Advanced Energy Storage:

Li-ion batteries for EV & HEV

applications
Mehdi Moussavi PhD
Nanomaterials Technology Division General Manager
CEA-LITEN Grenoble France
Mehdi.moussavi@cea.fr

MicroWatt Lab - Tours

Belfort, Fuel Cell Institute (FCLab)

INRETS, CNRS, UTBM, UFC, Univ. Nancy

ST-Microelectronics

Chambry, Solar Institute (INES)

Wet processing platform
ST-Etienne

CNRS, CSTB, Univ. Savoie

Grenoble
Cadarache, solar testing platform

2007 Manpower

Patents: 160 in portfolio

2007 Budget
53 million

520 Scientists

74 new patents in 2007

30 million of external funding

23 million of CEA funding
2

Roadmap of motorization technologies

Thermal

Hybrid

Fuel Cell

Engine

Engine

Engine

2006

- Synthetic fuel, gen 2

- Exhaust system
- Air treatment
- Surface treatment
- Thermal exchange system

2010-15

2020-2030

- Energy storage
- Energy management

- Hydrogen storage and

production
- High energy batteries
- Coupling with renewable
energy

Battery chart
100000

HEV
10000

Li-ion

Ni-Cd
1000

100

10

(power)
Ni-MH

Li-polymer
Li-ion (energy)

Supercapacitors

Specific Power (W/kg)

Lead Spiral Cell

EV
Lead-acid
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Specific Energy (Wh/kg)

4

HEV main requirements for the battery

A very high specific power capability in both charge and

discharge
Low cost at both the cell and the module level
A wide operating temperature range (-40C to more than 80C)
Long cycle life, ideally 15 years
Reliable and safe
A high usable energy density ratio to increase autonomy

Hybrid market

NiMH limitations
Energy and power density
High temperature stability

Li-ions will be
introduced but cost
and safety issues must
be solved
6

Current Li-ion developments

Li-ion development for HEV:

Big 3: Sanyo, Sony, MBI
Others:
SAFT-JC, Nec, Nissan, Toyota, Valence, A123
7

Costs remains one critical issue for Li-ion

Lithium-ion battery basic principles

Properties required for active materials:

reversible intercalation of lithium
good electronic and ionic (Li+) conductivity
high specific capacity (mAh/g)
9

Advanced materials for Li-ion batteries

Active materials for the + electrode

LiFePO4/C nanocomposite safety, power
5 V class spinel materials power density

Active materials for the electrode

Titanium oxides charge, safety
Nano-silicon/carbon composites energy
Synthesis up to 10kg

Electrolyte formulation
Ionic liquids based electrolytes safety
Polymer electrolyte membranes power

10

High power/fast charge lithium titanate cells

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4
LiMn2O4
LiCoO2
LiFePO4

Voltage (V vs. Li/Li)

5
4
3
2

Li4Ti5O12

1
0

Graphite
0

20

40

60

80

100

% of actual capacity

11

Advanced batteries

Material synthesis
ink preparation

Electrode coating

Electrode calandering

Development of advanced Li-ion batteries:

From new materials synthesis to prototype cells
and system integration

System integration

Cell assembly (up to 10 Ah)

Cell winding

12

Storage systems platform

To integrate and evaluate the
storage technologies of
medium and high power
(1000 A / 1000 V)

To develop modeling tools and to optimize the

management strategies of energy storage in
battery

To perform Safety Analysis on The

batteries (ARC)

80 test channels for evaluation of all

battery technologies
(-40C to +60C)

2 characterization labs
13

Technical conclusions
Work in progress on short term available new materials:
Safe LiFePO4 technology for EV application
High power lithium titanate for HEV or power tools

Key success factors:

Reproducible high volume/low cost manufacturing process for
electrode materials
High performance safe electrolyte (ionic liquids?) to be
developed

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