Mc lc

Mng my tnh v mng Internet(Computer Networks and the

Internet)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Internet l g? ..
Giao thc l g? ..
Bin mng ..
Li mng .
Cc chng trnh tng tc vch ra cc l trnh trong
mng Internet
Java Applet: Chuyn mch thng bo v Chuyn mch gi
5. Cc mng truy nhp v Phng tin vt l .
6. Tr v Mt trong cc mng chuyn mch gi .
7. Cc tng giao thc v cc kiu dch v ca chng .
8. Xng sng ca mng Internet, NAPs v ISPs ..
9. S lc lch s ca Mng my tnh v Mng Internet
10.ATM .
11.Tm tt .
12.Bi tp v nh v cc cu hi tho lun ...

2
10
14
19

43
55
63
74
79
90
94
96

1.1 Internet l g?
Trong cun sch ny chng ta s dng Internet cng cng, mt mng my tnh c
trng(v c l l ci m hu ht ngi c u tng s dng), nh mt phng

tin c bn tho lun v cc giao thc mng my tnh.Nhng Internet l g?

Chng ti mun a cho cc bn mt nh ngha v Internet,mt nh ngha m
bn c th gi ly hoc chia s vi gia nh hoc bn b. Mng Internet l rt phc
tp, bao gm c cc thnh phn phn cng, phn mm cng nh cc dch v m n
cung cp.

M t c bn.
Thay v a ra mt nh ngha c th,chng ta hy th mt phng php tip
cn din t hn.C hai cch lm iu .Cch th nht l m t cc chi tit c
bn ca Internet, l, cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm c s to nn
mng Internet. Cch khc l miu t Internet theo quan im mt h tng mng
cung cp dch v cho cc ng dng phn tn.Chng ta s bt u vi vic m t c
bn, s dng Hnh 1.1-1 minh ha cho tho lun ca chng ta.

Hnh 1.1-1: Mt s mnh ca mng Internet

Internet cng cng l mt mng my tnh c phm vi trn ton th gii, tc
l mt mng kt ni hng triu cc thit b tnh ton khp ni trn th gii.
Hu ht cc thit b tnh ton l cc my bn truyn thng, cc my

trm Unix c s, hay cn c gi l my ch ci m lu tr v truyn

dn thng tin v d nh cc trang Web v cc th in t. Cng ngy, cc
thit b tnh ton phi truyn thng nh Web TVs,my tnh di ng, my nhn
tin v cc toaster cng c kt ni vi Internet.(Cc toaster khng phi ch
l cc thit b khc thng c kt ni vo mng Internet; xem trong The
Future of the Living Room) Trong lnh vc Internet,tt c nhng thit b ny
c gi l cc host hoc cc end system (h thng u cui).Cc ng
dng Internet m nhiu ngi trong s chng ta quen thuc, chng hn
nh WWW v e-mail, l nhng chng trnh ng dng mng chy trn cc
h thng u cui nh vy.Chng ta s nhn vo cc h thng u cui
Internet mt cch chi tit hn trong phn 1.3 v sau i su vo nghin
cu cc ng dng mng trong Chng 2.
Cc h thng u cui, cng nh cc mnh khc ca Internet,chy cc
giao thc ci m iu khin vic gi v nhn thng tin trong mng Internet.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)v IP (Internet Protocol) l hai trong
s cc giao thc quan trng nht ca mng Internet. Cc giao thc c bn
ca Internet c gi chung l cc giao thc TCP/IP. Chng ta s tm hiu
k hn v giao thc phn 1.2. Tuy nhin mi ch l 1 khi u- c rt
nhiu ch trong ton b cun sch ny lin quan n cc giao thc mng
my tnh!
Cc h thng u cui c kt ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt truyn thng.
Chng ta s thy trong phn 1.5 rng c rt nhiu loi lin kt truyn thng.
Cc lin kt c to thnh t cc loi phng tin vt l khc nhau: cp
ng trc, cp ng, cp quang v sng radio. Cc lin kt khc nhau c th
truyn d liu vi tc khc nhau. Tc truyn dn ca lin kt thng
c gi l bng thng lin kt, v thng c o bng bit/giy.
Thng thng,cc h thng u cui khng trc tip kt ni vi nhau qua
mt lin kt truyn thng duy nht.Thay vo , chng c kt ni gin
tip vi nhau thng qua cc thit b chuyn i trung gian c bit n nh
l cc router(b nh tuyn). Mt router s nhn thng tin c gi ti t
mt trong s cc lin kt truyn thng i ti n v sau chuyn tip thng
tin ny ln mt trong s cc lin kt truyn thng i ra khi n. Giao thc
IP s xc nh nh dng thng tin c gi v nhn gia cc router v cc

h thng u cui. ng dn m truyn thng tin nhn c t h thng

u cui gi, qua mt lot cc lin kt truyn thng v router, n h
thng u cui nhn c bit n nh l mt route (l trnh) hoc path
(ng dn) qua mng. Chng ta s tm hiu chi tit hn v nh tuyn trong
phn 1.4.v nghin cu cc thut ton c s dng xc nh cc tuyn
ng cng nh cu trc ni b ca bn thn mt router trong Chng 4.
Thay v cung cp mt ng dn dnh ring gia cc h thng u cui
ang giao tip vi nhau, Internet s dng mt k thut c gi l chuyn
mch gi, n cho php nhiu h thng u cui ang giao tip vi nhau chia
s mt ng dn, hoc cc phn ca mt ng dn, cng mt lc. Chng
ta s thy rng chuyn mch gi thng s dng mt lin kt "hiu qu" hn
nhiu so vi chuyn mch vng ( mi mt cp h thng u cui giao
tip vi nhau s c gi mt ng dn dnh ring). Hnh thc ban u
ca Internet l cc mng chuyn mch gi u tin; Internet cng cng ngy
nay l b ln ca tt c cc mng chuyn mch gi ang tn ti.
Internet thc s l mt mng ca cc mng. Tc l, Internet l mt tp ca
cc mng c s hu v qun l t nhn hoc cng cng hp li vi nhau.
Bt k mt mng no kt ni vi Internet u phi chy giao thc IP v phi
tun theo cc quy c t tn v nh a ch bit. V cn khng t nhng
rng buc khc na, tuy nhin , mt ngi iu hnh mng c th thit lp
cu hnh v chy mng mc cho n chn ci g (tc l, bn thn n l mt
mnh nh ca Internet). V s dng mt cch ph bin giao thc IP trong
mng Internet, nn giao thc IP i khi cn c bit n nh l Internet
dail tone.
Cu trc lin kt ca mng Internet, tc l, cu trc ca lin kt gia cc
mnh khc nhau ca mng Internet, l phn cp lng lo. Ni mt cch khi
qut, t thp n cao, h phn cp bao gm cc h thng u cui kt ni
n cc nh cung cp dch v Internet a phng (ISPs) thng qua cc
mng truy cp. Mt mng truy cp c th l mt ci gi l mng cc b
trong mt cng ty hoc trng i hc, mt ng in thoi quay s vi
mt modem, hoc mt mng truy nhp cp hoc in thoi c s tc cao.
ISPs a phng ln lt kt ni ti cc ISP khu vc, ci m ln lt kt ni
ti cc ISP trong nc v quc t. Cc ISP trong nc v quc t c kt

ni vi nhau ti tng cao nht trong h thng phn cp. Cc tng v cc

nhnh mi (tc l, cc mng mi, v cc mng mi ca cc mng) c th
c thm vo nh l mt mnh Lego mi c th c gn vo mt cu trc
Lego ang tn ti. Trong na u ca nm 1996, c khong 40.000 a ch
mng mi c thm vo Internet [Network 1996] mt tc tng trng
ng kinh ngc.
mc k thut v pht trin, Internet c thc hin thng qua cc sng
to, th nghim v thc hin cc chun Internet. Nhng chun ny c
pht trin bi Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Cc ti liu chun
IETF c gi l cc RFC ( ngh duyt tho v bnh lun). Cc RFC khi
u nh l nhu cu chung cho cc tho lun (ging nh tn gi) gii
quyt cc vn kin trc ci m hng v cc tin thn ca Internet. Cc
RFC, mc d l cc chun khng chnh thc, tin ha n chng c
trch dn nh cc chun chnh thc. RFC c xu hng kh l k thut v chi
tit. Chng nh ngha cc giao thc nh TCP, IP, HTTP (cho Web) v
SMTP (i vi cc chun m th in t). Hin c hn 2.000 RFC khc
nhau.
Internet cng cng (tc l mng li ton cu ca cc mng c tho lun trn)
l mng m mt in hnh ca n c bit n nh l Internet. Ngoi ra cn c rt
nhiu mng li t nhn, chng hn nh cc mng no ca cng ty v chnh
ph, nhng host ca cc mng ny khng c truy cp t cc host bn ngoi
mng t nhn (tc l, chng khng th trao i thng ip vi nhau). Nhng
mng li t nhn thng c bit n nh l cc mng intranet (mng cc b),
v chng thng s dng cng mt "cng ngh internet" nh Internet cng cng
(tc l, cc host, cc router, lin kt, giao thc, v cc chun cng loi).

M t dch v
Tho lun trn nh ngha rt nhiu mnh to nn Internet. By gi chng ta
s b qua phn m t c bn v i n mt ci nhn hng dch v tru tng hn:
Internet cho php cc ng dng phn tn chy trn cc h thng u cui
ca n trao i d liu vi nhau. Cc ng dng ny bao gm ng nhp
t xa, truyn file, th in t, to lung m thanh v video, hi ngh m

thanh v video thi gian thc, cc tr chi phn tn, World Wide Web, v.v
[AT & T 1998]. iu c gi tr nhn mnh rng Web khng phi l mt
mng ring bit m ch l mt trong nhiu ng dng phn tn s dng dch
v truyn thng c cung cp bi Internet. Web cng c th chy trn mt
mng ngoi mng Internet. Mt l do m Internet l phng tin truyn
thng c la chn cho Web, d nh th no, l bi v khng tn ti mt
mng chuyn mch gi no khc kt ni nhiu hn 43 triu my tnh vi
nhau [Network 1999]v c 100 triu ngi s dng hoc nhiu hn
[Almanac]. (Nhn y, vic xc nh s lng my tnh ni vi Internet l
mt nhim v rt kh khn, v vy khng c ai chu trch nhim duy tr mt
danh sch ca nhng ngi kt ni. Khi mt mng mi c thm vo
Internet, cc qun tr vin ca n khng cn phi bo co nhng h thng
u cui c kt ni vi mng . Tng t nh vy, mt mng ang tn
ti khng cn bo co nhng thay i ca n v cc h thng u cui c
kt ni vi bt k chnh quyn trung ng no.)
Internet cung cp 2 dch v cho cc ng dng phn tn ca n l: dch v
hng kt ni (connection-oriented service)v dch v phi kt ni
(connectionless service). Ni mt cch khng r rng, dch v hng kt
ni m bo rng d liu c truyn t mt ngi gi n mt ngi nhn
cui cng s c chuyn ti ngi nhn theo th t v ton vn. Dch v
phi kt ni khng a ra bt k mt m bo no v vic phn phi cui
cng. Thng thng, vic thc hin mt ng dng phn tn s s dng mt
trong 2 dch v m khng phi l c hai. Chng ta s xem xt hai dch v
khc nhau ny trong phn 1.3 v chi tit hn trong Chng 3.
Hin ti, Internet khng cung cp mt dch v m a ra li ha v vic n
s cn bao lu chuyn giao d liu t ngi gi n ngi nhn. V
ngoi tr vic tng tc bit truy cp ca bn n nh cung cp dch v
Internet (ISP), th hin ti bn khng th c c dch v tt hn (tc l c
c tr nh hn) bng cch tr nhiu hn - mt trng thi cng vic m
mt s ngi (c bit l ngi M!) gp phi. Chng ta s cng xem mt
nghin cu Internet tin tin ci m nhm mc ch thay i tnh trng ny
trong Chng 6.

M t th hai ca chng ta v Internet- theo quan im cc dch v m n cung cp

cho cc ng dng phn tn m t ny l phi truyn thng, nhng l mt trong
nhng ci quan trng. Cng ngy, nhng tin b trong cc thnh phn c bnca
Internet ngy cng c thc y bi nhu cu ca cc ng dng mi. V vy, iu
quan trng cn ghi nh rng Internet l mt c s h tng trong cc ng dng
mi lin tc c pht minh ra v c trin khai.
Chng ta c c 2 m t v mng Internet, mt theo quan im ca cc thnh
phn phn cng v phn mm ci m to nn Internet, ci cn li theo quan im
ca cc dch v m n cung cp cho cc ng dng phn tn. Nhng c l bn thm
ch cn lng tng hn v Internet l ci g? Chuyn mch gi, TCP/IP v dch v
hng kt ni l g? Router l g ? Nhng loi lin kt truyn thng no ang c
mt trn mng Internet? Mt ng dng phn tn l g? Internet lm g vi chi
tr em (Lego)? Nu by gi bn cm thy mt cht chong ngp bi tt c nhng
iu ny, th cng ng lo lng - mc ch ca cun sch ny l gii thiu cho bn
k c nhng ci cn bn ca Internet, cng nh cc nguyn l chi phi vic
Internet hot ng nh th no v v sao. Chng ta s gii thch cc thut ng v
cc cu hi quan trng ny trong cc phn v cc chng tip theo.

Mt s siu lin kt tt
Tt c cc nh nghin cu Internet u bit, mt s thng tin tt nht v chnh xc
nht v Internet v cc giao thc ca n khng c trong nhng quyn sch in, bo,
hoc tp ch. Hiu bit cao nht v Internet l ngay trong bn thn Internet! Tt
nhin, thc s l c rt nhiu ti liu xem xt qua, v i khi cc thng tin qu
l tht thng (khi c khi khng). Di y, chng ta s lit k mt vi trang Web
ni chung l xut sc v mng v cc thnh phn lin quan n mng Internet.
Trong sut cun sch, chng ta cng s trnh by cc lin kt c lin quan, cc
URL cht lng cao ci m cung cp khi qut, nguyn thy (ngha l mt trch
dn), hoc ti liu tin tin lin quan n ch c th c nghin cu. y l
mt tp cc lin kt chnh m bn s mun tham kho trong khi bn theo ui
trong sut cun sch ny:
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): IETF l cng ng quc t m c lin
quan ti s pht trin v hot ng ca Internet v kin trc ca n. IETF chnh

thc c thit lp bi Internet Architecture Board (IAB) nm 1986. IETF hp ba

ln mt nm; nhiu cng vic lin tc ca n c thc hin thng qua danh sch
gi th bi cc nhm lm vic. Thng thng, da trn cc bo co IETF trc,
cc nhm lm vic s triu tp cc cuc hp ca IETF tho lun v cng vic
ca cc nhm lm vic IETF. IETF c qun l bi Hip hi Internet, trang web
c nhn ca n c cha rt nhiu ti liu cht lng cao, lin quan n Internet.
The World Wide Web Consortium(W3C): W3C c thnh lp nm 1994 pht
trin cc giao thc chung cho s tin trin ca World Wide Web. N l mt ch ni
bt vi cc thng tin hp dn v cc cng ngh, cc giao thc v cc chun Web
ang ni ln.
The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) v Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE): y l hai t chc chuyn nghip quc t chnh c
cc hi ngh k thut, cc tp ch, v cc bo trong lnh vc mng. ACM Special
Interest Group in Data Communications (SIGCOMM), IEEE Communications
Society, v IEEE Computer Society l cc nhm trong cc c quan ny c nhng
n lc lin quan cht ch n mng.
Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia: Mt c gng gi Internet truyn thng
m, cc chi tit k thut giao thc t do, kt hp n vi mt biu din Web nm
1990, v to ra mt ti liu tham kho c th c c v hu ch cho cc hot
ng k thut ca mng Internet. Trang web c cha cc ti liu qua 100 ch v
Internet.
Data communications tutorials : t tp ch trc tuyn Data Communication: mt
trong nhng tp ch tt nht v cng ngh truyn thng d liu. Trang ch bao gm
rt nhiu hng dn xut sc.
Media History Project:Bn c th t hi Internet bt u nh th no. Hoc bn
c th t hi in t vin thng bt u ni u tin nh th no. V thm ch
bn c th thc mc trc in t vin thng l g! May mn thay, trang Web ny
cha mt ngun ti nguyn phong ph tuyt vi c sn v cc i tng ny. Trang
web ny thc y vic nghin cu lch s phng tin truyn thng t petroglyths
n pixels. N bao gm lch s ca phng tin truyn thng k thut s, phng

tin truyn thng i chng, phng tin truyn thng in t, phng tin truyn
thng in n, v thm ch c vn ha ni v vit.

Tham kho
[Almanac 1998] Computer Industry Almanac, December 1998, http://www.c-ia.com/
[AT&T 1998] "Killer Apps," AT&T WWW page
http://www.att.com/attlabs/brainspin/networks/killerapps.html
[Network 1996] Network Wizards, Internet Domain Survey, July 1996,
http://www.nw.com/zone/WWW-9607/report.html
[Network 1999] Network Wizards, Internet Domain Survey, January 1999,
http://www.nw.com/zone/WWW/top.html

1.2.Giao thc l g?

Chng ta c mt cht cm nhn v "Internet" l g, by gi hy cng xem xt

mt vn quan trng khng km ng thi cng l tiu ca cun sch: "giao
thc". Giao thc l g? Giao thc lm nhng g? V lm th no ta nhn bit c
mt giao thc nu ta gp mt trong s chng?

Tng t nh con ngi

S d dng nht hiu c khi nim v mt giao thc mng my tnh bng
cch u tin xem xt mt s tng ng trong x hi loi ngi, bi v loi ngi
chng ta thc hin cc giao thc mi lc. Hy xem xt nhng g bn lm khi bn
mun hi ai gi trong ngy. Mt trao i in hnh c ch ra trong Hnh 1.21. Giao thc ca con ngi (hoc cch c x tt, t nht) quy nh rng mt trong
nhng ci u tin a ra l mt li cho ("Hi" u tin trong hnh 1.2-1) bt
u giao tip vi ngi khc. Nhng phn ng tiu biu cho mt thng ip Hi
(t nht l bn ngoi thnh ph New York) l mt thng ip Hi tr li. Ngm
hiu l, sau khi nhn c mt phn hi Hi mt cch thn mt th l du hiu
cho thy ngi u tin c th bt u trc v hi gi trong ngy. Mt phn ng
khc nhau cho ci "Hi" ban u (chng hn nh "ng lm phin ti!", hoc "Ti
khng ni c ting Anh," hoc mt cu tr li khim nh m ngi ta c th
nhn c thnh ph New York) c th ch ra mt ci khng mun hoc khng
c kh nng giao tip. Trong trng hp ny, giao thc ca con ngi s khng
hi gi trong ngy. i khi ngi th nht khng nhn c phn hi tt c cc
cu hi, trong trng hp ny ngi th nht in hnh s a ra mt ln na cu
hi v thi gian. Lu rng trong giao thc con ngi ca chng ta, c nhng
thng ip c th chng ta gi i, v cc hnh ng c th chng ta thu c
trong phn hi nhn c t cc thng ip tr li hoc cc s kin khc (chng
hn nh khng tr li trong mt khong thi gian nht nh). R rng, vic truyn
v nhn cc thng ip, v hnh ng nhn c khi cc thng ip c gi
hoc c nhn hoc cc s kin khc xy ra, ng vai tr trung tm trong mt
giao thc ca con ngi. Nu con ngi chy cc giao thc khc nhau (v d nu
mt ngi c nhng cch c x v ngi kia khng lm nh vy hoc mt ngi
hiu v khi nim v thi gian cn ngi kia th li khng hiu) th nhng giao
thc ny khng th kt hp v khng th hon thnh cng vic. iu ny cng
ng trong mng n i hi hai (hoc nhiu) thc th giao tip vi nhau chy
chung mt giao thc thc hin mt nhim v.
Hy xem xt tnh hung th hai. Gi s bn ang trong mt lp i hc (v d nh
lp hc v mng my tnh chng hn). Gio vin ang ging v cc giao thc v
bn m h v n. Gio vin dng ging hi rng "C cu hi no ko ?" ( mt
thng ip c truyn i, v c nhn bi tt c nhng sinh vin nhng ngi

m khng ng gt). Bn gi tay ( truyn mt thng ip ngm n gio vin). Gio

vin ca bn chp nhn bng mt n ci, v ni "Mi em"(mt thng ip
c truyn c v bn a ra cu hi ca mnh- gio vin thch vic t cc cu
hi) v sau bn a ra cu hi ca mnh (tc l, truyn thng ip ca bn n
thy gio). Thy gio lng nghe cu hi ca bn (nhn thng ip cu hi ca bn)
v tr li (truyn cu tr li n bn). Mt ln na, chng ta thy rng vic truyn
v nhn cc thng ip, v mt tp nhng hnh ng theo quy c c dng khi
nhng thng ip c gi v c nhn, l trung tm ca giao thc hi v tr
li ny.

Cc giao thc mng

Mt giao thc mng l tng t vi giao thc ca con ngi, tr nhng thc th
trao i thng ip v cc hnh ng nhn c l cc thnh phn phn cng hoc
phn mm ca mt mng my tnh, nhng thnh phn y s c chng ta nghin
cu ngn gn trong nhng phn sau. Tt c nhng hot ng trong Internet c lin
quan ti hai hoc nhiu thc th t xa giao tip vi nhau b qun l bi mt giao
thc. Cc giao thc trong cc router xc nh r mt phn ca gi tin t ngun n
ch; cc giao thc phn cng c thc hin trong cc card giao din mng
(network interface) ca hai my tnh kt ni vt l vi nhau s kim sot lung bit
qua dy kt ni gia hai my tnh; mt giao thc kim sot tc nghn s kim
sot tc cc gi tin c truyn gia ngi gi v ngi nhn. Cc giao thc
chy mi ni trn mng Internet v do vy mc ch ca cun sch ny l v cc
giao thc mng my tnh

Hnh 1.2-1: Mt giao thc ca con ngi v mt giao thc mng my tnh
Mt v d v giao thc mng my tnh m bn rt quen thuc, ta hy xem xt iu
g s xy ra khi ta to ra mt yu cu n mt my ch Web, tc l, khi bn g vo
URL ca mt trang Web no vo trnh duyt web ca bn. Kch bn ny c
m t na bn phi ca Hnh 1.2-1. Trc tin, my tnh ca bn s gi mt
thng ip gi l "yu cu kt ni" n my ch Web v ch cu tr li. My ch
Web cui cng s nhn c thng ip yu cu kt ni ca bn v p tr li mt
thng ip "tr li kt ni". Nh vy l thnh cng yu cu cc vn bn Web,
my tnh ca bn sau s gi tn ca trang Web m bn mun ly t my ch
Web trong mt thng ip "ly". Cui cng, my ch Web gi tr v nhng
phn ca ca vn bn Web n my tnh ca bn.
Vic a ra cc v d v con ngi v mng trn, cho thy vic trao i cc
thng ip v cc hot ng nhn c khi cc thng ip c gi v c
nhn l nhng yu t then cht ca mt giao thc:
Mt giao thc xc nh nh dng v th t ca nhng thng ip trao i gia
hai hoc nhiu thc th giao tip, cng nh l cc hnh ng c thc hin khi
truyn v/hoc nhn cc thng ip.
Mng Internet v cc mng my tnh ni chung, lm cho vic s dng cc giao
thc tr ln rng ri hn. Nhng giao thc khc nhau c s dng thc hin
nhng cng vic giao tip khc nhau. Khi bn c ht quyn sch ny, bn s hc
c mt vi giao thc n gin v d hiu, trong khi nhng ci khc th li rt
phc tp v i hi kin thc chuyn su. Thnh tho trong lnh vc mng my
tnh tng ng vi vic hiu c cc giao thc mng l g, ti sao v nh th
no? (Tr li cho cc cu hi What, Why v How)

1.3 Bin ca mng (network edge)

Trong phn trc chng ta m t mc khi qut v internet v cc giao thc
mng. By gi ta s i su hn vo cc thnh phn ca Internet. Chng ta bt u
t phn bin ca mng (network edge) v xem xt ti cc thnh phn m ta quen
thuc nht - cc my tnh (tc l, cc PC v cc my trm (workstation)) nhng ci
m chng ta s dng hng ngy. Trong phn tip theo chng ta s chuyn t phn
bin ca mng sang phn li v xem xt chi tit vic chuyn mch v nh tuyn
trong cc mng my tnh. Sau Phn 1.5 chng ta s tho lun v cc ng
lin kt vt l thc ci m cha cc tn hiu c gi i gia cc my tnh v cc
b chuyn mch (switch).

1.3.1 Cc h thng u cui, cc my khch (client) v cc my

ch (Server)
Trong ngn ng chuyn ngnh mng my tnh, cc my tnh m chng ta s dng
hng ngy c xem nh l cc host (my ch) hoc cc end system (h thng
u cui). Chng c coi nh l cc host bi v chng chy cc chng trnh
mc ng dng nh trnh duyt web hoc cc chng trnh my ch , hoc mt
chng trnh th in t. Chng cng c ni n nh cc h thng u cui
bi v chng nm vng bin ca Internet, nh ch ra trong Hnh 1.3-1. Xuyn
sut cun sch ny, chng ta s s dng cc thut ng host v end system hon
i,thay th ln nhau, tc l, host = end system.
Cc host i khi c chia nh hn thnh hai loi : client v server (my khch v
my ch). Mt cch khng chnh thc th client thng hng ti cc my tnh PC
bn hoc cc my trm (workstation), trong khi server l cc my mnh m hn.
Nhng c mt ngha chnh xc hn v client v server trong mng my tnh. Trong
ci c gi l m hnh client-server, mt chng trnh client chy trn mt h
thng u cui s yu cu v nhn thng tin t mt server chy trn mt h thng
u cui khc. M hnh client-server ny thc s l mt cu trc ph bin cho cc
ng dng Internet. Chng ta s nghin cu v m hnh client-server ny chi tit
hn trong Chng 2. Cc ng dng nh Web, e-mail, truyn file, ng nhp t xa
(v d nh, Telnet), nhm thng tin (newgroups) v mt s ng dng thng dng
khc u s dng m hnh client-server. V mt client thng chy trn mt my
tnh v server chy mt my tnh khc nn cc ng dng client-server, theo nh
ngha, l cc ng dng phn tn. Client v server tng tc vi nhau bng vic
giao tip (tc l, gi cho nhau cc thng ip) qua Internet. mc tru tng ny,
cc router, cc lin kt v cc mnh khc ca Internet phc v nh mt hp
en (black box) ci m truyn cc thng ip gia cc thnh phn phn tn, giao
tip ca mt ng dng Internet. y l mc tru tng c m t trong Hnh
1.3-1

Hnh 1.3-1: S tng tc gia cc h thng u cui

Cc my tnh (v d nh, mt PC hoc mt my trm), hot ng nh cc client v
server, l cc loi h thng u cui ph bin nht. Tuy nhin, s tng ln v s
lng ca cc thit b thay th, v d nh ci gi l cc my tnh mng v cc thin
client ( c ngha l "my tnh ca ngi dng c cu hnh ti thiu") [Thinworld
1998] , Web TV v tp cc top boxes (mt thit b gii m tn hiu truyn hnh v
sau chuyn d liu hnh nh v m thanh ln mn hnh TV) [Mills 1998], cc
my camera k thut s v cc thit b khc ang c gn vi Internet nh cc
h thng u cui. Mt ch th v v qu trnh pht trin, tin ha tip theo ca
cc ng dng Internet l [AT&T 1998]

1.3.2 Cc dch v phi kt ni v hng kt ni

Chng ta thy rng cc h thng u cui trao i cc thng ip vi nhau theo

cc giao thc mc ng dng nhm mc ch hon thnh cc cng vic no .
Cc lin kt, router v cc chi tit khc ca Internet cung cp phng tin vn
chuyn cc thng ip ny gia cc ng dng ca cc h thng u cui. Nhng
nhng c trng no ca dch v giao tip ny c cung cp? Internet, v ni khi
qut hn l cc mng TCP/IP cung cp hai kiu dch v cho cc ng dng ca n :
dch v phi kt ni (connectionless service) v dch v hng kt ni
(connection-oriented service). Mt nh pht trin to ra mt ng dng Internet (v
d nh, mt ng dng mail, mt ng dng truyn file, mt ng dng Web hoc
mt ng dng phone qua Internet) phi lp trnh cho ng dng s dng mt
trong hai dch v ny. y, ta ch m t ngn gn hai dch v ny; chng ta s
xem xt chng mt cch k lng hn trong Chng 3, chng ni v cc giao
thc tng vn ti.

Dch v hng kt ni
Khi mt ng dng s dng mt dch v hng kt ni, my client v server (t
ti cc h thng u cui khc nhau) gi cc gi (cha thng tin) iu khin ti
nhau trc khi gi cc gi cha d liu thc (v d nh cc thng ip th in
t). Qu trnh ny c gi l th tc bt tay (handshaking procedure) , n s
cnh bo cho c client v server , to iu kin chng chun b cho mt cuc
tn cng ca cc gi tin ( ni c 2 bn s tip nhn cc gi tin c truyn ).
C mt iu lu th v rng th tc bt tay khi u ny tng t nh cch
thc m con ngi s dng tng tc vi nhau. S trao i qua li ca t Hi
chng ta thy Hnh 1.2-1 l mt v d ca giao thc bt tay ca con ngi
(mc d vic bt tay khng din ra theo ngha en gia hai ngi ). Hai thng ip
TCP - c trao i nh mt phn ca tng tc WWW c ch ra trn Hnh 1.21 l hai trong ba thng ip c trao i khi TCP thit lp mt kt ni gia bn
gi v bn nhn.Thng ip TCP th ba (khng c ch ra trn hnh) , ci m
hnh thnh nn khu (phn) cui cng ca nghi thc ba ln bt tay ca TCP (xem
Phn 3.7) , c nm trong thng ip get ch ra trong Hnh 1.2-1.
Mt khi th tc bt tay kt thc,th mt kt ni c ni l c thit lp
gia hai h thng u cui. Nhng hai h thng u cui ny c kt ni vi
nhau trong theo mt cch thc lng l t xut hin thut ng connection oriented( hng kt ni) . c bit rng, ch c cc h thng u cui l nhn
thc c kt ni ny; cc b chuyn mch gi (tc l, cc router) trong mng
Internet l hon ton m tt v kt ni ny. Bi v mt kt ni TCP th khng hn
g cc ti nguyn xc nh v cc bin trng thi trong cc h thng u cui. Cc
b chuyn mch gi khng bo lu li bt c thng tin trng thi kt ni no.

Dch v hng kt ni ca Internet xut hin km theo mt vi dch v khc , bao

gm truyn d liu tin cy (reliable data transfer), iu khin lung (flow control)
v iu khin tc nghn (congestion control ). i vi truyn d liu tin cy,
chng ta mun ni ti vic mt ng dng c th tin tng vo mt kt ni vn
chuyn tt c d liu ca n m khng gp bt c li no v theo mt th t ng
n. Tnh tin cy trn mng Internet t c thng qua vic s dng cc xc nhn
v truyn li (acknowledgments (ACK) and retransmission). nm c hiu
bit s b v vic Internet trin khai dch v truyn tin cy nh th no, hy xem
xt mt ng dng m n thit lp mt kt ni gia h thng A vi h thng B. Khi
h thng B nhn mt gi tin t A, n s gi thng tin xc nhn; khi h thng A
nhn c thng tin xc nhn, n bit rng gi tin tng ng dt khot l
c nhn. Khi h thng A khng nhn c mt thng tin xc nhn no th n cho
rng gi tin n gi khng c B nhn, v do n truyn li gi tin ny. iu
khin lung th m bo rng khng c bt k mt pha no ca mt kt ni lm
trn pha cn li bng vic gi qu nhiu gi tin v gi qu nhanh. Thc vy,
ng dng mt pha ca kt ni s khng th x l thng tin nhanh nh khi n
nhn thng tin . Do , s tn ti mt nguy c qu ti c hai pha ca mt ng
dng. Dch v iu khin lung bt buc bn gi phi gim tc gi bt c khi
no c mt nguy c. Ta s thy Chng 3 , Internet trin khai dch v iu khin
lung bng vic s dng cc b m gi v nhn (sender and receiver buffers)
trong cc h thng u cui giao tip vi nhau. Dch v kim sot tc ngn ca
mng Internet gip ngn nga vic Internet ri vo trng thi kha mng li
(grid lock). Khi mt router b nghn , cc b m ca n c th trn v vic mt
cc gi tin c th xy ra. Trong cc trng hp ny, nu mi cp ca h thng lin
lc u cui tip tc bm cc gi tin vo mng nhanh nh chng c th, tnh
trng n tc s xy ra v ch c mt vi gi tin l c chuyn ti ch. Internet
ngn nga iu ny bng vic bt buc cc h thng lin lc u cui gim bt tc
truyn cc gi tin vo mng trong khong thi gian xy ra tc nghn. Cc h
thng u cui c cnh bo v s tn ti ca tc nghn khi chng dng vic
nhn cc tin xc nhn cho cc gi tin chng gi .
y, ta nhn mnh rng mc d cc dch v hng kt ni ca Internet i km
vi truyn d liu tin cy , iu khin lung v kim sot tc nghn, ba c
trng ny khng phi l cc thnh phn bn cht ca dch v hng kt ni. Mt
loi mng my tnh khc c th s cung cp dch v hng kt ni cho cc ng
dng ca n m khng km thm mt hoc vi th trong ba th trn. Qu thc, bt
c giao thc no thc hin nghi thc bt tay gia cc thc th lin lc trc khi
truyn d liu th u l dch v hng kt ni.[Iren]

Dch v hng kt ni ca Internet c mt tn gi TCP( Transmission Control

Protocol - Giao thc iu khin truyn ti); phin bn ban u ca giao thc TCP
c nh ngha trong Internet Request for Comments RFC 793 [RFC 793]. Cc
dch v m TCP cung cp cho mt ng dng bao gm vn chuyn tin cy, iu
khin lung v kim sot tc nghn. Lu rng mt ng dng ch cn quan tm ti
dch v m n c cung cp , n khng cn bn tm n vic TCP thc s trin
khai, thit lp tnh ()tin cy, iu khin lu lng hoc kim sot tc nghn
mng nh th no. Chc chn ta rt hng th vi vic TCP thc thi cc dch v
ny nh th no v chng ta s xem xt c th trong chng 3.

Dch v khng kt ni
Khng c nghi thc bt tay (handshaking) trong dch v phi kt ni ca Internet.
Khi mt pha ca mt ng dng mun gi gi tin cho mt pha khc ca mt ng
dng , ng dng gi ch n gin gi gi tin. V khng c th tc bt tay trc
khi truyn cc gi tin , d liu c th c vn chuyn nhanh hn. Nhng s khng
c tn hiu xc nhn , do ngun gi s khng bao gi bit chc chn c gi
tin no n c ch. Hn th na, dch v ny khng cung cp km theo iu
khin lu lng hoc kim sot nghn mng Dch v phi kt ni ca Internet
c cung cp bi UDP (User Datagram Protocol); UDP c nh ngha trong
Internet Request for Comments RFC 768 [RFC 768].
Phn ln cc ng dng Internet quen thuc u s dng TCP, dch v hng kt
ni ca Internet. Cc ng dng ny bao gm Telnet (ng nhp t xa), SMTP (cho
th in t), FTP (cho truyn file), v HTTP (cho web). Tuy nhin, UDP - dch v
phi kt ni ca Internet c s dng bi mt s ng dng , bao gm mt s ng
dng a phng tin mi m, v d in thoi Internet, pht thanh (m nhc) theo
yu cu, truyn hnh hi ngh.

Tham kho
[AT&T 1998] "Killer Apps," AT&T WWW page
http://www.att.com/attlabs/brainspin/networks/killerapps.html
[Iren] S.Iren, P.Amer, P.Conrad, "The Transport Layer: Tutorial and Survey," ACM
Computing Surveys, June 1999
[Thinworld 1998] Thinworld homepage, http://www.thinworld.com/
[Mills 1998] S. Mills, "TV set-tops set to take off ", CNET News.com, Oct. 1998

[RFC 768] J. Postel, " Datagram Protocol," RFC 768, Aug. 1980.
[RFC 793] J. Postel, "Transmission Control Protocol," RFC 793, September 1981.

1.4 Li ca mng

Chng ta nghin cu cc h thng u cui v m hnh dch v truyn ti gia

cc u cui ca Internet trong phn 1.3, by gi chng ta s nghin cu su hn
vo "bn trong" ca mng. Trong phn ny chng ta s nghin cu v li ca mng
mt mng li ca router nhng ci m kt ni cc h thng u cui ca
Internet. Hnh 1.4-1 lm ni bt li ca mng bng mu .

Hnh 1.4-1: Li ca mng

1.4.1 Chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch thng

bo
C hai phng php c bn nhm xy dng mt mng li: chuyn mch knh
(circuit switching) v chuyn mch gi (packet switching). Trong cc mng
chuyn mch knh, cc ti nguyn cn thit dc theo ng dn (vng m, bng

thng lin kt) cung cp cho truyn thng gia cc h thng u cui c
dnh ring trong thi gian ca phin lm vic. Trong cc mng chuyn mch gi,
cc ti nguyn ny khng c dnh ring; mt thng ip ca phin lm vic s
dng ti nguyn theo yu cu, v h qu l, c th phi ch (tc l, xp hng)
truy cp vo mt lin kt truyn thng. Nh mt php suy din n gin, hy xem
xt hai nh hng - mt ci th i hi phi t ch trc cn ci cn li th khng
i hi phi t ch trc v cng khng chp nhn t ch trc. i vi nh
hng m yu cu t ch trc, u tin chng ta phi thng qua cuc gi kh
phc tp (hoc gi mt e-mail) trc khi chng ta ri khi nh. Nhng khi chng
ta n nh hng chng ta c th, v nguyn tc, ngay lp tc giao tip vi ngi
bi bn v gi ba n ca chng ta. i vi cc nh hng m khng yu cu t
ch trc, chng ta khng cn phi bn tm n vic d tr mt bn. Nhng khi
chng ta n nh hng , chng ta c th phi ch c c mt bn trc khi
chng ta c th giao tip vi nhn vin nh hng.
Cc telephone network khp ni l nhng v d ca cc mng chuyn mch
knh. Hy xem xt nhng g xy ra khi mt ngi mun gi thng tin (thoi hoc
fax) n mt ngi khc qua mt mng in thoi. Trc khi ngi gi c th gi
thng tin, u tin mng phi thit lp mt kt ni gia ngi gi v ngi nhn.
Ngc li vi cc kt ni TCP m chng ta tho lun trong phn trc, y l
mt kt ni tht m cc thit b chuyn mch trn con ng gia ngi gi
v ngi nhn duy tr trng thi kt ni cho kt ni . Trong thut ng ca in
thoi, kt ni ny c gi l mt mch (circuit). Khi mng thit lp mch, n
cng duy tr mt tc truyn dn khng i cho cc lin kt ca mng trong sut
thi gian kt ni. Vic t trc ny cho php ngi gi chuyn d liu n ngi
nhn vi tc c nh c m bo.
Internet ngy nay l mt v d hon ho ca mng chuyn mch gi. Hy xem xt
nhng g s xy ra khi mt host mun gi mt gi tin n mt host khc qua mt
mng chuyn mch gi. Ging nh vi chuyn mch knh, gi tin c truyn qua
mt lot cc lin kt truyn thng. Nhng vi chuyn mch gi, gi tin c gi
vo trong mng m khng duy tr bt k bng thng no. Nu mt trong cc lin
kt b nghn bi cc gi khc cn phi c truyn qua lin kt ny cng mt lc,
th khi gi tin ca chng ta s phi ch trong mt b m bn gi ca ng
truyn, v phi chu mt tr. Internet thc hin n lc ti a cung cp cc d
liu mt cch kp thi. Nhng n khng thc hin bt k s bo m no.
Khng phi tt c cc mng vin thng u c th c phn loi thnh cc mng
chuyn mch knh thun ty hay cc mng chuyn mch gi thun ty. V d, cc
mng da trn cng ngh ATM, mt kt ni c th thc hin mt s duy tr trc

nhng thng ip ca n vn cn c th phi ch i cc ngun ti nguyn b tc

nghn! Tuy nhin, vic phn loi c bn da vo cc mng chuyn mch gi v
knh l mt im bt u xut sc t s hiu bit v cng ngh mng vin thng.

Chuyn mch knh

Cun sch ny ni v mng my tnh, Internet v chuyn mch gi, ch khng
phi v cc mng in thoi v chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin, n rt quan trng
hiu c ti sao Internet v cc mng my tnh khc s dng chuyn mch gi
ch khng phi l cng ngh chuyn mch knh truyn thng c s dng trong
cc mng in thoi. V l do ny, by gi chng ta s a ra mt ci nhn tng
quan ngn gn v chuyn mch knh.
Hnh 1.4-2 minh ha mt mng chuyn mch knh. Trong mng li ny, ba b
chuyn mch c kt ni vi nhau bi hai lin kt, mi mt lin kt ny c n
mch, sao cho mi lin kt c th h tr n kt ni ng thi. Cc h thng u cui
(v d, cc my PC v cc my trm) c kt ni trc tip vi mt trong cc b
chuyn mch. (Cc in thoi thng thng cng c kt ni vi cc thit b
chuyn mch, nhng chng khng c th hin trong s ). Lu rng mt s
host c quyn truy cp tng t (tn hiu tng t) n cc thit b chuyn mch,
trong khi mt s khc c truy cp s trc tip(tn hiu s). Vi cc truy cp tng
t, mt modem l bt buc. Khi hai host mun giao tip, mng s thit lp mt
mch u cui (end-to-end circuit) dnh ring gia hai host. (Nhng cuc gi hi
ngh gia nhiu hn hai thit b, tt nhin, cng c th. Nhng gi cho mi th
n gin, chng ta hy gi s hin ti ch c hai host cho mi mt kt ni). Nh
vy, host A gi thng ip n host B, u tin mng phi duy tr mt mch trn
c hai lin kt.

Hnh 1.4-2: Mt mng chuyn mch knh n gin bao gm ba b chuyn

mch c kt ni vi hai lin kt. Mi lin kt c n mch, mi mch u
cui trn mt lin kt c phn cho 1/n bng thng ca lin kt trong thi
gian ca mch. n mch trong mt lin kt c th l mch TDM hoc FDM.
Mt mch trong mt lin kt c thc hin bi ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
(FDM) hoc ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM). Vi FDM, ph tn s
ca mt lin kt c chia s gia cc kt ni c thit lp i qua lin kt . C
th, lin kt s dnh mt bng tn cho mi kt ni trong sut thi gian kt ni.
Trong cc mng in thoi, bng tn ny thng c chiu rng bng 4 kHz. Chiu
rng ca bng tn c gi, khng l g, chnh l bng thng (bandwidth). Cc
i pht thanh FM cng s dng FDM chia s ph tn vi sng.
Xu hng ca in thoi hin i l thay th FDM bng TDM. Phn ln cc lin
kt trong hu ht cc h thng in thoi Hoa K v cc nc pht trin khc
hin ang s dng TDM. i vi mt lin kt TDM, thi gian c chia thnh cc
khung thi gian c nh v mi khung c chia thnh mt s c nh cc khe thi
gian. Khi mng thit lp mt kt ni thng qua mt lin kt, mng ny s dnh mt
khe thi gian trong mi khung cho kt ni . Cc khe ny c dnh ring cho
vic s dng duy nht ca kt ni , vi mt khe thi gian c sn c s dng
(trong mi mt frame) truyn d liu ca kt ni.

Hnh 1.4.3 minh ha FDM v TDM cho mt lin kt mng c th. i vi FDM,
min tn s c tch ra thnh mt s mch, mi bng thng 4 KHz (tc l, 4.000
Hertz hoc 4.000 vng / giy). i vi TDM, min thi gian c tch ra l bn
mch; mi mch c phn cng cng mt khe cm dnh ring trong cc khung
TDM quay. Tc lan truyn ca khung bng tc khung nhn vi s bit trong
mt khe. V d, nu lin kt truyn 8.000 khung/giy v mi khe cm gm c 8 bit,
th tc truyn l 64 Kbps.

Hnh 1.4-3: Vi FDM, mi mch s lin tc nhn c mt phn nh ca

bng thng. Vi TDM, mi mch s nhn c tt c bng thng mt cch
nh k trong sut cc khong nh ca thi gian (tc l, trong cc khe thi
gian).
Nhng ngi ng h chuyn mch gi lun lun lp lun rng chuyn mch
knh l lng ph bi v cc mch chuyn dng l nhn ri trong sut thi gian cm
(silent period). V d, khi mt trong nhng bn lin quan trong mt cuc gi in
thoi dng ni chuyn, th ti nguyn mng nhn ri (di tn s hoc cc khe trong
cc lin kt dc theo tuyn ng ca kt ni) khng th c s dng bi cc kt
ni khc ang din ra. Xt mt v d khc v cch thc m cc ngun ti nguyn
ny c th c s dng ng mc, hy xem xt mt bc s X quang ngi m s
dng mt mng chuyn mch knh truy cp t xa vo mt lot cc tia x. Ngi
ny s thit lp mt kt ni, yu cu mt hnh nh, xem hnh, v sau yu cu

mt hnh nh mi. Cc ti nguyn mng l lng ph trong sut thi gian xem hnh
ca ngi bc s ny. Nhng ngi ng h chuyn mch gi cng ch ra rng vic
thit lp cc mch u cui v t bng thng u cui l phc tp v i hi cc
phn mm bo hiu phc tp phi hp hot ng ca cc b chuyn mch trn
ng i t ngun n ch.
Trc khi chng ta kt thc cuc tho lun ca chng ta v chuyn mch knh,
chng ta hy cng lm vic thng qua mt s v d nhng ci m a ra ci nhn
su sc hn na v vn ny. Hy cng xem xt xem phi mt bao lu gi mt
tp tin 640 kbits t host A n host B qua mt mng chuyn mch knh. Gi s
rng tt c cc lin kt trong mng s dng TDM vi 24 khe cm v c tc bit
1.536 Mbps. Cng gi s rng phi mt 500 miligiy thit lp mt mch u
cui trc khi A c th bt u truyn ti tp tin. Mt bao lu gi tp tin ?
Mi mch c mt tc truyn l (1.536 Mbps)/24 = 64 Kbps, do , phi mt
(640 kbits)/(64 Kbps) = 10 giy truyn tp tin. Vi 10 giy ny chng ta thm
vo thi gian thit lp mch, ta s nhn c 10,5 giy gi tp tin . Lu
rng thi gian truyn dn l c lp vi s lng lin kt: thi gian truyn dn s l
10 giy d cho mch u cui i qua mt lin kt hay mt trm lin kt. AT & T
Labs cung cp mt trang web tng tc [AT & T 1998] tm hiu v tr truyn
dn cho cc loi tp tin khc nhau v cc cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau.

Chuyn mch gi
Chng ta thy trong phn 1.2 v 1.3 rng cc giao thc mc ng dng trao i
cc thng ip (messages) trong vic thc hin nhim v ca chng. Cc thng
ip c th cha bt k mong mun thit k giao thc no. Cc thng ip c th
di dng mt chc nng iu khin (v d, thng ip "hi" trong v d v th tc
bt tay ca chng ta) hoc c th cha d liu, chng hn nh mt file ASCII, mt
file Postscript, mt trang Web, mt file m thanh s. Trong cc mng chuyn mch
gi hin i, bn ngun chia nh thng ip di thnh cc gi (packet) nh hn.
Gia ngun v ch, mi gi tin i qua cc lin kt truyn thng v cc b
chuyn mch gi (packet switches) (cn c bit n nh l cc router). Cc
gi tin c truyn qua mi lin kt truyn thng vi tc bng vi tc truyn
y ca lin kt . Hu ht cc thit b chuyn mch gi s dng lu tr v
chuyn tip truyn dn ti cc u vo ca cc lin kt. Lu tr v chuyn tip
truyn dn c ngha l b chuyn i phi nhn c ton b gi tin trc khi n
c th bt u truyn nhng bit u tin ca gi tin ln cc lin kt i ra. V vy,
chuyn mch gi lu tr v chuyn tip a ra mt tr do lu tr v chuyn tip
ti u vo ca mi mt lin kt dc theo ng i ca gi tin. Tr ny t l thun
vi chiu di ca gi tin tnh bng bit. c bit, nu mt gi c cha L bit, v gi

tin ny c chuyn tip ln mt lin kt i ra c tc R bps, th tr lu tr v

chuyn tip ti b chuyn mch l L/R giy.
Trong mi b nh tuyn c nhiu b m (cn c gi l hng i), vi mi lin
kt s c mt b m u vo (input buffer) ( lu tr cc gi tin ch i n lin
kt ) v mt b m u ra (output buffer). B m u ra ng vai tr quan
trng trong chuyn mch gi. Nu mt gi tin ti cn phi truyn qua mt lin kt
nhng thy lin kt y ang bn rn vi vic truyn ti gi d liu khc, th gi
tin n phi ch i trong b m u ra. Nh vy, ngoi s chm tr do lu tr v
chuyn tip, cc gi tin s chu cc tr do xp hng (queueing delay) b m
u ra. Nhng tr ny l khc nhau v ty thuc vo mc tc nghn trong mng.
Do khong khng gian m l hu hn, nn mt gi tin n c th thy rng b
m l hon ton y vi cc gi khc ang ch c truyn. Trong trng hp
, hin tng mt gi (packet loss) s xy ra - hoc l gi tin va n hoc mt
trong cc gi tin xp hng s b b i. Quay tr li vi v d tng t v nh
hng ca chng ta lc trc trong phn ny, tr do xp hng tng t nh lng
thi gian dnh cho vic ch i mt bn. Vic mt gi tng t nh vic c
thng bo t ngi phc v rng bn phi ri khi y v c qu nhiu ngi
ang i ti cc quy bar cho mt bn n.
Hnh 1.4-4 minh ha mt mng chuyn mch gi n gin. Gi s rng cc host A
v B ang gi cc gi tin n host E. u tin host A v B s gi cc gi tin ca
mnh dc theo cc lin kt 28.8 Kbps n b chuyn mch gi u tin. B chuyn
mch gi s ch o cc gi tin n lin kt 1.544 Mbps. Nu c tc nghn ti lin
kt ny, cc gi s xp hng trong b m u ra ca lin kt trc khi chng c
th c truyn ln trn lin kt. By gi ta s xem xt xem cc gi tin ca host A
v host B c truyn ln trn lin kt ny nh th no. Nh ch ra trong Hnh 1.44, th t ca cc gi tin A v B khng theo bt k mt th t nh k no; th t l
ngu nhin hoc c thng k - cc gi tin c gi i bt c khi no chng c
mt ti lin kt. V l do ny, chng ta thng ni rng chuyn mch gi s dng
ghp knh thng k (statistical multiplexing). Ghp knh thng k tng phn
mnh vi ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM), trong mi host nhn c
cng mt khe thi gian trong mt khung TDM quay.

Hnh 1.4-4: Chuyn mch gi

By gi chng ta xem xt xem phi mt bao lu gi mt gi tin c L bit t host
A n mt host khc qua mt mng chuyn mch gi. Chng ta hy gi s rng c
Q lin kt gia A v E, mi ci c tc R bps. Gi nh rng tr do xp hng v
tr lan truyn u cui l khng ng k v rng khng c thit lp kt ni. u
tin gi tin phi c truyn ln trn lin kt u tin xut pht t host A; vic
ny mt L / R giy. Sau n phi c truyn i trn Q-1 lin kt cn li, c
ngha l, n phi c lu tr v chuyn tip Q-1 ln. Do , tng tr l QL / R.

So snh chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh

Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi u c m t, by gi chng ta hy
so snh hai ci vi nhau. Nhng ngi khng ng h chuyn mch gi thng lp
lun rng chuyn mch gi khng ph hp cho cc dch v thi gian thc (v d,
cc cuc gi in thoi, cc cuc gi hi ngh c video) bi v cc tr hay thay i
v khng th on trc c ca n. Nhng ngi ng h chuyn mch gi lp
lun rng (1) n cung cp chia s bng thng tt hn so vi chuyn mch knh v

(2) n n gin hn, hiu qu hn, v t tn km hn thc hin so vi chuyn

mch knh. Ni chung, nhng ngi khng thch s phc tp ca nh hng yu
cu t ch trc s thch chuyn mch gi hn l chuyn mch knh.
Ti sao chuyn mch gi li hiu qu hn? Chng ta hy cng xt mt v d n
gin sau. Gi s rng nhiu ngi dng cng chia s mt lin kt 1 Mbps. Cng gi
s rng mi ngi dng lun phin nm gia hai trng thi hot ng (khi n pht
ra d liu vi tc khng i 100Kbits/giy) v trng thi khng hot ng (khi
n khng pht ra d liu). Gi s thm rng mt ngi ch hot ng trong 10%
thi gian (v h ung c ph trong sut 90% thi gian nhn ri cn li). Vi
chuyn mch knh, 100 Kbps phi c dnh ring cho mi ngi dng tt c
cc ln. Nh vy, lin kt ch c th h tr mi ngi s dng ng thi. Vi
chuyn mch gi, nu c 35 ngi s dng, th xc sut c 10 ngi dng hoc
nhiu hn ng thi trng thi tch cc l nh hn 0,0004. Nu c 10 ngi dng
hoc t hn ng thi hot ng (iu ny xy ra vi xc sut 0,9996), tc n
tng hp ca d liu nh hn 1Mbps (tc u ra ca lin kt). V vy, lu lng
cc gi tin ca ngi s dng s thng qua lin kt c bn m khng c s chm
tr no c, ging nh trng hp ca chuyn mch. Khi c hn 10 ngi dng
ng thi trng thi tch cc, th tc n tng hp ca cc gi tin s vt qu
kh nng cha ca lin kt, v hng i u ra s bt u pht trin (cho n khi
tc u vo tng hp ri tr li xung di 1Mbps, ti thi im hng i s
bt u gim chiu di). Bi v xc sut ca vic c mi ngi s dng hoc
nhiu hn ng thi hot ng l rt rt nh, do chuyn mch gi gn nh lun
lun c s chm tr tng t nh thc hin chuyn mch knh, nhng n lm vic
trong khi cho php nhiu hn ba ln s lng ngi s dng.
Mc d chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh c hai u rt ph bin trong cc
mng vin thng hin nay, nhng xu hng chc chn ang nghing v chuyn
mch gi. Thm ch nhiu mng in thoi chuyn mch knh ngy nay cng t t
di chuyn theo hng chuyn mch gi. Trong , cc mng in thoi thng
chuyn sang chuyn mch gi cho phn cc cuc gi ra nc ngoi t tin.

Chuyn mch thng bo

Trong mt mng chuyn mch gi hin i, host ngun phn chia cc thng ip
di thnh cc gi tin nh hn v gi cc gi tin nh hn ny vo trong mng;
ngi nhn tp hp cc gi li thnh thng ip gc. Nhng ti sao li phi bn
tm n vic phn on cc thng ip thnh cc gi h thng u tin, ch
lp rp li cc gi tin thnh thng ip? C phi iu ny t thm mt gnh nng
v l khng cn thit i vi cc h thng ngun v ch? Mc d vic phn on

v tp hp li lm phc tp cc thit k ca ngun v ngi nhn, nhng cc nh

nghin cu v cc nh thit k mng li kt lun trong nhng ngy u ca
chuyn mch gi rng nhng u im ca vic phn on b p rt nhiu cho s
phc tp ca n. Trc khi tho lun v mt s u im, chng ta cn phi gii
thiu mt s thut ng. Chng ta ni rng mt mng chuyn mch gi thc hin
chuyn mch thng bo (message switching) nu cc ngun khng phn on
cc thng ip, tc l, h gi mt thng ip vo trong mng nh mt ton th. V
vy chuyn mch thng bo l mt loi c th ca chuyn mch gi, m trong
cc gi tin i qua mng l bn thn cc thng ip ton vn.
Hnh 1.4-5 minh ha chuyn mch thng bo trong mt l trnh gm hai thit b
chuyn mch gi (PSs) v ba lin kt. Vi chuyn mch thng bo, thng ip
c gi li trong mt nhp khi n i qua mng. Bi v cc thit b chuyn mch l
cc b chuyn mch gi lu tr v chuyn tip, nn mt b chuyn mch gi phi
nhn c ton b thng ip trc khi n c th bt u chuyn tip thng ip
vo mt lin kt i ra.

Hnh 1.4-5: Mt mng chuyn mch thng bo n gin

Hnh 1.4-6 minh ha chuyn mch gi cho cng mt mng. Trong v d ny thng
ip ban u c chia thnh nm gi tin ring bit. Trong Hnh 1.4-6, gi tin u
tin n ch, gi tin th hai v th ba ang c truyn trong mng, v hai gi
tin cui cng vn cn nm bn ngun. Mt ln na, v cc thit b chuyn mch
l cc b chuyn mch gi lu tr v chuyn tip, nn mt b chuyn mch gi
phi nhn c mt gi tin y trc khi n c th bt u chuyn tip cc gi
tin trn mt lin kt i ra.

Hnh 1.4-6: Mt mng chuyn mch gi n gin

u im chnh ca chuyn mch gi (vi nhng thng ip b phn on) l n

t c tr u cui thng l nh hn nhiu so vi tr ca chuyn mch thng
bo c ghp li. Chng ta minh ha im ny vi v d n gin sau y. Xt
mt thng ip di 7,5 Mbit. Gi s rng gia h thng ngun v ch c hai thit
b chuyn mch gi v ba lin kt, v mi lin kt c tc lan truyn l 1.5Mb/s.
Gi s khng c tc nghn trong mng li, vy phi mt bao lu l cn thit di
chuyn thng ip t ngun ti ch bng chuyn mch thng bo? N cn
ngun 5 giy di chuyn thng ip t ngun n b chuyn mch u tin. Bi
v cc thit b chuyn mch s dng c ch lu tr v chuyn tip, do b
chuyn mch u tin khng th bt u chuyn bt k bit no trong thng ip vo
lin kt ch n khi n nhn c ton b thng ip. Sau khi b chuyn mch
u tin nhn c ton b thng ip, n phi mt 5 giy di chuyn thng ip
t b chuyn mch u tin n b chuyn mch th hai. Nh vy phi mt mi
di chuyn thng ip t ngun n b chuyn mch th hai. Theo logic ny
chng ta thy rng tng cng l 15 giy l cn thit di chuyn thng ip t
ngun ti ch. Cc tr c minh ha trong Hnh 1.4-7.

Hnh 1.4-7: Thi gian truyn thng ip ca mt thng ip 7.5 Mbit trong mt
mng chuyn mch thng bo

Tip tc vi mt v d tng t, by gi gi s rng h thng ngun gc ph v

thng ip thnh 5.000 gi tin, mi gi tin di 1.5 Kbit. Mt ln na gi nh rng
khng c tc nghn trong mng, mt bao lu di chuyn 5000 gi tin t ngun ti
ch? N cn ngun 1 ms di chuyn gi tin u tin t ngun n b chuyn
mch u tin. V phi mt b chuyn mch u tin 1 ms di chuyn gi tin
u tin ny t b chuyn mch u tin n ci th hai. Nhng trong khi gi tin
u tin ang c chuyn t b chuyn mch u tin n b chuyn mch th
hai, th gi tin th hai ng thi cng c chuyn t ngun ti b chuyn mch
u tin. Do , gi th hai n c b chuyn mch u tin ti thi im time =
2ms. Theo logic ny chng ta thy rng gi tin cui cng l nhn c hon ton
b chuyn mch u tin ti thi im time = 5000 ms = 5 giy. Do gi tin cui
cng c truyn i trn hai lin kt, nn gi tin cui cng c nhn ch ti
thi im time=5.002s.

Hnh 1.4-8: Thi gian truyn cc gi tin ca thng ip 7.5Mbit, chi thnh 5000
gi tin, trong mt mng chuyn mch gi
Tht ng kinh ngc, chuyn mch gi lm gim tr ca chuyn mch thng
bo xung ba ln! Nhng ti sao li nh vy? Chuyn mch gi lm g khc so
vi chuyn mch thng bo? S khc bit quan trng chnh l chuyn mch thng
bo thc hin truyn dn ni tip trong khi chuyn mch gi thc hin truyn dn
song song. Quan st thy rng vi chuyn mch thng bo, trong khi mt nt
(ngun hoc mt trong cc thit b chuyn mch) c truyn, th cc nt cn li l

nhn ri. Vi chuyn mch gi, mt khi gi d liu u c gi ti b chuyn

mch cui cng, th ba nt s truyn ti cng mt lc.
Chuyn mch gi c thm mt u im quan trng khc so vi chuyn mch thng
bo. Nh chng ta s tho lun v sau trong cun sch ny, cc bit li c th c
a vo cc gi tin khi chng c chuyn trn mng. Khi mt b chuyn mch
pht hin ra mt li trong mt gi tin, n thng loi b ton b gi. V vy, nu
ton b thng ip l mt gi tin v mt bit trong thng ip b hng, th ton b
thng ip b loi b. Ngc li, nu thng ip c tch ra thnh nhiu gi tin v
mt bit trong mt trong cc gi d liu b hng, th ch c mt gi tin b loi b.
Tuy nhin,chuyn mch gi khng phi l khng c nhc im, so vi chuyn
mch thng bo. Chng ta s thy rng mi gi tin hoc thng ip, ngoi cc d
liu c gi t cc ng dng gi n cc ng dng nhn, u phi cha ng mt
lng thng tin iu khin. Thng tin ny, ci m c cha trong nhn (header)
ca cc gi hoc thng bo, c th bao gm danh tnh ca ngi gi v ngi nhn
v mt nhn dng ca gi hoc thng ip (v d nh, s lng). V lng thng
tin ca header xp x bng nhau i vi mt thng ip hoc mt gi tin, do
tng lng header/byte d liu l cao hn cho chuyn mch gi so vi chuyn
mch thng bo.
Trc khi chuyn sang tiu mc tip theo, bn c khuyn khch cao khi tm hiu
v Message Switching Java Applet. Applet ny s cho php bn th nghim vi cc
kch thc thng ip v cc gi tin khc nhau, v s cho php bn kim tra hiu
qu ca tr lan truyn c b sung.

1.4.2 nh tuyn trong cc mng d liu

Mng chuyn mch gi c chia lm 2 loi phn bit:mng kt ni datagram v
mng kt ni knh o.Hai loi ny c phn bit da trn vic ngi ta chuyn
cc gi tin da theo a ch ca host ch hay theo cc m s ca knh o.Chng ta
s gi mng truyn cc gi tin theo a ch ch ca my ch l 1 mng kt ni
(theo phng thc) datagram.Giao thc IP ca Internet nh hng cc gi tin da
trn a ch ch ca my ch;do Internet l 1 mng kt ni datagram.Chng ta
s gi mng truyn tin da trn m s ca knh o l mng kt ni knh o.Cc v
d ca k thut chuyn gi c s dng knh o nm trong phn X.25,frame relay
v ATM.

Mng knh o ( Virtual circuit network)

Mt mng knh o(VC) bao gm (1) ng dn(tc l:1 chui cc link v cc gi
tin cn chuyn) gia ngun v ch l cc my ch,(2) cc m s ca knh o,mi
m s ng vi mt link cng vi 1 ng dn,v (3) cc cng vo trong bng
chuyn i m s VC(m s ca knh o) trong mi gi c chuyn i cng mt
ng dn.Mt khi VC c thit lp gia ngun v ch ,cc gi tin c th c
gi i vi m s VC thch hp.Bi v 1 VC c cc m s VC khc nhau trn mi
link,mt gi tin trung gian phi thay th m s VC ca mi gi tin truyn qua bng
mt s mi.M s VC mi nm trong bng chuyn i m s VC.
minh ha cho khi nim ny,ta xem xt mng di phn 1.4-9.Gi s host A
yu cu mt mng thit lp VC(knh o) gia chnh n v host B.Gi s mng
chn ng dn l A-PS1-PS2-B v phn 3 s VC l 12,22,32 n 3 ng
link(ng kt ni) trong ng dn ny.Sau ,khi mt gi tin l mt phn ca
VC ny ri host A,gi tr ca m s VC l 12;khi n ri PS1,gi tr tng ng l
22;v khi n ri PS2,gi tr l 32.Nhng s k tip cc ng link ca PS1 gi l
cc m s giao din.

Hnh 1.4-9.Mt mng knh o n gin

Vy lm th no b chuyn mch xc nh m s VC thay th cho mt gi tin
khi chuyn i?Mi b chuyn mch c 1 bng chuyn i m s VC;vd:bng
chuyn i m s VC ca PS1 c th nh sau:

Giao din bn
trong

M s VC bn
trong

Giao din bn
ngoi

M s VC bn
ngoi

12

22

63

18

17

97

87

Bt c khi no 1 m s VC mi c thit lp qua b chuyn mch,1 cng s c

thm vo bng m s VC.Tng t,khi vic trao i thng tin bng knh o kt
thc,mi cng cng vi cc link (ng kt ni) gn vi n cng s c xa i .
Bn c th thc mc mt gi tin khng dng mt m s VC duy nht trn sut qu
trnh n c truyn i? Cu gii p cho vn ny l hai mc ch sau.Th
nht,bng vic thay th m s t link n link, di ca knh o (VC) s c
gim bt.Th hai,v quan trng hn ,bng vic cho php s dng m s VC khc
nhau vi mi link trn ng truyn dn ca VC,chc nng qun l mng c n
gin ha.C th hn,vi rt nhiu m s VC,mi link trn ng dn c th chn 1
m s VC c lp,khc vi nhng m s VC m cc link khc cng ng dn
chn.Nu s dng mt m s chung cho mi link trn mt ng dn ,cc b
chuyn mch s phi trao i v x l mt s lng ng k cc tin nhn v vic s
dng m s VC cho vic kt ni.
Nu mng kt ni theo phng thc knh o,cc b chuyn mch phi duy tr
trng thi thng tin cho cc kt ni sp din ra.C th l khi mi kt ni c thit
lp trn b chuyn mch ,mt cng vo mi cn c thm vo bng chuyn i
m s VC ca b chuyn mch;v n khi kt ni hon thnh th cng y li phi
b xa khi bng.Lu rng ngay c khi m s VC khng thay i,vn cn thit
phi duy tr trng thi thng tin kt hp cc m s VC vi cc m s giao
din.Vn ct yu l nn hay khng vic b chuyn mch hay b nh

tuyn(router) duy tr trng thi thng tin cho mi kt ni tip din- iu ny s

c cp ti phn bn di.

Cc mng datagram
Mng datagram xt v nhiu phng din tng t nh cc dch v bu chnh. Khi
mt ngi mun gi th n mt ni no , ngi ny phi nht l th vo phong
b, trn phong b c ghi r a ch ni cn n ca bc th. a ch trn th ny c
cu trc phn cp. V d, nhng bc th gi c ni nhn ti Hoa K (USA) a ch
bao gm : t nc (USA), bang (vd :..., Pennsylvania), thnh ph (vd :........,
Philadelphia), tn ph (vd : ph Walnut), s nh (vd :...., 141). Dch v bu chnh
thng s dng a ch c ghi trn phong b gi bc th n a im cn
n. VD : bc th c gi t Php, vn phng bu chnh Php u tin s gi
bc th n trung tm bu cc Hoa K. Ti y, trung tm sau chuyn bc
th n trung tm bu cc Philadelphia. Cui cng, ngi a th Philadelphia
s chuyn bc th n a im cui trn a ch bc th.
Trong mt mng datagram, phn u ca mi gi thng tin qua mng bao gm i
ch ch. Ging vi a ch bu chnh, a ch ny cng c cu trc phn cp. Khi
mt gi c chuyn n mt b chuyn mch gi trong mng, b chuyn mch
ny s kim tra phn i ch ch ca gi thng tin v gi chuyn tip n b
chuyn i lin k. C th hn, mi b chuyn mch gi c mt bng nh tuyn
nh x a ch ch (hoc mt phn a ch ch) ra lin kt ngoi bin
(outbound link). Khi mt gi n lc chuyn i, b chuyn kim tra a ch v lp
bng ch mc vi a ch ny tm ra outbound link thch hp, sau b chuyn
s gi gi thng tin ny vo trong lin kt ngoi tm c.
Ton b phng php nh tuyn cng tng t nh ngi li xe khng s dng
bn m thay vo vn xc nh c tuyn ng bng cch hi ng. V
d, gi s Joe ang li xe t Philadelphia n s 156 Lakeside Drive Orlando,
Floria. u tin, Joe li xe n trm gn v hi cch i n a ch s 156
Lakeside Drive Orlando, Floria. Nhn vin trm xng tch phn Floria t a
ch Joe hi v by cho Joe hy i ng cao tc pha Nam I-95, sau hy r vo
trm xng gn . Anh ta cng khuyn Joe ngay khi n Floria tt nht nn hi tip
ai . Joe i trn ng cao tc I-95 v anh ta n c Jacksonvile, Floria, Joe
nh mt nhn vin trm xng khc ch ng cho mih. Ngi ny tch tip phn
Orlando t i ch Joe hi v ni Joe nn di tip ng I-95 n bi bin Daytona,
sau hi tip. Sau khi n c bi bin Daytona, ngi nhn vin trm xng Joe
hi tip cng tch phn Orlando ca a ch v ch Joe i thng I-4 l n Orlando.
Joe i thng I-4 n c Orlando v tip tc dng li hi, ngi ny tch tip

phn Lakeside Drive t a ch hng dn Joe n . Trn ph lakeside Drive, cu

nhc i xe p m Joe hi a ch tch nt phn 156 trn a ch v ch cho Joe
ngi nh c a ch Joe hi. Cui cng, Joe n c ni Joe mun.
Chng ta s tho lun vic nh tuyn trong cc mng datagram mt cch k lng
trong quyn sch ny. Nhng trc ht, chng ta cp n vn sau, ngc vi
mng VC( virtual circiut_ mng mch o), mng datagram khng lu gi thng tin
trng thi kt ni trong khi chng chuyn i. Tht vy, b chuyn i trong mt
mng datagram thun ty hon ton khng quan tm n bt k dng lu lng
thng tin no c chuyn qua n- n s a ra nhng quyt nh nh tuyn cho
tng gi ring. a ch ch xc nh ng i tip theo v ng i c th thay
i trong phin. Nh trong v d trn : Joe dng tng phn trong a ch ca mnh
tip tc tm ng i tip. V n tng phn c th i bng nhiu ng khc
nhau.
Cn mng VC phi lu gi thng tin trng thi kt ni trong khi chuyn i. V d
nh l n kin xc nh ng i bng cch nhn bit bng mi ca chng tit ra,
chnh l trng thi dng kt ni. Khi chng b xo mt mi, ngay lp tc
chng i lung tung- kt ni b ngt. Vic phi lu tr lm cho VC phc tp. Nhng
ngi xng ca mng VC nhn thy rng VCs c th a ra nhiu ng dng
rng ri hn.
Vy trn thc t lm th no bn c th nh tuyn c mt gi thng tin ly
c t Internet ? By gi chng ti mi bn lm mt cng vic kh kh khn
bng cch tng tc vi Traceroute program.

Phn loi mng

Chng ta c gii thiu mt s khi nim quan trng l: chuyn mch knh,
chuyn mch gi, chuyn mch thng bo, cc knh o, dch v phi kt ni v dch
v hng kt ni. Vy chng c lin quan vi nhau nh th no?
Trc tin, di ci nhn n gin ca chng ta v th gii, mt mng vin thng
hoc l s dng chuyn mch knh hoc l s dng chuyn mch gi:

Hnh 1.4-10: S khc nhau ln nht gia cc mng vin thng: chuyn
mch knh hay chuyn mch gi?
Lin kt trong mt mng chuyn mch knh c th dung FDM hoc TDM:

Hnh 1.4-11: Chuyn mch knh thc hin : FDM hay TDM?
Cc mng chuyn gi l cc mng knh o hoc cc mng datagram. B chuyn
mch trong cc mng knh o s gi cc gi tin theo s hiu VC ca cc gi v
duy tr trng thi kt ni. B chuyn mch trong cc mng datagram s gi cc gi
tin theo a ch ch ca gi v khng duy tr trng thi kt ni:

Hnh 1.4-12: Mng chuyn gi thc hin: knh o hay datagram?

V d v cc mng chuyn mch gi s dng cc VC gm c X.25, frame relay, v
ATM. Mt mng chuyn mch gi hoc (1) s dng VC cho tt c vic nh tuyn
thng ip ca mnh, hoc (2) s dng a ch ch cho tt c vic nh tuyn thng
ip ca mnh. N khng s dng cng lc c 2 k thut nh tuyn ny. (Tuyn b
cui cng l mt phn ca mt li ni di v hi, bi v c nhng mng s dng
nh tuyn datagram trn nn ca nh tuyn VC.y l trng hp ca "IP trn
ATM," nh chng ta s theo di sau trong cun sch ny.)
Mng datagram, d th no, th n cng khng phi l mng phi kt ni cng
khng phi l mng hng kt ni. Tht vy, mt mng datagram c th cung cp
cc dch v phi kt ni n cho s ng dng ca n v cc dch v hng kt ni
cho cc ng dng khc. V d, mng Internet, l mt mng datagram, l mng
datagram cung cp c dch v phi kt ni v hng kt ni cho cc ng dng ca
n. Chng ta thy trong phn 1.3 rng cc dch v c cung cp trong
Internet tng ng bi cc giao thc TCP v UDP. Cc mng vi VC chng hn
nh X.25, Frame Relay v ATM d th no i na th cng lun lun l hng
kt ni.

Tng tc vi Java Applet:

Chuyn mch thng bo v Chuyn mch gi
Applet tng tc (cc ng dng k sinh) ny cho php bn thc s thy c ti
sao chuyn gi c th c c cc tr nh hn so vi chuyn mch thng bo khi
cc gi tin i qua cc b chuyn mch lu tr- v-chuyn tip. Trong applet ny c
4 nt: ngun(nt A), ch(nt B) v 2 thit b chuyn mch lu tr-v-chuyn tip.
Mi gi tin gi t ngun phi c truyn qua 3 lin kt trc khi n n c
ch. Mi lin kt c tc truyn dn l 4 Kb/giy v tr truyn ti ngu nhin
l 1 giy.
Mi hnh ch nht nh tng ng vi 1Kbit d liu. Khi bn nhn nt Start, cc
hnh ch nht c gp li vo mt gi tin trong b m truyn dn ca thit b
ngun. Gi tin ny c truyn ti b chyn mch u tin, ti y n phi c
lu tr trc khi c chuyn tip. Gi tin ny sau tip tc c truyn ti
ch.
m phng chuyn mch thng bo, ta thit lp kch c gi tin bng vi
kch c thng ip. m phng chuyn mch gi, ta thit lp kch c gi nh
hn kch c thng ip. xem xt kt qu cc tr truyn dn ca lin kt, ta kim
tra cc hp thch hp cho cc tr truyn dn ngu nhin. C nhiu cch lm vic
ny v cch c khuyn dng l bn tnh tr u cui phn tch v sau kim tra
li s tnh ton ca bn vi cc applet.

Tm ng i trn Internet
Traceoute l mt chng trnh ph bin tm ng i ca mt gi tin t bt c
host ngun no ti bt k mt host ch no trong mng Internet. Trc khi chng
ta gii thch xem traceroute lm g v n hot ng nh th no, u tin hy th
chy chng trnh traceroute. Trong hp bn di, nhp vo tn ca mt host bt
k, v d surf.eurecomf.fr hoc www.mit.edu. Tn host m bn nhp vo s c
gi n mt my ch t ti IBM Israel Tel-Aviv, Israel. Host ti Tel-Aviv s
phn ng vi cc tuyn ng c ly t Tel-Aviv n my ch m bn lit k
trong hp di y. Sau khi chy chng trnh, hy quay v trang ny tho lun
v chng trnh traceroute.
a ch host hoc tn

trng tm ng i n trnh duyt ca bn.

Sau khi c du vt ng i t Tel-Aviv n host yu thch ca bn, hy th mt
ln na vi mt im bt u mi - Dana Point min nam California y nng.
a ch host hoc tn

Traceroute lm g v n thc hin nh th no

Cc thit b chuyn mch gi chnh trong mng Internet c gi l cc router, v
cc router s dng nh tuyn datagram. C th, khi mt ngun cu trc mt gi
tin, n gn thm a ch ch ln trn gi tin. Khi gi tin i n mt router, b
chuyn mch s xc nh lin kt u ra thch hp cho gi tin bng cch kim
tra a ch ch ca gi tin.
Traceroute l mt chng trnh nh c th chy trn bt k host Internet no. Khi
ngi dng ch nh tn mt host ch, chng trnh s gi nhiu gi tin hng ti
ch . Khi nhng gi tin lm vic ng i ca chng hng ti ch, chng i

qua mt lot cc router. Khi mt router nhn c mt trong s cc gi tin, n s

gi mt thng ip nh tr v ngun. Thng ip ny cha tn v a ch ca
router.
C th hn, gi s c N-1 router gia ngun v ch. Khi ngun s gi N gi tin
vo trong mng, mi gi tin c nh a ch n ch cui cng. Nhng gi tin
ny cng c nh s t 1 n N, vi gi u tin ca N gi c nh s 1 v
gi tin cui cng ca N gi c nh s N. Khi router th n nhn c gi tin th
n c nh s n, router s tiu hy gi tin v gi mt thng ip n ngun.
V khi host ch nhn c gi tin th N, ch s tiu hy n, v mt ln na tr
mt thng ip tr li ngun. Ngun ghi li thi gian tri qua t khi n gi mt gi
tin cho n khi n nhn c thng ip tr li tng ng; n cng ghi li tn v
a ch ca router (hoc host ch) ci m tr v thng ip. Theo cch ny, bn
ngun c th ti to li cc tuyn ng c thc hin bi cc gi tin chy t
ngun ti ch, v ngun c th xc nh tr phn hi ca tt c cc router gia.
Thc cht traceroute lp li cc th nghim va c m t ba ln, do , my
ngun thc cht gi 3* N gi tin n ch.
RFC [1393] traceout m t traceout rt chi tit. Encyclopedia Internet cng cung
cp mt overview of how traceroute works.
Di y l mt v d v u ra ca chng trnh traceroute, khi m ng i ang
c truy tm t host ngun eniac.seas.upenn.edu (ti trng i hc
Pennsylvania) n diane.ibp.fr (ti trng i hc Paris VI) . u ra gm c su
ct: ct u tin l gi tr n c m t trn, tc l, s th t ca router dc
theo tuyn ng; ct th hai l tn ca cc router; ct th ba l a ch ca cc
router (c dng xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx); ba ct cui cng l cc tr phn hi ca ba th
nghim. Bi v c mt gi trong mng nn nu my ngun nhn c t hn ba
thng ip t bt k router no, th traceroute s nh mt du sao tng ng sau
s th t ca router v thng bo t hn ba ln thi gian phn hi cho router .
1 GW.CIS.UPENN.EDU (130.91.6.254) 3 ms 2 ms 1 ms
2 DEFAULT7-GW.UPENN.EDU (165.123.247.8) 3 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 192.204.183.1 (192.204.183.1) 3 ms 4 ms 3 ms
4 border2-hssi1-0.WestOrange.mci.net (204.70.66.5) 6 ms 6 ms 6 ms
5 core1-fddi-1.WestOrange.mci.net (204.70.64.33) 7 ms 6 ms 6 ms

6 somerouter.sprintlink.net (206.157.77.106) 16 ms 305 ms 192 ms

7 somerouter.sprintlink.net (206.157.77.106) 20 ms 196 ms 18 ms
8 sl-dc-6-H2/0-T3.sprintlink.net (144.228.10.33) 19 ms 18 ms 24 ms
9 198.67.0.1 (198.67.0.1) 19 ms 24 ms 18 ms
10 gsl-dc-3-Fddi0/0.gsl.net (204.59.144.197) 19 ms 18 ms 20 ms
11 *raspail-ip.eurogate.net (194.206.207.6) 133 ms 94 ms
12 raspail-ip2.eurogate.net (194.206.207.57) 93 ms 95 ms 97 ms
13 194.206.207.17 (194.206.207.17) 200 ms 94 ms 209 ms
14 stamand1.renater.ft.net (192.93.43.185) 105 ms 101 ms 105 ms
15 stlambert.rerif.ft.net (192.93.43.117) 108 ms 102 ms 95 ms
16 danton1.rerif.ft.net (193.48.53.50) 110 ms 97 ms 91 ms
17 u-jussieu-paris.rerif.ft.net (193.48.58.122) 94 ms 96 ms 100 ms
18 r-jusren.reseau.jussieu.fr (192.44.54.126) 100 ms 94 ms 100 ms
19 r-ibp.reseau.jussieu.fr (134.157.254.250) 96 ms 100 ms 94 ms
20 masi.ibp.fr (132.227.60.23) 121 ms 100 ms 97 ms
21 * diane.ibp.fr (132.227.64.48) 105 ms 102 ms
Trong phc ha trn khng c router no nm gia ngun v ch. Hu ht cc
router u c tn, v tt c chng u c a ch. V d, tn ca router 8 l sl-dc6-H2/0-T3.sprintlink. net v a ch ca n l 144.228.10.33. Nhn vo d liu
c cung cp cho cng mt router ny, chng ta s thy rng trong ln th
nghim u tin ca ba cuc th nghim tr phn hi gia ngun v router 8 l 19
miligiy. Cc tr phn hi cho hai cuc th nghim tip theo l 18 v 24 msec. Cc
tr phn hi bao gm tr tuyn truyn gi tin, tr x l ti router, v tr do xp
hng xy ra do tc nghn trn mng Internet. V tc nghn l khc nhau theo thi
gian, nn tr phn hi n mt router n thc t c th ln hn tr phn hi n
router n+1. Trong v d trn lu rng c th c mt bc nhy ln trong tr phn
hi khi i t router 10 n router 11. l bi v lin kt gia cc router 10 v 11
l mt lin kt i qua i dng.
Bn mun th traceroute t mt s im bt u khc ngoi Tel-Aviv v Dana
Point? Vy th hy truy cp Yahoos List ca cc trang web cung cp nh tuyn.

Tham kho

[RFC 1393] G. Malkin, "Traceroute Using an IP Option," RFC 1393, January

1993.

1.5 Cc mng truy nhp v phng tin truyn thng vt l

Trong phn 1.3 v 1.4 chng ta nghin cu vai tr ca cc h thng u cui
v cc rounter trong mt kin trc mng.Trong phn ny chng ta quan tm n
Access network (cc mng truy nhp)- cc lin kt vt l m kt ni mt h
thng u cui n router bin ca n, tc l, router u tin trn ng t h
thng u cui n bt k h thng u cui no khc xa. Do vy cng ngh
truy cp mng gn lin vi cng ngh phng tin truyn thng vt l( cp quang,
cp ng trc, dy din thoi xon i, ph tn v tuyn) chng ta s cp cng
lc c hai ch trn trong phn hc ny.

1.5.1 Cc mng truy cp

Hnh 1.5.1 ch ra cc lin kt ca mng truy nhp c nh du .

Hnh 1.5-1: Cc mng truy nhp

Cc mng truy nhp c th chia mt cch khng chnh xc thnh 3 loi:
Cc mng truy nhp c nhn: kt ni mt thit b u cui gia nh vo
trong mng;
Cc mng truy nhp t chc: kt ni h thng u cui trong mt doanh
nghip hoc h thng gio dc vo trong mng;
Cc mng truy nhp di ng: kt ni mt thit b u cui di ng vo
trong mng
Cc loi c chia ra trn khng phi l cng nhc v cht ch (bn vng); mt
s h thng u cui ca cc t chc cng c th s dng hiu qu nhng cng
ngh mng truy m chng ta gn cho cc mng truy nhp c nhn, v ngc li.M
t ca chng ta di y c p dng cho trng hp ph bin (khng phi l tt
c cc trng hp).

Cc mng truy nhp c nhn

Mt mng truy cp c nhn kt ni mt h thng u cui ti nh ring(tiu biu l
my PC, nhng cng c th l mt Web TV hoc cc h thng c nhn khc) n
mt router bin. Hu nh dng ph bin nht ca truy nhp ti nh ring l s dng
mt modem trn mt ng dy quay s POTS(plain old telephone system- h
thng in thoi c n gin) n mt nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP- Internet
service provider).Modem ti nh ring s chuyn i tn hiu s u ra ca PC
sang dng tn hiu tng t truyn qua ng in thoi tng t. Mt modem
trong ISP s chuyn i tn hiu tng t ngc tr li thnh dng tn hiu s
a vo ISP router. Trong trng hp ny, mng truy nhp ch n gin l mt
lin kt quay s im ti im vo trong mt router bin. Lin kt im ti im
thng l ng in thoi xon i ca bn. (Chng ta s tho lun v cp xon
i sau trong phn ny). Tc modem ngy nay cho php truy nhp quay s vi
tc ln n 56 Kb/s. Tuy nhin, do cht lng hn ch ca ng xon i gia
nhiu home v nhiu ISP, nn nhiu ngi s dng nhn c tc thc t nh
hn ng k so vi tc 56 Kb/s. c mt tho lun su hn v cc kha cnh
thc t ca modem hy tham kho trn trang web Institute for Global
Communication (IGC) mc Modems and Data Communication.
Trong khi cc modem quay s yu cu phi chuyn i d liu s ca h thng u
cui sang dng tn hiu tng t truyn dn, th ci c gi l cng ngh ISDN

di tn hp (Intergrated Services Digital Network- mng s a dch v tch hp)

[Pacific Belll 1988] cho php truyn d liu s ho t mt h thng u cui gia
nh (home) qua cc ng in thoi ISDN n vn phng trung tm ca mt
cng ty in thoi. Mc d ban u ISDN c thit k nh l mt phng php
truyn d liu s gia hai u ca mt h thng in thoi (t mt h thng in
thoi n mt h thng in thoi khc), nhng n cng l mt cng ngh truy
nhp mng quan trng cho php truy nhp tc cao (v d, 128 Kb/s) t nh ti
mt mng d liu v d nh Internet. Trong trng hp ny,ISDN c th c hiu
n gin nh l mt modem tt hn[NSA 1995]. Mt ngun tt b xung
thng tin v ISDN l Dan Kegels ISDL page.
Cc modem quay s v ISDN bng tn hp l nhng cng ngh c trin khai
su rng.Hai cng ngh mi l Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSLng dy thu bao bt i xng) v hybrid fiber coaxial cable (HFC- lai gia
cp ng trc v cp quang) [Cable 1988] hin cng ang c xy dng. ADSL
l khi nim tng t nh modem quay s: n l mt cng ngh modem mi mt
ln na chy trn cc ng dy in thoi xon i hin ang tn ti, nhng c
th truyn ti vi tc ln n khong 8 Mb/s t ISP router n mt h thng u
cui nh ring. Tc d liu theo hng ngc li, t h thng u cui nh
n router ca vn phng trung tm, l nh hn 1 Mb/s. S bt i xng trong tc
truy cp lm pht sinh thut ng "Bt i xng" trong ADSL. S bt i xng
trong tc d liu phn nh s tin tng rng nhng ngi dng gia nh c
nhiu kh nng l mt ngi tiu th thng tin (em d liu vo nh ca h) hn l
mt nh cung cp thng tin.
ADSL s dng b ghp knh phn chia theo tn s, nh miu t trong phn
trc. c bit, ADSL chia lin kt truyn thng gia home v ISP thnh 3 di tn
khng trng nhau sau :
o
o

high-speed downstream channel (knh truyn xung tc cao),

trong di tn t 50 KHz n 1MHz
medium-speed upstream channel (knh truyn ln tc trung
bnh), trong di tn t 4 KHz n 50 KHz
v ordinary POTs two way telephone channel (knh in thoi hai
chiu POT thng thng),trong di tn t 0 n 4 KHz

Mt c trng ca ADSL chnh l dch v cho php ngi dng thc hin mt
cuc gi thoi thng thng, bng cch s dng knh POTs,trong khi ng thi c
th lt wed.c im ny l khng c sn i vi cc modem quay s chun.
Lng bng thng hng ln v hng xung thc s c sn cho ngi s dng l

mt hm ca khong cch gia home modem v ISP modem, loi ng cp xon

i, v nhiu in (giao thoa in). i vi mt ng dy cht lng cao vi
nhiu in khng ng k, th mt tc truyn xung 8 Mb/s l hon ton c th
nu khong cch gia home v ISP nh hn 3.000 mt; tc truyn xung gim
xung khong 2 Mb/s i vi khong cch 6.000 mt. Phm vi ca tc truyn
ln t 16 Kb/s n 1 Mb/s.
Trong khi ASDL,ISDN v modem quay s tt c u s dng cc ng in thoi
thng thng, th cc mng truy nhp HFC li l s m rng ca mng cp hin
nay s dng cho vic pht sng truyn hnh cp. Trong mt h thng cp truyn
thng, mt trm im cui ca cp s pht qung b thng qua s phn b ca
cp ng trc v cc b khuch i c tr (chng ta s tho lun v cp ng
trc sau trong chng ny). Nh c minh ha trong Hnh 1.5-2, cp quang (cng
s tho lun sm) kt ni im cui ca cp n cc nt ln cn (cc nt hng
xm), t cp ng trc truyn thng s c s dng tip cn cc h gia nh
ring l v cc cn h (chung c). Mi mt nt hng xm thng h tr t 500 n
5000 h gia nh.

Figure 1.5-2: Mt mng truy nhp lai gia cp quang v cp ng trc (HFC)

Cng nh vi ADSL, HFC i hi phi c cc modem c bit, c gi l cable

modem. Cc cng ty cung cp truy nhp Internet qua cp yu cu khch hng ca
h phi mua hoc thu mt modem.Mt trong nhng cng ty nh vy l
CyberCable , ni m s dng Motorolas CyberSufer Cable Modem v cung cp
truy nhp Internet tc cao n hu ht cc vng ln cn Paris. Thng thng,
modem cp l mt thit b ngoi vi v kt ni n my tnh gia nh thng qua mt
cng Ethenet 1-BaseT (chng ta s tho lun chi tit chng 5). Cc modem cp
chia mng HFC thnh 2 knh, mt knh truyn xung v mt knh truyn ln.
Cng nh vi ADSL, knh truyn xung thng c phn b nhiu bng thng
v do c tc truyn dn ln. V d, tc truyn xung ca h thng
CyberCable l 10 Mb/s v tc truyn ln l 768 Kp/s. Tuy nhin, vi HFC ( v
khng ng cho ADSL), cc tc ny c chia s gia cc h gia nh, nh
chng ta s tho lun bn di.
Mt c im quan trng ca HFC l n l mt phng tin truyn thng chia
s. C th, mi gi tin c gi bi headend (im cui-trung tm phn phi
truyn hnh cp) s di chuyn n ng xung ca tt c cc lin kt dn ti mi
h gia nh; v mi gi tin c gi t mt h gia nh s di chuyn ln knh
truyn ln n headend ny. V l do ny, nu mt s ngi s dng nhn c cc
video Internet khc nhau trn knh truyn xung, th tc thc t m mi ngi
s dng nhn c video ca h s nh hn ng k so vi tc truyn xung.
Mt khc, nu tt c ngi s dng hin thi u ang lt Web, th mi ngi s
dng thc s c th nhn c cc trang web vi tc truyn xung ti a, mc
d mt nhm nh ngi dng s him khi nhn c mt trang web vo cng mt
thi im chnh xc. Bi v knh truyn ln cng c chia s, nn cc gi tin gi
i bi hai h gia nh khc nhau ti cng mt thi im s dn n xung t, iu
s lm gim hn na bng thng truyn ln thc s. (Chng ta s tho lun v
vn xung t ny chi tit hn khi chng ta tho lun v Ethernet trong Chng
5.) Nhng ngi ng h ADSL nhanh chng ch ra rng ADSL l mt kt ni
im ti im gia h gia nh v ISP, v do ton b bng thng ADSL c
dnh ring thay v b chia s. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi ng h cp lp lun rng mt
mng HFC c kch c tng ng s cung cp bng thng ln hn ca ADSL [@
Home 1988].Cuc tranh u gia ADSL v HFC v truy nhp nh ring tc cao
bt u sng t, v d, [@Home 1998].

Cc mng truy nhp doanh nghip

Trong cc mng truy nhp doanh nghip, mt mng cc b (LAN) c s dng
kt ni mt h thng u cui vi mt router bin. Nh chng ta s thy trong
Chng 5, c rt nhiu loi cng ngh LAN khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cng ngh

Ethernet hin ti b xa cc cng ngh truy cp ph bin nht trong cc mng

doanh nghip. Ethernet mang n tc 10 Mb/s hoc 100Mb/s (v hin nay thm
ch ln n 1 Gb/s). N s dng dy ng xon i lm cp ng trc kt ni
mt s h thng u cui vi nhau v vi mt router bin. Router bin c trch
nhim nh tuyn cc gi tin c a ch ch nm bn ngoi mng LAN . Ging
nh HFC, Ethernet s dng mt phng tin chia s, do nhng ngi dng cui
s chia s tc truyn dn ca mng LAN. Gn y, cng ngh chia s Ethernet
c di chuyn theo hng cng ngh chuyn mch Ethernet. Chuyn mch
Ethernet s dng cp ng trc a hoc cc phn on Ethernet xon i kt ni
vo mt switch cho php ton b bng thng ca mt Ethernet s c
chuyn giao cho nhng ngi s dng khc nhau trn cng mt mng LAN cng
mt lc [Cisco 1998]. Chng ta s tm hiu v chia s v chuyn mch Ethernet chi
tit hn trong Chng 5.

Cc mng truy nhp di ng

Cc mng truy nhp di ng s dng ph tn v tuyn kt ni mt h thng u
cui di ng (v d nh, mt my tnh xch tay hoc mt PDA vi mt modem
khng dy) n mt trm c s, nh c ch ra trong Hnh 1.5-1. Trm c s ny,
ln lt, c kt ni n mt router bin ca mt mng d liu.
Mt chun tiu biu cho mng d liu khng dy l Cellular Digital Packet Data
(CDPD) [Wireless 1998]. Nh tn gi ca n, mt mng CDPD hot ng nh mt
mng ph kn bn trong mng in thoi t bo (tc l, nh mt mng ring o
nh hn, nh mt phn ca mng ln hn). Do mt mng CDPD s dng ph
v tuyn ging nh h thng in thoi t bo, v hot ng tc 10 Kb/s. Nh
vi cc mng truy nhp da vo cp v mng Ethernet chia s, cc h thng u
cui CDPD phi chia s phng tin truyn dn vi cc h thng u cui CDPD
khc trong cc c ph bi mt trm c s. Mt giao thc iu khin truy cp
phng tin (MAC) c s dng phn x chia s knh gia cc h thng u
cui CDPD; chng ta s quan tm n cc giao thc MAC chi tit hn Chng
5.
H thng CDPD h tr giao thc IP, v do cho php mt h thng u cui IP
trao i cc gi tin IP qua cc knh khng dy vi mt trm c s IP. Mt mng
CDPD thc s c th h tr nhiu giao thc tng mng; ngoi IP, giao thc ISO
CNLP cng c h tr. CDPD khng cung cp cho bt k giao thc no trn
tng mng. T kha cnh Internet, CDPD c th c xem nh l m rng ca
mng quay s Internet (tc l, kh nng chuyn cc gi tin IP) trn mt lin kt

khng dy gia mt h thng u cui di ng v mt router Internet. Mt gii

thiu tuyt vi v CDPD l [Waung 98].

1.5.2 Phng tin truyn thng vt l

Trong cc tiu mc trc y chng ta a ra mt ci nhn tng quan v mt s
cng ngh mng truy nhp quan trng nht trong mng Internet. Trong khi m t
cc cng ngh ny, chng ta cng ch ra cc phng tin truyn thng vt l
c s dng. V d, chng ta ni rng, HFC s dng kt hp cp quang v cp
ng trc. Chng ta ni rng cc modem thng thng, ISDN, v ADSL s dng
cp ng xon i. V chng ta ni rng mng truy nhp di ng s dng ph
tn v tuyn in. Trong mc ny chng ti s cung cp mt ci nhn tng quan
ngn gn v cc phng tin truyn dn v cc phng tin truyn dn khc
thng c s dng trong mng Internet.
nh ngha phng tin vt l c ngha l g, chng ta hy suy ngm v vng
ic vn tt ca mt bit. Hy xem xt mt bit di chuyn t mt h thng u cui,
thng qua mt lot cc lin kt v router, n mt h thng u cui khc. Bit
ti nghip ny b truyn i rt nhiu, rt nhiu ln! u tin h thng u cui
ngun truyn bit ny i v ngay sau router u tin trong chui s nhn c bit
; sau router u tin truyn bit ny i v ngay sau router th hai nhn c
bit , v.v Do bit ca chng ta, khi di chuyn t ngun ti ch, i qua mt
lot cc cp truyn-nhn. Vi mi mt cp truyn-nhn, bit ny c gi i bng
cch truyn sng in t trn mt phng tin vt l. Cc phng tin vt l c
th nm di nhiu hnh dng v hnh thc, v khng bt buc phi cng loi vi
mi cp truyn-nhn dc theo ng i (t ngun n ch). V d v cc phng
tin thng tin vt l gm c dy ng xon i, cp ng trc, cp si quang a
mt, ph tn v tuyn mt t v ph tn v tuyn v tinh. Phng tin thng tin
vt l phn thnh hai loi: thit b c nh hng v thit b khng nh hng.
Vi thit b c nh hng, cc sng c nh hng dc theo mt mi trng
c, v d nh cp si quang, dy ng xon i hoc cp ng trc. Vi thit b
khng nh hng, sng c pht qung b trong kh quyn v trong khng gian
bn ngoi, chng hn nh trong mt knh v tinh k thut s hoc trong mt h
thng CDPD.

Mt s phng tin vt l ph bin

Gi s rng bn mun mc (dy) in cho mt to nh cho php cc my tnh
c th truy cp vo Internet hoc mt mng cc b -- bn nn s dng dy ng
xon i, cp ng trc, hay cp quang? Phng tin no c th em li c tc

(truyn) bit (d liu) cao nht qua nhng khong cch xa nht? Chng ta s tr
li nhng cu hi ny bn di.
Nhng trc khi chng ta i vo nhng c im ca nhng loi thit b c nh
hng khc nhau, chng ta c mt vi nhn xt v chi ph ca chng. Chi ph thc
t ca lin kt vt l (dy ng, cp quang, v.v.....) thng tng i nh so vi chi
ph ca cc lin kt mng khc. c bit, gi nhn cng gn vi vic lp t lin
kt vt l c th ln hn chi ph ca nguyn vt liu. V l do , rt nhiu nhng
cng ty xy dng lp t dy xon i, si quang, v cp ng trc cho mi cn
phng trong to nh. Thm ch nu lc u ch c mt phng tin c s dng
ngay, th l mt c hi tt nhng thit b khc c th c s dng trong
tng lai gn, v rt nhiu tin s c tit kim m khng phi lp t thm cc
ng dy.
Dy ng xon i
Thit b truyn dn t tn km v thng c s dng nht l dy ng xon i.
T hn 100 nm nay n c s dng trong cc mng li in thoi. Trn thc
t, c nhiu hn 99% cc kt ni mc t thit b in thoi cm tay n b chuyn
mch in thoi cc b s dng dy ng xon i. Hu ht chng ta u tng
nhn thy dy xon i trong nh hoc trong mi trng lm vic ca mnh. Dy
xon i bao gm 2 si ng cch in, mi si dy khong 1mm, c sp xp
u n theo m hnh xon c; quan st Hnh 1.5-3. Nhng si dy c xon vo
nhau gim thiu s nhiu in xy ra gia nhng cp ging nhau. in hnh
nh, mt s cp c buc li vi nhau trong mt dy cp bng cch bc chng li
trong 1 lp bo v. Mi cp dy to thnh mt lin kt truyn thng n

Hnh 1.5-3: Cp dy xon

Dy xon i khng bc(UTP) thng c s dng cho cc mng my tnh
trong phm vi mt to nh, c ngha l, cho cc mng cc b (LAN). Tc truyn
d liu cho cc mng LAN s dng dy xon i ngy nay nm trong khong t
10 Mb/s n 100 Mb/s. Tc truyn d liu c th t c ph thuc vo
dy ca dy v khong cch gia my pht v my thu. 2 loi UTP thng thng
trong cc mng LAN: loi 3 v loi 5. Loi 3 ph hp vi cp dy xon phn bc
thoi, thng thy trong cc ta nh vn phng. Cc ta nh vn phng thng
mc dy vi hai hoc nhiu hn cc cp dy xon i loi 3 song song; mt cp
c s dng cho lin kt in thoi, v nhng cp b sung c th c s dng

cho cc ng dy in thoi thm vo hoc cho kt ni mng LAN. Mng

Ethernet 10Mb/s, mt trong nhng loi mng LAN ph bin nht, c th s dng
loi 3 UTP. Loi 5, vi nhiu cun xon trn mi cm v Teflon cch nhit, c th
iu khin tc truyn bit cao hn. Mng Ethernet 100Mb/s chy trn loi 5 UTP
tr nn rt ph bin trong nhng nm gn y. Trong nhng nm gn y, loi 5
UTP tr nn thng dng cho s lp t trc trong nhng ta nh vn phng
mi.
Khi cng ngh quang th hc xut hin vo nhng nm 1980, rt nhiu ngi
ch bai dy xon i bi v n c tc truyn bit tng i chm. Mt s ngi
cn cm thy rng cng ngh quang th hc c th thay th hon ton dy xon
i. Nhng dy xon i khng th b i mt cch d dng. Cng ngh dy
xon i mi, v d nh loi 5 UTP, c th t c tc truyn d liu 100
Mbps i vi khong cch t ti vi trm mt. Thm ch tc cao hn c th t
c vi nhng khong cch ngn hn.Cui cng, dy xon i ni ln nh mt
gii php vt tri cho lin kt mng LAN tc cao.
Nh tho lun trong Phn 1.5.1, dy xon i cng thng c s dng trong
vic truy cp Internet ti nh ring. Chng ta thy rng cng ngh modem quay
s c th truy cp vi tc t ti 56 Kbps qua dy xon i. Chng ta cng
thy rng ISDN rt hu dng trong nhiu tp th, cung cp tc truy cp vo
khong 128 Kb/s qua dy xon i. Chng ta cng thy rng cng ngh ADSL
(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop) c kh nng gip ngi dng truy cp Web
vi tc vt qua 6 Mb/s qua dy xon i.
Cp ng trc
Ging nh dy xon i, cp ng trc bao gm 2 dy ng, tuy nhin hai dy dn
ny c t ng tm thay v t song song. Vi cu trc ny cng vi 1 cht
cch nhit v bao bc c bit, cp ng trc c th c tc truyn bit cao hn so
vi dy xon i. Cp ng trc c 2 loi: cp ng trc bng thng gc v cp
ng trc bng thng rng.
Cp ng trc bng thng gc, cng c gi l cp 50-ohm, dy khong 1 cm,
nh, v d dng un cong . N thng c s dng trong cc mng LAN; trn
thc t, my tnh m bn s dng ni lm vic hoc trong trng hc thng kt
ni mng n mt mng LAN bng cp ng trc bng thng rng hoc bng UTP.
Hy quan st kt ni n card giao din trong my tnh ca bn. Nu bn nhn thy
gic cm ging nh gic in thoi v mt vi dy tng t nh dy in thoi, th
bn ang s dng UTP; nu bn nhn thy 1 b ni hnh ch T v 1 cp chy ra

c 2 mt ca b ni ch T, th bn ang s dng cp ng trc bng thng gc.

Thut ng bng thng gc xut pht t thc t rng nhng dng bit c chy
trc tip vo trong cp, m khng lm lch tn hiu n mt bng tn khc. Mng
Ethernet 10Mb/s c th s dng UTP hoc cp ng trc bng thng gc. Nh
chng ta s tho lun trong Chng 5, rng s cn chi ph cao hn s dng UTP
cho mng Ethernet 10Mb/s, v UTP yu cu 1 thit b mng b sung, c gi l
hub.
Cp ng trc bng thng rng, cn c gi l cp 75-ohm, n mng hn 1 cht,
nh hn v cng hn so vi loi bng thng gc. Trc kia n thng c s
dng trong mng LAN v vn c th tm thy trong mt vi h thng c. i vi
cc mng LAN, cp bng thng gc c a dng hn, bi v n t t hn v d
dng iu khin vt l, v khng yu cu cp gn lin. Tuy vy, cp bng thng
rng vn thng c s dng hn trong cc h thng truyn hnh cp. Nh chng
ta tm hiu trong Phn 1.5.1, cc h thng truyn hnh cp gn y c ghp
thnh i vi cc modern cp cung cp cho ngi dng ti nh vic truy cp
Web vi tc 10 Mb/s hoc cao hn. Vi cp ng trc bng thng rng, my
pht chuyn t tn hiu s sang mt bng tn c bit khc, v tn hiu tng t kt
qu c gi t my pht ti 1 hoc nhiu my thu. C cp ng trc bng thng
gc v bng thng rng u c th c s dng nh mt thit b chia s c nh
hng. c bit, 1 s h thng u cui c th c kt ni trc tip ti cp, v tt
c cc h thng u cui nhn bt k th g m mt trong nhng my tnh truyn
ti. Chng ta s nhn nhn vn ny k cng hn trong Chung 5.
Cp quang
Si quang l mt si mng, mt mi trng linh hot iu khin xung ca nh
sng, vi mi xung i din cho 1 bit. Mt si quang n c th h tr tc
truyn bit rt ln, c th ln ti hng chc hoc thm ch hng trm gigabit/giy.
Chng min nhim vi nhiu cm ng in t, c suy gim tn hiu rt thp/100
km, v rt kh khai thc. Nhng c im ny khin cp quang tr thnh
thit b truyn dn nh hng tm xa c a dng, c bit l vi nhng lin kt
vt bin (lin kt ra nc ngoi). Rt nhiu nhng mng in thoi khong cch
xa M, v nhng ni khc ngy nay u s dng cp quang. Cp quang cng
tr nn ph bin trong xung sng ca mng Internet. Tuy vy, gi c cao ca cc
thit b quang nh my pht, my thu, v cc cng chuyn mch gy tr ngi
cho s trin khai cp quang nhng truyn ti tm gn, v d nh trong mt mng
LAN hoc trong mt h gia nh trong mt mng truy nhp c nhn. H thng
phng th nghim AT&T cung cp 1 trang web tuyt vi v cp quang, trong c
mt s hnh ng kh p.

Cc knh v tuyn trn mt t v qua v tinh

Cc knh v tuyn truyn nhng tn hiu trong ph in t. Chng l 1 phng
tin hp dn v khng yu cu thit lp cc dy vt l, c th xuyn qua tng,
cung cp kh nng lin kt vi mt ngi dng hay di chuyn, v c kh nng
truyn tn hiu vi nhng khong cch xa. Nhng c im ny ca 1 knh v
tuyn ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng truyn dn v khong cch m tn hiu c
truyn i. Nhng nghin cu v mi trng s xc nh tn tht do ng i v s
phai mu bng ( lm gim cng tn hiu khi n i qua 1 khong cch v i
xung quanh/xuyn qua cc vt cn tr), s phai mu a ng ( do s suy gim tn
hiu bi cc i tng cn tr), v nhiu (do cc knh v tuyn hoc cc tn hiu
in t khc).
Knh v tuyn trn mt t ni chung c th chia lm 2 nhm: nhng knh hot
ng nh cc mng cc b ( thng ko di t 10 ti 1 vi trm mt) v cc knh
v tuyn din rng ci m thng c s dng cho cc dch v d liu di ng
(thng hot ng trong 1 khu vc th ). Mt s cc sn phm mng LAN
khng dy c bn ngoi ch, hot ng trong phm vi 1-10 Mb/s . Cc thit
b d liu di ng (v d nh chun CDPD chng ta cp n trong phn 1.3)
thng cung cp cc knh hot ng 10 Kb/s. Tm hiu [Goodman97] c mt
ci nhn tng qut v tho lun v cng ngh v cc sn phm ny.
Mt v tinh truyn thng lin kt 2 hay nhiu my pht/thu vi sng c s trn
mt t, c gi l cc trm mt t. V tinh nhn tn hiu truyn i trn mt
bng tn, phc hi tn hiu s dng mt b lp (s c tho lun sau) v truyn
tn hiu trn tn s khc. Cc v tinh c th cung cp bng thng trong phm vi
hng gigabit mi giy. 2 loi v tinh c s dng trong lin lc l: v tinh a tnh
v v tinh tm thp.
V tinh a tnh vnh vin trn cng 1 ni so vi Tri t. S hin din tnh ny
c c bng cch t v tinh trong qu o 36.000 km so vi b mt Tri t.
Khong cch rt ln ny t mt trm mt t qua v tinh quay li trm mt t dn
n mt tr qung b tn hiu ng k khong 250 mili giy. Tuy nhin, cc lin kt
v tinh thng c s dng trong cc mng in thoi v trong xng sng ca
mng Internet.
V tinh tm thp c t kh gn vi Tri t v khng ng yn mt ch so vi
Tri t. Chng xoay quanh Tri t nh Mt trng quay xung quanh Tri t.
cung cp bo co lin tc v tnh hnh ca 1 khu vc, rt nhiu v tinh c t
trong qu o. Hin ti c rt nhiu h thng lin lc tm thp trong pht trin. V

d, H thng Irdirum bao gm 66 v tinh tm thp. Chm sao v tinh Lioyd cung
cp v thu thp thng tin v Iridium tt nh cc h thng chm sao v tinh khc.
Cng ngh v tinh tm thp c th c s dng trong vic truy cp Internet trong
tng lai.

Tham kho
[@Home 1998] @Home, "xDSL vs. @HOME'S Hybrid-fiber-coaxial (HFC)
Cable Modem Network: the Facts," 1998.
[ADSL 1998] ADSL Forum, ADSL Tutorial, 1998.
[Cable 1998] Cable Data News, "Overview of Cable Modem Technology and
Services," 1998.
[Cisco 1998] Cisco, "Designing Switched LAN Internetworks," 1998.
[Goodman 1997] D. Goodman (Chair), "The Evolution of Untethered
Communications," National Academy Press, December 1997.
[NAS 1995] National Academy of Sciences, "The Unpredictable Certainty:
Information Infrastructure Through 2000," 1995.
[Pacific
Bell
1998]
Pacific
Bell,
"ISDN
Users
Guide,"
http://www.pacbell.com/products/business/fastrak/networking/isdn/info/isdnguide/index.html
[Waung 1998] W. Waung, "Wireless Mobile Data Networking The CDPD
Approach," Wireless Data Forum, 1998.
[Wireless 1998] Wireless Data Forum, "CDPD System Specification Release 1.1,"
1998

1.6 Tr(Delay) v Mt(Loss) trong cc mng chuyn mch

gi
By gi chng ta s xem xt 1 cch tng qut cc mnh(pieces) ch yu ca kin
trc mng Internet- cc ng dng, cc h thng u cui, cc giao thc vn
chuyn u cui, cc router, v cc lin kt- by gi hy cng chng ti xem xt
xem iu g c th xy ra i vi 1 gi tin khi n di chuyn t ngun n ch.
Nh li rng 1 gi tin bt u ti 1 host (ngun), thng qua 1 lot cc router, v kt
thc cuc hnh trnh ca mnh 1 host khc (ch). Khi 1 gi tin di chuyn t 1
nt (host hoc router) n nt k tip (host hoc router) dc theo ng dn, gi tin
s phi chu 1 vi loi tr khc nhau ti mi nt dc theo ng dn. Cc tr
quan trng nht l nodal processing delay (tr do x l ti nt mng), queuing
delay (tr do xp hng), transmission delay (tr do truyn tin) v propagation
delay (tr lan truyn); cng vi nhau, cc tr ny tch ly li gy ra total nodal
delay ( tng tr ti nt). c c 1 s hiu bit su sc v chuyn mch gi
v cc mng my tnh, chng ta phi hiu r bn cht v tm quan trng ca cc tr
ny.

Hnh 1.6-1: Tr qua router A

Chng ta hy cng nghin cu cc tr trong bi cnh Hnh 1.6-1. Nh 1 phn ca

cc router u cui nm gia ngun v ch, 1 gi tin s c truyn t nt pha
trc(upstream node) qua router A, n router B. Mc ch ca chng ta l m t
c im tr nt router A. Lu rng router A c 3 ng lin kt dn ra
ngoi(outbound link), 1 dn n router B, 1 ci khc dn n router C, v 1 ci
khc dn n router D. Mi 1 ng lin kt c t trc 1 hng i (cng c
bit n nh 1 b m). Khi gi tin n router A (t upstream node), router A s
kim tra phn u ca gi tin xc nh outbound link thch hp cho gi tin ,
v sau gi gi tin n link ny. Trong v d ny, outbound link cho gi tin l
lin kt dn n router B. 1 gi tin ch c th c truyn trn 1 link nu hin thi
khng c gi tin no khc ang c truyn trn link v nu khng c gi tin
no khc trc n trong hng i; nu link ny hin thi ang bn hoc cc gi tin
khc xp hng cho link ny, th gi tin va mi n s tham gia vo hng i.
Thi gian cn thit kim tra phn u ca gi tin v xc nh ni chuyn gi
tin l 1phn ca tr do x l. Tr do x l cng c th bao gm cc yu t khc, v
d nh thi gian cn thit kim tra cc li bit-level trong gi tin, ci m xy ra
trong qu trnh truyn cc bit ca gi tin t router trc n router A. Sau qu
trnh x l ti nt ny, router s gi gi tin n hng i c t trc ng lin
kt n router B.(Trong phn 4.7 chng ta s nghin cu chi tit xem 1 router hot
ng nh th no.) Ti hng i, gi tin ny s tri qua tr do xp hng khi n i
c truyn trn ng lin kt ny. Tr do xp hng ca 1 gi tin c th s ph
thuc vo s lng cc gi tin khc, nhng gi tin n sm hn, xp hng v
ang i c vn chuyn qua ng lin kt ny; tr ca 1 gi tin xc nh
c th thay i ng k t gi ny n gi khc. Nu hng i rng v hin thi
khng c gi tin no khc ang c truyn, th tr do xp hng ca gi tin ca
chng ta l bng 0. Ngc li, nu lng truy cp ln v c nhiu gi tin khc
cng ang i c vn chuyn, thi gian tr do xp hng s ln. Chng ta s
thy ngay rng s lng gi tin m 1 gi tin ti c th hi vng tm thy trn ng
ti (s lng trung bnh cc gi tin xp hng, ci m t l thun vi tr trung
bnh gy ra bi cc gi tin) l 1 hm ca cng v bn cht ca lu lng truy
cp n hng i.
Gi s rng cc gi tin c truyn i theo kiu n trc phc v trc,
nh l ph bin trong mng Internet, gi tin ca chng ta ch c th c truyn i
khi tt c cc gi tin n trc n c truyn i ht. K hiu chiu di ca gi
tin l L bit v k hiu tc truyn dn ca ng lin kt (t router A n router
B) l R bit/s. Tc R c xc nh bi tc truyn dn ca ng lin kt n
router B. V d, cho 1 lin kt Ethernet 10Mb/s, th tc l R=10 Mb/s; cho 1 lin
kt Ethernet 100Mb/s, th tc l R=100Mb/s. Tr truyn tin (cn c gi l

tr do lu tr v chuyn tip, nh tho lun trong Phn 1.4) bng L/R. l

lng thi gian cn thit truyn tt c cc bit ca gi tin vo trong ng lin
kt.
Khi 1 bit c y ln ng lin kt, n cn c truyn n router B. Thi gian
cn thit truyn t im bt u ca ng lin kt n router B chnh l tr lan
truyn. Bit ny c truyn i vi tc lan truyn ca ng lin kt. Tc lan
truyn ph thuc vo phng tin vt l ca lin kt (v d, a si, dy ng xon
i, v.v) v nm trong khong t
2*108 m/s n 3*108 m/s,
bng , hoc nh hn 1 cht so vi tc nh sng. Tr lan truyn bng khong
cch gia 2 router chia cho tc lan truyn. Ngha l, tr lan truyn bng d/s,
trong d l khong cch gia router A v router B v s l tc lan truyn ca
ng lin kt. Khi bit cui cng ca gi tin truyn n nt B, n v tt c cc bt
trc ca gi tin s c lu tr ti router B. Ton b qu trnh sau s tip
tc trong router B by gi s thc hin vic chuyn tip.
Nhng ngi mi n vi lnh vc mng my tnh i khi gp kh khn trong vic
nhn bit c s khc nhau gia tr truyn tin v tr lan truyn. Khc bit ny l
kh thy nhng li quan trng. Tr truyn tin l lng thi gian cn thit router
y gi tin ra; n l hm ca di gi tin v tc truyn dn ca lin kt, nhng
khng lin quan g n khong cch gia 2 router. Tr lan truyn, mt khc, li l
thi gian cn 1 bit truyn i t 1 router n ci tip theo; n l hm ca khong
cch gia 2 router, nhng khng lin quan g n di ca gi tin hay tc
truyn dn ca lin kt.
Mt cch tng t c th lm r khi nim tr truyn tin v tr lan truyn. Xt 1
ng cao tc m c 100km li c 1 trm thu ph. Bn c th coi cc on
ng cao tc nm gia cc trm thu ph nh cc ng lin kt v cc trm thu
ph l cc router. Gi s rng cc t di chuyn(tc l, truyn) trn ng cao tc
ny vi tc 100km/h (tc l, khi 1 t ri khi 1 trm thu ph n s ngay lp
tc tng tc ln 100km/h v duy tr tc ny gia cc trm thu ph). Gi s rng
c 1 on gm 10 chic xe t di chuyn cng nhau, v 10 chic xe theo sau
nhau theo 1 th t nht nh. Bn c th coi mi 1 t nh l 1 bit v on xe nh
1 gi tin. Cng gi s rng mi 1 trm thu ph phc v (tc l, truyn) 1 t vi
tc 12s/chic, v n lm vic rt khuya cho cc t ca on ch l cc t
trn ng cao tc. Cui cng, gi s rng bt c khi no chic t u tin ca
on cp vo 1 trm thu ph, n s i cng vo cho n khi 9 chic t khc

n v xp pha sau n. (V vy ton b on xe phi c lu tr trm thu ph

trc khi n c th bt u c chuyn tip.) Thi gian cn thit trm thu
ph y ton b on xe ln trn ng cao tc l 10/(5 t/pht)=2 pht. Thi
gian ny tng t nh tr truyn tin trong 1 router. Thi gian cn thit 1 t di
chuyn t im ra ca 1 trm thu ph n trm thu ph tip theo l 100Km/
(100km/h)=1h. Thi gian ny tng t nh tr lan truyn. V vy thi gian t khi
on xe c lu tr pha trc ca 1 trm thu ph cho n khi on xe c
lu tr pha trc ca trm thu ph tip theo l tng ca tr truyn tin v tr
lan truyn trong v d ny l 62 pht.
Hy tm hiu v d tng t ny thm 1 cht na. iu g s xy ra nu thi gian
trm thu ph phc v cho 1 on xe ln hn thi gian 1 t di chuyn gia cc
trm thu ph? V d, gi s rng cc t di chuyn vi tc 1000km/h v trm
thu ph phc v cc t vi tc 1 pht 1 t. Khi tr do di chuyn gia cc
trm thu ph l 6 pht v thi gian phc v 1 on xe l 10 pht. Trong trng hp
, 1 vi xe t u tin trong on xe s n trm thu ph th 2 trc khi nhng
t cui cng trong on ri khi trm thu ph th nht. Tnh hung ny cng pht
sinh trong cc mng chuyn mch gi cc bit u tin trong 1 gi c th ti 1
router trong khi nhiu bit trong s cc bit ca gi vn i c truyn dn bi
router trc .
Nu chng ta k hiu dproc, dqueue, dtrans v dprop l tr x l, xp hng, truyn dn
v lan truyn, th tng tr ti nt c cho bi cng thc
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
S ng gp ca cc tr thnh phn c th khc nhau ng k. V d, dprop c th
l khng ng k ( v d, 1 vi s) cho 1 lin kt kt ni 2 router trong cng khu
trng i hc; tuy nhin, dprop bng hng trm mili giy cho 2 router c kt ni
vi nhau bi 1 lin kt v tinh a tnh, v c th l thnh phn chi phi trong dnodal.
Tng t, dtrans c th dao ng t khng ng k n ng k. ng gp ca n
thng khng ng k vi tc truyn dn 10Mb/s v cao hn na (v d, cc
mng LAN); tuy nhin, n c th l hng trm mms cho cc gi tin Internet ln gi
ln cc ng lin kt modem 28.8 kb/s. Tr x l, dproc, thng l khng ng k;
tuy nhin, n nh hng mnh m n thng lng (throughput) ti a ca mt
router, l tc ti a m mt router c th chuyn tip cc gi d liu.

Tr do xp hng

Hu ht cc thnh phn phc tp v th v ca tr nt l tr do xp hng d queue.

Trong thc t, tr do xp hng l rt quan trng v th v trong mng my tnh, do
c hng ngn bi bo v rt nhiu sch vit v n [Bertsekas 1992] [Daigle
1991] [Kleinrock 1975] [Kleinrock 1976] [Ross 1995]! y chng ti ch a ra
nhng tho lun trc quan, 1 mc cao v tr do xp hng; ngi c mun tm
hiu thm c th mun c qua 1 vi quyn sch (hoc thm ch cui cng vit
1 lun n tin s v ti ny!). Khng ging nh 3 loi tr khc (c th l, d proc,
dtrans v dprop), tr do xp hng c th khc nhau gia cc gi. V d, nu c 10 gi
tin n 1 hng i rng ti cng 1 thi im, gi tin u tin c truyn i s
khng phi chu tr do xp hng, trong khi gi tin cui cng c truyn i s chu
1 tr do xp hng tng i ln (khi n i cho 9 gi tin khc c truyn i). Do
, khi m t c im ca tr do xp hng, ngi ta thng s dng bin php
thng k, v d tr do xp hng trung bnh, phng sai ca tr do xp hng v xc
sut m tr do xp hng vt qu 1 vi gi tr c nh trc.
Khi no th tr do xp hng l ln v khi no th n l khng ng k? Cu tr li
cho cu hi ny ph thuc phn ln vo tc ca lu lng truy cp n hng
i, tc truyn dn ca lin kt, v tnh cht ca lu lng truy cp n, ngha
l, d lu lng truy cp n l nh k hay n truy cp n 1 cch t ngt.
thu c 1 s hiu bit y, hy k hiu a l tc trung bnh ca cc gi tin n
hng i (n v ca a l gi tin/giy). Nh li rng R l tc truyn dn, tc l,
n l tc (tnh theo bit/s) m cc bit c y ra khi hng i. n gin, ta
s gi s rng tt c cc gi d liu u bao gm L bit. Khi tc trung bnh
cc bit n hng i l La bit/s. Cui cng, gi nh rng hng i l rt ln, do
v bn cht n c th cha v s bit. T l La/R, c gi l cng lu lng,
thng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh mc ca tr do xp
hng. Nu La/R > 1, khi tc trung bnh ca cc bit n hng i vt qu tc
ca cc bit c th c truyn i t hng i. Trong trng hp khng may ,
hng i s c xu hng tng ln khng gii hn v tr do xp hng s tin n
v cng! Do , mt trong nhng quy tc vng ca k ngh giao thng l : thit k
h thng ca bn sao cho cng lu lng khng ln hn 1.
By gi xt trng hp La/R <=1. y, bn cht ca lu lng truy cp n s
tc ng n tr do xp hng. V d, nu cc gi tin n mt cch nh k, tc l,
c mi 1 L/R giy s c 1 gi tin n, khi mi gi tin s n mt hng i rng
v do s khng c tr do xp hng. Mt khc, nu cc gi tin n t ngt
nhng nh k, n c th gy ra mt tr do xp hng trung bnh ng k. V d, gi
s rng s c N gi tin n cng lc sau mi khong thi gian l (L/R)N giy. Khi
gi tin u tin s c truyn i m khng b tr do xp hng; gi tin th hai s
c truyn i vi tr do xp hng l L/R giy; v ni chung, gi tin th n s

c truyn i vi tr do xp hng l (n-1)L/R giy. Chng ti li vic tnh

tr do xp hng trung bnh trong v d ny nh mt bi tp cho ngi c.
Hai v d c m t trn vi cc bt n mt cch nh k l mt bit khng c
thc. in hnh l vic truy cp n mt hng i l ngu nhin, tc l, cc bt n
khng tun theo bt k mt khun mu no; cc gi tin c t cch nhau bi mt
lng thi gian bt k. Trong trng hp thc t hn nh vy, t s La/R thng
khng m t c im y ca cc s liu thng k v tr. Tuy nhin, n
c ch trong vic t c mt hiu bit trc quan v mc ca tr do xp hng.
c bit, nu cng lu lng gn bng 0, khi cc gi c y ra khi
hng i vi tc ln hn rt nhiu so vi tc cc gi tin n; do , tr do
xp hng trung bnh s gn bng 0. Mt khc, khi cng lu lng gn bng 1,
th s c 1 khong thi gian khi m tc n vt qu nng lc truyn dn (do
tnh truyn lot ca cc gi tin n), v 1 hng i c hnh thnh. Khi cng
lu lng tin n 1, chiu di trung bnh ca hng i s ln hn v ln hn.
tr do xp hng trung bnh ph thuc nh tnh vo cng lu lng c ch ra
trong Hnh 1.6-2 di y.
Mt kha cnh quan trng ch ra trong Hnh 1.6-2 l thc t rng khi cng lu
lng tin n 1, tr do xp hng trung bnh s tng ln nhanh chng. Mt t l
nh tng ln trong cng s dn n mt t l phn trm rt ln tng ln trong
tr. C l bn tng c kinh nghim v hin tng ny trn ng cao tc. Nu
bn thng xuyn li xe trn 1 con ng m thng b tc, th thc t l con
ng thng b tc ngha l cng giao thng ca n gn bng 1. Nu 1 vi s
kin gy ra 1 lng lu lng ln hn mc bnh thng, th cc tr bn phi chu
c th rt ln.

Hnh 1.6-2: S ph thuc ca tr do xp hng

trung bnh vo cng lu lng

Mt gi tin
Trong cc tho lun trc y ca chng ta, chng ta gi nh rng hng i c
kh nng cha v s cc gi tin. Trong thc t mt hng i ng trc mt lin
kt c kh nng hu hn, mc d sc cha ca hng i ph thuc rt ln vo thit
k v chi phi ca cng (switch). Bi v kh nng ca hng i l hu hn, nn
tr ca gi tin khng thc s tin n v cng khi cng lu lng tin n 1.
Thay vo , mt gi c th i n gp mt hng i y. Vi khong trng khng
lu tr thm 1 gi tin, mt router s nh gi tin ra; iu c ngha l,
gi tin s b mt. T cch nhn ca h thng u cui, iu ny s c nhn
nh l mt gi tin c truyn vo trong li ca mng, nhng khng bao gi
xut hit t mng ch n. S lng cc gi d liu b mt tng ln khi cng
lu lng tng ln. Do , hiu sut ti mt node thng c xc nh khng
ch bi tr, m cn bi xc sut mt gi tin. Nh chng ta s tho lun trong
chng tip theo, mt gi tin b mt c th c pht li trn mt c s u cui,
bi giao thc tng ng dng hoc tng vn ti.

Tr u cui
Tho lun ca chng ta n thi im ny tp trung vo tr ti nt, tc l tr
mt router ring l. Hy kt thc tho lun ca chng ta bng cch xt mt cch
tm tt tr t ngun n ch. hiu c khi nim ny, gi s rng c Q-1
router gia my ch ngun v my ch ch. Chng ta cng gi s rng mng
khng b tc nghn (tc l tr do xp hng l khng ng k), tr do x l ti mi
mt router v ti my ch ngun l dproc, tc truyn dn ca mi mt router v
ca my ch ngun l R bit/s, v tr lan truyn gia mi mt cp router v gia
my ch ngun v router u tin l d prop. Cc tr ti cc nt tch ly v to ra tr
u cui,
dendend = Q(dproc + dtrans + dprop),
trong mt ln na dtrans = L/R, vi L l kch thc gi tin. Chng ti li cho
ngi c vic tng qut ha cng thc ny trong trng hp cc tr l khng
ng nht ti cc node v xut hin tr do xp hng trung bnh ti mi node.

Tham kho
[Bertsekas 1992] D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager, Data Networks, 2nd Edition,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992
[Daigle 1991] J.N. Daigle, Queuing Theory for Telecommunications, AddisionWesley, Reading Massachusetts, 1991.
[Kleinrock 1975] L. Kleinrock, Queuing Systems, Volume 1, John Wiley, New
York, 1975.
[Kleinrock 1976] L. Kleinrock, Queuing Systems, Volume 2, John Wiley, New
York, 1976.
[Ross 1995] K.W. Ross, Multiservice Loss Models for Broadband
Telecommunication Networks, Springer, Berlin, 1995.

1.7 Cc tng giao thc v cc m hnh dch v ca chng

T nhng tho lun ca chng ta trc y, r rng Internet l mt h thng v
cng phc tp. Chng ta thy rng c rt nhiu mnh trong mng Internet:
mt lng ln cc ng dng v cc giao thc, cc loi h thng u cui khc nhau
v cc kt ni gia cc h thng, cc router, v nhiu loi phng tin truyn
thng mc lin kt. Vi s phc tp to ln ny , liu c bt k hy vng (kh nng)
no v t chc kin trc mng, hoc t nht l liu c bt c tho lun no v kin
trc mng khng ? Tht may mn, cu tr li cho c hai cu hi ny l c.
Trc khi hng suy ngh ca chng ta v kin trc Internet, hy tm mt s tng
ng loi ngi. Trn thc t, chng ta tip xc vi cc h thng phc tp mi
lc trong cuc sng thng ngy ca mnh. Hy tng tng nu mt ai bo
bn phi m t, v d nh, h thng hng khng. Lm th no bn tm ra c
ci cu trc m t h thng phc tp ny vi cc nhn vin bn v, nhng ngi
kim tra hnh l, nhng ngi gc cng, cc phi cng v cc my bay,h thng
kim sot khng lu v mt h thng ton cu dn ng cho cc my bay ?
Mt cch m t h thng ny c th l m t cc chui hnh ng bn lm (hoc
nhng ngi khc lm cho bn) khi bn i trn mt chuyn bay. Bn tr tin v,
kim tra hnh l, i ti cng v cui cng l c a vo my bay. My bay ct
cnh v c dn ng ti ch n. Sau khi my bay ca bn h cnh, bn ri
khi my bay ti cng v yu cu ly li hnh l ca mnh. Nu l mt chuyn
bay ti, bn phn nn v chuyn bay ti i l bn v (bn s chng nhn c g
cho n lc ny ca mnh). Chui s kin ny c m t trong Hnh 1.7-1.

Hnh 1.7-1: Thc hin mt chuyn bay: cc hnh ng

Chng ta c th thy mt s im tng ng y vi lin kt mng my
tnh: bn ang c vn chuyn t ngun ti ch bng ng hng khng; tng
t nh mt gi tin c vn chuyn t host ngun ti host ch trong mng
Internet. Nhng y cha hn l nt tng ng m chng ta mong mun tm
kim. Chng ta ang tm kim mt s cu trc trong Hnh 1.7-1. Nhn vo Hnh
1.7-1, ta thy rng u c mt chc nng kim tra v (ticketing function) hai
u; cng nh chc nng x l hnh l (baggage function) cho cc hnh khch
mua v, v chc nng x l ti cng (gate function) cho cc hnh khch c
ghi v v c kim tra hnh l. Vi nhng hnh khch tri qua cc cng on
(tc l, c ghi v, kim tra hnh l v qua ca) s c chc nng ct cnh
v h cnh, v trong khi bay, c mt chc nng nh hng my bay (routing
function). iu ny m ch rng chng ta c th nhn cc chc nng trong Hnh
1.7-1 theo lt ct ngang, nh c ch ra trong Hnh 1.7-2.

Hnh 1.7-2 : Phn tng ngang ca chc nng hng khng

Hnh 1.7-2 chia cc chc nng trong vn chuyn hng khng thnh cc tng,
cung cp mt b khung m da vo ta c th tho lun v vic di chuyn bng
ng khng. By gi, khi chng ta mun m t mt phn ca vn chuyn hng
khng, chng ta c th ni v mt b phn r rng, c th ca vn chuyn hng
khng. V d, khi chng ta tho lun v chc nng x l ti cng, chng ta bit
rng ta ang tho lun v chc nng nm bn di chc nng kim sot hnh l,
v bn trn chc nng ct cnh v h cnh. Ta thy rng mi tng, lin kt vi
cc tng bn di n, thc thi mt s chc nng, mt s dch v. Ti tng v v cc
tng di, vic vn chuyn mt hnh khch qua li gia hai h thng (hng) hng
khng c thc hin. Ti tng hnh l v cc tng di, vic vn chuyn hnh
khch v cc hnh l ca h t cng on kim tra hnh l n yu cu hnh l
c thc hin. Lu rng tng hnh l ch cung cp dch v ny cho nhng
ngi c kim tra v. Ti tng cng, vic vn chuyn ngi v hnh l ca
h t cng on cng khi hnh n cng ch c thc hin. tng ct/h cnh,
vic vn chuyn mt ngi (thc t l, nhiu ngi) v hnh l ca h, c thc
hin. Mi tng cung cp chc nng (dch v) ca chng bng cch (i) thc hin cc
hnh ng c th bn trong tng (v d: tng cng, nhn v tr hnh khch t
mt my bay) v bng cch (ii) s dng cc dch v ca cc tng trc tip bn di
n (v d: tng cng, s dng dch v vn chuyn hnh khch ca tng ct/h
cnh).

Nh lu trn, mt kin trc phn tng cho php chng ta xem xt mt phn
r rng, c th ca mt h thng ln v phc tp. iu ny t n c gi tr ng k.
Khi mt h thng c cu trc phn tng, n cng s d dng hn nhiu thay i
vic thc hin cc dch v c cung cp bi cc tng. Min l mt tng cung cp
cc dch v tng t cho tng trn n, v s dng cc dch v tng t t tng
bn di n, phn cn li ca h thng s khng thay i khi mt thc hin trong
tng thay i. (Lu rng s thay i trong vic thc hin ca mt dch v rt
khc so vi vic thay i chnh dch v y). V d, nu chc nng x l ti cng
b thay i (v d, cho hnh khch ln v xung my bay theo chiu cao), th phn
cn li ca h thng hng khng s khng thay i bi v tng cng vn cung cp
chc nng tng t (nhn v tr khch); ch n gin l n thc hin chc nng
ny theo mt cch khc sau khi thay i. i vi nhng h thng ln v phc tp
nhng h thng m lun lun phi cp nht, th kh nng thay i vic thc hin
ca mt dch v m khng nh hng ti cc thnh phn khc ca h thng l mt
li th quan trng ca vic phn tng.
qu khi ni v cc hng hng khng. By gi chng ta hy hng s ch
ti cc giao thc mng. gim phc tp thit k, nhng nh thit k mng
t chc cc giao thc -- phn cng v phn mm mng nhng ci m thc hin cc
giao thc -- thnh cc tng. Vi mt kin trc giao thc phn tng, mi giao
thc s thuc v mt trong cc tng. Mt iu quan trng cn nhn ra rng mt
giao thc tng n c phn phi gia cc thc th mng (bao gm cc h thng
u cui v cc b chuyn mch gi) nhng ci m thc thi giao thc , tng t
nh cc chc nng trong kin trc hng khng phn tng ca chng ta c phn
phi gia cc sn bay n v i. Ni theo mt cch khc,s c mt mnh ca
tng n trong mi thc th mng. Nhng mnh ny lin lc vi cc mnh khc
bng cch trao i cc thng ip ca tng n. Cc thng ip ny c gi l n
v d liu giao thc tng n (layer-n protocol data units) , hoc thng dng hn l nPDUs. Ni dung v nh dng ca mt n-PDU, cng nh cch thc m trong
cc n-PDU c trao i gia cc thc th mng, c nh ngha bi mt giao
thc tng n. Khi c xp li cng nhau, cc giao thc ca cc tng khc nhau
c gi l chng giao thc.
Khi tng n ca host A gi mt n-PDU ti tng n ca host B, tng n ca host A s
chuyn n-PDU ti tng n-1 v sau bt tng n-1 vn chuyn n-PDU ti tng n
ca B; do tng n c ni l da vo tng n-1 vn chuyn n-PDU ca n
ti ch. Mt khi nim quan trng l m hnh dch v ca mt tng. Tng n-1
c gi l cung cp dch v cho tng n. V d, tng n-1 c th bo m rng nPDU s ti tng n ch trong khong thi gian mt giy m khng gp li no,

hoc n ch c th bo m rng n-PDU cui cng s ti ch m khng c bt k

bo m no v li xy ra.
Khi nim v phn tng giao thc rt tru tng v i khi kh c th nm
bt c khi tip cn ln u. Khi nim ny s tr nn r rng hn khi chng ta
nghin cu v cc tng ca mng Internet v cc giao thc cu thnh nn chng
mt cch chi tit hn. Nhng by gi hy nhn tng th v phn tng giao thc v
chng giao thc vi mt v d. Xt mt mng m t thc cc giao thc giao tip
ca n thnh 4 tng. V c 4 tng, nn c 4 loi PDU: 1-PDUs, 2-PDUs, 3-PDUs
v 4-PDUs. Nh ch ra Hnh 1.7-3, ng dng, hot ng tng cao nht, tng 4,
to ra mt thng ip, M. Bt c thng ip no c to ra tng cao nht ny
u l 4-PDU. Bn thn thng ip M c th bao gm nhiu trng khc nhau
(theo cch tng t nh mt cu trc hoc bn ghi trong mt ngn ng lp trnh c
th bao gm nhiu trng khc nhau); n ty thuc vo ng dng nh ngha v
thng dch cc trng trong thng ip. Cc trng c th cha tn ca bn gi,
mt m ch ra loi ca thng ip v mt s d liu thm vo.
Bn trong host ngun, cc ni dung ca ton b thng ip M sau s c
chuyn xung chng giao thc n tng 3. v d trong Hnh 1.7-3, tng 3
trong host ngun chia mt 4-PDU, M, ra thnh hai phn , M1 v M2. Tng th 3
host ngun sau thm vo M1 v M2 ci c gi l cc header (cc tiu ,
u ), to ra 2 PDUs ca tng 3. Cc header cha thng tin b sung cn
thit cho kha cnh gi v nhn ca tng 3 thc thi dch v m tng 3 cung cp
cho tng 4. Th tc ny tip din trong ngun, b sung thm nhiu header ti mi
tng, cho n khi 1-PDU c to ra. 1-PDU c gi ra ngoi host ngun ln mt
ng truyn vt l. pha bn kia, host ch nhn 1-PDUs v hng(xp) chng
ln chng giao thc. Ti mi tng, cc header tng ng s b loi b. Cui cng
M c tp hp li t M1 v M2 v sau c chuyn ln ng dng.

Hnh 1.7-3: Cc PDUs khc nhau ti cc tng khc nhau trong kin trc giao thc
Lu rng Hnh 1.7-3, tng n s dng cc dch v ca tng n-1. V d, khi tng
4 to ra thng ip M, n chuyn thng ip ny xung tng 3 v da vo tng 3
vn chuyn thng ip ti tng 4 ti ch.
Th v l, khi nim nh cy vo dch v ca tng thp hn l kh ph bin trong
nhiu hnh thc giao tip khc. V d, xt vic gi th qua ng bu in thng
thng. Khi bn vit mt bc th, bn bao gm c thng tin bn ngoi phong b
v d nh a ch ch n v a ch tr v ca bc th. Bc th vi cc thng tin
v a ch c th c coi nh l mt PDU tng cao nht ca chng giao thc.
Sau bn b PDU vo mt hm th. Ti thi im ny, l th ri khi tay bn.
Sau dch v bu chnh c th thm mt s thng tin ca h ln l th ca bn,
c bn l thm mt header cho l th ca bn. V d , ti M mt m vch thng
c in ln th ca bn.
Khi bn b phong b th ca mnh vo mt hm th, bn nh cy vo cc dch
v ca dch v bu chnh chuyn bc th ti ch chnh xc, mt cch kp thi.
V d, bn s khng phi lo lng v vic liu xe ch th c b hng khi mang l th
hay khng. Thay vo , bu in s lo vic ny, (c l) vi mt k hoch r
rng khc phc t nhng sai st . Hn th na, bn trong bn thn dch v bu
chnh cng c nhiu tng, v cc giao thc ti mt tng s nh cy v s dng cc
dch v ca tng bn di.
cho mt tng c th tng tc vi tng bn di n, cc giao din gia hai tng
phi c nh ngha mt cch chnh xc. Cc khung (thn) chun nh ngha mt
cch chnh xc cc giao din gia cc tng lin k (v d : nh dng ca cc PDU

c truyn gia cc tng) v cho php cc nh pht trin phn mm v phn cng
mng thit lp phn bn trong ca cc tng nh h mong mun. Do , nu mt
thc hin mi v ci tin ca mt tng c a ra, th ci thc hin mi ny c
th thay th ci cch thc hin c v, theo l thuyt, cc tng s tip tc lm vic
c vi nhau.
Trong mt mng my tnh, mi tng c th thc hin mt hoc nhiu hn cc tp
cng vic khi qut sau y:

Kim sot li, n lm cho knh logic gia cc tng trong hai phn t mng
ngang hng tr nn tin cy hn.
iu khin lung (kim sot lu lng), n ngn nga vic lm ngp mt
my ngang hng chm hn bng cc PDUs.

Phn on v tp hp li, pha truyn i n chia cc khi d liu ln

thnh cc mnh nh hn; v pha nhn n tp hp cc mnh nh ny li
thnh khi d liu ln ban u.

Ghp knh, n cho php mt vi phin mc cao hn chia s mt kt ni n

mc thp hn.

Ci t kt ni, n thit lp quan h (thc hin bt tay) vi mt h ngang

hng.

Phn tng giao thc c nhng li th v khi nim v cu trc. Tuy nhin, mt s
nh nghin cu v cc k s mng phn i kch lit s phn tng ny [Wakeman
1992]. Mt mt hn ch tim tng ca s phn tng l mt tng c th lp li
chc nng ca tng thp hn. V d, mt s chng giao thc cung cp chc nng
khi phc li trn c lin kt c s (link basis) ln u cui c s (end-to-end
basis). Mt hn ch th hai l chc nng ca mt tng c th cn cc thng tin
(v d, gi tr timestamp) nhng ci m ch xut hin trong tng khc ; iu ny nh
hng ti mc ch tch bit cc tng.

1.7.1 Chng giao thc Internet

Ngn xp Internet bao gm 5 tng : tng vt l, tng ln kt d liu, tng mng,
tng vn ti, v tng ng dng. Thay cho vic s dng thut ng PDU-n cho mi
tng, chng ta gn tn cho cc PDUs ca bn trong nm tng nh sau: frame
(khung), datagram , segment (on), v message (thng ip). Ta trnh t tn cho
n v d liu ca tng vt l, v khng c tn no thng c s dng tng
ny. Ngn xp Internet v tn ca cc PDU tng ng c ch ra trong Hnh 1.7-4

Hnh 1.7-4: Chng giao thc, v cc n v d liu giao thc

Mt tng giao thc c th c thc hin bng phn mm, phn cng hoc s
dng kt hp c hai. Cc giao thc tng ng dng v d nh HTTP v SMTP
lun lun c thc hin bng phn mm trong hu ht cc h thng u cui;
tng t vi cc giao thc tng vn ti. Bi v tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu
chu trch nhim iu khin s giao tip trao i qua mt lin kt c th, nn chng
thng c thc hin trong mt card giao din mng (v d : card giao din
Ethernet hoc ATM) lin kt vi mt ng lin kt c cp. Tng mng thng
l s thc hin kt hp trn ln ca phn cng v phn mm.
By gi ta tng kt cc tng ca Internet v cc dch v m chng cung cp:

Tng ng dng: Tng ng dng chu trch nhim ph tr cho cc ng dng

mng. Tng ng dng bao gm nhiu giao thc, bao gm HTTP h tr
Web, SMTP h tr th in t, v FTP h tr truyn file. Ta s thy
trong Chng 2 rng tht d dng to cc giao thc tng ng dng mi
ca ring chng ta.
Tng vn ti: Tng vn ti chu trch nhim truyn cc thng ip ca tng
ng dng gia hai pha client v server ca mt ng dng. Trong mng
Internet c hai giao thc vn chuyn, TCP v UDP, c hai u c th vn
chuyn cc thng ip ca tng ng dng. TCP cung cp mt dch v
hng kt ni cho cc ng dng ca n. Dch v ny bao gm vic m
bo phn pht cc thng ip ca tng ng dng ti ch v iu khin
lung (v d : ng b tc ca bn gi v bn nhn). TCP cng phn
on cc thng ip di thnh cc on ngn hn v cung cp k thut

kim sot tc nghn, do mt ngun (pht) s gim tc truyn ca n

khi mng b tc nghn. Giao thc UDP cung cp cho cc ng dng ca n
mt dch v phi kt ni, dch v (nh chng ta thy trong phn 1.3) l
mt dch v rt khng hnh thc.

Tng mng : tng mng chu trch nhim nh tuyn cc datagrams t mt

host ti mt host khc. Tng mng ca Internet c hai thnh phn chnh c
bn. Th nht, n c mt giao thc nh ngha cc trng trong IP
datagram cng nh cch m cc h thng u cui v cc router x l cc
trng ny. Giao thc ny l giao thc IP ni ting. Ch c mt giao thc
IP, v tt c cc thnh phn ca Internet m c tng mng u phi chy
giao thc IP ny. Tng mng ca Internet cng bao gm cc giao thc nh
tuyn, chng xc nh tuyn ng m datagram s dng gia cc ngun
v cc ch. Internet c nhiu giao thc nh tuyn. Nh chng ta thy
phn 1.4, Internet l mng ca mng v trong mt mng, ngi qun tr
mng c th chy bt k giao thc nh tuyn mong mun no . Mc d
tng mng bao gm c giao thc IP v mt lng ln cc giao thc nh
tuyn, nhng n thng c gi n gin l tng IP, iu phn nh s
tht rng IP l cht kt dnh lin kt Internet li vi nhau.
Cc giao thc tng vn ti ca Internet (TCP v UDP) trong mt host
ngun gi mt segment ca tng vn ti v mt a ch ch n tng IP,
ging nh khi bn gi cho dch v bu in mt bc th vi mt a ch
ch. Tng IP sau cung cp cc dch v nh tuyn segment ti ch
ca n. Khi gi tin n c ch, IP s chuyn segment ti tng vn ti
bn trong ch nhn.

Tng lin kt (link layer): tng mng nh tuyn mt gi tin i qua mt lot
cc b chuyn mch gi (tc l, cc router) gia ngun v ch. chuyn
mt gi tin t mt node (host hoc b chuyn mch gi) ti node tip theo
trong tuyn ng, tng mng phi da vo cc dch v ca tng lin kt.
C th, ti mi node IP chuyn datagram ti tng lin kt - ci s chuyn
datagram ny ti node tip theo trn tuyn ng. Ti node tip theo ny,
tng lin kt chuyn IP datagram ti tng mng. Qu trnh x l ny tng
t nh nhn vin bu in ti bu in trung tm , ngi m t l th ln
mt chic my bay, my bay s chuyn bc th ti bu in trung tm tip
theo trn tuyn ng. Cc dch v c cung cp ti tng lin kt ph
thuc vo giao thc c th ca tng lin kt c s dng trn ng dn.
V d , mt s giao thc cung cp dch v vn chuyn tin cy da trn mt
ng lin kt c s, tc l, t node truyn pht , qua mt lin kt , ti

node nhn. Lu rng, dch v chuyn pht tin cy ny khc vi dch v

chuyn pht tin cy ca TCP, TCP cung cp chuyn pht tin cy t mt h
thng u cui ti mt h thng u cui khc. V d v tng lin kt bao
gm Ethernet v PPP; trong mt s ng cnh , ATM v Frame Relay c th
c xem nh cc tng lin kt. V cc datagram thng cn phi i qua
mt vi ng link i t ngun ti ch, mt datagram c th c x
l,iu khin bi cc giao thc khc nhau ca tng lin kt ti cc ng
link khc nhau dc theo l trnh ca n. V d, mt datagram c th c
x l bi Ethernet trn mt lin kt v sau x l bi PPP ti lin kt tip
theo. IP s nhn mt dch v khc nhau t mi giao thc khc nhau ca
tng lin kt.

Tng vt l: Trong khi cng vic ca tng lin kt l chuyn ton b cc

frame t mt phn t mng ti phn t mng lin k, th cng vic ca tng
vt l l chuyn cc bit ring trong frame t mt node ti node tip theo.
Cc giao thc ti tng ny l ph thuc vo lin kt, v xa hn l ph thuc
vo cc phng tin truyn dn thc th ca lin kt (v d : dy ng xon
i, si quang m hnh n). V d , Ethernet c nhiu giao thc tng vt
l: mt cho dy ng xon i, mt ci khc cho cp ng trc, v mt
giao thc khc cho cp quang, v.v Trong mi trng hp , mt bit c
chuyn qua lin kt theo cc cch khc nhau.

Nu bn xem mc lc, bn s thy rng ta t chc quyn sch ny s dng cc

tng ca chng giao thc Internet. Chng ta s dng phng php tip cn topdown , u tin xem qua tng ng dng v sau tin xung thp hn.

1.7.2 Cc thc th v cc tng mng

Cc thc th mng quan trng nht l cc h thng u cui v cc b chuyn
mch gi. Chng ta s tho lun v sau trong quyn sch ny, c hai loi b chuyn
mch gi : router v bridge (cu). Chng ta trnh by mt cch khi qut v cc
router trong cc phn trc y. Bridge s c tho lun chi tit ti Chng 5
trong khi cc router s c xem xt c th ti Chng 4. Tng t nh cc h
thng u cui, cc router v bridge t chc cc phn cng v phn mm mng
thnh cc tng. Nhng router v bridge khng p dng tt c cc tng trong chng
giao thc; chng thng ch s dng cc tng bn di. Nh ch ra Hnh 1.7-5 ,
cc bridge thc hin cc tng 1 v 2; cc router thc hin cc tng t 1 n 3. iu
ny c ngha l, v d, cc Internet router c kh nng thc thi giao thc IP
(giao thc tng 3) , trong khi cc bridge khng th. Sau ny chng ta s thy rng
trong khi cc bridge khng nhn din c cc a ch IP, th chng ch c th nhn

ra cc a ch tng 2, nh a ch Ethernet. Lu rng cc host thc thi tt c nm

tng; iu ny thch hp vi cch nhn nhn rng : kin trc Internet t nhiu s
phc tp ca n ti vng bin ca mng. Cc repeater (b lp), mt loi khc ca
thc th mng s c bn lun Chng 5, n ch thc hin cc chc nng ca
tng 1.

Hnh 1.7-5: Cc host ,router v bridge- mi th bao gm mt tp cc tng khc

nhau, phn nh s khc nhau v chc nng ca chng.

Tham kho
[Wakeman 1992] Ian Wakeman, Jon Crowcroft, Zheng Wang, and Dejan Sirovica,
"Layering considered harmful," IEEE Network, January 1992, p. 7.

1.8 Mng xng sng ca Internet, NAPs v ISPs

Tho lun ca chng ta v phn tng trong phn trc c th a ra n tng
rng Internet l mt cu trc c t chc mt cch cn thn v c bn li
mc cao. iu ny l chc chn ng theo ngha l tt c cc thc th mng
(cc h thng u cui, router v bridge) u s dng mt tp cc giao thc chung,
cho php cc thc th giao tip vi nhau. Nu ai mun thay i, loi b, hoc
thm vo mt giao thc, ngi s phi tun theo mt quy trnh di v kh khn
c c s chp thun ca IETF, t chc m s (mt trong s nhng t chc
khc) m bo rng nhng thay i l ph hp vi cu trc bn li mc
cao. Tuy nhin, t mt quan im t p, vi nhiu ngi Internet c v nh l pht
trin mt cch hn lon, vi cc b phn, cc ngnh v cc nhnh mi ang xut
hin mt cch ngu nhin trn c s hng ngy. Tht vy, khng ging nh cc
giao thc, ca topo ca mng Internet c th pht trin v tin ha m khng cn
c s chp thun t mt c quan trung ng no. By gi chng ta s c gng
thu c mt s hiu bit v topo ca mng Internet ci m c v nh kh m mt.
Nh chng ta cp u chng ny, cc topo ca mng Internet l
phn cp lng lo. Ni mt cch i khi, t thp n cao h thng
phn cp bao gm cc h thng u cui (PC, my trm, v.v) kt
ni vi Nh cung cp dch v Internet a phng (ISP). Cc ISP a
phng ln lt c kt ni vi cc ISP khu vc, ci m ln lt
c kt ni n cc ISP trong nc v quc t. Cc ISP trong nc
v quc t c kt ni vi nhau ti cc tng cao nht trong h thng
phn tng. Cc tng mi v nghnh mi ch c th c thm vo
nh l mt mnh Lego ( chi bng vt rn hay nha c xy khp
vo nhau) mi c th c gn vo mt cu trc Lego ang tn ti.
Trong phn ny chng ta m t topo ca mng Internet ti M vo nm 1999.
Hy bt u t nh ca h thng phn cp v lm vic xung di
theo cch ca chng ta. C tr tng cao nht ca h thng phn cp
l cc ISP quc gia, n c gi l Nh cung cp mng xng sng
quc gia (NBPs). Cc NBPs to thnh cc mng xng sng c lp
ko di qua Bc M (v in hnh l nc ngoi cng khng h g).
Cng nh c nhiu cng ty in thoi ng di M, c nhiu NBPs
cnh tranh vi nhau v lu thng v khch hng. Cc NBPs hin ti
gm c internetMCI, SprintLink, PSINet, UUNet Technologies, v
AGIS. Cc NBPs thng c cc lin kt truyn dn bng thng ln,
vi bng thng trong khong t 1,5 Mb/s n 622 Mb/s v cao hn

na. Mi NBP cng c nhiu hub ci m kt ni cc lin kt ca n v

ti cc ISP khu vc c th mc vo NBP.
Bn thn cc NBPs phi c kt ni vi nhau. thy iu ny, gi s c
mt ISP khu vc, gi l MidWestnet, c kt ni n MCI NBP, v
mt ISP khu vc khc, gi l EastCoastnet, c kt ni n NBP ca
Sprint. Lm th no lu lng truy cp c th c gi t
MidWestnet EastCoastnet? Gii php l a ra cc trung tm
chuyn mch, c gi l cc im truy cp mng (NAPs-Network
Access Points), n kt ni cc NBP, t cho php mi ISP khu vc
truyn lu lng truy cp n bt k ISP khu vc no khc. cho
tt c chng ta khi nhm ln, mt s NAP khng gi l NAP m thay
vo l cc MAE (Tng i vng th). Ti M, nhiu NAP c
iu hnh bi cc RBOC (cc cng ty iu hnh Bell khu vc-Tn gi
chung ca cc cng ty in thoi M cung cp dch v ni ht trong
mt vng a l ring); v d, PacBell c mt NAP ti San Francisco
v Ameritech c mt NAP Chicago. Vi mt danh sch ln ca cc
NBP (nhng ci c kt ni vo t nht ba MAPs/MAE's), xem trong
[Haynal 99].
Bi v cc NAP tip nhn v chuyn i mt khi lng ln lu lng truy
cp Internet, cho nn thng th cc mng chuyn mch tc cao
phc tp ca n c tp trung trong mt khu vc a l nh (v d,
mt ta nh duy nht). Thng th cc NAP s dng cng ngh
chuyn mch ATM tc cao ti trung tm ca NAP, vi IP nm trn
nh ca ATM. (Chng ti cung cp mt gii thiu ngn gn v ATM
phn cui ca chng ny, v tho lun v IP-over-ATM ti
Chng 5) Hnh 1.8-1 minh ho PacBells San Francisco NAP, Cc
chi tit ca Hnh 1.8-1 l khng quan trng i vi chng ta lc ny,
n ng lu , tuy nhin l, cc hub NBP t bn thn n c th l
cc mng d liu phc tp.

Hnh 1.8-1: Kin trc NAP ca PacBell (cch ni lch s ca trang web Pacific
Bell).
Ngi c tinh c th nhn thy rng cng ngh ATM, ci m s dng
cc mch o, c th c tm thy ni no trong mng Internet.
Nhng trc y chng ti ni rng Internet l mt mng datagram
v khng s dng cc mch o". By gi chng ti tha nhn rng
cu ni ny hi ko dn s tht mt cht. Chng ti a ra tuyn b
ny bi v n gip ngi c xem xt mt khu rng thng qua cc
cy bng cch khng a ra cc vn chnh b che khut. S tht l
c cc mch o trong mng Internet, nhng chng c tp trung
trong cc nhm bit lp ca mng Internet v chng c chn su
xung trong chng giao thc, thng nm tng 2. Nu bn thy kh
hiu, th by gi ch cn gi v l Internet khng s dng bt k mt
cng ngh no s dng cc mch o. iu ny khng phi l qu xa
s tht.
chy mt NBP khng phi l r. Thng 6 nm 1996, chi ph thu cc si
quang 45 Mb/s t b bin ti b bin, cng nh phn cng b sung

cn thit, vo khong 150.000 $/thng. V cc chi ph m mt NBP tr

cho cc NAP kt ni n cc NAP c th vt qu 300,000 $ mi
nm. Cc NBP v cc NAP cng cn chi ph vn ng k trong vic
trang b cho lin kt mng tc cao. Mt NBP kim tin bng cch
thu mt khon ph hng thng ca cc ISP khu vc m kt ni n
n. Khon ph m mt NBP thu t mt ISP khu vc thng ph
thuc vo bng thng ca kt ni gia ISP khu vc v NBP; r rng
l mt kt ni 1.5 Mb/s s c tnh t tin hn mt kt ni 45 Mb/s.
Mt khi cc kt ni c bng thng c nh ti ch, th cc ISP khu vc
c th y ra v nhn v c nhiu d liu nh n mong mun,
bng thng ca kt ni tng ln, m chi ph th khng tng thm. Nu
mt NBP c doanh thu ng k t cc ISP khu vc m kt ni vi n,
th n c th c tr cho ngun vn cao v cc chi ph hng
thng thit lp v duy tr mt NBP.
Mt ISP khu vc cng l mt mng li phc tp, bao gm cc router v cc
lin kt truyn dn vi tc vo khong t 64 Kb/s tr ln. Mt ISP
khu vc thng mc vo mt NBP (ti mt NBP hub), nhng n cng
c th mc trc tip vo mt NAP, trong trng hp ny NBP khu
vc tr mt khon ph hng thng cho mt NAP thay v cho mt NBP.
Mt ISP khu vc cng c th mc vo xng sng ca Internet ti hai
hay nhiu im khc nhau (v d, ti mt NBP hub hoc ti mt
NAP). Lm th no mt ISP khu vc trang tri c chi ph ca
n? tr li cu hi ny, hy nhy vo y ca h thng phn cp.
Cc h thng u cui c truy cp vo mng Internet bng cch kt ni n
mt ISP a phng. Cc trng i hc v cc tng cng ty c th
hot ng nh cc ISP a phng, nhng cc nh cung cp dch v
xng sng cng c th phc v nh mt ISP a phng. Tuy nhin,
c nhiu ISP a phng l cc cng ty gia nh nh. Mt trang
web c nhn ph bin c bit n n gin nh mt "Danh sch"
cha lin kt ti gn 8.000 a phng, khu vc, v cc ISP xng
sng [List 1999]. Cc ISP a phng mc vo mt trong cc ISP khu
vc trong khu vc ca n. Tng t nh cu trc l ph gia cc ISP
khu vc v cc NBP, cc ISP a phng chi tr mt khon ph hng
thng cho ISP khu vc ca n, ph thuc vo bng thng ca kt ni.
Cui cng, cc ISP a phng thu t cc khch hng ca mnh
(thng l) mt ph khng i, hng thng cho vic truy cp Internet:
tc truyn dn ca kt ni cng cao, th chi ph hng thng cng
cao.

Chng ta kt thc phn ny bng cch ni n rng bt c ai trong s chng

ta u c th tr thnh mt ISP a phng ngay khi chng ta c mt
kt ni Internet. Tt c nhng g chng ta cn lm l mua cc thit b
cn thit (v d, router v nhm cc modem) nhng ci cn thit
cho php ngi dng khc kt ni n ci gi l im tp trung ca
chng ta. Nh vy, cc lp mi v cc ngnh mi c th c thm
vo topo ca mng Internet ging nh mt mnh Lego mi c th
c gn vo mt cu trc Lego hin c.

Tham kho
[Haynal 99] R. Haynal, "Internet Backbones," http://navigators.com/isp.html
[List 1999] "The List: The Definitive ISP Buyer's Guide,"
http://thelist.internet.com/

1.9 S lc lch s ca mng my tnh v mng Internet

Cc phn t 1.1 n 1.8 gii thiu mt cch tng quan v cng ngh ca mng my
tnh v mng Internet. Kin thc hin ti ca bn gy n tng vi gia nh
v bn b. Tuy nhin, nu bn thc s mun gy n tng mnh hn ti ln ba tic
cocktail tip theo, th bn nn ri rc trong bi din thuyt ca mnh cc mu chuyn
nh nhng l th v lch s hp dn ca Internet.

1961-1972: S pht trin v th hin ca cc nguyn l chuyn mch

gi u tin.
Vo u nhng nm 1960 xut hin nhng du hiu u tin v lnh vc ca
mng my tnh v Internet ngy nay, l thi im m mng in thoi ang l
mng giao tip ph bin vt tri hn tt c. Nh phn 1.3 ni, mng in thoi
s dng chuyn mch vng truyn thng tin t ngi gi n ngi nhn mt
la chn thch hp c a ra l m thanh c truyn vi tc khng i gia
ngi gi v ngi nhn. Cn c vo tm quan trng ngy tng (v chi ph ln
hn) ca cc my tnh vo u nhng nm 1960 v s ra i ca my tnh chia s
thi gian,mng my tnh ra i l l t nhin gii quyt cho cu hi lm th no
mc ni cc my tnh vi nhau chng c th c chia s bi nhiu ngi s
dng b ngn cch v mt a l. Lu lng truy cp c to ra bi nhiu ngi s
dng c th c "truyn hng lot" cc c ly hot ng, v d nh, vic gi mt
lnh n mt my tnh xa, theo sau l cc khong thi gian khng hot ng,
trong khi ch i cu tr li hoc trong khi ch i nhng phn ng nhn c.
C ba nhm nghin cu trn ton th gii, tt c h u khng bit cng vic ca
nhau, bt u a ra khi nim chuyn mch gi nh mt s la chn hiu qu v
mnh m hn so vi chuyn mch vng. Cng trnh u tin cng b k thut chuyn
mch gi l cng trnh ca Leonard Kleinrock [Kleinrock 1961, Kleinrock 1964]- mt
sinh vin tt nghip ca MIT ti thi im . S dng l thuyt hng i, cng trnh
ca Kleinrock chng minh tnh hiu qu ca phng php chuyn mch gi cho

vic truyn hng lot cc ngun lu lng. Cng thi gian ny, Paul Baran thuc vin
nghin cu Rand bt u nghin cu t m cch dng chuyn mch gi m bo
an ton cho cc cuc m thoi qua mng qun i [Baran 1964], trong khi ti
Phng Th Nghim Vt L Quc Gia ca Anh(National Physical Laboratory -NPL),
Donald Davies v Roger Scantlebury cng pht trin cc tng ca h v chuyn
mch gi.
Cc nghin cu ti MIT, Rand, v NPL t nn mng cho Internet ngy nay .
Nhng mng Internet cng c mt lch s lu di theo quan im xy dng v chng
minh cng c bt u t u nhng nm 60. J.C.R. Lickder [DEC 1990]v
Lawrence Roberts, c hai l cng s ca Kleinrock MIT, c hai tip tc ph trch
cc chng trnh khoa hc my tnh ti C quan qun l cc d n cao cp
(Advanced Reasearch Projects Agency -ARPA) M. Roberts [Roberts 67] cng b
k hoch tng th cho ci c gi l ARPAnet [Roberts 1967], mng my tnh
chuyn mch gi u tin v cng l t tin ca mng Internet cng cng ngy nay.
Nhng mng chuyn mch gi u tin c bit n nh Interface Message
Processors (IMPs-B x l thng ip giao din) v hp ng xy dng ARAPnet
c cp cho BBN(cng ty Bolt, Beranek and Newman). Vo ngy Quc T lao
ng nm 1969, mng IMP u tin c lp t ti UCLA, khng lu sau c
thm 3 IMP c ci t Vin Nghin Cu Stanford, UC SanTa Barbara v
trng i hc Utah. Tin thn non tr ca Internet vi bn nt ln c hnh
thnh vo cui nm 1969. Kleinrock nh li ln s dng mng li u tin
thc hin ng nhp t xa t UCLA n SRI ln vo h thng [Kleinrock 1998].

Hnh 1.9-1: L.Kleinrock cng vi B x l thng ip Internet (IMP) u tin.

Nm 1972, ARPAnet tng ln n khong 15 nt, v c a ra trnh din

ln u tin trc cng chng bi Robert Kahn vo nm 1972 Hi ngh quc t
v truyn thng my tnh. Giao thc host-to-host u tin gia cc h thng u
cui ARPAnet c bit n nh l Giao thc iu khin mng (NCP) c
hon thnh [RFC 001]. Vi mt giao thc u cui c sn, lc ny cc ng dng
c th c vit nn. Chng trnh e-mail u tin c vit bi Ray
Tomlinson ca BBN vo nm 1972.

1972 1980: Cc lin mng, cc mng dng ring v cc mng mi

Cc ARPAnet ban u l mt mng duy nht,khp kn. giao tip vi mt host

ARPAnet, th phi thc s c nh km vi mt ARPAnet IMP khc. Trong
khong t u n gia nm 1970, cc mng chuyn mch gi b sung ngoi
ARPAnet c ra i; ALOHAnet, mt mng v tinh lin kt cc trng i hc
trn qun o Hawaiian vi nhau [Abramson 1972]; Telenet, mt mng chuyn
mch gi thng mi BBN da trn cng ngh ARPAnet; Tymnet; v Transpac,
mt mng chuyn mch gi ca Php. S lng cc mng bt u tng ln.
Nm 1973, lun n tin s ca Robert Metcalfe a ra cc nguyn l ca mng
Ethernet, ci m sau ny s dn ti mt s pht trin rt ln trong ci gi l cc
mng cc b (LAN) n hot ng trn mt khong cch nh da trn giao thc
Ethernet.
Mt ln na, khi c mt nhn thc y ngay lc ny c th thy rng thi
gian chn mui cho vic pht trin mt kin trc hon thin kt ni cc mng
vi nhau. Hnh ng tin phong trong vic kt ni cc mng (mt ln na di s
bo tr ca DARPA), thc cht l vic to ra mt mng ca cc mng, c
thc hin bi Vinton Cerf v Robert Kahn [Cerf 1974]; thut ng "internetting"
(lin kt mng) c a ra m t cng vic ny. Cc nguyn l kin trc m
Kahn rp ni to ra ci gi l "kin trc mng m" l nn mng xy dng
mng Internet ngy nay [Leiner 98]:

Tnh ti thiu, t tr: mt mng nn c th t vn hnh, v khng i hi

bt k s thay i ni ti no n c th kt ni lin mng vi cc mng
khc;
Dch v n lc ti a: cc mng kt ni lin mng(internetworked network)
s cung cp dch v n lc ti a, dch v u cui. Nu giao tip tin cy
c yu cu, th n c th c hon thnh bng cch truyn li cc thng
ip b tht lc t host gi i;

Cc router khng trng thi: cc router trong cc mng kt ni lin mng

s khng duy tr bt k trng thi per-flow v bt k kt ni no ang din ra

Phn quyn iu khin: khng c iu khin bao trm trn cc mng kt

ni lin mng.

Cc nguyn l ny tip tc phc v nh l nn tng kin trc cho Internet ngy

nay, thm ch l 25 nm sau ny mt chng c r rng v s sng sut ca cc
nh thit k Internet u tin.
Cc nguyn l kin trc ny c th hin trong giao thc TCP. Tuy nhin, cc
phin bn u tin ca TCP hi khc so vi TCP ngy nay. Cc phin bn u tin

ca TCP kt hp truyn d liu tun t tin cy thng qua kh nng truyn li ca

h thng u cui (vn l mt phn ca TCP ngy nay) vi cc chc nng chuyn
tip (chc nng m ngy nay c thc hin bi IP). Cc th nghim u tin vi
TCP, kt hp vi vic tha nhn tm quan trng ca dch v truyn ti u cui
khng tin cy, khng c iu khin lung cho cc ng dng nh ng gi m
thanh, dn n vic ngn cch IP ra ngoi TCP v s pht trin ca giao thc UDP.
Ba giao thc Internet quan trng m chng ta thy ngy nay -- TCP,UDP v IP l
cc khi nim c thay th vo cui nm 1970.
Cng vi cc nghin cu lin quan ti Internet ca DARPA, nhiu hot ng mng
quan trng khc ra i. Hawaii, Norman Abramson pht trin ALOHAnet,
mng v tuyn da trn chuyn mch gi ci m cho php nhiu v tr xa nhau
trn qun o Hawaii giao tip c vi nhau. Giao thc ALOHA [Abramson] l
giao thc a truy cp u tin, cho php ngi s dng b ngn cch bi a l chia
s cng mt phng tin truyn thng i chng ( mt tn s v tuyn). Nghin
cu ca Abramson v cc phng thc a truy cp c xy dng trn cc pht
trin ca Robert Metcalfe v giao thc Ethenet [Metcalfe 1976] cho cc mng i
chng chia s ng dy c s. iu th v l, cc giao thc Ethenet ca Metcalfe
c thc y bi s cn thit phi kt ni nhiu PC, my in, v nhiu a cn chia
s vi nhau [Perkins 1994]. Hai lm nm v trc, tht l l trc c cch mng
my tnh v s bng n ca cc mng, Metcalfe v cc cng s ca ng trnh
by nn tng ca cc mng LAN cho my PC ngy nay. Cng ngh Ethernet cng
c cho l cc bc quan trng trong kt ni lin mng. Mi mng cc b
Ethernet bn thn n l mt mng, v khi s lng mng LAN tng nhanh, s cn
thit phi kt ni lin mng cc mng LAN ny vi nhau tr nn quan trng hn
tt c. Mt ngun ng tin cy cung cp thng tin v Ethernet l Spurgeon's
Ethernet Web Site, n cung cp bn v ca Metcalfe v khi nim Ethernet, nh
ch ra bn di y trong Hnh 9.1-2 . Chng ta s tho lun v Ethernet, Aloha,
v cc cng ngh LAN khc mt cch chi tit trong chng 5;

Hnh 1.9-2: Mt bn v nm 1976 c v bi R. Metcalfe v khi nim

Ethernet(t wepsite Ethernet ca Chales Spurgeon)
Ngoi nhng n lc kt ni lin mng DARPA v cc mng a truy cp
Aloha/Ethernet, mt s cng ty pht trin cc kin trc mng c nhn ca ring
h. Tng cng ty thit b s (Digital) pht hnh phin bn u tin ca mng
DECnet vo nm 1975, cho php hai my tnh mini PDP-11 giao tip vi nhau.
DECnet tip tc tin ha k t , cc phn quan trng ca tp giao thc OSI
c da trn tng tin phong trong DECnet. Cc t chc quan trng khc
trong sut nhng nm 70 l Xerox (vi kin trc XNS) v IBM (vi kin trc
SNA). Mi n lc kt ni mng ban u ny ng gp cho c s tri thc cho xu
hng kt ni mng trong nhng nm 80 v 90.
Cng cn phi ch y l trong nm 1980 (v thm ch l trc ), cc nh
nghin cu (xem, v d, [Fraser 1983, Turner 1986, Fraser 1993]) cng pht
trin mt cng ngh cnh tranh vi kin trc mng Internet. Cc n lc
gp phn cho s pht trin ca kin trc ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), mt
cch tip cn hng kt ni da trn vic s dng cc gi c kch thc c nh,
c gi l t bo. Chng ti s xem xt cc phn ca kin trc ATM trong sut
cun sch ny.

1980 1990: S bng n ca cc mng

n cui nhng nm 1970 c khong 200 host c kt ni vi ARPAnet. n
cui nhng nm 1980, s lng host kt ni vi Internet cng cng, mt lin minh
ca cc mng trng ging nh mng Internet ngy nay ln n 100.000. Nhng
nm 80 l khong thi gian tng trng mnh m.
Phn ln s tng trng vo u nhng nm 80 l kt qu t nhng n lc ring l
ca cc c nhn to ra cc mng my tnh lin kt cc trng i hc vi nhau.

BITnet (Because It's There NETwork) cung cp truyn th in t file gia mt s

trng i hc vng ng Bc. CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) c
thnh lp lin kt cc nh nghin cu trng i hc vi nhau m khng cn
truy cp vo ARPAnet. Nm 1986, NSFNET c to ra cung cp truy cp n
cc trung tm siu my tnh c bo tr bi NSF. Bt u vi mt mng xng
sng nguyn thu tc 56Kb/s, mng xng sng ca NSFNET c chy
tc 1,5 Mb/s vo cui thp k ny, v c cung cp nh l mng xng sng
chnh lin kt cc mng khu vc vi nhau.
Trong cng ng ARPAnet, cc mnh ghp cui cng ca kin trc Internet ngy
nay ri vo cng mt thi im. Ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1983 chng kin vic
trin khai chnh thc TCP/IP nh l giao thc host tiu chun mi cho mng
Arpanet (thay th cho giao thc NCP). Vic chuyn i [Postel 1981] t NCP sang
TCP/IP l mt s kin kiu nh "ngy l k nim l c M" - tt c cc host c
yu cu chuyn qua TCP / IP vo ngy hm . Vo cui nm 1980, cc m rng
quan trng c to ra cho TCP thc hin kim sot tc nghn da trn host
[Jacobson 1988]. H thng tn min, c s dng nh x gia mt ci tn
Internet m con ngi c th c c (v d, gaia.cs.umass.edu) vi a ch IP 32bit ca n, cng c pht trin [Mockapetris 1983, Mockapetris 1987].
Song song vi s pht trin ny ca ARPAnet (ci m phn ln l n lc ca M),
u nm 1980 mt ngi Php a ra d n Minitel, mt k hoch y tham
vng a cc mng d liu mng vo nh ring ca mi ngi. Di s ti tr
ca chnh ph Php, h thng Minitel bao gm mt mng chuyn mch gi cng
cng (da trn tp giao thc X.25, trong s dng cc mch o), cc my ch
Minitel v cc thit b u cui r tin vi cc modem tc thp c xy dng.
Minitel tr thnh mt thnh cng ln vo nm 1984 khi chnh ph Php thng
bo s cp mt thit b Minitel min ph cho nhng h gia nh ngi Php no m
mun c mt ci . Cc trang web ca Minitel bao gm cc trang web min ph chng hn nh mt trang web th mc in thoi - cng nh cc trang web c
nhn, ni m thu mt khon ph da trn s dng t mi ngi dng. nh im
ca n l vo gia nhng nm 90, n a ra hn 20.000 dch v khc nhau, tri
rng t cc hot ng ngn hng gia nh cho n cc c s d liu nghin cu
chuyn ngnh. N c s dng bi hn 20% dn s nc Php, pht sinh hn 1
t USD mi nm, v to ra 10.000 vic lm. Minitel c s dng trong phn
ln cc h gia nh Php c mi nm trc khi hu ht ngi M bit n
mng Internet. N vn c a thch s dng rng ri ti Php, nhng ngy cng
n cng phi i mt vi cnh tranh gay gt t Internet.

Nm 1990: Thng mi ho v Web

Nm 1990 c bt u vi hai s kin tiu biu cho s tin ha tip tc v s

thng mi ho nhanh chng ca Internet. u tin, ARPAnet, tin thn ca
Internet khng cn tn ti. MILNET v Mng d liu quc phng pht trin
trong nm 1980 thc hin hu ht cc vn chuyn lin quan n B quc phng
M v NSFNET bt u phc v nh l mt mng xng sng kt ni cc
mng khu vc ti Hoa K v cc mng quc gia ngang qua bin. Cng trong nm
1990, The World (www.world.std.com) tr thnh Nh cung cp dch v Internet
quay s cng cng u tin (ISP). Nm 1991, NSFNET d b cc hn ch ca
n v vic s dng NSFNET cho mc ch thng mi. Bn thn NSFNET s
ngng hot ng vo nm 1995, vic vn chuyn trong mng xng sng Internet
ang c thc hin bi cc nh cung cp dch v Internet thng mi.
Tuy nhin s kin chnh ca nm 1990, l s xut hin ca World Wide Web, ci
m em Internet n vi hng triu gia nh, doanh nghip, v hng triu ngi
trn ton th gii. Web cng phc v nh mt nn tng cho php v trin khai
hng trm ng dng mi, bao gm c giao dch chng khon trc tuyn v hot
ng ngn hng, cc dch v a phng tin trc tip, v cc dch v tm kim
thng tin. V s lc lch s nhng ngy u ca WWW, xem [W3C 1995].
WWW c pht minh ti CERN bi Tim Berners-Lee t 1989-1991 [Berners-Lee
1989], da trn tng bt ngun t cng vic trc y v siu vn bn t nhng
nm 1940 ca Bush [Bush 1945] v t nhng nm 1960 bi Ted Nelson [ZiffDavis 1998]. Berners-Lee v cc cng s pht trin phin bn ban u ca
HTML, HTTP, mt Web server v mt trnh duyt - bn thnh phn chnh ca
WWW. Cc trnh duyt CERN ban u ch cung cp mt giao din ch dng
(line-mode). Khong cui nm 1992 c khong 200 Web server trong qu trnh
hot ng, tp hp cc my ch ny l phn ni ca tng bng tri cho nhng g
sp n. Vo khong thi gian ny mt s nh nghin cu pht trin trnh duyt
Web vi cc giao din GUI, gm c Marc Andreesen, ngi pht trin trnh
duyt ph bin cho X. ng pht hnh mt phin bn alpha cho trnh duyt ca
mnh vo nm 1993, v nm 1994 thnh lp Mosaic Communications, ci m
sau ny tr thnh Tng cng ty truyn thng Netscape. Nm 1995 cc sinh vin i
hc s dng cc trnh duyt Mosaic v Netscape lt web hng ngy. Vo
khong thi gian ny, chnh ph Hoa K bt u chuyn giao quyn kim sot cc
mng xng sng Internet cho cc hng vn ti t nhn. Cc cng ty - ln v nh bt u vn hnh cc Web server v thc hin giao dch thng mi trn Web. Nm
1996 Microsoft tin vo kinh doanh Web vi mt quy m ln, v cui nm
1990 n b kin v dnh cho trnh duyt ca n mt thnh phn trung tm
trong h iu hnh ca mnh. Nm 1999 c hn hai triu Web server hot ng. V
tt c iu ny xy ra trong vng cha y mi nm!

Trong sut nm 1990, vic nghin cu v pht trin mng cng to nn cc tin
b ng k trong cc lnh vc ca cc router tc cao, nh tuyn (xem, v d
nh, Chng 4) v cc mng cc b (xem, v d, Chng 5). Cng ng k thut
vt ln vi cc vn v vic xc nh v thc hin mt m hnh dch v
Internet cho vic vn chuyn yu cu rng buc thi gian thc, chng hn nh cc
ng dng truyn thng lin tc (xem, v d, Chng 6). S cn thit ca an ton v
qun l c s h tng Internet (see. v d, Chng 7 v 8) cng tr nn ht sc
quan trng khi cc ng dng thng mi in t pht trin nhanh chng v Internet
tr thnh mt thnh phn trung tm ca c s h tng vin thng th gii.

Tham kho
Hai tho lun tuyt vi v lch s Internet l [Hobbes 1998] v [Leiner 1998].
[Abramson 1970] N. Abramson, The Aloha System - Another Alternative for
Computer Communications, Proceedings of Fall Joint Computer Conference,
AFIPS Conference, 1970, p.37.
[Baran 1964] P. Baran, "On Distributed Communication Networks," IEEE
Transactions on Communication Systems, March, 1964. Rand Corporation
Technical report with the same title (Memorandum RM-3420-PR, 1964).
[Berners-Lee 1989] Tim Berners-Lee, CERN, "Information Management: A
Proposal," March 1989,May 1990
[Bush 1945] V. Bush, "As We May Think," The Atlantic Monthly, July 1945.
[Cerf 1974] V. Cerf and R. Kahn, "A protocol for packet network interconnection,"
IEEE Transactions on Communications Technology, Vol. COM-22, Number 5
(May 1974) , pp. 627-641.
[DEC 1990] Digital Equipment Corporation, "In Memoriam: J.C.R. Licklider
1915-1990," SRC Research Report 61, August 1990.
[Hobbes 1998] R. Hobbes Zakon, "Hobbes Internet Timeline", Version 3.3, 1998.
[Fraser 1983] Fraser, A. G. (1983). Towards a universal data transport system.
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, SAC-1(5):803-816.
[Fraser 1993] Fraser, A. G. (1993). Early experiments with asynchronous time
division networks. IEEE Network Magazine, 7(1):12-27.

[Jacobson 1988] V. Jacobson, "Congestion Avoidance and Control," Proc. ACM

Sigcomm 1988 Conference, in Computer Communication Review, vol. 18, no. 4,
pp. 314-329, Aug. 1988
[Kleinrock 1961] L. Kleinrock, "Information Flow in Large Communication
Networks," RLE Quarterly Progress Report, July 1961.
[Kleinrock 1964] L. Kleinrock, 1964 Communication Nets: Stochastic Message
Flow and Delay,McGraw-Hill 1964, later re-issued by Dover Books.
[Kleinrock 1998] L. Kleinrock, "The Birth of the Internet,"
http://millenium.cs.ucla.edu/LK/Inet/birth.html.
[Leiner 98] B. Leiner, V. Cerf, D. Clark, R. Kahn, L. Kleinrock, D. Lynch, J.
Postel, L. Roberts, S.Woolf, "A Brieif History of the Internet,"
http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.html
[Metcalfe 1976] Robert M. Metcalfe and David R. Boggs.``Ethernet: Distributed
Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks,'' Communications of the
Association for Computing Machinery, Vol19/No 7, July 1976.
[Mockapetris 1983] P.V. Mockapetris, "Domain names: Implementation
specification," RFC 833, Nov-01-1983.
[Mockapetris 1987] P.V. Mockapetris, "Domain names - concepts and facilities,"
RFC 1034, Nov-01-1987.
[Perkins 1994] A. Perkins, "Networking with Bob Metcalfe," The Red Herring
Magazine, November 1994.
[Postel 1981] J. Postel, "NCP/TCP Transition Plan," RFC 7801 November 1981.
[RFC 001] S. Crocker, "Host Software, RFC 001 (the very first RFC!).
[Roberts 1967] L. Roberts, T. Merril "Toward a Cooperative Network of TimeShared Computers," Fall AFIPS Conference, Oct. 1966.
[Turner 1986] J. Turner, ``New Directions in Communications (or Which Way to
the Information Age?),'' Proceedings of the Zurich Seminar on Digital
Communication, pp. 25--32, 3/86.

[W3C 1995] The World Wide Web Consortium, "A Little History of the World
Wide Web," 1995.
[Ziff-Davis 1998] Ziff-Davis Publishing, "Ted Nelson: hypertext pioneer,"

1.10 Cc mng truyn ti khng ng b (ATM)

Nh vy cho n lc ny, trng tm ca chng ta l mng Internet v cc giao thc
ca n. Th nhng nhiu cng ngh chuyn mch gi hin ti khc cng c th
cung cp cc gii php lin kt mng u cui. Trong s cc la chn thay th cho
Internet, th ci c gi l cc mng truyn ti khng ng b (ATM) c l l
ni ting nht. ATM xut hin trong lnh vc mng vo u nm 1990. Vic tho
lun v ATM l rt hu ch v hai l do. Trc tin, n cung cp mt tng phn
th v vi Internet, v bng cch khai thc s khc bit ca n, mt ln na chng
ta s c c hiu bit su hn v Internet. Th hai, ATM thng c s dng
nh mt cng ngh tng lin kt trong mng xng sng ca Internet. Do chng
ta s gii thiu v ATM xuyn sut cun sch ny, chng ta kt thc chng ny
vi mt ci nhn tng quan ngn gn v ATM.

Mc ch ban u ca ATM
Cc chun cho ATM c pht trin ln u tin vo gia thp nin 80. cho
nhng ngi qu tr nh c, th thi im c hai loi mng vt tri : cc
mng in thoi, mng c s dng ch yu (v hin vn ang c s dng)
thc hin thoi thi gian thc; v cc mng d liu, mng m c s dng ch
yu chuyn cc file vn bn, h tr ng nhp t xa, v cung cp dch v email.
Cng c cc mng c nhn dnh ring phc v cho hi ngh video. Internet
tn ti vo thi im ny, nhng t ngi ngh n vic s dng n vn chuyn
cc cuc gi in thoi, v WWW vn cha c bit n. l l do t nhin
thit k mt cng ngh mng m c th thch hp vic vn chuyn m thanh v
video thi gian thc cng nh cc vn bn, email v cc file hnh nh.
ATM t c mc tiu ny. Hai t chc tiu chun, Din n ATM [ATM
Forum] v Lin minh vin thng quc t [ITU] pht trin cc chun ATM cho
Cc mng s dch v tch hp bng thng rng (BISDNs). Cc chun ATM ku gi
chuyn mch gi vi cc mch o (c gi l cc knh o trong bit ng ATM);
cc chun xc nh cch thc cc ng dng khp ni trc tip vi ATM, t
ATM cung cp gii php lin kt mng hon chnh cho cc ng dng phn tn.
Song song vi s pht trin ca cc chun ATM, cc cng ty ln trn khp th gii
u t ng k trong vic nghin cu v pht trin ATM. Nhng u t ny
dn n v s cc cng ngh ATM hiu qu cao, bao gm chuyn mch ATM ci
m c th chuyn i hng terabit/giy. Trong nhng nm gn y, cng ngh ATM
c trin khai rt tch cc c trong mng in thoi ln trong cc mng xng
sng ca Internet.

Mc d ATM c trin khai trong cc mng, nhng n khng thnh cng

trong vic m rng chnh n ln tt c cc my PC bn v cc my trm. V cu
hi t ra hin nay l liu ATM bao gi s xut hin ng k my bn. Tht
vy, trong khi ATM ang c chun b trong cc y ban tiu chun v cc phng
th nghim nghin cu vo cui thp nin 80 v u nhng nm 90, th mng
Internet v cc giao thc TCP/IP thc s hot ng v to ra tin b ng k:
Tp giao thc TCP/IP c tch hp trong tt c cc h iu hnh ph
bin nht.
Cc cng ty bt u giao dch thng mi (thng mi in t) trn Internet.
Truy cp Internet ti nh ring tr nn rt r.
Nhiu ng dng my tnh bn tuyt vi c pht trin cho cc mng
TCP / IP, bao gm c World Wide Web, in thoi Internet, v video lung
tng tc. Hng ngn cng ty hin ang pht trin cc ng dng v cc dch
v mi cho mng Internet.
Hn na, trong sut nhng nm 90, mt s cng ngh LAN tc cao chi ph thp
c pht trin, bao gm mng Ethernet 100Mb/s v gn y hn l cc mng
Gigabit Ethernet, n lm gim s cn thit ca vic s dng ATM trong cc ng
dng mng LAN tc cao. Ngy nay, chng ta sng trong mt th gii m hu
nh tt c cc sn phm ng dng mng ghp ni trc tip vi TCP/IP. Tuy nhin,
chuyn mch ATM c th chuyn i cc gi tin vi tc rt cao, v do n
c trin khai trong cc mng xng sng ca Internet, ni m s cn thit phi
vn chuyn lu thng vi tc cao l quan trng nht. Chng ti s tho lun v
ch IP trn ATM trong Phn 5.8.

Cc c im c bn ca ATM
Chng ta s tho lun v ATM chi tit hn trong cc chng tip theo. By gi
chng ta s phc tho s lc cc c im c bn ca n:
Cc chun ATM nh ngha mt tp y cc giao thc truyn thng, t
tng vn ti theo tt c cc con ng xung qua tng vt l.
N s dng chuyn mch gi vi cc gi c chiu di c nh l 53 byte.
Trong bit ng ATM cc gi tin ny c gi l cc t bo. Mi t bo c 5
byte cho phn header v 48 byte cho "trng ti c ch". Cc t bo c chiu
di c nh v cc header n gin to iu kin cho chuyn mch tc
cao.

 ATM s dng cc mch o (VCs). Trong bit ng ATM, cc mch o c

gi l cc knh o. ATM header bao gm mt trng cho s hiu knh o,
n c gi l nhn dng knh o (VCI) trong bit ng ATM. Nh tho
lun trong Phn 1.3, chuyn mch gi s dng VCI nh tuyn cc t bo
hng ti ch n ca chng; chuyn mch ATM cng thc hin phin dch
VCI.
ATM khng cung cp truyn li trn c s t lin kt n lin kt. Nu mt
b chuyn mch pht hin ra mt li trong mt t bo ATM, n c gng
sa li bng cch s dng m sa li. Nu n khng c th sa li, n s
lm rt t bo v khng yu cu b chuyn mch ng trc phi truyn
li t bo .
ATM cung cp iu khin tc nghn trn c s u cui. l, vic truyn
cc t bo ATM khng trc tip c quy nh bi cc thit b chuyn mch
trong thi gian tc nghn. Tuy nhin, cc mng chuyn mch t bn thn n
cung cp phn hi n mt h thng u cui gi gip n iu chnh tc
truyn ti ca mnh khi mng tr nn tc nghn.
ATM ch c th chy trn bt k tng vt l no. N thng chy trn cc
si quang s dng chun SONET vi tc 155,52 Mb/s, 622 Mb/s v cao
hn na.

Tng quan v cc tng ATM

Nh ch ra trong Hnh 1.10-1, chng giao thc ATM bao gm 3 tng: tng giao tip
ATM (AAL), tng ATM, v tng vt l ATM:
ATM Adaptation Layer(AAL)
ATM Layer
ATM Physical Layer

Hnh 1.10-1: Ba tng ATM

Tng vt l ATM phn phi in p, nh gi cho bit, v nh khung trn cc
phng tin truyn thng vt l. Tng ATM l ct li ca chun ATM. N xc
nh cu trc ca t bo ATM. Tng giao tip ATM tng t nh tng vn ti

trong chng giao thc Internet. ATM bao gm nhiu loi AAL khc nhau h tr
nhiu loi dch v khc nhau.
Hin nay, ATM thng c s dng nh l mt cng ngh ca tng lin kt trong
khu vc tp trung ca Internet. Mt loi AAL c bit, AAL5, c pht trin
cho php TCP/IP giao tip vi ATM. Ti giao din IP-to-ATM, AAL5 chun b
cc IP datagram ATM truyn ti; ti giao din ATM-to-IP, AAL5 tp hp cc t
bo ATM vo cc IP datagram. Hnh 1,10-2 cho thy chng giao thc ngn xp cho
cc khu vc ca Internet m s dng ATM.

Hnh 1.10-2: Chng giao thc Internet qua ATM

Lu rng trong cu hnh ny, ba tng ca ATM c vt vo hai tng thp hn
ca chng giao thc Internet. c bit, tng mng ca Internet "nhn thy" ATM
nh mt giao thc tng lin kt.
iu ny kt thc gii thiu s lc ca chng ta v ATM. Chng ta s tr li
vi ATM mt lc no trong sut cun sch ny.

Tham kho
[ATM Forum] The ATM Forum Web site, http://www.atmforum.com
[ITU] The ITU Web site, http://www.itu.ch

1.11 Tm tt
Trong chng ny chng ta bao qut mt s lng vt liu khng khip! Chng
ta xem xt cc mnh phn cng v phn mm khc nhau, nhng ci to nn
mng Internet ni ring v mng my tnh ni chung. Chng ta bt u t
bin ca mng, nhn vo cc h thng u cui, cc ng dng, v cc dch v
vn ti c cung cp cho cc ng dng chy trn cc h thng u cui. S dng
cc ng dng phn tn da trn mng nh l cc v d, chng ta gii thiu khi
nim v mt giao thc - mt khi nim quan trng trong mng. Sau chng ta
i su hn vo bn trong mng, vo li mng, xc nh chuyn mch gi v chuyn
mch knh nh l hai phng php c s vn chuyn d liu qua mt mng li
vin thng, v kim tra nhng im mnh v im yu ca tng phng php. Sau
chng ta nhn xung nhng phn thp nht ca mng (t mt quan im kin
trc) - cc cng ngh tng lin kt v phng tin truyn thng vt l thng c
tm thy trong mng truy nhp.
Sau , trong phn th hai ca chng m u ny chng ta c ci nhn rng
hn v mng. T mt quan im thc hin, chng ta xc nh nguyn nhn ca
tr gi v mt gi trong mng Internet. Chng ta xc nh cc nguyn l kin
trc quan trng trong mng (cc m hnh dch v, phn tng). Sau chng ta
kim tra cu trc ca Internet ngy nay. Chng ta kt thc phn gii thiu v
mng ca mnh bng mt lch s s lc v mng my tnh. Bn thn chng u
tin ny to thnh mt kha hc mini v mng my tnh.
V vy, chng ta thc s bao qut c mt lng kin thc c s khng khip
trong chng u tin ny! Nu bn cm thy hi dn dp, ng lo lng. Trong cc
chng sau chng ta s xem xt li tt c nhng tng ny, bao qut chng vi
nhiu chi tit hn ( l mt li ha, khng phi l mt li e da!). Ti thi im
ny, chng ti hy vng bn ri khi chng ny vi mt trc gic vn ang pht
trin v cc mnh to nn mt mng, mt hng dn vn cn ang pht trin v
cc t vng ca mng (ng trnh n vic tham chiu n chng ny), v mt
ham mun lun ln ln v vic tm hiu thm v mng. l nhim v trc mt
ca chng ti cho phn cn li ca cun sch ny.

L trnh trong cun sch ny

Trc khi bt u bt k mt chuyn i no, chng ta lun lun nn nhn lt qua
mt l trnh tr nn quen thuc vi cc ng chnh v nhng im ni nm
gia chng ta v ch n cui cng ca mnh. i vi chuyn i ny ca chng ta,
ch n cui cng l mt s hiu bit su sc v mng my tnh l g? (what) nh
th no? (how) v ti sao? (why). L trnh ca chng ta l chui cc chng ca
cun sch ny:
1. Mng my tnh v mng Internet
2. Tng ng dng
3. Tng vn ti
4. Tng mng v nh tuyn
5. Tng lin kt v cc mng cc b
6. Mng a phng tin
7. An ton trong cc mng my tnh
8. Qun l mng
Nhn vo l trnh ny, chng ta xc nh c t Chng 2 n Chng 5 l bn
chng ct li ca cun sch ny. Bn nn bit trc rng mi chng s ni v
mt trong s bn tng trn cng ca chng giao thc Internet. Hn na lu rng
hnh trnh ca chng ta s bt u t nh ca chng giao thc Internet, c th l,
tng ng dng, v s lm vic theo cch i xung pha di. L do ng sau hnh
trnh i t trn xung ny l mt khi chng ta hiu c cc ng dng, th sau
chng ta c th hiu c cc dch v mng cn thit h tr cho cc ng dng
. Sau chng ta c th, ln lt, xem xt nhng cch khc nhau trong cc
dch v nh vy c th c thc hin bi mt kin trc mng. Bao qut cc ng
dng t sm t cung cp ng lc cho phn cn li ca vn bn.
Na sau ca cun sch t Chng 6 n Chng 8 phng to ba ch v cng
quan trng (v hi c lp) trong mng my tnh hin i. Trong Chng 6 (mng
a phng tin), chng ta s kim tra cc ng dng m thanh v video - chng hn
nh in thoi Internet, hi ngh truyn hnh, v lung lu tr phng tin truyn
thng. Chng ta cng s xem xt xem lm th no mt mng chuyn mch gi c
th c thit k cung cp cht lng dch v thch hp cho cc ng dng m
thanh v video. Trong Chng 7 (An ton trong Mng my tnh), ln u tin
chng ta nhn vo nn tng ca m ha v an ninh mng, v sau kim tra xem l
thuyt c bn ang c p dng trong phm vi rng ln ca mng Internet nh
th no, bao gm th in t v thng mi Internet. Chng cui cng (Qun l
mng) xem xt cc vn then cht trong qun l mng cng nh cc giao thc
Internet ci m lin quan n cc vn ny.

Bi tp v nh v cc cu hi tho lun
Chng 1
Cc cu hi n tp
Cc phn 1.1-1.4
1)
2)

Hai loi hnh dch v m mng Internet cung cp cho cc ng dng

ca n l g? Mt s c im ca mi dch v ?
C ngi cho rng iu khin lung v iu khin tc nghn l tng
ng. iu c ng i vi dch v hng kt ni ca Internet
hay khng? Cc mc ch ca iu khin lung v kim sot tc
nghn c ging nhau khng?

3)

Hy m t ngn gn v dch v hng kt ni ca Internet cung cp

truyn ti tin cy nh th no?

4)

Nhng u im ca mt mng chuyn mch knh so vi mt mng

chuyn mch gi? Nhng u im ca TDM so vi FDM trong mt
mng chuyn mch knh?

5)

Gi s rng gia mt host gi v mt host nhn c ng mt thit b

chuyn mch gi. Tc truyn ti gia host gi v switch, gia
switch v host nhn tng ng l R1 v R2. Gi s rng router s
dng chuyn mch gi lu tr v chuyn tip, khi tng tr u
cui gi mt gi tin c chiu di L l bao nhiu? (B qua tr do
xp hng v tr lan truyn.)

6)

Mt s cng ngh mng c s dng mch o l g? Tm cc URL tt

tho lun v gii thch v cc cng ngh ny.

7)

Thng tin v trng thi kt ni trong mt mng mch o c ngha l

g?

8)

Gi s bn ang pht trin mt chun cho mt loi mng mi. Bn

cn phi quyt nh xem mng ca bn s s dng VCs hay nh
tuyn datagram. Khi s c nhng thun li v kh khn g khi s
dng VCs?

Cc phn 1.5-1.7
C phi bng thng HFC c dnh ring hoc c chia s gia
nhng ngi s dng hay khng? C phi cc xung t l c th xy
ra trong mt knh HFC truyn xung hay khng? Ti sao c hoc ti
sao khng?
10)
Tc truyn dn ca cc mng LAN s dng Ethernet l bao
nhiu? i vi mt tc truyn dn nht nh, mi ngi dng trn
mng LAN c th truyn ti lin tc tc ny hay khng?
9)

Mt s phng tin thng tin vt l m Ethernet c th chy

trn l g?

11)

Cc modem quay s, ISDN, HFC v ADSL tt c c s dng

truy cp nh ring. Vi mi cng ngh truy cp , hy cung cp
mt lot cc tc truyn ti v bnh lun v vic liu bng thng
trong cc cng ngh c chia s hay c dnh ring.

12)

Hy xem xt vic gi mt lot cc gi d liu t mt host gi

n mt host nhn trn mt tuyn ng c nh. Lit k cc thnh
phn tr trong tr u cui cho mt gi tin duy nht. Nhng tr no
trong s ny l khng i v nhng tr no c c nh?

13)

Xem li s tng t trong mt on xe Phn 1.6. Mt ln

na, gi s tc lan truyn l 100km/gi.

14)

a) Gi s on xe i 200 km, bt u pha trc ca mt trm thu

ph, i qua mt trm thu ph th hai, v kt thc ngay trc mt trm
thu ph th ba. Tr u cui l bao nhiu?
b) Lp li cu (a), by gi gi s rng c 7 oto trong on xe thay v
10 ci.
Lit k nm nhim v m mt tng c th thc hin. Mt (hay
nhiu) nhim v c th c thc hin bi hai (hay nhiu) tng l
hon ton c th c ng khng?

15)

Nm tng trong chng giao thc Internet l g? Trch nhim

chnh ca mi tng l g?

16)

Nhng tng no trong chng giao thc Internet thc hin qu

trnh nh tuyn?

17)

Cc bi ton
1) Thit k v m t mt giao thc tng ng dng c s dng gia mt
Automatic Teller Machine, v mt my tnh tp trung ca ngn hng. Giao
thc ca bn nn cung cp xc nhn qua th ca ngi s dng v mt khu,
truy vn s d ti khon (c duy tr cc my tnh tp trung), v thc
hin rt tin khi ti khon (tc l, khi tin c trao cho ngi s dng).
Cc thc th giao thc ca bn s c th x l tt c cc trng hp chung
qu thng thng, trong bao gm c trng hp khng c tin trong
ti khon thc hin vic rt tin. Chi tit ho giao thc ca bn bng cch
lit k cc thng ip trao i, v hnh ng thc hin bi Automatic Teller
Machine hoc my tnh tp trung ca ngn hng trong vic truyn v nhn
cc thng ip. Tm tt hot ng ca giao thc ca bn trong trng hp
rt tin n gin m khng c li, bng cch s dng mt biu tng t
nh trong Hnh 1.2-1. Trng thi tng minh ca cc gi nh c thc
hin bi giao thc ca bn v dch v truyn ti u cui c bn.
2) Hy xem xt mt ng dng m truyn d liu vi tc n nh (v d,
ngi gi to ra N bit n v d liu trong k n v thi gian, vi k l nh v
c nh). Ngoi ra, khi mt ng dng bt u, n s lu li trong khong
thi gian tng i di. Hy tr li cc cu hi sau y, a ra chng minh
tm tt cho cu tr li ca bn:
Mt mng chuyn mch gi hay mt mng chuyn mch knh s thch
hp hn cho ng dng ny? Ti sao?
Gi s mt mng chuyn mch gi c s dng v giao thng duy
nht trong mng ny n t cc ng dng nh m t trn. Hn na,
gi s rng tng tc d liu ca ng dng l nh hn so vi nng
lc ca mi lin kt. C cn thit phi c mt s hnh thc kim sot
tc nghn hay khng? Ti sao?
3) Xt vic gi mt tp tin c F = M * L bit trn mt con ng gm Q lin
kt. Mi lin kt truyn vi tc R b/s. Mng c xp ti nh nhng
khng c tr do xp hng. Khi mt hnh thc chuyn mch gi c s

dng, M*L bit s c chia thnh M gi, mi gi cha bit L. Tr lan truyn
l khng ng k.
a) Gi s mng l mt mng chuyn mch gi knh o. C ngha l VC
thit lp time = ts giy. Gi s vi mi gi cc tng gi thm vo tng cng
h bit cho header. Mt bao lu gi tp tin t ngun ti ch?
b.) Gi s mng l mt mng chuyn mch gi datagram, v mt dch v
phi kt ni c s dng. By gi gi s mi gi tin c 2h bit cho header.
Mt bao lu gi tp tin ?
c) Lp li (b), nhng gi s chuyn mch thng bo c s dng (tc l,
2h bit c thm vo thng ip, v thng ip s khng b phn on).
d) Cui cng, gi s rng mng l mt chuyn mch knh. Hn na gi
s rng tc truyn ti ca mch gia ngun v ch l R b/s. Gi s thi
gian thit lp l ts v h bit cho header c thm vo tp tin y , mt bao
lu gi tp tin ?
4) Th nghim Java applet ca chuyn mch thng bo trong chng ny. Cc
tr trong applet c tng ng vi cc tr trong cu hi trc khng? Tr lan
truyn ca lin kt nh hng nh th no n tr u cui tng th cho
chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch thng bo?
5) Xt vic gi mt tp tin ln gm F bit t Host A n Host B. C hai lin kt
(v mt switch) gia A v B, v cc lin kt khng b tc nghn (tc l,
khng c tr do xp hng). Host A phn on tp tin thnh cc segment, mi
segment cha S bit v thm 40 bit cho header, to thnh cc gi tin c L =
40 + S bit. Mi lin kt c tc lan truyn l R b/s. Tm gi tr ca S sao
cho tr l nh nht khi di chuyn gi tin t Host A n Host B. B qua tr
lan truyn.
6) Bi ton c bn ny s bt u khm ph tr lan truyn v tr truyn tin, hai
khi nim trung tm trong mng d liu. Xt hai my ch, Host A v Host B,
c kt ni bi mt lin kt duy nht c tc R b/s. Gi s rng hai host
c t cch nhau m mt, v gi s rng tc lan truyn dc theo lin
kt l s mt/giy. Host A gi mt gi tin kch thc L bit n Host B.
a)Biu din tr lan truyn, dprop theo m v s
b) Xc nh thi gian truyn gi tin, dtrans theo L v R

c) B qua tr x l v tr do xp hng, tm mt biu din cho tr u cui.

d) Gi s Host A bt u truyn gi tin ti thi im t = 0. Ti thi im t =
dtrans, bit cui cng ca gi tin ang u?
e) Gi s dprop ln hn dtrans. Ti thi im t = dtrans, bit u tin ca gi tin
ang u?
f)) Gi s dprop nh hn dtrans. Ti thi im t = dtrans, bit u tin ca gi tin
ang u?
g) Gi s s = 2,5 * 108, L = 100 bit v R = 28 kb/s. Tm khong cch m
dprop bng dtrans.
7) Trong bi ton ny chng ta s xt vic truyn m t Host A n Host B trn
mt mng chuyn mch gi (v d nh in thoi Internet). Host A chuyn
i m thanh tn hiu tng t ang hot ng thnh lung tn hiu s 64
kb/s. Sau Host A nhm cc bit thnh cc gi 48-byte. C mt lin kt
gia host A v host B; tc truyn ti ca n l 1 Mb/s v tr lan truyn
ca n l 2 ms. Ngay sau khi Host A tp hp c mt gi tin, n s gi gi
tin cho Host B. Ngay sau khi Host B nhn c ton b gi tin, n
chuyn i cc bit ca gi tin thnh tn hiu tng t. Bao lu tri qua k
t khi mt bit c to ra (t tn hiu tng t gc ti A) cho n khi mt bit
c gii m (nh mt phn ca tn hiu tng t ti B)?
8) Gi s ngi s dng chia s mt lin kt 1 Mb/s. Cng gi s mi ngi
dng cn 100 Kb/s khi truyn, nhng mi ngi dng ch truyn 10% thi
gian. (Xem li tho lun v "Chuyn mch gi so vi chuyn mch knh"
trong Phn 1.4.1.)
a) Khi chuyn mch knh c s dng, c bao nhiu ngi dng c th
c h tr?
b) i vi cc cn li ca bi tp ny, gi s chuyn mch gi c s
dng. Tm xc sut m mt ngi s dng c truyn tin.
c) Gi s c 40 ngi s dng. Tm xc sut m ti mt thi im nht nh,
n ngi dng c truyn ti ng thi.
d) Tm xc sut rng c 10 ngi dng hoc nhiu hn c truyn cng
mt lc.

9) Xt tr do xp hng trong mt b m router (ng trc mt lin kt i ra).

Gi s tt c cc gi c L bit, tc truyn dn l R b/s v c N gi tin n
vi b m sau mi L/RN giy. Tm tr do xp hng trung bnh ca mt gi
tin.
10)
Xt tr do xp hng trong mt b m router. Cho I biu th cng
lu lng, tc l, I= La/R. Gi s rng tr do xp hng c dng LR/(1-I) vi
I <1. (a) a ra mt cng thc cho tr tng cng", c ngha l, tr do xp
hng cng vi tr truyn tin. (b) Biu din tr truyn tin nh l mt hm ca
L/R.
11)
(a) Khi qut cng thc tr u cui trong Phn 1.6 vi tc x l,
tc truyn dn v tr lan truyn l khng ng nht. (b) Lp li (a),
nhng by gi cng gi s rng c mt tr do xp hng trung bnh l dqueue ti
mi nt.
12)
Xt mt ng dng truyn d liu vi tc n nh (v d, ngi gi
to ra mt gi tin N bit sau k n v thi gian, y k l nh v c nh).
Ngoi ra, khi mt ng dng bt u, n s lu li trong khong thi gian
tng i di.
a) Mt mng chuyn mch gi hay mt mng chuyn mch knh s thch
hp hn cho ng dng ny? Ti sao?
b) Gi s mt mng chuyn mch gi c s dng v giao thng duy nht
trong mng ny n t cc ng dng nh m t trn. Hn na, gi s rng
tng tc d liu ca ng dng l nh hn so vi nng lc ca mi lin
kt. C cn thit phi c mt s hnh thc kim sot tc nghn hay khng?
Ti sao?
13)
Thc hin mt traceroute gia ngun v ch nm trn cng mt lc
a ti ba thi im khc nhau trong ngy. Tm lch trung bnh v chun
ca cc tr. Lm tng t cho mt cp ngun v ch nm trn cc lc a
khc nhau.
14)
Nh li rng ATM s dng cc gi d liu 53 byte gm 5 byte header
v 48 byte trng ti. Nm mi ba byte l nh bt thng cho cc gi tin c
di c nh; hu ht cc giao thc mng (IP, Ethernet, frame relay, v.v)
s dng cc gi tin m, c kch thc trung bnh, hoc ln hn ng k. Mt
trong nhng nhc im ca kch thc gi tin nh l phn ln bng thng
lin kt c tiu th bi cc byte mo u; trong trng hp ca ATM, gn
nh mi phn trm bng thng b "lng ph" bi cc ATM header. Trong
bi tp ny chng ta tm hiu l do ti sao kch thc gi tin nh nh vy li

c chn. kt thc, gi s rng cc t bo ATM bao gm P byte (c th

khc 48) v 5 byte header.
a) Xt vic gi trc tip mt ngun m s ho qua ATM. Gi s ngun c
m ho vi mt tc khng i l 64 kb/s. Gi s mi t bo hon ton
c lp y trc khi ngun gi cc t bo ny vo mng. Thi gian cn
thit lm y mt mt t bo l tr packetization.K hiu L, xc nh tr
packetization theo mili giy.
b) Cc tr packetization ln hn 20 msecs c th gy s di li ng ch
v kh chu. Xc nh tr packetization vi L = 1.500 byte (gn tng
ng vi mt gi tin Ethernet kch c ln nht) v vi L = 48 (tng ng
vi mt t bo ATM).
c) Tnh tr lu tr v chuyn tip ti mt switch ATM duy nht vi tc
lin kt R = 155 Mb/s (mt tc lin kt ph bin cho ATM) vi L =
1.500 byte v L = 48 byte.
d) Bnh lun v nhng u th ca vic s dng kch thc t bo nh.

Cu hi tho lun
1)Vit mt on vn m t cho mi mt d n trong ba d n ln hin ang c
thc hin ti W3C.
2) in thoi Internet l g? M t mt s sn phm hin c cho in thoi Internet.
Tm mt s trang Web ca cc cng ty kinh doanh in thoi Internet.
3) m thanh theo yu cu trn Internet l g? M t mt s sn phm hin c cho
m thanh theo yu cu Internet. Tm mt s trang Web ca cc cng ty kinh doanh
Internet m thanh theo yu cu. Tm mt s trang web cung cp ni dung m thanh
theo yu cu.
4) Hi tho truyn hnh Internet l g? M t mt s sn phm hin c cho hi tho
truyn hnh Internet. Tm mt s trang Web ca cc cng ty kinh doanh hi tho
truyn hnh Internet.
5) Lt web tm mt cng ty cung cp truy cp Internet HFC. Tc truyn ca
modem cp l bao nhiu? C phi tc ny lun lun c m bo cho mi mt
ngi dng trn mng hay khng?

6) Cu hi tho lun: Gi s bn ang pht trin mt ng dng cho Internet. Bn s

cho ng dng ca bn chy trn TCP hay UDP? Xy dng. (Chng ta s tm
hiu cu hi ny chi tit hn trong cc chng sau. Hin ti hy s dng trc gic
ca bn tr li cu hi..)
7) Cu hi tho lun: Mt s hot ng hin hnh ca The World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) l g? Mt s hot ng hin ti ca National Laboratory for
Applied Network Research or NLANR l g?
8) Cu hi tho lun: Cu trc t p hin ti ca mng Internet (tc l, cc ISP
xng sng, cc ISP khu vc, v cc ISP a phng) c im chung g vi cu
trc t p ca mng in thoi M? Gi c trong mng Internet ging hoc khc
vi gi c trong h thng in thoi nh th no?