,059 lg aCl AgCl
0,059 lg aCl
/ Ag ,Cl

Ngun in ha hc

Ngun in ha hc

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

(-) Pb, PbSO4 H2SO4 (25-30%) PbO2, Pb (+)

(-) Ni, H2 KOH (30-40%) O2, Ni (+)

(-) Pb + SO42- 2e PbSO4

(-) 2H2 + 4OH- 4e 4H2O

(+) O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH-

(+) PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42- + 2e PbSO4 + 2H2O

Eo = 2,037 V

Eo = 1,23 V

(Bi ging tm tt)

Chng 7
NG HC iN HA

34

Ni dung
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Hin tng in phn

Qu in th
ng dng s in phn
Php cc ph
S n mn in ha

Hin tng in phn

Hin tng in phn

LEO red cat

Quy c v tn in cc

Quy c v tn in cc

(theo SGK)

(theo SGK)

PIN iN

iN PHN

Cc m (-): (qua trnh oxy hoa)

anod:

(qua trnh oxy hoa)

V d: Cu 2e = Cu2+

V d: Zn 2e = Zn2+

Cc dng (+): (qua trnh kh)

catod:

(qua trnh kh)

V d: Zn2+ + 2e = Zn
4H+ + 4e = 2H2

V d: Cu2+ + 2e = Cu

(-)

(+)
Catod

Anod

Hin tng in phn

Hin tng in phn

Qu trnh in phn H2SO4 vi in cc Pt

Quy c v tn in cc
(theo SGK)

LEO red cat

Anod
B

C
mA

Loss Electron is Oxidation

Reduction at Cathode

(-)Pt

(+)Pt

Catod

35

2H2O - 4e = O2(g) + 4H+

0 = 1,23 V
2SO42- - 2e = S2O820 = 2,01 V

Catod
H2SO4

Cht
Kh
mnh

Cht
Oxh
mnh

2H2O + 2e = H2(g) + 2OH

0 = -0,83 V

Anod

2H+ + 2e = H2(g)
0 = 0 V

Hin tng in phn

Hin tng in phn

Qu trnh in phn H2SO4 vi in cc Pt

anod :
2H2O - 4e = 4H+ +O2
(qua trnh oxy hoa- oxidation)

Xt phn ng:
2H2O = O2 + 2H2
G0298 = +56,7 Kcal

Dng in thc hin

c phn ng m
t nhin n khng th
din ra.
I

mA

(-)Pt

(+)Pt

Tng cng:
2H2O = O2 + 2H2

H2SO4

Catod

Catod :
4H+ + 4e = 2H2
(qua trnh kh - reduction)

Anod

Trong qu trnh in phn H2SO4:

Kh O2 v H2 ch thot ra t mt
hiu in th xc nh - in th
phn hy Ef.

+ Khi khng c Qu Th, Ef bng S ca

pin to thnh t cc in cc.

36

Ef

E (V)

(in phn dd H2SO4)

Hin tng in phn

+ L hiu in th nh nht cn thit to ra

gia 2 in cc s in phn bt u
(to ra cc sn phm trn cc in cc)

A
O

in phn nc

in th phn hy (Ef)

(mA)

Hin tng in phn

V du:
ien phan dung dch HCl 1N, ien cc Pt
th Ef =1,31 V
Xet Pin: (-) Pt, H2HCl HCl O2 , Pt (+)
Ta co:
0 H2/H+=0 V ;
0 Cl-/Cl2 =1,36
V
Eo=1,36 V (Ef Eo)

Hin tng in phn

S phn cc ha hc (in ha)

Hin tng in phn

S phn cc ha hc (in ha)

E

- +

Khi in phn H2SO4, s to kh

O2, H2 trn 2 in cc, to thnh
pin, chng li in th ngoi:

(mA)

E Ep
R

mA

(-)Pt

(-) Pt, H2 H2O (H2SO4)O2, Pt (+)

H2SO4

A
O

Ep: in th
phn cc

(+)Pt

Ef

E (V)

(-)
Pt, H2 H+

0 H+/H2= V

Hin tng in phn

H2

H2O O2
Ep =+ - -

(+)
Pt, O2 H2O

1,23V

0 O2,H+/H2O=

Hin tng in phn

S phn cc ha hc (in ha)

S phn cc ha hc (in ha)

(-) Pt, H2 H2O (H2SO4)O2, Pt (+)

(-) Pt, H2 H2O (H2SO4)O2, Pt (+)

(-): 2H+ + 2e = H2
( ) H0

/ H2

PH
a2
R.T
R.T
. ln 2 2 H0 / H
. ln H
2
n.F
aH
n.F
PH 2

(+): 0,5O2 + 2H+ + 2e = H2O

( ) H0 O / O
2

37

a H2 2 O
a 4 .PO
R.T
R.T
. ln 4
H0 2O / O2
. ln H 2 2
n.F
a H .PO2
n.F
aH 2 O

Ep = + - -

Hin tng in phn

S phn cc ha hc (in ha)

Ep = (+) - (-)
- Khi E bn ngoi tng: O2, H2 to thnh tng
(+) tng v (-) gim Ep tng

Hin tng in phn

S phn cc nng
S chenh lech the ien cc do s
khac nhau ve nong o tao ra.

- Khi PO2, PH2 bng p sut kh quyn Ep

max. Lc E bn ngoi l Ef
Xut hin bt kh H2 , O2

Hin tng in phn

S phn cc nng
RT
. ln C
nF

Khi co phan ng ien hoa: Mn+ +ne = M

/ 0

RT
. ln CS
nF

CS : nng st b mt in cc (Cs C)

38

S phn cc nng
Xt in cc: Mn+/M

Xt in cc: Mn+/M
Ban u (gi s =1): 0

Hin tng in phn

RT
. ln C
nF

-Khi in cc l catod:
Mn+ + ne = M
Cs < C
C /

C
RT
. ln S 0
nF
C

/ 0

RT
. ln CS
nF

-Khi in cc l anod:
M - ne = Mn+
Cs > C
a /

C
RT
. ln S 0
nF
C

Qu th

Qu th

Qu th ( /eta/): S khc bit gia in

th phn hy v tng cc in
th cn bng trn cc in cc

Nguyn nhn:
do tc tng i nh ca qu trnh in
ha, mi phn ng in ha l mt qu trnh
phc tp, nhiu giai on.

= Ef - E/c

V d:
in phn dd CuSO4, in cc Pt
Ef = 1,3 V ; Edc = 0,89 V = 0.41 V

Qu th

Phng trnh Tafel

Phng trnh Tafel

Gi tr cc hng s a, b ca PT Tafel cho phn ng catod

thot H2 trn cc kim loi 25oC

= a + b.lgi
Trong o:

: qua the hydro (V).

i: mat o dong ien A/cm2.
a: phu thuoc vt liu in cc
RT
b: phu thuoc qua trnh. b 2 2,303. ln
nF

Khi n=1, T=25oC : b 0.166

Khi i tng 10 ln, tng 0.166V

39

Qu th

Kim loai
Pb
Hg

Zn
Pd
Pt trn
Pt

Dung dch, nong o

H2SO4
1,0N
H2SO4
5,0N
HCl
1,0N
KOH
0,1N
H2SO4
1,0N
KOH
HCl
HCl

0,1N
1,0N
0,5N

a
1,533
1,400
1,390
1,430
1,240

b
0,118
0,116
0,119
0,093
0,118

0,637
0,100
0,073

0,125
0,130
0,028

Qu th

Cc thuyt qu th Hydro
S phong ien cua ion H3O+ to kh H2 rat
phc tap, gom nhieu giai oan noi tiep:
- Khuech tan:
- Kh nc:

Qu th

Cc thuyt qu th Hydro

H3O+ khuech tan t dd be mat ien cc

Thuyt kt hp: (Tafel, 1905)

- Giai on chm: Giai on kt hp (mol ha)
Khi ien phan, nong o nguyn t H tren be mat
tang chuyen the ien cc ve pha am hn.

H 3O H H 2 O

- Phong ien va hap phu H: H 1e H

- Ket hp:

2H hf H 2 dd

- Thoat kh:

H 2 dd H 2 kh

v H Me Me | H hf

R.T aKh

ln
n.F aOx

Qu th

Cc thuyt qu th Hydro
Thuyt kt hp: (Tafel, 1905)

= a + 0,029lgi
Gia tr b = 0,029, bang so vi gi tr thc
nghim.
Nguyn nhn:
do khng tnh n cu trc b mt in cc, s
tng tc gia cc nguyn t H.

40

Qu th

Cc thuyt qu th Hydro
Thuyt phng in chm:
Giai on chm: s phong ien cua cac ion
(do can nang lng hoat hoa)
Tc :

(xem SGK)

W = k0. e-E/RT.[H3O+]
a

R.T
0,058
. ln i a
. lg i
.F

Neu = 0,5 th b = 0,058/0,5 = 0,116

Phu hp vi phng trnh thc nghiem cua Tafel
khi chn = 0,5 .

Qu th

ngha ca qu th

Qu th

ngha ca qu th

im bt li:
ien phan nc: neu khong co qua the th E = 1,23V.
Nhng thc dung: E = 1,7V, tang hn khoang 40%.
im c li:
- Ma kim loai: qua the hydro tren kim loai thng rat ln
nen co the ma kim loai t dung dch ma khong co hydro
bay ra.

0 (Cu2+/Cu) = 0,337 V

0 (H+/H2) = 0V

Electroplating

- ien phan dung dch NaCl vi catot Hg

- Nap acquy ch.

Qu th

ngha ca qu th
0 (Pb2+/Pb) = -0,126 V

0 (H+/H2) = 0V

Np in acquy ???
PbSO4 + 2e = Pb + SO422H+ + 2e = H2

41

ng dng ca in phn

in luyn kim v m in
- Sn xut nhm: in phn hn hp Al2O3
Cryolit (3NaF.AlF3)
- Tch v tinh luyn Kim Loi: ng dng trong
sn xut kim loi t qung: Cu,
Zn, Ca, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr,
- S dng phc cht trong m kim loi: v d
dng [Ag(CN)2]- ; [Cu (NH3)4]2+

ng dng ca in phn

Phn ng in ha oxy ha kh
- C th dng trong tng hp cc cht
hu c. Tuy nhin, c ch ca cc
qu trnh ny l phc tp

Php cc ph

Phng php Volt-Ampere

Phng phap nghien cu qua trnh ien
hoa da tren c s tm moi quan he
cng o dong ien la ham cua hieu
ien the: I = f(V).
Mt dng ca phng php Volt-Ampere:
Php cc ph (polarography)

Php cc ph

Php cc ph
I (mA)

Ii

1
2,5
3
4
6
S cc ph ca Heyrosky

42

: Mao qun
: Cc in cc
: Ngun in
: Potentionmeter (in th k)
: Bnh o

U (V)

ng dng: C th dng phn tch nh tnh (da vo i) ,

nh lng (da vo Ii) h nhiu cu t

S n mn in ha

n mn kim loi l hin tng kim

loi b mi trng oxy ha. Theo c
ch, c 2 loi n mn:

n mn
ha hc

n mn
in ha

S n mn in ha

n mn in ha: Qu trnh n mn
tun theo qui lut ng hc in ha
v km theo s hnh thnh cc pin t
vi.
V d:

n mn khi c mt cht in ly nh trong

khng kh m, di t,..

S n mn in ha

n mn ha hc: Qu trnh n mn
tun theo qui lut ng hc ca phn
ng d th, khng km theo s xut
hin ca dng in
V d:

n mn do cc kh kh: O2, H2S, SO2,.. ;

hoc cc cht lng khng in ly: xng,
nha,..; cc kh nhit cao.

S n mn in ha

n mn in ha
$200 billion dollars (or 4% of the gross domestic product) is spent
in the United States each year to prevent or repair the damage done
by corrosion.
Economically, one of the most important metals to corrode is iron
and one of its alloys, steel.
Almost 20% of the iron and steel produced in the United States
each year is used to replace objects that have corroded.
(Ngun:http://science.jrank.org)

43

S n mn in ha

S n mn in ha

C ch ca qu trnh n mn in ha
C ch ca qu trnh n mn in ha

V d:

cc (-) ca pin- qu trnh oxy ha:

Hnh thnh cc pin t vi trong mi trng m:

(-) Fe Fe2+ H2O O2, Fe (+)

Me 2e Me2+

S n mn ca thp

cc (+) ca pin- qu trnh kh:

0.5 O2 + H2O + 2e 2OHNu mi trng acid: 0.5 O2 +2H+ + 2e H2O

S n mn in ha

n mn in ha

S n mn in ha

Cc phng php bo v kim loi

(-) Fe Fe2+ H2O O2, Fe (+)

44

(-) Fe 2e = Fe2+

0 (Fe2+/Fe) = - 0,44 V

(+) 0,5O2 + 2H+ + 2e = H2O

0,5O2 + H2O + 2e = 2OH-

0 (H2O/H+,O2) = 1,23 V
0 (OH-/O2) = 0,40 V

Dng lp
ph bo v

X l mi
trng

Dng dng
in ngoi

S n mn in ha

Cc phng php bo v kim loi

Cc phng php bo v kim loi

(-) ZnZn2+ H2O O2,Fe (+)

Dng lp ph bo v:
- Ph bng cht hu c: sn

0 (Zn2+/Zn)= -0,76 V

- Ph kim loi hoc hp kim bn vng: st

trng km (tn), st m kn, m crom,

0 (Fe2+/Fe)= -0,44 V

- Ph bng mng oxyt bn, cch ly kim loi

vi mi trng: v d dng mng Al2O3

S n mn in ha

Cc phng php bo v kim loi

X l mi trng:
- Gim cht kh cc, O2: un nng, thi kh,..
- Thm vo cc cht c ch lm gim qu trnh
n mn
Dng dng in ngoi:
- Phng php bo v catod
- Phng php bo v anod

45

S n mn in ha