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u ke iK#<EE il/ =# K6ke eem ^kem,  EVl
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= / ke i5kC=/ e$ UynD / ke e?5/$ ?^p#? E/rne/k Ecm
i . eV
V (Personality))
ove5 E#kem/?^p-kem, o5 eOptI eV E/#p?C=D. Urm =;m i5n/l
tm E?/D. ?^p-ke uK= eV;m am. e?O<l/5Dm ?^k Ece=l,
am kem ?Bkm am. U$l, ap?^p?tI ?Bkm o5. eVll il#e=l,
e?O<l/5Dm ?^p- ?^kem yp- C#I/l QI, al eKOe?= ^D.
2. -=m "rn
"rn/
n (External Factors))
rn/ n
a. e?5
e?5/ JA>#
JA># (Economic Situation))
i6 ? ?^p- > ?^p- UCtI JA>#<l, e?5/ JA># e?D am
kCl e Ec^ o5 nem. o5 ?^p-ke E/#$ Urm, =, e V in/
[6m i5n/7m, an/ U. e/
/ p
pe?
pe?c
e?c (Marks))
?^p-k$ tIm tIkQ^ >#<l em?m il#e=l, an/ eOptI ?^p#? ?^k

^l E?m.
U. e/
/ p
pe?
pe?c
e?c (Marks))
V= ?^D, V= E/rR eM<5n/l QI, 5ke / 5m ?^p-ke uK= pe?c
C#Ikl E?<5kC=D. a/  r /Ke# QI e"yD eC=r. e$ a?/m
iD? pe?c tm / Ak#? a/#$ e#= e/l, Ak# B ar
/eK=r

UCC=r

e$?

ilE

il#.

>/r"$l,

CtI/tI

el

?^p- kem r# E/rne/k pe?c# /l n #kC=r. a/$l,

pe?c e#= e/l, / 5m ?^p- ?^k ^l E?m. UE/, ip?^p?tI
o5 JA>## ere ur K6 tI e#=n/?t"m 5 ?^p-#D
o=  o= $E E/rne/D #5k Ecm e$ 1Y6DC=r.
i . ?^p-/
^p-/E# um
um ?KO
?KO
KO /l
/l
O5m uk JB1l, ecnI ?^p- ove5 V m aOp?/p?C=$.
ove5 ?^p-kem E/#$ Urm, =, e V ee$$, /$t lr. e=l
e$, >r>#p ?l#kBm e=l e$, eOptI ?^p-ke ep?^ cpp?D e?D
E?6

?

/$

/l#,

?^p#?Ym,

lr.##Ym

E/rne/p?/Ke

e/.nD

#5k Ec^<5kC=D. in/ /l m, ?^p#? E/rne/p?l kCp ?e CkC=$.

iK#= e/.nD e, u ke e?5/m e$  >#$kem ?^p#? ?^/, an/ eOptI
D#=<l E#?rp?r# "nD u#I Ecm.
i/K, .r R"r e$p?m ul UE"r#Ym "nkm. u ke e?5/$
?^p#? E/rne/k, ul sr$ E/rR m i5kC=$.
UE

EKQO

E/rne/kp?tI

U6

#Ym

?^p-,u ke

$l

al

ec

?^p-#

"nE/v#/Ym,

o5

E/rne/.
Vl

ap?^

Ak##Ym

a#D/5m. >F"m Vl u. E# C#Ikem. ap?^ C#IkD E?$l, Al Vmk#
iBkD E u k$ E## u5kCketr.
#I o5 ?F Ik: iD u Ak#!  tm / u Ak#ke e?6p-,
u e?KE=rE, K=rE al!

11

11. /l
/l eX
eX# K6k
K6ke
K6ke 
e 


/1kem E?D alD 5m VIn/ -l, /m? ke i5kem eV5km Vt e"lF

e"l

e#=nD/y

elIm

?5m

Q6C=r.

in$

Ak#<l,

/#

ep?/ E?D$ EVm, UK=7m ill E?yD/ iv6 ?r e"l/Ke

$l i5kem m e$ V >#$kCE=. e#=$ EVl, k e#=n/ UK=#
?? E# e"yYm in ?K#= Vm a=I Al ??5CE=m. aE/
E?l /# ep?D/Kem u/D X i5kC=/ e$?
Um. o5 X i5kC=D. an/ Xke / D##p ?KO o5 6 -./l i5n/l E?Dm. an/
X< e?r / /l eX.
#$r. E. "pE e= ul UE"r, ?lE6 UyF e"yD, /r//m?<$r
5 #l / /# ep?DC=r e6 c^Dr.
1. ?t
? t r
r#/
r#/
#/: / E/K=#/, e"l# ?tI Ece$ er?rp?D. ap?^p?tI
?t [m /$D /$mk## Em?k e #BD.
/ D# e"yYm ove5 v#/Ym e"K# ill uc#E $m unD ?tI
Ecm. ?tm E?D u e1l /l ep?I Ecm. u D# Q6m v#
$, e?6# EtI7m in/ /l eX<l aIem. In/l VIn/ /6#
lD, aK#=p?KO E?"l >Al ADm u /# ep?Dm 5em.
2. /$k
/$ke$E EVm
EVm e"X
e"X/
X/l: / D#kE E EVm oDkC, en/ o5 e/n/Rm
ill E"rnD i5p?D, o= E#?rp?D E?=KO [m a#? ep?DD.
tt^l i5kem EV#/E alD e<l Qt^Fe"l7m EV#/E D#ke$ EVm
e"Xp?/

eDke

^D.

?r

tt^l

i5kem

E?D,

E6

uE/

E#

?rDkecEI, D#YI e<l e"l7m E?D e"loE?ll E? ?^E i5p?r.
ap?^ i5p?D in/ /l eXke e$D. D#YI, a$ EVm e"Xk Ecm
e6 am il#. e" EVy i5n/7m, a/#$ M# / D#YI, /
D#kE e"Xp?E/ in/ /l eX< /Dem.
3. ?.
. : ?. /5/ [m a#? ep?DD. i/#$ UF".m /5D e6 QI
eDkem.
?. e?D a # p-/y i5k Ece$ il#. E u #l
eM/5m o5 AD at#IE alD 5 z?y E s QI i5km. o5 E#
u D# in/ /l eX# /# /l eX ec^5n/l, 5 V, =n/
V E?= kC /5# =nD D a5ke en/ uK=#/ /5m.

4. u/
u/ e"l
e"l: /$D D#ke en/ #elm u/ E/#p?C=D e?#/ c^D,
an/ #l u/ e"y /#$ /r?keD, u/ e"yD E?=#.
tt E#7m, a7 E#7m u/y i5p?D, a$ EVl, M#
/ D# e"y Ec^ E## /E$ e"yD ^DD E?=# in/ eOptI /l
eX<l aIem.
5. s?."m: a#? /y, t^ ^p?D, /t^kep?D, uI7=R eD E?=KO [m
e/.p?DD.
?r 5$ -l #ErD VIp?D, E/l #E?tkeD, a?y E/l "ynD
eD

E?=K#=

e"y5p?r.

i#

s?."m

e;m

/l

eXE.

aK#=

5C evR 5I$7m e"yE!

ep?^ /
/ D#<
#< /l
/l eX
eX# c^p
c^p?
c^p?D?
u D## $l #D 5m E ke #Ip?/ [m u D#< /l
eX e# e?/#$ c^DIm.
ep?^ /# e D# elIm ep?DC=r?
e$ .$ v# V e"yl# e$ e D# elIm avE?D -r
Q6C=r?
e D# elIm en/ v# a^k^ e"yY6 EtkeC=r?
i/ [m u D#< /# /l eX#Ym, icIm, [=m /l eX#Ym
c^D, an/ eXl u /# ep?/ K6ke Ecm. ?5m / /#
/;#I /l eX<l tE / D#ke ep?DC=r. av6 e"yD, /EB
e/./ o5.Im e"6 /Xl E?t, evR e"$7m -.nDeE tEI eC=r
e6 e"l7m tI/$Ke "m.
E6 r ekF"k$ /# $Dke #Dkec a/#$ ep?/E tEI
eC=r. iD EVr7ke e"6 t, /$ke e$ =# i5kC=D e?#/ arE
e/.nDetm, V eDRm e"ltEI e6 e"l/Ke "m.
UE / D#ke en/ /l eX<l / /# ep?/ Ecm e?#/ -.nD
ec, avE?D an/n/ /l eXl ep?DE/ /l u= im.
oE

.$

Ec$l,

/l

eX#

i55m

oE

ecI

i5r

.$

/m?

/l

e?5m?7m

eX#

a#l#.

e

/#

?Bkp?kem, a/ /l ?^, /$D D#< /l eX# aOnD, an/ #<l

/# ep?DD Uem.
in/ /l eX e;m ul Et?t^#$ 5Ke /r?ke/K
akp?m UE"#$< E?Dm, F"#$ uK?t, ul UE"#$k aem E?Dm,
url /m?<$5ke e"l1/p?C=D. iK#= ?? u Ak##
p?ke . ADk!

12

12. K
K= ^Y?
^Y? al
alD = ^Y??
^Y??

lIm ul UE"#$ke 5m ?5m / em?$r o5# K= KD al E/l
a#InD $r ul UE" e$l ar# K=^Ym e$ >#$D 5C=r.
a [m K=r# K= ^Ym e6 ?r Vm-C=r, U$l uc# e$ell
aK 6D e?D avR e/ VInDD C#ID. aK = Ecm e=
tIm u=l nkp?m E?D, u=R e"m e" "ke/IeC=D. a- e?D
tIK=D.

u#/

u

?^E

uK6keD/

uc#$

a-.

tI

nkp?tI a-, ?C=D. ip?^ O$l tE e a-ke u./ e6

Q6D >K=D.
aK 6D e6 >#$Dkec, /#$/E$ tIp? 6D e?D /#$
iBnD, /$mk## iBnD, a/$l / xDm, K=r xDm u ?r# O, u#
k a#IFe"yYm. Ec$l a-, u# E KOke o5 cEy,
e/Iky i5km. apE?D u u rR K=K$ E/## u ke ur
u# Xtm. ap?^  u ke e"yYm K=E >n/y i5kem.
ul e$ e"lC=D e=l, e?.r rnD tI 5#I e V#Ym K=
5m K=^D. ar /E / e V# KOke Ecm e6
>#$/l tE, ar = Vm u/ e"y ^Ym. e Vl K=m e?D eBn#/
?5l tE a?t"m "m. kct yt /l i;m ? ul aOr e
V e?# a eBn#/p?5l u5CC=$ e6 Q6C=r. e$E
ar eBn#/p?5 a;?#p e?6D ar e V u5C<5kC=$. o5.
eV =Ec$l, arD eBn#/p?5 a;?# m aKe, ar
- Ak# a;? i5k Ecm, a/  ar ke / xDm, K=r
xDm, in/ uC xDm uK$E i5n/ ?r# O i5k Ecm.
ul UE"#$< E?D, ar Ak# a;?# E6 #<l ?rk u/
e"y/ [m K=K$ #/# #/kCE=m. an/ #/  , ar =,
arD EcE E?.l u/ e"yCE=m
e V = Ec$l, VI#/<l K=m uK?I Ecm. VI#/<l uK?m K=m
e?D 5 ?^ >#l VIp?/ peF"s & ^Cct UC -A e?K= ur
Q6C=r.

1. n/#$
n/#$ke
/#$ke n
n  >#:
#: VI#/<l K=m e"y Ec^E/ il# e= ecm i5kem
>#

2. n/#$
n/#$ >#:
#: VI#/<l K=m e"y/l V= i5kem e= ecm uK?m >#

3. /r
/r?Dm >#:
# : VI#/<l K=m e"y /#$ /r?ke m >#
4. K
K=m e"yYm
e"yYm >#:
#: VI#/ K=#/ uc#<l e"yYm >#
5. K
K=#/ /k
/k #Dk
#Dke
Dke m
e m >#:
# : e"yD VI#/ K=#/ Ak# M/Ke
/k #Dke m >#
in/ Et?t^ ?^, ul UE"#$ke 5m o5r en/ ?^ >#<l i5kC=r e?#/
c^D, a/Ke /en/ UE"#$ akp?t o5 ?^ >#<15nD, a/ ?^>#ke
ec u/ e"yCE=m. oE o5 "np [m o5# n/#$ke n#/ >#<15nD,
K=m e"yYm >#ke ec ^D. o5 "npl n/#$ke n >#<l i5kem
o5#, n/#$ >#ke ec u/ e"y/l aDE eKO /. ? EVl K=m
e"yYm >#ke =e, a/Ke n#/ ?^># ke r e"6D uc. ap?^p?tIr#
xcm ove5 ?^>##Ym /cI u/ e"yD, /k#D e m >#ke ar n/ =e
/, VI#/ K=m uc#<l >AC=D. e$E K=m >B e" m ^kem. e?6#
E/#.
kC
kC eOp-:
eOp-: ar X<l B a5ke u.# uc. o5r = Ec$l aD
a;?m = Ecm. K=r# K= Ecm e6  >#$D a/K e$ket
u/D e"yD ecEI i5n/l, #I<l  / kke Utr. = Ec^
vl o5r =l# e6  5$l, Ak#Ym um /k a;?m eD
ar# = #kem e?#/ $l e . K=r = Ecm e6 >#$D u/
EtIl tE  ar ke u/ e"y ^Ym.

13

13. a#$5kem
a#$5kem a
am E/# a"rt^v
a"rt^ve$
rt^ve$s
e$s!

Vm Ak#<l Vm ?5I e/Ir- eCE=m Vm e"K m e"l m # Vke

eV5kkeC=$, # e. m UkeC=$. e. u5/Kem, Vc?r C#Ip?/Kem
Vm VI#/ m, e"K m o5 kC$  i5kC=$.
Vm VI#/ m, e"K m K=#E alD /#$E -c?IFe"yYm E?D, eV5km e#=nD
?##  yp- uK?C=D.
Vm Ke=55I e/Ir- e m E?Dm, K=r I E"rnD e"l# e"yYm E?Dm
5m [6 #$ -c?/ll u/D oE= VIp?#/ ?rkm.
1.K=r $m -c?6 u/D e"l1CE=m alD VInD eCE=m (Aggressive Behaviour)
2.K=r $m -c?IkQID e$k 5, e"l Ec^#/ e"ll alD e"y Ec^#/
e"yl Vm $#/ VE -c?k eCE=m.(Passive Behaviour)
3.an/ JB1l r $Dm -c?Il i5k Ec^, e#/D e?y# e"l1 "kCE=m
alD JAF VInD eCE=m. (Manipulative Behaviour)
in/ [6 #$ -c?/l #R# ?rpE?m. K=r -c?6 Vm VInD
ecIl, ae #= e/IeC=D. e=D o5 V -c?tIr Vm# -c?/ yp#?
er?rD ec^5p?r. yp- C#Ik, C#Ik #= e/Ir#/C E?em. K=r
-c?IkQID e$ E u# -c?kecIl, or el#ke =e Vm# VE aOl
K=#

-c?/

e/ICEm.

K=r

-c?/kQID

e=

a^p?#I

EVkm

>#=E=l E?ym. e?y e"$E alD JAF VInD ecIE, uc# e/.

5m E?D, Vm $E alD =r $E >F"m -c?m.
UE in/ [6 #= E /rkp?I Ec^E. ul ?^, -c?/l e?D l/Ke
uK=/l. aD /$ke uK?tI7m "., K=5ke uK?tI7m "., icE /=$D /.
in/ -c?/# E?k ul  #kp?m =E$ a"rt^ve$s.
a"rt^ve$s e?/ e?5:
K=#Ym

Ip?/D,

/#$Ym

Ip?/D

e /l
/#$Ym, K=r#Ym " ?/l
K=r# Ip?/D, / /$ A/l

e/Ir-el

K6m

VInD

/

E/##Ym,

urR#Ym

K=5ke

o5

e?5/$/".$

#=<l

ep?D/l
K=r K6m / xD E?p?I7m, 5ke7m e"l# e"y/l
K=r F"#$#, / F"#$ ?D e?6#y lD Et -.nD
e /l
a5ke u. u.## /l
Vm E/##Ym K=r E/##Ym a;".D ^R# e/l
e$E a"rt^ve$s e?#/ /Xl 5m -c?I cm /#$ ># >6kel e$
eX e?rkCE=.
ev6
6 i/#$ V#I
V#I#= Al
Al #I^p
#I^p?
^p?D?
^n/ # K=#Ym, u#Ym 5/D, u urR#Ym ec#Ym
EVr#

K=r ke e/.p?D. eDktI, u ke E?m

5C=D

e=l, a/#$ tp?kec V^kl, aE/ E?l E?p?t /l, e$ke
E?m 5C=D e6 e# ur/l e"l Ecm.
u $m e"l/Ke e VInD e}r. uE/ o5 v#/ ul e"y
^D e6 5$l, ^D e6 eK= urll, aE/ EVl K=#
Ip?/l e"l7.
a"rt^ve$s e?D o5 #. a#/ K6ke e" m ^kem. in/ ##
K6ke m # K# #ID i5/l am.
5m
5m -c?I
-c?I c
cm E?
E?D ep
e p? ^?
?^ 1: a/r E?/Ke p?D lY
?^ 2:  e$ lD -.nD ecr e$ a/5ke e/.p?D
Cp# E? 5m? e"l7
u r#/# E?t e"lm
ar e$ urRI E?$r e?#/Ym Q=Rm
?^ 3: i5n/7m (U$l e"ll) e6 e/IC u 5#/ u6$ e1l e"lRm
u .## D
D VInD
VInD e 
e 
 
K=r a5ke. u.## e?KO5kC=r ( m /). aK#= D e"l?I
Ecm.

5m

u.#

u

al

?

aOrl

Q=p?tI#,

"E=rl

uK6kep?tI#.

1. ?l, i$m, D e$ en/ o5 ?e?O, o5 "$ /ll/$ VI/p?I u.#

2. e"l = ecI l/$, u. .#/E VI/pe?= u.#

3. ep?^ /$D EV#/ ??/ Ecm e?#/ E/rR e"yYm u.#

4. e$ke e/.D e6 oDke m u.#
5. aB u.#
6. e$ EcE a#/ Et u.#
7. (e/.l) /6 e"y u.#
8. ^D e$ eK= urR ill e"l7m u.#
9. / E/## K=r ke e/.p?Dm u.#
10. e$ke -.l# e$ uc## e"l7m u.#
11. /l# e/.nD e m u.#
12. /n i5k/B u.#
13. V V$ B u.# (K=r e#$ ep?^ B e"lC=rE ap?^ al)
14. / $#/ KOke u.# (7m tIp?/?ID)
in/ 21m 0K=c^l, Vm l/ u.# ?KO am E?CE=m. l e?= u.#, /l e?6m
u.# e$ "tI [ a^p?#I u.#l ? u.## E"rkem Vm, EKQO 
u.## /l l/ Al i6m 6D / 5CE=m. il kC$ F"#$
e$e=l,

Vml

CtI/tI

elE5keE

"tI/l

Bp?tI

EKe"$6 ? u.# u$ e?#/ e/.l i5p?E/!!

u.#

/c^,

14

14. UC
UC
Cm eD
eD

X<l ?^/7m "., UC X<l ?^/7m "., UCl E?D e?D IE uD.
i/Ke  ee$$ e?#/ /1l ?r/l, aK#= ep?^ ". e"yD e?/#$
el c^D Im.
UCm e?D o5 eX e?#/ =nD t alD #=D t ?kl<l ?ItI
ekp?t$. UCm e?D o5 ?Im e?D E?l ?ItI u$.
E7m UCm e?D o5 aOR e6 ?r e"l V Et^5kCE=. ar iC VEtj
e6 eOpC=r. ip?^ e"lD KO7m /6! o5 eOptI ?Il aOR e?= an/
?I#/ ?^km. U$l o5 eOpI eX<l -# e?= an/ eX# ?^k QID.
K6ke Ecm.
aOl sr ?r/l, eX# K6ke m /m, ?I#/ ?^kem /m evE6.
eDktI, E<l ?I#/ eDke . E<1l aOR e?=, Epe?5t,
"?, aK#= ??Dm #= E?=K#=p -/#/ ?^E/ alD U.r
[E e/.nD e Ecm.
U$l VD /y eX# K6ke -/#E alD U.r# V^E$m?
il#E!
en/ o5 eX#Ym K6kel Ve ?e u$.

1. lp?D (Listening)
2. E?D (Speaking)
3. ?^p?D (Reading)
4. eMDD (Writing)
VD /y eX# K6ke, /1l Vm lk e/ICE$m. VD em?$5m, akm
?k$5m Vm#F KO E?#/ -.l lD $r e"m e" -.e/IC E?"
e/ICE$m. E?m E?D ap?^E " kCl Vm E?" e/Il#. /1l
heMD, HeMD, [e=MDk u e e"K# Vm K e/ICE$m. eDktI
, E?, s, am, ap?, ac, , /c, k, Vy E?=#. =e e kC#
#$F e"K ec E?E$m. apE?D E?l Vm e"y/ /6 ke /cI#$
C#Ikl#, 5m E1 e"yl#. Vm ". e"yp?tEIm. i/Kelm =e/ ?^p?Dm,
eMDDm n/$.
U$l Vml ?r ep?^ UC eX# K6kecEIm? /1l ?^k, eM/e/IC E?"

n/l, /= E?$l E1 e"yr e$ >#$D >#$E/ UCl E?"l i5nD
CE=m. #I<l UC#/ l/l e?D ?5ke yp?E/ il#.
U o5 eX# K Ec^ #=<l UC#/ Vm K/Dm, o5 ?I#/ ?^p?D E?6
UC#/ ?^/Dm/ ipE?D Vm UCm E?" ^l E?/Ke a^p?#I .
e$E UCm E?" e/Ie/Ke ? UC#/ lk /$ke e?5/ u
X# c^k Ecm. UC#/ am Et^/r eVt UC e"y
a#.#"#p ?r/l o6m -.D. av6 e"y/l, ayE, o6m -.l# e6
Vmk# iBnD I yp- uc. i5kem Xl u ke e?5/$, u ke EtIl
-.Ym #<l u X# E/rne/D e"l?/ Ecm. i6 UC eX# lk ?
yp- u$. eDktI

?

/A a#.#"l,

UCF

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