किल्ले १

nwUo {Ohm
amOJS>
{H$`mMr C M r : 1394 _rQ>a.
{H$`mMm H$ma : {JarXwJ

S>m| J aam J : nwU o
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : _`_
{H$o amOJS>, qhXdr dam`mMr amOYmZr
JS>mMm amOm, am{O`mM m JS>
amOJS> ho {edmOr _hmamOmM o n{hbo _wI amOH$s` H|$. ~wb X, ~obmJ Am{U ~iH$Q> amOJS> AmOhr Amn`mbm qhXwdam`mMr
dmhr XoV C^m Amho. nw`m`m ZF $òbm 48 {H$._r. AVamda AZ ^moa`m ~m`òbm 24 {H$._r. AVamda Zram-doidS>r-H$mZXr
Am{U Jw OdUr Zm`m Imo-`m`m ~oM`mV _w~XodmMm S>m|Ja C^m Amho. _mdi^mJm_ò am`{dVma gm` H$a`mgmR>r amOJS>
Am{U VmoaUm ho Xmo hr {H$o _mo`m`m {R>H$mUr hmoVo. VmoaUm Oar Aô Agbm Var ~mbo{H$m AmH$mamZo bhmZ Ag`m_wio
amOH$s` H|$ hUyZ hm {H$m gmo`rMm ZhVm. `m_mZmZo amOJS> XwJ_ AgyZ `mMm ~mbo{H$m VmoaUm {H$`mnojm _moR >m Amho.
{edm` amOJS>mH$S>o H$moU`mhr ~mOyZo òVmZm EImXr Q>oH $S>r qH$dm ZXr AmobmS>mdrM bmJVo EdT>r gwa{jVVm hmoVr,hUyZ Amnbo
amOH$s` H|$ hUyZ {edmOr _hmamOmZr amOJS>mMr {ZdS> Ho$br.amOJS>mbm VrZ _m`m d ~mbo{H$m Amho. ~mbo{H$m gdmV CM
Agy Z `mMr g_w gnmQ>rnmgyZMr CM r 1394 _rQ>a Amho.
{edVrW am`JS> lr {edN> nVt`m H$V dmMm {dVma XmIdVmo Va XwJamO amOJS> `m`m _hdmH$mjoMr CMr XmIdVmo.
B{Vhmg : amOJS>m g~YrMo CoI

1)"amOJS> Am{U VmoaUm ho Xmohr {H$o Aô d$nmMo AgyZ Aem {R>H$mUr dgbo AmhoV H$s _mdi`mMm ZoVm {edmOr `mbm
am`{dVmamgmR>r {H$`mM m ânya Cn`moJ Pmbm."
-Oo g S>bg(~w H $ Am\$ ~m~o )
2) gmH$s _wVXImZ `m`m _m{gao Am{b_{Jao Zmdm`m JWmV hUVmo- "amOJS> hm A{Ve` CM . `mMr CMr nmhVm gd
{H$`mV Vmo lo> hmo` Ago hUVm òBb. `mMm Koa 12 H$mogmMm Amho. `m`m _O~yVrMr Va H$nZmhr H$adV ZhVr.
S>m|Jam`m X-`mImo -`mVyZ Am{U KZKmoa Aa`mVyZ dm-`m{edm` Xwg ao H$mhr {\$aHy$ eH$V Zmhr. òWo nmdgmbmM \$$ dmQ> {_iy
eH$Vo. BVa H$moUrhr `mVyZ OmD$ eH$V Zmhr."
3) _ho_X hm{e_ ImbrImZ `mZo "_wVI~wbbw~m~-E-_ho_Xmemhr " Zm_H$ JWm_ò hUVmo,"amOJS> {H$`mMo _r H$go dUZ
H$?H$m` `m {H$`mMr CMr, H$m` `mMm {dVma !OUy H$mhr AmH$meM ngabo hmoVo `mMo Q >moH$ nmhZ N>mVr XS>no. `m`m
^mamZo ndr YmaU H$aUmam nmVmimVrb df^ AmoaS>V Agmdm. `m ^mJmV gmnmMm gwigwimQ> hmoVm. {OH$S>o {VH$S>o {Za{Zam`m
H$maMo qhg new {XgV. `m_wio gJio V hmoD$Z Jobo. amOJS> {H$m hUOo S>m|JamMr amJ `mMm Koa ~mam H$mog mMm `mbm
gJirH$Sy>Z doT>m KmbUo H${R>U hmoVo."
B{Vhmg :B{VhmgmVyZ An> òU m-`m CoImd Z gmVdmhZnyd hUOo gmYmaU 2000 dfm nydu nmgyZMm hm S>m|Ja Amho. ~hfu F$ftMo
òWo AgUmao dmV` d `mM ~hfu F$ft`m ZmdmdZ òWo WmnZ Pmbobo lr ~hfu XodWmZ `mdZ S>m|Ja \$ma nwamVZ
Agmdm.
amOJS>mMo nyduMo Zmd hmoVo _wa~Xod hm {H$m ~h_Zr amOdQ>r _ò `mM ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmV Ago AWmV `mdoir JS>mMo d$n
\$ma H$mhr ^` {X ` Ago ZhVo. Bgdr gZ 1490 `m gw_mamg Ah_XZJa`m {ZOm_emhrMm g WmnH$ Ah_X ~{har `mZo
dmboKmQ> Am{U ViH$moH$UmVrb AZoH$ {H$o qOHy$ Z npM_ _hmam>mV ^md {Z_mU Ho$ bm Am{U `mM doir `mZo _w$~Xod hm {H$m
hVJV Ho$bm. _w_Xod mMo JS>H$ar {~ZmeV eaU Am`m_wi o Ah_X ~{harbm {H$m qOH$`mg {deof `mg H$amdo bmJbo Zmhr.
nwT>o {H$`mda {ZOm_emhrMr gmm Wm{nV Pm`mda 125 df} {H$`mda H$moUmMmhr hm Pmbm Zmhr. Bgdr gZ 1625 `m
gw_mamg _w$_Xod {H$m {ZOm_emhr H$Sy>Z Am{Xbehr H$S>o Ambm. {ZOm_ehm`m dVrZo ~mOr h~Vamd {ebr_H$a d `mMo dS>rb
mOr ZmBH$ `m {H$`mMr `dWm nmhV hmoVo. _{bH$ A~a`m AmXoemZwgma ~mOr h~amdmZo _w_XodmMm Vm~m Am{Xbemhr
gaXma h~VIm_mH$S>o {Xbm.
1630 `m gw_mamg hm {H$m Am{Xb ehmH$Sy>Z naV {ZOm_emhrV X mIb Pmbm. ehmOramO mM m A{YH$ mar gmoZmOr `m {H$`mM m
H$ma^ma nmh bmJbm. {d Omnya Am{Xb emhr g`m`m EH$m VwH$S>rZo {H$`md a hm Ho$bm. `mV g moZmOr OI_r Pmb m. hUyZ
~mbmOr ZmBH $ {eir_H$a Amn`m VwH $S>rgh _w _Xod m`m ajUmW YmdyZ Jobm. Vohm ~mbmO r ZmBH $ OI _r Pmb m. `m H$m_{Jar
~b ehmOramO mZr ~mimOr ZmBH$ {ebr_H$amM m ZVa g _mZhr Ho$b m.
{edam`mZr _w_ XodmM m {H$m H$Yr KoVbm `mMm {b IrV nwa mdm AmO _m CnbY Zmhr `m_wi o {H$ m Vm`mV H$Y r Ambm ho
gmJUo A{ZpMVM Amho.
{edM [a g m{h` I S>m`m X hm`m IS>mV {g Pmbb o EH$ dm gmJVo H$s, "{edmOrZo ehm_J ZmdmMm ndV Vm`mV K oD$Z
`md a B_maV ~mYbr."
g^mgX ~Ia hUVmo H$s,
"_wam~mX hUmoZ S>m|Ja hmoVm `mg d g{d bo `mM o Zmd amOJS> hU moZ R>o{db o. `m JS>m`m Mma _m`m dg {d`m g ^mgXmZo
~mbo{H$`mbm gwm EH$ _mM r hUyZ JUb r Amho."
_m gZ 1646 Vo 1647 `m g w_mamg {edam`mZr VmoaUm {H$`mgmo~V hm {H$ m qOHy$Z K oVbm. hm {H$m ~mY`mMo H$m_
_hmamOmZr _moR> m PnmQ>mZo gw Ho$bo. `m S>m|Jamg VrZ gm|S>m qH$dm _m`m hmo`m `mghr VQ>~X r Ho$b r. _w ` {H$`mg amOJS>
Zmd R>od yZ EH$ B_maV C^ r Ho$b r. VrZ _m`mZm g wd oi m, gOrdZr Am{U n mdVr hr Zmdo {Xb r. {eadi ZOrH$ IoS>~mao ZmdmMm
Jmd hmoVm VoWo amZ \$ma hmoVo `m {R >H$mUr \$_mer Am`mM r PmS>o b mdyZ noR > dg {db r d {VM o Zmd {edmnya Ago R>o db o.Bgdrg Z
1660 _ò AmaJOo~m`m AmkoZwg ma em{hVoI mZmZo {edmOr _hmamOm`m Xoemda dmar Ho$b r. \$magr gmY Zm_ YyZ Aer
_m{hVr {_i Vo H$s em{hVoI mZmZo amOJS>mH$S>o \$mO nmR>{dbobr hmoVr m \$mO oZo amOJS>m`m Od inmg Mr H$mhr IoS>r OmiyZ
CdV Ho$b r naVw `j amOJS> {H$m {OH$ `mMm `Z _m Ho$b m Zmhr 6 E{b 1663 amoO r emhrVoI mZmda N>mnm Kmb yZ
{edmO r _hmamO amOJS>mda naVbo.
gZ 1665 _ò {_P mamOm O`qg J `mZo {edam`m `m Xoemda dmar Ho$b r. XmD$XImZ Am{U am`qgJ `m XmoZ gaXmamZm `mZo
`m n[agamVrb {H$o qOH$`mg mR>r nmR>{d bo. 30 E{b 1665 amoO r _wJb g`mZo amOJS>mda Mmb Ho$b r. naVw _amR> mZr
{H$`md Z {d bjU _mam Ho$`m _wi o _wJbmZm _mK ma `md r bmJb r.
{edmO r _hmamOmZr O`qgJ ~amo~a Vh H$aVmZm 23 {H$o Xo `mMo _m` Ho$b o d dV:H$S>o 12 {H$o R>odb o. `m 12 {H$`m_ò
amOJS>, VmoaUm, qbJmUm, am`JS> `mMm g _mdoe hmoV mo. g^mgX ~IarVrb C oI Imbrb _mUo Amho "gmmdrg {H$o Vm~mg {X bo. {ZemUo MT>{dbr daH$S> amOJS> d H$moQ > _moamonV noed o d {ZbmonV _wOw_Xma d ZoVmOr nmbH$a
gaZmo~V Ag o _mVwlt`m hdmb r Ho$b o d AmnUhr {Xrg Omdo, ~mXemhmMr ôQ > `mdr Agm H$ama Ho$bm."
{edmO r _hmamO Am`mhZ {ZgQ y>Z {Zd S>H$ bmoH$m{Zer 12 gQ >|~a 166 6 bm amOJS>mb m gwIn nmoMb o. 24 \o$~wdmar 1670
amoO r amOJS>mda amOmam_Mm O_ P mbm. qg hJS> {H$m Ko`mgmR>r {edmOr _hmamOmZ r VmZmOr _mbwg wao `mg amO JS>mdZM
1670 _ò nmR>{dbo. gZ 1671-1672 _ò {ed mOr _hmamOmZ r am`JS> WmZ amO YmZr g mR>r {ZpM V Ho$ bo Am{U amOYmZr
am`JS>md Z amOJS>mH$S>o hb {db r.
3 E{b 1680 amoO r {edam`mM o {ZYZ Pm`mda d am`mda AmaJOo~m `m dmarMo gH$Q> H$mog ib o. 11 _mM 1689 amoOr
g^mOr _hmamOmZm nH$Sy>Z R>ma _mabo `mZVa _wJ bmZr _amR>mM o AZoH$ JS> qOHy$Z Ko`mM m `Z Ho$ bm. {H$emoaqg h hmS>m `m
_wJb gaXmamZo OyZ 1689 _ò amOJS> qOHy$Z KoVbm. AmaJOo~mZo A~wbIaImZ `mbm amOJS>mMm A{Y H$mar hU yZ Zo _bo. _m
Amn g ^mO r _hmamOmZm nH$S>`mMr d mVm ngabr ZhVr `m_wi o _amR >mM r \$mO amOJS>m^mod Vr Jmoi m Pmbr Am{U Amn`m
~imda amOJS> nw hm qOHy$Z K oVbm.
OmZodmar 1694 _Yrb EH$m n mV eH$amOr ZmamÙ g {Md `mZo ' H$mZX Imo-`mVrb Xoe_wI mZr amO JS>m`m n[ag amVrb XoemMo
_wJb m`m h`mnmgyZ gajU Ho$`m ~b `mMr BZm_o `mM H$S>o M mbd mdrV ' Agm AmXoe {Xb m hmoVm.
nwT>o 11Zmoh|~a 1703 _ò dV: AmaJOo~ OmVr{Zer hm {H$m qOH$`mgmR>r nw `mhZ {ZKmb m. AmaJO o~mMm hm dmg _m
gwIH$a Pmb m Zmhr. amOJS>m`m AbrH$S>o Mma H$mog KmQ >mVbm aVm Amho. aVm Ho$di X wJ_ hmoVm AmaJOo~mZo E H$ _{hZm AmYr
H$mhr hOma JdS>r, ~obX ma Am{U H$m_Xma `mZm aVm ZrQ> H$a`m`m H$m_md a nmR>{dbo. nU aVm H$mhr ZrQ> Pmbm ZhVm `m_wi o
~aoM eo g m_mZ Amho {VWo Q >mHy$Z md o bmJbo. 2 {S>g|~a 1703 amoO r AmaJOo~ amOJS>m Odi nmohMb m. {H$`mg _moM } bmdb o.
{H$`mM m ~wO Vrg JO CM `mM CMrMo X_X_o V`ma H$Z `mda Vmo\$m MT>{d`m d ~wOmda Vmo\$mM m ^S>r_ma H$ bmJbo.
Va{~`VImZ Am{U h_r~wrZImZ `mZo n mdVr`m ~mOyZo _moM } bmd bo. nwT>o X moZ _{hZo Pmbo Var {H$m H$mhr hmVmV òV ZhVm.
eodQ>r 4 \o$~wd mar 1703 amoO r amOJS> AmaJOo~m`m hmVmV nS>bm. BamXVImZ `mbm AmaJO o~mZo {H$oXma Zo_b o Am{U
{H$`mM o Zmd "Zm{~ehmJS>"Ag o R>o db o.
29 _o 1707 amoOr JwUmOr g mdV `mZo nVmOr {edX od m ~amo~a amOJS>mda d mar H$Z Vmo {H$m qO Hy$Z KoVbm Am{U nw hm {H$m
_amR>`m`m dmYrZ Pmb m. nwT>o emh`m Vm`mV {H$ m Am`mda 1709 _ò emhZo g wd oi m _mMrg 300 nò d gOrdZr
_mMrg 100 nò Aer `dWm bmdyZ {Xbr.

noedoH$mimV amOJS> hm g{Mdm`m Vm`mV hmoVm. noedmB _ò Am{WH$ n[apWVr dmadma {~KS>V Ag`mZo {H$`mda {e~XrMo
nJmahr doi od a hmoV ZgV. AemM n[apWVr _ò amOJS>mdarb god H$mM o nJma EH$ dfâ WH$bo hmoVo - amOdmS>o IS> 12.
`mZVa amOJS> ^moa gWmZm`m Vm`mV Job m. `mMr `dWm nmh`mgmR>r ghm A{YH$mar Zo_bo. gwdoim _mMrgmR>r gaZmo~V
{ebr_H$a, nmdVr _mMrgmR>r gaZmo~V-ndma Kam`mVrb, gOrdZr _mMrgmR>r gaZmo~V- ImonS>o Kam`mVrb `m {edm` ZmBH$
d gaZmBH$ ho A{YH$mar gwm AgV.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo :

nmdVr Vbmd :Jw XadmOm H$Sy>Z nmdVr _mMrda Am`mda g_moaM gw~H$ ~mYUrMm {dVrU Agm Vbmd AmT>iVmo. Vbmdm`m
q^Vr AmOhr em~yV AmhoV. VbmdmV Om`mgmR>r `m`m q^VrVM EH$ H$_mZ V`ma Ho$bobr Amho. VbmdmV g`m
Jmi _moR>m _mUmV gmMbm Amho.
am_oamMo _{Xa:nmdVr Xodr`m _{Xam g_moaM nyd{^_wI Ago am_oa _{Xa Amho. _{XamVrb {edqbJ {edH$mbrZ Amho. _{XamV
AgUmar _m${Vam`mMr _yVu X{jUm{^_wI Amho.
amOdmS>m :
am_oa _{XamnmgyZ nm`-`mZr da OmVmZm COdrH$S>o amOdmS>mMo H$mhr Adeof {XgVmV.`m amOdmS>m_ò EH$
Vbmd Amho.`m {edm` amOdmS>mnmgyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda A~maImZm bmJVmo.`m`m WmoS>o nwT>o gXa Amho. gXao`m
g_moa XmH$moR>ma Amho.
gXa:hr JS>mdaMr gdmV _hdmMr Aer dmVy. am_oa _{XamnmgyZ nm`-`mZr da Jo`mda CO`m hmVmg amOdmS>mMo
Adeof AmhoV. WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda COdrH$S>o gXa Amho. nydu `m gXaoV AmoQ>r`m H$S>og _Y`m IUmV EH$ OwZm
Jm{bMm d `mda bmoS> R>odbobm Ago.AZoH$ B{Vhmg VkmMo Ago _V Amho H$s hr gXa ZgyZ VQ>gaZm~VmMo Ka
Amho.
nmbr XadmOm:nmbr XadmOmMm _mJ nmbr JmdmVyZ òVmo. hm _mJ \$ma eV AgyZ MT>`mgmR>r nm`-`m ImoX`m AmhoV.
nmbr XadmOmMo n{hbo doe ma ânya CMrMo Am{U XrMo Amho, `mVyZ hmr gwm A~margh AmV òD$ eH$Vmo. ho
doema AmobmSy>Z 200 _r. nwT>o Jo`mda â^$_ ~mYUrMo Xwgao doema Amho. doemamMo gajU MmJ`m
~wbX Aem ~wOmZr Ho$bobo Amho. `m XadmOmMo d{eQ> hUOo XadmOm`m da Am{U ~wOmda naH$moQ> ~mYbobo
AmhoV. `m naH$m|Q>mZm Jmob AmH$mamMo PamoHo$ R>odbobo AmT>iVmV. Aem Pamo`mZm '\${bH$m' Ago hUVmV. `m
\${bH$mMm Cn`moJ Vmo\$m S>mJ`mgmR>r hmoV Ago. XadmOmVyZ AmV {ea`mda Xmohr ~mOyg nhmaoH$-`m`m XodS>m
AmhoV. `m XadmOmZo JS>mda Am`mda AmnU nmdVr _mMrda nmohMVmo.
JwOdUo XadmOm:JwOdU XadmOm hUOo EH$m_mJo EH$ Agbo`m VrZ doemamMr EH$ _m{bH$ Amho. n{hbm XadmOm A`V gm`m
~mYUrMm Amho. _m XadmOmbm Xmohr ~mOyg â^$_ ~wO Amho. JwOdUo XadmOm`m Xwg-`m doemambm
d{e>nyU H$_mZ Amho.`m XadmOm`m eodQ>r d JUoe n>r`m Imbr XmohrH$S>o XmoZ CnS>o KQ> KoVbo`m d EH$m
H$_bH${bHo$ g_moa Agbo`m gm|Sm> AmhoV. gmV `m {enmdZ lr qH$dm JO{en V`ma Pmbo Agmdo Ago
AZw_mZ {ZKVo. `m gd Jmo>tdZ Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s,ho doema {ednydH$mbmV ~mYbobo Agmdo. `m
doemamVyZ AmV Am`mda Xmohr ~mOyg
nmdVr _mMr:amOJS>mbm EHy$U 3 _m`m AmhoV. `m nH$s gdmV eV Aer _mMr hUOo nmdVr _mMr. nmdVr _mMr Ho$di
EH$ bH$ar H|$ ZgyZ {ZdmgmMo {R>H$mUhr hmoVo. _mMrda ~mYH$m_mMo AZoH$ Adeof gmnS>VmV. nmdVr XodrMo
_{Xa,gB~mBMr g_mYr ,hdmbXmamMm dmS>m, aZembm, gXa, nmdVr Vbmd, Jw XadmOm, nmbr XadmOm, JwOdUo
XadmOm, XmJmo`mMr H$moR>mao `m dmVy AmOhr {eH$ AmhoV.`m{edm` nmdVr _mMrda ~mhUdJmMr Am{U
A>YmZ _S>imMr H$mhr Kao AmhoV.
nmdVr _{Xa :g`m 2002 _ò `m _{XamMm OrUm}Xma Ho$bm Amho. {edam`mZr {H$o _w~XodmMo amOJS> hUyZ Zm_H$aU
Ho$`mda òWo Agbo`m OmJoda nmdVr XodrMo _{Xa ~mYbo `mMm CoI AmT>iVmo. g`m _{XamV Amn`mbm VrZ
_y`m {XgVmV. _w` nwOoMo _yVu ^moa`m nV g{MdmZr Wmn Ho$br Amho. `m`m CO`m ~mOwbm bhmZ Agbobr
_yVu {edam`mZr Wm{nV Ho$bobr Amho Va XmoZ _yVu`m _ò e|Xya
nhmaoH$-`m`m XodS>m AmhoV.\$mgbobm VmXim hUOo nmdVr XodrMr _Vu Amho. `m _{XamV g`m 20 Vo 30
OUmZm amhVm òVo. _{Xam`m ~mOygM nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. `mVrb nmUr {n`mgmR>r `mo` Amho. _{Xam`m g_moaM
gB~mBMr g_mYr Amho.
gOrdZr _mMr:gwdoim _mMr`m ~mYUrZVa {edmOr_hmamOmZr `m _mMrMo ~mYH$m_ H$a`mg gwadmV Ho$br. _mMrMr EHy$U bm~r
AS>rM {H$._r. Amho. hr _mMr gwm 3 Q>`m_ò ~mYbobr Amho. gOrdZr _mMrdarb KamMo Adeof AmOhr
ApVdmV AmhoV. _mMr`m òH$ Q>`mg {MbIVr ~wO AmhoV. n{hbm Q>nm Imbr CVZ CmaoH$S>o diyZ
VQ>mbmJV WmoS>o _mJo MmbV Jo`mda VrZ {Vhoar ~mYUrMo ~wO bmJVmV. `m {Vhr ~wOmda {edH$mbmV MS>
_moR> m Vmo\$m Agm`mV `m _mMrda AZoH$ nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV. `m _mMrbm EHy$U 19 ~wO AmhoV. _mMrbm
^w`mar naH$moQ>mMr `moOZm Ho$bobr Amho. `m ^w`mamVyZ ~mhoarb VQ>~Xr H$S>o ò`mgmR>r qXS>mMr `dWm Ho$bobr
Amho. gOrdZr _mMrda Amiw XadmOmZo gwm òVo. Amiw XadmOm nmgyZ amOJS>mMr d{e>` Agbobr {MbIVr
VQ>~ Xr Xw V\$m Mmby hmoVo. Xmohr VQ>m_Yrb AVa AYm-nmD$U _rQ>a AgyZ Imobr gw_mao 6 Vo 7 _rQ>a Amho. `m
^mJmV ~wOm`m {MbIVmV CVa`mgmR>r nm`-`m`m qXS>m AmhoV. VgoM ZmioVyZ da ò`mgmR>r XJS>r gmonmZ
AmhoV. _mMrda VQ>~Xr _ò H$mhr OmJr mV{dYrMr {R>H$mUo AmT>iVmV. Xwhoar VQ>~Xr`m eodQ>r ~bmT> ~wO
AmhoM `mMm Cn`moJ Xyada ZOa R>od`mgmR>r hmoV Ago.
Amiw XadmOm:gOrdZr _mMrda ò`mgmR>r `m XadmOmMm Cn`moJ hmoV Ago. VmoaUm dZ amOJS>mda ò`mMm EH$_od _mJ `m
XadmOmVyZ OmV Ago. Amiw XadmOm gpWVrbm ~-`mnH$s T>mgmibo`m AdWVoV Amho. `m XadmOmda EH$
{en Amho. dmKmZo EH$ gm~ma CVmUo nmS>bo Amho Ago {M `m {enmV XmIdbo Amho.
gwdoim _mMr:_w~XodmMm {H$m Vm`mV Am`mZVa {edmOr _hmamOmZr {H$`m`m nyd}H$S>rb S>m|JaamJobm â^$_ VQ>~Xr
~mYbr, Am{U _mMrbm gwdoim _mMr Ago Zmd R>odbo. nyd}H$S>o hr _mMr Ag`m_wio `m _mMrMo Zmd gwdoim Ago
R>odbo. gwdoim _mMr hr gOrdZr EdT>r bm~ Zmhr _m `m _mMrMo gwm 3 Q>no AmhoV. nyd}H$S>o hr _mMr qMMmoir hmoV
Jobobr Amho.
_mMr`m ma^r Q>oH$S>r gmaIm ^mJ Amho `mbm Sw>~m Ago hUVmV. `m Sw>`m`m S>mdrH$Sy>Z amZmVyZ OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo
Jo`mda {e~Xr KaQ>o {XgVmV. VoWo S>m`m hmVmg EH$ X{jU_wIr dra _mVr d `m`m Odi nm`mMo Q>mH$ Amho.
òWo AgUmao MmWao ògmOr Ho$H$, VmZmOr _mbgwao d {ebt~H$a `m gaXmamMr hmoVr. òWyZ gai OmUmar dmQ>
gwdoim _mMr`m Xwg-`m Q>n`mda OmVo Va S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> H$mioar ~wOm`m n[agamV KoD$Z OmVo. AmnU
_mMr`m {XeoZo WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda COdrH$S>o EH$ gXa bmJVo. òWyZ nwT>o VQ>~Xr`m Iam ^mJ gw hmoVmo. òWrb
VQ>~Xr XmoZ Q>`mV {d^mJbr AgyZ òH$ Q>`m`m eodQ>r {MbIVr ~wO Amho. Xwg-`m Q>`mV Jo`mda
VQ>~Xr`m Xmohr ~mOyg AmVrb AJmg ^w`mar {MbIVr naH$moQ>mMr aMZm Ho$br Amho. Xwg-`m Q>n`mH$S>o OmVmZm
EH$ CM IS>H$ bmJVmo Am{U `m IS>H$mV 3 _rQ>a `mgmMo EH$ {N> AmT>iVo `m IS>H$mbmM ZoQ> qH$dm 'hmrVa'
Ago hUVmV. `m hmrVam`m AbrH$S>o VQ>mVrb JUnVr AmT>iVmo d VoWyZM nwT>o VQ>mVyZ Imbr Om`mgmR>r Jw
XadmOm Amho. `m XadmOmbm _T>o XadmOm Ago hUVmV.hmr Vam`m nwT>rb ^mJmV gwm EH$ AgmM Jw XadmOm
gwdoim_mMr`m gdmV eodQ>`m Q>`mV Imb`m ^mJmV dmKOmBMo {en Amho.

H$mioar ~wO Am{U n[aga:gwdoim _mMr`m Xwg-`m Q>`mH$S>o OmUm-`m dmQ>o`m COdrH$S>o di`mda Amn`mbm nm`mMr H$mhr Q>mH$s
{XgVmV. nwT>o am_oa _{XamMo H$mhr Adeof AmhoV.`m am_oa _{XamV {edqbJ, ^ ZXr, EH$ `j_yVu Aer {eno
AmT>iVmV.
`m am_oa _{Xam`m darb ~mOyg {ebmIS>mda JUoemMr {V_m, nmdVr, {edqbJ Aer {eno AmhoV. òWyZ WmoS>ogo
nwTo> Jo`mda H$mioar ~wO Amho. òWoM VQ>mV EH$ Jw XadmOm XoIrb AmT>iVmo.
~mbo{H$m:amOJS>m`m gdmV CM ^mJ hUOo ~mbo{H$m hmo`. `m ~mbo{H$`mH$S>o OmUmam aVm H$R>rU Am{U AX Amho.
MT>U gn`mZVa ~mbo{H$`mMm XadmOm bmJVmo. `mbmM _hmXadmOm Ago hr hUVmV. AmOhr XadmOm MmJ`m
pWVrV Amho. doemamMr CMr 6 _rQ>a AgyZ doemamda H$_i, dpVH$ hr ew^{Mh H$moabobr AmhoV.
~mbo{H$`mbm gmYmaU 1.5 _rQ>a CMrMr VQ>~Xr ~mYbobr AgyZ {d{e> AVamda ~wOhr R>odbobo AmhoV.
XadmOmVyZ AmV Jo`mda g_moaM OZZr_{Xa Amho. òWyZ nwT>o Jo`mda MVio bmJVo. V`m`m g_moaM Cma~wM
Amho. òWyZ nmdVr _mMr Am{U BVa gd n[aga {XgVmo. ~wOm`m ImbyZ EH$ nm`dmQ> ~mbo{H$`mda òVo AmVm
_m hr dmQ> EH$ _moRm> {ebmIS> Q>mHy$Z ~X Ho$bobr Amho.hr dmQ> `m ~wOmd$Z da òVo `m ~wOmbm Cma ~wO
Ago hUVmV.òWyZ gnyU amOJS>mMm Koam Amn`m bjmV òVmo.`m Cma ~wOm`m ~mOwbm ~hfu F$ftMo _{Xa
Amho.`m {edm` ~mbo{H$`mda H$mhr ^ AdWoVrb B_maVr MmWao, dmS>mMo Adeof AmT>iVmV.
amOJS> {H$m gnyU nmh`mgmR>r gmYmaU 2 {Xdg bmJVmV. JS>mdZ VmoaUm, VmnJS>, am`JS>, {bJmUm,
qghJS>, nwaXa, dOJS>, _hmaJS>, amohrS>m, amàoa Am{U bmohJS>, {dgmnya ho {H$o {XgVmV.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r AZoH$ _mJ AmhoV.
1.JwXadm`mZo amOJS> : nwUo amOJS> Aer Eg.Q>r nH$Sy>Z Amn`mbm dmOoKa `m Jmdr CVaVm òVo.~m~wXm
Pmnm nmgyZ EH$ Vmgm`m AVamda aoqbJ AmhoV.`m`m gmmZo A`V H$_r doimV amOJS>mda OmVm
òVo.`mdmQ>oZo JS>mda Om`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV.
2.nmbr Xadm`mZo amOJS>: - nwUo-doho Eg.Q>r.Zo doho _mJ} nm~o `m Jmdr CVZ H$mZX ZXr nma H$Z nmbr
XadmOm JmR>mdm.hr dmQ> nm`-`mMr AgyZ gdmV gmonr Amho.`mdmQ>oZo JS>mda Om`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV
3.Jw O dUo Xadm`mZo amOJL >... nwUo doho `m h_a`mdarb _mJmgZr `m Jmdr CVamdo Am{U {VWyZ gmIa_mJ}
JwOdUo `m JmdmV OmVm òVo.hr dmQ> AdKS> Amho.`m dmQ>od$Z JS> JmR>`mg AS>rM Vmg bmJVmV._m{hVJmam
{edm` `m dmQ>oMm Cn`moJ H$$ Zò.
4.Aiw Xadm`mZo amOJS>: - :^wVm|S>o _mJ} Amiw Xadm`mZo amOJS> JmR>Vm òVmo.{edWa KirVyZ hr Aiy
Xadm`mZo amOJS> JmR>Vm òVmo .
5.JwXadmOm_mJ} gwdoim_mMr :- : JwOdUo JmdmVyZ EH$ dmQ> OJbmVyZ JwXadmOo_mJ} gwdoim _mMrda òVo.
amh`mMr gmo ` : 1.JS>mdarb nmdVr _{XamV 20 Vo 25 OUmMr ahm`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
2.nmdVr _mMrda ahm`mgmR>r n`Q>H$ {Zdmgm`m Imo`m AmhoV.
Oo d UmMr gmo ` : AmnU dV: H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo ` : nmdVr _{Xam`m g_moaM ~mam_hr {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam do i : 3 Vmg.
qghJS>
{H$`mMr C M r : 4400 \y$Q>
S>m| J aam J : nwUo
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
nw`m`m ZF $òbm gmYmaU 25 {H$._r AVamda

AgUmam hm {H$m g_wgnmQ>rnmgyZ gw_mao 4400 \y$Q>
CM Amho. gmr`m nyd emIoda ngabo `m
^wboam`m amJoda hm JS> Amho. XmoZ nm`-`mg maIm
{XgUmam ImXH$S>mMm ^mJ Am{U Xya XeZMm
C^mabobm _Zmoam m_wio nw `mVyZ Hw$Ry>Zhr Vmo nQ>H$Z
`mZr òV mo . nwa X a, amOJS>, VmoaUm, bmohJS>, {dgmnya,
VwJ Agm MS> _wbyI JS>md$Z {XgVmo.
B{Vhmg
: hm {H$m nydu Am{XbemhrV hmoVm. XmXmoOr H$m|S>Xod ho {dOmnyaH$amH$Sy>Z hUOoM

Am{Xbem{hH$Sy>Z gwôXma hUyZ Zo_bo hmoVo. nwT>o B.g.1647 _ò XmXmoOr H$m|S>XodmMo {ZYZ Pm`mda
H$m|S>m`mdarb {H$oXma {gr A~a `mbm bmM XoD$Z {edmOr _hmamOmZr hm {H$m dam`mV AmUbm d `m
JS>mda Amnbo bH$ar H|$ ~Zdbo. nwT>o B.g.1649 _ò ehmOr amOm`m gwQ>Ho$gmR>r {edmOr _hmamOmZr Vmo
naV Am{Xehmbm {Xbm. nwaXa`m VhmV Oo {H$o _moJbmZm {Xbo `m_ò qghJS> nU hmoVm. _moJbmV\}$ CXo^mZ
amR>moS> hm H$m|S>m`mMm A{YH$mar hmoVm. hm _yiMm amOnyV hmoVm nU Vmo ~mQy>Z _wgb_mZ Pmbm.
qghJS> hm _w`V: {g Amho Vmo VmZmOr _mbwgao `m`m ~{bXmZm_wio. {edmOr _hmamO Oohm Am`mhZ
gwQy>Z naV Ambo Vohm `mZr {Xbobo JS> naV `m`bm gwdmV Ho$br. Vohm VmZmOrZo H$m|S>mUm AmnU KoVmo
hUyZ H$~yb Ho$bo.
`m `wm~m~V g^mgX ~IarV nwT>rb_mUo CoI AmT>iVmo:
VmZmOr _mbygam hUyZ hOmar _md{i`mMm hmoVm `mZo H$~yb Ho$bo H$s,"H$m|S>mUm AmnU KoVmo ", Ago H$~yb
H$$Z do,{dS>o KoD$Z JS>mMo `Zmg 500 _mUyg KoD$Z JS>mImbr Jobm. Am{U XmoKo _mdio ~ao, _XmZo {ZdSy>Z
amr JS>m`m H$S>md$Z MT>dbo. JS>mda CXo^mZ aOnyV hmoVm `mg H$ibo H$s, J{Z_mMo bmoH$ Ambo. hr I~a
H$iyZ Hw$b aOnyV H$~a~Vm hmoD$Z, hmVr Vmohm ~ma KoD$Z, {hbmb (_emb), M`moVr bmdyZ ~mameo _mUyg
Vmo\$mMr d {VaXmO, ~aMrdmbo, MmbmoZ Ambo. Vohm _mdio bmoH$mZr \$mOoda aOnwVmMo MmbyZ KoVbo. _moR>o `w
EH$ ha Pmbo. nmMeo aOnyV R>ma Ombo. CXo^mZ {H$oXma Imem `mer d VmZmOr _mbwgam gwôXma `mer JmR>
nS>br. XmoKo _moR>o `moo, _hmeya, EH$ EH$mda nS>bo. VmZmOrMo S>mdo hmVMr T>mb VwQ>br. Xwgar T>mb g_`mg
Ambr Zmhr. _J VmZmOrZo Amnbo S>mdo hmVmMr T>mb H$$Z `mOd[a dmoT> KoD$Z, XmoYo _hmamJmg noQ>bo. XmoYo
R>ma Pmbo. _J gy`mOr _mbwgam (VmZmOrMm ^mD$),`mZo qh_V Y$Z, Hw$b bmoH$ gmd$Z, Cabo amOnwV _m[abo.
{H$m H$m~rO Ho$bm. {edmOr _hmamOmZm JS> qOH$`mMr nU VmZmOr nS>`mMr ~mV_r {_imbr Vohm Vo hUmbo
,"EH$ JS> KoVbm, naVw EH$ JS> Jobm." _mK d Zd_r {X. 4 \o$~wdmar 1672 `m amr ho `w Pmbo.
Xm$Mo H$moR>ma : XadmOmVyZ AmV Am`mda COdrH$S>o Or XJS>r B_maV {XgVo VoM Xm$ H$moR>ma. {X. 11 gQ>|~a
1751 _ò `m H$moR>mamda drO nS>br. m AnKmVmV JS>mdarb `mdoi`m \$S>UrgmMo Ka CdV hmoD$Z
KamVrb gd _mUgo _aU nmdbr.
{Q>iH$ ~Jbm : am_bmb ZXam_ ZmBH$ `m`mH$Sy>Z IaoXr Ho$bo`m OmJoda`m m ~J`mV ~mi JJmYa {Q>iH$
òV AgV. 1915 gmbr _hm_m JmYr d bmoH$_m` {Q>iH$ `mMr ôQ> `mM ~J`mV Pmbr.
H$m|T>mUoa : ho _{Xa eH$amMo AgyZ Vo `mXdmMo Hw$bXdV hmoVo. AmV EH$ qnS>r d gm~ AgUmao ho _{Xa `mXdH$mbrZ
Amho.
lr A_Voa âd _{Xa : H$m|T>mUoam`m _{Xamd$Z WmoS>o nwT>o Jobo H$s S>mdrH$S>o ho A_VoamMo mMrZ _{Xa
bmJVo. âd ho H$mo`mMo XdV Amho. `mXdm`m AmYr m JS>mda H$mo`mMr dVr hmoVr. _{XamV âd d âdr
Aem XmoZ _wa`m {XgVmV. âdm`m hmVmV amjgmMo _wS>Ho$ Amho.
Xo d Q>m Ho : VmZmOr _maH$m`m _mJyZ S>m`m hmVm`m N>moQ>m Vbmdm`m ~mOyZo S>mdrH$S>o Jo`mda ho {g Ago
XodQ>mHo$ bmJVo. `m Q>m`mMm Cn`moJ {n`mMo nmUr hUyZ hmoV Ago d AmOhr hmoVmo. _hm_m JmYr Oohm nw`mg
òV Vohm _wm_ m Q>m`mMo nmUr _mJdV AgV.
H$`mU XadmOm : JS>m`m npM_og hm XadmOm Amho. H$m|T>Unyad$Z nm``m`m H$`mU JmdmVyZ da Am`mg
m XadmOmVyZ Amnbm doe hmoVmo. ho EH$m_mJmo_mJ Ago XmoZ XadmOo AmhoV. `mnH$s da`m Xadm`m`m
XmohrH$S>rb ~wOm`m q^VrV AYdQ> ~mhoa Ambobm hmr d _mhV Aer XJS>r {eno hmoVr.
lrembrdmhZ eHo$ 1672 H$maH$sX
lr_V ~mimOr ~mOramd n {S>V YmZ
Agm {ebmboI AmT>iVmo.
CXo^mZmMo _maH$ : XadmOm`m _mJ`m ~mOy g da Agbo`m Q>o H$S>rda `mdo. òWo Omo MmH$moZr XJS> Amho Vo M CXo^mZ
amR>moS>Mo _maH${Mh hUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. _moJbmV\}$ CXo^mZ hm qghJS>Mm A{YH$mar hmoV m.
PwOma~w$O : PwOma~w$O ho qghJS>Mo X{jU Q>moH$ hmo`. CX`^mZy`m _maH$mnwTy>Z g_moaMr Q>oH$S>r CV$Z `m
~w Omda òVm òV o. òWyZ g_moa M Q>monrgmaIm amOJS>, `m`mM COdrH$S>o VmoaUm ho JS> {XgVmV Va Imbr nmZeo VMo
Imoao {XgVo. nyd}H$S>o bm~da nwaXa {XgVmo.
S>m oU{JarMm C\$ VmZmOr H$S>m : Pw Oma~w $Omd$Z _mJo òD$Z VQ>m`m q^Vr`m ~mOy Zo nm`dmQ>o Zo VmZmOr`m
H$S> mH$S>o OmVm òV o. hm H$S>m JS>m`m npM_og Amho. òWyZM VmZmOr _md`mgh da MT>bm.
amOmam_ _maH$ : amOWmZr nVrMr aJrV Xod imgmaIr Or Kw_Q>r {XgVo VrM N> nVr amOmam_ _hmamO `mMr g_mYr.
_moJ br \$mOobm gVV 11 df} Q>$a XoUm-`m amOmam_ _hmamOmMo d`m`m Ad`m 30`m dfu e{Zdma {X.2 _mM
B.g.1700 `m {Xder qghJS>mda {ZYZ Pmbo. no e`mV \}$ `m _maH$mMr Cm_ `dWm R>od br Om`Mr.
VmZmOrMo _maH$ : A_ Voam`m _mJ`m ~mOyZo da Jo`mda S>m`m ~mOy g gw{gX VmZmOrMo _maH$ {XgVo. 'VmZmOr
_maH$ g{_Vr`m' dVrZo ho ~m Y`mV Ambo Amho . _mK d Zd_r {X. 4 \o$~w dmar 1672 `m {Xder Pmbo`m bT>mBV
VmZmOr _mabm Jobm. Xadfu _mK d Zd_rg òW o _S>imV\}$ VmZmOrMm _{V{XZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
JS>m da Om`m`m dmQ>m :

nw U o -H$m|T>U nya : nwUo-H$m|T >Unya ~gZo H$m|T >Unya bm CV$Z H$`mU JmdmVyZ H$`mU XadmOmVyZ AmnU JS>mda OmVmo.
`m _mJmZo XmoZ XadmOo nma Ho$`mda Amnbm JS>mda doe hmo Vmo.
nwUo XadmOm : nwUo-qghJS> `m ~gZo OmVmZm dmQ>o V IS>H$dmgbm YaU bmJVo. `m _mJmZo VrZ XadmOo nma Ho$`mda
Amnbm JS>mda doe hmo Vmo.
amh`mMr gmo ` : Zmhr

Oo d UmMr gmo ` : JS>mda N>moQ>o hmQ>og `m_ò OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.
nm`mMr gmo ` : Xod Q>m`m_Yrb nmUr ~mam_{hZo nwaVo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam do i : 2 Vmg
Vmo a Um
{H$`mM r C Mr : 1400_rQ>a

S>m|JaamJ: nwUo
{Ohm : nwUo
l o U r : _`_
{edmOr _hmamOmZr gwdmVr`m H$mimV Oo H$mhr {H$o KoV bo `mnH$s EH$ {H$ m VmoaUm. JS>mda VmoaU OmVrMr
nwH$i PmS>r Ag`m_wi o JS>mMo Zmd nS>bo Vmoa Um. _hmamOmZr JS>mMr nhmUr H$aVmZm `m`m MS > {dVmam_wi o `mMo
"MS>JS>' Ago Zmd R>odbo.
nwUo {Om`m dohm Vmbw`mVyZ Jobo`m gmr`m amJoVyZ XmoZ nXa {ZKyZ nyd}bm ngaV Jobobo AmhoV. `mnH$s
n{h`m nXamda Vmoa Um d amOJS> dgbobo AmhoV Va Xwg -`m nXambm ^w bo a amJ hUV mV. nw`m`m ZF $` og
Agbo `m nd VamOr_ò Cma Ajme d nyd aoImemda hm {H$m Amho. `m`m X{jUobm doidS >r ZXr d Cmaobm H$mZX
ZXrMo Imoao Amho. JS>m`m npM_o bm H$mZX qIS >, nyd }bm ~m_U d I ard qIS >r AmhoV .
B{Vhmg : hm {H$m H$Yr Am{U H$moU r ~mYbm `mMm nwamdm AmO CnbY Zmhr. òWrb bo `m`m Am{U _{Xam` m
AdeofmdZhm ednW mMm Aml_ Agmdm. B.g.1470 Vo 1486 `m Xa`mZ ~h_Zr amOdQ>rgmR>r _m{bH$ Ah_X
`mZo hm {H$m qOH$bm. nwT>o hm {H$m {ZOm_emhrV Jobm. ZV a Vmo _hmamOmZr KoV bm d `mMo Zmd MS>J S> R>odbo. JS>mda
H$mhr B_ma Vr ~mY`m. amOmZr Am`mhZ Am`mda AZoH$ JS>mMm OrUm}ma Ho$bm. `mV 5 hOma hmoZ BVH$m IM
`mZr Vmoa `mda Ho$bm. g^mOr _hmamOmM m dY Pm`mda hm {H$m _moJ bmH$S>o Jobm. eH$amOr ZmamÙ g{MdmZr Vmo
naV _a mR>m`m Vm`mV AmUbm. nwT >o B.g.1704 _ò Ama J Oo~ mZo `mbm doT>m KmVbm d bT>mB H$ $Z Amn`m Vm`mV
AmUbm d `mMo Zmd \w$V wCJ~ hUOo Xd r {dO` R>od bo. nU naV Mma dfmZr gaZmo~V ZmJmoOr H$moH$mQ>o `mZr JS>mda
bmoH$ MT>dyZ JS> nwhm _amR>m` m Vm`mV AmUbm d `mZV a Vmoa Um H$m`_ dam `mVM am{hbm. nwa X a`m VhmV Oo
{H$o _moJbmZm {Xbo `m_ò VmoaUm _hmaOmH$S>o M am{hbm. {deof hUOo Ama J Oo~ ~mXehmZo bT>mB H$$Z qOH$bob m
Agm hm _amR>mMm EH$_od {H$m hmo`.
JS>m darb nhm`mg maIr {R>H$mUo :

JS>m da Om`m`m dmQ>m :
amh`mMr gmo ` : JS>mdarb _| JmB Xod r`m _{XamV 10 Vo 15 OUm Mr amh`mMr gmo ` hmoV o.
Oo d UmMr gmo ` : AmnU dV:M H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo ` : _|J mB Xo dr`m _{Xam`m g_moa M ~ma m_hr nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam do i : AS>rM Vmg doho_mJ}, 6 Vmg amOJS>-VmoaUm _mJ}
gyMZm : JS>mda OmUmar dmQ> :- H$R>rU- amOJS>- VmoaUm _mJ}
nwaXa
{H$`mMr CMr : 1500 _rQ>a
S>m|JaamJ: nwUo
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
gmr`m X{jUmoma ngabo`m _yi amJoVyZ H$mhr \$mQ>o nyd {XeoH$S>o \w$Q>bo AmhoV. `mnH$s EH$m \$mQ>mda qghJS> Amho. VmoM \$mQ>m
VgmM nyd}H$S>o AX_mgo 24 {H$. _r. YmdyZ ^wboa Odi bmon nmdVmo. `mM S>m|JaamJoda nwaXa, dOJS> dgbobm Amho. H$mO KmQ>,
~mnXod KmQ>, {Xdo KmQ> ho VrZ KmQ> AmobmSy>Z nwaXa`m nm``mer OmVm òVo. {H$`mbm Mm\o$a _m`m AmhoV. {H$`mMo WmZ
18.28 Ae Ajme d 74.33 Ae aoIme da pWV Amho. {H$m nw`m`m Amo` {Xeobm AXmOo 20 _bmda Va gmgdS>`m
ZF$òbm 6 _bmda Amho. JS>m`m nyd}bm ~hVmer Xoe gnmQ> Amho Va npM_obm S>m|Jami Xoe Amho. dm`òbm 13-14 _bmda
qghJS> Amho Va npM_obm 19-20 _bmda amOJS> Amho. nwaXa {H$m Vgm {dVmamZo _moR>m Amho. {H$m _O~yV AgyZ ~Mmdmbm OmJm
Cm_ Amho. JS>mda _moR>r {e~Xr amh eH$Vo. Xm$Jmoim d Ym`mMm _moR>m gmR>m H$$Z JS> XrKH$mi bT>dVm òD$ eH$V Ago. EH$ ~mOy
gmoS>br Va JS>m`m BVa gd ~mOy XwJ_ AmhoV. JS>md$Z g^modma`m Xoemda ~marH$ ZOa R>odVm òVo.
B{Vhmg : A`mS> OoOwar n`mS> gmoZmoar _ò dmhVo H$hm nwaXa emo^Vr {edemhrMm Vwam & Ago nwaXa {H$`mMo dUZ Ho$bobo
AmT>iVo. nwaXa`m nm``mer ZmamÙnya ZmdmMo Jmd Amho. `m JmdmV `mXdH$mbrZ YmQ>UrMo _hmXodmMo _{Xa Amho. `md$Z hm {H$m
gmYmaU 1000 Vo 1200 dfmnyduMm Amho Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo. nwaXa hUOo B. `m_mUo BmMo WmZ ~bmT> VgmM hm nwaXa.
nwamUmV `m S>m|JamMo Zmd Amho 'BZrb ndV'. hZw_VmZo moUm{Jar CMbyZ ZoV AgVmZm `m ndVmMm H$mhr ^mJ Imbr nS>bm, VmoM hm
BZrb ndV. ~hm_ZrH$mir ~oXaMo MgnV XoenmS>o `mZr ~hm_Zr emgZm`m dVrZo nwaXa Vm`mV KoVbm. `mZr nwaXa`m
nwZ{Z_mUmg ma^ Ho$bm. `mM Kam`mVrb _hmXOr {ZiH$R> `mZo H$gmoerZo ho H$m_ nyU Ho$bo. òWrb e|X`m ~w$O ~mYVmZm Vmo
gmaIm T>mgiV Ago. Vohm ~{haZmH$ gmoZZmH$ `mZo Amnbm nw ZmWZmH$ Am{U gyZ XodH$mB Aer XmoZ _wbo `mV JmS>`mgmR>r {Xbr.
`mMm ~ir KoV`mdaM hm ~w$O C^m am{hbm. hm {H$m gZ 1489 `m gw_mamg {ZOm_emhr gaXma _{bH$ Ah_X `mZo qOHy$Z
KoVbm. nwT>o eHo$ 1550 _ò Vmo Am{XbemhrV Ambm. B. g. 1649 _ò Am{XbehmZo ehmOramOmZm H$XoV Q>mH$bo. `mM doir
{edmOr _hmamOmZr AZoH$ Am{Xbemhr {H$o Amn`m Vm`mV KoVbo. hUyZ {edam`mMm ~Xmo~V H$a`mgmR>r Am{XbehmZo \$moImZmg
admZm Ho$bo. n[apWVr \$maM {~H$Q> hmoVr. EH$sH$S>o Amnbo dS>rb H$XoV hmoVo Va XwgarH$S>o \$moImZm`m dmar_wio dam` Ymo`mV
òUma hmoVo. _hmamOmZr `mdoir bT>mBgmR>r nwaXa {H$`mMr OmJm {ZdS>br. _m `mdoir JS> _amR>m`m Vm`mV ZhVm. _hmXOr
{ZiH$R>amd `m`m Vm`mV {H$m hmoVm. `m`m ^mdm^mdm_Yrb ^mS>UmMm \$m`Xm CR>dyZ _hmamOmZr {H$`mV doe H$a`mV è
{_idbo. `m nwaXa {H$`m`m ghm`mZo _amR>mZr \$moImZmer PwO {Xbr Am{U bT>mB qOH$br. {edmOr _hmamOmZm `m n{h`m
bT>mBVM _moR>o è m Pmbo. gZ 1655 _ò {edmOr amOmZr ZoVmOr nmbH$a `mg JS>mMm gaZm~V Zo_bo. demI ew. 12 eHo$
1579 hUOoM 16 _o 1657 Jwdma `m {Xder g^mOr amOmMm O_ nwaXamda Pmbm. eHo$ 1587 hUOoM 1665 _ò _moJb
gaXma O`qgJmZo nwaXabm doT>m KmVbm. `m `wmMo dUZ g^mgX ~Iar _ò Ago AmT>iVo. "Vohm nwaYamdar Zm_OmX bmoH$mMm gaXma
am{O`mMm _wama~mOr na^w hUyZ hmoVm. `mO~am~a hOma _mUyg hmoVo. `mIoarO {H$`mMo EH$ hOmao Ago XmoZ hOmao bmoH$ hmoVo. `mV
{ZdS> H$$Z _wama~mOr `mZo gmVeo _mUyg KoD$Z Vo JS>mImbr {XboaImZmdar Ambo. {XboaImZ VmboXma Omoamda nR>mU nmM hOma
`mIoarO ~b dJao bmoH$ Eoer \$mO JS>mg MmV\$m MT>V hmoVr. `mV hmoD$Z ga{_gi Omhbo. _moR>o YmoaXa `w Omhbo. _mdio bmoH$mZr
d Imgm _wama~mOr `mZr {ZXmZ H$$Z ^mS>U Ho$bo. nmMeo nR>mU bH$a R>ma Omhbo. VgoM ~{hbo _mabo." _wama~mOr XoenmS>o Mo ho em`
nmhZ {XboaImZ ~mo{bbm, "Aao Vy H$mb Ko. _moR>m _XmZm {enmB VwO Zmd{OVmo." Eogo ~mo{bVm _wama~mOr ~mo{bbm "VwOm H$mb hUOo
H$m`? _r {edmOr _hmamOmMm {enmB VwPm H$mb KoVmo H$s H$m`?" hUmoZ ZrQ> ImZmdar Mm{bbm. ImZmdar VbdarMm dma H$amdm Vmo
ImZmZo Amnbo VrZ Vra _m$Z nwam Ho$bm. Vmo nS>bm. _J ImZmZo Vm|S>mV AmJmoir KmVbr, "Agm {enmB IwXmZo nXm Ho$bm." ImZmZo
dOJS> Vm`mV KoVbm Am{U nwaXamda hm Ho$bm d nwaXa _mMrMm Vm~m KoVbm. _mMrda ImZmMo Am{U _wama~mOrMo KZKmoa `w Pmbo.
_wama~mOr nS>bm Am{U `mM ~amo~a nwaXahr nS>bm. ho dV_mZ Oohm amOmZm H$ibo Vohm `mZr O`qgJmer VhmMo ~mobUo gw$ Ho$bo
Am{U 11 OyZ 1665 gmbr B{Vhmg {g 'nwaXaMm Vh' Pmbm. `mV 23 {H$o amOmZm _moJbmZm mdo bmJbo. `mMr Zmdo Aer,
1. nwaXa 2. _mi qH$dm dOJS> 3. H$m|T>mUm 4. amohrS>m 5. bmohJS> 6. {dgmnya 7. VwJ 8. {VH$moZm 9. ~iJS> 10. _mhbr
11. _ZaOZ 12. H$mohmoO 13. H$Zmim 14. gmoZJS> 15. nigJS> 16.^S>maJS> 17. ZaXwJ 18. _mJJS> 19. dgVJS> 20.
ZJJS> 21. AH$mobm 22. {IaXwJ (gmJaJS>) 23. _mZJS> 8 _mM 1670 _ò {ZimonV _wOw_XmamZo {H$m dam`mV AmUbm.
g^mOr amOm`m _`yZVa {H$m AmaJOo~mZo qOH$bm d `mMo Zmd 'AmO_JS>' R>odbo. nwT>o _amR>m`m dVrZo eH$amOr ZmamÙ
g{MdmZr _moJbmer ^mSy>Z nwaXa KoVbm. eHo$ 1695 _ò N>nVr emh `mZr {H$m noedo `mg {Xbm. AZoH$ {Xdg {H$`mda
noe`mMr amOYmZr hmoVr. eHo$ 1697 _ò JJm~mB noedo `mZm JS>mda _wbJm Pmbm, `mMo Zmd gdmB _mYdamd R>od`mV Ambo. B. g.
1818 _ò BJOmZr JS> Amn`m Vm`mV KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : nwaXa Am{U dOJS> Oar EH$mM S>m|Jagm|S>oda dgbobo Agbo Var Vo XmoZ dV {H$o
AmhoV.
{~Zr XadmOm : nwaXa _mMrdarb hm EH$_od XadmOm. AmnU ZmamÙnya JmdmVyZ {H$`mda OmVmZm hm XadmOm bmJVmo. XadmOm
AmOhr MmJ`m pWVrV Amho. Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda nhmaoH$-`m`m XodS>m AmhoV. Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda g_moaM
nwaXaMm IXH$S>m Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda XmoZ aVo bmJVmV, EH$ gai nwT>o OmVmo Va Xwgam S>mdrH$S>o
_mJ`m ~mOyg diVmo. AmnU gai a`mZo nwT>o Jo`mda CVmamda bH$am`m ~amH$s Am{U H$mhr ~Jbo {XgVmV. _mMrMr EH$Xa bm~r
EH$ _b Amho, Va Xr 100 Vo 150 \y$Q> Amho. WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda COdrH$S>o ~mbo{H$`m`m nm``mer EH$ _{Xa {XgVo `mMo Zmd
'nwaXaoa'.
am_oa _{Xa : nwaXaoa _{Xam`m _mJrb H$mon-`mV noedo Kam`mMo am_oa _{Xa Amho. ho noe`mMo ImOJr _{Xa hmoVo. `m _{Xam`m
WmoS>o daVr Jo`mda noe`m`m Xw_Obr dmS>mMo Adeof {XgVmV. noedmB`m Ama^r ~mimOr {dZmWmZo Vmo ~mYbm. `m dmS>mVM
gdmB _mYdamdmMm O_ Pmbm. dmS>m`m _mJo {dhra Amho. AmOhr Vr MmJ`m AdWoV Amho. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda XmoZ dmQ>m
bmJVmV. EH$ dmQ> ~mbo{H$`m`m {XeoZo da OmVo Va Xwgar Imbr âdqIS>r`m {XeoZo OmVo. AmnU W_ ~mbo{H$`m`m {XeoZo da
OmD$`m. `mdmQ>oZo da Jo`mda 15 {_{ZQ>mVM AmnU {Xr XadmOmnmer nmohMVmo.
IXH$S>m : `m Vrg-`m Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda S>mdrH$S>o EH$ H$S>m WoQ> nyd}H$S>o Jobobm {XgVmo hmM Vmo IXH$S>m. `m H$S>m`m
eodQ>r EH$ ~w$O Amho. ~w$O nmhZ Am`mda naV Vrg-`m Xadm`mnmer `mdo. òWyZ EH$ dmQ> nwT>o OmVo. dmQ>oVM AmOw~mOybm
nm`mMr H$mhr Q>mH$s bmJVmV. WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda COdrH$S>o EH$ CMdQ>m bmJVmo. `m`m _mJo nS>`m Omo`mMo Adeof AmhoV. òWoM
A~aImZm Ag`mMo Adeof {XgVmV. WmoS>o da MTy>Z nm{h`mg dmS>mMo Adeof {XgVmV. ho gd nmhZ nwhm Amn`m dmQ>obm bmJmdo.
dmQ>od$Z nwT>o Jo`mda H$mhr nm`mMo hmX bmJVmV. `m dmQ>od$Z nwT>o OmVmZm EH$ dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o Imbr Jobr Amho. `m dmQ>od$Z Imbr
Jo`mda Ho$Xma XadmOm bmJVmo. nS>PS>r _wio AmO hm XadmOm dmnamV Zgbm Var nydu `m XadmOmbm \$ma _hd hmoVo. nmdVr Vio :
_wama~mOt`m nwV`m nmgyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda nmdVr Vio bmJVo.
e|X-`m ~w$O : nmdVr V`m`m _mJo ~mbo{H$`m`m dm`òg, VQ>~Xr`m ~amo~arZo EH$ ~w$O ~mYbm Amho `mMo Zmd e|X-`m
~w$O.
nwaXaoa _{Xa : ho _{Xa _hmXodmMo Amho. _{XamV BmMr gdm Vo XrS> \y$Q>mn`VMr _yVu Amho. ho _{Xa gmYmaUnUo ho_mS>nWr
YmQ>UrMo Agmdo. Wmoa`m ~mOramdmZo `m _{XamMm OrUm}ma Ho$bm.
{Xr XadmOm : hm Cmam{^_wI XadmOm Amho. Xadm`m`m diUmda lr b_r _mVoMo Xodmb` Amho. XadmOm ~-`mnH$s gwpWVrV
Amho. `m Xadm`mVyZ AmV Jo`mda COdr H$S>o AmUIr EH$ XadmOm {XgVmo. S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> ~mbo{H$`m`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mn`V
OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo nwT>o Jo`mda H$mhr nm`mMr Q>mH$s bmJVmV. `m{edm` `m ^mJmV ~K`mgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr. Am`m _mJmZo {Xr
Xadm`mnmer `mdo. g_moaM COdr H$S>o AgUm-`m Xadm`mZo nwT>o Omdo. òWyZ nwT>o Jo`mda AmUIr EH$ XadmOm bmJVmo. `m
Xadm`mda Xmohr ~mOyg qghm`m {VH$Vr AmT>iVmV.
Ho$Xmaoa : 20 {_{ZQ>mV Ho$Xma XadmOm nmhZ AmnU Amn`m _yi dmQ>obm bmJy eH$Vmo. `mdmQ>oZo 15 {_{ZQ>o MmbyZ Jo`mda H$mhr nm``m bmJVmV. `m Amn`mbm WoQ> Ho$Xmaoam`m _{Xam n`V KoD$Z OmVmV. nwaXaMo _yi XdV hUOo Ho$Xmaoa. _{XamMm OrUm}ma
Ho$bobm Amho. _hm{edamrbm hOmamo ^m{dH$ `m`m XeZmbm òVmV. _{Xam`m g_moaM EH$ XJS>r Xrn_mi Amho. g^modVr XJS>r
\$ag~Xr Amho. Ho$XmaoamMo _{Xa hUOo {H$`mdarb A`w ^mJ. òWyZ amOJS>, VmoaUm, qghJS>, amàoa, amohrS>m, _hmaJS>, H$honR>ma hm gd n[aga {XgVmo. `m Ho$Xma Q>oH$S>r`m _mJo EH$ ~w$O Amho `mbm H$moH$`m ~w$O Ago Zmd Amho.
nwaXa _mMr : Am`m dmQ>oZo _mKmar {\$$Z {Xr Xadm`mVyZ OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo WoQ> nwT>o `mdo. hUOo AmnU _mMrdarb âdqIS>rV
OmD$Z nmohMVmo. dmQ>oV dmS>mMo AZoH$ Adeof {XgVmV.
âdqIS> : `mM qIS>rVyZ dOJS>mda Om`mgmR>r dmQ> Amho. qIS>rV {edmOr _hmamOmMm nwVim Amho. `m qIS>rn`V JmS>r aVm Ambobm
Ag`mZo `m a`md$Z MmbV Jo`mda dmQ>oVM COdrH$S>o amOmio Vbmd bmJVmo. g`m nwaXa_mMrda `mM VbmdmMo nmUr dmnabo
OmVo.
dra _wama~mOr : {~ZrXadmOmVyZ AmV {ea`mda COdrH$S>o Jo`mda g_moaM dra _wama~mOrMm nwVim {XgVmo. B.g. 1970 _ò hm
nwVim C^m Ho$bm Amho.
gnyU JS> {\$a`mg EH$ {Xdg bmJVmo. nwaXa gmo~V dOJS> XoIrb nhm`Mm Ag`mg XrS> {Xdg bmJVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : nwaXa {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV.

1) nw`mhZ : nw`mhZ 30 {H$._r AVamda AgUm-`m gmgdS> `m Jmdr `mdo. gmgdS> Vo ZmamÙnya hr Aer Eg.Q>r godm XoIrb
CnbY Amho. ZmamÙnya ho {H$`m`m nm``mMo Jmd Amho. JmdmVyZM JmS>r aVm WoQ> {H$`m n`V Jobobm Amho. nwUo Vo ZmamÙnya
Aer ~g godm XoIrb CnbY Amho. ZmamÙnya JmdmVyZ JS>mda Om`mg XmoZ _mJ Amho. EH$ hUOo JmS>r aVm. `m a`mZo JS>
JmR>`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV Va Xwgar hUOo OJbmVyZ OmUmar nm`dmQ>. `m nm`dmQ>oZo EH$ VmgmV AmnU nwaXa _mMrda`m
{~ZrXadm`mnmer nmohMVmo
2) gmgdS>hZ : {H$`mda OmUmar Xwgar dmQ> Oam AmS>_mJmMr Amho. gmgdS>hZ gmgdS> - ^moa JmS>r nH$S>mdr. `m JmS>rZo ZmamÙnya
Jmdm`m nwT>o AgUm-`m 'nwaXa KmQ>_mWm' `m Wm`mda CVamdo. hm KmQ>_mWm hUOo nwaXa {H$m Am{U g_moa AgUm-`m gy`ndV
`m_Yrb qIS> hmo`. `m Wm`mda CVa`mda g_moaM S>m|Jamda EH$ XmoZ Kao {XgVmV. `m Kam_mJyZM EH$ nm`dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o da OmVo. hr
dmQ> nwT>o JmS>r a`mbm OmD$Z {_iVo. `m dmQ>oZo nmD$U VmgmV nwaXa _mMrdarb {~ZrXadmOm JmR>Vm òVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda {_{bQ>arMo ~Jbo AmhoV. `m_ò amh`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo. _m `mgmR>r VoWo AgUm`m `m`m
Am{\$gaMr nadmZJr KoUo Amd`H$ Amho
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU dV H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {n`mMo nmUr CnbY Amho.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nm``mnmgyZ 1 Vmg.
{edZoar
{H$`mMr CMr : 3500 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: ZmUoKmQ>
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : _`_
{edZoar {H$m nwUo {OmVrb Owa ehamV Amho. Owa _ò {eaVmZmM {edZoarMo XeZ hmoVo. _hmam>mMo XdV lr {edN>nVr `mMo
ho O_WmZ. {H$m Vgm \$ma _moR>m Zmhr.1673 _ò BQ> B{S>`m H$nZrVrb S>m. OmZ \$mà `mZo `m {H$`mbm ôQ> {Xbr. `mZo
Amn`m gmYZJYmV, `m {H$`mda hOma Hw$Qw>~mZm gmV df}nwaob EdT>r {eYmgm_wJr Amho Agm CoI Ho$bm Amho.
B{Vhmg : 'OrUZJa', 'Owoa' hUOoM Owa ho eha BgdrgZmnyd H$mimnmgyZ {g Amho. Owa hr eH$amOm ZhnmZmMr
amOYmZr hmoVr. gmVdmhZ amOm JmV_rnw gmVH$Uu `mZo eH$mMm Zme Ho$bm Am{U Owa d òWrb gd n[agamda Amnbo dMd
Wm{nV Ho$bo. ZmUoKmQ> hm nwamVZ `mnmar _mJ. `m _mJmd$Z \$ma _moR>m _mUmda dmhVyH$ MmbV Ago. `mda ZOa R>od`mgmR>r `m
_mJmdarb XwJmMr {Z_uVr H$a`mV Ambr. gmVdmhZmMr gmm pWamd`mZVa òWo AZoH$ {R>H$mUr `mZr boUr ImoXdyZ KoVbr.
gmVdmhZmZVa {edZoar Mmbw`, am>Hy$Q> `m amOdQ>t`m gmoImbr hmoVm. 1170 Vo 1308 `m gw_mamg `mXdmZr òWo Amnbo am`
WmnZ Ho$bo. Am{U `mM H$mimV {edZoarbm JS>mMo d$n m Pmbo. ZVa B. g. 1443 _ò _{bH$ - Cb - VwOma `mZo `mXdmMm
nam^d H$$Z {H$m ga Ho$bm. Aem H$mao {H$m ~h_Zr amOdQ>rImbr Ambm. B. g. 1470 _ò _{bH$ - Cb - VwOmaMm {V{ZYr
_{bH$ _h_X `mZo {H$m ZmHo$~Xr H$$Z nwhm ga Ho$bm. 1446 _ò _{bH$ _h_X`m d{S>bm`m _`wZVa {ZOm_emhrMr WmnZm
Pmbr. nwT>o 1493 _ò amOYmZr JS>md$Z Ah_XZJabm hbd`mV Ambr. B. g. 1565 _ò gwbVmZ _y{VOm {ZOm_mZo Amnbm
^mD$ H$mgr_ `mbm `m JS>mda H$XoV R>odbo hmoVo. `mZVa 1595 _ò {H$m d Owa mV _mbmoOr amOo ^mogbo `m`mH$S>o Ambm.
{OOm_mVm JamoXa AgVmZm OmYmamdmZr 500 dma `m`m gmo~V XoD$Z `mZm amVmoamV {edZoarda KoD$Z Jobo. "{edZoar JS>mda
lr^dmZr {gdmB, Vrg Zdg {OOmD$Zo Ho$bm Oo Amn`mbm nw Pmbm Va VwP| Zmd R>odrZ. `mD$na {edmOramOo `mMm O_ Ombm
eHo$ 1556 jò Zm_ gdgao demI ew nM_r Mdma.' B. g. 1632 _ò {edam`mZr JS> gmoS>bm Am{U 1637 _ò
_moJbm`m Vm`mV Jobm. 1650 _ò _moJbm{d$ òWrb H$mo`mZr ~S> Ho$bo. `mV _moJbmMm {dO` Pmbm. B. g. 1673 _ò
{edam`mZr {edZoarMm {H$oXma AOrOImZ `mbm {\$VdyZ {H$`mbm _mi bmdyZ ga H$a`mMm Aèdr `Z Ho$bm. B. g. 1678
_ò Owa mV bwQ>bm Jobm Am{U _amR>mZr {H$m Ko`mMm `Z Ho$bm _m Anè nXamV nS>bo. nwT>o 40 dfmZVa 1716 _ò
emh_hmamOmZr {H$m _amR>oemhrV AmUbm d ZVa Vmo noe`mH$S>o hVmVarV H$a`mV Ambm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : gmV Xadm`m`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda òVmZm nmMdm hUOo {enmB XadmOm nma Ho$`mda
_w` dmQ>gmoSy>Z CO`m ~mOyZo nyT>o Jo`mda "{edmB XodrMo ' _{Xa bmJVo._Xram`m _mJo AgUm-`m H$S>mV 6 Vo 7 Jwhm AmhoV.`m
Jwhm _w$m_mgmR>r A`mo` AmhoV. _{XamV {edmB XodrMr _yVu Amho . eodQ>`m Xadm`mVyZ JS>mda doe Ho$`mda g_moaM A~aImZm
Amho.AmO{_{Vg `m A~aIm`mMr _moR>m _mUmV nS>PS> Pmbr Amho. _m nydu `m A~aIm`mMm Cn`moJ Ym` gmR>{d`mgmR>r Ho$bm
OmV Ago. A~aIm`mnmgyZ XmoZ dmQ>m {ZKVmV.EH$ dmQ> g_moaM AgUm-`m Q>oH$mS>mda OmVo. `m Q>oH$mS>mda EH$ H$moir MmWam Am{U EH$
BXJm Amho. Xwgar dmQ> {edHw$Omnmer KoD$Z OmVo. dmQ>oV JJm, O_wZm d `m{edm` nm`mMr AZoH$ Q>mH$s bmJVmV. {OOmC`m nwT>mV
Agbobm ~mb{edmOr , hmVmVrb N>moQ>r Vbdma {\$adrV AmBbm Amnbr ^` dZo gmJV Amho, Aem Amdr^mdmVrb _m`boH$amMm
nwVim "{edHw$Om' _ò ~g{dbm Amho.{edHw$Omg_moaM H$_mZr _{eX Amho Am{U g_moaM Imbr nm`mMo EH$ Q>mHo$ Amho. òWyZ g_moa
MmbV Jo`mg h_m_ImZm bmJVmo. òWyZM nwT>o {edO_WmZmMr B_maV Amho. hr B_maV Xw_Obr AgyZ Imb`m ImobrV {OWo
{edam`mMm O_ Pmbm VoWo {edam`mMm nwVim ~g{d`mV Ambm Amho. B_maVr`m g_moaM "~Xm_r nm`mMo Q>mH$' Amho.òWyZ nwT>o
OmUmam aVm H$S>obmoQ> Q>moH$mda KoD$Z OmVmo. gw_mao {XS> hOma \w$Q> CMrMm m gaigmoQ> H$S>mMm Cn`moJ hm JwhoJmamZm {ejm
Xo`mgmR>r hmoV Ago.JS> {\$a`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV. da {H$`md$Z MmdS>, ZmUoKmQ> Am{U OrdYZ VgoM g_moa AgUmam dSy>O
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nmD$U Vmg bmJVmo.
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bmJVmo.
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nm`mMr gmo` : JJm d O_wZm `m Q>m`m_ò ~mam_hr {n`mMo nmUr CnbY Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : gmIir`m _mJ}nmCU Vmg, gmV XadmOm _mJ}XrS> Vmg.
MmdS>
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dmgmda Agbo`m AmnQ>mio JmdmZOrH$ Amho. JS>m`m nm``mer MmdS> Jmd dgbobo Amho. ZmUoKmQ>mnmgyZ Owa`m {XeoZo 15
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Amnbm _moMm didbm.
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AbH$V AmhoV Vo mMrZ. 3) Oo {H$o ed, em$, ZmW gmXm`mer {ZJ{S>V AmhoV Vo hUOo _`_`wJrZ. 4) MmdS> hm Mm_wS>m
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nWmer {ZJ{S>V Amho. MmdS> {ZOm_emhrV Om`mAJmoXa VoWrb {H$oXma _hmXodH$moir O_mVrVbm Agmdm Ago VoWrb Wm{ZH$
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e$s, _wS>, eyi hr {hMr Am`wYo. 6) g _mVH$m hUOo- ~mhr, _hoar, H$m_mar, dUdr, dmamhr, Bm{U Am{U Mm_wS>m. `m
gdm_ò Mm_wS>m lo>. gX^ - Xodr ^mJdV
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : XadmOmVyZ AmV OmVmM Xhm nm``m MTy>Z Jo`mda XmoZ dmQ>m bmJVmV. daMr
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Ko`mMm `Z H$$`m.
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nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda AZoH$ Q>mH$s AmhoV `m_ò ~mam_hr {n`mMo nmUr Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1 Vmg MmdS> JmdmnmgyZ
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_{Xam`m g_moaM _moR>m ZXr AgyZ _{Xam`m g^m_S>nmV ghm H$moZmS>o AmhoV. `mnH$s EH$m H$moZmS>mV JUoe_yVu , J$S>_yVu Va
EH$mV hZw_mZmMr _yVu WmZmn Amho. _{Xam`m g_moaM EH$ ^$_ ~w$O Amho. _{Xam`m g_moaM EH$ Vbmd Amho. nmdgm`mV
VbmdmV ânya nmUr gmR>Vo. V`m`m _Ymo_Y EH$ nwH$aUr gmaIo XJS>mVrb KS>rd ~mYH$m_ Amho. ~wOm`m q^Vr`m COdrH$S>o
Imbr CVa`mda EH$ ~wObobo Q>mHo$ {XgVo. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda H$mVimV ImoXbobr eV Jwhm bmJVo. _m hr Jwhm hUOo
nhmaoH$-`mMr XodS>rM hmo`. _{Xam`m g_moarb Q>oH$S>rd$Z _m{UH$S>moh Obme`mMm n[aga A`V gwaoI {XgVmo. g_moaM MmdS> ,
ZmUoKmQ> , {edZoar , âdJS>, OrdYZ Agm {ZgJa` n[aga `mhmiVm òVmo. òWyZ naV {\$$Z doemamnmer `mdo Am{U
naVr`m dmQ>obm bmJmdo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : `m {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r m_w`mZo XmoZ _mJ AmhoV. `mnH$s EH$ dmQ> amOXadm`mMr AgyZ
Xwgar dmQ> JmdH$-`mZr `m`m gmo`rgmR>r XJS>mV nm`-`m H$mo$Z ~mYyZ H$mT>bobr Amho.H$moU`mhr dmQ>oZo JS>mda nmohM`mgmR>r
hS>ga `m Jmdr `mdo bmJVo. OwahZ {Z_{Jar, amOya qH$dm Ho$dmS>m `mnH$s H$moUVrhr ~g nH$Sy>Z nmD$U VmgmV hS>ga `m Jmdr
nmohMVm òVo. hS>ga `m JmdmVyZ da S>m|Jamda OmVmZm EH$ {dhra bmJVo. òWyZ WmoS>o da Jo`mda S>mdrH$S>o nR>mamda MmbV Omdo.
nR>mamdarb eoVm_YyZ MmbV Jo`mda 15 {_{ZQ>m`m AVamda XmoZ S>m|Jam_Yrb qIS> d `m_Yrb VQ>~Xr {>jonmV òVo. qIS>
g_moa R>odyZ MmbV Jo`mda A`m VmgmV AmnU ~w$Omnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo. òWyZ gmono H$mViamohU H$$Z AmnU {H$`m`m
Xadm`mnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo. dmQ>oVM S>m|JaH$nmarV nm`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. Xwg`m dmQ>oZo hUOo `m qIS>rH$S>o Z diVm
gai nwT>o MmbV OmD$Z S>m`m ~mOyg AgUm-`m S>m|Jambm digm KmbyZ S>m|Jam`m _mJrb ~mOyg nmohMmdo. òWyZ eâ Vo XrS>eo
nm`-`m MTy>Z Jo`mda AmnU qIS>rVrb _w` Xadm`mnmer nmohMVmo. hr amOXadm`mMr dmQ> AgyZ A`V gmonr Amho. òWyZ
{H$`mda Om`mg EH$ Vmg nwaVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : _hmXodm`m _{XamV 4 Vo 5 OUmZm amhVm òVo. _m nmdgm`mV _{XamV nmUr gmR>V Ag`mZo amh`mMr
WmoS>r Jagmo`M hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : da {H$`mda OodUmMr gmo` Zg`mZo Vr AmnU dV:M H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda doemamVyZ daVr Am`mda g_moaM ~ma_mhr {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1 Vmg
OrdYZ
{H$`mMr CMr : 3754
S>m|JaamJ: ZmUoKmQ>
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : H$R>rU
KmQ>Ka`m n[agamV nyd_wIr Agbobm 'OrdYZ' {H$m mMrZ ZmUoKmQ>m`m `mnmar _mJmda gajUmgmR>r C^m Ho$bm hmoVm.
OrdYZ {H$m ZmUoKmQ>mnmgyZ AJXr gmXo`m AVamda Amho.
B{Vhmg : {edO_m`m doir {ZOm_emhr AVmbm OmV hmoVr. nU `mMr gmj XoUmam EH$_od {H$m hUOo OrdYZ hmo`. 17
OyZ 1663 amoOr {ZOm_emhr ~wS>mbr. ehmOramOmZr {ZOm_emhrMm eodQ>Mm deO '_y{VOm {ZOm_' `mbm OrdYZ `m JS>mda H$XoV
AgVmZm `mbm gmoS>dyZ gJ_ZoaOdi AgUm-`m no_{Jar {H$`mda KoD$Z Jobo. `mbm {ZOm_ehm hUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo Am{U
dV dOra ~Zbo. KmQ>Ka ho OrdYZ`m nm``mMo Jmd. òWrb O{_ZrMo d{eQ> hUOo ~m~yMr ~Zo. gmao OJb ho ~m~y`m ~ZmMo
Amho.JmoajJS>m_mUo `m JS>mMm XadmOmXoIrb H$mViH$S>m_ò H$moabobm Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : npM_ Xadm`mZo da JS>mda nmohmoM`mda g_moaM JOb_rM {en Amho. JmdH$ar
`mbm 'H$moR>r' Ago g~mo{YVmV. OdiM nm`mMr Q>mHo$ AmhoV. X{jUog OrdmBXodrMo nS>PS> Pmbobo _{Xa Amho. VgoM JS>mda
AV^mJmV EH$mV EH$ Aer nmM Ym`H$moR>ma AmhoV. AmV H$_bnwno H$moabobr AmhoV. eodQ>`m BJO-_amR>o `wmV 1818 _ò
`m H$moR>mamZm AmJ bmJbr hmoVr. Vr amI AmOhr `m H$moR>S>m_ò AmT>iVo. JS>m`m EH$m Q>moH$mbm Jo`mda g_moaM XmoZ hOma
\y$Q>mMm dmXaqbJr gwiH$m bj doYyZ KoVmo. JS>mMm AmH$ma Am`VmH$Vr Amho. dmXaqbJr`m H$S>mnmgyZ H$moH$UMo {ZgJa` XeZ
hmoVo. g_moaM ZmZmMm AJR>m, h[aMJS>, hS>ga, MmdS>, Hw$H$S>oamMo _{Xa, YgBMo N>moQ>ogo YaU, _mieoO KmQ>mVrb H$mio
VwH$VwH$sV aVo `mhmiVm òVmV. AemH$mao hm OrdYZ {H$m Mma Vo nmM VmgmV nmhZ hmoVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

1) H$`mU-ZJa _mJmV ZmUoKmQ> MTy>Z Jo`mda nR>ma bmJVo. `m nR>mamd$Z COdrH$S>o OJbmV EH$ dmQ> OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo XmoZ
AmoT>o bmJVmV. ho AmoT>o nma Ho$`mda EH$ H$mViq^V bmJVo. `m q^Vrbm {MH$Qy>Z COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> dmXaqbJr gwi`mnmer
KoD$Z OmVo. Va S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> EH$m qIS>rnmer nmohmoMVo. Ord _wR>rV Y$Z `m C`m H$mViq^Vr nma Ho$`mda nwhm
H$mVimV ImoXbo`m nm`-`m bmJVmV. gZ 1818 ZVa gwJ bmdyZ BJOmZr hm _mJ {MUyZ H$mT>bm d npM_ Xadm`mMr dmQ>
~wOdyZ Q>mH$br. `m Xadm`mZo da Om`mg AZoH$ dmZa`w`m `moOm`m bmJVmV. dmQ> Oam AdKS>M Ag`mZo OnyZM Omdo.
2) JS>mdaOmUmar Xwgar dmQ> Owa-KmQ>Ka _mJ}amOXadm`mMr Amho. hr dmQ> KmQ>KahZ gai JS>mda OmVo. dmQ> A`V gmonr
Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ahm`mMr gmo` Zmhr
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU dVM H$amdr.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~ma_mhr nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.
ZmUoKmQ
{H$`mMr CMr : 2500 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: ZmUoKmQ>
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
B{Vhmg : ZmUoKmQ> `m Zmdmd$ZM Amn`mbm H$nZm òBb H$s hm KmQ> \$maM nwamVZ Amho. ZmUoKmQ> gw_mao gdmXmoZ hOma
dfmnydu ImoXbm Jobm. {V>mZ hr gmVdmhZmMr amOYmZr. gmVdmhZ H$mimV H$`mU Vo {V>mZ (Owa) `m amO_mJmda
ZmUoKmQ>mV S>m|Ja \$moSy>Z m _mJmMr {Z{_Vr Ho$br Jobr. gmVdmhZ Hw$b ho _hmam>mVrb mMrZ Ago Hw$b Amho Am{U `mMo am`
B.g nyd AS>rMeo df Va Vo B.g ZVa AS>rMeo df}Ago OdiOdi nmMeo df hmoVo. mMrZ H$mir H$`mU ~Xam_ò naH$s` bmoH$
{deofV: amo_Z `mnmar Amnbm _mb KmoS>o AWdm ~bmda dmhZ ZoV AgV. hm _mb m_w`mZo gmVdmhZ H$mimVrb amOYmZr
Agbo`m {V>mZ ZJarV `mnmamgmR>r Zobm OmB. `m `mnm`mH$Sy>Z OH$mV O_m Ho$br OmB. `m OH$mVrMm XJS>r amOU AmOhr
òWo nhmd`mg {_iVmo
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : ZmUoKmQ>mMr gajH$ \$ir hr {edZoar, hS>ga, MmdS> Am{U OrdYZ `m Mma
{H$`mZr ~Zbobr Amho. gmR> _rQ>a bm~ Am{U OmJmoOmJr XmoZ Vo nmM _rQ>a $X Aer hr ZmUoKmQ>mMr Zir Amho. `m Zir`m
_wImer EH$ XJS>r amOU Amho. AX_mgo Mma \y$Q> `mgmMm Am{U nmM \y$Q> CMrMm hm amOU nydu OH$mVrgmR>r dmnabm OmV Ago.
OH$mVH$a nmZo `mV VH$mbrZ "H$fmnU' ZmdmMr ZmUr Q>mH$br OmV AgV. ZmUoKmQ> MTy>Z Jo`mda W_ XeZr {>jonmV
nS>Umar H$mVimV H$moabobr Eogng Am{U gwXa Jwhm hoM òWrb _hdnyU d{eQ> hmo`. `m JwhoV gmYmaUV: 40-45 OU amh
eH$VmV. g`m dmna`mV òUm-`m JwhoV {Vhr q^Vrda boI AmhoV. hm boI EHy$U 20 AmoitMm AgyZ _` ^mJmVrb q^Vrda
10 Va COdrH$S>rb ^mJmda Xhm Amoir AmhoV. hm boI ~mhr {bnrVbm AgyZ `m boIm_ò AZoH$ AH${Z{X> g`m AmhoV.
nwamUH$mbmVrb BVH$s g`m Agbo`m ^maVmVrb hm mMrZ Agm boI Amho. `m boImV gmVdmhZ g_mkr "ZmJ{VH$m' {hZo
Ho$bo`m `kmMr Zmdo AmhoV. òWo dmOno`, amOgy`, A_oY Aem H$maMo `k Ho$bo Ag`mMo CoI gmnS>VmV. `m `kmV
~mUmZm Ho$bo`m XmZmMm XoIrb CoI `m boIm_ò AmT>iVmo. `m JwhoV gmVdmhZmMr {eno XoIrb H$moabobr AmhoV. `mnH$s
n{hbo {en gmVdmhZ gWmnH$ em{bdmhZmMo, Xwgao {en amOm gmVH$Uu `mMr nZr Xodr Zm`{ZH$sMo Va {Vgao {en amOm
gmVH$UuMo. Jwhoda nm`mMr VrZ Vo Mma Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. Jwho`m da nm{h`mda EH$ MS> H$mVi q^V {XgVo, `mbmM ZmZmMm
AJR>m Ago hUVmV. KmQ>_m`mda nmohM`mda ,COdrH$S>o di`mda AmnU ZmZm`m AJR>mda òD$Z nmohmoMVmo.òWoM ~mOybm
EH$ JUoemMr _yVuhr {>jonmV òVo. g_moa {XgUmao JmoaIJS>, _pN>JS> , {gXJS>, h[aMJS>, âdH$S>m, H$moH$UH$S>m Am{U
S>mdrH$S>o AgUmam OrdYZ Amnbo _Z _mohZ Q>mH$VmV. KmQ>mdarb {dVrU Ago nR>ma ho ZmUoKmQ>mMo AmUIr EH$ d{eQ> hUyZ
gmJVm òBb. AemH$mao _w~BH$amZm EH$m {XdgmV OmD$Z òVm òBb Agm ZmUoKmQ>mMm Q>oH$ hm EH$ gwaoI AZw^d R>aVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : ZmUoKmQ>mbm `m`Mo Pm`mg _w~B qH$dm nwUo JmR>mdo 1: _w~BH$amZm ZmUoKmQ>mbm `m`Mo Ag`mg
H$`mU _wa~mS> _mJ}demIao Jmdr `mdo. demIao ho Oar nm``mMo Jmd Agbo Var VoWo Z CVaVm demIao nmgyZ nwT>o XmoZ {H$._r
AVamda Agbo`m ZmUoKmQ> `m Zm_{ZX}{eV \$bH$m`m _mJmZo WoQ> XmoZ VmgmV Amn`mbm ZmUoKmQ>mda nmohMVm òVo. `m dmQ>oda
nmdgm`mV XmoZ AmoT>mMo XeZ hmoVo. 2:nw`mhZ ZmUoKmQ>mbm `m`Mo Pm`mg nwUo-Owa EgQ>r nH$Sy>Z Owabm `mdo. Owa Vo
KmQ>Ka EgQ>r nH$Sy>Z KmQ>Kabm `mdo. òW n`V nmohM`mg XrS> Vmg bmJVmo.KmQ>Ka d$Z 5 {H$._r MmbV ZmUoKmQ> JmR>Vm òVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : JwhoV 40-45 OUm`m ahm`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$`mda H$moU`mhr H$ma`m OodUmMr gmo` Zg`mZo hr gmo` AmnU dV:M H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : JwhoeoOmarb Vrg-`m d Mm`m Q>m`mVrb nmUr {n`mgmR>r `mo` Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : XmoZ Vmg nm``mnmgyZ.
amohrS>m
{H$`mMr CMr : 3660 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: _hm~ioa
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : _`_
gmr`m S>m|JaamJoV ^moa Vo _hm~ioa Agm EH$ gwaoI S>m|Ja_mJ Amho. `m S>m|JaamJoV 3 Vo 4 {H$o AmhoV. `mnH$s EH$
amohrS> Imo-`mV dgbobm {H$m hUOoM "{H$o amohrS>m'. amohrS>Imoao ho Zram ZXr`m Imo-`m`m H$mhr ^mJmV dgbobo Amho. `m
Imo-`mV 42 Jmdo hmoVr. `mnH$s 41 Jmdo g`m`m nwUo {Om`m ^moa Vmbw`mV _moS>VmV. amohrS>m {H$m ho amohrS> Imo-`mMo
_wI {R>H$mU hmoVo. nwUo gmVmam {OmVrb ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZo, ghH$mar XyY`moOZm `m_wio òWrb n[agamVrb ~hVoH$ gd
Jmdmn`V ~g, drO AmXr gw{dYm nmohM`m AmhoV. `m_wio òWrb OrdZ gwIr Pmbobo Amho. amohrS>m {H$m ^moa`m X{jUog gw_mao
6 _bmda Amho. amohrS>m {H$`mbm {d{MJS> qH$dm {~ZrMm {H$m Ago XoIrb g~moYbo OmVo.
B{Vhmg : `m {H$`mMr {Z{_Vr hr `mXdH$mbrZ Amho. `m {H$`mdarb Vrg-`m XadmOmda AgUm-`m {ebmboImd$Z
_wh_X Am{XbehmZo m JS>mMr XwVr Ho$br Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo. `m {ebmboImd$Z _o 1656 ZVa hm {H$m {edmOr
_hmamOmZr ~mXb Xoe_wImH$Sy>Z KoVbm Ago g_OVo. {H$m Ko`mgmR>r amOmZm ~mXb Xoe_wImer hmVKmBMr bT>mB H$amdr bmJbr.
`mV H$UmOr ~mXb _mabm Jobm. ~mOr^y XoenmS>o ~mXbmMo _w` H$ma^mar hmoVo. bT>mBVa ~mOr^y XoenmS>o d BVa ghH$m-`mZm
dam`mV gm_rb H$$Z KoVbo Jobo. B.g. 1666 `m nwaXa`m VhmZwgma hm {H$m _moKbm`m dmYrZ Ho$bm Jobm. 24 OyZ 1670
amoOr {edam`mZr {H$m naV KoVbm.H$mhmoOr `m`mH$S>o ^moaMr nyU Va amohrS>m {H$`mMr {Z_r Xoe_wIr d O{_ZrMo H$mhr VwH$S>o
BZm_ hmoVo. amohrS>mMo JS>H$ar `mMoH$Sy>Z 30 hmoZ KoV hmoVo. {edmOr _hmamOm`m A{YH$m-`mZr {edmOr _hmamOmH$S>o {dMmaUm Ho$br
H$s 30 M hmoZ H$m, {edmOr _hmamOmZr {ZU` {Xbm H$s, OoYo Amnbo MmH$a Ag`m_wio nydmnma MmbV Ambobo `M `mdo. nwT>o
{H$m _moKbmZr qOH$bm, _m ^moa`m nV g{MdmZr AmaJOo~mer PwOyZ {H$m dam`mV nwhm XmIb Ho$bm. gWmZo {dbrZ
hmoBn`V amOJS>, VmoaUm, VwJ Am{U {VH$moZm {H$`m_mUo hm hr {H$m ^moaH$amH$S>o hmoVm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : n{h`m Xadm`m`m MmH$Q>rda JUoen>r Am{U da {_ham~ Amho. nwT>o 15 Vo 20 nm``m nma Ho$`mda Xwgam XadmOm bmJVmo. òWyZ AmV Jo`mda g_moaM nm`mMo ^w`mar Q>mHo$ Amho. `mMo nmUr ~mamhr _{hZo nwaVo. òWyZ
5-7 nm`-`m MTy>Z Jo`mda {Vgam XadmOm bmJVmo. hm XadmOm A{Ve` ^$_ Amho. `mda ~-`mM _mUmV H$moard H$m_ AmT>iVo.
XmoZhr ~mOyg hmrMo {ea H$moa`mV Ambo Amho. VgoM S>m`m ~mOybm _amR>r d CO`m ~mOybm \$magr {ebmboI Amho. AmOw~mOy`m
VQ>~XrMr nS>PS> Pmbr Amho. m gd XadmOmMr aMZm EH$_oH$mZm H$mQ>H$moZmV Amho. òWyZ AmV {ea`mda g_moaM 2 dmVy {XgVmV.
EH$ JS>mdarb gXa Agmdr Va Xwgao {H$oXmamMo Ka Agmdo. S>m`m ~mOybm WmoS>o AVa MmbyZ Jo`mda amo{hS>_ C\$ âm~mMo _{Xa
bmJVo. _{Xamg_moa bhmZgo Q>mHo$, Xrn_mi d MmH$moZr WS>Jr AmhoV. XodimV JUnVr, âd d âdr `m`m _yVu AmhoV. amohrS>mMm
Koa Vgm bhmZM Amho. {H$`m`m Amoòg {eadbo ~w$O, npM_og nmQ>Uo ~w$O d Xm_JwS>o ~w$O, Cmaog dmKOmBMm ~w$O d
nyd}g \$mo ~w$O d gXaoMm ~w$O Ago EHy$U 6 ~w$O AmhoV. JS>mMr VQ>~Xr d ~wOmMo ~mYH$m_ AOyZhr _O~yV AmhoV. JS>m`m
CmaoH$S>rb ^mJmV Q>m`mMr gbJ amJ Amho. òWoM EH$ ^y{_JV nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. VoWoM _mZdr _yVu d {edqnS>r Amho. gnyU JS>
{\$a`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.

~mOmadmS>r _mJ}: X{jUog 8-10 {H$_r AVamda ~mOmadmS>r ZmdmMo Jmd Amho. ~mOmadmS>rn`V Om`mgmR>r EgQ>r godm CnbY Amho.
~mOmadmS>rnmgyZ _ibobr dmQ> JS>m`m n{h`m XadmOmnmer KoD$Z OmVo. dmQ> A`V gmonr AgyZ XadmOmn`V nmohM`mg EH$ Vmg
bmJVmo.A~dS>o _mJ}^moa Vo A~dS>o Aer EgQ>r godm CnbYAmho.nyUo-^moa-nmZdi-A~dS>o Aer ~ggodm XoIrb CnbY Amho. `m
JmS>rZo A~dS>o Jmdr CV$Z Jmdm`m nyd}H$S>rb XmS>md$Z JS> MT>`mg gwdmV H$amdr. hr dmQ> bm~Mr Am{U {ZgaS>r Amho. `m dmQ>oZo
JS> JmR>`mg gw_mao AS>rM Vmg nwaVmV.e`Vmo JS>mda OmVmZm ~mOmadmS>r _mJ}Omdo Am{U CVaVmZm ZmPao qH$dm A~dS>o _mJ}CVamdo
hUOo amàoamH$S>o Om`mg gmono OmVo.
amohrS>m Vo amàoa dmQ>m : 1. ^moa - H$mar ~gZo H$mar JmdmV CVamdo. {VWyZ bmohXam _mJ}2 VmgmV amàoa nR>mamH$S>o nmohMVmo d
nR>mamdarb dVr n`V Om`mg XrS> Vmg bmJVmo. 2. dS>Vw~r _mJ}- XwnmaMr (2.45) ^moa-{Q>Q>oKa JmS>r Am~d`mg òVo. {VZo
dS>Vw~r \$mQ>mda CVamdo. {VWyZ 15 {_{ZQ>mV dS>Vw~r Jmd JmR>Uo. òWyZ gmYmaUV 2 VmgmV JUoeXam _mJ}amàoa nR>mamda
nmohMVm òVo. 3. ^moa-H$mob}JmS>rZo H$mob}JmdmV CVamdo. amr Cera Pm`mg JmdmV _w$m_ H$$Z nhmQ>o Jm`Xam _mJmZo 3 VmgmV
amàoa nR>mamdarb XodimV OmVm òVo. 4. ^moa-Xm~oHo$Ka ~gZo Xm~oHo$Kabm CVam`M d {VWyZ YmZdbr n`V MmbV Om`M. nwT>o
dmKXam_mJ}3 VmgmV amàoa JmR>m`M.
amh`mMr gmo` : amohrS>_`m _{XamV 5 Vo 7 OUmMr ahm`mMr gmo` hmoVo. nmdgm`mV _m _{XamV ahmVm òV Zmhr.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda {n`mMo nmUr ~ma_mhr CnbY Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : ~mOmadmS>r _mJ}- 1 Vmg
H$moarJS> - H$moamBJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: bmoUmdim
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
_wier YaUm`m npM_oH$S>o EH$ _mdi Amho `mMo Zmd Amho H$moa~mag _mdi.`mM _mdi mVmV H$moarJS> Am{U KZJS> ho {H$o
òVmV.bmoUmdim Am{U nmbr `m`m_ò AgUm-`m gdmUr KmQ>m`m _m`mda H$moarJS> Amho.hm {H$m {g Amho `m`m
gpWVrbm Agbo`m AIS> VQ>~Xr_wio. `m ^mJmVrb {H$o nhmd`mMo Ag`mg VrZ Vo Mma {XdgmMr gdS> hdr. H$moarJS>,
KZJS>, gwYmJS> Am{U gagJS> `m gmaIm gwXa Q>oH$hr `m ^mJmV Amn`mbm H$aVm òVmo.
B{Vhmg : `m JS>mMm B{VhmgmV \$magm Hw$R>o CoI Zmhr. 1657 _ò _hmamOmZr bmohJS>, {dgmnya, VwJ-{VH$moZm `m
{H$`m~amo~a H$moarJS> Amn`m dam`mV XmIb H$$Z KoVbm. _mM 1818 _ò EH$ Vmo\o$Mm Jmoim XmH$moR>mamda nmSy>Z `mZo
hm JS> qOH$bm .JS>mda _moR>m _mUmda mUhmZr Am{U {dmhmZr Pmbr . `m {H$`m~amo~a X{jUoH$S>rb KZJS>hr hr BJOmZm
{_imbm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : noR>-ehmnya JmdmVyZ H$moamBJS> EH$m q^VrgmaIm ^mgVmo. JS>_mWm hUOo EH$
^bo_moR>o nR>maM Amho.JS>mMr VQ>~Xr gmYmaUV XrS> {H$bmo_rQ>a bm~rMr Amho. VQ>~Xrd$Z gnyU JS>mbm \o$am KmbVm òVmo. noR>ehmnya`m dmQ>oZo da òVmZm _mJmV AZoH$ Jwhm d nm`mMr Q>mHo$ Am{U lr JUoemMr _yVu bmJVo. JUoeXadm`mZo AWmV noR>
ehmnya`m dmQ>oZo da Am`mda g_moaM dmS>mMo Adeof AmT>iVmV. g_moaM nR>mamda Xyada H$moamBXodrMo _{Xa Amho ._{XamMm
OrUm}ma Ho$bm Amho. _{Xamg_moaM EH$ Xrn_mi Amho. H$moamBXodr`m _yVuMr CMr gmYmaUV Mma \y$Q> Amho. JS>mda X{jUoH$S>`m
~mOyg AZoH$ ~w$O AmhoV. JS>mda AmOhr ghm Vmo\$m AmhoV. `mnH$s gdmV _moR>r 'b_r ' Vmo\$ H$moamBXodr`m _{XamOdi
Amho.`mM_mUo JS>mda AmUIr XmoZ _{Xao AmhoV. JS>mda XmoZ {dVrU Vir AmhoV. V`m`m nwT>o AmUIr XmoZ Jwhm AmhoV. òWoM
eI-MH$ -JXm-nYmar lr {dUyMr _yVu Amho. JS>md$Z g_moaM ZmJ\$UrMo Q>moH$, VwJ, {VH$moZm, _mWoamZ, ~iJS>, H$Zmim
Am{U _m{UH$JS> Agm gd n[aga {XgVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : gpWVrbm JS>mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m ApVdmV AmhoV.
1. noR>-ehmnya : H$moarJS>bm Om`mgmR>r bmoUmd`mbm `mdo. òWyZ Am`.EZ.Eg. {edmOr_mJ}Am~dUo qH$dm ^m~wS>}bm OmUmar ~g
nH$S>mdr, qH$dm ghmam H$nmH$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr Am{U ^wer YaUm`m nwT>o, Am`.EZ.Eg. {edmOr`m nwT>o 22 {H$._r. darb
noR>-ehmnya JmdmV CVamdo. `m JmdmVyZ gai OmUmar nm`dmQ> Amn`mbm nm`-`mnmer KoD$Z OmVo. nm`-`m`m ghm`mZo drg
{_{ZQ>mV JS>mda nmohMVm òVo.
2. Am~dUo Jmd : H$moarJS>bm Om`mgmR>r Am~dUo JmdmVyZhr OmVm òVo. hr dmQ> _m Oam AdKS> Amho. `m dmQ>oZo Om`mgmR>r
bmoUmd`mhZ ^m~wS>}H$S>o AWdm WoQ> Am~dUoH$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr. JmdmVyZ A`m VmgmV JS>mda OmVm òVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb _{XamV amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$`mda OodUmMr gmo` Zg`mZo Vr AmnU dVM H$amdr.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Zmhr, JS>mda XmoZ Vir Agbr Var `mVrb nmUr {n`m`mo` Zmhr. noR>ehmnya _mJ}JS>mda òUm`m
dmQ>oda XadmOm`m AbrH$S>o EH$ Q>mHo$ Amho. {n`m`m nm`mgmR>r ho dmnamdo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : noR>ehmnya _mJ}AYm Vmg.
KZJS
>{H$`mMr CMr : 3000
S>m|JaamJ: - bmoUmdim
{Ohm : am`JS
>loUr : H$R>rU
_wier`m npM_obm EH$ _mdi ^mJ Amho `mbmM "H$moag~mag' _mdi hUVmV.`mM _mdimV òUmam hm KZJS>.AmS>
~mOybm Agbobm hm {H$m _m Amn`mgma`m Q>oH$gbm Zoh_rM IwUmdV amhVmo.òWrb OZOrdZ ehar gwIgmo`tnmgyZ
Xwamdbobo.
B{Vhmg :
{H$`m`m ~b B{VhmgmV \$magm CoI AmT>iV Zmhr._m {H$m H$moir gm_VmH$Sy>Z {ZOm_ehmH$S>o Am{U nwT>o
Am{XbehmH$S>o Am{U ZVa _amR>mH$S>o Ambm.

{H$`mda doe Ho$`mda S>m`m hmVmbm AgUmar Q>oH$S>rda OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr.`m dmQ>oZo da OmVmZm EH$m
nS>`m XadmOmVyZ AmnU JS>_m`mda doe H$aVmo.JS>mda nS>`m KamMo Adeof AmhoV.nm`mMr EH$ Vo XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV
AmO{_{Vg _m Vr \w$Q>bobr AmhoV.~mH$s {H$`mda \$mago Adeof ZmhrV.{H$`md$Z gwYmJS>,gagJS> A{U Vb~bm Mr
q^V hm n[aga {XgVmo.VgoM ZmUXmS> KmQ> ,gdUrMm KmQ> ,^moa`mMr Zmi `m H$moH$UmVrb KmQ>dmQ>m gwXm {XgVmV.

H$R>rU. VamamohU Amd`H$.
1. EoH$mobo_mJ}
{H$`mda Om`mgmR>r EH$M dmQ> Amho A{U Vr EoH$mobo JmdmVyZM da OmVo._w~BH$amZr A{U nwUoH$amZr bmoUmdim
JmR>mdo.bmoUmd`mhZ ^m~wS>}H$S>o OmUmar Eg Q>r nH$S>mdr.bmoUmdim Vo ^m~wS>}ho AVa 40 {H$._r Mo Amho.^m~wS>}JmdmVyZ WoQ>
EoH$mobo JmdmV `mdo .^m~wS>}Vo EoH$mobo ho gmYmaUV: AVa 20 {_{ZQ>mMo Amho.EoH$mobo JmdmVyZM {H$`mda Om`mMm aVm
Amho.JmdmVyZ ~mhoa nS>`mda S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr.hr dmQ> WoQ> {H$`mda OmVo.`mdmQ>oZo nwT>o OmVmZm JmaOmB XodrMo
_{Xa bmJVo.`m _{XamV ""lr JmaAmB _hmamOmMr d {H$bo KZJS>mMr '' Agm {ebmboI H$moabobm Amho._{Xam`m g_moaM
EH$ Vmo\$Jmoim nS>bobm Amho. `m _{Xam`m S>m`m ~mOyZoM {H$`mda OmUmar dmQ> Amho.òWyZ WmoS>mM doimV AmnU EH$m
H$mViH$S>mnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo.JS>mda OmUmar dmQ> BJOmZr gwJ bmdyZ {MUyZ H$mT>br Amho.15 \w$Q>m`m m H$S>mda
WmoS>o VamamohU H$$Z MTy>Z Omdo bmJVo.Amd`H$ Ag`mg 15 \w$Q>mMm Xmoa bmdmdm.hm H$S>m nma Ho$bm H$s AmnU WoQ>
{H$`mVM doe H$aVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` :
da amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr _m JmaOmB `m _{XamV 20 bmoH$mMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` :
AmnU dV: H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` :
{H$`mda {n`mMo nmUr Zmhr
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi :

EoH$mobo JmdmVyZ AYmVmg
Om`mgmR>r Cm_ H$mbmdYr
gd F$VwV
bmohJS
{H$`mMr CMr :
S>m|JaamJ: bmoUmdim
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
ndZm_mdimV AgUmam Am{U bmoUmdim (~moa) KmQ>mMmH$ gajH$ AgUmam hm bmohJS> nwUo - _w~B h_a`md$Z
ghOM ZOaog nS>Vmo. nw`m Am{U _w~BnmgyZ Odi Ag`m H$maUmZo òWo Q>oH$g _S>itMr Zoh_rM ò Om Mmby AgVo.
{H$`m`m nmoQ>mV ^mOo Am{U ~oS>go `m {gX bo`m AmhoV.. _w~B - nwUo aodo_mJmdarb _idbr Q>oeZda CV$Z AmnU
{H$`mH$S>o OmD$ eH$Vmo. _hm_mJmnmgyZ OdiM Ag`mZo nm``m`m JmdmV gd gwIgw{dYm AmhoV.
B{Vhmg : bmohJS> {H$m hm A{V _O~yV, ~wbX Am{U XwO}` Amho. {H$`mMr {Z{_Vr Odi AgUmar ^mOo Am{U ~oS>go
hr ~mH$mbrZ boUr `m H$mir {Z_mU Pmbr, `mhr nydu hUOoM gmmdrego dfmnydu Pmbobr Agmdr Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo.
gmVdmhZ, Mmbw`, am>Hy$Q>, `mXd `m gd amOdQ>r `m {H$`mZo nm{h`m.B. g. 1489 _ò _{bH$ Ah_XZo
{ZOm_emhrMr WmnZm Ho$br Am{U AZoH$ {H$o qOHy$Z KoVbo. `mnH$sM bmohJS> hm EH$. B. g. 1564 _ò Ah_XZJaMm gmVdm
amOm Xwgam ~whmU {ZOm_ `m {H$`mda H$XoV hmoVm. B. g. 1630 _ò {H$m Am{XbemhrV Ambm. 1657 _ò {edmOr _hmamOmZr
H$`mU Am{U {^dS>r n[aga qOHy$Z KoVbm Am{U bmohJS> - {dgmnya hm gd n[aga gwm dam`mV gm_rb H$$Z KoVbm. B. g.
1665 _ò Pmbo`m nwaXa`m VhmV hm {H$m _moJbm`m dmYrZ Ho$bm Jobm. nwT>o 13 _o 1670 _ò _amR>mZr {H$m naV
qOH$bm. n{h`m gwaV byQ>o`m doiog AmUbobr gnmr ZoVmOr nmbH$aZo bmohJS>mda AmUyZ R>odbr hmoVr. B. g. 1713 _ò
emh_hmamOmZr H$nmdV hmoD$Z bmohJS> H$mhmoOr AmJo `mg {Xbm. 1720 _ò AmJ`mH$Sy>Z Vmo noe`mH$S>o Ambm. 1770 _ò ZmZm
\$S>UdrgmMm gaXma OmdOr ~m|~bo `mZo Vmo Amn`m Vm`mV KoVbm. ZmZmZr nwT>o Ym|S>monV {Zgwao `m`mH$S>o {H$`mMm H$ma^ma
gmondbm.B. g. 1789 _ò ZmZmZr {H$`mMo ~mYH$m_ AmUIrZ _O~yV H$$Z KoVbo. {H$`mV ZmZmZr gmoim H$mZ Agbobr EH$
~md ~mYbr d {V`m ~mOyg EH$ {ebmboI H$moabm, `mMm AW Agm- eHo$ 1711 _ò ~mimOr OZmXZ ^mZy - ZmZm \$S>Udrg
`mZr hr ~md Ym|S>mo ~mi {Zgwao `m`m XoIaoIrImbr ~mOrMQ> `mMoH$Sy>Z ~m{Ydbr. ZmZmZr Amnbo gd ` {Zgw`mMo {ZJamUrV
bmohJS>mda AmUbo. 1800 _ò {Zgw`mMm H$bmgdmg Pmbm. 1802 _ò `m`m nZr {H$`mda òD$Z am{h`m. 1803 _ò
{H$m BJOmZr KoVbm. nU ZVa Xwg`m ~mOramdmZo Vmo nwhm qOH$bm. 4 _mM 1818 bm OZab mWa bmohJS> qOH$`mgmR>r Ambm.
`mZo gd W_ {dgmnya qOH$bm. `m {Xder {dgmnya BJOmZr KoVbm `m`m Xwg`mM {Xder _amR>o bmohJS> gmoSy>Z Jobo. JS>mdarb
nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda MT>VmZm Amn`mbm gbJ Mma doemam_YyZ Am{U gnmH$ma _mJmd$Z Omdo bmJVo. gdW_
1. JUoe XadmOm:- m`mM S>m`m - CO`m ~wOmImbr gmdio Hw$Qw>~mMm Za~ir Xo`mV Ambm hmoVm Am{U `m`m ~X`mV `m`m
deOmZm bmohJS>dmS>rMrnm{Q>bH$s Xo`mV Ambr hmoVr.òWo AmVrb ~mOyg {ebmboI AmhoV. 2. ZmamÙ XadmOm:- hm XadmOm ZmZm
\$S>UrgmZr ~mYbm. òWo EH$ ^w`ma Amho, {OWo ^mV d ZmMUr gmR>dyZ R>od`mV òB. 3. hZw_mZ XadmOm:- hm gdmV mMrZ XadmOm
Amho. 4. _hmXadmOm:- hm JS>mMm _w` XadmOm Amho. `mda hZw_mZmMr _yVu H$moabr Amho. m Xadm`mMo H$m_ ZmZm \$S>UrgmZr 1
Zmoh|~a 1790 Vo 11 OyZ 1794 `m H$mbmdYrV Ho$bo._hmXadm`mVyZ AmV {eaVmM EH$ XJm bmJVmo. X`m`m eoOmar gXa d
bmohmaImZmMo ^ Adeof AmT>iVmV. `mM X`m`m ~mhoa ~mYH$m_mMm MwZm ~Z{d`mMm KmUm Amho.COdrH$S>o dOV^ Amho.`m`m
OdiM EH$ Vmo\$ H$mhr hme XwJo_tZr qg_oQ>`m MmW-`mV ~gdbobr Amho.AerM EH$ Vmo\$ VwQ>bo`m AdWoV b_rH$moR>r`m g_moa
nS>bobr Amho. dOV^m`m COdrH$S>o MmbV Jo`mg b_r H$moR>r AmT>iVo. `m H$moR>rV amhm`mMr gmo` hmoVo.`m H$moR>rV AZoH$ Imo`m
AmT>iVmV.X`m`m nwT>o WmoS>o COdrH$S>o Jo`mg WmoS>m CMdQ>`mMm ^mJ Amho , {OWo EH$ gwXa {ed_{Xa AmT>iVo.nwT>o gai MmbV
Jo`mda EH$ N>moQ>ogo Vio Amho.ho Vi A>H$moZr Amho. `m`mM ~mOybm {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ XoIrb Amho.hr JS>mdarb {n`m`m
nm`mMr EH$_od gmo` Amho. {VWyZ nwT>o nYam Vo drg {_{ZQ>o MmbV Jo`mg EH$ _moR>o Vio AmT>iVo.ZmZm \$S>UdrgmZr `m V`mMr
~mYUr Ho$br Amho.ho Vi gmoimH$moZr Amho._moR>m V`m`m nwT>o qdMwH$mQ>mH$S>o OmVmZm dmS>mMo H$mhr Adeof {XgVmV. b_r
H$moR>r`m npM_og qdMyH$mQ>m Amho. `m qdMyH$mQ>mg ~KyZ Amn`mbm AmR>dU òVo Vr hUOo amOJS>m`m gOrdZr _mMrMr. nYameo
_rQ>a bm~ Am{U Vrg _rQ>a X Aer hr S>m|JamMr gm|S> Amho. qdMwH$mQ>`mda Om`mgmR>r EH$ Q>nm CV$Z nbrH$S>o Omdo bmJVo .
JS>md$Z nm{hbo AgVm hm ^mJ qdMdm`m ZmJrgmaIm {XgVmo,hUyZ `mg qdMyH$mQ>m hUVmV.`m ^mJmV nm`mMr Cm_ gmo` AmT>iVo.
JS>m`m AmOw~mOyMm n[aga `mhmi`mgmR>r `m qdMyH$mQ>m Mm Cn`moJ hmoV Agmdm. `m JS>md$Z òVmZm ^mOo JmdmVrb ^mOo bo`m
AmdOyZ nmh`mV.nmdgm`mVrb bmohJS>mMo n nm{hbo H$s _Zmo_Zr JwUJwUV...& Amo`m nmZmV`m aofm dmMVmV Amobo njr& Am{U
nmonQ>r aJmMr amZ XmI{dVo Zjr &&
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : bmohJS>mda Om`mgmR>r VrZ dmQ>m AmhoV.
1) ny`md$Z AWdm _w~Bd$Z òVmZm bmoUmd`m`m nwT>o AgUm-`m _idbr WmZH$mda CVamdo.VoWyZ Eog hm`do nma H$$Z
^mOo JmdmVyZ WoQ> bmohJS>bm OmUar dmQ> nH$S>mdr.dmQ> _moR>r Am{U eV Amho.{VWyZ XrS> Vmgm`m MmbrZVa "Jm`_wI' qIS>rV
òD$Z nmohMVmo. qIS>r`m A{bH$S>oM EH$ Jmd Amho `mMo Zmd bmohJS>dmS>r.qIS>rVyZ COdrH$S>o dibo hUOo bmohJS>mg n mg nmohMVmo
Am{U S>mdrH$S>o dibo hUOo {dgmnya {H$`mda nmohMVmo.`m _mJ}bmohJS>mda doe H$aVmZm Mma XadmOo bmJVmV.
2) bmoUmd`mhZ XwMmH$s AWdm MmaMmH$s dmhZmZo WoQ> bmohJS>mdmS>r n`V OmVm òVo.ndZm YaUmH$S>o OmUm-`m a`mZo WmoS>o nwT>o
Jo`mda S>mdrH$S>o EH$ aVm bmJVmo VoWyZ 3 Vo 4 qH$ _r AVamda bmohJS>mdmS>r Amho.C^m MT> Am{U A{Ve` YmoH$mXm`H$ diUo
AmhoV.gmYmaU AYm VmgmMm dmg Amho._m òWo EgQ>r _hm_S>imMr gmo` Zmhr.dV:Mo dmhZ Ag`mg Cm_ AWdm bmoUd`mVyZ
Q>gZo OmVm òVo _m Q>g^mS>o 1000 AmhoV.
3) H$mio H$mbZr hr ndZm YaUmOdi dgbobr Amho.VoWyZ bmohJS> Am{U {dgmnya _Yrb Jm`_wI qIS> n[aga `dpWV {XgVmo.ndZm
YaUm`m ImbyZ EH$ aVm Jm`_wI qIS>r`m S>mdrH$S>rb Q>oH Q>oH$S>rda OmVmo VoWyZ EH$ _ibobrnm`dmQ>AmnUmgbmohJS>mdmS>rV KoD$Z
OmVo.`m Q>H$S>rda AJdmb Zmdm`m Bg_mMm ~Jbm Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$`mda Om`mg 2 Vmg bmJVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : b_r H$moR>r ahm`mMr EH$_od gmo` Amho.30 Vo 40 OU Amam_mV amh eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU dV: OodUmMr gmo` H$amdr AWdm bmohJS>dmS>r _`H$ OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.
nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {n`mgmR>r nmUr CnbY Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 2 Vmg.
{dgmnya
{H$`mMr CMr : 3038\y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: bmoUmdim
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : _`_
nw`mH$S>o OmVmZm bmoUmdim gmoS>bo H$s bmohJS>-{dgmnya hr OmoS>Jmoir {J`mamohH$mMo bj doYyZ KoV AgVo. _idbr
aodoWmZH$mda CVa`mda g_moaM {XgVmo Vmo hUOo bmohJS>. _m S>m|Jam_mJo bnbobm {dgmnya {H$m ^mOo JmdmV Jo`mdaM
ZOaog nS>Vmo. ndZm_mdimV _moS>Umam Am{U bmoUmdim (~moa) KmQ>mMo gajU hm {dgmnya {H$m H$aVmo. nydunmgyZM Xwb{jV
Agbobm hm {dgmnya {H$m B{VhmgmV \$ma _moR>o Ago WmZ {_idy eH$bm Zmhr.
B{Vhmg : _amR>o 1682 gmb`m AmQ>mo~a _{h`mV nw`m`m Cma ~mOybm dmargmR>r Jobo. {S>g|~a`m n{h`m AmR>dS>mV
ehm~wrZ MmH$U_ò hmoVm. _amR>o bmohJS>m`m ~mOybm Am`mMo g_O`mda Vmo VoWo nmohMbm. VoWo `mZo Ho$bo`m MH$_H$sV 60
_mUgmMr H$mb Pmbr. VoWyZ _amR>o {dgmnya {H$`mda Jo`mMo g_Obo hUyZ Vmo VoWo nmohMon`V _amR>o Hw$gmnwa JmdmOdi
nmohMbo. 1682 _ò _amR>mMm Am{U _moJbmMm {edm{edrMm Ioi MmbyM hmoVm. 4 _mM 1818 bm OZab mWa bmohJS>
qOH$`mgmR>r Ambm. `mZo gd W_ {dgmnya qOH$bm. `m {Xder {dgmnya BJOmZr KoVbm `m`m Xwg`mM {Xder _amR>o bmohJS>
gmoSy>Z Jobo
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : nm`-`m`m ghm`mZo {H$`mda OmVmZm EH$ _mVrMo XoD$i Amho. ~mOybmM XmoZ
Jwhm AmhoV. `mV 30 Vo 40 OUmMr ahm`mMr gmo` hmoVo. _m nmdgm`mV JwhoV nmUr gmR>Vo. JS>mda nm`mMr Vir AmhoV.
JS>mdarb nR>mamda bm~da ngabobr VQ>~Xr Amnbo b` doYyZ KoVo. JS>mda EH$ _moR>o OmVhr Amho
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : _w~B-nwUo bmoh_mJmda _idbr `m aodo WmZH$mda CVamdo. òWyZ ^mOo JmdmV `mdo. ^mOo
JmdmVyZ {dgmnya {H$`mda Om`mg XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV.
1) n{h`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda Om`Mo Pm`mg dmQ>mS>m KoUo Amd`H$ R>aVo. ^mOo bo`mZm Om`mgmR>r nm`-`m AmhoV. `m nm`-`m
gmoSy>Z EH$ nm`dmQ> OJbmV Jobobr {XgVo. COdrH$S>Mr nm`dmQ> Ya`mda 20 {_{ZQ>o MmbyZ Jo`mda H$mhr Kao bmJVmV. `m dmQ>oZo
AmnU _moS>H$irg Ambo`m nm`-`mnmer nmohMVmo. òWo ~mOybmM EH$ _{Xa Amho.
2) Xwg-`m dmQ>oZo ^mOo JmdmVyZ Jm`_wI qIS>rn`V `mdo. Jm`_wI qIS>rVyZ S>mdrH$S>o OJbmV OmUmar dmQ> WoQ> {dgmnya {H$`mda
KoD$Z OmVo.
3) _idbr WmZH$mVyZ ~mhoa Am`mda dmQ>oV Eog hm`do bmJVmo. hm`do nma H$a`mgmR>r ~mYbo`m nmXMmar nwbmd$Z
S>mdrH$S>o CVaUmam {OZm CVa`mda nmQ>U Jmd bmJVo. `mM nmQ>U JmdmVyZ {dgmnyada Om`mMm aVm Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ahm`mgmR>r XmoZ Jwhm AmhoV.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda {n`m`m nm`mgmR>r Vir AmhoV.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AS>rM Vmg.
amO_mMr
{H$`mMr CMr :
S>m|JaamJ: bmoUmdim
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : _`_
gmr`m bmoUmdim IS>mim nmgyZ {ZKUm-`m S>m|JaamJo_wio {Z_mU Pmbobm n[aga "Chmg ZXrMo Imoao' hUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.`mM
n[agamVyZ Chmg ZXr CJ_ nmdVo.`mM "Chmg ZXr`m Imo-`m`m XoemV _w~BnwUo bmoh_mJmda bmoUmd`m`m dm`òg 15 {H$._r
AVamda amO_mMr {H$m dgbobm Amho.H$`mUm Zmbmgmonmam hr mMrZ H$mimVrb _moR>r `mnmar ~Xao.`m ~XamnmgyZ ~moaKmQ>_mJ}nw`mH$S>o
OmUmam _mJ hm nwamVZ `mnmar _mJ.Ogm ZmUoKmQ> Vgm ~moaKmQ>,`m_wio `m _mJmd$Zhr _moR>m _mUmV dmhVyH$ MmbV Ago.`m `mnmar
_mJmMo {ZÙ H$a`mgmR>r {edm` OH$mV dgybrgmR>r H$moH$U Am{U KmQ>m`m doerda AgUm-`m {H$`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV
Ago.`mnH$s gdmV _wI" {H$o amO_mMr.{H$`mMm ^mJmo{bH$ Q>m {dMma Ho$`mg Amn`m Ago bjmV òBb H$s amO_mMr`m EH$m
~mOyg ndZ _mdi mVmVrb VwJ, {VH$moZm, bmohJS>, {dgmnya Va EH$m ~mOyg noR>, ^r_meH$a, T>mH$ Mm {H$m, JmoaIJS>, {gXJS>, MXoar
Agm gd n[aga ZOaoV nS>Vmo. `m_io hm {H$m hUOo bH$ar >`m EH$ _wI R>mU Agbo nm{hOo. {H$`mbm XmoZ ~mbo{H$o AmhoV. ho
XmoZ ~mbo{H$o hUOo XmoZ dV Ag o{H$oM hmo`.
B{Vhmg : amO_mMr {H$`m`m nmoQ>mV EH$ boU Amho `mbmM "H$m|S>mUo boUr' Ago hUVmV.hr boUr H$m|S>mUm JmdmnmgyZ Amoòg 2
{H$._r AVamda AmhoV.hr boUr {Vnyd Xwg-`m eVH$mV hUOo gmVdmhZH$mbm`m gwadmVrbm ImoXbobr AmhoV.AIS> XJS>mV
H$moabo`m dmVw{enmMm hm CH$> Z_wZm Amho.`m boUr g_whmV EH$ M`Jh Am{U gmV {dhmamMm g_mdoe Amho. `m bo`mMr {Z_uVr
amO_mMrda AgUm-`m gmoImbr Pmbr.`mdZM Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s hm {H$m gmYmaU 2500 dfmnyduMm Agmdm.amO_mMr {H$`mg
nydu "H$m|H$UMm XadmOm'g~moY`mV òV Ago. H$`mU`m 1657 `m dmar ZVa `mMdfu {edmOr _hmamOmZr nwUo Am{U H$`mU
{d^mJmV Agbo`m ~moaKmQ>mdarb amO_mMr ,bmohJS>, VwJ, {VH$moZm, {dgmnya {H$o dam`mV XmIb H$$Z KoVbo. `m_wio nw`mnmgyZ Vo
R>m`mn`VMm gd Xoemda {edemhrMo dMd Wm{nV Pmbo. nwT>o g^mOr _hmamO {OdV Ago n`V hUOoM gZ 1689 n`V ho gd
{H$o _amR>`m`m Vm`mV hmoVo. `mZVa 1713 _ò emh_hmamOmZr H$mhmoOr AmJo `mZm hm {H$m {Xbm . gZ 1730 _ò hm {H$m
n{hbo ~mOramd noedo `m`mH$S>o Ambm.1776_ò gXm{edaamd VmoV`mZo gnyU H$moH$U mV H$m~rO H$arV ~moaKmQ>m n`V nmohMbm.`mZo
amO_mMr {H$m KoVbm.`mZVa `m VmoV`mMo dMd dmT>bo _m noe`mZr `m`mda hm H$$Z amO_mMr {H$m Am{U AmOw~mOwMm n[aga
Amn`m Vm`mV KoVbm.nwT>o 1818 _ò {H$m BJOmH$S>o Jobm. Chmg ZXr`m `m nmmV H$m|XrdS>o Am{U H$m|T>mUm Odi EH$m _moR>m
XJS>mV 21 hS>o nmUr _mdob EdT>m nmiUm H$moabm AgyZ `m_ò EH$m ~mbH$mMr _yVu H$moabr Amho.nydu W{ZH bmoH$ _wb hmo`mgmR>r òWo
Zdg H$aV Agm gX^ _hmam> JPo{Q>Aa am`JS> {Ohm gZ 1993 n> H$ 721 da {Xbm Amho.`m n[agamV `mbm "{OOmD$ Hw$S>
'hUVmV `m Hw$S>mV bmoH$ _moR>m lXoZo gy`ZmZ H$aVmV.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : bmoUd`mhZ VwJmbu_mJ}amO_mMrbm òVmZm dmQ>oVM Jmdm`m doerOdi EH$ `momMo
_maH$ ,AYdQ> VwQ>bobr VQ>~Xr,XadmOmMo Adeof,JUn{V Am{U _m{Vam`mMr _yVu Amho.{H$`md$Z AmOw~mOwMm {XgUmam n[aga
{ZgJgmX`mZo ZQ>bobm Amho. {H$`m`m _mMrda dVr Amho {Vbm "CYodmS>r' Ago hUVmV.
CX`gmJa Vbmd : nmdgmi`mV hm Vbmd _m AmogSy>Z dmhVmo. Vbmdm`m g_moarb Q>oH$mS> Imbr CV$Z Jo`mda g_moaM EH$ _moR>o nR>ma
bmJVo.nmdgmi`mV XarVyZ nS>Um-`m Y~Y`mMo gwXa ` {XgVo.{hadrJma dZlr AJ{UV Y~Y~o Am{U gVV H$moiUmam nmD$g `m
AhmXXm`H$ dmVmdaUm_wio _Zmo_Zr Hw$gw_mJOm`m Amoir JwUJwUm`bm bmJVmV , n{bH$S>o Iimio {Z_i {Ziga nmUr CmwJ VMr
C^r g^moVr loUr EH$mH$s Yyga nmD$bdmQ> _Yo hr {VOd$Z {dhmao _Zm_ò dZamUr
_ZaOZ : CMrZo lrdYZnojm bhmZ AgUm-`m `m ~mbo{H$`mda OmUar dmQ> gmonr Amho. gmYmaU A`m VmgmV AmnU ~mbo{H$`m`m
doemamV nmohMVmo. _ZaOZda OmUmar dmQ> gmonr Amho. `m {H$`mMm XadmOm hm Jmo_wIr Amho.{H$`mda Jo`mda COdrH$S>`m dmQ>oda
Ow`m H$mimVrb {H$oXmam`m dmS>mMo Adeof {XgVmV. `mg_moaM N>na CS>mbobo Cm_ XJS>r~mYH$m_mMo _{Xa Amho. `m _{Xam`m
Xadm`mda JUoemMo {en H$moabobo Amho. XmoZ Mma nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV. {H$`mMr VQ>~Xr AmOhr H$mhr _mUmV em~yV Amho. òWyZ
H$Zmim, ~iJS>, BemiJS>, T>mH$~{har, ZmJ\$UrMo Q>moH$ hm gd n[aga {XgVmo.
lrdYZ : amO_mMr`m AgUm-`m XmoZ ~mbo{H$`mnH$s gdmV CM Agm hm ~mbo{H$m.lrdYZMr VQ>~Xr Am{U ~wO AmOhr ~-`mnH$s
gwpWVrV Amho.{H$`mbm AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Xwhoar VQ>~Xr Agmdr Ago Adeofmd$Z {XgVo.XadmOmMr H$_mZ ~-`mnH$s em~yV Amho.
XadmOm`mM ~mOwbm nhmaoH$-`m`m XodS>m AmhoV.{H$`mda Om`m`m dmQ>odaM EH$ Jwhm Am{U nm`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV .`m Jwhm
hUOo XmJmo`mMo H$moR>ma Amho.~mbo{H$`m`m _m`mda EH$ dOV^ Amho.g_moaM T>mH$~{harMm {MmWamaH$ gwiH$m Va `m`m
CO`m hmVmg AgUmam {eamoQ>mMm Z`Za` Vbmd hm gd n[aga {XgVmo.

eH$amMo _{Xa : Vbmdm`m npM_obm EH$ gwXa H$ierXma eH$amMo _{Xa Amho.`m _{Xamg_moaM Jmo_wI AgyZ `mVbo nmUr g_moa`m
Q>m`m_ò nS>Vo. g`m `m _{Xam`m CIZZmMo H$m_ JmdH$-`mZr hmVr KoVbobo Amho.amO_mMrbm nyd Am{U X{jU {XemZm Or Imob Xar
Amho Vr "H$mViXam' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo.`m XarVyZM Chmg ZXr CJ_ nmdVo.`m ZXr`m npM_oH$S>rb S>m|Jambm "âd S>m|Ja'
hUVmV.Aem {ZgJgmX`mZo ZQ>bo`m amO_mMr {H$`mMo Iao d{eQ> hUOo `m {H$`mMo XmoZ ~mbo{H$o lrdYZ Am{U _ZaOZ
.~mbo{H$`mH$S>o OmVmZm dmQ>oV IS>H$mV ImoXbo`m Jwhm bmJVmV.lrdYZ Am{U _ZaOZ ~mbo{H$`m`m _ò EH$ gIbn>r
Amho,`mdaM âdZmWmMo EH$ _{Xa Amho. _{Xamg_moaM 3 {Xn_mim Am{U b_rMr _yVu Amho.òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> _ZaOZ Am{U
COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> lrdYZ {H$`mda OmUmar Amho.

bmoUmd`mhZ VwJmbu _mJ}: bmoUmd`mhZ VwJmbu _mJ}amO_mMr JmdmV `mdo. hr dmQ> EH$Xa 19 {H$._r Mr Amho.dmQ>oZo {H$`mda Om`mg
5 Vmg bmJVmV.
H$OVhZ H$m|XrdS>o _mJ}: H$OVhZ H$m|XrdS>o `m JmdmV ~gZo `mdo.BWyZ JS>mda Om`mg gw_mao 3 Vo 4 Vmg bmJVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : 1. CYodmS>r JmdmV amh`mMr Cm_ gmo` hmoVo. âdZmWm`m`m _XramVhr Am{U ~mbo{H$`mda OmVmZm bmJUm-`m
JwhoVhr amhmVm òVo. 2. amO_mMr ba ES> ES> S>ohbn_|Q> moJm_ `m gWoZo ~mYbo`m Imo`m_òhr ahm`mMr `dWm hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : amO_mMr JmdmV OodUmMr Cm_ gmo` hmoVo.
nm`mMr gmo` : amO_mMr JmdmV nm`mMr gmo` hmoVo.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : VwJmbu _mJ}5 Vmg, H$OV - H$m|{XdS>o _mJ}2 Vmg
{VH$moZm
{H$`mMr CMr : 3580\y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: bmoUmdim
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
_w~B-nwUo h_a`mdZ {XgUmao bmohJS> Am{U {dgmnya {H$o Amn`mbm gdmZm _mhrV AmhoV. `mM {H$`m`m _mJrb ~mOyg
ndZ_mdi mVmV AgUm-`m {VH$moZm D$\$ {dVS>JS> `mMr AmnU AmoiI H$$Z KoD$`m. bmohJS> Am{U {dgmnya`m {H$`m`m _mJo hm
{H$m Ag`mZo WoQ> ZOaog nS>V Zmhr.g`m`m wVJ{V _hm_mJmd$Z _m hm {H$m ghO >rjonmV òVmo.~moaKmQ> MTy>Z Jo`mda
_m`mda H$mb}, ^mOo, ~oS>go, ^S>mam Am{U eobmadmS>r hr boUr AmhoV. `m bo`m`m gwa{jVVogmR>r C^mabobo {H$o hUOo bmohJS>,
{dgmnya, VwJ Am{U {VH$moZm. mMrZ ~XamZm KmQ>_m`mer OmoS>Um-`m AZoH$ KmQ>dmQ>m `m n[agamV AmhoV `m_wio `mda dMH$ R>od`mgmR>r
`m XwJmMr {Z_uVr Ho$br hmoVr. gmYmaUV: `m n[agamVrb boUr hr ~mX Am{U {hZ`mZ nXVrMr Ag`m_wio ho gd {H$o 800 Vo 1000
`m H$mimV ~mYbobo AgmdoV.
B{Vhmg : B.g 1585 `m gw_mamg {ZOm_emhrMm gaXma _{bH$ Ah_X {ZOm_ehm `mZo hm {H$m qOH$bm Am{U {H$m {ZOm_emhrV
gm_rb Pmbm.`m JS>m ~bMm B{Vhmg \$magm Hw$R>ohr CnbY Zmhr.{edam`mZr 1657 _ò Ow`m {ZOm_er H$moH$UmVrb _mhbr ,bmohJS>,
{dgmnya,gmoZJS>,Vim d H$Zmim `m {H$`mgmo~V hm {H$m XoIrb Amn`m dam`mV gm_rb H$Z KoVbm d gd {ZOm_emhr H$moH$U
{edam`m`m hmVmImbr Ambo.`m {H$`mMm Cn`moJ gnyU ndZ_mdimda XoIaoIm R>od`mgmR>r hmoV Ago.gZ 1660 _ò `m ^mJm`m
gwa{jVVogmR>r ZoVmOr nmbH$a `mMr {Z`w$s Pmbr.12 OyZ 1665 nwaXa VhmZwgma 18 OyZbm Hw$~mXImZmZo hbmbImZ d BVa
gaXmamgmo~V m n[agamMm Vm~m KoVbm. .B.g 1682 `m AmJ> _{h`mV g^mOr d AH$~a `mMr ôQ> Pmbr `m ôQ>rZVa AH$~a
{VH$moZm {H$`mda amh`mg Ambm._m òWrb hdm Z _mZd`mZo `mbm OVmnya òWo YmS>`mV Ambo. B.g.1818 _ò {H$`mda
N>moQ>m\$ma _mUmV bT>mB Pmbr `mV {H$`mMo ~-`mM _mUda ZwH$gmZ Pmbo.AmO{_{Vg {H$`mMr _moR>`m _mUmda nS>PS> Pmbr
Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mMm Koam \$ma _moR>m Zg`m_wio EH$ VmgmV gd JS> nmhZ hmoVmo.JS>m`m Xadm`mVyZ AmV
{ea`mda S>mdrH$S>o dimdo.WmoS>o AVa MmbyZ Jo`mda EH$ nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Am{U Jwhm bmJVo.JwhoV 10 Vo 15 OUmMr amh`mMr hmoVo._m
nmdgm`mV Jwhm amh`mg A`mo` Amho.Jwho`m ~mOwZo da OmUmar dmQ>oZo WoQ> ~mbo{H$`m`m doemamnmer nmohMVmo.doemam`m nm``m m X_N>mH$ H$aUm-`m AmhoV. Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda COdrH$S>o nm`mMr Q>mH$ AmhoV Va S>mdrH$S>o VQ>~XrMm ~wO {XgVmo.gai
WmoS>oda Jo`mda EH$ dmQ> COdrH$S>o CVaVo.òWo nm`mMr H$mhr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.òWyZ _mKmar {\$$Z gai dmQ>obm bmJmdo.hr dmQ>
Amn`mbm H$mhr VwQ>bo`m nm`-`mnmer KoD$Z OmVo.òWyZ da Jo`mda g_moaM _hmXodmMo _{Xa Amho._{Xam_mJo nm`mMm _moR>m IXH$
Amho.`mbm digm KmbyZ Jo`mda AmnUm dOV^m`m OmJr nmohMVmo. ~mbo{H$`mdZ g_moaM C^m AgUmam
VwJ,bmohJS>,{dgmnya,^mVamerMm S>m|Ja,_mog}Mm S>m|Ja,Om^wirMm S>m|Ja,ndZoMm n[aga Am{U \$mJUo YaU hm gd n[aga `mhiVm
òVmo.JS>md$Z gnyU _mdimV Amn`m ZOaoV òVmo.Aem H$mao 4 VmgmV gnyU JS> nmhZ naVr`m dmgmbm bmJw eH$Vmo.gd JS>
{\$a`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo.

~oS>go bo`m _mJ}: AZoH$ Q>oH$g bmohJS>,{dgmnya ,~oS>go boUo Am{U {VHo$Zm Agm Q>oH$hr H$aVmV.`mgmR>r ~oS>go bo`m H$Z {VH$moZmnoR>oV
OmVm òVo.
~mhUmobr _mJ}: AZoH$ Q>oH$g VwJ Am{U {VH$moZm Agm Q>oH$hr H$aVmV.`mgmR>r VwJ {H$m nmhZ VwJdmS>rV CVamdo Am{U Ho$dao `m Jmdr `mdo
òWyZ bmMZo n{bH$S>`m Vramdarb ~mhUmobr `m Jmdr `mdo.~mhUmobr Vo {VH$moZmnoR> ho AVa 30 {_{ZQ>mMo Amho.
{VH$moZmnoR> _mJ}: JS>mda OmUmar _w` dmQ> hr {VH$moZmnoR> `m JmdmVyZ OmVo.`mgmR>r bmoUmd`m`m XmoZ Q>oeZ nwT>`m H$m_eoV Q>oeZmda
CVamdo.H$m_eoV Vo H$mio H$mbZr ~g nH$Sy>Z H$mio H$mbZr _ò CVamdo. H$m_eoV Vo H$mio H$mbZr Aer ~g godm AWdm Orngodm CnbY
Amho.H$mio H$mbZr Vo {VH$moZmnoR> Aer XoIrb Orngodm CnbY Amho.`m ~gZo qH$dm OrnZo {VH$moZmnoR> Jmd JmR>mdo. H$m_eoV nmgyZ gH$mir
8.30 bm gwQ>Umar nmS> ~g nH$Sy>Z {VH$moZmnoR> `m Jmdr CVamdo.VgoM H$m_eoV Vo _mog}~g nH$Sy>Z hr {VH$moZmnoR>bm CVaVm òVo.
{VH$moZmnoR>oVyZ 45 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU {H$`mda nmohMVmo.dmQ> \$ma X_N>mH$ H$aUmar ZgyZ A`V gmonr d gai Amho.{H$`mdarb
Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda S>mdrH$S>o EH$ dmQ> OmVo,`m dmQ>oZo 20 {_ZrQ>mVM ~mbo{H$m JmR>Vm òVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : nmdgmim gmoSy>Z BVa gd F$VwV 10 Vo 15 OUmZm Jwho _ò amhVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU dV: H$amdr.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~mam_hr {n`m`m nm`mMr Q>mH$ AmhoV.
VwJ
{H$`mMr CMr : 3000 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: bmoUmdim
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
{H$`m`m Zmdmd$Z Amn`m gdmZm AgoM dmQ>ob H$s, {H$m MT>m`bm IamoIaM H$R>rU Amho _m {H$m MT>`mg \$maM gmonm
Amho. ndZ _mdi mVmVrb VwJ {H$m hm EH$ KmQ>ajH$ XwJ hUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. nydu ~moaKmQ>m_mJ}MmbUm-`m dmhVwH$sda ZOa
R>od`mgmR>r `m {H$`mMm Cn`moJ hmoV Ago. `m {H$`md$Z bmohJS> ,{dgmnya ,ndZ _mdi hm gd n[aga ZOaoV òVmo.
B{Vhmg : `m {H$`mbm Ver d^dembr B{VhmgmMr nanam bm^bobr Zmhr. _m 1657 _ò _mdi mVmVrb BVa {H$`mg_doV hm
{H$m XoIrb dam`mV gm_rb Pmbm. gZ 1660 _ò `m ^mJm`m gwa{jVVogmR>r ZoVmOr nmbH$a `mMr {Z`w$s Pmbr. O`qgJmZo
Am{U {XboaImZmZo Amn`m dmar`m doir 6 _o 1665 amoOr VwJ Am{U {VH$moZm `m ^mJmVrb AZoH$ Jmdo Omibr nU, ho {H$o _m qOHy$
eH$bo Zmhr. 12 OyZ 1665 nwaXa VhmZwgma 18 OyZbm Hw$~mXImZmZo hbmbImZ d BVa gaXmamgmo~V m n[agamMm Vm~m KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo :JS>_mWm \$maM AmQ>monVm Ag`m_wio EH$ VmgmV gd JS> nmhZ hmoVmo. VwJdmS>rVyZ JS>mda
OmUmar dmQ> _mVr`m _{Xam OdiyZ OmVo. `m _{XamV 5 Vo 6 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo. `m _{XamnmgyZ WmoS>mM AVamda JS>mda
Om`mgmR>r nm`-`m bmJVmV. nm`-`m`m dmQ>oV WmoS>mM AVamda hZw_mZ _{Xa bmJVo.nwT>o Jmo_wIr aMZoMm XadmOm Amho. òWyZ AmV
{ea`mda AmnU JS> _m`mda nmohmoMVmo. COdrH$S>o JUoemMo _{Xa Amho. _{Xam`m _mJrb ~mOyg nm`mMm IXH$ AmT>iVmo. òWyZM
~mbo{H$`mda OmUmar dmQ> Amho.~mbo{H$`mda VwJrXodrMo _{Xa Amho. _{Xam g_moaM O{_ZrV ImoXbobr Jwhm Amho. `mV nmdgm`m
{edm` BVa F$VyV 2 Vo 3 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo. Aem H$mao EH$ {XdgmV {H$m nmhZ bmoUmd`mbm naVVm òVo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : `m JS>mda OmUm-`m gd dmQ>m nm``m`m VwJdmS>rVyZM OmVmV. `m dmS>rVyZ JS>mda Om`mg
gmYmaUV: 45 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV. JS>_mWm Vgm bhmZ Ag`m_wio EH$ VmgmV gd JS> nmhZ hmoVmo.
KwgiIm~ \$mQ>m_mJ}: JS>mda Om`mgmR>r bmoUmdim Q>oeZda nmohMmdo. òWyZ ^m~yS>}AWdm Am~dUo H$S>o OmUmar Eg.Q>r nH$Sy>Z 26
{H$._r AVamdarb KwgiIm~ \$mQ>mnmer CVamdo. `m \$mQ>mnmgyZ XrS> VmgmMr nm`nrQ> Ho$`mda AmnU 8 {H$._r AVamdarb VwJdmS>rV
nmohmoMVmo. òWyZ JS>mda nmohM`mg 45 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV.
~mhUmobr-Ho$dao : AZoH$OU {VH$moZm Vo VwJ Agm Q>oH$ XoIrb H$aVmV. `mgmR>r {VH$moZm {H$m nmhZ {VH$moZmnoR>oV CVamdo Am{U H$mio
H$mbZr Mm aVm Yamdm. dmQ>oVM ~mhUmobr Jmd bmJVo. `m JmdmVyZ bmM nH$Sy>Z ndZo`m Obme`mV Ob{dhmamMr _mO bwQ>V
nbrH$S>`m Vramdarb Ho$dao `m Jmdr `mdo. Ho$dao Jmdm nmgyZ 20 {_{ZQ>mVM AmnU VwJdmS>rV nmohmoMVmo.
VwJdmS>r`m \$mQ>m _mJ}: Oa bmM Mr gmo` CnbY Zgob Va {VH$moZmnoR>oVyZ Xwnmar 11.00 dmOVmMr Eg.Q>r _hm_S>mimMr H$m_eoV_moado JmS>r nH$Sy>Z _moado Jmdm`m AbrH$S>`m VwJdmS>r`m \$mQ>mda CVamdo. òWyZ nmD$U VmgmMr nm`nrQ> Ho$`mda AmnU VwJdmS>rV
nmohMVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : VwJdmS>rVrb _mVr`m _{XamV 6 Vo 7 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo. VwJdmS>rV âmo~mMo XoIrb _{Xa Amho `mV
20 OUmZm amhVm òVo.
nm`mMr gmo` : _{Xam OdiM JmdmV nmUr CnbY Amho.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nm``mngyZ 45 {_{ZQ>o
_hmaJS
S>m|JaamJ: ^wboa amJ
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
_hmam>mVrb gd {H$`m_ò gdmV eodQ>r ~mYbm Jobobm {H$m hUyZ '_hmaJS>' {g Amho. nwUo {Om`m X{jUoH$S>o doho Vmbw`mVyZ
gmr`m _yi amJoMo XmoZ \$mQ>o \w$Q>VmV. EH$m S>m|JaamJoda amOJS> Am{U VmoaUm Va Xwgar S>m|JaamJ hr nyd-npM_ ngabobr Amho. `mM amJobm
^wboa amJ hUVmV. nwaXa, dOJS>, _hmaJS>, qghJS> `mM amJoda dgbobo {H$o AmhoV. nw`mhZ gmgdS>bm OmVmZm bmJUm`m {XdoKmQ>mda
bj R>od`mgmR>r _hmaJS>mMr {Z{_Vr Ho$br Jobr. `m {H$`mMr {Z{_Vr AJXr AbrH$S>Mr hUOo B. g. 1757 Vo 1760 `m H$mimVrb
Amho. nm``mbm AgUm`m gmoZmoar Jmdm_wio `m JS>mbm 'gmoZmoar' hUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVo.
B{Vhmg : `m {H$`mMr ~mYUr noe`mMo gaXma nmZgo `mZr Ho$br. nmZgo ho noe`m`m Vmo\$Im`mMo _wI hmoVo. gZ 1757 Vo 1760
`m H$mbmdYr_ò {H$`mMo ~mYH$m_ Pmbo. gZ 1771 - 72 _ò Wmoabo _mYdamd noedo {H$`mda òD$Z Jo`mMo CoI Eo{Vhm{gH$
H$mJXnm_ò AmT>iVmV. `m nmZg|Mm {H$`mImb`m gmoZmoar JmdmV EH$ {Mao~Xr dmS>m gwm Amho. `mM gmoZmoar JmdmV lrH$UmMr A`V
gwXa _yVu Agbobo _{Xa Amho. `m {H$`mMm Cn`moJ {XdoKmQ>mda Am{U AmOw~mOy`m Xoemda ZOa R>od`mgmR>r hmoV Ago.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _hmaJS> hm gmYmaU {H$moUr AmH$mamMm AgyZ AmVrb ~mbo{H$`mbm MmH$moZr AmH$mamMm VQ> Amho.
_hmaJS> AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgyZ gnyU {H$m nmh`mg AYm-nmD$U Vmg nwaVmo. {H$`mMr VQ>~Xr, ~w$O `mMr H$mhr {R>H$mUr nS>PS>
Pmbr Agbr Var ~`mM {R>H$mUr Vr em~yV Amho. nyd}H$S>`m _w` doemamVyZ AmV {ea`mda S>m`m ~mOyZo nwT>o Jobo AgVm
~mbo{H$`m`m VQ>mAmYr Amn`mbm EH$m dmS>mMo Adeof {XgVmV. ~mOybmM EH$ {dhrahr Amho. _m Vr dmnamV Zg`mZo JS>mdarb
BVa {d{hat _mUoM `mV nmUr A{O~mV Zmhr. ~mbo{H$`mV doe Z H$aVm AgoM VQ>m`m ~mOyZo nwT>o Jo`mda g_moaM EH$ Vio bmJVo.
{H$`m`m X{jUobm AgUmao ho Vio VQ>mbm bmJyZM AgyZ nmdgm`mV d {hdm`mV nm`mZo âbobo AgVo. `mVrb nmUr dmna`mg
Cn`w$ Agbo Var {n`m`mo` _m Zmhr. AgoM nwT>o {H$`m`m Q>moH$mda AgUm`m ~wOmH$S>o OmVmZm AOyZ EH$ {dhra bmJVo. `mhr
{d{harV nm`mMr gmo` Zmhr. `m ~wOm`m Imbr Amn`mbm EH$ ~wObobm XadmOm {XgVmo. `m ~wOmH$Sy>Z COdr H$S>o nwT>o Jo`mda
Amn`mbm AmUIr EH$ A{Ve` bhmZ XadmOm {XgVmo. P|S>odmS>r JmdmVyZ Am`mda `mM Xadm`mVyZ AmnU {H$`mV doe H$aVmo.
AmVm AmnU ~mbo{H$`mV doe H$$. ~mbo{H$`mVrb XmoZ _{XamMr {eIao Amn`mbm H$Yr nmgyZ IwUmdV AgVmV. hr XmoZ _{Xao
~mbo{H$`mV ~mOy~mOybmM AgyZ `mVrb bhmZgo XoD$i IS>mo~mMo Va Xwgao WmoS>o _moR>o XoD$i _hmXodmMo Amho. IS>mo~m`m Xodim_wioM
`m JS>mbm _hmaJS> ho Zmd nS>bo Agmdo. _hmXodm`m XodimV eH$amMr qnS> AgyZ `m _{XamV amhm`Mo hQ>`mda \$maVa 5 - 6 _mUgo
XmQ>rdmQ>rZo amh eH$VmV. ~mbo{H$`mMm VQ> MmH$moZr AgyZ H$mhr {R>H$mUr `mMr nS>PS> Pmbr Amho. ~mbo{H$`m`m Cmaobm doema
Amho.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : _hmaJS>mda Amn`mbm m_w`mZo XmoZ dmQ>mZr OmVm òVo.
1] : nw`mhZ gmgdS>bm {ZKm`mda {Xdo KmQ> gn`mda H$mhr doimZo 'P|S>odmS>r' JmdmMm \$mQ>m bmJVmo. òWyZ 2 {H$._r. da P|S>odmS>r ho Jmd
Amho. `m JmdmV Amn`mbm P|Sy>`m \w$bmMr eoVr Ho$bobr {XgVo. Jmd nma H$$Z Amn`mbm g_moa`m S>m|Ja amJm_ò {XgUm`m 'U'
AmH$mam`m qIS>rV Omdo bmJVo. JmdmV {dMma`mda JmdH$arhr Amn`mbm Vr qIS> XmIdVmV. `m qIS>rV nmohmoM`m{edm` _hmaJS>mMo
Amn`mbm {~bHw$b XeZ hmoV Zmhr. `m qIS>rV Jo`mda g_moaM `mM S>m|JaamJo_ò AgUmam _hmaJS> Amn`mbm {XgVmo. VQ>~XtZr
gObo`m _hmaJS>mda Om`bm Amn`mbm nwhm S>m|Ja CVamdm bmJV Zmhr. qIS>rVyZ {H$`mda Om`mg AYmVmg Va AmnU CVabo`m
P|S>odmS>r\$mQ>m nmgyZ qIS>nma H$$Z {H$`mda Om`mg gmYmaUnUo XrS> Vmg bmJVmo.
2] : gmgdS> nmgyZ 6 {H$._r. da 'gmoZmoar' ho Jmd Amho. `m Jmdmbm Eg.Q>r. gmgdS>hZ {ZKyZ {XdgmVyZ VrZ doim hUOo g.- 10, Xw.- 2
Am{U g`m.- 5 `m doioV ôQ> XoVo. gmoZmoar JmdmVyZ g_moaM {XgUmam _hmaJS> Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. JS>mH$S>o Hy$M H$a`mAmYr gmoZmoar
JmdmV AgUmam ghm ~wOmZr `w$ Agm nmZgo `mMm dmS>m nmh`mgmaIm Amho. EImm JT>r_mUo AgUm`m `m dmS>mV JOmZZmMo d b_rZmamÙmMo _{Xa Amho. gmoZmoar JmdmV _wirM MwH$dyZ MmbUma Zmhr Ago {R>H$mU hUOo _wabrYamMo gw~H$ _{Xa d _{XamVrb A`V XoIUr
Aer lrH$UmMr _yVu. H$m`m nmfmUmV H$moabobr hr A{V_ _yVu nmhm`bmM hdr Aer Amho. gmoZmoar JmdmVyZ {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r AYmnmD$U Vmg bmJVmo. S>m|Jam`m gm|S>od$Zhr JS>m_ò doe H$aVm òV Agbm Var Q>mda`m ~mOyZo Jo`mg Amn`mbm {H$`mMo _w`
doema bmJVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : \$$ 5 - 6 _mUgo _hmXodm`m _{XamV XmQ>rdmQ>rZo amh eH$VmV. JS>mda A` amhm`mMr gmo` Zmhr. _m
nm``mbm AgUm`m gmoZmoar JmdmV qH$dm P|S>odmS>rV emio`m AmdmamV amhVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr
nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda {n`m`m nm`mMr gmo` Zmhr. {H$`mV EH$ Vio d VrZ {d{har AmhoV _m {d{hatZm nmUr A{O~mV Zmhr d
V`mVrb nmUr \$$ dmna`mgmR>r Cn`w$ Amho, {n`mgmR>r Zmhr.
~gMo doimnH$ :
Depot
^r_meH$a
{H$`mMr CMr : 3500 \y$Q>

S>m|JaamJ: ^r_meH$a
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : H$R>rU
^r_meH$a ho ~mam `mo{VqbJmnH$s EH$ `mo{VqbJ. gw_mao gmS>oVrZ hOma \y$Q> CMrda dgbobo EH$ n{d XodWmZ. ^r_meH$aMm AmOw~mOyMm Xoe hm
A{Ve` KZXmQ> OJbmZr `mnbobm Amho. òWo _hmam> gaH$maMo A^`ma` Amho.
_{Xa : ^r_meH$aMo _{Xa 1200 Vo 1400 dfmnyduMo AgyZ `mMr ~mYUr ho_mS>nWr nVrMo Amho. _{Xam`m N>Vmda Am{U Im~mda A{Ve` gwXa
ZjrH$m_ AmT>iVo. _{Xam`m ~m^mJmV qghmgZm{Y>rV XodVm d `mda N>Mm_a T>miUmao `mMo godH$ `m`m _yVu AmT>iyZ òVmV. Xodimg_moaM 1729
gmbmVrb YmVyMr EH$ MS> KQ>m bQ>H$dbobr Amho. _{Xam`m AmdmamV 5 Vo 20 \y$Q> CMrMr Xrn_mi Amho. `m Xrn_mioda EH$ {ebmboI AmT>iVmo.
nT>anyabm M^mJm hUyZ AmoiI`m OmUm-`m ZXrMo Zmd ^r_m Amho. `m ^r_oMm CJ_ `mM ^r_meH$a`m S>m|Jamda Amho.
ZmJ\$UrMo Q>moH$ : KmQ>m`m a`mZo da Am`mda EH$ Vio bmJVo. `m V`m`m CO`m ~mOyZo da OmUmar dmQ> Amn`mbm hZw_mZ _{XamH$S>o KoD$Z
OmVo. _{Xamd$Z gai da OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo AmnU ZmJ\$Ur`m Q>moH$mnmer òD$Z nmohmoMVmo. òWyZ g_moaM C^m AgUmam noR>Mm {H$m,nXaMm {H$m,no~
Am{U _mWoamZMo nR>ma {XgVo. `m {ZgJgmX`m`m XmbZmVyZ ~mhoa nS>VmZm {ZgJmda {ZVmV o_ H$aUm-`m g_Wm`m Amoir AmR>dVmV
w_bVm g_Vm JwU_mbVo& gwI _Zr gw_Zr _Z amVbo&& na_ gwXa Vo IJ ~mobVr& J_Vgo dgVr H$_bmnVr &&
^r_meH$a : am_ _{Xam`m S>m`m ~mOyZo EH$ nm`mMr dmQ> Imbr CVaVo. `m dmQ>oZo gai Jo`mg AmnU KZXmQ> OJbmV doe H$aVmo. nwT>o 25
{_{ZQ>mZVa EH$ _{Xa bmJVo. `m _{XamnmgyZ S>mdr H$S>o CVaUmar dmQ> AmnUmg nm`m_wio V`ma Pmbo`m qnS>r H$S>o KoD$Z OmVo. `mbmM Jw ^r_meH$a
Ago hUVmV. nmdgm`mV òWo \$ma _moR>m Y~Y~m V`ma hmoVmo.
^r_meH$abm Om`mgmR>r _w~BhZ H$OVbm `mdo.nwUoH$amZr dmaJoQ>d$Z Eg.Q>r. AWdm Q>oZZo H$OV
JmR>mdo. H$OVhZ ImS>g `m Jmdr `mdo.ImS>g Vo H$OV gw_mao 34 {H$._r. Mo AVa Amho. H$OVhZ ImS>gbm ~gZo AWdm [ajoZo ò`mMr
gmo` hmoVo. ImS>g JmdmVyZ {eS>r KmQ> Am{U JUoe KmQ> `m Xmohr dmQ>mZr ^r_meH$a JmR>Vm òVo
1. JUoe KmQ> : ImS>g JmdmVyZ XmoZ {H$._r AVamda EH$ nyb bmJVmo. `m nwbmnmgyZ COdrH$S>o OmUmar H$`m a`mMr dmQ> JUoe
KmQ>mMr Amho. hr dmQ> A`V gmonr Amho. `m dmQ>oZo Vmgâm`m AVamda EH$ JUoemMo _{Xa bmJVo. `m dmQ>oZo da Om`mg 6 Vo 7 Vmg
bmJVmV.
2. {eS>r KmQ> : nwbm`m S>mdrH$S>o OmUmam aVm AmnUmg JmdmV KoD$Z OmVmo. JmdmVyZ {d{har`m S>m`m ~mOyZo OmUmar dmQ> hr {eS>r
KmQ>mMr Amho. hr dmQ> gd dmQ>m_ò AdKS> Amho. nmdgm`mV hr dmQ> \$maM {ZgaS>r hmoV OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo XrS> VmgmV 3 {eS>m
bmJVmV. Vrg-`m {eS>r ZVa A`m VmgmV EH$ dmS>r bmJVo. `m dmS>r _ò "nwS>{bH$ hS>o' `mMo Ka Amho. dmS>r nmgyZ da MT>V Jo`mda
EH$ Pmn bmJVo. `m {R>H$mUr JUoe Am{U {eS>r KmQ>mVrb dmQ>m EH$ òVmV. òWo Mhm-nm`mMr MmJbr gmo` hmoVo. BWyZ nwT>o XrS> VmgmV
AmnU EH$m V`mnmer nmohMVmo. `m V`mnmgyZ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> Amn`mbm _{XamH$S>o KoD$Z OmVo.
dmhZmMr dmQ> : ^r_meH$abm Om`mgmR>r da Jmdmn`V S>m~ar gS>H$ ~mYbobr Amho. `m gmR>r nwUo-VioJmd-MmH$U _mJ}^r_meH$abm
nmohMmdo
amh`mMr gmo` : ^r_meH$a Jmdm ~mhoa _hmam> n`Q>Z {dH$mg _hm_S>imMo hmQ>ob AmhoV. JmdmV KaJwVr nU _hmJS>r Aer ahm`mMr
gmo` hmoVo. nmdgm`mV _m ahm`mMr Jagmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : ^r_meH$abm OodUmgmR>r hmQ>og AmhoV.
nm`mMr gmo` : {dnwb _mUmV CnbY Amho.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : JUoe KmQ> - 6 Vo 7 Vmg. {eS>r KmQ> - 4 Vmg
gyMZm : JUoe KmQ> gmonm. {eS>r KmQ> H$R>rU.
~gMo doimnH$
Depot
XwJ -T>mH$mo~m
S>m|JaamJ: ^r_meH$a amJ
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : _`_
{H$`mMr CMr : XwJ 3900 \y$Q>,T>mH$mo~m 4100 \w$Q>
ZmUoKmQ> Am{U OrdYZ`m X{jUoH$S>o EH$ CmwJ ndV amJ {XgyZ òVo.`mòM EH$ S>m|Ja hUOo "T>mH$mo~m'.{H$`mMr EH$ ~mOy hUOo
gaigmoQ> gwQ>bobm H$S>m.Vmo gai Imbr H$moH$UmVM CVaVmo.`mM T>mH$mo~m`m gai aofoV AgUmam Xwgam {H$m hUOo "XwJ'.XwJ_Vm Am{U
{daidVr ho `m ^mJmMo d{eQ>.òWo Jm_WmMr Amn`m mW{_H$ JaOm ^mJdVmZmM _mam_ma hmoVo Va drO -{ejU Va XyaM.òWrb _w`
`dgm` eoVr H$mhr {R>H$mUr XwYmMm `dgm` nUm Ho$bm OmVmo.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : `m Xmohr JS>mda JS> qH$dm {H$m Ag`mMo H$moUVohr Adeof ZmhrV _m
Q>ohiUrgmR>r `mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV Agmdm.YmH$mo~m {H$`md$Z ZmUoKmQ> OrdYZMr _mJMr ~mOy ,Xm-`mKmQ> Ago H$moH$UMo
{dhJ_ ` {XgVo.
XwJ :-XwJmXodr`m _{XamgyZ {H$`mda nmoh`mg 20 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV.òWyZ JmoaIJS> ,{gXJS> Am{U
_pN>JS> Agm gd n[aga {XgVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : Owa - AmnQ>mio -Am~mobr _mJ}òUm-`m dmQ>oZo W_ T>mH$mo~m Am{U ZVa XwJ H$aVm òVmo.^r_meH$aAhno _mJ}òUm-`m dmQ>oZo W_ XwJ Am{U ZVa T>mH$mo~m H$aVm òVmo.
1. Owa - AmnQ>mio -Am~mobr _mJ}
Owa d$Z Am~mobr JmdmV ò`mgmR>r WoQ> ~g Amho.ho AVa gmYmaU XrS> VmgmMo Amho.Am~mobr JmdmVyZM T>mH$mo~mMo XeZ
hmoVo.JmdmVyZ EH$ dmQ> gai g_moa`m nR>mamda OmVo.da OmVmZm dmQ>oV VrZ Jwhm bmJVmV. JmdmngyZ nR>mamda ò`mg XrS> Vmg
nwaVmo.`m dmQ>oVyZM EH$ dmQ> _ò COdrH$S>o Xw^mJVo Vr Xm-`mKmQ>m H$S>o OmVo.EH$Xm nR>mamda nmohM`mda AZoH$ T>moadmQ>m bmJVmV.nU
`m_ò R>iH$ _m XmoZM dmQ>m AmhoV.`mVrb EH$ dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o OmVo Va XwgardmQ> COdrH$S>o WoQ> YmH$mo~m`m nm``mbJV nwT>o OmVo
Am{U nwhm 5 {_{ZQ>mZr S>mdrH$S>o S>m|JaYmaod$Z Imbr CVaVo.hrM dmQ> nwT>o XwJH$S>o OmVo.hr dmQ> `m {R>H$mUmhZ Imbr diVo VoWyZM
EH$ dmQ> gai S>m|Jamda hUOoM YmH$mo~mda OmVo. òWyZ JS>_mWm JmR>`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.
2. ^r_meH$a-Ahno _mJ} da gm{JVbo`m XwJH$S>o OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o OJbmV diVo.Vr
YmH$mo~m`m _{XamH$S>o OmVo Va gai OmUmar dmQ> nwT>o A`m VmgmV EH$m AmoT>mnmer òD$Z Wm~Vo.`m AmoT>mbm ~mam_hr nmUr
AgVo.`mM dmQ>oZo nwT>o hmVdrO `m _mJ}{ZKm`Mo.WmoS>o\$ma MT>CVma AmhoV dmQ>obm AZoH$ CndmQ>m \w$Q>bo`m AmhoV nU AmnU R>iH$ dmQ>
gmoS>m`Mr Zmhr.nwT>o EH$ Vmgm`m MmbrZVa XwJ {H$`mMo XeZ hmoVo.nwT>o EH$m nR>mamda òD$Z dmQ> Xw^mJVo.S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ>
hmVdrO Am{U XwJdmS>rH$S>o H$S>o OmVo Va COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> XwJmXodr`m _{XamV OmVo.òWyZ XwJmXodr`m _{XamV Om`mg AYm
Vmg nwaVmo.XwJmXodr`m _{XamnmgyZ {H$`mda Om`mg R>iH$ dmQ> Zmhr.dmQ> AmnUM Amnbr emoYyZ H$mT>m`Mr.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda Zmhr.
YmH$mo~m`m nm``mer AgUm-`m _{XamV 15 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
XwJ`m nm``mer AgUm-`m XwJmXodr`m _{XamV 5 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo`
nm`mMr gmo` : T>mH$mo~m Am{U XwJmXodr`m _{Xam`m ~mOybmM {n`m`m nm`mMr Vir AmhoV.
amàoa
S>m|JaamJ: dmB - gmVmam
{Ohm : nwUo
loUr : gmonr
{H$`mMr CMr : 4000\w$Q>
nmMJUrMo Q>o~bbS> gdmZmM _m{hVM AgVo _m `m`mnojmhr CM Am{U bm~ Ago Q>o~bbS> hUOo amàrMo nR>ma. ^moanmgyZ 8
{H$._r. AVamda AgUmao ho amàrMo nR>ma nw`mhZ EH$m {XdgmV nmhZ ò`mgmaIo Amho.XmQ>
PmS>r, Imob X`m, CM`m CM gwiHo$, AVm`V ngabobr nR>mao, bm~M bm~ gm|S>m Am{U AmS>diUr KmQ>. `m_wio hm n[aga Vgm XwJ_M
Amho.
B{Vhmg :
{edam`mZr dam`mMr enW KoVbr Vr `mM amàoam`m S>m|Jamda. _m hr KQ>Zm H$mn{ZH$ Amho H$s Iar `m~b {ZpMV {dYmZ
_mS>Vm òUma Zmhr.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : amàoamda nmh`mgmaIo \$ma H$mhr Zmhr. amàoamMo nR>ma ho 5 Vo 6 {H$._r. ngabobo Amho.
`m_wio `m nR>mamdarb dfmF$VwV nmh`mgmaIo AgVo. amàoamda e^w_hmXodmMo _{Xa bjmV òV Zmhr. nR>mamda A{bH$S>oM Jmd dgbobr
AmhoV. nR>mamda ^mV eoVrMo _mUhr _moR>o Amho. nmS>dJS>, damQ>JS>, nmMJUr, _hm~ioa, H$mohoa, am`JS>, qbJmUm, amOJS>, VmoaUm,
qghJS>, {d{MJS>, nwaXa, _mi, MJS>, _JiJS> hm gd n[aga òWyZ {XgVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : amàoambm Om`mMo AZoH$ _mJ AmhoV. H$moU`mhr _mJmZo Om`Mo Pm`mg
^moa Jmd JmR>mdo.
1. {Q>Q>oYaU H$mob}~mOyZo
nw`mhZ ^moa_mJ}Am~dS>o JmR>mdo. VoWyZ {Q>Q>oYaU H$mob}~mOyZo
amàoamda OmVm òVo. doi gmYmaU 3 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ> H$mhr {R>H$mUr AdKS>
Amho.
2. ^moa-amàr _mJ}
^moa JmdmVyZ amàr JmdmgmR>r gH$mir AH$am d gm`H$mir 6 dmOVm
(_w$m_mMr) JmS>r òVo. `mM dmQ>obm gm~aX`mMr dmQ> hUyZ XoIrb
g~moYVmV. `m dmQ>oZo amàoa JmR>`mg XmoZ Vmg bmJVmV.
3. Ho$OiJS>mdZ
Ho$OiJS>mdZ gyUX`mZo qH$dm mZX`mZo gwXm amàoabm OmVm òVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : amàoamda _{XamV qH$dm JmdmV 10 Vo 12 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo.

nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr CnbY Amho.
am`JS> {Ohm
am`JS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 2900 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: nwUo
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
_hmS>`m Cmaog 25 {H$. _r. da hm {H$m AgyZ `mMr g_wgnmQ>r nmgyZMr CMr 2851 \y$Q> Amho. am`JS> hm Mh~mOyZr S>m|JaamJmZr
doT>bobm Amho. `m`m Cmaobm Am{U nyd}bm H$mi ZXrMo Imoao ngabobo Amho, Va npM_obm JmYmar ZXr dmhVo. `m`m nyd}bm qbJmUm,
Amo`mbm AmH$me dN> Agob Va amOJS>, VmoaUm X{jUoH$S>o _H$aXJS>, VmnJS>, dmgmoQ>m, Cmaobm H$moH$U{Xdm Agm _wbyI {XgVmo.
am`JS>nmgyZ _w~B, nwUo, gmVmam hr ehao gma`mM AVamda AmhoV. gmrVrb {H$`m`m amJmVrb hm EH$ Xwdm Amho. am`JS> hm
{ZgJVM S>m|JamZr doT>bobm Ag`m_wio (VgoM) ey`m h`mnmgyZ ~Mmd hmdm `mgmR>r nwUo gmoSy>Z npM_ S>m|JamV am`JS> hr amOYmZr
_hmamOmZr {ZdS>br.
B{Vhmg :am`JS>mMo mMrZ Zmd 'amàr' ho hmoVo. `wamonMo bmoH$ `mg 'nyd}H$S>rb {O~mQ>a' Ago hUV AgV. {O~mQ>aMo R>mUo {OVHo$
AqO` {VVH$mM am`JS> AqO`, XwJ_. nmMeo dfmnydu Oohm `mg JS>mMo d$n ZhVo d Vmo ZwgVm EH$ S>m|Ja hmoVm, Vohm `mg
'am{gdQ>m' d 'VUg' Aer XmoZ Zmdo hmoVr. `mMm AmH$ma CMr d g^modVmb`m X`m `md$Z `mg 'ZXmXrn' Agohr Zmd nS>bo.
{ZOm_emhrV am`JS>mMm Cn`moJ H$Xr R>od`mnwaVm hmoB. _mo`mMm _wI èdVamd _moao OmdirhZ niyZ am`JS>mda OmD$Z am{hbm Va
Vmnamd _moao {dOmnyamg nimbm. _hmamOmZr 6 E{b 1656 amoOr amàrg hUOoM am`JS>mg doT>m KmVbm d _o _{h`mV amàr
_hmamOm`m Vm`mV Ambm. H$`mUMm gwôXma _wm Ah_X I{OZm KoD$Z {dOmnya H$S>o {ZKm`mMr ~mV_r _hmamOmZm g_Obr. `mZr Vmo
I{OZm bwQy>Z am`JS>mda AmUbm d `m I{O`mMm Cn`moJ JS>m`m ~mYH$m_mgmR>r Ho$bm. am`JS>mMm _mWm amOYmZr ~Zd`mg gmo`rMm d
nwaogm Amho. eybm AdKS> dmQ>Um`m XoemVbo Vo A{YH$ AdKS> {R>H$mU Amho. gmJar XiUdiUmghr ho {R>H$mU Odi Amho. hUyZ
_hmamOmZr amOYmZrgmR>r `m JS>mMr {ZdS> Ho$br. g^mgX ~Ia hUVo, 'amOm Imgm OmD$Z nmhVm JS> ~hV MImoQ>m. MmV\$m JS>mMo H$S>o
Vm{g`m_mUo {XS> Jmd CM. nO`H$mir H${S>`mda JdV CJdV Zmhr Am{U Ym|S>m Vmgrd EH$M Amho. XmbVm~mX ndrda MImoQ> JS> Iam,
naVw Vmo CMrZo WmoS>H$m. XmbVm~mXMo XeJwUr JS> CM Ago XoImoZ ~hV gVw> Pmbo Am{U ~mo{bbo, V$mg OmJm hmM JS> H$amdm'. `mM
XwJXwJ}ambm 15 {d{dY ZmdmZr g~mo{Ybo Jobo Amho. 1. am`JS> 2. amàr 3. Bbm_JS> 4. ZXmXrn 5. O~w{n 6. VUg 7. am{edQ>m
8.~XoZya 9.am`{Jar 10.amO{Jar 11.{^dJS> 12.ao>r 13.{edbH$m 14.amhra 15.nyd}H$S>rb {O~mQ>a {edam`m{^foH$
{edam`m{^foH$ hm am`JS>mZo AZw^dbobm gdlo> gJ _hmamOmMm am`m{^foH$ hUOo, _hmam>m`mM Zho Va ^maVm`m B{VhmgmVrb
EH$ bjUr` KQ>Zm. Vm. 19 _o 1674 amoOr am`m{^foH$m{X {dYrnydu _hmamOmZr VmnJS>m`m ^dmZrMo XeZ KoVbo. VrZ _U gmo`mMo
hUOoM 56 hOma qH$_VrMo N> Xodrbm AnU Ho$bo. JS>mdarb amOgôV Vm. 6 OyZ 1674, ò> ew 13 eHo$ 1596, e{Zdma `m
{Xder am`m{^foH$ gn Pmbm. Vm. 24 gQ>|~a 1674, b{bVm nM_r A{Z ew. 5 AmZX gdga eHo$ 1596 `m {Xder Vm{H$
nVrZo amOmZr dVbm AmUIr EH$ am`m{^foH$ H$$Z KoVbm. `m _mJMm Iam hoVy hm OmVrV OmV bmoH$mZm g_mYmZ dmQ>mdo hm hmoVm.
hm am`m{^foH$ {ZMbnwar Jmogmdr `m`m hVo nma nS>bm. H$dr ^yfU am`JS>mMo dUZ H$aVmo H$s, '{edmOrZo gd {H$`mMm AmYma d
{dbmgWmZ Aem am`JS> {H$`mg Amnbo dgVrWmZ Ho$bo. hm {H$m EdT>m MS> Am{U {demb Amho H$s, `mV VrZhr bmoH$sMo d^d
gmR>dbo Amho. JS>mda {d{har, gamodao, Hy$n {damOV AmhoV. gd `dZmZm qOHy$Z am`JS>mda amOm {edmOrZo amOYmZr Ho$br Am{U bmoH$mMo
BpN>V nwadyZ OJVmV lo> è gnmXZ Ho$bo.' B. g. 1675 \o$~wdmar 4, eHo$ 1596 AmZX gdga _mK d. 5 Jwdma `m {Xder g^mOr
amOmMr _wO am`JS>mda Pmbr. eHo$ 1601 {gmWu gdga \$mJwZ d. 2, 1680 _mM 7 `m {Xder amOmam_ _hmamOmMr _wO am`JS>mda
Pmbr. bJoM AmR> {XdgmZr amOmam_ _hmamOmMo b Vmnamd JwOa `m`m _wbrer Pmbo. am`JS>mZo AZw^dbobm A`V XwIX gJ hUOo
_hmamOmMo {ZYZ. eHo$ 1602 Zm_ gdgao M ew nm{U_m, hZw_mZ O`Vr, {X. 3 E{b 1680 `m {Xder _hmamOmMo {ZYZ Pmbo.
g^mgX ~Ia hUVo, 'Vo {Xder ndrH$n Omhbm. A>{Xem {XXmh hmoD$Z Jo`m. lre^w_hmXodr V`mMo CXH$ a$m~a Ombo.' nwT>o eHo$
1602 am gdga _mK ew. 7, B. g. 1681 16 \o$~wdmar `m {Xder am`JS>mda g^mOr _hmamOmMo {d{YnydH$ am`mamohU Pmbo. B. g.
1684 `m gQ>|~a_ò AmaJOo~mZo am`JS>`m _mo{h_og gwdmV Ho$br. Vm. 21 amoOr ehm~wrZ ImZ `mg Mmirg hOma g`mgh
~mXemhZo am`JS>m`m nm``mer YmS>bo.15 OmZodmar 1685 `m gw_mamg ehm~wrZo JS>m`m nm``mer Agbo`m EH$m Jmdmbm AmJ
bmdbr d bwQ>mbyQ> Mmby Ho$br. nU `j am`JS>mda hm Z H$aVm Vmo 1685 `m _mM_ò naVbm. AmaJOo~mZo Amnbm dOra AmgXImZ
`mMm _wbJm B{VH$mXImZ C\$ Pwp\$H$maImZ `mg g` XoD$Z am`JS> Ko`mg nmR>dbo. eHo$ 1610 {d^d gdga \$mJwZ ew. 3, 12
\o$~wdmar 1689 amoOr amOmam_ _hmamOmMr H$maH$sX gw$ Pmbr Am{U 25 _mM 1689 amoOr ImZmZo JS>mg doT>m KmVbm. {X. 5 E{b
1689 amoOr amOmam_ _hmamO am`JS>md$Z {ZgQy>Z VmnJS>mda Jobo. nwT>o OdiOdi AmR> _{hZo doT>m Mmby hmoVm. nU {X. 3 Zmoh|~a
1689 amoOr gw`mOr {ngmi `m {H$oXmam`m {\$Vwar_wio {H$m _moJbmZm {_imbm. dmBMr Xoe_wIr Xo`mMo Am{_f XmIdyZ ImZmZo `mg
{\$Vwa Ho$bo. Pwp\$H$maImZ hm ~mXemhZo B{VH$mXImZbm {Xbobm {H$Vm~ Amho. nwT>o am`JS>Mo Zm_mVa 'Bbm_JS>' Ago Pmbo. 5 OyZ
1733 `m {Xder emh_hmamOm`m H$ma{H$XuV am`JS> nwhm _amR>mZr KoVbm.

1. nmMmS>Mm {OOm~mBMm dmS>m : CVmad`mV {OOm~mBZm JS>mdaMr WS> hdm, dmam _mZdV Zgo, hUyZ _hmamOmZr `m`mgmR>r
nmMmS>OdiM EH$ dmS>m ~mYyZ {Xbm. VmoM hm _mgmho~mMm amhVm dmS>m. dmS>mMr `dWm R>od`mgmR>r H$mhr A{YH$mar VgoM {enm`mMr
`dWmhr _hmamOmZr Ho$br hmoVr. nm``mMr EH$ Cm_ {dhra, VgoM {OOm~mBZm ~g`mgmR>r Ho$bobo XJS>r AmgZ ~K`mgmaIo Amho. `mg
'V`mMr {dhra' Agohr hUVmV.
2. Iw~bT>m ~w$O : JS> MTy> bmJbo hUOo EH$ ~wOmMo {R>H$mU {XgVo, VmoM hm gw{g Iw~bT>m ~w$O. ~wOmeoOmar EH$ XadmOm hmoVm,
`mg '{MV XadmOm' hUV nU hm XadmOm AmVm nyUnUo CdV Pmbm Amho.
3. ZmZm XadmOm : `m XadmOmg 'ZmUo XadmOm' Agohr hUV. `m XadmOmMm g~Y ZmZm \$S>{Ugmer bmdbm OmVmo hr nyUnUo Jag_OyV Amho.
ZmZm XadmOm `mMmM AW bhmZ XadmOm. B. g. 1674 `m _o _{h`mV am`m{^foH$m`m {Z{_mmZo BJOmMm dH$sb hoZr AmP|S>Z `mM
XadmOmZo Ambm hmoVm. `m Xadm`mg XmoZ H$_mZr AmhoV. Xadm`m`m AmVrb ~mOyg nhmaoH$`mgmR>r XmoZ bhmZ Imo`m AmhoV. `mg 'XodS>m'
hUVmV. XadmOmg AS>ga Kmb`mgmR>r Imo~Ur {XgVmV.
4. _Xma_moMm qH$dm _erX_moMm : {MV Xadm`mZo Jo`mda ZmJ_moS>r diUo KoV Jobo`m a`mZo nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ gnmQ>r bmJVo. `m _moH$`m
OmJoV Q>moH$mer XmoZ nS>`m B_maVr {XgVmV. `mnH$s EH$ nhmaoH$`mMr OmJm AgyZ Xwgao Ym`mMo H$moR>ma Amho. òWo _XZehm Zmdm`m gmYyMo
WS>Jo Amho. VoWo EH$ MS> Vmo\$hr {XgVo. òWyZ nwT>o Jo`mda IS>H$mV ImoXbo`m VrZ Jwhm {XgVmV.
5. _hmXadmOm : _hmXadm`m`m ~mhoarb AJmg da Xmohr ~mOyg XmoZ gwXa H$_imH$Vr H$moa`m AmhoV. Xadm`mda AgUm`m `m XmoZ
H$_imMm AW hUOo {H$`m`m AmV 'lr Am{U gadVr' ZmXV Amho. 'lr Am{U gadVr' hUOoM '{dm d b_r' hmo`. _hmXadm`mbm
XmoZ ^` ~w$O AgyZ EH$ 75 \y$Q> Va Xwgam 65 \y$Q> CM Amho. VQ>~Xr_ò Or CVaVr ^moHo$ R>odbobr AgVmV `mg 'O`m' hUVmV. eyda
_mam H$a`mgmR>r hr ^moHo$ R>odbobr AgVmV. ~wOm_Yrb XadmOm hm dm`` {Xeog Vm|S> H$$Z C^m Amho. _hmXadm`mVyZ AmV Am`mda
nhmaoH$`m`m XodS>m {XgVmV VgoM gajH$mgmR>r Ho$bo`m amh`m`m Imo`m {XgVmV. _hmXadm`mnmgyZ COdrH$S>o Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$mn`V Va
S>mdrH$S>o {haH$Ur Q>moH$mn`V VQ>~Xr ~mYbobr Amho.
6. MmoaqXS>r : _hmXadm`mnmgyZ COdrH$S>o Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$mn`V Or VQ>~Xr OmVo, `md$Z MmbV Jo`mg {OWo hr VQ>~Xr gnVo, `m`m WmoS>o
AbrH$S>o ~wOmV hr MmoaqXS>r ~mYbobr Amho. ~wOm`m AmVyZ XadmOmn`V ò`mgmR>r nm``m AmhoV.
7. hmr Vbmd : _hmXadm`mVyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Am`mda Omo Vbmd {XgVmo Vmo hmr Vbmd. JOemioVyZ òUm`m hmt`m ZmZmgmR>r Am{U {n`mgmR>r
`m VbmdmMm Cn`moJ hmoV hmoVm.
8. JJmgmJa Vbmd : hmrVbmdmnmgyZ OdiM am`JS> {Ohm n[afXo`m Y_emio`m B_maVr {XgVmV. Y_emionmgyZ X{jUoH$S>o AXmOo 50 60 nmdbo MmbV Jo`mg Omo Vbmd bmJVmo Vmo JJmgmJa Vbmd. _hmam`m`m am`m{^foH$mZVa ggmJa d _hmZmMr AmUbobr VrW}`mM
VbmdmV Q>mH$br Jobr. hUyZM `mMo JJrgmJa Ago Zmd nS>bo. {edH$mimV {e~XrgmR>r `mMo nmUr dmna`mV òB.
9. V^ :JJmgmJam`m X{jUog XmoZ CM _Zmoao {XgVmV. `mgM V^ hUVmV. OJXram`m {ebmboIm_ò `m V^mMm CoI Ho$bm Amho,
Vo hoM AgmdoV. Vo nydu nmM _Obo hmoVo Ago hUVmV. Vo mXe H$moZr AgyZ ~mYH$m_mV ZjrH$m_ AmT>iVo.
10. nmbIr XadmOm : V^m`m npM_og q^V Agbo`m ^mJmVyZ 31 nm``m ~mYbo`m {XgVmV. `m MTy>Z Jo`mda Omo XadmOm bmJVmo Vmo
nmbIr XadmOm. `m Xadm`mVyZ Amn`mbm ~mbo{H$`mV doe H$aVm òVmo.
11. _oUm XadmOm : nmbIr Xadm`mZo da doe Ho$bm H$s, MT> - CVma Agbobm EH$ gai _mJ Amn`mbm _oUm XadmOmn`V KoD$Z OmVmo.
CO`m hmVmg Oo gmV Adeof {XgVmV Vo AmhoV am`mMo _hmb. _oUm Xadm`mVyZ ~mbo{H$`mda doe H$aVm òVmo.
12. amO^dZ : amUrdem`m g_moa S>m`m hmVmg XmgXmgt`m _H$mZmMo Adeof {XgVmV. `m Adeofm`m _mJo Xwgar Or g_mVa q^V Amho `m
q^Vr`m _`^mJr Omo XadmOm Amho VoWyZ ~mbo{H$`m`m AV^mJmV doe Ho$bm H$s Omo eV MmWam bmJVmo VoM ho _hmamOmMo amO^dZ.
amO^dZmMm MmWmam 86 \y$Q> bm~ d 33 \y$Q> X Amho. 13. aZemim : amOmgmXmOdirb V^m`m nyd}H$S>o Agbo`m _moH$`m OmJoV EH$
ViKa Amho, VrM hr aZemim. hm Ib~ZImZm hUOoM Jw ~mobUr H$a`mgmR>r Ho$bobr Imobr Agmdr Agohr hUVmV.
14. amOg^m : _hmamOmMm am`m{^foH$ OoWo Pmbm, VrM hr amOg^m. amOg^m 220 \y$Q> bm~ d 124 \y$Q> X Amho. òWoM nyd}H$S>o Vm|S>
Ho$bobr qghmgZmMr OmJm Amho. òWo ~mrg _UmMo gmo`mMo qghmgZ hmoVo. g^mgX ~Ia hUVo, 'VV gwdUmMo ~mrg _UmMo {g H$adbo.
ZdaZo A_mo{bH$ {OVH$s H$moemV hmoVr, `m_ò emoY H$$Z _moR>r _mobmMr aZo OS>md Ho$br.'
15. ZJmaImZm : qghmgZm`m g_moa Oo ^` doema {XgVo VmoM hm ZJmaImZm. ho ~mbo{H$`mMo _w` doema Amho. ZJmaIm`mVyZ nm``m
MTy>Z da Jobo H$s AmnU {H$`mdarb gdm{YH$ CMrda AgVmo.
16. ~mOmanoR> : ZJmaIm`mH$Sy>Z AmnU S>mdrH$S>o CV$Z Ambmo H$s, g_moa Or _moH$ir OmJm {XgVo Vmo 'hmoirMm _mi'. VoWoM AmVm
{edN>nVtMm ^` nwVim ~gdbobm Amho. nwV`mg_moa Oo XmoZ amJm_ò ^` Adeof {XgVmV VrM {edH$mimVrb ~mOmanoR>. noR>o`m XmoZ
amJmV òH$s 22 XwH$mZo AmhoV. _YyZ OdiOdi Mmirg \y$Q> X aVm Amho.
17. {eH$mB XoD$i : _hmamOm`m nwV`m`m S>m`m ~mOyg Oo N>moQ>o XoD$i {XgVo Vo {eH$mBMo XoD$i. {eH$mB hr JS>mdarb _w` XodVm. 18.
OJXra _{Xa : ~mOmanoR>o`m Imb`m ~mOyg nyd}H$S>rb CVmamda ~mUdVr, ~mUVio dJao Adeof {XgVmV. VoWyZM g_moa Oo ^` _{Xa
{XgVo VoM _hmXodmMo hUOo OJXramMo _{Xa. _{Xamg_moa ZXrMr ^` Am{U gw~H$ _yVu Amho. nU g`m hr _yVu ^mdWoV Amho. _{XamV
doe Ho$bm H$s ^` g^m_S>n bmJVmo. _S>nm`m _`^mJr ^` H$mgd Amho. Jm^m`m`m q^Vrg hZw_VmMr ^` _yVu {XgVo. _{Xam`m
doemam`m nm``m`m Imbr EH$ bhmZgm {ebmboI {XgVmo. Vmo nwT>rb_mUo, 'godoMo R>m`r Vna {hamoOr BQ>iH$a' `m XadmOm`m CO`m
~mOyg q^Vrda EH$ gwXa {ebmboI {XgVmo Vmo nwT>rb_mUo:- lr JUnVò Z_& mgmXmo OJXra` OJVm_mZXXmoZwk`m lr_N>nVo
{ed`ZnVo qghmgZo {V>V& emHo$ fUd~mU^y{_JUZmXmZXgdgao `moVramO_whV{H$Vu_{hVo ewboegmn {VWm &&1&&
dmnrHy$nS>mJam{O{Ma a` dZ dr{VH$m Vô Hw${^Jho ZaogXZa^{bho _r{hVo & lr_m`{Jam {Jam_{dfò hram{OZm {Z{_Vmo
`md{XdmH$am {dbgVVmdg_wm^Vo &&2&& `mMm WmoS>`mV AW nwT>rb_mUo - 'gd OJmbm AmZXXm`r Agm hm OJXramMm mgmX
lr_X N>nVr {edmOr amOm `m`m AmkoZo eHo$ 1596 _ò AmZXZm_ gdga Mmby AgVmZm gw_whVmda {Z_mU Ho$bm. `m am`JS>mda {hamoOr
Zmdm`m {enH$mamZo {d{har, Vir, ~mJm, aVo, V^, JOemim, amOJho AmemMr C^maUr Ho$br Amho. Vr Mgy` AgoVmoda Iwemb ZmXmo.'
19. _hmamOmMr g_mYr : _{Xam`m nydXadmOmnmgyZ WmoS>m AVamda Omo A>H$moZr MmWam {XgVmo VrM _hmamOmMr g_mYr. g^mgX ~Ia
hUVo, 'j{`Hw$bmdVg lr__hmamOm{YamO {edmOr _hmamO N>nVr `mMm H$mb eHo$ 1602 M ew 15 `m {Xder am`JS> òWo Pmbm.
XohmMo gmWH$ `mUr ~m{Ybobm OJXramMm Omo mgmX `m`m _hmmam`m ~mhoa XjU^mJr Ho$bo. VoWo H$m`m XJS>m`m {M`mMo OmoVo A>H$moZr
gw_mao N>mVrâ CMrMo ~m{Ybo AgyZ d$Z \$ag~Xr Ho$bobr Amho. \$ag~Xr`m Imbr nmoH$ir Amho, VrV _hmamOmMm Ad{e>me ajm{_l
_{mH$mnmZo gmnS>Vmo.' XhZ^y_r nbrH$S>o ^ B_maVt`m AdeofmMr EH$ amJ Amho, Vo {e~XrMo {ZdmgWmZ Agmdo. `m`m nbrH$S>o gXa
dVrnmgyZ {dbJ Agm EH$ KamMm MmWam {XgVmo. ho Ka B. g. 1674 _ò BJO dH$sb hoZr AmP|S>Z `mg amhmd`mg {Xbo hmoVo. _hmamOm`m
g_mYr`m nyd}H$S>o ^dmZr Q>moH$ Amho Va COdrH$S>o Xm$Mr H$moR>mao, ~mam Q>mH$s {XgVmV.
20. Hw$emdV Vbmd : hmoirMm _mi S>m`m hmVmg gmoSy>Z COdrH$S>rb dmQ> Hw$emdV VbmdmH$S>o OmVo. VbmdmOdi _hmXodmMo N>moQ>ogo XoD$i
{XgVo. Xodimg_moa \w$Q>bo`m AdWoV ZXr {XgVmo.
21. dmKXadmOm : Hw$emdV VbmdmOdiyZ KirZo CVaV dmK XadmOmH$S>o OmVm òVo. AmkmnmV {b{hbo Amho H$s, '{H$`mg EH$ XadmOm Wmoa
Am`~ Amho, `mH$arVm JS> nmhZ EH$ XmoZ - VrZ XadmOo, VemM MmoaqXS>m H$$Z R>odm`m. `m_ò h_oem am~`mg nm{hOo {VV`m R>odyZ daH$S>
XadmOo d qXS>m {MUyZ Q>mH$m`m.' ho XyaXeunUmMo YmoaU R>oD$ZM _hmamOmZr _hmXadmOm{edm` hm XadmOm ~mYyZ KoVbm. `m Xadm`mZo da òUo
OdiOdi Ae`M Agbo Var Xmoa bmdyZ Imbr CV$ eH$Vmo. nwT>o amOmam_ _hmamO d `mMr _S>ir Pwp\$aImZmMm doT>m \$moSy>Z `mM
Xadm`mZo {ZgQ>br hmoVr.
22. Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$ : ~mOmanoR>o`m g_moarb Q>onmd$Z Imbr CV$Z Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$mH$S>o OmVm òVo. VoWoM EH$m Xm$`m H$moR>mamMo Adeof {XgVmV.
OgOgo AmnU Q>moH$mH$S>o OmVmo VgVgm aVm {Z_wiVm hmoV OmVmo. CO`m hmVmbm gai VwQ>bobm 2600 \y$Q> Imob H$S>m Amho. Q>moH$mda dmam
MS> AgVmo d OmJmhr H$_r Ag`m_wio Jm|Yi Z H$aVm gmdYmZVm ~miJmdr
23. {haH$Ur Q>moH$ : JJmgmJam`m COdrH$S>o npM_og Or qMMmoir dmQ> OmVo Vr {haH$Ur Q>moH$mH$S>o OmVo. {haH$Ur Q>moH$mer g~{YV {haH$Ur
JdiUrMr EH$ H$Wm gm{JVbr OmVo. `m ~wOmda H$mhr Vmo\$mhr R>odbo`m {XgVmV. ~wOmda Cô am{hbo Va S>m`m hmVmbm JmYmarMo Imoao,
CO`m ~mOybm H$mi ZXrMo Imoao {XgVo. VgoM BWyZ nmMmS>, Iw~bT>m ~w$O, _erX _moMm hr {R>H$mUo Vmo\o$`m _m`mV AmhoV. `m_wio
`wemm`m VgoM bT>mD$ >rZo hr Iyn _hdmMr Am{U _mo`mMr OmJm Amho.

1) _w~B - Jmodm _mJmdarb _hmS> `m ~g WmZH$m_YyZ : _w~B - Jmodm _mJmdarb _hmS> `m ~g WmZH$m_YyZ am`JS>mgmR>r ~gog gwQ>VmV.
VgoM ~g WmZH$m ~mho$Z OrnJmS>mhr OmVmV. ~gZo Am`mda {MV Xadm`mnmer, (Omo AmVm ApVdmV Zmhr) {OWo nm``m gw$ hmoVmV VoWo
CV$Z nm``mZr JS>mda OmVm òVo. OdiOdi 1500 nm``m MTy>Z Jo`mda _hmXadmOmVyZ Amnbm JS>mV doe hmoVmo.
2) ZmZm XadmOmH$Sy>Zhr : ZmZm XadmOmH$Sy>Zhr AmnU JS> MTy> eH$Vmo. nm``mH$Sy>Z Omo S>m~ar aVm nwT>o OmVmo `m a`mZo WmoS>o nwT>o OmD$Z
COdrH$S>o EH$ nm`dmQ> OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo Jo`mg ZmZmXadmOmZo AmnU JS> MTy> eH$Vmo.
3) amon-do : AmVm JS>mda Om`mgmR>r amon-doMr `dWm Pm`mZo nm``mnmgyZ 10 Vo 15 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU JS>mda nmohMy eH$Vmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : am`JS> {Ohm n[afXo`m Y_emio_ò amh`mgmR>r Imo`m CnbY AmhoV. VgoM E_.Q>r.S>r.gr. `m ~J`m_ò qH$dm
S>ma{_Q>ar hmb_ò am`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo. am`JS> {Ohm n[afX, VmbwH$m _hmS>, {Ohm am`JS> AWdm _hmam> am` n`Q>Z H|$, Egog
Q>mda, Z[a_Z nmBQ>, _w~B - 21 `m`mer gnH$ Ho$`mg amh`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eHo$b. nm``m`m nmMmS> Jmdr d JS>mda lr Xoe_wI `mMo
CnhmaJh Amho. nmMmS>Mm \$moZ - (952145) 74848, 74866.
OodUmMr gmo` : JS>mda hmQ>og AmhoV VoWo OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.
nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {n`mMo nmUr CnbY Amho

qbJmUm
{H$`mMr CMr : 3000 \y$Q>.
S>m|JaamJ: am`JS>
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : A`V H$R>rU
B{Vhmg : qbJm`m AmH$mamMm hm {H$m _hmS>nmgyZ Bemòg gmoim _bmda AgyZ gmr`m _w` amJoV VmoaUm d am`JS> `mMo
Xa`mZ Amho. qbJm`mMo IS>H$ 2969 \y$Q> CM AgyZ `mMr MT>U 4 _b bm~rMr Amho. VQ>~Xr nyU Z> Pmbr Amho, ~mH$s AmhoV Vo
\$$ H$mhr hmX d Ym` H$moR>mam`m IwUm. _mo`mMm nam^d Ho$`mda {edmOrZo am`JS>mOdi hm {H$m ~mYbm. BW`m JwhoV, Oo OwZo
H$mamJh hmoVo, EH$m doiog 50 H$Xr R>odV. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n. 3,4) 1665 gmb`m nwaXa Vhm_ò am`JS> Am{U `m n[agamVbo
{H$o qbJmUm d ~mUH$moQ> _hmamOmH$S>oM am{hbo. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n. 24) qbJm`m`m {JXZdmhrMo Xod lrOZZr d gmo_OmB ho
hmoV. `m`m Zdamm`m Cgdm`m am`JS>m`m O_mIMmVyZ VaVyX hmoV Ago. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n. 130) `m XodVmZm ~H$ao ~ir
Xo`mMr Wm hmoVr.( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n. 131) qbJmUm {H$m am`JS>Mm nyaH$ hmoVm. `m`m S>mJSw>OrMo H$m_ am`JS>m~amo~aM MmbV
Ago. 1786 gmbmn`V `mdarb dmVyMr XoI^mb Ho$br OmV Ago Agm CoI AmT>iVmo. `m_ò JS>mdarb gXa, ~w$O, XadmOo Am{U
Ym`H$moR>ma `mMm g_mdoe Ago. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n. 135) VoWo nO`H$mimV EH$ _Zw` JV Kmbr. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n.
139) am`JS> ZVa qbJmUm nS>bm. am`JS>m`m Imo`mV WmoS>r {dlmVr KoD$Z BJOmMo {dO`r g` 23 _o amoOr nmbr nbrH$S>rb _mJmg
bmJbo. ( am`JS>mMr OrdZH$Wm n. 188) JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : Jwhm eV AgyZ 30-40 _mUgo gm_mdyZ KoVo.
g_moaM XwJamO am`JS>mdaMm pWVk OJXra Amn`mbm XeZ XoD$Z V H$aVmo. `m Jwhod$Z nwT>o AmnU Jobmo H$s AmnU EH$m H$moaS>m
hmXmbm nma H$$Z WmoS>ogo nwT>o MmJ`m nm`m`m hmXmnmer òVmo. BWo EH$ {edqbJ Amho, nU Hw$R>o _{XamMm _mJ_yghr Zmhr. `m hmXm`m
nwT>o, hUOo JS>m`m Cmaog nm``m AmhoV `mdaVr Agbo`m Jwhmn`V OmVmo. BH$S>o Amn`mbm EH$ ~mYH$m_ ZOaog nS>V, Oo AOyZhr
em~yV Amho. Jm_Wm`m gmJ`m_mUo BWo {Xdm bmdV AgV, Omo H$Xm{MV am`JS>mda Bemam Xo`mg dmnabm OmV Ago. nU AmO hr dmQ>
nyUnUo CXdV Pmbr Amho. Om`m`m dmQ>od$ZM hr dmVy {XgVo. qbJm`mMo d{eQ> hUOo BWbm H$R>rU MT>mBMm gwiH$m. `mda
Om`Mo hUOo dmQ> nyUV: KgaS>r Amho. Xmoam`m ghm`mZoM BWo MT>Vm òV. `m gwi`mbm ga H$am`bm Odi Odi 3-4 Vmg bmJVmV.
H$mhr {R>H$mUr Va gai H$mVi MT>mdm bmJVmo. dmQ> H$R>rU Amho. _ò \$$ EH$ nm`mMo Hw$S> Amho, ~mH$s Hw$R>ohr nmUr Zmhr. nU gwiH$m
MTy>Z Jo`mda Omo AmZX {_iVmo Vmo H$mhr doJimM AgVmo. `m gwi`md$Z nyd}bm amOJS> Am{U VmoaUm, Va npM_og XwJamO am`JS>
Amho. AmVm WmoS>o `m`m B{Vhmg~b OmUyZ KoD$. am`JS> Oa amOJh Va qbJmUm ho H$mamJh. BWbm ~obmJ gwiH$m Am{U {ZgaS>r _mVr
hUOo `m Jmo>r `m gmR>r A{Ve` AZwHy$b Amho. Oa H$moUr ni`mMm `Z Ho$bm Va `mbm Ord J_mdUo hmM EH$ Cnm`. JS>mdaMo Xmoa
Am{U {eS>m H$mTy>Z KoV`m H$s JS>md$Z ni`m`m dmQ>m ~X. JS>mMo jo\$i gwm H$_r, Odi-Odi 250 _r. Cmaog `m nm``m
AmhoV `m Q>m`mH$S>o ZoVmV. Vr dmQ>hr {~H$Q> Pmbr Amho. AmO{_Vrg `m Q>m`mVyZ nmUr âbo OmVo {VWo EH$ {edqbJ Amho, Vo Hw$Ry>Z
Ambo hm nS>Vmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : `m JS>mda Om`mg W_ AmnUmg `mdo bmJVo Vo _hmS>bm. BWyZ nmZo Jmdmbm Om`mg gH$mir 11.00
dmOVm Am{U gm`H$mir 4.00 dmOVm JmS>m AmhoV. nmZo JmdmVyZ gmYmaU nmD$U Vmgm`m MT>UrZVa AmnU qbJmUm _mMrda nmohmoMVmo.
{VWo nmUr ^$Z nwhm nmD$U Vmg MT>`mda Amn`mbm KgaS>m dmQ>od$Z AmnU A`m VmgmV AmnU qbJmUm gwi`m`m nm``mer
Agbo`m Jwhonmer òVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : Jwhm eV AgyZ 30-40 _mUgo BWo amh eH$VmV. hoM EH$_od ahm`mMo {R>H$mU Amho. OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU
dV: H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : {n`mMo nmUr Jwho`m nwT>o Agbo`m Q>m`m_ò Amho. VgoM gwiH$m MT>VmZm `m Q>`mda ~mYH$m_ bmJVo {VWo
_w` dmQ>onmgyZ S>mdrH$S>o KgaS>m dmQ>oda WmoS>m nwT>o nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nm``mnmgyZ 8 - 9 Vmg.
gyMZm : VamamohU Amd`H$.
gwYmJS>
S>m|JaamJ: bmoUmdim
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
"JS>H$moQ> hUOo am`mMo _yi'. JS>H$moQ> hUOo I{OZm . JS>H$moQ> hUOo g`mMo ~i. gwYmJS> hUOo ^moa gWmZmMo d^d. gwYmJS> hm
\$ma mMrZ {H$m Amho. nydu `m JS>mbm ^moanJS> Agohr hUV AgV. nwT>o qhXdr dam`mMo gWmnH$ lr {edN>nVtMm nXne `m
JS>mbm Pmbm Am{U `mMo Zmd gwYmJS> R>odbo Jobo. `m JS>mMr gmYmaUV: CMr 590 _rQ>a Amho. PmS>m_ò bnbobm hm JS> {dVmamZo \$maM
_moR>m Amho. `m JS>mda Om`mgmR>r VrZ _wI dmQ>m AmhoV.
B{Vhmg : gwYmJS> hm {H$m \$ma mMrZ Amho. `m n[agamV ApVdmV AgUmar R>mUmio boUr, hr 2200 dfmnyduMr AmhoV. `md$Z
Ago AZw_mZ {ZKVo H$s gwYmJS> hm XoIrb {VVH$mM OwZm {H$m Agmdm. EImm _moR>m gmoImbr `m JS>mMr OS>UKS>U Pmbr Agmdr.
nwamUmV ^Jw F$ftZr òWo dmV` Ho$`mMo AZoH$ CoI AmT>iVmV. `mM F$ftZr ^moamB XodrMr WmnZm `m S>m|Jamda Ho$br. B. g. 1648
gmbr hm {H$m dam`mV gm_rb Pmbm. `m~m~V Agm CoI AmT>iVmo H$s, "gmIaX`mV _mbdOr ZmBH$ H$maHo$ `mZr _mi bm{dbr.
gaXma _mbmoOr ^mogbo `m`m hmVmImbr OmYd Am{U gaZmBH$ ho W_ {H$`mda MT>bo. `m YmaH$`mZm Cô H$$Z `mMo nmR>rda
h~Vamd MT>bo. `mg g^mOramd nwT>o OmD$Z _mWm Jobo. nM{dgmZo nwT>o OmD$Z JV _m[abr. ~moH$S>{gboMm nhmam _mabm. nwT>o ^moamB`m
Q>`mdar Jobo Vmo gXaoVyZ {H$oXma d bmoH$ YmdV Ambo. hmUhmU Pmbr `m g_`r {H$oXma H$m_mg Ambo. Cnam{VH$ OmD$Z gXa H$m~rO
Ho$br." {edam`mZr `m JS>mMo ^moanJS>md$Z "gwYmJS>' Ago Zm_H$aU Ho$bo. JS>m`m nm``mer Agbo`m 'nmN>mnya' `m JmdmVM g^mOr
d AmaJOo~mMm ~S>Imoa _wbJm AH$~a `mMr ôQ> Pmbr hmoVr. _hmamOm`m A>YmZ _S>imV Agbo`mnH$s AUmOr Xmmo, ~mimOr
AmdOr {MQ>Urg, `mMm _wbJm AmdOr ~mi, Am{U {hamoOr \$OX `m gdmZm ^mnX nm{U_o`m {Xder g^mOrZo gwYmJS> n[agamV
AgUm`m nabr JmdmV hmr`m nm`r {Xbo.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : `m JS>mMm Koam Vgm _moR>m Amho.JS>mda nm`mMo AZoH$ Vbmd AmT>iVmV.JS>mda nV g{MdmMm
dmS>m Amho. `mV 50 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo. VgoM ^moamB XodrMo _{Xa Amho. `m_ò 25 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo. òWo OJbhr
~-`mnH$s Amho. AmOw~mOy`m OJbm`m n[agamV AZoH$ H$maMr AmfYr dZnVr AmT>iVmV. JS>mdarb nV g{Mdm`m dmS>m`m ~mOybm
^moaoamMo _{Xa Amho. {VWyZM nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ MmoaXadmOmMr {dhra Amho. g{Mdm`m dmS>mnmgyZ nwT>o nm`-`mMr dmQ> OmVo Am{U gai
^moamB Xodr`m _{XamV AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. Oa hr dmQ> gmoSy>Z ImbMr dmQ> nH$S>br Va nwT>o nm`mMr Q>mHo$ AmhoV. `m Q>m`mVrb nmUr
{n`mgmR>r Cn`w$ Amho. Q>m`m`m S>mdrH$S>rb dmQ> hr AmnUmg Mmoa Xadm`mH$S>o AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. hr dmQ> _m AmVm ApVdmV Zmhr.
nmN>mnya XadmOm : `m Xadm`mVyZ JS>mda {ea`mg WmoS>o MT>`mda AmnU EH$m nR>mamda nmohmoMVmo. nR>mam`m S>mdrH$S>o {gXoamMo
_{Xa ,VgoM Ym`H$moR>ma,^mS>mMo Q>mHo$,hdmbXma Vio , hmr_mi Amho. COdrH$S>o JS>mMr Zg{JH$ VQ>~Xr ~Kmd`mg {_iVo.
JS>mdarb Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$ : dmS>mnmgyZ AmnU nm`-`m`m gmmZo da Ambo H$s COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. hr dmQ> _m hmrnmJm _YyZ OmVo.
`m dmQ>oZo AmnU gai EH$m Q>moH$mda nmohMVmo. `m Q>moH$mH$S>o AmnU nm{h`mda Amn`mbm am`JS>mdarb "Q>H$_H$' Q>moH$mMr AmR>dU òVo. `m
Q>moH$mda Cô am{h`mda g_moaM C^m AgUmam KZJS> , H$moarJS>, Vb~`m {XgVmo. VgoM A~mZXr d ZXr`m AmOw~mOyMr Jmdo hm n[aga
{XgVmo.
qXS>r XadmOm : gdmUr`m KmQ>md$Z òUmar dmQ> AmnUmg qXS>r Xadm`mV AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. hm XadmOm hUOo am`JS>mdarb
"_hmXadm`mMr ' h~oh~ {VH$Vr. ho `m {H$`mMo _hmma Amho. `m mamMr aMZm Jmo_wIr ~mYUrMr Amho. XmoZ ^r_H$m` ~wOm_ò
bn`m_wio `m mamg _moR>o gajU bm^bo Amho. JS>mda dmS>m`m _mJrb ~mOyg MmoadmQ> {dhra Amho. `m`mV EH$ ^w`ma AgyZ AmVm _m
Vo JmimZo nyU âbo Amho. gH$Q>m`m doir JS>md$Z Imbr Om`mgmR>r MmoadmQ> nU Amho. ^moamB Xodr`m _{Xam`m _mJrb ~mOyg AZoH$
g_m`m AmhoV.`mda gw~H$ ZjrH$m_ Ho$bo Amho.

gdmUrMm KmQ> : Vb~bm JmdmVyZ gai Ym|S>go `m Jmdr `mdo. AWdm nmbr Jmd Vo Ym|S>go Jmd ho AVahr 12 {H$._r. Amho. nmbrhZ Ym|S>go
Jmdr `mdo.{VWyZ JS>mda Om`mgmR>r 3 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ> \$maM X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho.dmQ> gaigmoQ> Ag`mZo MwH$`mMm g^d H$_r
Amho. `m dmQ>oZo AmnU qXS>r XadmOmV òVmo.
ZmUXmS> KmQ> : EH$mobo JmdmVyZ KZJS> S>mdrH$S>o R>odyZ _mdiVr H$S>o {ZKmdo.nwT>o nmD$U VmgmZo ZmUXmS> KmQ>mV nmohmoMVmo.nwT>o EH$ ~mdYmZ
Jmd Amho. nwT>o nmN>mnyaMr {Xem Y$Z R>mHy$admS>rV `mdo Am{U _J JS>_mWm Ad`m XmoZ VmgmV JmR>Vm òVmo.
`m Xadm`mVyZ JS>mda {ea`mg WmoS>o MT>`mda AmnU EH$m nR>mamda nmohmoMVmo. nR>mam`m S>mdrH$S>o {gXoamMo
nmN>mnya _mJ}:
_{Xa ,VgoM Ym`H$moR>ma,^mS>mMo Q>mHo$,hdmbXma Vio , hmr_mi Amho. COdrH$S>o JS>mMr Zg{JH$ VQ>~Xr ~Kmd`mg {_iVo.
JS>mdarb Q>H$_H$ Q>moH$ : dmS>mnmgyZ AmnU nm`-`m`m gmmZo da Ambo H$s COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. hr dmQ> _m hmrnmJm _YyZ
OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo AmnU gai EH$m Q>moH$mda nmohMVmo. `m Q>moH$mH$S>o AmnU nm{h`mda Amn`mbm am`JS>mdarb "Q>H$_H$' Q>moH$mMr AmR>dU
òVo. `m Q>moH$mda Cô am{h`mda g_moaM C^m AgUmam KZJS> , H$moarJS>, Vb~`m {XgVmo. VgoM A~mZXr d ZXr`m AmOw~mOyM Jmdo hm
n[aga {XgVmo.
qXS>r XadmOm : gdmUr`m KmQ>md$Z òUmar dmQ> AmnUmg qXS>r Xadm`mV AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. hm XadmOm hUOo am`JS>mdarb
"_hmXadm`mMr ' h~oh~ {VH$Vr. ho `m {H$`mMo _hmma Amho. `m mamMr aMZm Jmo_wIr ~mYUrMr Amho. XmoZ ^r_H$m` ~wOm_ò
bn`m_wio `m mamg _moR>o gajU bm^bo Amho. JS>mda dmS>m`m _mJrb ~mOyg MmoadmQ> {dhra Amho. `m`mV EH$ ^w`ma AgyZ AmVm _m
Vo JmimZo nyU âbo Amho. gH$Q>m`m doir JS>md$Z Imbr Om`mgmR>r MmoadmQ> nU Amho. ^moamB Xodr`m _{Xam`m _mJrb ~mOyg AZoH$
g_m`m AmhoV.`mda gw~H$ ZjrH$m_ Ho$bo Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : nV g{MdmMo dmS>o òWo CnbY AgyZ òWo 50 _mUgo amh eH$VmV. VgoM ^moamB Xodr`m _{XamV XoIrb ahm`mMr
gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` dV: Ho$bobr Ag`mg Cm_. nU Vgo e` Zg`mg JS>mdaVr "_moao' Zmdm`m JhWmMo Ka Amho.
VoWo 4 Vo 5 OUmMr OodUmMr gmo` hmoD$ eHo
nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mdaVrM AZoH$ hmX Am{U Vbmd Ag`mZo ~mam_hr nm`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
XmoZ Vmg nmN>mnya _mJ}, VrZ Vmg qXS>r XadmOm _mJ}.(Ym|S>go _mJ)
gagJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 1600 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: nmbr
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : _`_
lr JUoe hUOo {doMr XodVm. nmbr ho A>{dZm`H$mnH$s EH$ {R>H$mUo. òWrb JUnVr"~mioa' hUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. `mM nmbr
Jmdm`m gr_obm bmJyZ C^m AgUmam JS> hUOo gagJS>. nmbr JmdmV OmVmM `m JS>mMo XeZ hmoVo. nmbr Jmdm`m X{jUmoma gr_oda
gagJS>mMr AO q^V C^r Amho.`m JS>mMm Cn`moJ _w`V Q>ohiUrgmR>r H$aV AgV. `m JS>md$Z nmbr d Odi`m gnyU n[agamda
Q>ohiUr H$aVm òVo. {edmOr _hmamOmZr `m JS>mg Amn`m dam`mXmIb H$$Z KoVbo Am{U {H$`m`m S>mJSw>OrgmR>r 2000 hmoZ
_Oya Ho$bo.dmV`mr n`V `m JS>mMr `dWm "^moa' gWmZmH$S>o hmoVr.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : Vgo nm{hbo Va hm JS> XmoZ Vo VrZ VmgmV `mhmiVm òVmo. qXS>r XadmOmbm bmJyZM {Vhoar
VQ>~XrMr aMZm AmnUmg ~Kmd`mg {_iVo. XadmOmVyZ AmV {ea`mda COdrH$S>o dimdo Am{U 15 nm`-`m da MT>m`mV hUOo VQ>~Xr
{XgVo. Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda S>mdrH$S>o Jo`mda EH$ _moR>m nm`mMm hmX bmJVmo. nwT>o EH$ ^w`mar _mJ bmJVmo. g`m hm _mJ _m
ApVdmV Zmhr. nwT>o JS>mda òUmam Xwgam _mJ Amho. `m`m OdiM "_moVr hmX' Amho. Oa AmnU COdrH$S>o Jobmo Va 15 nm`-`m MT>m`m
bmJVmV Am{U _J ~mbo{H$`mMm nm`Wm bmJVmo. ~mbo{H$`mMm nm`Wm :- g_moaM EH$ _moR>m nm`mMm hmX Amho.òWo ~mam_mhr nmUr
AgVo. hmXm`m S>m`m ~mOyg EH$ ehmnramMo WS>Jo Amho . `m`m OdiM nwhm nm`mMr Vir AmhoV . OdiM H$nmarV eH$amMr EH$ qnS>
Amho. `m H$nmarV AmnUmg ahmVm òVo. hmXm`m CO`m ~mOybm H$mhr Ym`H$moR>mao , emJmao AmhoV. VgoM {ZdmgWmZo , AmImS>m d
H$XImZm XoIrb Amho. òWo Xhm-~mam OUmMr ahm`mMr gmo` hmoVo. nwT>o ~mbo{H$`mda Om`mMm _mJ bmJVmo. ~mbo{H$m _mWm :~mbo{H$`m`m _m`mda Img ~K`mgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr. JS>mda Ho$XmaoamMo _{Xa Amho. òWo EH$ Vbmd Amho. Q>ohiUrgmR>r XmoZ ~w$O
AmhoV. _m `m ~mbo{H$`md$Z g_moaM AgUmam VrZ H$mdS>rMm S>m|Ja {XgVmo. g_moaM C^m AgUmam gwYmJS>, Vb~bm, YZJS> Am{U
H$moarJS> {XgVmo. VgoM nmbrJmd, A~mZXr, ChoarMr Ja_ nm`mMr Hw$S>o, H$moH$U, Om^winmS>m Agm gd n[aga {XgVmo. demI nm{U_obm
JS>mdarb ehmnramMm C$g âVmo. _hm{edamrbm Ho$Xmaoambm ^m{dH$mMr JXu AgVo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r _m "qXS>r' XadmOmMr EH$M dmQ> dmnamV Amho. nmbr JmdmV CV$Z `m Xadm`mZo
JS>mda OmVm òVo. _{Xam`m _mJrb ~mOyg AgUm-`m S>m~ar a`md$Z S>mdrH$S>o dimdo Am{U _ibobr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. hr dmQ> gaigmoQ>
AgyZ AmnUmg WoQ> JS>m`m ~wOmn`V AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. ~wOm`m nm``mer EH$ Imobr Amho. `m ImobrMm Cn`moJ nhmaoH$-`mZm
ahm`mgmR>r hmoV Ago. nwT>o Xadm`mn`V Om`mgmR>r 96 nm`-`m MT>m`m bmJVmV. `m nm`-`m Oam OnyZM MT>m`mV H$maU nm` Kgabm
Va XarV nS>`mMm YmoH$m CdVmo. nm`-`mMr dmQ> \$ma X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho. `m nm`-`m Amn`mbm gai XadmOmn`V AmUyZ gmoS>VmV.
XadmOm`m g_moaM nhmaoH$-`m`m XodS>`m AmhoV. JS>mda Om`mgmR>rAOyZ EH$ dmQ> AgyZ Vr dmnamVrb Zg`mZo `m dmQ>oMm Cn`moJ
H$moUr H$aV Zmhr.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Vgo nm{hbo Va amh`mMr `dpWV gmo` Zmhr. _m 7 Vo 8 OUmZm qXS>r Xadm`mg_moa AgUm-`m XodS>`m
_ò AWdm Ym`H$moR>mao, H$XImZm òWo ahmVm òVo. nU JS>mda \$ma H$_r Q>oH$g ahmVmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU dV: H$aUoM `mo`.
nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda nm`mMr ânya Q>mH$s AmhoV. nU ~mbo{H$`m`m nm``mer ehmnram`m CO`m ~mOyg AgUmam hmX
{n`m`m nm`m`m >rZo Cn`w$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nmbr JmdmhZ qXS>r XadmOmn`V Om`bm gmYmaU 1 Vmg bmJVmo.
O{Oam
{H$`mMr CMr : 0
{H$`mMm H$ma : ObXwJ
S>m|JaamJ: am`JS>
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
_hmam>mbm gw_mao 750 {H$._r. bm~rMm g_w {H$Zmam bm^bm Amho. `m g_w {H$Zm-`mdarb {H$o nmhUo hUOo EH$ AmJir doJir
AmZX`mmM R>aVo. hr ^Q>H$Vr Mmby hmoVo aodg ~XamnmgyZ Va gnVo VoaoImob n`V. Zmair \$mo\$ir`m dZm_YyZ {\$aVmZm H$moH$Ur
g_mOmMo XeZ KS>Vo. am`JS> {OmV _wS> Vmbw`mV Mh~mOyZr gmJar nm`mMm doT>m nS>bobm, amOmnwar`m ImS>r`m Vm|S>mda
_mo`m`m OmJr hm AOo` ObXwJ C^m Amho.
B{Vhmg : O{Oam {H$`mbmM "{H$o _oh~ D$\$ {H$o O{Oam' Aer Zmdo hmoVr. B. g. 1508 _ò _{bH$ Ah_X {ZOm_emhm _aU
nmdbm. `mMm 7 dfmMm And{`Z _wbJm ~w-hmU {ZOm_emhm JmXrda Ambm. {_PmAr Am{U H$b~Ar ho XmoZ {ZOm_emhr gaXma Cma
H$moH$UmVrb XS>mamOnwamg Ambo. `mMdoir g_wmVrb MmMo H$mo`mZm \$ma mg XoV AgV.hUyZ `mZr amOnwar`m ImS>rda bmH$S>r
_oT>oH$moQ> C^mabm. am_nmQ>rb `m H$mo`mMm A_b `mdoir `mgd n[agamda hmoVm. {ZOm_emhmZo {na_ImZ Zmdm`m gaXmambm
am_nmQ>rbMm H$mQ>m H$mT>`mgmR>r nmR>db. {na_ImZmZo _oT>oH$moQ>`m AmOw~mOybm Jb~Vo bmdbr Am{U am_nmQ>rbmbm Xm$ nmOyZ ~ohmof Ho$bo
d _oT>oH$moQ> Amn`m Vm`mV KoVbm. am_nmQ>rbbm {ZOm_emhm H$S>o nmR>dyZ `mMo Y_mVa Ho$bo .B.g.1526 Vo 1332 `m H$ma{H$XuZVa
.B.g.1532 _ò {nam_ImZ _aU nmdbm ~w-hmU {ZOm_ehmMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. nwT>o 1567 _ò hgoZ {ZOm_ehm`m hHw$_mZwgma bmH$S>r
_oT>oH$moQ>m EodOr XJS>r H$moQ> ~mY`mg gwdmV Ho$br. ho H$m_ B.g 1571 n`V nyU Pmbo Am{U hm XJS>r H$moQ> '{H$o _oh~' ZmdmZo
AmoiIbm OmD$ bmJbm. nwT>o 1857 _ò AbJImZ `mMr òWo Zo_mUwH$ Pmbr. 1612 _ò `m`m _`yZVa `mMm _wbJm B~mhr_ImZ
`mMr Zo_UyH$ Pmbr ,`m`m _`yZVa 1618 - 1620 `m H$mbmdYrV {gXr gwXImZ hm R>mUoXma Pmbm. `mZVa gw_mao 1947 n`V
20 {gXr Zdm~mZr O{Oam {H$`mda h$ JmOdbm. _wS> n[agamVyZ {_iUmao Cn Am{U IM `mMr gmJS> ~gV Zg`mZo _{bH$
A~aZo hm _wbyI VmoSy>Z XoD$Z `m{R>H$mUr ZdrZ OhmJraXmar WnZ Ho$br Am{U {gXr A~agmZH$ `m _wbyImMr O~m~Xmar nmh bmJbm.
AWmV `m O{Oam gWmZmMm gWmnH$ {gXr A~agmZH$M R>abm. B.g 1625 _ò _{bH$ A~a _aU nmdbm. O{OaoH$a dV
gmmYre Pmbo hmoVo. 20 {gXr gmm{YemZr {_iyZ 330 df}am` Ho$bo Am{U 1948 _ò O{Oam gWmZ ^maVr` gKmam`mV {dbrZ
Pmbo. B.g 1648 _ò {edam`mZr VioJS>, KmogmiJS> Am{U am`JS> n[agamVrb _wbyI qOH$bm. 1657 _ò Omdir qOH$br Am{U
`mZr Amnbr ZOa Cma H$moH$Umda didbr. {H$o O{Oam Amn`m Vm`mV Am`m{edm` CmaH$moH$Umda AmnU dMd JmOdy eH$Umam
Zmhr ho g` {edam`mZm C_Jbo hmoVo. 1659 _ò {edam`mZr em_amOnV d `m gmo~V ~mOr Kmobnbm O{Oam Ko`mgmR>r nmR>dbo nU,hm
n{hbm `Z \$gbm. nwhm 1659 _ò {ZimoOrnV aKwZmW _wOw_Xma ,_m`mOr ^mQ>H$a `mZr O{Oam`m {gXrMr H$m|S>r Ho$br nU nwhm
hm `Z \$gbm. {Vg-`m dmarMo dUZ g^mgX ~IarV Imbrb_mUo {Xbobo Amho. "" am{O`mZr `H$moOr Xmmo \$mOo{Zer Zm_OmX
admZm Ho$bo. `mZr OmD$Z _wbyI _m$Z Vb\$ Ho$bm. _J {erZo Amnbo OmVrMo hmner bH$a KmoS>odma d he_ Zm_OmX `H$moOr Xmmoda
admZm Ho$bo. `mer `w Pmbo. VrZeo h~er `H$moOrnV _m[abo.KmoS>o nmS>md Ho$bo. `H$moOrnV H$V \$ma Ho$br. ~mam OI_m `H$moOrnVmg
bmJ`m Agm MmH$m ~gyZ Ambo. {erZo g`mMo ZmVo bmdbo. nU am{O`mZr gbm Ho$bmM Zmhr.'' hr O{O-`mdarb {Vgar dmar hmoVr.
1678 `m Owb _ò {edam`mZr O{O-`mda dmar H$a`mMm EH$ Aèdr `Z Ho$bm. gZ 1682 _ò g^mOramOmZr XmXmOr
aKwZmWmbm O{Oam Ko`mgmR>r nmR>dbo nU `mMdoir AmaJOo~ X{jUoV CVa`mZo `mMm O{Oam Ko`mMm `Z AnwamM amhrbm. `m
gWmZmMm eodQ>Mm A{YnVr hUOo {gXr _wh_XImZ `m`mM H$ma{H$XuV AOo` Ago O{Oam gWmZ 3 E{b 1948 amoOr ^maVr`
gWmZmV {dbrZ Pmbo. JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : amOmnwar JmdmnmgyZ òUmar hmoS>r O{Oam {H$`m`m nm``mnmer
Wm~Vo. doemamdarb nmT>-`m XJS>mVrb nmaer boI n> {XgVmo. XadmOm`m Xmohr ~mOy`m q^Vtda {d{e> H$maMo XJS>mV H$moabobo
{en AmT>iVo. ho JOmV b_rMo {en hUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. XmoZ XadmOm`m _ò nhmaoH$-`m`m XodS>m AmhoV.O{Oam {H$`m`m
_hmmamda ZJmaImZm Amho. {H$`m`m VQ>mda OmUm-`m nm`-`mZr da Jo`mda g_moaM VQ>mda Vmo\$m R>od`m AmhoV, `mnH$s gdmV
_moR>m Vmo\o$Mo Zmd "H$bmS>~mJS>r ' Ago Amho.
nranMm`VZ : {H$`m`m _w`mamVyZ AmV Jo`mda S>m`m~mOybm AmUIr EH$ ma Amho. COdrH$S>o Imobr gmaIo EH$ ~mYH$m_ Amho.
`mbmM nranMm`VZ Ago hUVmV. m dmVyV 5 nra AmhoV. `m nMm`VZm`m nQ>mJUmVM H$mhr dmVy AmhoV. `mM {R>H$mUr OhmOmMo VrZ
ZmJa JObo`m AdWoV nS>bobo AmhoV.
KmoS>m`m nmJm : nra nMm`VZm`m g_moa`m {XeoZo VQ>md$Z nwT>o Jo`mda KmoS>m`m nmJm bmJVmV.
gwbImZmMm dmS>m : òWyZ ~mhoa nS>`mda g_moaM 3 _Obr nS>H$s ^$_ ~mYUrMr B_maV {XgVo `mbmM gwbImZmMm dmS>m Ago
hUVmV. AZoH$ dfmV `m dmS>mMr _moR>m _mUmda nS>PS> Pmbobr Amho.
Vbmd : `m dmS>m`m Cmaog gwXa ~mYH$m_ Ho$bobm emoS>fQH$moZr JmoS>mnm`mMm Vbmd Amho. hm Vbmd gw_mao 20 _r `mgmMm Amho. Mma
H$mon-`mV Mma hmX AmhoV.
gXa : ~mbo{H$`m`m _mJo MwZoJr B_maV Amho. `mbmM gXa Ago hUVmV.
~mbo{H$m : Vbmdm`m ~mOyZo ~mYrd nm`-`mZr WmoS>o da Jo`mda ~mbo{H$m bmJVmo. AmO VoWo EH$ P|S>m dXZmgmR>r C^mabobm Amho.
npM_ XadmOm : JS>m`m npM_obm qH${MV VQ>mImbr, VQ>mVyZ ~mhoa nS>`mgmR>r N>moQ>m XadmOm Amho, `mbmM X`m XadmOm Ago hUVmV.
gH$Q>H$mir ~mhoa nS>`mg `mMm Cn`moJ hmoV hmoVm. XadmOm`m da`m ^mJmVM VQ>~Xr`m Odi H$XImZm hmoVm. {H$`mbm dV Ago
22 ~wO AmhoV. AmOhr Vo gwpWV AmhoV. gd {H$m nmh`mg VrZ Vmg nwaVmV.

1.A{b~mJ_mJ}: O{Oam ObXwJ nmhm`Mm Agob Va nwUo _w~B _mJ}A{b~mJ JmR>m`Mo. nwT>o A{b~mJdZ aodXS>m_mJ}_wS> JmR>Vm òVo. _wS>
JmdmVyZ {H$`mn`V Om`mgmR>r ~moQ>godm CnbY Amho. {H$Zm-`m nmgyZ {H$m JmR>`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.
2. nmbr- amohm - ZmJmoR>Uo - gmimd - ZmXJmd _mJ}: A{b~mJ _mJ}Z OmVm nmbr- amohm - ZmJmoR>Uo - gmimd - ZmXJmd _mJ}_wS>bm OmVm
òVo.
3.{XKr_mJ}: H$moH$UmVyZ `md`mMo Pm`mg _hmS> - JmoaoJmd - hgio - ~mo{bnMVZ {XKr JmR>mdo. {XKrhZ {H$m nmh`mgmR>r ~moQ>godm
CnbY Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : _wS> JmdmV amhm`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
OodUmMr gmo` : JmdmV OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda Zmhr
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _wS> JmdmnmgyZ AYm Vmg.
{H$o ~iJS> (_waOZ)

{H$`mMr CMr : 2300 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: _mWoamZ
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : _`_
_w~B-nwUo h_a`mdZ OmVmZm {XgUmam hm Zmdm_mUo ~bdmZ AgUmam EH$ XwJ MQ>H$Z Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. nyd}bm Chmg
ZXr, npM_obm JS>r ZXr, X{jUobm nmVmiJJm ZXr, _m{UH$JS> Am{U ZF$òbm H$Zmim {H$m, VgoM OdiM Agbobm BemiJS>
Agm Mh~mOyZr doT>bobm hm {H$o _waOZ C\$ ~iJS>.
B{Vhmg : Cma H$moH$UmVrb hm {H$m `m`m _wbwImV Agbo`m nZdob, H$`mU `m mMrZ ~Xamda ZOa R>od`mg Agmdm.
{H$`mdarb Jwhm`m A`mgmdZ `mMm H$mbIS> ~m H$mbmer OmoS>Vm òVmo. `m`mdarb _Zw` {Z{_V Jwhm_wioM CmaH$mbmVrb
{ebmhma, `mXd `m am`H$`mZr `mbm bH$ar MmH$s ~ZdyZ Zmd {Xbo _waOZ.~hm_Zr`m H$mbmV hm {H$m AmH$mamg Ambm Agmdm.
ZVa Ah_XZJa`m {ZOm_emhr`m Vm`mV Vmo Ambm. {ZOm_emhr`m AVmdoir ehmOramOmZr {ZOm_emhr`m dmagmbm N> Y$Z
{ZOm_emhr dmMd`mMm `Z Ho$bm. nU _moJb ehmOhmZ Am{U {dOmnyaMm A{Xbehm `mZr Vh H$$Z Amn`m g`w$ \$mOm
ehmOramOm`m _mJmda nmR>d`m. Vohm ehmOramOo ni H$mTy>Z H$m|T>mUm d _wa~Xodm`m S>m|JamV {ZKyZ Jobo. ZVa H$moH$UmV O{O`m`m {g{H$S>o Jobo AgVm `mZo Aml` ZmH$ma`mda Mmbbm nmoVwJrOmH$S>o Jobo nU `mZrhr ZH$ma {X`mda ehmOramOo {OOmD$,
~mb{edmOr Am{U bH$amgh _waOZmda Jobo. gZ 1636 _ò ~mb{edmOtZr _waOZmMm C~aR>m AmobmS>bm. 1636 _ò _mhbrMm
Vh Pmbm. `mV Cma H$moH$U _moJbm`m Vm`mV Jobo Am{U _waOZda _moJbr A_b gw$ Pmbm. nU `jmV VoWo {dOmnya`m
A{XbehmMrM gmm hmoVr. nwT>o hr gYr {edam`mZr gmYbr. Oohm {edam`mZr Omdir`m Mamd _moaobm hadyZ Omdir Vm`mV KoVbr,
`mMdoir hUOo 1656 _ò {edam`mMm eya gaXma Am~mOr _hmXod `mZo H$`mU {^dS>r nmgyZ MoD$b Vo amàrn`VMm gmam _wbyI
dam`mV KoVbm. Vohm _waOZ {edmOr _hmamOm`m Vm`mV Ambm. {H$`mMo Zmd ~XbyZ {H$o ~iJS> Ago R>od`mV Ambo. nwT>o
1665 _ò nwaXa`m VhmZwgma _moJbmZm {Xbo`m 23 {H$`m_ò ~iJS> {edmOr _hmamOmZr {Xbm. O`qgJmZo {H$`mda
amOnyV Ho$eaqgh hmS>m hm {H$oXma Zo_bm. nwT>o nwaXaMm Vh _moS>bm. _amR>o {H$o naV KoV AgVmZm _amR>mer Pmbo`m bT>mBV
Ho$eaqgh YmamVrWu nS>bm Vnydu amOnyV {`mZr Omohma Ho$bm. Ho$eaqghmMr AmB d XmoZ _wbo {H$`m`m PS>VrV gmnS>bo.
{edam`m`m AmXoemZwgma `mZo g_mZmZo XoD$iJmdr _moJb N>mdUrV nmR>d`mV Ambo. ZVa {H$`mda ImoXH$m_mV ~arM gnmr
AmT>ibr.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : ~iJS>mMm _mWm hUOo EH$ _moR>o nR>ma Amho. gd nR>mar ^mJ hm OJbmZo `mnbobm
Amho. JS>mda EH$ JUoe_{Xa Amho. VgoM XmoZ VrZ nm`m`m Q>m`m gwm AmhoV. _m hr Q>mH$s emoY`mgmR>r d JS>mda {\$a`mgmR>r
dmQ>mS>m KoUo Amd`H$ Amho. W_ BJOmZr ~iJS>mMm _mWoamZ gmaIo WS> hdoMo {R>H$mU hUyZ {dH${gV H$a`mMm {dMma Ho$bm
hmoVm. _m nm`m`m Xw{^jVo_wio Vmo {dMma _mJo nS>bm. JS>mda VrZ Mma B_maVtMo Adeof AmhoV. KZXmQ> H$madr`m OJbm_wio
JS>mdarb dmQ>m ZrQ> {XgV ZmhrV. _m JS>md$Z _mWoamZMo {d{dY nmBQ>g \$ma gwXa {XgVmV.

eoSw>J _mJ}- : _w~BhZ qH$dm nw`mhZ òUm-`mZr nZdob JmR>mdo. nZdob nwUo h_a`mda eoSw>J JmdmH$S>o OmUmam \$mQ>m Amho. Eg.Q>r
MmbH$mZm gmJyZ eoSw>J \$mQ>mda CVamdo. h_a`md$Z OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. A`m Vmgm`m a`mda eoSw>J Jmd bmJVo. eoSw>J
JmdmnmgyZ R>mHw$admS>rn`V MmbV `mdo. AVa 5 {H$._r. R>mHw$admS>r ho JS>m`m nm``mMo Jmd Amho. òWo Appolo Nusi Medical
Research Centre Mr ^` Am{U AmH$fH$ B_maV Amho. JmdmVyZ ~bJmS>rMr dmQ> WoQ> Amn`mbm ~i_mMrda KoD$Z OmVo.
~i_mMrda Om`mg XrS> Vmg bmJVmo. ~i_mMr JmdmVyZ g_moaM EH$ Ki {XgVo. `m KirVyZ JS>mda Om`mg EH$ Vmg
nwaVmo.R>mHy$admS>r / Appolo n`V Om`mg nZdobhZhr ~gog AmhoV.
nmoBO _mJ}:- nZdob MmH$ _mJmda eoSw>J`m nwT>o nmoBO \$mQ>m Amho. {VWo CV$Z nmoBO JmdmV nmohMmdo. òWo g_moaM AgUm-`m S>m|Ja
gm|S>od$Z ~i_mMr `m JmdmV Omdo. òWyZ XrS> Vo XmoZ VmgmV ~iJS> JmR>mdm.
_mWoamZ Vo ~iJS> :- _mWoamZ Odirb embm}Q> Obme`mOdirb lr {ngaZmW _{XamOdiyZ S>mdrH$S>o di`mda Xhm {_{ZQ>mV
AmnU EH$m KirV òD$Z nmohmoMVmo. bmoIS>r {eS>m`m ghm`mZo XmoZ VmgmV AmH$ga dmS>r `m JmdmV nmohmoMVm òVo. AmH$ga
dmS>rVyZ ~iJS>Mm S>m|Ja MT>V H$m`m ~w$OmImbr Agbo`m nR>mamd$Z KirVyZ da MT>V JS>_mWm JmR>mdm.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ahm`mMr gmo` Zmhr. eoSw>J JmdmVrb emio`m H$Q>mda 25 - 30 _mUgmMr Omon`mMr gmo` hmoD$
eH$Vo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnUM H$amdr

nm`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr {n`m`m nm`m`m Q>m`m AmhoV.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 3 Vo 4 Vmg nm``mnmgyZ
Baemi JS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 3700 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: _mWoamZ
{Ohm : R>mUo
loUr : A`V H$R>rU
BaemiJS> hm H$OV {d^mJmV òUmam {H$m Amho. H$OV, _bJJS>, ~iJS> ho gd. H$moH$UmV òUmao {H$o AmhoV. H$`mU nwUo
bmoh_mJmd$Z OmVmZm _bJJS>, XodUrMm gwiH$m, _mWoamZ, no~, hg_mi, ~iJS>, BaemiJS> hm n[aga gdmMoM bj doYyZ KoVmo.
`m n[agamVrb OZOrdZ Vgo gdgm_m`M Amho. nmdgmMo _mU _w~bH$ Ag`m_wio gd ^mVmMr eoVr \$ma _moR>m _mUmda hmoVo.
_hm_mJmnmgyZ JS> OdiM Ag`mZo nm``m`m Jmdmn`V dmhZmZo Om`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
B{Vhmg : Vgo hQ>bo Va `m Baemibm JS> hUUoM A`mo` Amho H$maU Baemi hm EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. `m_wio B{VhmgmVhr `mMm
\$ma Agm Hw$R>o CoI Zmhr. _o 1666 _ò {edam`mZr H$`mU, {^dS>r - amàr n`VMm gmam _wbyI KoVbm. Vohm `mV hm
JS>XoIrb _amR>m`m Vm`mV Ambm Agmdm. Baemi hUOo ~iJS>Mm gIm eoOmar. 23 OmZodmar 1972 amoOr `mM gwi`mda
EH$ XwIX KQ>Zm KS>br Vr hUOo, Hw$_ma H$me Xwd}`mMm {H$`md$Z nSy>Z XwIX AV Pmbm. `m`m _aUmW Xadfu 26
OmZodmarbm _w~B - R>m`mMo {J`mamohH$ òWo O_VmV.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : BaemiJS> hUOo EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. Baemi _mMr nmgyZ JS>mda OmVmZm, dmQ>oVM
nm`mMo EH$ Q>mH$ bmJV. VoWyZ nwT>o gmono Ago VamamohU H$$Z AmnU JS>m`m ZoT>mV nmohmoMVmo. ZoT>mnmgyZ WmoS>o da Jo`mda,
S>mdrH$S>o nm`mMo EH$ Q>mH$ bmJV d ~mOybmM EH$ H$nma Amho. ho nmUr {n`mg `mo` Amho. ZoT>mVyZ g_moa MT>Umar dmQ> gwi`mda
OmVo. gwi`mda Om`mgmR>r VmamamohUmMo V AdJV AgUo Amd`H$M Amho. JS>_m`md$Z g_moaM ~iJS>, _mWoamZ, MXoar,
_bJJS>, H$Zmim, _m{UH$JS> hm n[aga {XgVmo.

amh`mMr gmo` : Zmhr
OodUmMr gmo` : BaemidmS>rV 5 Vo 6 OUmMr hmoD$ eH$Vo.
nm`mMr gmo` : _mM n`V JS>mdarb Q>m`mV nmUr AgVo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : BaemidmS>rVyZ EH$ Vmg.
gyMZm : A{VH$R>rU (JS>_mWm JmR>`mg VamamohUmMo V òUo Amd`H$ Amho). 100 \y$Q>r amon d BVa {J`mamohUmMo gm_mZ
gmo~V AgUo Amd`H$ Amho.
H$Zmim
{H$`mMr CMr : 2500 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: _mWoamZ
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
nZdob {d^mJmV òUmam Am{U am`JS> {OmV _moS>Umam hm {H$m `m`m AJR>m gma`m AmH$mam_wio gdmMo bj Zoh_rM doYyZ
KoVmo. H$Zm`m ImbMo A^`ma` ho ga{jV Xoe hUyZ amIbo Jobo Amho. EH$ Vo XmoZ {Xdgm`m ^Q>H$VrV òWrb gd {H$o {\$$Z
hmoVmV.
B{Vhmg : {H$`m_ò AgUm-`m Q>m`md$Z hm gmVdmhZH$mbrZ Agmdm Ago dmQ>Vo _m `mMm CoI `mXdH$mimV AmT>iVmo.
{edam`mZr B.g. 1657 _ò {H$m KoVbm. nwaXa`m Vhm_ò _moJbmZm Xo`mV òUm-`m 23 {H$`m _ò H$Zmim {H$`mMm
g_mdoe hmoVm. `mZVa gZ 1670 ZVa _hmamOm`m g`mZo N>mnm KmbyZ H$Zmim {H$m ga Ho$bm Am{U nmdgmim gw$ hmo`mnydu
gd H$`mU mV H$m~rO Ho$bm. nwT>o g^mOr _hmamOm`m H$mimV {H$m nwhm _moJbmZr KoVbm `mZVa Vmo noe`mH$S>o Jobm. gZ
1818 _ò OZab mWaZo hm {H$m KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : hm {H$m {g Amho Vmo òWrb njr A^`ma`m_wio. {H$$`mMm _mWm \$maM bhmZ
Amho. JS> {\$a`mg gmYmaU 30 {_{ZQ>o nwaVmV. dmQ>oZo {H$`mda òVmZm EH$ XadmOm bmJVmo. XadmOm ~-`mMem T>mgibo`m
AdWoV Amho. XadmOmVyZ AmV {ea`mda g_moaM, ^dmZr _mVoMo _{Xa Amho. g_moaM EH$ _moR>m dmS>m Amho. dmS>m gnyU T>mgibo`m
AdWoV Amho. dmS>m`m g_moaM eH$amMr qnS> Amho. g_moaM AJmda òUmam gwiH$m Amho. gwi`m`m nm``mer nm`mMr Q>mH$s
Am{U Ym` H$moR>mao Amho. gwiH$m MT>`mgmR>r VamamohUmMo V òUo Amd`H$ Amho. gmo~V VamamohUmgmR>r Amd`H$ AgUmao
gm{h` gwm hdo. `m `{V[a$ {H$`mda nmh`mgmaIo H$mhrM Zmhr. H$Zmim {H$m Am{U njr A^`ma` ho gd EH$m {XdgmV
nmhZ ò`mgmaIo Amho.

_w~B - Jmodm _mJmZo : _w~B - Jmodm _mJmZo nZdob gmoS>`mZVa {eaT>moU Jmd bmJVo. `m JmdmZVa bJogM nwT>o H$Zm`mMm n[aga
bmJVmo. _hm_mJm`m S>mdrH$S>oM emgH$s` {dlm_Ym_ Am{U H$mhr hmQ>og AmhoV. Eg.Q>r ~g òWo Wm~Vo. g_moaM AgUm-`m hmQ>ob
OdiyZ {H$`mda Om`mg dmQ> Amho. dmQ> MmJbr eV Amho. gmYmaU {H$`mda nmohM`mg AS>rM Vmg nwaVmV. dmQ>oVM
~mOybm njr gJhmb` Amho.
agm`Zr - AmnQ>m _mJmZo : agm`Zr - AmnQ>m _mJmZo AmHw$idmS>r Jmd JmR>mdo. `m JmdmVyZ òUmar dmQ> _w` dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.
doi gmYmaU 3 Vmg.
amh`mMr gmo` : H$`mda ahm`mMr gmo` Zmhr. _m {H$`m`m nm``m`m AgUm-`m emgH$s` {dlm_Ym_mV ahm`mMr
gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$`mImbr hmQ>og AmhoV.
nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~mam_hr {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 2 1/2 Vmg.
_m{UH$JS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 2500 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: H$OV nZdob
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : _`_
_w~B nwUo h_a`mdZ OmVmZm AZoH$ {H$o Amn`mbm {XgVmV.~iJS>,Baemi,MXoar,_mWoamZ,H$Zmim,bmohJS>, {dgmnya Am{U
`m`m gJVrVM EH$ {H$m Amho `mMo Zmd _m{UH$JL>. H$Zmim,gmH$er,_m{UH$JS> ho `m amJoVrb VrZ ^mD$._m{UH$JS>m`m
AmOw~mOwMm gd Xoe gYZ Agbm Var òWrb bmoH$mMo amhUr_mZ _m gmYoM Amho.eoVr hm òWrb bmoH$mMm _wI `dgm`.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo {H$`mV doe Ho$`mda g_moaM VQ>~Xr {XgVo hr VQ>~Xr AZoH$ {R>H$mUr VwQ>bobr Amho.
VQ>~Xr_YZ AmV {ea`mda g_moaM XoD$i {XgVo Am{U nwT>o XmoZ H$moR>m {XgVmV.H$moR>mMr Xmao AOyZhr em~yV AmhoV. VQ>~XrVyZ
n{h`m gnmQ>rda CVa`mgmR>r nm`-`m AmhoV.òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.`m`m g_moaM Omo`mMo Adeof
{XgVmV.òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o \w$Q>Um-`m dmQ>oZo nwT>o Jo`mda AmUIr 4 Q>m`m {XgVmV `mV _|n`V nmUr AgVo.Q>m`m`m g_moaM eH$amMr
qnS> Amho.nwT>o Jo`mda XmoZ MmJbo ~mYbobo ~wO AmT>iVmV.òWyZ nwhm JS> {OWyZ nmh`mbm gwadmV Ho$b `m OmJonmer òD$Z
nmohMVmo.{H$`md$Z~iJS>,BaemiJS>,H$Zmim Am{U gmH$erM {H$m hm n[aga {XgVmo.gnyU JS>\o$arg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.

nZdob qH$dm Imonmobr _mJ}`m`Mo Pm`mg AmnQ>o \$mQ>m_mJ}agm`ZrH$S>o dimdo.agm`Zr_YyZ dm{edbr JmdmV `mdo.dm{edbr JmdmVyZ
dS>Jmd JmdmV `mdo.dS>Jmd {H$`m`m nm``mMo Jmd Amho.nZdobhZ dS>Jmd n`V ò`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.dS>Jmd ho ~-`mnH$s _moR>o
Jmd Amho._m{UH$JS>mMr EH$ gm|S> JmdmVM CVabobr Amho.`m gmoS>o`m gmmZo g_moa`m S>m|JaYmaoda MT>V Omdo.dS>Jmd nmgyZ
S>m|Jam`m _m`mda Om`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.`m S>moJam`m
_m`mMa H$mVadmS>r dgbobr Amho.`m dmS>rVyZ JS> g_moaM {XgVmo.JS>m`m {XeoZo MmbV {ZKm`mda A`mVmgmVM AmnU EH$m
OJbmV {eaVmo.òWyZ nwT>o Om`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV.
1. _m{UH$Mr qbJr _mJ} COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> eV Am{U _ibobr Amho.`m dmQ>oZo OmVmZm JS> S>mdrH$S>o R>odyZ AmnU nwT>o
OmVmo.dmQ> OJbmVyZ nwT>o Jobobr Amho.gw_mao A`m VmgmZo AmnU JS>m`m npM_ Q>moH$mda nmohMVmo.òWoM JS>mbm {MQ>Hy$Z EH$ gyiH$m
Amho.`mbmM "_m{UH$Mr qbJr' hUVmV.òWyZ EH$ dmQ> gai nwT>o
nR>mamda Jobobr Amho Va Xwgar dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o OJbmV da MT>V Jobobr Amho.hr dmQ> {H$m Am{U gwiH$m `m`m ~oM`mVyZ da
OmVo.hrM dmQ> AmnU nH$S>m`Mr.`m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ Ki bmJVo.`m KirVyZ da MTy>Z Om`Mo nU dmQ> Oam X_N>mH$
H$aUmar Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$`mda nmohM`mg EH$ Vmg bmJVmo.
2. qIS>rVwZ
COdrH$S>`m dmQ>oMm ZmX gmoSy>Z m`Mm Am{U g_moa AgUm-`m PmS>rV {eam`Mo.`m dmQ>oZo AmnU g_moaMr S>m|Jagm|S>
MT>V OmVmo.nwT>o XmoZ CMdQ>o nma Ho$bo H$s AmnU EH$m qIS>rV nmohMVmo.òWoM EH$ N>moQ>mgm gwiH$m Amho. gwiH$m Am{U S>m|Ja `m`m
qIS>rVyZ da MT>bo H$s AmnU nwhm EH$m KirV nmohMVmo.`m KirVyZ gmono VamamohU H$$Z da MT>bo H$s AmnU EH$m nR>mamda
òD$Z nmohMVmo Am{U `m nR>mamda H$ 1 Mr dmQ> Amn`m dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.`m Xmohr dmQ>m EH$ òD$Z nwT>o EH$ dmQ> V`ma hmoVo
Am{U AmnU {H$`mV doe H$aVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr.

nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda ~mam_hr {n`mMo nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : dS>Jmd_mJ}3 Vmg.
MXoar
{H$`mMr CMr : 2300 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: _mWoamZ
{Ohm : R>mUo
loUr : H$R>rU
_w~B-nwUo bmoh_mJmd$Z H$`mUhZ H$OVH$S>o OmVmZm EH$ S>m|JaamJ Amho. `mVyZ Amnbm ^bmWmoabm _mWm CMmdbobm EH$
MS> gwiH$m {XgVmo, `mMo Zmd MXoar. ~Xbmnya-dmJUr WmZH$mXa`mZ ~Xbmnya-H$OV a`mda JmoaoJmd ZmdmMo Jmd Amho.
òWyZM MXoarMr dmQ> Amho. ZmqIS>,MXoar,hg_mi Zdar ~mo`r `m S>m|JaamJoVrb EH$ d nZdob`m ^m_S>imMo _mZH$ar AgUm`m
H$Zmim, ~iJS>, BaemiJS>, _m{UH$JS>, no~, _mWoamZ Am{U Aem {H$VrVar JS>mnH$s EH$ hUOo MXoar hmo`. MXoar`m nm``mer
Agbobr KZXmQ> djamOr, JdVmi KgaS>r dmQ> AZ _wa_mS> {ZgaS>m H$mVi_mWm hUOo gmrVrb EH$ ~oOmoS> AmhmZ Amho.
Vm_gmB Jmdm`m hrV AgUmam Agm hm XwJ VamamohU H$boMr AmdS> AgUm`m {J`mamohH$mMo Img AmH$fU Amho.
B{Vhmg : Iao Va am`JS> {OmMo XwJ^yfU emoÛmam hm {H$m AgyZhr Vgo Zmd Ko`mOmoJo BW H$mhr KS>bo Zmhr. {H$`mdarb
Jwho`m AbrH$S>o EH$ nS>`m AdWoVrb eof VQ>~Xr {XgVo. {H$onUmMr hrM H$m` Vr IyU. _o 1656 _ò {edam`mZr H$`mU{^dS>r-amàr n`VMm gmam _wbyI KoVbm, Vohm `mV hm JS>hr _amR>m`m Vm`mV Ambm Agmdm. An {dVma,nm`mMr H$_r
gmR>dUyH$, ~mYH$m_mMm A^md, _`m{XV bmoH$mMr _w$m_mMr gmo`, A{Ve` AdKS> dmQ> ho gmao nmhZ hm {H$m ZgyZ, EH$ bH$ar
MmH$s Agmdr AgoM dmQ>Vo. H$mhr OUm`m _Vo 7 AmQ>mo~a 1957 amoOr MXoar {H$`m`m gwi`mda gK{Q>V VamamohUmMm
ma^ Pmbm
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JwhoV nydu EH$ {edqbJ d ZXr hmoVm. {edqnS>r ^Jbo`m AdWoV Amho. Va ZXrMo
AnhaU Pmbo Amho. Jwho`m AbrH$S>oM EH$ gw_Ywa nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. AmQ>mo~a eodQ> n`VM `mV nmUr AgVo 8 Vo 10 OUm`m
_w$m_mgmR>r Jwhm Cm_ Amho. Jwho`m WmoS>o nwT>o gwi`m`m nm``mer XoIrb EH$ Q>mHo$ Amho. H$mVi_m`mMm {dVma \$$ bm~r
nwaVmM Amho. Xr OdiOdi ZmhrM. XaS> H$mogi`m_wio gwi`mMm _mWm JmR>Uo \$maM H$R>rU Pmbo Amho. gwi`md$Z CJdVrbm
_mWoamZ no~, a~iMr S>m|JaamJ B. {XgVo. Va _mdiVrbm ^r_meH$aMo nR>ma ,{gXJS>, JmoajJS>, noR>Mm {H$m B. {XgVmV. JS>m`m
nm``mMm n[aga nmdgm`mV \$maM a_Ur` d {dbmo^Zr` AgVmo. Y~Y`mMm AmdmX `m`bm AZoH$ n`Q>H$ òWo òVmV.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : _w~B-H$OV bmoh_mJmdarb "dmJUr' `m aodo WmZH$mda CVamdo. VoWyZ bmoh_mJm`m H$S>oH$S>oZo
(~Xbmnya`m {Xeog) OmUm`m dmQ>oZo JmoaoJmd JmR>mdo. _w` a`md$Z S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> (H$r gS>H$) qMMmobr `m nm``m`m Jmdr
KoD$Z OmVo. ~Xbmnya WmZH$mV CV$Z qMMmobrg gmYmaU nmD$U VmgmMr nm`nrQ> H$$Zhr nmohMVm òVo. (dmJUr WmZH$mVyZ JmoaoJmd
n`V Om`mg ^mS>mMr dhmZohr {_iVmV.) qMMmobr Jmdmg COdrH$S>o R>oD$Z da OmUm`m XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV. EH$m bhmZ`m Q>oH$mS>m`m
XmoZ ~mOyZr m dmQ>m OmVmV. Q>oH$S>r`m COdrH$Sy>Z OmUmar dmQ> XJS>Ym|S>m_YyZ OmUmar IS>H$mi Amho. Va Q>oH$S>r`m S>mdrH$Sy>Z
OmUmar dmQ> KgaS>`m bmb _mVrdarb PmS>mPwS>nmVyZ OmUmar Amho. m Xmohrhr dmQ>m _`^mJr AgUm`m EH$m bhmZem nR>mamda KoD$Z
OmVmV. VoWyZ XmoZ S>m|JamZm gm_mBH$ AgUmar, BJOr 'V' Ajam`m AmH$mamMr ImM {XgVo. `m {XeoZo MmbV amhmdo. m ImMo`m
COdrH$S>Mm S>m|Ja hg_miMm Va S>mdrH$S>Mm CM gwiH$m AgUmam S>m|Ja MXoar hmo`. nR>mamd$Z WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda nm`mMo H$mhr Amohmoi
bmJVmV. `m`mMda Y~Y`mMm _mJ Amho. Y~Y`mMo nm AmobmSy>Z Y~Y`m`m S>mdrH$S>o AgUm`m nm` dmQ>oZo JS> MT>`mg gwadmV
H$amdr. gmYmaUV: Vmgmâm`m MT>UrZVa AmnU EH$m qMMmo`m _m`mda nmohmoMVmo. `m`m Xmohr ~mOyg Xar Amho. VoWyZ S>mdrH$S>o
OmUmar dmQ> WoQ> Jwhonmer KoD$Z OmVo. ZdrZM {J`mamohU H$aUm`mZr gmo~V dmQ>mS>m ZoUo Cm_.
amh`mMr gmo` : JwhoV 8 Vo 10 OUmMr.
OodUmMr gmo` : dV:M H$amdr.

nm`mMr gmo` : AmQ>mo~a eodQ> n`V (nmdgmda Adb~yZ Amho.) Q>m`mV nmUr AgVo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : qMMmobr JmdmVyZ XrS> Vmg.
gyMZm : JS>_mWm JmR>`mg AdKS> Ago VamamohU H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho.
Ad{MVJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 300 _r.
S>m|JaamJ: amohm
{Ohm : H$OV
loUr : gmonr
X{jU H$moH$UmV Hw$S>{bH$m ZXr`m Vramda amohm Jmdm`m AmOw~mOybm ngabo`m S>m|JaamJm_ò JX amZmZo doT>bobm Ad{MVJS> nmhUo hm
EH$ gwa` AZw^d R>aVmo. _hmam>mVrb _moO`m nU lr_V JS>m_ò `m JS>mMr JUZm hmoVo. amomnmgyZ 5 {H$._r. da Agbo`m qnJigB
JmdmnmgyZ JS>mMr CMr 300 _r. âVo. KZXmQ> PmS>m_wio JS>mda Om`mMm _mJ XwJ_ Pmbm Amho. gd ~mOyZr VQ>mZr Am{U ~wOmZr
doT>bobm Ag`mZo hm {H$m gajUm`m >rZo _hdmMm hmoVm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda \$mago nmh`mgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr. JS>m`m X{jU ~wOmH$S>rb XadmOm T>mgibo`m AdWoV
Amho. Xwg`m XadmOmV nm`mZo VwSw>~ âbobm Vbmd Amho. Hw$S>mVrb nmUr EH$X_ {n`m`mo` Amho. OdiM IS>mo~mMr H$m`m nmfmUmVrb
_yVu Amho.nmdgm`mZVaMo òWrb {ZgJgmX` nmh`mgmaIo AgVo. BW`m amZmV amZSw>H$ao,_mH$S>,{~~`m,H$moho B. mUr AmT>iVmV.
JS>md$Z g_moaM Vb~bm`m XmoZ Vaq^Vr ,gwYmJS>,gagJS>,YZJS>,H$moarJS>,am`JS>,gdmUrMm KmQ> B`mXr n[aga `mhmiVm òVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r VrZ dmQ>m AmhoV.
1. qnJigB _mJ : Ad{MVJS>mda Om`mgmR>r _w~BH$amZr AWdm nwUoH$amZr W_ amombm `mdo. òWyZ nm`r XrS> VmgmMr nm`r anoQ>
Ho$`mda JS>m`m nm``mer Agbo`m qnJigB JmdmV AmnU nmohmoMVmo. ho AVa gmYmaUnUo 5 {H$._r. Amho. òWyZ JS>mda OmUmar dmQ
gai Am{U _ibobr Ag`mZo VmgmâmV JS>mda nmohmoMVm òVo.
2._oT>m _mJ : _w~B-amohm _mJmda amom`m AJmoXa 7.5 {H$._r. Agbo`m _oT>m `m Jmdr CVamdo. JmdmVyZ {dR>mo~m _{Xam`m _mJyZM
JS>mda Om`mgmR>r dmQ> Amho. `m dmQ>oZo AmnU EH$m VmgmV JS>mda nmohmoMVmo. dmQ> XmQ> PmS>m_YyZ OmV Ag`mZo dmQ> MwH$`mMr e`Vm
Amho. `m dmQ>oZo AmnU nS>`m ~wOmd$Z JS>mda nmohmoMVmo. ~wOmd$Z S>m`m ~mOybm Hw$S>{bH$m ZXr`m Imo`mVrb _oT>m d qnJigB hr
Jmdo {XgVmV.
3. nS>_ _mJ : JS>mda Om`mMm {Vgam _mJ nS>_ JmdmVyZ òVmo. amohm _mJ}qnJigB Jmdmbm òVmZm amohm ZmJmoR>Uo _mJmda EH$ ~X
nS>bobm H$mJX H$maImZm Amho. `m H$maIm`m`m _mJyZ OmUmar dmQ> JS>m`m X{jU doeamnmer KodyZ OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda Om`mg
XmoZ Vmg nwaVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodU AmnU dV KodyZ Omdo.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~ma_hr {n`m`m nm`mMo Vio Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : qnJigB _mJ}1 Vmg Va nS>_ _mJ}2 Vmg.
{~admS>r
{H$`mMr CMr : 1200\y$Q>.
S>m|JaamJ: amohm
{Ohm : am`JS
loUr : gmonr
amom`m Ad{MVJS>m nmgyZ gw$ Pmbo`m S>m|JaamJoV KmogmiJS>,ViJS>,_mZJS> Hw$Sw>JS>,~radmS>r Ago AZoH$ N>moQ>oN>mQ>o {H$o
AmhoV.B{VhmgmV \$magm Hw$R>o CoI Zgbobm ~radmS>rMm {H$m amomnmgyZ 18 {H$._r AVamda Amho.dVMo dmhZ AgobVa 1 Vo 2
VmgmV {H$m ghO nmhZ hmoVo.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JmdmVyZ {H$`mda OmVmZm dmQ>oVM ^dmZr _mVoMo eV _{XabmJVo._{Xamn`V Om`mg gw_mao 100
~mYbo`m nm`-`m AmhoV.g`m Xodim`mOrUm}XmamMo H$m_ Mmby Amho.Xodim`m mJUmV Vmo\$ R>odbobr Amho._Xram`m_mJrb ~mOyg
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Vmo {\$a`mg AYmVmgnwaVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : {H$`mda Om`mMm EH$M _mJ Amho.Vmo {~admS>r JmdmVyZ OmVmo.
amohm _wS> _mJmda MUoam ZmdmMo Jmd Amho.amomnmgyZ 18 {H$._r da Va _wS>
nmgyZ 5 {H$._r da MUoam Jmd Amho.MUoam JmdmnmgyZ {~admS>r Jmd 5 {H$_r da
Amho.{~admS>r ho nm``mMo Jmd Amho.JmdmVyZ {H$`mda Om`mg nm`dmQ>
Amho.{~admS>r JmdmVyZ {H$m JmR>`mg AYm Vmg bmJVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr _m {~admS>r JmdmV AgUm-`m _{XamV 20
bmoH$mMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodU AmnU dV KodyZ Omdo.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : {~admS>r JmdmVyZ AYmVmg .
ViJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 1000 \y$Q>.
S>m|JaamJ: amohm
{Ohm : am`JS
loUr : gmonr
amom`m AmOw~mOwbm AZoH$ S>m|JaamJm ngabo`m AmhoV.`m S>m|JaamJm ngabo`m AmhoV.`m S>m|JaamJmda AZoH$ {H$o R>mU _mSy>Z
~gbobo AmhoV.`mnH$s ViJS> hm EH$ {H$m.

B{Vhmg :
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_hmamOmZr 12 {H$o dV:H$S>o R>odbo.`m_ò ViJS> hm EH$ hmoVm.`md$ZM `m {H$`mMo _hd AmnUmg g_OVo.nwT>o 1818 _ò
OZab mWaZo hm {H$m qOH$bm.
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Amho.AZoH$ {R>H$mUMo ~wO AmOhr MmJ`m pW{VV AmT>iVmV.{H$`mV {eaVmZm nS>PS> Pmbobm XadmOm bmJVmo Vmo hUOo hZw_mZ
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VimJmdmH$S>o
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2. amohm_mJ}
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H$Ho$ Om`mg EH$ JmS>raVm Amho.
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amohm-_wS> _mJmda amomnmgyZ 15 {H$_r AVamda ImOUr \$mQ>m
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{H$_r AVamda VimJmd Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr _m Vim JmdmV amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : VimJmdmV hmQ>og Am{U ^moOZmbò AmhoV.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Vim JmdmVyZ AYmVmg bmJVmo.
JS>XMm ~{har
:
{H$`mMr CMr
2700
S>m|JaamJ: H$OV
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loUr : H$R>rU
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n[aga {XgVmo.
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S>m|Ja `m_YyZM OmVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : òWrb amh`mMo EH$_od {R>H$mU hUOo ~{harMr Jwhm hoM hmo`.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU dV:M H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : JwhoVM {n`m`m nm`mMo EH$ _moR>o Q>mHo$ Amho. dmQ>oV Hw$R>ohr {n`m`m nm`mMr gmo` Zg`mZo
Chm`mV nm`mMm ânya gmR>m AgUo Amd`H$.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 4 Vmg gmS>er _mJ}.
no~
{H$`mMr CMr : 2100 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: H$OV
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : _`_
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B{Vhmg : `m {H$`mMo _yi Zmd no~ ho Zmd nm``m`m Agbo`m no~r Xodrd$Z nS>bo Agmdo. {H$`mdarb JwhoMm {edmOr
_hmamOmZr Ym` H$moR>mamgmR>r Cn`moJ Ho$bm hmoVm, Agm n> Eo{Vhm{gH$ gX^ no~`m {H$`m~m~V AmT>iVmo.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : no~Mm {H$m MT>VmZm dmQ>oV bmJUmam Y~Y~m ho EH$ _moR>o AmH$fU. {H$`mdarb
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F$VyV OmVm òVo.
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Am{U `m`m ~mOyg no~`m {H$`mMo XeZ hmoVo. no~bm Om`mgmR>r Zoai Q>oeZbm CVamdo Am{U COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr.
S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> AmnUmg _mWoamZbm KoD$Z OmVo. S>m|Jam`m {XeoZo OmVmZm _XmZ,nmoQ>r\$m_,AYdQ> KamMr ~mYH$m_o `m H$mhr IwUm
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Q>mda Am`mda VoWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ _moR>m Y~Y~m bmJVmo. `m Y~Y`mOdi Amn`mbm 3 dmQ>m bmJVmV. 1) Y~Y`mbm
bmJyZ Agbobr dmQ>. 2) _YyZ Jobobr _w` dmQ>. 3) Q>mdgbm bmJyZ Agbobr dmQ>. `m VrZ dmQ>mnH$s _Ybr _w` dmQ> hrM
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e`Vm OmV Amho. _YyZ OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. `m dmQ>oZo JUnVrMo {M H$mT>bobm XJS> òVmo. `m XJS>m`m CO`m ~mOyZo da MT>mdo.
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Amho. no~da Om`mgmR>r {J`mamohH$mZm AmUIr EH$ dmQ> Amho. `mgmR>r _mWoamZ`m nZmoa_m nmBQ>da `mdo. òWyZ gw_mao 6 VmgmV
no~`m JwhoV nmohMVm òVo. Jwhm`m nm``mer JS> H$moabm Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda Jwho_ò dm_r g_WmMo {e`JU ahmV Ag`mZo Jwho`m ~mhoa qH$dm OdiM Agbo`m H$nmar_ò
10 OUm`m ahm`mMr gmo` hmoVo. JwhoOdiM Agbobr nm`mMr Q>mHo$ hrM {n`m`m nm`mMr gmo`.
nm`mMr gmo` : nm`mgmR>r Q>mHo$ Amho.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 3 Vmg Zoai nmgyZ
noR>
{H$`mMr CMr :

S>m|JaamJ: ^r_meH$a
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : _`_
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emJma hmoVo. g^mOr_hmamOm`m H$mimV `mbm {deof _hdhr m Pmbo.
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nmR>dbo. 'H$moWimJS>' hm _hdmMm AgyZ Omo H$moUr Vmo Vm`mV KoBb, `mMm Vm~m ViH$moH$Umda amhrb ho bjmV KoD$Z AXwb H$mXa
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JS>m`m nm``mer nmohmoMbo. _amR>mZr `mZm _mJo hQ>dbo nU Varhr H$mhr bmoH$ {H$`m`m _JaH$moQ> Xadm`mOdi nmohmoMbo Am{U
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hmoVm.
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nm`dmQ>oZo da nmohmoM`mda g_moaM H$mVim`m nmoQ>mV ImoXbo`m Jwhm {XgVmV. W_ Amho Vr XodrMr Jwhm, nm`mM Q>mHo$ Am{U _J
S>mdrH$S>o Eogng Aer âmo~mMr Jwhm. `m JwhoMo d{eQ> hUOo gnmQ>, g_Vb ^y_r Am{U N>Vmbm AmYma XoUmao H$moard ZjrXma Im~.
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òVmZm H$eoio `m Jmdr `mdo Am{U Om_IMr Eg.Q>r. nH$Sy>Z Am{~dbr JmdmV `mdo. Am{~dbr JmdmVyZ JS>mH$S>o Om`mg ibobr dmQ>
Amho. JS>m`m nm``mer "noR>" ho Jmd Amho. `m JmdmhZ da JS>mda MT>`mMm _mJ X_N>mH$ H$aUmam Amho. nU dmQ>odarb H$adXmMr
Am{U Mm`mMr PmS>o hr dmQ>Mmb gwImdh H$aVmV. hr dmQ> gai {H$`m`m doeXmamer KoD$Z OmVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : âmo~m`m JwhoV 20-25 OU `dpWV amh eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnUM H$amdr. noR> JmdmV "H$moWimJS>' ZmdmMo hmQ>ob Amho.
nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~mam_mhr {n`m`m nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Am{~dbr JmdmnmgyZ : 2 Vmg , noR> JmdmnmgyZ : 1 Vmg
Mm^maJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 1200 \y$Q
S>m|JaamJ: am`JS>
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : _`_
am`JS>m`m AmOy~mOybm AgUm-`m S>m|JaamJmda AZoH$ {H$o AmhoV. `mV m_w`mZo qbJmUm,H$miXwJ,gmoZJS> d Mm^maJS>
`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$di KmQ>_`mda ZOa R>od`mgmR>r d Q>ohoiUrgmR>r hmoV Agmdm. Mm^maJS> hm _hmS>nmgyZ
hmHo$`m AVamda Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo zJS>_mWm hUOo EH$ N>moQ>ogo nR>maM Amho. nR>mamda WmoS>o\$ma KamMo
Adeof AmhoV Va nR>mam`m Imb`m S>m|Jam`m n>rda nm`mMr EH$ XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV.`m Q>m`m`m ~mYUrdZ hm JS> \$ma nwamVZ
Agmdm Agm AXmO ~mYVm òVmo. `mIoarO JS>mda nmh`mOmoJo H$mhrM Zmhr.A`m VmgmV gnyU JS>\o$ar AmQ>nVo
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r _hmS> JmR>mdo._hmS>-nmobmXnya hm`do AmobmSy>Z nm``m`m Mm^maIoS> JmdmV
nmohmoMmdo._hmS> Eg.Q>r. WmZH$mnmgyZ òWo Om`mg 20 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV. `m qIS>rVyZ nmD$U Vmgm`m MmbrZVa AmnU _m`m`m
H$mViH$S>mnmer nmohmoMVmo.H$mViH$S>m S>mdrH$S>o R>odyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Omdo.ZVa da OmUmar dmQ> nH$Sy>Z 15 {_{ZVmV JS>_mWm JmR>Vm òVmo.

nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda {n`mMo nmUr Zmhr.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _hmS> JmdmVyZ EH$ Vmg
Hw$Sw>JS> -{dlm_JS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 2020 \y$Q
S>m|JaamJ: am`JS>
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
nw`mnmgyZ 90 {H$._r AVamda AgUmam hm {H$m nmh`mgmR>r Cm_ H$mbmdYr hUOo AmQ>m|~a Vo \o$~wdmar. AmQ>m|~a _ò
nmdgmim ZwH$VmM Amogabobm AgVmo gduH$S>o {hadoJma Pmbobo AgVo.Aem dmVmdaUmV H$moH$UmVrb {H$o nmh`mMr _Om H$mhr AmaM
AgVo.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo {H$`m`m nm``mer Hw$S>mB XodrMo _{Xa Amho.{H$`mda OmVmZm dmQ>oVM EH$ ^mdeof
Pmobobm XadmOm AmT>iVmo.{H$`mMm gdm} _mWm hUOo EH$ gwiH$mM hmo`.Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda g_moaM 1 _r CMrMr hZw_mZ _yVu
Amn`m ZOaog nS>Vo._yVu`m _mJ`m ~mOyg EH$ {ZgJ{Z_uV Ki Amho.`mV 100 Vo 150 _mUgo ghO ~gy eH$Vrb.{H$`mVM XmoZ
^bo_moR>o gwiHo$ AmhoV Am{U hm ^bm_moR>m gwiH$m hUOoM JS>_mWm hmo`.gwi`mbm nyU \o$ar _maVm òVo nU H$mhr {R>H$mUr dmQ> nyUnUo
T>mgibobr Amho.{H$`mda nm`mMr EH$ XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV.{H$`mdZ gnyU H$moH$U n[aga `mhiVm òVmo.Hw$Sw>JS>mMo WmZ ho \$ma
_mo`m`m {R>H$mUr Amho.ny`mhZ H$moH$UmV òUm-`m VmhUr KmQ>m`m doerdaM hm {H$m Amho.{H$`m`m _mJ`m ~mOyg
am`JS>,H$moH$UXrdm ho {H$o AmhoV.gnyU JS>_mWm {\$a`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : {H$`mda Om`mMo _w~BH$Sy>Z Am{U nw`mH$Sy>Z Xmohr ~mOyZo _mJ
AmhoV.
1. nwUo _mJ}
.nw`mhZ _wier YaUhZ òUmam aVm VmhUr KmQ>_mJ}H$moH$UmV CVaVmo.VmhUr KmQ>mVyZ EH$ aVm YmhUdi
_mJ}{H$`m`m nR>mamda òVmo. {OVo JmdmV CVa`mda AmoT>m`mH$mR>mZo WmoS>o nwT>o Omdo.WmoS>mM AVamda EH$ {V_m H$moabobm XJS>
AmT>iVmo òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o dimdo.S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> eoVmV OmVo Vr 5 {_{ZQ>mZr g_moa`m S>m|Jambm òD$Z {_iVo.hr S>m|JamMr dmQ>
gmoS>m`Mr Zmhr.Vr dmQ> nwT>o diUmdiUmZo nR>mamda nmohMVo. `mM nR>mda "noR>dmS>r' ZmdmMr dmS>r Amho.{OVo_YyZ BWn`V ò`mg
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da Om`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.
2. _w~B _mJ}
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CVamdo.{H$m hm EH$m S>m|Jmda dgbobm Amho.{OVo ho S>m|Jam`m nm``mMo Jmd Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda AgUm-`m KirV amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda ~mam_hr {n`m`m nm`mMr Q>mH$s Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : noR>dmS>r JmdmVyZ AYmVmg bmJVmo.
ImXoar - CXoar
{H$`mMr CMr : 0 \y$Q
S>m|JaamJ: npM_ H$moH$U
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : gmonr
gmrVrb ^Q>`m Q>oH$gbm EoHy$Z gwn[a{MV Agbobr naVw `m gd Q>oH$gnH$s A`V H$_r OUmZr `j nm{hbobr
ObXwJmMr OmoS>Ji hUOoM {H$o ImXoar CXoar .g_wm`m bmQ>mZm g_WnUo Vm|S> XoV {X_mImZo Cô
AgUm-`m ImXoar - CXoarMo d{e>` hUOo _O~yV VQ>~Xr ,CXoarda AgUm-`m 15-16 Vmo\$m Va ImXoarda`m A`V
Xw{_i Aem Vmo\$mZm dmhZ ZoUm-`m JmS>mghrV AgUm-`m 3 Vmo\$m.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo ImXoar {H$`mH$S>o hmoS>rZo OmV AgVmZmM ImXoarMr _O~yV VQ>~Xr ,~wbX ~wO Am{U
`mda AgUmao "_w~B nmoQ> Q>Q>' Mo {XnJh Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVo.ImXoarda X{jUobm 30 _r CMrMr Va Cmaobm 20 _r CMrMr
Q>oH$S>r Amho.`m XmoZ Q>oH$S>`m_ò ~moQ>tgmR>r Y$m ~mYbobm Amho.`m Y`mda `m {R>H$mUr g_wXm`m nm`mMm ne hmoVmo VoWo M$
EH$ Vmo\$ nwabobr Amho.Vmo\o$Mm _mJMm ^mJ nm`mVyZ S>moH$mdVmZm {XgVmo.~mOybmM ~moQ>rMr EH$ eoS> ~mYbr Amho.
1. doVmimMo _{Xa
Y`m`m ~mOybmM COdrH$S>o doVmimMo bmH$S>r _{Xa Amho.AmV EH$ _moR>r nmT>-`m aJmZo aJ{dbobr {eim Amho.hr {eim
hUOoM doVmi hmo`.hr {eim Xadfu AmH$mamZo _moR>r hmoV OmVo Aer JmdH$-`mMr lXm Amho.hmoir`m
{Xder òWo Om âVo.
2. ^mS>mMm AmdmO òUmam IS>H$
S>mdrH$S>o AgUm-`m Y`md$Z CV$Z AmnU {XnJhmH$S>o {ZKmbmo H$s AmnU ~mOwbmM PmS>mò hm _`_ AmH$mamM
IS>H$ {XgVmo.N>moQ>m XJS>mZr `mda R>moHy$Z nm{hbo AgVm Ajaj: ^mS>mda R>moH$`m gmaIm AmdmO òVmo.
3. JmS>mdarb AgUm-`m Vmo\$m
Y`md$Z {XnJhmH$S>o OmVmZm {XnJhmbm bmJwZM AgUmao EH$ Vio Amho.Vo _mJo Q>mHy$Z {XnJhm`m ~mOyZo nwT>o
OmVmZm ~wOmda Om`mgmR>r nm`-`m Ho$bo`m AmhoV.da nmohM`mda Amn`mbm {XgVo Vr JmS>`mda R>odbobr Vmo\$.hr Vmo\$
AmH$mamZo _`_ AgyZ Vr AmOhr gwpWV Amho.AemM XmoZ Vmo\$m bhmZ Q>oH$S>r`m ~mOybm AgUm-`m ~wOmda AmhoV.
4. {XnJh
1867 _ò ~mY`mV Ambobo {XnJh 25 _r CMrMo AgyZ fQH$moZr AmH$mamMo Amho.{XnJhm`m A`m CMrda
{XnJhm`m Xmohr ~mOybm EH$ Jr bmJVo.{XnJhm`m {eIamd$Z {H$`mMm _Zmoa_ XoImdm AmnU nmh eH$Vmo.
5. _O~yV VQ>~Xr
{XnJhm`m ~mOybm VQ>~Xrda {OWo ho{bnS> Amho {VWoM Imbr EH$ XadmOm Amho.hm XadmOm Amn`mbm {H$`m`m
~mhoarb g_wmH$S>o KoD$Z OmVmo.òWyZ ~mhoa nS>`mda H$S>H$S>o MmbVmZm {H$```m _O~yV VQ>~XrMr Am{U ~wOmMr H$nZm
òVo.`m{edm` {H$`mda _hmXodmMo EH$ OwZo _{Xa AgyZ JUn{V d _m{V Mo A{bH$S>o ~mYbobo _{Xao nU Amho .{H$`mda
nm`mMo Q>mHo$gwXm Amho.doVmim`m _{Xam`m {XeoZo MmbV Jo`mda VQ>~Xrò EH$ ma Amho.{VWoM EH$ N>oQ>r Imobr Amho.
6. CXoar
ImXoar {H$`m_mUo CXoarda nU XmoZ H$_r CMr`m Q>oH$S>m AmhoV.`m {R>H$mUr ~moQ>r bmJVmV VoWyZ {H$`m`m
VQ>~Xrda nS>PS> Pmbo`m XJS>md$Z MmbV Omdo bmJVo.Amn`m gma`m {J[aXwJmda ^Q>Um-`m Q>oH$gbm {H$`mda Vmo\$mMo
XeZ Vgo Xwb^M _m CXoarda Vmo\$mMm I{OZmM ~Km`bm {_iVmo.gnyU {H$`mda EH$Xa 15 Vo 16 Vmo\$m AmhoV.{H$`mda
VrZ nm`mMr Q>mH$s AgyZ `mVrb nmUr {n`mgmR>r _m Cn`moJr Zmhr.{H$`mda H$mhr {R>H$mUr IynM PmS>r AgyZ dmQ>oV EH$m
{R>H$mUr Va M$ PmS>m`m ImoS>mMo Xma V`ma Pmbobo Amho.{H$`m`m VQ>~Xrò EH$ AJXr bhmZ Xma AgyZ òWyZ ~mhoa Jobo
AgVmZm {H$`m`m _O~yV VQ>~XrMr Am{U ~wOmMr H$nZm òD$ eH$Vo.òWo ~moQ> bmdyZ nU AmnU {H$`mV {e$ eH$Vmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : 1. Wi _mJ}
ImXoar - CXoar `m ObXwJmda Om`mgmR>r Amn`mbm Omdo bmJVo Vo hUOo A{b~mJbm.A{b~mJ Vo aodg `m
_mJmda A{b~mJnmgyZ 4 {H$._r AVamda Wi Zmdm`m JmdmMm \$mQ>m bmJVmo.`m \$mQ>mnmgyZ 2 Vo 3 {H$._r da Wi Jmd
Amho.A{b~mJhZ òWn`V ò`mgmR>r Eg Q>r ~g CnbY AmhoV.Wi ~mOmanoR>o OdiyZ Amn`mbm {H$`mda Om`mg ~moQ>r
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n`V òD$ eH$Vmo.Wi ~mOmanoR>o Odi`m g_w{H$Zm-`mhZ {XgUmar XmoZ ~oQ>o Amnbo bj ghO doYyZ KoVmV.`mnH$s am Odi
AgUmam {H$m hUOo CXoar d S>m`m~mOy`m WoS>m bm~ AgUmam {H$m hUOo ImXoar . ImXoar {H$m `mda AgUm-`m
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naV AmU`mMo hmoS>rdmbo ^md gmJVmZm _m XwnQ> gmJVmV.ImXoar {H$`mda `m_mUo ~moQ>tZm Y`mMr gmo` Amho Vr gmo`
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nmiyZM Omdo bmJVo. âVr AmohQ>rMr doi H$mT>`mMr gmonr nXV hUOo AmnU `m {Xder {H$m nmh`mg OmD$ `m{Xder
_amR>r nMmJm _mUo Or {VWr Agob {Vbm 3/4 Zo JwU`mg nyU âVrMr doi gmJUmam AmH$S>m {_iVmo.C.Xm Oa MVwWu Agob
Va 4 bm 3/4 Zo JwU`mg 3 AmH$S>m {_iVmo.hUOoM 3 dm amr qH$dm Xwnmar nyU âVr Agob.`mM_mUo nyU âVr`m
doioZVa R>rH$ 6 VmgmZr nyU AmohQ>rMr doi
AgVo. Va darb C.Xm _ò 9 dmOVm amr Am{U gH$mir AmohQ>r AgVo.Wi`m g_w{H$Zm-`mhZ CXoar {H$m g_wmV
gmYmaU AS>rM {H$._r da Amho Va ImXoar {H$m {H$Zm-`mnmgyZ VrZ gmS>oVrZ {H$._r da Amho.
CXoarhZ npM_obm nmD$U {H$._r da ImXoar Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda gmo` Zmhr..
OodUmMr gmo` :
nm`mMr gmo` :
AmnU dV: H$amdr.

ImXarda {n`mMo nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho CXoarda A{O~mV Zmhr.
A{b~mJ _mJ}2 Vmg.
H$mobB
{H$`mMr CMr : 271 \y$Q
S>m|JaamJ: A{b~mJ
{Ohm : am`JS>
loUr : _`_
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Agbo`m H$moirdmS>mV nmoMVmo. hm {H$m WmoS>m doJimM Amho, H$maU hm pWV Amho Hw$S>{bH$m ImS>r`m _wImer. hUyZM
`mbm n{S>V _hmXodemr OmoetZr "Hw$S>{bHo$Zo qgYwgmJambm AmqbJZ {Xbo, `m r{VgJ_mdaMm hm VrWm}nm`m`M Amho" Ago
hUyZ OUy Jma{dboM Amho. `mg {Vhr ~mOyZr gmJamZo doT>m KmVbm Amho.
B{Vhmg :
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IS>H$mda Y$m Am{U Hw$gmMr ~mVoar ~mY`mMr nadmZJr _m{JVbr Am{U Vo ~mYbo. aodXS>m ho nmoVwJrOm`m _w` R>m`mnH$s
EH$. BWo EH$ _O~yV H$moQ> Amho. 1594 gmbr n{hbm ~whmU {ZOm_ Jo`mda {Z_mU Pmbo`m ApWaVoMm \$m`Xm CMbyZ
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`m gaXmamZo aodXS>mda Vmo\$m PmS>`m Am{U nmoVwJrOmZm eh Xo`mMm `Z Ho$bm. nmoVwJrPmZm Hw$_H$ Anwar nS>br, hUyZ
`mZr AmUIr _mJdbr. Am{U `wma hUyZ H$mobBdaM hm Ho$bm. nmoVwJrP JS>mImb`m noR>oV Kwgbo Am{U `mZr
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gm {X`mJmoMo Zmd nwVr ~w$O, Am{U gm \$m{ggHw$Mo Zmd R>odbo JUoe ~w$O.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo BW`m doemamVyZ AmV Jo`mda AmnU \$$ 10 _r. X Aem OmJoda {\$aVmo. hm
~mbo{H$m. BWyZ XeZ hmoVo Vo EH$m {dhJ_ `mMo. EH$m ~mOybm {Z`mema gmJamda N>moQ>m-N>moQ>m hmoS>m {XgVmV, Va EH$sH$S>o
AmnU ImS>r Am{U gmJa `mMr ôQ> Pmbobr nmhVmo. BWo EH$ Cmam{^_wI MMMo Adeof AmhoV.AmVm AmnU CmaoH$S>o diVmo.
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70 Vmo\$m Am{U 8000 {e~Xr Ag`mMo CoI Amn`mbm AmT>iVmV.AmVm Oam Cmaobm dibmo H$s AmnU BW`m _mMrda
nmohmoMVmo. `mg Hw$gmMr ~mVoar qH$dm gmVmHy$O hUVmV. hr AXmOo VrZ _r. bm~ _mMr Amho. WmoS>`mV hm nmoVwJrO YmQ>UrMm
{H$m Amn`mbm ghOM `m`m gmX`mV a__mU hmo`mg ^mJ nmS>Vmo.

gdW_ Amn`mbm aodXS>mbm nmohmoMmdo bmJVo. BWo am` n[adhZ _S>imMr godm CnbY Amho. BWyZ H$mobB JmdmV AmnU
[ajmZo OmD$Z 20 {_{ZQ>mV JS>m`m nm``mer nmohmoMVmo. AWdm _wS>-O{O`mbm OmUmar ~g
Amn`mbm Jmdm`m doerda gmoS>Vo. JS>m`m nm``mer Amho EH$ gwXa g_w{H$Zmam Amho. JS>mda AmnU XmoZ dmQ>mmao nmohmoMy
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amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr. JmdmV hmoD$ eH$Vo.

nm`mMr gmo` : {n`mMo nmUr CnbY Zmhr.
gmVmam {Ohm
AqO`Vmam
S>m|JaamJ: gmVmam
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
AqO`Vmam hm {H$m 'gmVmaMm' {H$m hUyZ XoIrb AmoiIbm OmVmo. gmVmam eham_ò Hw$R>ohr Cô am{hbo AgVm
ZOaog nS>Vmo. VmnJS>mnmgyZ \w$Q>Um`m ~m_Umobr amJoda AqO`Vmam C^mabobm Amho. òWrb {H$`mMo ^mJmo{bH$
d{eQ> hUOo EH$m {H$`md$Z Xwg`m {H$`mda S>m|Ja Ymaod$Z Om`mgmaIr n[apWVr `m ^mJmV Zmhr. òWrb
{H$`mMr gamgar CMr H$_rM Amho. AqO`Vm`mMr CMr gmYmaUV: 300 _rQ>a AgyZ Vr X{jUmoma 600 _rQ>a
Amho.
B{Vhmg : gmVmaMm {H$m (AqO`Vmam) hUOo _amR>mMr MmWr amOYmZr. n{hbr amOJS> _J am`JS>, qOOr Am{U MmWr
AqO`Vmam. gmVm`mMm {H$m hm {ebmhma der` ^moO(Xwgam) `mZo B.g. 1190 _ò ~mYbm. nwT>o hm {H$m ~hm_Zr
gmoH$S>o Am{U _J {dOmnya`m Am{XbehmH$S>o Jobm. B.g. 1580 _ò n{h`m Am{XbehmMr nZr MmX{~~r òWo H$XoV hmoVr.
~OmOr qZ~miH$a gwm `m {R>H$mUr VwJmV hmoVo. {edam`mMm {dVma hmoV AgVmZm 27 Owb 1673 _ò hm {H$m {edmOr
_hmamOm`m hmVr Ambm. `m {H$`mda {edam`mZm AJr da Am`mZo XmoZ _{hZo {dlmVr `mdr bmJbr. {edmOr
_hmamOm`m _`yZVa 1682 _ò AmaJOo~ _hmam>mV {eabm. B.g. 1699 amoOr AmaJOo~mZo gmVm`m`m XwJmbm doT>m
KmVbm. `mdoir JS>mdaMm {H$oXma `mJOr ^y hmoVo. 13 E{b 1700 `m nhmQ>o _moJbmZr gwaJ bmd`mgmR>r XmoZ ^w`mao
IUbr Am{U ~mr XoVmM jUâmVM _JimBMm ~w$O AmH$memV {âH$mdbm Jobm. VQ>mdarb H$mhr _amR>o XJmdbo. `mJOr ^y
XoIrb `m \$moQ>mV gmnS>bo. _m H$mhrhr BOm Z hmoVm Vo dmMbo. VodT>mVM Xwgam \$moQ> Pmbm. _moR>m VQ> nwT>o KwgUm`m
_moJbmda T>mgibm d XrS> hOma _moJb g` _mabo Jobo. {H$`mdarb gd XmUmJmoQ>m d Xm$Jmoim gnbm Am{U 21 E{b
amoOr {H$m gw^mZOrZo qOHy$Z KoVbm. {H$`mda _moJbr {ZemU \$S>H$`mg V~b gmS>oMma _{hZo bmJbo. {H$`mMo
Zm_H$aU Pmbo AmP_Vmam.VmamamUr`m g`mZo nwhm {H$m qOH$bm d `mMo Zm_mVa Ho$bo AqO`Vmam ! nU VmamamUrbm
H$mhr hm {H$m bm^bm Zmhr. nwhm {H$m _moJbm`m dmYrZ Pmbm. _m 1708 _ò emhZo {\$VdyZ {H$m KoVbm Am{U
dV:g am`m{^foH$ H$$Z KoVbm. B.g. 1719 _ò _hmamOm`m _mVmolr ògy~mB `mZm {H$`mda AmU`mV Ambo. nwT>o
noe`mH$S>o hm {H$m Jobm. Xwg`m emh`m {ZYZmZVa {H$m 11 \o$~wdmar 1818 _ò BJOmH$S>o Jobm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : gmVm`mVyZ `m _mJmZo AmnU JS>mda doe H$aVmo `m_mJmda XmoZ XadmOo
AmhoV. AmOhr `m XmoZ XadmOmnH$s n{hbm XadmOm gwpWVrV Amho. XadmOmMo Xmohr ~w$O AmO ApVdmV AmhoV.
XadmOmVyZ AmV {ea`mda COdrH$S>o hZw_mZmMo _{Xa Amho. ho _{Xa amh`mg Cm_ Amho. _m JS>mda nm`mMr gmo` Zmhr.
S>mdrH$S>o gai a`mZo nwT>o Jo`mda dmQ>oV _hmXodmMo _{Xa bmJVo. g_moa gma^maVr H|$mMo H$m`mb` d _mJo XmoZ gma
^maVr H|$mMo Q>mdg AmhoV. nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> {XgVo d '_JimXodr _{XamH$S>o' Ago {VWo {b{hbobo
AmT>iVo.`m dmQ>oV Vmam~mB `mMm {Zdmg Agbobm nU AmVm T>mgmibobm amOdmS>m VgoM H$moR>mahr Amho. dmQ>o`m eodQ>r
_JimXodrMo _{Xa bmJVo. _{Xam`m g_moaM _JimBMm ~w$O Amho. _{Xam`m AmdmamV AZoH$ {en AmT>iVmV. `m dmQ>oZo WoQ>
VQ>~Xr`m gmmZo nwT>o OmUo hUOo JS>mbm X{jUm Kmb`mgmaIoM Amho. JS>m`m Cmaobm XoIrb XmoZ XadmOo AmhoV.
VQ>~Xrd$Z X{jUm _maVmZm ZOaog nS>VmV. `m XadmOmV òUmar dmQ> gmVmam-H$amS> h_a`md$Z òVo. XadmOmnmer
nm`mMo VrZ Vbmd AmhoV. Chm`mV H$emVhr nmUr ZgVo. JS>mbm X{jUm KmbyZ Am`m_mJmZo Imbr CVamdo bmJVo.
{H$`md$Z g_moaM `dVoamMo nR>ma, MXZdXZ {H$o, H$`mUJS>, OaS>m Am{U gmZJS> hm n[aga {XgVmo. gnyU JS>
~K`mgmR>r gmYmaUV XrS> Vmg bmJVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : AqO`Vmam {H$m gmVmam ehamVM Ag`mZo ehamVyZ AZoH$ dmQ>mZr JS>mda OmVm òVo.
gmVmam Eg. Q>r. WmZH$md$Z AXmbV dmS>m _mJ}OmUmar H$moUVrhr JmS>r nH$S>mdr Am{U AXmbV dmS>mnmer CVamdo. gmVmam
Vo amOdmS>m Aer ~ggodm Xa 10 - 15 {_{ZQ>mbm CnbY Amho. amOdmS>m ~g WmZH$mnmgyZ AXmbV dmS>mn`V ò`mg
10 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV. AXmbV dmS>m`m ~mOyZo OmUm`m WoQ> dmQ>oZo AmnU JS>mda OmUm`m JmS>r a`mbm bmJVmo d òWyZ
JmS>r a`mZo 1 {H$._r. MmbV Jo`mda AmnU WoQ> Xadm`mnmer nmohMVmo.AqO`Vmam {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r WoQ> JmS>r
aVm gwm Amho. `m a`mZo AmnU {H$`m`m XadmOmnmer nmohmoMVmo. H$moU`mhr _mJ}JS> JmR>`mg gmYmaU 1 Vmg
bmJVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb hZw_mZm`m _{XamV 10 Vo 15 OU amh eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr `dWm AmnUM dV H$amdr.

nm`mMr gmo` : Chm`mV Am{U {hdm`mV JS>mda {n`mMo nmUr Zmhr.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : gmYmaUV: 1 Vmg(gmVm`mnmgyZ)
H$`mUJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 3500 \y$Q>.
S>m|JaamJ: gmVmam
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
H$`mUJS> hm gmVmam {d^mJmV _moS>Umam {H$m Amho. gmVm-`mnmgyZ A`m {XdgmV hm {H$m AmnU nmhZ òD$ eH$Vmo. `m n[agamVrb
{H$o ho _w` S>m|JaamJonmgyZ AbJ Pmbo`m S>m|Jamda {damO_mZ Pmbobo Amho. `m {H$`mMo d{eQ> hUOo MT>`mg
gdmV gmonm. gnyU Xoe D$gm_wio gYZ Pmbo`m eoVH$-`mMm Xoe. `m_wio EgQ>rMr gmo` XoIrb Cm_ H$maMr Amho.
B{Vhmg : H$`mUJS>mMoM Xwgao Zmd hUOo 'ZmX{JarMm {H$m'. gmVmam òWo gmnS>bo`m Vm_boImZwgma {ebmhma amOm
Xwgam ^moO `mZo `m {H$`mMr {Z{_Vr Ho$br. hm {H$m B.g. 1178 Vo B.g.1209 `m H$mbmdYrV ~mYbm Jobm Agmdm.
{ebmhmam`m gmnS>bo`m AZoH$ Vm_nQ>md$Z Ago {XgVo H$s {ebmhma amOmZr OZ bmoH$mZm AZoH$ XmZY_}Ho$br, Am{U
H$`mUJS>mdarb JwhoV AgUm-`m nmZmWm`m _yVud$Z hm JS> {ebmhmamZr ~mYbm Agmdm ho {g hmoVo. B.g. 1673 _ò
{edam`mZr gmVmam d AmOw~mOyMm Xoe qOHy$Z KoVbm. `mVM H$`mUJS>mMm XoIrb g_mdoe hmoVm. nwT>o {edH$mbmZVa `mMm
gd H$ma^ma {V{ZYtH$S>o gmondbm Jobm. nwT>o noe`m_ò d {V{ZYt_ò {dVw> {Z_mU Pmbo Am{U hm {H$m noe`mH$S>o
Ambm. noe`mZo B.g. 1818 _ò OZab {PbaZo hm {H$m {~{Q>em`m Vm`mV KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$`mda MT>VmZm XmoZ XadmOo bmJVmV. n{hbm XadmOm hm Cmam{^_wI Amho.
`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda g_moaM EH$ _{Xa {XgVo. _{Xam`m ~mOyZo VQ>~Xr`m AZwamoYmZo EH$ dmQ> Imbr CVaVo. `m dmQ>oZo
Imbr CVa`mda g_moaM EH$ ^w`ma bmJVo. ho H$`mUJS>mdarb gdmV ojUr` WmZ Amho. ho ^w`ma OdiOdi 30 _rQ>a
AmV Amho. ^w`mamV OmUm-`m dmQ>o`m Xmohr ~mOybm 12 _{hZo nmUr AgVo.dmQ>o`m AmOw~mOybm bmoIS>r gi`m bmdbo`m
AmhoV. ^w`mam`m eodQ>r Zd`m eVH$mV KS>dbobr nmZmWmMr _yVu, nmdVr XodrMr _yVu Am{U lr Xmmo`mMr _yVu Aem 3
_y`m AmhoV. ^w`mamV ~Q>ar KoD$Z OmUo Amd`H$M Amho. nmdgm`mV ^w`mamV CVaUo Ymo`mMo Amho. ho ^w`ma nmhZ naV
n{h`m XadmOmnmer `mdo. òWyZ da OmUmar nm`-`mMr dmQ> Amn`mbm Xwg-`m nydm{^_wI XadmOmnmer KoD$Z OmVo. `m
dmQ>oZo JS>mda doe H$$Z g_moaM hZw_mZ _{XamVrb hZw_mZmMo XeZ KoVm òVo. S>mdrH$S>o Jo`mda EH$ ~m_UKa bmJVo. `m
KamV g`m EH$ gmYy VnM`}gmR>r ~gVmo. ~m_UKam`m g_moaM H$`mUdm_tMr g_mYr Amho. g_mYrMo XeZ KoD$Z nwT>o
{ZKmdo. dmQ>oVM lr JUoemMo nS>rH$ _{Xa d EH$ _moR>o Vio bmJVo. WmoS>ogo AVa MmbyZ Jo`mda JS>mdarb dmS>mMo Adeof
{XgVmV. `m dmQ>oZo 10 {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Jo`mda JS>m`m nyd Q>moH$mnmer AmnU nmohMVmo. `m Q>moH$md$Z g_moaM OaS>m,
AqO`Vmam, `dVoa, MXZdXZ, _mo-`m, damQ>JS> hr {R>H$mUo {XgVmV. JS>_mWm {\$a`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :{H$`mda Om`mg EH$M dmQ> Amho. hr dmQ> nm``m`m ZmX{Jar (Yw_midmS>r) JmdmVyZ da
òVo. gmVmam EgQ>r WmZH$md$Z gmVmam amoS>bm OmUmar JmS>r nH$S>mdr. gmVmamamoS> Vo ZmX{Jar ho 3 {H$._r.Mo AVa Amho.
òWyZ {H$hBH$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr qH$dm EH$X_ gmVmam Vo {H$hB ~gZo ZmX{Jarbm CVamdo. JmdmVyZ JS>mda Om`mg 45
{_{ZQ>o bmJVmV. dmQ>oVM EH$ Jwhm bmJVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb hZw_mZ _{XamV qH$dm ~m_UKamg_moarb AmdmamV 5 Vo 7 OUmMr ahm`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : gd `dWm AmnU dVM H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : nmZmWm`m ^w`mamVrb nmUr {n`mgmR>r ~mam_hr CnbY AgVo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi :45 {_{ZQ>o(nm``mnmgyZ).
gmZJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 3350 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: gmVmam
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : _`_
VmnJS>m`m nm``mnmgyZ gh`mrMr EH$ CnamJ e^y_hmXod `m ZmdmZo nyd}H$S>o OmVo. `m amJoMo VrZ \$mQ>o \w$Q>VmV. `mnH$s
EH$m amJoda gmZJS> C\$ nairMm {H$m dgbobm Amho. g_W am_Xmgm`m nXnemZo nmdZ Pmbobr BWbr _mVr òH$mZo
^mir bmdmdr. AZV H$dtZr `m nmdZ ^y_rMo A{Ve` Cm_ dUZ Ho$bo Amho. ""gh`mr{JarMm {d^mJ {dbgo,_mXma
lwJmnar& Zm_o gmZ Omo Zno dg{dbm,lr CderMo {Var& gmHo$Vm{YnVr H$nr ^JdVr,ho Xod `mMo {ear& òWo OmJV
am_Xmg {dbgo,Omo `m OZm Car&&'' gmVmam eham`m ZF$òg Ad`m Xhm H$s._r. AVamda Ca_moS>r C\$ Cder ZXr`m
Imo`mV hm XwJ C^m Amho.
B{Vhmg : mMrZ H$mir `m S>m|Jamda Ammbm`Z F$ftMo dmV` hmoVo,`m_wio `m {H$`mbm 'Ambm`ZJS>' hUy bmJbo.
`m eXmMm Anê hUOo AdbJS> ho XoIrb Zmd {_imbo. `m {H$`mMr C^maUr {ebmhma amOm ^moO mZo 11`m
eVH$mV Ho$br. `m JS>m`m nm``mer nair ZmdmMo Jmd hmoVo. hUyZM mbm nairMm {H$m Ago XoIrb g~moYrbo Om`Mo.
MdWm ~h_Zr amOm _h_Xehm (1358-1375) `m`m H$ma{H$XuV `m {H$`mMm CoI AmT>iVmo. nwT>o hm {H$m ~h_Zr
am`mMo dmagXma Am{Xbehm H$S>o Jobm. B.g.1632 n`V \$mObImZ m {H$`mMm {H$oXma Ag`mMm CoI AmT>iVmo.
2E{b B.g.1673 _ò {edmOr amOmZr hm {H$m Am{XbehmH$Sy>Z qOHy$Z YoVbm. {edam`m`m {dZVr d$Z g_W
am_Xmg JS>mda H$m`_`m dmV`mgmR>r Ambo. {H$`mMo Zm_H$aU H$a`mV Ambo gmZJL>. nwT>o am`m{^foH$mZVa
{edmOramOo gmZJS>mda g_Wm`m XeZmg Ambo. nwT>o 3-11-1678 amoOr {edam`mZr g^mOr _hmamOmZm g_WmH$S>o
nmR>dbo. nU 3-12-1678 amoOr g^mOr _hmamO gmZJS>md$Z niyZ OmD$Z {XboaImZmbm {_imbo. {edam`m`m
{ZYZmZVa 18 OmZodmar 1682 amoOr lr am__yVvMo JS>mda WmnZm H$a`mV Ambr. 22 OmZodmar 1682 _ò g_WmMo
{ZYZ Pmbo. g_WmZr Amn`m nMmV gd A{YH$ma {XdmH$a Jmogm`mbm {Xbo Agbo Var JS>mMr `dWm ^mZOr dam_Or
Jmogmdr `m`mH$S>o gmondbr hmoVr. nwT>o `mV ^mS>UVQ>m gw$ Pmbm. hr Jmo> g^mOr _hmamOm`m H$mZmda OmVmM `mZr 26-1682 amoOr gmZJS>mMm _wmYmar {OOmoVr H$mQ>H$a h`mbm n {bhbo H$s ""lr dm_r AdVma nyU H$a`mAJmoXaM
Amkm Ho$br hmoVr......Eogo AgVm Cd Jmogmdr CJrM ` bmo^mVd ^mZOr d am_Or Jmogmdr `mgr H$Q>H$Q> H$[aVmV,Vwhr
Cd Jmogmdr `mgr no d do ^mZOr d am_Or `mOH$Sy>Z Xod{dbr hUyZ Ho$bmo Ambo. Var Vwhmg Eogo H$amd`mMo `moOZ
H$mò d Cd Jmogmdr `mgr H$Q>H$Q> amd`m JaO H$mò `m Cnar Oo Oo d^md d ` CYd Jmogmdr `mMo AmYrZ H$a{dbo
Agobr Vr _mJVo ^mZOr d am_Or `mMo dmYrZ H$aUo.CYd Jmogmdr `mgr H$Q>H$Q> H$$ Z XoUo. lr dm_tMo n{hbrM Amkm
H$aUo. doX_yVu {~dmH$a Jmogmdr `mMo {d_mZo Amhmg lwV hmoD$Z hmoUo Vmo hmoBb.....`m Cnar Kmb_obrV nS>md`m `moOZ
Zmhr. lr dm_t`m g_wXm`mer H$mS>rBVHo$ AVa nS>mo Z XoUo... `m nm _mUo amhmQ>r H$aUo.'' `m ZVa nwT>o 21 E{b
1700 _ò \$VoCmImZmZo gmZJS>mg doT>m KmVbm. 6 OyZ 1700bm gmZJS> _moJbm`m Vm`mV Jobm d `mMo
'ZmaggmVmam' hUyZ Zm_H$aU Pmbo. 1709 _ò _amR>mZr nwhm {H$m qOH$bm. 1818 _ò {H$m BJOm`m hmVr
nS>bm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda {eaVmZm bmJUm`m n{h`m XadmOmbm 'N>nVr {edmOr _hmamOma'
Ago hUVmV. ho ma Amo` {Xeog Amho. Xwgam XadmOm nydm{^_wI AgyZ `mbm 'g_Wma' Agohr hUVmV. AmOhr ho
XadmOo amr Xhm ZVa ~X hmoVmV. Xwg`m XmamVyZ {eaVmZm g_moaM EH$ {ebmboI AmT>iVmo. `mMm _amR>r AW Imbrb
_mUo - 1) Eo` Vw`m XmamVyZ Vm|S> XmIdV Amho. 2) qh_V `m`m H$m_m_wio gd \w$bmZm \w${V H$aV Amho. 3) Vy
qddMZm Xya hmo`mMo WmZ Amhog. naVw nwhm {ddMZm _w$ Amho. 4) Vw`m nmgyZ gd {ddMZm Xya hmoVmV. 5) naobr
{H$`mdarb B_maVr`m Xadm`mMm nm`m 3 OZm{XbmIa `m VmaIog V`ma Pmbm. Am{Xbehm aohmZ `mZo H$m_ Ho$bo. `m
nm``mZr AmnU JS>mda doe H$aVmo `m nm``m gnm``m AJmoXa EH$ PmS> bmJVo. `m PmS>mnmgyZ EH$ dmQ> COdrH$S>o OmVo.
`m dmQ>oZo 5 {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ am_Ki bmJVo. hr am_Ki g_WmMr EH$mVmV ~g`mMr OmJm hmoVr. JS>mda doe
Ho$`mda S>mdr H$S>o dimdo. g_moaM KmoS>mZm nmUr nmO`mgmR>rMo KmoS>mio Vio {XgVo. KmoS>mio V`m`m _mJ`m ~mOyg EH$
_{eXdOm B_maV Amho Va g_moaM AmbmB XodrMo _{Xa Amho. hr Xodr g_WmZm Mm\$i`m am__yVu ~amo~aM AJmnya`m
S>mohmV gmnS>br. _{Xam g_moaM dOV^ Amho. ZVa Am`m_mJmZo nwhm Vi`mnmer `mdo d gai nwT>o MmbV Omdo.dmQ>oVM
CnhmaJh,lr g_W H$m`mb` Am{U Y_emim bmJVmV. Y_emio`m g_moaM gmoZmio Vio Amho. `mM V`mVrb nmUr
{n`mgmR>r dmnaVmV.V`m`m _mJrb ~mOyg nwndmQ>rH$m Amho. gmoZmio V`m`m g_mo$Z OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr Am{U
AmnU _{Xam`m AmdmamV òD$Z nmohMVmo. g_moaM noR>oV`m _mVrM _{Xa Amho Va ~mOybm lrYa Hw$Q>r ZmdmMm Aml_
Amho. COdrH$S>o lram_mMo _{Xa,g_WmMm _R> Am{U eoOKa Amho. `m {R>H$mUr g_Wm`m dmnamVrb gd dVy R>od`m AmhoV.
ho gd nmhZ Pmbo H$s _{Xam`m nwT>`m mamVyZ ~mhoa nS>m`Mo Am{U S>mdrH$S>o dimdo. W_ "~h{ngm' _{Xa bmJVo Am{U
nwT>o Jo`mda Ym`m`m _mVrMo _{Xa Amho. g_moaM {H$`mMm VQ> Amho.òWyZ g^modVmbMm n[aga \$maM gwXa {XgVmo.JS>
{\$a`mg XmoZ Vmg nwaVmV.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ AmhoV. `mnH$s EH$ JmS>r_mJ Amho.
nair nmgyZ : gmVmam Vo nair AVa 10 H$s._r.Mo Amho. nair ho nm``mMo Jmd. nair nmgyZ JS>mda Om`mgmR>r nm``m
AmhoV. gmYmaU 780 nm``mZVa JS>mMm XadmOm bmJVmo. JS>mda Om`mg nairnmgyZ EH$ Vmg nwaVmo
JOdmS>r nmgyZ : gmVmam nair a`mda nair`m AbrH$S>o 3 H$s._r.da JOdmS>r Jmd bmJVo. VoWyZ WoQ> JS>m`m H$mVi
_m`mn`V JmS>rZo OmVm òVo. òWyZ nwT>o 100 nm``mZVa XadmOm bmJVmo.a`mnmgyZ JS>mda Om`mg 15 {_{ZQ>o nwaVmV
amh`mMr gmo` : 1) JS>mda amh`mgmR>r lr g_W godm _S>i H$m`mb` V\}$ Imo`m CnbY hmoVmV. 2) JS>mda
Y_emim XoIrb AmhoV. 3) gmZJS> ( godm _S>im`m ) Imo`mhr amh`mgmR>r CnbY hmoVmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : JS>mda Ood`mMr g` hmoVo.
nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {n`mMo nmUr Amho.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nair JmdmVyZ nm``mZr 1 Vmg d JmS>r_mJmZo 15 {_{ZQ>o.
MXZ - dXZ
{H$`mMr CMr : 3800 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: gmVmam
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
H$Wm Am{U H$mX~ar _ò Ow`m ^mdm {df`r AmnU Zoh_rM EoH$V AgVmo _m XwJ{dmVhr Aer Owir ^mdS>o
AmT>iVmV `m`mnH$sM EH$ MXZ-dXZ. gmVm`m`m AbrH$S>o 24 {H$._r. AVamda hr XwJOmoS>r C^r Amho. D$gm`m
{nH$m_wio gYZ Pmbobm hm gd n[aga `m_wio aVo, drO, Eg.Q>r. `m gd mW{_H$ gw{dYm Jmdm Jmdm n`V nmohmoM`m
AmhoV. gnmQ> _mWm Ag`m_wio nwUo-gmVmam _mJmd$Z ho {H$o ghOM AmoiIVm òVmV. `m`m nyd}g OaS>oa H$`mUJS>,
^dmZrMm S>m|Ja, npM_og damQJS>, nmS>dJS>. EH$sH$S>o _hm~ioa mV Va XwgarH$S>o gmVmam eha `m`m gr_oda ho {H$o
Cô AmhoV.
B{Vhmg : B.g. 1191-1192 gmb`m Vm_boImZwgma ho {H$o {ebmhma amOm Xwgam ^moO `mZo ~mYbo. 1673 `m
gw_mamg {edam`mZr gmVmam mV qOH$bm Am{U `mMdoir gmZJS>, H$`mUJS>, AqO`Vmam `m {H$`mgmo~V `mZm
XoIrb dam`mV gm_rb H$$Z KoVbo. nwT>o g^mOr amOm`m H$ma{H$XuV gZ 1685 _ò \o$~wdmar _{h`mV A_mZwm
ImZmZo MXZ-dXZ òWo AgUm`m _amR>m`m VwH$S>rda hm Ho$bm. `m MH$_H$sV _moKbm`m hmVmV 25 KmoS>r, 20 ~XwH$m,
2 {ZemUo, 1 ZJmam gmnS>bm. nwT>o 1689 n`V hm gd n[aga _amR>m`m Vm`mV hmoVm. ZVa _m Vmo _moJbm`m hmVmV
nS>bm. N>nVr emh_hmamOmZr gZ 1707 _ò nmdgm`mV hm Xoe qOHy$Z KoVbm. nwT>o gZ 1752 _ò Vmam~mBda bj
R>od`mg nwaogm \$mO\$mQ>m XoD$Z ~mimOr {dZmWmZr `m {H$`mda XmXmonV `mMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. ZVa hm {H$m BJOm`m
hmVmV nS>bm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : MXZ`m doemamOdirb aVm nydu ~amM H$R>rU hmoVm. _m g`m VoWo
Agbo`m _{eXr_wio hm aVm ~amM X Pmbm Amho. XmoZ AYdQ> nS>bobo ~w$O AmnUmg doemamMr OmUrd H$$Z XoVmV.
òWyZ gmYmaU 15 nm``m nma Jobo AgVm S>m`m ~mOyg EH$ nS>H$s dmVy {XgVo. {V`m da`m AJmg EH$ dS>mMo PmS>
Amho. nmM dS>mMm {_iyZ ~Zbobm Ag`m_wio `mg "nmMdS>" hUVmV. ~mOybmM EH$ eH$amMo _{Xa Amho. `mVrb Xmohr
_hmXodm`m qnS>r `m nmM qbJm`m AmhoV. Jm_WmZr _{XamMm OrUm}ma Ho$bm Amho. lmdUmV òWo `mm AgVo. (òWyZ Xhm
EH$ nm``m MTy>Z Jo`mda g_moaM _moR>m _moR>m {eim aMbo`m {XgVmV. )dXZ_mUoM òWohr EH$ XJm Amho. X`m`m
~mOyg EImm dmS>m`m q^VrgmaIo ~mYH$m_ AmT>iVo. EH$m AYdQ> XadmOmgmaIo H$mhrVar {XgVo. gmYmaU gXaogmaIo
òWrb ~mYH$m_mMo Adeof {XgVmV. `m`m _mJrb ^mJmV gwm AZoH$ CXdV Adeof AmnUmg {XgVmV. hrM JS>mdarb
_w` dVr Agmdr. JS>m`m Cma Q>moH$mda _O~yV ~mYUrMm AJXr gwpWVrV Agbobm EH$ ~w$O AmT>iVmo. `mM dmQ>oda
EH$ g_mYr AmT>iVo. `m`m darb ~mOyg An> Ago {edqbJ Amho Am{U EH$m ~mOyg _mVrMr _yVu Amho. JS>m`m
X{jUoH$S>o VrZ H$moR>m Agbobr nU daMo N>na CS>mbobr dmVy AmT>iVo. JmdH$`m`m _Vo ho H$moR>ma hUOo Xm$Jmoim
gmR>d`mMr OmJm hmoVr. JS>m`m _`^mJr eV MmWam Amho. `mda H$m` dmVy hmoVr `mMm _m AXmO bmJV Zmhr.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : MXZ Am{U dXZ `m Xmohr {H$`mda OmUm`m g`w$ dmQ>m AmhoV. nwUo-gmVmam _mJmda
^wBO Jmd Amho. VoWo CV$Z 20 {H$._r. AVamda {H$H$br Jmd Amho. dmB-gmVmam `m Xmohr {R>H$mUmhZ {H$H$brbm
ò`mgmR>r ~g Amho. {H$H$br`m OdiM ~ob_mMr ZmdmMo Jmd Amho. `m ~ob_mMr JmdmMo XmoZ ^mJ AmhoV. EH$ Amho Vr ImbMr
~ob_mMr Va Xwgar daMr ~ob_mMr. òWyZM EH$ dmQ> MXZ Am{U dXZ `m`m qIS>rV nmohmoMVo. S>mdrH$S>o amhVmo Vmo MXZ Va
COdrH$S>o dXZ. `m MXZ {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV :
amh`mMr gmo` : X`mV ahm`Mo Ag`mg 30 Vo 40 OUmZm amhVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr

nm`mMr gmo` :\$$ nmdgm`mV A`Wm JS>mda nmUr Zmhr.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AS>rM Vo 3 Vmg
dmgmoQ>m
{H$`mMr CMr : 4267\y$Q>
{H$`mMm H$ma : dZXwJ
S>m|JaamJ: _hm~ioa H$mo`Zm
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : _`_
H$m`m _mVr`m `m _hmam>mVrb, H$mo`Zm ZXr`m Imo`mV, amZmV dgbobm XwJ hUOo "{H$o dmgmoQ>m'. kmZoarV dmgmoQ>mMm
AW 'Aml`WmZ' Agm {Xbm Amho. dmgmoQ>mbmM '`mKJS>' Agohr Xwgao Zmd Amho. H$mo`Zm YaUm`m nmUbmoQ> jom`m
XwJ_Vo_wioM hm ^mJ dÒrdZmZo g_ ~Zbm Amho.
B{Vhmg : dmgmoQ>m {H$`m`m mMrZdmMm emoY KoVm Amn`mbm d{g> F$ft`m H$mimn`V _mJo Omdo bmJob. Ago _mZbo
OmVo H$s, d{g> F$ftMm H$moUr EH$ {e`, AJVr F$fr `mZr qd` ndV AmobmSy>Z X{jUoH$S>Mm _mJ emoYbm, gmr`m
H$mo`Zm H$mR>`m `m {eIamda amh`mg Ambm d `mZo Amn`m {Zdmgr S>m|Jambm Amn`m Jw$Mo Zmd {Xbo. H$mbmVamZo `m
Xoer`m j{`mZr `m S>m|Jambm VQ>m~w$OmMo gmO MT>dyZ bH$ar R>mUo Ho$bo. `m S>m|JamMo nanamJV 'd{g>' ho Zmd Anê
hmoD$Z "dmgmoQ>m' Pmbo. `j Co{IV Zgbm Varhr, hm {H$m {ebmhmaH$mbrZ Agmdm. {ebmhmam`m {H$`m`m Zm_mdbrV
'dgVJS>' `m ZmdmZo Co{Ibobm {H$m hm dmgmoQ>m Agmdm. _amR>r gm_m`m`m N>moQ>m ~Iard$Z {edam`mZr Omdir
{dO`mZVa dmgmoQ>m KoVbm Ago gm{JVbo OmVo, nU Vo Iao Zmhr. Omdir KoVmZm, OmdirVrb VgoM H$moH$UmVrb BVa {H$o
{edam`mZr KoVbo nU dmgmoQ>m Xya Ag`mZo {H$oXmam`m hmVr amhrbm. A\$Pb dYmZVa H$mT>bo`m _mo{h_oVhr dmgmoQ>m {H$m
òV ZhVm. nwT>o {edam` nhmiJS>mda AS>H$bo AgVmZm, Amn`m _wI`marV _mdimVrb nm`Xi nmR>dyZ `mZr dmgmoQ>m {H$m
{X. 6 OyZ 1660 amoOr KoVbm. gZ 1661 _ò nH$S>bo`m BJO H$mnH$s \$aZ d g`wAb `mZm dmgmoQ>mda H$XoV
R>od`mV Ambo hmoVo. nwT>o 1679 _ò dmgmoQ>m {H$`mda 26,000 nò gmnS>bo. nwT>`m H$mimV 1706 _ò
nV{V{ZYt`m CnnZr VmB Vo{bUrZo hm {H$m Amn`m hmVmV KoVbm. nwT>rbdfu noe`mMo goZmnVr ~mny JmoIbo `mZr VmB
Vo{bUr ~amo~a bT>mB Ho$br. VmB Vo{bUrZo AmR>-Xhm _{hZo Ia PwO XoD$Z {H$m bT>dbm. 1730 _ò dmgmoQ>m {H$m ~mny
JmoI`m`m hmVr nS>bm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : dmgmoQ>m {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ XadmOo bmJVmV. `mVrb n{hbm XadmOm
T>mgibo`m AdWoV Amho. Xwg`m XadmOmZo JS>mda doe H$aVm òVmo. g_moaM _mVrM {~Z N>namM _{Xa Amho. _{XamnmgyZ
_wI VrZ dmQ>m OmVmV. gai OmUmar dmQ> {H$`mdarb ^mdeofmH$S>o KoD$Z OmVo. CO`m ~mOyg OmUmar dmQ> 'H$miH$mB`m
R>m`mH$S>o' OmVo. dmQ>oVM _hmXodmMo gwXa _{Xa bmJVo. _{XamV XmoZ Vo VrZ OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo. òWyZ nwT>o
OmUmar dmQ> _mMrda KoD$Z OmVo. `m _mMrbm nmhZ bmohJS>`m qdMyH$mQ>mMr AmR>dU òVo. `mM _mMrbmM H$miH$mBMo R>mUo
hUVmV. `m _mMrd$Z {XgUmam AmOw~mOyMm KZXmQ> PmS>mZr `mnbobm Xoe, MH$Xod, agmi, gw_ma, _{hnVJS>, H$mo`ZoMm
Obme` hm gnyU XoImdm _moR>m a_Ur` Amho. _mVr`m Xodim`m S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> Amn`mbm OmoS> Q>m`mnmer KoD$Z
OmVo.`m Q>m`mVrb nmUr {n`mgmR>r `mo` Amho. nwT>o hr dmQ> OJbmV {eaVo Am{U ~m~wH$S>mnmer òD$Z nmohmoMVo. `m H$S>mMm
AmH$ma BJOr 'U' Ajam gmaIm Amho. `mbm nmhZ h[aMJS>m`m H$moH$UH$S>mMr AmR>dU òVo. g_moaM C^m AgUmam Am{U
Amnbo bj doYyZ KoUmam CM S>m|Ja hUOoM "OwZm dmgmoQ>m' hmo`.
OwZm dmgmoQ>m Z`m dmgmoQ>m`m ~m~wH$S>mda Cô am{h`mda g_moaM C^m AgUmam S>m|Ja hUOo OwZm dmgmoQ>m. AmVm `m JS>mda
OmUmar dmQ> ApVdmV Zmhr. VgoM nm`mMmhr VwQ>dS>m Amho. KZXmQ> PmS>o d d`mnXohr Ag`mZo ghgm òWo H$moUr OmV
Zmhr.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : dmgmoQ>m {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ _wI _mJ AmhoV. EH$ ZmJoa_mJ}Am{U Xwgam WoQ>
dmgmoQ>mH$S>o.
gmVmam_mJ}dmgmoQ>m :
1) Hw$gmnya _mJ}- gmVm`mhZ ~m_Umobr `m Jmdr `mdo. gH$mir 9 dmOVm gmVm`mhZ ~gMr gmo` Amho. òWyZ Hw$gmnyabm H$mo`Zm
YaUmMm Obme` bmMZo nma H$$Z OmVm òVo. Hw$gmnyahZ XmQ> OJbmV XmoZ dmQ>m OmVmV. COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> AmR>
_bmdarb ZmJoamH$S>o ZoVo Va S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> dmgmoQ>mda KoD$Z OmVo. 2) {IaH$S>r _mJ}- gmVm`mhZ ~gZo 'dmKmbr
XodmMr' `m Jmdr `mdo. òWyZ bmM`m ghm`mZo Obme` nma H$$Z {IaH$S>r `m Jmdr `mdo. òWyZ YZJa dmS>r nmgyZ OmUmar
dmQ> '_oQ> BXdbr' `m JmdmV KoD$Z OmVo. gmVm`mhZ BWdaMm dmg AmR>-ZD$ VmgmMm Amho. òWyZ nwT>o nmM-ghm VmgmV
dmgmoQ>mda OmVm òVo.
3) _hm~ioa _mJ}-_hm~ioahZ "Vmnmoio' Jmdr òD$Z bmMZo Hw$gmnya JmR>Vm òVo, Am{U VoWyZ dmgmoQ>m JmR>mdo.
{MniyUhZ dmgmoQ>m : 1) {MniyUhZ g. 8.30 dmOVm`m ~gZo "MmoadUo' `m Jmdr `mdo. òWyZ 5 Vo 6 VmgmV dmgmoQ>mbm
nmohmoMVm òVo. `m _mJmV dmQ>oV Hw$R>oM nmUr Zg`m_wio Amn`mH$S>o nm`mMm ânya gmR>m KoD$Z Omdo. `m dmQ>oZo da Jo`mda
EH$ nR>ma bmJVo. nR>mamd$Z S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> ZmJoa H$S>o Va COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> dmgmoQ>mbm OmVo. òWo ZmJoamH$S>o
OmUm`m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda Imbr EH$ dmQ> OJbmV {d{harH$S>o OmVo. òWyZ dmgmoQ>mMo AVa XmoZ VmgmV H$mnVm òVo.
2) {MniyUhZ "{Vdao' `m Jmdr `mdo. òWyZ aoS>o KmQ>mZo dmgmoQ>mbm OmVm òVo.
ZmJoa_mJ}dmgmoQ>m : ZmJoabm ôQ> {X`m{edm` dmgmoQ>mMr ôQ> nyU hmoD$M eH$V Zmhr. dmgmoQ>mda OmVmZm g_moaM EH$
gwiH$m Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. `mbmM ZmJoa hUVmV. `m gwi`m`m nmoQ>mV EH$ Jwhm AgyZ, VoWo _hmXodmMo _{Xa Amho.
hOmamo ZmJ[aH$ Xa {edamrbm `m n{d WmZr XeZmg òVmV. Jwho`m N>Vmd$Z ~mamhr _{hZo nm`m`m W|~mMm A{^foH$
{edqbJmda hmoV AgVmo. ~hVoH$ Q>oH$g W_ ZmJoamMo XeZ KoD$Z _J dmgmoQ>mbm OmVmV. `mgmR>r \$$ bm~Mm nm
Mmb`mMr V`mar Agmdr bmJVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : 1) nydu Co{Ibo`m Z`m dmgmoQ>mdarb _hmXodm`m _{XamV 2 Vo 3 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo. 2)
Z`m dmgmoQ>mda OmoS> Q>m`m`m eoOmarb nR>mamdahr amhVm òVo. 3) ZmJoamMr Jwhm hr amh`mgmR>r Cm_ OmJm Amho. òWo 20
Vo 25 OU Amam_mV amh eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU dVM H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : ZmJoam`m JwhoH$S>o OmVmZm, nm``m`m COdrH$Sy>Z OJbmV OmUmar dmQ> nm`m`m {dhrarnmer KoD$Z
OmVo. Z`m dmgmoQ>mdahr _w~bH$ _mUmV nmUr CnbY Amho. Chm`mVhr `m {d{harbm nmUr AgVo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Hw$gmnya _mJ}- 4 Vmg, MmoadUo _mJ}- 7 Vmg
gyMZm : dmgmoQ>mbm nmdgm`mV OmVmZm OidmMm _moR>m _mUmda mg hmoVmo. Vohm Amd`H$ Vr H$miOr `mdr.
>{MniyUhZ MmoadUo _mJ}dmgmoQ>mbm OmVmZm dmQ>oV nm`mMr Hw$R>ohr gmo` Zmhr. Vohm nm`mMm nwaogm gmR>m Odi ~miJUo
Amd`H$ Amho.
âdJS
{H$`mMm H$ma : dZXwJ
S>m|JaamJ: __hm~ioa H$mo`Zm
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : _`_
âdJS> hm H$mo`ZmZJa`m {d^mJmV _moS>Umam {H$m Amho. òWrb {H$`mMo d{eQ> hUOo gd {H$o KmQ>_m`m`m gbJ
amJonmgyZ Xwamdbobo AmhoV. `m_wio Xw$Z ho {H$o {XgV Zmhr. KZXmQ> OJb ho òWrb _w` AmH$fU. ho Aa` A^`ma`
hUyZ Ymo{fV H$a`mV Am`mZo òWrb gd JmdmMo WbmVa H$$Z Vr Aa`m~mhoa ~gd`mV Ambr AmhoV. `m_wio _mUgmMm
dmda Vgm H$_rM. nm``mMr Jmd JmR>`mgmR>r Eg. Q>r. Mr MmJbr gmo` Amho.
B{Vhmg : B{VhmgmV `m JS>mMm CoI H$moR>ohr AmT>iV Zmhr. _m `m JS>mMm dmna Ho$di Q>ohiUr gmR>r Agmdm Ago òWrb
~mYH$m_md$Z {XgVo.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : âdJS>mda nmh`mgmaIo \$ma H$mhrM Zmhr. JS>mda EH$ _{Xa Amho. _{Xa \$maM
eV Amho. _{Xa _O~yV Am{U H$mbmZr emH$mabobo Amho. _{XamV ôar Xodr, lr Vwim Xodr, lr dmKOmB Xodr `m`m 2-3 \w$Q>r
_yVu AmhoV. `m bmH$S>r _{Xamda ~aogMo H$moard H$m_ AmT>iVo. _{Xamg_moa`m mH$mamV VwierdXmdZ, eH$am`m qnS>rMm
M~wVam {XgVmo. VgoM g_moa XmoZ VrZ Im~ XoIrb {XgVmV. g_moaM eH$amMo _{Xa gwm Amho. _{Xamg_moaM Imbr CVaUm`m
dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda XmoZ VrZ ~w$O bmJVmV. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ T>mgibo`m AdWoVrb XadmOm Amho. `m
XadmOmVyZ nwT>o Jo`mda S>mdrH$S>o dimdo. g_moa AgUm`m Q>oH$mS>mbm digm _m$Z JS>m`m _mJrb ~mOyg `mdo. òWo nm`mMr
XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV. `mVrb nmUr {n`mg Cn`w$ AgyZ Vo ~ma_mhr {Q>H$Vo. `m`mnwT>o nmh`mgmaIo H$mhrM Zmhr. bm~da
ngabob H$mo`ZoM XmQ> OJb {XgVo. JS>_mWm Vgm AXM Amho. `m_wio 2 VmgmV JS> {\$$Z hmoVmo. _{Xam`m {XeoZo Vm|S>
H$$Z Cô am{h`mg COdrH$S>o XarV CVaUm`m dmQ>oZo 5 {_{ZQ>o Imbr CVamdo. òWo gwm nm`mM EH$ Q>mH$ Amho. _m ho nmUr
_mMn`VM AgVo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : âdJS>mda Om`mgmR>r VrZ dmQ>m AmhoV. EH$ WoQ> H$moH$UmVyZ da MT>Vo Va Xwgar hoidmH$`m
am_KirV nmgyZ JS>mda OmVo. {Vgar Jhmao JmdmVyZ Amho.
1. XwJdmS>r _mJ}: `m _mJ}âdJS>mda ò`mgmR>r W_ {MniyU JmR>mdo. {MniyU d$Z XwJdmS>r ho nm``mMo Jmd JmR>mdo. {MniyU
Vo XwJdmS>r Aer 8:00 dmOVmMr ~g Amho. XwJdmS>r n`V ò`mg gmYmaUV: 1 Vmg bmJVmo. XwJdmS>r Jmdm`m da AgUm`m
OJbmVyZ dmQ> WoQ> JS>mda OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo JS> JmR>`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ> Ver gaiM Agbr Var X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho.
Jhmao JmdmVyZ òUmar dmQ>gwm `m dmQ>obmM òD$Z {_iVo. dmQ>oV Hw$R>ohr nmUr Zmhr.
2. hoidmH$Mr am_Ki _mJ}: hoidmH$`m am_KirV Om`mgmR>r {MniyU qH$dm H$amS> JmR>mdo. {MniyU - H$amS> a`mda Hw$^mbu
KmQ> nma Ho$`mda hoidmH$ ZmdmMm \$mQ>m bmJVmo. VoWo CV$Z 2 VmgmV am_Ki JmR>mdr. am_KirVyZM da OmUmam aVm
nH$S>mdm. nmWanwO OwZm dmKmoZm _mJmd$Z AmnU âdJS>mda OmD$ eH$Vmo. _m hm nm \$maM bm~Mm Ag`mZo JS> JmR>`mg
6 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ>oV Iyn KZXmQ> OJb bmJVo. dmQ> Ver _ibobr Zg`mZo had`mMm g^d IynM Amho. `m dmQ>oZo Om`Mo
Ag`mg dmQ>mS>`m KoD$Z OmUo Amd`H$ Amho.
3. Jhmao _mJ}: JS>mda Om`mgmR>r Jhmao JmdmVyZhr dmQ> Amho. XwJdmS>r Jmdm`m AJmoXa Jhmao JmdmH$S>o OmUmam JmS>raVm
bmJVmo. `m JmS>ra`mZo Jhmao JmdmV nmohMmdo. JmdmVyZ JS>mda Om`mg VrZ Vmg nwaVmV. hr dmQ> _òM XwJdmS>r JmdmVyZ
òUm`m dmQ>og {_iVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb _{XamV 20 OUmZm amhVm òVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr {n`m`m nm`mMr gmo` Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 3 Vmg - XwJdmS>r _mJ}. 7 Vmg - am_Kir _mJ}.
gyMZm : nmdgm`mV OidmMm mg \$ma _moR>m _mUmV hmoVmo. `mnmgyZ ~Mmd H$a`mgmR>r _rR> gmo~V KoD$Z OmUo.
nmS>dJS
S>m|JaamJ: _hm~ioa
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : _`_
dmB Jmdmbm IoQy>ZM C^m Agbobm nmS>dJS> `m`m {d{e> Aem aMZo_wio Zoh_r bj doYyZ KoVmo. _m`mda H$mVi q^{VMm
_wHw$Q> n[aYmZ Ho$bobm hm {H$m dmBhZ ghO nm`r OmVm ò`mgmaIm Amho. dmB _mT>aXod _mJmda hm JS> Amho.
B{Vhmg : Mmbw`m`m am`mZVa {ebmhmamZr nhmim - H$mohmnya XIZ `m ^mJmda am` Mmb{dbo. 1991-92 _ò
gmnS>bo`m Vm_boImZwgma {ebmhma amOm Xwgam ^moO `mZo hm {H$m ~mYbm Ago nwamdo AmT>iVmV. hm {H$m W_
AmXrbemhrV hmoVm. 7 AmQ>m|~a 1673 _ò _amR>mZr Vmo qOH$bm. nwT>o 1701 AmaJOo~mZo hm {H$m KoVbm. `mZVa emh
_hmamOmZr {H$m nwhm dam`mV AmUbm. B.g 1818 _ò BJOmZr nmS>dJS> Amn`m Vm`mV AmUbm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _oUdbr JmdmVyZ AmnU n{h`m _mMrda Jobmo AgVm VoWyZ OdiM âmo~mMo _{Xa bmJVo.
`m`m~mhoaM H$mhr mMrZ _yVuMo Adeof AmhoV. VoWo H$mVimV H$moabo`m H$mhr nm`-`m AmhoV. òWyZ gmYmaU 15 Vo 20
{_{ZQ>mda JS>mMo doema bmJVo. H$mVimV H$moabo`m nm`-`m`m gmmZo WmoS>o da Jo`mda AmnU _mMr gma`m ^mJmV doe
H$aVmo. JS>m`m Cma~mOwbm H$mhr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV g_moaM nma`mMm EH$ ~Jbm Amho. ~J`m g_moaM Hw$nU KmVbobo EH$ Q>mHo$
Amho. òWyZ AmnU ~mbo{H$`m`m {XeoZo MmbV Jo`mda dmQ>oV H$mhr Adeof {XgVmV, Va EH$m {R>H$mUr gbJ ghm nm`mMr
Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV, `mnH$s EH$ nm`mM Q>mH$ _moR>o AgyZ `m`m AmVrb ~mOyg Im~ XoIrb AmhoV. JmdH$-`m`m _Vo
Q>m`mVrb nm`mMm aJ doJdoJim hmoVm. òWyZM EH$ nm`dmQ> ~mbo{H$`mH$S>o OmVo. ~mbo{H$`mbm H$mhr`m nm`-`m d VQ>~Xr
{eH$ Amho. S>mdrH$S>o Jo`mda EH$m CKS>m _{XamV XJS>mV H$moabobr _mVrMr _yVu {XgVo. nwT>o H$mhr AVamda nmS>OmB XodrMo
_moS>H$irg Ambobo _Xra Amho. òWyZ nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ Vio Amho, AmVm _mm gwH$bo`m AdWoV Amho. ~mbo{H$`m`m
X{jUog B_maVrMo H$mhr Adeof {XgVmV. `m B_maVrMm nm`m 30 \w$Q> X Agm Amho. Vgo nm{hbo Va ~mbo{H$m \$maM N>moQ>m
Amho. JS>m`m CmaoH$S>o WmoS>ogo nR>ma Amho. bmohJS>m`m qdMwH$mQ>m gmaIm WmoS>m ^mJ nwT>o Ambm Amho. JS>m`m nyd}H$Sy>Z EH$
dmQ> YmdS>r JmdmV CVaVo. `mM Jmdm Odi nmS>dboUr AmhoV.AmnU Oohm _oUdbr JmdmH$Sy>Z JS>mda òVmo, Vohm Oo n{hbo
doema Amho VoWyZ JS>mMm gnyU Koam hr ImOJr _mb_mm Amho. `m _mJMr KQ>Zm Aer H$s nmS>dJS> H$mo`m EH$m gaXmamMr
_mb_mm hmoVr `mZVa _nH$mo H$nZrZo Vmo {dH$V KoVbm. g`m lr.gdm}X` dmS>r`m ZmdmMo JhW Ho$AaQ>oH$a hUyZ amhVmV.
`mZr JS>mda _moR>`m _mUmV djmamonU Ho$bo Amho. {n`m`m nm`m`m Q>m`mZm Hw$nU KmVbo Amho. `m JhWmZo JS>mda EH$
\$bH$ XoIrb bmdbm Amho, `mmao JS>mda _meZ ,Yw_nmZ _mXH$ nXmW godZmg ~Xr KmVbr Amho. gd JS> {\$a`mg XmoZ
Vmg nwaVmV.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : 1) : dmB Vo _oUdbr gVV JmS>mMr ò Om Mmby AgVo. _oUdbr Jmdm OdiyZ Ymo_ YaUmMm
Omo H$mbdm Jobm Amho Vmo nma Ho$`mda g_moaM nmS>dJS> {Xgy bmJVmo. g_moa AgUm-`m nR>mamda Jo`mda XmoZ dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV.
òWn`V ò`mgmR>r JmdmVyZ AYmVmg nwaVmo. XmoZ dmQ>mnH$s EH$ dmQ> bm~Mr Am{U digm KmbyZ OmUmar Amho. n{h`m dmQ>oZo
nm``mdZ JS>mda Om`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo. `m nR>mamda H$moir bmoH$mMr dVr Amho.
2) : Xwgar dmQ> JwS>odmS>r JmdmVyZ da OmVo. dmB YmdS>r _mJ}JwS>odmS>r JmdmVyZ da nmohMmdo. JwS>odmS>r JmdmVyZ MmJbr _ibobr
Am{U H$mhr {R>H$mUr A{bH$S>oM ~mYbo`m nm`-`mMr gmonr dmQ> Amho. `mdmQ>oZo JS>_mWm JmR>`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : 1 lr.gdmX` dmS>r`m `m`m Kam~mhoarb eoS> _ò 10 OUmZm amhVm òVo. 2.nmS>OmB Xodr`m _XramV
10 Vo 15 OUmZm amhVm òVo.
nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _oUdbr _mJ}1 Vmg, YmdS>r _mJ}2 Vmg.
H$_iJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 4200 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: _hm~ioa
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : _`_
_hm~ioa`m S>m|JaamJmZr AZoH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ JS> AbH$mamgmaIo YmaU Ho$bo AmhoV. Ymo_ YmaUm`m Obme`mV _mJrb ~mOyZo
EH$ S>m|JaamJ nwT>o Ambobr {XgVo. Xmohr AJmZr nm`mMm doT>m Agbo`m `m ndVamOrV ho EH$ AZmoIo nmfmUnwn da Ambo Amho.
X{jUoH$S>o H$UmZXrMo Imoao Am{U CmaoH$S>o dmiH$s ZXrMo Imoao `m`m _Ymo_Y hm {X_mIXma {H$m C^m Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : nYam drg {_{ZQ>m`m ^_Vr ZVa JS>m`m {ZH$Q> AmnU nmohMVmo. da OmVmM
JS>_m`m`m gnmQ>rda doe hmoVmo Am{U AmOw~mOyMm S>m|JaX-`mMm gwXa _wbyI Amn`m >rnWmV òVmo. Eadr AmT>iUmao
{H$`mdarb doema, ~w$O Ago H$mhrM òWo AmT>iV ZmhrV. JS>mbm OmoSy>Z òUmar EH$ S>m|Ja amJ bj doYyZ KoVo. {Vbm
ZdamZdar Mo S>m|Ja hUVmV. nwT>o O_rZ Imob {MaV Jobobo 40-50 \y$Q> bm~rMo EH$ X ^w`ma {XgVo. `mbm AmV CVam`bm
_O~yV nm`-`mhr AmhoV. hrM Vr Jo$Mr qH$dm H$mdoMr {dhra, CM Aem `m 50 - 55 nm`-`m CVaV OmVmZm AmnU S>m|Jam`m
nmoQ>mV OmV Ag`mgmaIo ^mgVo. hdoVrb WS>mdmhr dmT>V OmVmo. Vimer nmohM`mda Mh~mOybm Imob H$nmar AgyZ gd Jo$
qH$dm H$md `mMr Amobga bmb aJmMr _mVr {XgVo.JS>mda X{jUoH$S>o H$mVimMr Zg{JH$ q^V V`ma Pmbr Amho. {V`mda
~wOmMo WmoS>o\$ma ~mYH$m_ Pmbo Amho. JS>mda H$moR>ohr nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Zmhr. X{jUoH$S>oM JdVmV bnbobo MmW-`mMo Adeof
{XgVmV. ZF$òbm H|$OiJS>, `m`m _mJo amàoamMo nR>ma, H$moioa nR>ma d npM_oH$S>o nmMJUr, nyd}bm Ymo_ YaU Aer a`
gmo`[aH$ H$_iJS>mbm {_imbr Amho. Ymo_Mo ho_mS>nVr {ed_{Xa ojUr` Amho. _yi _{Xa Ymo_ F$ft`m dmV`mZo {g Pmbo.
Wmoa gV H$dr dm_Z n{S>V `mMrhr OdiM ^mo_Jmdmbm g_mYr Amho.

H$_iJS>mda Om`mMo AZoH$ _mJ AmhoV. Vo gdM Q>oqH$JMm _Z_wamX AmZX XoUmao AmhoV.
1) _hm~ioahZ :- _hm~ioa`m Ho$Qg nmBQ> d$Z Imbr òUm-`m gm|S>od$Z H$Um ZXr`m Imo-`mV CVabo H$s gw_mao XmoZ
VmgmV g_moa`m S>m|Ja CVmamdarb ZmXdUo Jmdr nmohMVmo. dVr`m nmR>rdarb nhmS>md$Z VgoM da Jobo H$s XmoZ AS>rM
VmgmV H$_iJS>mda nmohMVm òVo.
2) dmBhZ :- dmBhZ ZmXdUo Jmdr ò`mg gH$mir 9.30 dmOVm Eg.Q>r. ~g Amho.
3) CmaoH$Sy>Z dmiH$s ZXr`m Imo-`mVrb Agao, amZmobm dmgmoio Jmdrhr dmBhZ Eg.Q>r. Zo òVm òVo.dmgmo`mhZ òVmZm Ymo_
JmdmnmgyZ gw$ Pmbobm Ymo_ YaUmMm Obme` WoQ> Jmdmn`V gmW XoVmo. dmgmoio JmdmVyZ nmUdR>m`m {XeoZo MT>Urg gwdmV
Ho$br AgVm AmnU gmYmaU EH$ Vo XrS> VmgmVM _mMrOdi òVmo. dmgmoio Jmd ho S>m|Jam`m Hw$erV dgbobo {ZgJ gmX`mZo
ZQ>bobo Ago gwXa IoS>o Amho. dVr`m nmR>rda CmwJ H$S>m d S>m|Ja_mWm Amho, Xwg-`m AJmbm ImobXar Amho. nwT>o Jo`mda `y
Q>Z KoD$Z nmD$U Vmgm ZVa AmnU {H$`m`m _w` nhmS>mda òVmo. S>m|Ja_m`mdarb KZXmQ> djm`m N>mòV JmoaIZmW _{Xa
{XgVo. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o 5 - 10 {_{ZQ>o MmbV Jo`mda a`m`m S>m`m~mOybm EH$ nm`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo. nmD$b dmQ>oZo VgoM
da Jobo H$s 15 - 20 {_{ZQ>mMm KZXmQ> OJbmMm N>moQ>m Q>nm bmJVmo. ZVa _m AmnU _moH$`m _XmZmda òVmo. òWo YZJamMr
dVr Amho. `mM nR>mamd$Z AmnUmg H$_iJS> nyUnUo >rnWmV òVmo. dVrnmgyZ COdrH$S>o JS>mda Om`mMr dmQ> Amho
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ahm`mMr gmo` Zmhr. _mMrdarb JmoaIZmW _{XamV nmM - ghm OU amh eH$VmV.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Zmhr, JmoaIZmW _{Xam`m WmoS>o nwT>o N>moQ>o Q>mHo$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : ZmXdUo _mJ}AS>rM Vmg
H|$OiJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 4269 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: _hm~ioa
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : _`_
V~b gdmMma hOma \y$Q> CMrda Agbobm hm amJS>m {H$m dmB Am{U amàoa Xa`mZ`m _hmXod S>m|JaamJm`m EH$m CmwJ
ZmH$mS>mda C^mabobm Amho. amo{hS>mMr S>m|JaamJ CVaVmZm ZF$` {Xeobm bm~da EH$m ^`m _moR>m nhmS>m`m S>mo`mda JmYr
Q>monr`m AmH$mamMm H|$OiJS> AYyZ _YyZ XeZ XoV AgVmo. Ho$iOm d _mohZJS> hr H|$OiJS>mMrM CnZmdo AmhoV.
B{Vhmg : ~mam`m eVH$mV ^moOamOmZo H|$OiJS>mMr {Z{_Vr Ho$br. gZ 1648 _ò hm {H$m A{Xbehm`m Am{Yn`mImbr
Ambm. gZ 1674 _ò {edam`mMm _w$m_ {MniyU ehamV nS>bm. dmB Am{U AmOw~mOy`m n[agamVrb gd {H$o {edam`m`m
Vm`mV Ambo hmoVo _m H|$OiJS> AOyZ `m`m Vm`mV Ambm ZhVm. hUyZ {edmOr _hmamOmZr H|$OiJS> Ko`mgmR>r Amn`m
_amR>r \$mOm nmR>d`m. JJmOr {dgamd {H$aXV hm {H$`mMm {H$oXma hmoVm, `mZo _amR>mZm MmoI `wma {Xbo. nU
_amR>mH$Sy>Z Vmo _mabm Jobm Am{U 24 E{b 1674 _ò {H$m _amR>mZr qOH$bm. nwT>o 1701 _ò hm JS> AmaJOo~mH$S>o
Jobm _m bJoM EH$ dfmZo hUOo 1702 _ò naV H|$OiJS> _amR>m`m Vm`mV Ambm. 26 _mM 1818 gmbr {~{Q>e
A{YH$mar OZab pbQ>Pa `mZo XwJmMm Vm~m KoVbm.

JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : H$mo`mhZ gw_mao XmoZ Vmgm`m AmhmXXm`r {ZgJ^_UmZVa AmnU
H|$OiJS>m`m Immda OmD$Z nmohMVmo. _mMrda nyd}H$S>`m AJmbm gnmQ>rda nmM, gmV ImonQ>mMr dVr Amho. {Vbm Amohar
hUVmV. _mJo H|$OiMm ^bm _moR>m IS>H$ C^m AgVmo. `m H$m`m nhmS>m`m _m`mda _O~yV PmS>r d JdVmMo amZ _mObobo
{XgVo. òWo _mJXeH$ Zgob Va PmS>rV CJmM ^Q>H$V ~gmdo bmJVo. hUyZ _mJXeH$m`m ghm`mZo PmS>rVyZ OmUm`m dmQ>oZo
da MTy> bmJbo"H$s AmnU JS>mda nmohMVmo. _m`mbJVM `m JS>mMo d{eQ> Amn`m {ZXeZmg òVo, Vo hUOo EdT>m CMrda
C`m H$mVimV H$mo$Z H$mT>bo`m nm``m. `m {H$`m`m nm``m \$ma l_ H$$Z AdKS> OmJr IS>H$mV H$mo$Z H$mT>`m
AmhoV A`m _moO`m {H$`mnH$s H|$OiJS> AJ^mJr Amho. S>m|Ja {eIamdarb H$mVimV nyU bm~r`m 55 CM CM nm``m
AmhoV. amàoahZ òVmZm H$m`m H$mViq^Vrnmer òD$Z nmohmoMbmo H$s, CO`m hmVmg digm KmbyZ Jobo H$s, nYam drg
{_{ZQ>mV AmnU `m H$mVi nm``mnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo. nm``m`m Imbr WmoS>o nwT>o EH$ Jwhm bmJVo. `m JwhoV H$m`m aJmMo
H$moir _moR>m gòZo AmT>iVmV. `m Jwho`m Oam nwT>o nm`mMo EH$ N>moQ>o Q>mHo$ bmJVo. `mVrb nmUr {n`mgmR>r `mo` Amho.
nm``m`m gwadmVrbm Xmohr ~mOybm XodS>`mMo Adeof AmhoV. nm``m gnVm gnVm òWo nydu XadmOm hmoVm ho gmJUma OmoVo
\$$ {XgVo. _mWm JmR>`mda VQ>mOdi EH$ eV ImoXbobo Vio Amho. `m V`mMo nmUr _moR>o _Ywa Amho. JS>mMm Koa hm
b~dVwimH$ma Am{U N>moQ>mM Amho. Mmahr ~mOyZr Cô Vmerd H$mVi H$S>o AmhoV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr _O~yV Aer VQ>~Xr Amho.
JS>m`m EH$m AJmg dmB mVm`m {Xeog WmoS>r \$ma VQ>~Xr AmT>iVo. EH$ nS>PS> Pmbobm ~w$Ohr Amho. EH$ gwH$bobo Q>mHo$
VgoM H$mhr B_maVtMo ^mdeofhr AmT>iVmV. òWoM da`m AJmg EH$ Mw`mMm KmUm Amho. nwT>o EH$ MmJbr _O~yV Aer B_maV
AmT>iVo. gmYmaU H$moR>mamgmaIr {VMr aMZm Amho. H$mhr H$mJXnm`m CoImZwgma ho Xm$Mo H$moR>ma Agmdo. òWyZ nwT>o
amàoam`m {XeoZo AmogmS> _mi Amho. H$moR>mamnmgyZ Xwg`m {XeoZo MmbV Jobo AgVm AmUIr EH$ Mw`mMm KmUm AmT>iVmo. XmoZ
Mw`mMo KmUo AgUo hUOo JS>mda _moR>m _mUmda ~mYH$m_ Pmbobo Agbo nm{hOo Ago g_OVo. nU JS>_m`mda gd ~mOybm
Agbo`m N>mVrn`V dmT>bo`m JdVm_wio hr ~mYH$m_o emoYUo H$R>rU hmoD$Z ~gVo. `m Xwg`m Mw`m`m Km`mnwT>o H$mhr AVamda
EH$m Ow`m _{XamMo Adeof AmhoV.N>na Zgbo`m `m XodimV H|$OmB XodrMr _yVu Amho. BW`m amJS>m {ZgJmbm gmOo`m
amJS>m XodVm`m BVahr H$mhr _wa`m Amgnmg AmhoV.H|$OiJS>mMr hr S>m|JaamJ _m`mH$S>o {hadmBZo ZQ>bobr {XgVo.
nmdgm`m ZVa ZOrH$`m H$mimV Am`mg gmar YaUr {ha`m JdVmZo AmN>mXbobr AgVo. Aem A_moK gmX`mZo ZQ>bobm
H|$OiJS> hm Q>oqH$JgmR>r AmH$fH$ {R>H$mU R>aVmo

1) .amàoa_mJ}:- amàoa`m XodimH$S>o nmR> H$$Z COdrH$S>rb eoVm`m ~mYmd$Z Q>oH$S>rImbr CVabo H$s g_moa
H|$OiJS>mMm Koam, ~mbo{H$m Am{U amàoabm OmoS>Umar S>m|JaamJ n> {XgVo. AmUIr Xhm {_{ZQ>o Mmb`mda nR>ma gnVo.
VoWyZ Imbr CVam`bm EH$ bmoIS>r {eS>r Amho. {eS>rZo Imb`m Ymaoda CVamdo. COdrH$S>o Imbr Imdbr Jmd {XgVo. g_moa
H|$OiJS>m`m nmR>r_mJo Agbob Ymo_ YaUmVrb nmUr Am{U `m`mM nbrH$S>o Agbobm H$_iJS>mMm _mWm Amn`mbm IwUmdV
AgVmo. `mM dmQ>oZo XrS>-EH$ Vmg MmbV am{hbo H$s H|$OiJS>m`m C`m H$mViq^Vrer òD$Z nmohMVmo.
2) H$mob}_mJ}:- ^moahZ gH$mir gmS>ogmV dmOVm H$mob}`m Jmdr Eg.Q>r. ~g òVo. VmgmâmV ~g H$mo`mbm nmohMVo. VoWyZ
npM_obm H|$OiMm _mJ OmVmo Va Cmaobm amàoamMo nR>ma {XgVo. ^moahZ Am~dS>mbm {XdgmVyZ Xhm ~gog òVmV.
Am~dS>mbm CV$Zhr H$mo`mbm nm`r ( gmYmaU 6{H$_r ) OmVm òVo. {MIbdS>o, {Q>Q>oKaH$S>o òUm`m Eg.Q>r. Zohr H$mob}JmR>Vm
òVo. H$mo`mhZ JS>mda XmoZ VmgmV nmohMVm òVo.
3) dmB_mJ}JS>mda ò`mgmR>r AmUIr EH$ _mJ Amho. dmBhZ Imdbr Jmdr `mdo. Imdbr Jmdr OoWo Eg.Q>r. Wm~Vo VoWyZ WmoS>o
nwT>o 5 - 10 {_{ZQ>o Mmb`mda COdrH$S>o JS>mda OmUmam aVm {XgVmo. AYm JS> MTy>Z Jo`mda WmoS>r dVr bmJVo. òWn`VMm
aVm hr EH$ H$r gS>H$ Amho. òWyZ nwT>o nm`dmQ>oZo AYm - EH$ VmgmV AmnU JS>mda òVmo. JS>m`m H$mVimOdi Am`mda
AmnU S>m|Jagm|S>odZ òUm`m dmQ>oda òVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr. V~y R>moHy$Z amhVm òD$ eH$Vo. nU dmam MS> AgVmo. Xwgar gmo` hUOo
AmoharMr dVr. Oo_Vo_ nmM-gmV KamMr hr Am{Xdmgr dVr Agbr Var VoWrb H|$OimB XodimV Xhm-~mam OUmMr ahm`mMr
gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnUM H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb V`mMo nmUr {n`mgmR>r dmnaVm òD$ eH$Vo. H$mVi nm``m`m Imbr WmoS>o nwT>o EH$ Jwhm bmJVo.
`m Jwho`m Oam nwT>o nm`mMo EH$ N>moQ>o Q>mHo$ bmJVo. `mVrb nmUr {n`mgmR>r Cn`w$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1) amàoa aVm Vo H|$OiJS> - 3 Vmg,
damQ> JS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 3340 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: _hm~ioa
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : _`_
damQ> JS> hm dmB mVmV òUmam {H$m Amho. dmB nmgyZ 8 {H$._r AVamda AgUmam hm {H$m EH$m {XdgmV nmhZ òD$ eH$Vmo.
nm``m`m Jmdmn`V OmUm`m ~gog d BVa JmS>m `m_wio `m n[agamVrb ^Q>H$Vr \$maM gmonr Amho.
B{Vhmg : damQ>JS> hm {ebmhma amOm ^moO mZo AH$am`m eVH$mV ~mYbm. {edH$mimVhr {H$m Ho$di EH$ bH$ar R>mUo
hUyZM dmnamV hmoVm. {edam`mZr O|hm dmB mV qOH$bm Vohm m n[agamVrb damQ>JS>, nmS>dJS> ho {H$o XoIrb dam`mV
gm_rb H$$Z KoVbo. nwT>o 1818 _ò {H$m BJOmZr
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>_mWm \$maM bhmZ Amho. JS>mda WmoS>m\$ma _mUmV H$mhr nS>`m dVyMo
Adeof AmhoV. doemam`m S>m`m ~mOyg H$S>m`m Imb`m ~mOyg nmM Vo ghm Q>mH$s AmhoV. CO`m ~mOyg N>moQ>r Jwhm Amho.
gmYmaUV: 20 Vo 25 nm``m MTy>Z AmnU JS>mda nmohMVmo. S>m`m hmVmbmM _mVrMo _{Xa Amho. Va _{Xam~mhoa gwm _mVrMr
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BVWV: ngabobo AmT>iVmV. WmoS>o emoYH$m` Ho$`mg AmUIr H$mhrVar gmnSy> eHo$b. JS> {\$a`mg 1 Vmg bmJVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV. `mgmR>r `mOdmS>rbm nmohMmdo. dmB gmVmam _mJmda 4
{H$._r da H$S>oJmd nyb òWo CVamdo. òWyZ `mOdmS>r `m JmdmV `mdo. JmdmVyZ JS>mda Om`mg XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV. EH$ dmQ> MmJbr
_ibobr Amho. _m hr Oam {\$$Z OmVo. Va Xwgar dmQ> S>m`m ~mOy`m ZmH$mS>md$Z OmVo. gmYmaUV: `m dmQ>oZo 1/2 Vmg JS>
JmR>`mg bmJVmo. Va n{h`m dmQ>oZo 1 Vmg bmJVmo. nwT>o Xmohr dmQ>m EH$ {_iVmV Am{U 10 {_{ZQ>o JS>_mWm JmR>`mg bmJVmo.
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Amho. _m hr dmQ> Iyn {ZgaS>r Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb _mVr _{XamV AXmOo 8 Vo 10 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : JS>mda JJZ{Jar _hmamOmMo {e` amhVmV. `m`mH$S>o 2 - 4 OUmMr OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo. OmV bmoH$
AgVrb Va OodUmMr gmo` AmnUM H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr {n`mMr gmo` Amho. doemam`m S>mdrH$S>o 5 Vo 6 {n`m`m nm`m`m Q>mH$s AmhoV.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : EH$ Vo XrS> Vmg
dYZJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 1500 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: gmVmam - \$bQ>U
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
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AmaJOo~mZo {H$`mMo Zmd ~XbyZ "gm{XH$JS>' Ago R>odbo.
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dOV^m`m WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda VQ>mVyZ ~mhoa nS>`mgmR>r MmoadmQ> V`ma Ho$bobr Amho.
Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda g_moaM EH$ _mR>o Q>oH$mS> {XgVo.`mda MTy>Z Om`mgmR>r XJS>m`m ~mYbo`m nm`-`m AmhoV.`m
Q>oH$mS>mda MTy>Z OmVmZm dmQ>oVM hZw_mZmMr ^ XJS>r _yVu Amho.nwT>o eH$amMo N>moQ>ogo XoD$i bmJVo.`m`mM ~mOybm {n`m`m
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ho JS>mMr A{Y>mr dYZr_mVoMo Amho._{Xa OrUm}XmarV Ag`m_wio g`m aJaJmoQ>r Ho$`m_wio AmH$fH$ {XgVo. _{Xamg_moa
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Imbr CVaVo.`mdmQ>oZo Imbr CVaVmZm COdrH$S>o nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. gnyU JS> {\$a`mg EH$ Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r \$bQ>U qH$dm gmVmam `m Xmohr ~mOyZr aVo
AmhoV. dYZJS> JmdmVyZM {H$`mMr ^$_ VQ>~Xr {XgVo.AmOhr {H$`mMr VQ>~Xr MmJ`m pW{VV em~yV Amho.nm``m`m
dYZJS> JmdmVyZ {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r EH$ eV dmQ> Amho.hr dmQ> WoQ> JS>m`m doemamnmer nmohMdVo.`m dmQ>oZo JS>mMm XadmOm
JmR>`mg AYm Vmg bmJVmo.dYZJS> JmdmV {eaVmZm XmoZ Vmo\$m Amnbo dmJV H$a`mgmR>r _moR>m S>mbmZo C`m AmhoV.
1. \$bQ>U_mJ}
\$bQ>U_mJ}dYZJS> JmdmV XmoZ _mJmZr nmohMVm òVo.
1 - \$bQ>U - _moiKmQ> - nwgoJmd JmR>mdo.`m_mJ}nwgoJmd Jmd \$bQ>U nmgyZ 41
{H$._r da Amho.
2 - \$bQ>U - X{hdS>r _mJ}nwgoJmd JmR>mdo `m_mJ}nwgoJmd Jmd \$bQ>U nmgyZ
45 {H$._r da Amho.
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Jmd Amho.\$bQ>U Vo nwgoJmd Aer Eg Q>r godm CnbY Amho.
2. gmVmam_mJ}
gmVmam - nT>anya _mJmda nwgoJmd`m A{bH$S>o 5 {H$._r da dYZJS> JmdmMm \$mQ>m Amho.gmVmam nwgoJmd Aer Eg Q>r
godm CnbY Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb dYZr_mVoMo _{XamV AXmOo 8 Vo 10 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr {n`mMr gmo` Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AYm > Vmg
gVmofJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 2900 \y$Q>
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
gmrMr _w` S>m|JaamJ VmnJS>mnmgyZ VrZ ^mJm_ò {d^mJbr Jobobr Amho.e^y_hmXod amJ ,~m_Umobr amJ Am{U hgmo~m amJ `mnH$s
hgmo~m S>m|JaaJoda gVmofJS>,dmJS>,_{h_mZJS> Am{U dYZJS> ho {H$o AmhoV.hm gd
n[aga Vgm H$_r nmdgmMmM _m D$gm`m eoVr_wio gd n[aga gYZ Pmbobm Amho.gd {R>H$mUr drO ,XyadZr Aem AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYm
gwXm CnbY AmhoV.\$bQ>U `m _mU Vmbw`mV AgUm-`m `m {H$`mZm nmh`mgmR>r XmoZ {Xdg nwaVmV.gVmofJS>mbm VmWdS>mMm
{H$m Ago hr hUVmV.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : AmO {H$`mMm XadmOm _m Ho$di Zm__mM {eH$ am{hbobm Amho.Xadm`m_Yrb
nhmaoH$-`mMm XodS>m AmOhr gwpW{VV AmhoV.Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda g_moaM hZy_mZmMo Q>mHo$ Amho.`m`mM _mJo dmS>mMo d
KamMo Adeof AmhoV.Ym` H$moR>mam`m q^{V C`m AmhoV nU N>na CS>mbobo Amho.`m`mM _mJ`m ~mOybm EH$ _moR>m I>m
Amho.bm~d$Z nm{h`mg EImXr {dhraM dmQ>Vo _m Odi Jo`mda g_OVo H$s Imbr nm`mM Q>mH$ Amho Am{U Q>m`mV CVa`mgmR>r
M$ H$mViq^{Vbm ^moH$ nmSy>Z nm`-`m Ho$bo`m AmhoV.{H$`mMr n{h`m Q>`mda AgUmar gajH$ VQ>~Xr , ~wO AmOhr MmJ`m
n[apWV Cô AmhoV.AmO{_{Vg AZoH$ {H$`mMr VQ>~Xr T>mgibo`m AmT>iVmV nU gVmofJS>`mbm AndmX Amho.{H$`mMm gnyU
n[aga ^Q>H$`mg XmoZ Vmg nwaVmV.{H$m gm N>moQ>mgmM Amho nU VQ>~Xr ,~wO Ago nmh`mgmIo ~aoM H$mhr Amho.JS>md$Z \$ma
Xya`m Xoemda ZOa R>odVm òV Ago.npM_og _moiKmQ>,X{jUnyd ngabobr S>m|JaamJ `mM S>m|JaamJoda grVm~mBMm S>m|Ja d dm$JS>
Amho.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : m {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r \$bQ>U Am{U gmVmam Xmohr ehamVyZ OmVm òVo.VmWdS>o {H$`m`m nm``mMo
Jmd Amho.VmWdS>obm AZoH$ _mJmZr nmohMVm òVo.\$bQ>U Vo VmWdS>o Aer Eg Q>r godm Xa A`m Vmgmbm CnbY Amho.\$bQ>U Vo VmWdS>o ho
gmYmaU 19 {H$._r Mo AVa Amho.gmVm-`mhZ nwgoJmd _moiKmQ>_mJ}\$bQ>Ubm OmUm-`m ~gZo VmWdS>o bm CVaVm òVo.nwgoJmd Vo VmWdS>o ho
gmYmaU 23 {H$._r Mo AVa Amho.VmWdS>o JmdmVyZ {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r `dpWV dmQ> Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$`mda Om`mg AYm Vmg
bmJVmo.VmWdS>o JmdmV "~mb{gXMo OrUm}Xma' Ho$bobo _{Xa Amho._{Xam`m nmàrd$Z gZ 1762 _ò {H$`mMm OrUm}Xma Ho$`mMo
g_OVo.JS> hm VrZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho.n{h`m Q>`mda gajH$ VQ>~Xr Va Xwg-`m Q>`mda _mMrMm ^mJ Am{U gdmV daMm ~mbo{H$mMm
^mJ Amho. {H$`mda Om`m`m dmQ>oda EH$ _R> Amho.`m _R>m`mM ~mOybm EH$ Jwhm Amho.`m JwhoV WS> nm`mMm gmR>m Amho.EH$ dmp_H$s
F$qfMr _yVu Amho._R>m`mM da`m ~mOybm EH$ XadmOm Amho _m òWn`V nmohM`mgmR>r digm KmbyZ `mdo bmJVo._R>m`m S>m`m ~mOybm
OmUmar dmQ> VQ>~Xrbm {MQ>Hy$ZM nwT>o OmVo.nwT>o dmQ>oVM EH$ N>moQ>ogo XoD$i bmJVo.òWyZ da WmoS>r COdrH$S>o gaH$V OmUmar dmQ> Amn`mbm
WoQ> {H$`m`m Xadm`mVM KoD$Z OmVo.JS> hm VrZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho.n{h`m Q>`mda gajH$ VQ>~Xr Va Xwg-`m Q>`mda _mMrMm
^mJ Am{U gdmV daMm ~mbo{H$mMm ^mJ Amho. {H$`mda Om`m`m dmQ>oda EH$ _R> Amho.`m _R>m`mM ~mOybm EH$ Jwhm Amho.`m JwhoV WS>
nm`mMm gmR>m Amho.EH$ dmp_H$s F$qfMr _yVu Amho._R>m`mM da`m ~mOybm EH$ XadmOm Amho _m òWn`V nmohM`mgmR>r digm KmbyZ
`mdo bmJVo._R>m`m S>m`m ~mOybm OmUmar dmQ> VQ>~Xrbm {MQ>Hy$ZM nwT>o OmVo.nwT>o dmQ>oVM EH$ N>moQ>ogo XoD$i bmJVo.òWyZ da WmoS>r COdrH$S>o
gaH$V OmUmar dmQ> Amn`mbm WoQ> {H$`m`m Xadm`mVM KoD$Z OmVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr .

nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda {n`mMo nmUr Zmhr.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : VmWdS>o JmdmVyZ AYm Vmg.
dmJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 3000 \y$Q>
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
_mUmJJm ZXr {OWo CJ_ nmdVo `m grVm~mB`m S>m|JamV S>m`m Hw$erda EH$ {H$m Amho `mMo Zmd Amho dmJS>.{H$m _mU Vmbw`mV
X{hdS>r`m Bemòg 20 _bmda Amho.
B{Vhmg :
{H$m {edam`mZr ~mYbm Ago gmJVmV.`m {H$`mMm {H$oXma na^yOmVrMm hmoVm.200 nhmaoH$ar d ~arM {e~Xr {H$`mda
hmoVr.1818 _ò gmVma`m amOm`m \$S>Urg {d>bnV `mZo 200 bmoH$ nmR>dyZ Xwg-`m ~mOramdmH$Sy>Z KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$m hm XmoZ ^mJmV _moS>Vmo.EH$ JS>mMr _mMr Va Xwgam ~mbo{H$m.
1. dmJS> _mMr
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Vr ~-`mM _moR>m _mUmda em~yV Amho. ~mbo{H$`mda OmUmam _mJ hm `m _mMrVyZM nwT>o OmVmo.`m _mMrV {ea`mgmR>r nydu 5 XadmOo
hmoVo._m g pW{Vbm XmoZM {eH$ Amho {Jadr OmYddmS>r `m _mJ}_mMrV doe H$aUmar dmQ> EH$m XadmOmVyZ da òVo.Va _m|Ji KmoS>odmS>r _mMrV doe H$aUmar dmQ> Xwg-`m XadmOmVyZ da òVo. _mMrda KamMo ,dmS>mMo AZoH$ Adeof AmhoV.XmoZ Vo VrZ nm`mMr
Q>mH$s,Vir gwXm AmhoV._mMrda âmo~mMo OrUm}XmarV _{Xa gwXm Amho._{Xa eV Ag`mZo òWo amh`mMr gmo` hmoD$ eH$Vo.gnyU
_mMr {\$a`mg XmoZ Vmg bmJVmV.
2. ~mbo{H$m
{Jadr OmYddmS>rVyZ _mMrda òUmam aVm XadmOmVyZ nwT>o Jo`mda XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm OmVmo.COdrH$S>o Am{U S>mdrH$S>o
OmUam aVm _mMrdarb KmoS>odmS>rH$S>o OmVmo Va gai da OmUmar dmQ> 15 {_{ZQ>mV ~mbo{H$`m`m doemamnmer òD$Z
YS>H$Vo.XadmOmMr VQ>~Xr AmOhr em~yV Amho.~mbo{H$`mda nmohM`mda g_moaM EH$ gXaoMr B_maV Amho.AmO Vr nyUnUo Z`mZo
~mYyZ H$mT>bobr Amho.g_moaM nm`mMo Q>mHo$ d EH$ {dhra Amho.{dhra ~-`mM _mUmV ~wObobr Amho. {H$`md$Z g_moaMm n[aga
nmhrbm H$s Amn`mbm OmUdVo H$s {H$m {H$Vr _mo`m`m {R>H$mUr dgbobm Amho.g_moaM {XgUmam grVm~mBMm S>m|Ja , _hmXod S>m|JaamJ
hm n[aga {XgVmo.gVmofJS>d$Z grVm~mB`m S>m|JamVyZ EH$ dmQ> dmJS>mda òVo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : dmJS>mda Om`Mo Ag`mg \$bQ>U JmR>mdo.\$bQ>U nmgyZ {H$`mda Om`mg AZoH$ _mJ AmhoV.
dmJS> _w`V: XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho.EH$ JS>mMr _mMr `mda KmoS>odmS>r ZmdmMr dVr Amho. Va Xwgam dmJS>mMm ~mbo{H$m.
~mbo{H$`mV Om`mgmR>r _mMrVyM Omdo bmJVo._mMrV Om`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ AmhoV EH$ JmS>raVm Amho Omo WoQ> _mMrV OmVmo Va Xwgam _mJ
hUOo nm`dmQ> Or WoQ> {H$`mda KoD$Z OmVo.
1. \$bQ>U Vo {Jadr
\$bQ>U Vo {Jadr Aer Eg Q>r godm CnbY Amho.{JadrVyZ 5 {H$_r AVamda AgUmam OmYddmS>m JmR>mdm.OmYddmS>m ho
{H$`m`m nm``mMo Jmd Amho.òWyZ dmJS> _mMrda Om`mg 2 Vmg bmJVmV._mMrVyZ ~mbo{H$`mda Om`mg 20 {_{ZQ>o nwaVmV.
2. \$bQ>U XhrdS>r
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JmS>raVm WoQ> _mMrdarb KmoS>odmS>r dVrV KoD$Z OmVmo._m|Ji Vo KmoS>odmS>r AVa 15 {H$._r Mo Amho. \$bQ>U XhrdS>r a`mda \$bQ>U
gmoS>`mZa 26 {H$_r AVamda ~rOdmS>r ZmdMo Jmd bmJVo.`m JmdmVyZ EH$ H$m JmS>raVm WoQ> _mMrdarb KmoS>odmS>rV OmVmo.nwT>o hm aVm da
gmJ{Vbo`m a`mbm òD$Z {_iVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : dmJS>m`m _mMrda AgUm-`m âdJS>m`m _{XamV 100 bm|H$mMr gmo` hmoVo..

nm`mMr gmo` : _mMrda ~mam_hr {n`mMo nm`mMr Q>mH$s Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : OmYddmS>rVyZ XmoZ Vmg bmJVmo.
Om`mgmR>r Cm_ H$mbmdYr : gd F$VwV OmVm òVo.
_{h_mZJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 3000 \y$Q>
{Ohm : gmVmam
loUr : gmonr
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amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda Zmhr.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Zmhr.
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Ag`mZo JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>mhr \$ma AmhoV.
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OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` JS>mda OodUmMr gmo` CnbY Amho.

nm`mMr gmo` : nmUr {dnwb _mUmV CnbY Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : {Iaoa _mJ}4 Vmg Va nmMZB _mJ}3 Vmg bmJVmV
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~mJbmU mVmda `mZr Amnbm eh ~gdbm.`m_wio gwaV ehamg H$m`_Mr XheV ~gbr.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : dmK~o _mJ}JS>mda Am`mg COdrH$S>o Am{U gmhoadmS>rhZ JS>mda Am`mg
S>mdrH$S>o di`mg nmM Vo Xhm {_{ZQ>m`m AVamda H$mhr ^ nmdbo`m _{XamMo Adeof AmT>iVmV. nwT>o WmoS>`mM AVamda
nm`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AgyZ g_moa JJmgmJa Vbmd >rg nS>Vmo. Vbmdm`m ~mOwbmM aoUwH$m _mVoMo Am{U JUoemMo N>na Zgbobo
_{Xa Amho. `m _{Xam`m OdiyZ XmoZ dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV. COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> gai EH$m nm`m`m Q>m`mnmer KoD$Z OmVo.
Q>m`mg_moaM EH$ `kdoXr Amho. OdiM EH$ _yVuXoIrb Amho. _{XamnmgyZ da MT>V OmUmar dmQ> Amn`mbm VrZ Jwhmnmer
KoD$Z OmVo. Jwhm`m g_moa _m$VrMo _{Xa Amho. `m Jwhm_ò ahmVm òD$ eH$Vo. JwhmeoOmaMr da OmUmar dmQ> JS>m`m A`w
{eIamda KoD$Z OmVo. `m {eIamda lr naewam_mMo _{Xa Amho. `m CM JS>_m`mda H$mhrem T>mgibo`m AdWoV Agbo`m
`m _{XamV naewam_mMr _yVu d nmXwH$m AmhoV, Am{U OmoS>rbm ^mZ hanyZ Q>mH$Umam {ZgJ. òWyZ AmOy~mOy`m XoemMo {dhJ_
` ZOaog nS>Vo. òWyZ gnyU ~mJbmU {d^mJ {XgVmo. hm JS> S>mJ - JwOamV Am{U ~mJbmU `mZm OmoS>Um-`m `mnmar dmQ>oda
Ag`mZo gajU Q>m _hdmMm hmoVm. g_moa X{jU ~mOybm AOR>m - gmV_mim S>m|JamVbo YmoS>n, BImar`m ho gwiHo$
{XgVmV. nyd}H$S>o _mJr-VwJr, Vm~moi`m, hmdrJS>, hZw_mZ Q>oH$S>r, _whoaJS>, haJS>, _moamJS> Am{U gmbmoQ>m ZOaog nS>VmV.
g_moaM haU~marMo YaU bj doYyZ KoVo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r _wI XmoZ _mJ AmhoV.
dmKm~o _mJ}:
gmhabm Om`mgmR>r Zm{eH$-gQ>mUm_mJ}Vmham~mX JmR>mdo.JwOamV_YyZ `m`Mo Pm`mg S>mJ {Oh`mVyZ
Vmham~mXbm Om`mg aVm Amho.Vmham~mXhZ _whoa_mJ}dmK~ Aer Eg.Q>r.AWdm Orn godm XoIrb CnbY Amho.dmK~o
JmR>`mda JmdmVyZM gmhoa-gmbmoQ>m `m`m qIS>rVyZ gmhoabm OmUmar dmQ> Amho.dmQ>oV Hw$R>ohr nmUr ZgyZ qIS>rn`V
MmbUmar dmQ>Mmb X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho.`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda Om`mgmR>r gmYmaU AS>rM Vmg bmJVmV.`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda OmVmZm
Mma XadmOo bmJVmV.{Vg`m Vo Mm`m XadmOm`m Xa`mZ H$S>mV ImoXbo`m 18Vo 20Jwhm AmhoV.Mm`m XadmOm`m
H$_mZrda EH$ {ebmboI AmT>iVmo. òWyZ AmV Am`mda g_moaM EH$ nR>ma {XgVo.
gmhoadmS>r _mJ}: gmhoadmS>r ho Jmd dmK~o Jmdm`m nwT>o Amho.gmhoadmS>rbm XmoZ _mJmZr OmVm òVo.EH$ gQ>mUm-Vmham~mX_wha-gmhoadmS>r Agm Amho.gmhoadmS>rhZ JS>mda OmUmar dmQ> X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho.`m dmQ>oZo ghm XadmOo nma H$$Z gw_mao
VrZ VmgmZr AmnU JS>mda nmhMVmo.dmQ> _idbobr Ag`mZo MyH$`mMr e`Vm Zmhr.`m dmQ>o Hw$R>ohr nmUr Zmhr.
_miXa _mJ}: JS>mda Om`mgmR>r Agbobr hr dmQ> \$maer dmnamV Zmhr.hr dmQ> _miXa JmdVyZM OmVo.gQ>m`mhZ Eg.Q>r.Zo
_miXabm OmVm òVo.hr dmQ> gmhoa d gmbmoQ>m `m`m Xa`mZ`m qIS>r_YyZ OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda Om`bm gmYmaU VrZ Vmg
nwaVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda Agbo`m VrZ Jwhm_ò ahm`mMr `dpWV hmoD$ eH$Vo.
nm`mMr gmo` : JJmgmJa Vbmd d `m`m ~mOyg AgUmar XmoZ nm`mMr Q>mH$s `mVrb nmUr {n`mg `mo` Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : dmKm~o _mJ}AS>rM Vmg , gmhoadmS>r _mJ}VrZ Vmg, _miXa _mJ}VrZ Vmg
_whoa
{H$`mMr CMr : 4290\y$Q>
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
gmr ndVm`m Cma-X{jU amJoMr gwdmV Zm{eH$ {OmVrb ~mJbmUmVyZ hmoVo. CmaoH$Sy>Z gw$ hmoUm-`m `m gm{`m
amJobm gob~mar qH$dm S>mob~mar amJ Ago hUVmV. gob~mar amJoda _mJr-VwJr gwiHo$, hmdrJS>, Vm~mo`m Ago JS> AmhoV Va
Xwg-`m S>mob~mar amJoda _whoa, _moamJS>, gmhoa, haJS>, gmbmoQ>m ho JS>{H$o AmhoV. npM_oH$S>rb JwOamV _Yrb KZXmQ>
OJb Agbobm S>mJMm Xoe Am{U _hmam>mVrb ~mJbmU {d^mJ `m`m gr_oda ho {H$o dgbobo AmhoV. ~mJwbJoS> hUOoM
~mJbmU. gwnrH$, gn Am{U gYZ Agm Xoe. JwOamV Am{U _hmam>m`m gr_odarb hm Xoe Ag`mZo òWrb OZOrdZmda
JwOamVr Am{U _hmam>r` Aem g{_l AmMma{dMmamMm ^md nS>bobm Amho. nm`mMo _mU OmV Ag`mZo ~mJm`Vr eoVr
_moR>m _mUmda MmbVo `m_wio bmoH$mMr Am{WH$ pWVr hr \$ma MmJbr Amho. _whoaMm {H$m hm Zm{eH$ {OmV gQ>mUm
Vmbw`mV Amho. {H$`m`m nm``mer _whoa ZmdmMo Jmd Amho.
B{Vhmg : _whoaMm {H$m hm mMrZ {H$m Amho. nydu {H$`mVM Jmd dgbobo hmoVo. _m H$mbmVamZo Jmd Imbr CVabo Am{U
nm``mnmgyZ gw_mao 2 {H$._r. AVamda dgbo. ho _whoa Jmd _hm^maVH$mbrZ Amho. `mMo Zmd hmoVo aZnya. `m ^mJmV _`yadO
ZmdmMm amOm hmoD$Z Jobm Am{U Jmdmbm _`yanya Zmd nS>bo. Va {H$`mbm _`yaJS> ho Zmd nS>bo. AmaJOo~mZo {H$m qOH$bm
Vohm `mMo Zmd AmaJJS> Ago R>od`mV Ambo. nwamUmV _whoaMm CoI òVmo. _m Imrbm`H$ _m{hVr MmXm`m eVH$m`m
n{h`m XeH$mV {_iVo. _whoaMm {H$m ~mJwb amOmZr ~mYbm. B.g. 1308 Vo 1619 n`V ~mJwbmZr òWo am` Ho$bo. `m
Kam`m`m Zmdmd$ZM n[agambm ~mJwbJoS> d `mMm Anê ~mJbmU ho Zmd nS>bo. ~mJwb amOo ho _wiMo H$ZmoOMo. `m ~mJwb
Kam`m`m H$mimVM OJ{g _whoar _yR> ~Zd`mV Ambr. `m Kam`mV EHy$U 11 amOo Pmbo. `m amOmZm ~{hOu hr nXdr
hmoVr. {dO`ZJa_ò qhXy gmm Wm{nV hmo`mnydu {H$VrVar AJmoXa ~mJbmU _ò qhXygmm Wm{nV hmoVr. AH$~amZo Oohm
ImZXoemMo am` qOH$bo Vohm Vmnehm ~{hOu ~mJbmUMm amOm hmoVm. `mZo _moJbmMo gmd^m_d nH$abo. nwT>o emhOhmZer `m
amOmZo _rnyU g~Y {Z_mU Ho$bo. Owb 1636 bm AmaJOo~mMr X{jUoMm am`nmb hUyZ Zo_UyH$ Pmbr. B.g. 1638 _ò
_moJbmZr ~mJbmUda hm Ho$bm Am{U _whoa {H$m qOH$bm d `mMo Zmd AmaJJS> Ago R>odbo. 15 \o$~wdmar 1638 amoOr
d^dembr qhXwMo am` gnw>mV òD$Z VoWo _moJbmMr gmm Wm{nV Pmbr. _whoa hr ~mJbmUMr nanamJV amOYmZr.
{H$`mda _h_X Vm{ha `mMr Zo_UyH$ W_ {H$oXma hUyZ Pmbr. `m Vm{haZo _whoaOdi Vmhra ZmdmMo Jmd dgdbo d `mMo
H$mbmVamZo Vm{ham~mX Ago Zm_H$aU Pmbo. B.g. 1662 _ò _whoa {H$`m_Yrb g{ZH$mZr Anw-`m nJmamgmR>r ~S> Ho$bo.
Xwg-`m gwaV bwQ>rZVa {edmOr _hmamOmZr ~mJbmU _mohr_ CKS>br. `m_ò `mZr gmhoa, _whoa d BVa {H$o dam`mV
gm_rb H$$Z KoVbo. _amR>mZr 1671 _ò W_ _whoada hm Ho$bm nU {H$oXmamZo Vmo WmondyZ Yabm. _J _amR>mZr `mMm
ZmX gmoS>bm. _m gmhoa`m bT>mBZVa \o$~wdmar 1672 _ò _amR>mZr _whoaJS> H$m~rO Ho$bm. `mZVa nwhm {H$m
_moJbm`m hmVmV nS>bm.nwT>o B.g. 1752 `m ^mbH$s`m VhmZwgma _whoagH$Q> ImZXoe_Yrb gd Xoe _amR>m`m hmVr
Ambm. `mZVa q~H$ JmoqdX _whoaMm {H$oXma Pmbm. nwT>o 1765 _ò {H$`mda JwYZ {_im`m`m Zm|Xr noedo XVamV
AmhoV. Aem arVrZo 15 Owb 1818 amoOr hm {H$m {~{Q>em`m VmdS>rV gmnS>bm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _whoaJS>mMo m_w`mZo 2 ^mJ nS>VmV. EH$ hUOo _whoa _mMr Am{U _whoa
~mbo{H$m. JUoe_{Xam nmgyZ 2 dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV. EH$ dmQ> da MT>V OmVo d Xwg-`m dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo. `m dmQ>oZo S>mdrH$S>o
Jo`mda 10 {_{ZQ>mVM gmo_oa _{Xa bmJVo Va COdrH$H$S>o OmUmar dmQ> Am{U JUoe_{Xam nmgyZ {ZKUmar COdrH$S>Mr dmQ>
EH$ òD$Z {_iVmV. `mM dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ nR>ma bmJVo. nR>mamnmgyZ XmoZ dmQ>m bmJVmV. da OmUmar dmQ> _moVr
Vbmdmnmer OmVo. `m Q>m`mVrb nmUr {n`mg `mo` Amho. nR>mamnmgyZ g_moa OmUmar dmQ> amOdmS>m`m ^ Adeofmnmer
KoD$Z OmVo. òWoM EH$ Jw XadmOmXoIrb Amho. amOdmS>m`m WmoS>o Imbr Am`mda am_b_U _{Xa bmJVo. amOdmS>m`m
dmQ>oZo WmoS>o AVa MmbyZ Jo`mda _whoa d haJS> `m_Yrb qIS> bmJVo. gmo_oa _{XamH$S>o OmV AgVmZm dmQ>oVM S>mdrH$S>o 3
_Obr MXZ~md bmJVo. g`m òWo MS> PmS>r PwSy>no AmhoV. gmo_oa _{Xa amh`mgmR>r Cm_ OmJm Amho. _moVr Q>m`m`m
COdrH$S>o da MT>V OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo AYm Vmg Mmb`mda AmnU ~mbo{H$`m`m _hmmamnmer òD$Z nmohmoMVmo. AmV Jo`mda
S>mdrH$S>o Jwhm AmhoV, Va g_moaM nm`mM Q>mH$ Amho. _whoaJS>mMm ~mbo{H$m hUOo _moR>o nR>ma. ~mbo{H$`mda nmohmoM`mda
g_moaM nm`mMr 9-10 Q>mH$s AmhoV. amOdmS>mMo ^mdeof, ^S>JZmWmMo _{Xa `m gd Jmo>r AmhoV. ^S>JZmWm`m _{Xam`m
da AgUm-`m Q>oH$S>rd$Z Imbr CVabmo H$s _moamJS>mH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> {XgVo. g_moaM AgUmar _mJr-VwJrMr {eIao, hmdrJS>,
Vm~mo`m, hZw_mZJS> bj doYyZ KoVmV.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : _whoa {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m ApVdmV AmhoV. `m Xmohr dmQ>m _whoa JmdmVyZM
OmVmV. _whoa Jmd Vo {H$`mMm nm`Wm `mV 2 {H$._r. Mo AVa Amho. JmdmVyZ 25 {_{ZQ>o MmbV nwT>o Am`mda S>mdrH$S>o EH$
Ka bmJVo, Am{U g_moaM dS>mMo EH$ PmS> {XgVo. PmS>mnmgyZ gai nwT>o Omdo. Xhm {_{ZQ>mVM YZJadmS>r bmJVo. YZJadmS>r
d$Z OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. gmYmaU 45 {_{ZQ>mZr 2 dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV. EH$ dmQ> gai Va Xwgar COdrH$S>o diVo.
gai dmQ> : gai OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo 20 {_{ZQ>mV _whoa _mMrdarb JUoe _{Xamnmer nmohMVmo. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda doe H$aVmZm 3
XadmOo bmJVmV. Vo gd T>mgibo`m AdWoV AmhoV. dmQ> gmYr d gmonr Amho. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda nmohmoM`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.
COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> : COdrH$S>`m dmQ>oZo Jo`mda XmoZ VmgmZr AmnU _whoa_mMr darb JUoe _{XamV nmohMVmo. `m dmQ>oZohr
JS>mda doe H$aVmZm 3 XadmOo bmJVmV. hr dmQ> Oam XyaMr Amho. hr dmQ> haJS> d _whoa {H$m `m`m qIS>rVyZ da MT>Vo. `m
qIS>rVyZ S>mdrH$S>o _whoa Va COdrH$S>o haJS> bmJVmo. `m dmQ>oZo JS>mda nmohM`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : _whoa_mMrdarb gmo_oa Am{U JUoe _{XamV Am{U ~mbo{H$`mda AgUm-`m JwhoV amhVm òVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mdarb _moVr Q>m`mVrb nmUr {n`mg `mo` Amho. _m ho nmUr \o$~wdmarn`VM CnbY AgVo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : gmYmaU 2 Vmg JmdmnmgyZ. gmYmaU 3 Vmg qIS>rV`m dmQ>oZo
_moamJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 4450
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
^mJmo{bH$ >`m nm{hbo Va _moamJS> hm _whoa {H$`mMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho. _moamJS> hUOo _whoa {H$`mMm Xwgam ~mbo{H$mM
hmo`.
B{Vhmg : B{VhmgmV `m JS>mMm dV Agm CoI H$aUao EH$hr H$mJXn CnbY Zmhr.
JS>_m`mda OmVmZm Xwg`m XadmOm`mOdi EH$ Jwhm Amho. JS>_mWm hUOo EH$
nR>maM hmo`._m`mda XmoZ Vo VrZ nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.EH$ gwXa ~mYrd Vbmd Amho. XmoZ VrZ dmS>mMo Adeof Amnbo
ApVd {Q>H$dyZ AmhoV. ~mH$s JS>mda H$mhr Zmhr. JS>md$Z _whoaMo nR>ma d _mMr,haJS>,_mJr-VwJr,hmdrJS>,Vm~mo`m,hZw_mZ
Q>oH$S>r `mMo {dhJ_ ` {XgVo
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : _moamJS>mda OmUmar EH$M dmQ> Amho. Vr _whoaJS>m`m ~mbo{H$`md$Z OmVo._whoa_mMrda
AgUm`m gmo_oa _{XamnmgyZ da OmUmar dmQ>gwm _moamJS>mda OmVo.nwT>o `m Xmohr dmQ>m EH$_oH$mZm {_iVmV. _whoaJS>m`m
~mbo{H$`mda ^S>JZmWm`m _{XamH$S>o Vm|S> H$$Z Cô am{h`mda COdrH$S>o da OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. `m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o da
Jo`mda g_moaM Imbr _moamJS>mH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> {XgVo. òWyZ _moamJS>mda Om`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo. JS>mda OmVmZm VrZ
XadmOo bmJVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : _moamJS>mda amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr _m _whoa {H$`mda AmnU amh eH$Vmo.

nm`mMr gmo` : {n`m`m nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV,_m JS>mda Cm`mV nmUr Zmhr.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi :45 {_{ZQ>o _whoa nmgyZ.
haJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 4450 \y$Q>
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : _`_
B{Vhmg : B{VhmgmV \$magm `m JS>mMm CoI Zmhr H$maU òWo H$moUVr _moR>r bT>mB Pmbr Zmhr. _whoa JmdmV Jo`mda haJS>Mo
XeZ hmoVo. g_moa {XgUmam _whoa,S>mdrH$S>o _moamJS> Am{U COdrH$S>Mm haJS>. `m JS>mMr CMr _whoanojm WmoS>r OmV Amho
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>_mWm Vgm {dVrU Amho. JS>_mWm hUOo EH$ nR>maM hmo`. `m nR>mamda H$mhr
VQ>~XrMo Adeof AmhoV. nm`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. EH$ nS>Ho$ _{Xa Amho. dmS>mMo H$mhr Adeof AmT>iVmV. nm`m`m
Q>m`m_Yrb nmUr {n`mgmaIo Zg`mZo nmUr Odi AgUo Amd`H$ Amho. JS>\o$ar _maVmZm nwT>o gnmQ>rda EH$ Jwhm AmT>iVo `mV
H$nma ^dmZrM _{Xa Amho. ~mH$s JS>mda nmh`mgmaIo H$mhr Zg`mZo Am`m _mJmZo qIS> JmRy>Z EH$ Va _whoaJS>mda Omdo ZmhrVa
_whoa JmdmV Omdo. JS>\o$arg 1 Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r g`m EH$M dmQ> ApVdmV Amho. JS>mda OmUmar dmQ> _whoa JmdmVyZ OmVo.
_whoa JmdmVyZ nwT>o Am`mda EH$ S>m~ar aVm bmJVmo. `m a`mZo drg {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Jo`mda XmoZ \$mQ>o \w$Q>VmV. EH$ S>mdrH$S>o OmVmo
Va Xwgam dS>m`m PmS>mnmgyZ nwT>o OmVmo. hr dmQ> N>moQ>mem Q>oH$S>rda AgUm`m YZJa-dmS>rnmer nmohmoMVo. òWyZ COdrH$S>o dimdo
Am{U WoQ> _whoa d haJS> `m_Yrb qIS> JmR>mdr. òWn`V nmohM`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo. qIS>rV S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> Amn`mbm
_whoaJS>mH$S>o Va COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> haJS>mH$S>o KoD$Z OmVo. dmQ> \$maer _ibobr Zg`m_wio An> Pmbobr Amho. `m
qIS>rnmgyZ JS>_mWm JmR>`mg EH$ Vmg nwaVmo.
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr.

nm`mMr gmo` : Zmhr.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _`_
hmdrJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 4100 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: ~mJbmU
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : _`_
gmr ndVm`m Cma-X{jU amJoMr gwdmV Zm{eH$ {OmVrb ~mJbmUmVyZ hmoVo. CmaoH$Sy>Z gw$ hmoUm-`m `m gm{`m
amJobm gob~mar qH$dm S>mob~mar amJ Ago hUVmV. gob~mar amJoda _mJr-VwJr gwiHo$, hmdrJS>, Ago JS> AmhoV Va Xwg-`m S>mob~mar
amJoda _whoa, _moamJS>, gmhoa, haJS>, gmbmoQ>m ho JS>{H$o AmhoV. npM_oH$S>rb JwOamV _Yrb KZXmQ> OJb Agbobm S>mJMm Xoe
Am{U _hmam>mVrb ~mJbmU {d^mJ `m`m gr_oda ho {H$o dgbobo
AmhoV.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo `m {H$`mbm aVZJS> Ago XoIrb hUVmV.JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>oda {n`m`m
nm`mMr Q>mH$s Am{U XodrMo EH$ _{Xa bmJVo.JS>mda OmVmZm Amn`mbm nm`-`m Va bmJVmV nU Xadm`mMm _m _mJ_yghr Zmhr.
{H$`mMm _mWm Vgm {Z_wiVmM Amho.JS>mda nm`mMr VrZ Vo Mma Q>mH$s AmhoV.KamMo H$mhr Adeof gmnS>VmV.JS>mMm gdm} _mWm
hUOo EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. Vmo MTy>Z Om`mgmR>r VamamohU Amd`H$ Amho.JS>_mWm {\$a`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.JS>mdZ _mJrVwJr,
_whoa,_moamJS>,gmhoa Am{U haJS> hm n[aga {XgVmo.

1. dS>mIob _mJ}
hmdrJS>mda Om`mgmR>r Vmhmam~mX _mJ}_mJrVwJr Jmd JmR>mdo._mJrVwJr JmdmVyZ 1 Vmgm`m MmbrZo dS>mIob JmdmV
`mdo.dS>mIobn`V S>m~ar aVm Zmhr.`m_wio nm`rM oYm{VanrQ> H$amdr bmJVo. dS>mIob_YyZ nmVmidmS>rH$S>o Hy$M H$amdo.nmVmidmS>r ho
nm``mMo Jmd Amho. dS>mIob Vo nmVmidmS>r ho AVa A`m VmgmMo Amho.nmVmidmS>rVyZ EH$ gai dmQ> {H$`m`m nR>mamda Jobobr
Amho.`m nR>mamdZ XmoZ dmQ>m :\w$Q>VmV.EH$ dmQ> g_moa ZmH$mS>mdZ da MT>Vo.hr dmQ> WmoS>r H$R>rU Amho. dmQ>oZo da MT>VmZm gmono
VamamohU H$amdo bmJVo. dmQ>oZo da MT>`mda AmnU nm`-`mnmer nmohmoMVmo.Xwgar dmQ> nR>mamdZ S>mdrH$S>o digm KmbyZ nm``mnmer OmVo. `m
dmQ>obm nm`mMr XmoZ-VrZ Q>mH$s bmJVmV.JS>mda OmUm-`m nm`-`m _m OnyZM MT>m`m bmJVmV. nm`-`mda _mVr gmM`mZo
Kga`mMr e`Vm \$ma Amho.nmVmidmS>rnmgyZ JS>mda XrS> VmgmV nmohmoMVm òVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi nmVmidmS>r JmdmVyZ XrS> Vmg.
Om`mgmR>r Cm_ H$mbmdYr : AmQ>m|~a Vo E{b n`V.
_mJr - VwJr
{H$`mMr CMr : 4000 \y$Q>
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
~mJbmU gwnrH$,gYZ Am{U gn Agm _wbyI. gmr`m Cma X{jUoMr gwdmV hmoVo Vr `m ~mJwbJoS> (~mJbmU) {d^mJmVyZM hmoVo.
òWo AgUm`m Xwhoar nyd-npM_ amJobm gob~mar-S>mob~mar Ago g~moY`mV òVo. Vmham~mXbm nmohmoMbo H$s _mJr-VwJrMo XmoZ gwiHo$
Amnbo b` doYyZ KoVmV. _mJr-VwJr hr OZ bmoH$mMr VrWjoo.

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : _mJr-VwJrbm Om`Mo Ag`mg Zm{eH$ d$Z gQ>mUm_mJ}Vmham~mX JmR>mdo. JwOamV _YyZ `m`Mo
Pm`mg Zrb_moam aodoWmZH$md$Z AhAm _mJ}Vmham~mX JmR>mdo. Vmham~mX d$Z {^bdmS>r n`V ò`mgmR>r Eg.Q>r. qH$dm ~ggodm
CnbY Amho. {^bdmS>r ho _mJrVwJr`m nm``mMo Jmd.{^bdmS>r_òM OZmMr Am{XZmW,nmZmW `mMr _{Xao AmhoV. `mbm gwm
_mJr-VwJrM hUVmV. _mJr-VwJr gwi`mda Om`mgmR>r JmdmVyZM aVm Amho. drg {_{ZQ>o a`md$Z MmbV Jo`mda nwT>o nm``m
bmJVmV. gw_mao 2000 nm``mMm MT> MTy>Z Jo`mda AmnU EH$m H$_mZrnmer nmohmoMVmo. òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o Jobmo Va _mJr Am{U
COdrH$S>o Jobmo H$s VwJr.
amh`mMr gmo` : JmdmV Y_emim Amho. òWo 10 Vo 15OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : {^bdmS>r JmdmV OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : JmdmVyZM nmUr KoUo Amd`H$ H$maU JS>mda nmUr Zmhr.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 3 Vmg nm``mnmgyZ
AMbm
{H$`mMr CMr : 4040 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ:
gmV_mi
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : _`_
AMbm {H$m hm AOR>m gmV_mi {d^mJmV òVmo.`m_wio Zm{eH$_mJ}AWdm _Z_mS>_mJ}hr `m
{H$`mda OmVm òVo.JwOamVhZ gmnyVmam _mJ}XoIrb OmVm òVo.

JS>_mWm A`V AX Amho `m_wio JS>mda \$mago nmh`mgmaIohr H$mhr Adeof ZmhrV.JS>mda nm`mMr EH$ XmoZ
nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.`m{edm` ^mdWoV AgUmao N>moQ>ogo _{Xa Amho.
JS>_mWm {\$a`mg gmYmaU 20 {_{ZQ>o nwaVmV.

1. Zm{eH$_mJ}
Zm{eH$_mJ}dUr JmR>mdo.dUrhZ Eg.Q>r Zo qnnar-AMbmH$S>o Om`M.ho AVa gmYmaU 12 {H$._r Mo Amho.AMbm JmdmV
CV$Z qnnarnmS>m JmdmH$S>o gai MmbV {ZKmdo.ho AVa AYm VmgmMo Amho.qnnarnmS>m ho AMbm {H$`m`m nm``mMo Jmd
Amho.JmdmVyZ g_moa`m S>m|Jagm|S>odarb qIS>rV EH$ N>moQ>ogo XoD$i {XgVo `m`m {XeoZo da MT>V Omdo.XodimnmgyZ S>m`m~mOybm
{XgUmam {H$m AMbm Va COdrH$S>o YmdV OmUmar gm|S> WoQ> AqhdVbm OmD$Z {_iVo.S>m`m ~mOyZo {H$`m`m ZmH$mS>md$Z
AJmda òUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr.nwT>o hr dmQ> H$S>m S>mdrH$S>o R>odyZ `mbm {MQ>Hy$Z da OmVo.nwT>o H$mVimV ImoXbo`m nm`-`m
bmJVmV.qIS>rVyZ _mWm JmR>`mg XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.
2. ~obdmS>r
Xwgar dmQ> ~obdmS>r JmdmVyZ {H$`mda òVo.~obdmS>r ho A{hdV {H$`m`m nm``mer AgUmao Jmd Amho.hr dmQ>
qnnarAMbm Jmdm_YyZ òUm-`m dmQ>obm Xodimnmer òD$Z {_iVo.
amh`mMr gmo` :
{H$`mda Zmhr.
OodUmMr gmo` :
AmnU dV: H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` :
\o$~wdmarn`V

qnnar AMbm_mJ}AS>rM Vmg.
A{hdV
{H$`mMr CMr : 4000
S>m|JaamJ:
- gmV_mi
{Ohm : Zm{eH$
loUr : _`_
A{hdV {H$m AOR>m gmV_mi {d^mJmV òVmo.`m_wio Zm{eH$_mJ}AWdm _Z_mS>_mJ}`m {H$`mda OmVm òVo.JwOamVhZ
gmnyVmam _mJ}XoIrb OmVm òVo.

A{hdV JS>mMm _mWm \$ma _moR>m Amho.gnyU _mWm {\$a`mg 1 {Xdg bmJVmo.{H$`m`m gm|S>m nyd, npM_ ,dm``
Am{U Bem` H$S>o _moR>m _mUmV ngabo`m AmhoV.{H$`m`m Bem` ~mOyg EH$ Jwhm Amho.nU Vr amh`mg A`mo`
Amho.X{jU ~mOybm AgUm-`m H$S>m_ò EH$ Jwhm Amho.Vr amh`mg `mo` Amho.JwhonmgyZ 10 {_{ZQ>mdaM {n`m`m nm`mMo
Q>mHo$ Amho.XaoJmd`m ~mOyZo {H$`mda nmohM`mda Amn`mbm XmoZ nS>`m XadmOmMo Adeof {XgVmV.AmOw~mOwbm AZoH$
_moR>`m nS>`m dmS>mMo Adeof nS>bobo AmhoV.`md$Z {H$m EH$ _moR>o bH$ar` R>mUo Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo.AZoH$ {R>H$mUr
_hmXodm`m qnS>rnU AmT>iVmV.`m~mOy`m dmQ>oZo {H$`mda òVmZm AZoH$ Jwhm H$moabo`m AmT>iVmV.gpW{Vbm `mMm Cn`moJ
_m JmoR>mgmR>r hmoVmo.{H$`mda {\$aVmZm XmoZ Vo VrZ nm`mMr Vir AmT>imV.EH$m _moR>mV`mnmer XodrMr EH$ _moR>r _yVu
Amho.hr _yVu glwJr Xodr`m _yVuer gm` Ag`mgmaIr {XgVo.

1. Zm{eH$_mJ}
Zm{eH$_mJ}dUr JmR>mdo.dUrhZ ZmXwar a`mdZM {H$`mMo XeZ hmoVo.dUr ZmXwar a`m`m A{bH$S>o 1 {H$._r
AVamda EH$ R>iH$ dmQ> S>mdrH$S>o AgUm-`m S>m|Jagm|S>o n`V OmVo.S>m~ar a`mnmgyZ òWn`V ò`mg 1 Vmg
nwaVmo.S>m|Jagm|S>oda MTy>Z Jo`mda AmnU EH$m qIS>rV nmohMVmo. qIS>rVyZ n{bH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> XaoJmdmV OmVo Va g_moa OJbmV
{eaUmar dmQ> WoQ> JS>m`m nm`-`mnmerKoD$Z OmVo.qIS>rnmgyZ JS>mda Om`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo.
2. qnnarAMbm _mJ}
Xwgar dmQ> Oam bm~Mr Amho.dUrhZ qnnarAMbm _mJ}qnnarnmS>mV nmohMmdo.qnnarnmS>mVyZ g_moa`m
S>m|Jagm|S>odarb _{Xamn`V Omdo.òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> AMbm {H$`mH$S>o Va COdrH$S>o OmUmar dmQ> ~obdmS>rV
CVaVo.òWyZ ~obdmS>r JmR>`mg AYm Vmg bmJVmo.~obdmS>rVyZ JS>mda Om`mg R>iH$ dmQ> Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$`mda nmohM`mg
2 Vmg bmJVmV.

XaoJmd_mJ}AS>rM Vmg,~obdmS>r_mJ}2 Vmg.
BmB
{H$`mMr CMr : 4490 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: - gmV_mi
{Ohm : Zm{eH$
loUr : gmonr
Zm{eH$ {OmV gmrMr EH$ amJ gwaJUm nmgyZ Mmby hmoVo Am{U MmXdS>n`V òD$Z gnVo.nwT>o VrM _Z_mS>`m
Odi AgUm-`m AH$mB`m n`V OmVo.`mM amJobm AOR>m - gmV_mi amJ hUVmV.MmXdS> Vmbw`mV 4 {H$o
òVmV.amOYmoa,H$moiYoa,BmB Am{U MmXdS>.

JS>m`m nm`-`m MTy>Z Jo`mda doemam`m A{bH$S>oM S>m`m ~mOy`m H$mVimda EH$ \$magrVrb {ebmboI H$moabobm
Amho.doemamMo Adeof Ho$di AmO{_{Vg {eH$ AmhoV.JS>_mWm eV Amho.
JS>_m`mda Jo`mda S>mdrH$S>o dimdo.WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda VrZ dmQ>m bmJVmV.W_ COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr WmoS>mM AVamda
H$mVimV ImoXbo`m JwhmMr amJ Mr amJ {XgVo.`m gd nmhZ naV _mJo {\$amdo.
ZVa da OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr WmoS>o AVa MTy>Z Jo`mda _hmXodmMo _{Xa bmJVo òWyZ nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> g_moa`m S>m|Jamda KoD$Z
OmVo._hmXodmMo XeZ KoD$Z naV _mJo {\$amdo Am{U AmVm S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr.WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda H$mVimV ImoXbo`m 18
Vo 20 Jwhm bmJVmV.`mnH$s H$mhr Jwhm amh`mgmR>r `mo` AmhoV.eodQ>`m JwhoV {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.BmB {H$`md$Z
MmXdS>,amOYoa,H$moiYoa ,YmoS>n BImam hm gd n[aga {XgVmo.

1. dS>~mao _mJ}
MmXdS>hZ amOYoadmS>r H$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr.MmXdS> nmgyZ 6 qH$_r AVamda AgUm-`m dS>~mao JmdmV
CVamdo.dS>~mao JmdmVyZ {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r EH$ R>iH$ nm`dmQ> Amho.`m dmQ>oZo {H$`mda OmVmZm EH$ Pmn bmJVmo.hr dmQ>
{H$`m`m H$mViH$S>mnmer amOYoadmS>rVyZ òUm-`m dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.JmdmVyZ {H$`mda nmohM`mg 3 Vmg nwaVmV.
2. amOYoadmS>r _mJ}
MmXdS>hZ amOYoadmS>r H$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr Am{U amOYoadmS>rV CVamdo. dS>~mao Jmdm`m nwT>o amOYoadmS>r
Amho.amOYoadmS>rVy gwXm {H$`mda Om`mg nm`dmQ> Amho. hr dmQ> {H$`m`m H$mViH$S>mnmer dS>~mao JmdmVyZ òUm-`m
dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.`m dmQ>oZo {H$m JmR>`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.`m H$mViH$S>mnmer H$mVimV ImoXbo`m 2 Jwhm AmhoV.`mnH$s
EH$m JwhoV {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.H$S>mVyZM JS>mda Om`mgmR>r EH$ nm`-`mMr dmQ> ImoXbobr Amho.gw_mao 150 nm`-`m
MTy>Z Jo`mda Amn`mbm JS>_mWm JmR>Vm
òVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mgmR>r Jwhm AmhoV.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : dS>~mao JmdmVyZ 3 Vmg.
amOYoa
{H$`mMr CMr : 3555 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: - gmV_mi
{Ohm : Zm{eH$
loUr : H$R>rU
Zm{eH$ {OmV gmrMr EH$ amJ gwaJUm nmgyZ Mmby hmoVo Am{U MmXdS>n`V òD$Z gnVo.nwT>o VrM _Z_mS>`m
Odi AgUm-`m AH$mB`m n`V OmVo.`mM amJobm AOR>m - gmV_mi amJ hUVmV.MmXdS> Vmbw`mV 4 {H$o
òVmV.amOYmoa,H$moiYoa,BmB Am{U MmXdS>.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : amOYoa {H$`mda doe H$aVmZm n{h`m doemam`m S>mdrH$S>`m H$_mZrda EH$
\$magrVrb {ebmboI Amho.òWyZ JS>_m`mda Om`mgmR>r H$mVimV ImoXbo`m nm`-`m bmJVmV.JS>_m`mda nmohM`mda
g_moaM XmoZ dmQ>m \w$Q>VmV EH$ S>mdrH$S>o OmUmar Va Xwgar COdrH$S>o OmUmar .AmnU COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>m`Mr , WmoS>o nwT>o
Jo`mda EH$ dmS>m bmJVmo.AmOhr dmS>m MmJ`m pW{VV C^m Amho.`m dmS>m{edm` òWo ~KgmgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr.naV {\$$Z
AmVm S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>m`Mr .`m dmQ>od$Z WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ H$mVimV ImoXbobr Jwhm bmJVo.`m JwhoV CVa`mgmR>r
EH$ {eS>r bmdbobr Amho.òWo g`m EH$m ~m~mMo dmV` AgVo.Jwho`m da`m ^mJmda EH$ Kw_Q>mH$ma H$_mZ Agbobr {dhra
Amho.òWyZ naV WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda AmUIr EH$ Jwhm bmJVo.`m Jwho g_mo$Z nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> Vbmdmnmer KoD$Z OmVo.Vbmdm`m
H$mR>mda EH$m JwhoV _hmXodmMo _{Xa Amho.Vbmdm`m H$S>oH$S>oZo OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo AmnU
S>m|Ja_m`mda nmohMVmo.dmQ>oV AZoH$ ^w`mar Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.JS>m`m gdm} _m`mda EH$ VbmdAmho.JS>_m`mdZ _mJrVwJr,
hmdrJS> ,H$moiYoa ,BmB,YmoS>n Agm gd n[aga {XgVmo.JS>_mWm {\$a`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.CVa`mgmR>r EH$ {eS>r bmdbobr
Amho.òWo g`m EH$m ~m~mMo dmV` AgVo.Jwho`m da`m ^mJmda EH$ Kw_Q>mH$ma H$_mZ Agbobr {dhra Amho.òWyZ naV WmoS>o
nwT>o Jo`mda AmUIr EH$ Jwhm bmJVo.`m Jwho g_mo$Z nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> Vbmdmnmer KoD$Z OmVo.Vbmdm`m H$mR>mda EH$m JwhoV
_hmXodmMo _{Xa
Amho.Vbmdm`m H$S>oH$S>oZo OmUm-`m dmQ>oZo AmnU S>m|Ja_m`mda nmohMVmo.dmQ>oV AZoH$ ^w`mar Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV.JS>m`m gdm}
_m`mda EH$ Vbmd Amho.JS>_m`mdZ _mJr VwJr ,hmdrJS> ,H$moiYoa ,BmB,YmoS>n Agm gd n[aga {XgVmo.JS>_mWm
{\$a`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.

1. amOYoadmS>r _mJ}
amOYoada Om`mgmR>r EH$M _mJ Amho.Zm{eH$ qH$dm _Z_mS> _mJ}MmXdS> JmR>mdo.Zm{eH$ nmgyZ MmXdS> 64 {H$._r da Amho Va
_Z_mS> nmgyZ MmXdS> 24 {H$._r da Amho.MmXdS> _YyZ Eg Q>r Zo amOYoadmS>r JmR>mdr.amOYoadmS>r ho nm```mMo Jmd
Amho.amOYoadmS>rVyZ JS>mda Om`mg R>iH$ dmQ> Amho.JmdmVyZ {H$`mda OmVmZm AmnU EH$m H$mViH$S>mnmer nmohMVmo.òWyZ da
Om`m`m nm`-`m VwQ>bo`m AmhoV.nU g`m {VWo EH$ {eS>r bmdbr Ag`m_wio AmnU JS>m`m doemamV nmohMy eH$Vmo.A`Wm
doemam n`V nmohM`mgmR>r VamamohU H$amdo bmJVo.amOYoadmS>rVyZ BWn`V nmohM`mg XrS> Vmg bmJVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` :
{H$`mda amh`mgmR>r Jwhm Amho. `mV 10 bmoH$mMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : JmdmVyZ XrS> Vmg.
glwJr
{H$`mMr CMr : 4600 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: - AOR>m gmV_mi
{Ohm : Zm{eH$
loUr : _`_
Zm{eH$ {OmVrb gmV_mi S>m|JaamJo_ò òUmam "glwJr JS>' hm dUrMm S>m|Ja `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm
OmVmo.glwJr ho OJX~oMo XodWmZ Amho._hmam>mVrb gmS>oVrZ e$snrR>mnH$s Agbobr hr Xodr gmV
Am{X_mVm_Yrb Wmoabr _mVm Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$`mda OJX~m _mVoMo AWmVM dUr`m XodrMo _{Xa Amho._{Xamn`V
Om`mgmR>r nm`-`m AmhoV.

{H$`mda Om`mgmR>r ZmXwar JmdmVyZ JmS>raVm Jobobm Amho.dUr ZmXwar Xa A`mVmgmbm ~gog Mmby
AgVmV.Zm{eH$d$Z WoQ> ZmXwar JmRy>Z OrnZo {H$`mda OmVm òVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mgmR>r Y_emim AmhoV.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$`mda hmQ>og Am{U ^moOZmbò AmhoV.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : ZmXwar JmdmVyZ AYmVmg.
hmVJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 3500 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: AOR>m gmV_mi
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : _`_
gwaJUm Zm{eH$ _Yrb EH$ VmbwH$m.gmr`m nyd ^mJmVrbEH$m amJoMr gwadmV `mM Vmbw`mnmgyZ hmoVo.`mbmM gmV_mi amJ Ago
hUVmV.`m gmV_mi amJoVrb {H$o hUOo OUw H$m` EH$ VQ>~XrM.`mM amJo`m CnemIoda EH$ N>moQ>mgm {H$m Amho `mMo Zmd hmVJL> `m
^mJmVrb OZOrdZ _m gm_m`M.WmoS>m \$ma AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYm BWn`V XoIrb nmohM`m AmhoV.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda doe H$a`mnydu Mma XadmOo bmJVmV.n{h`m Xadm`m`m AJmoXaM COdrH$S>o
H$mVimV da`m ^mJmV H$moabobo nm`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo.òWoM H$mVimV H$moabobr hZw_mZmMr _yVu Amho.JS>m`m n{h`m Xadm`mMo \$$
Im~ {eH$ AmhoV.`m Xadm`mOdiM XmoZ {ebmboI H$moabobo AmhoV.`m Xadm`mVyZ WmoS>o da MT>`mda AmnU Xwg-`m gnyU
H$mVimVyZ ImoXbo`m ~moJm gma`m Xadm`mVyZ AmV {eaVmo.`m Xadm`mbm nmhZ harha {H$`mMr AmR>dU òVo.`m Xadm`m`m
~mOybm EH$ JwhmgwXm H$moabobr Amho `mV nm`mMr VrZ Q>mH$s AmhoV.`m Xadm`mVyZ WmoS>o da Jo`mda JS>mMm {Vgam Am{U MmWm
XadmOm bmJVmo.JS>_mWm Iyn {dVrU Amho.gnyU JS>_mWm {\$a`mg 1 Vmg bmJVmo.Xadm`mVyZ da Am`mda nm`-`mMr EH$ dmQ>
S>mdrH$S>o Imbr CVaVo.òWo _moR>m _mUmda VQ>~Xr Amho.Vr AmOhr ~-`mnH$s em~yV Amho.g_moaM EH$ nra gwXm Amho.CO`m~mOy`m
VQ>mV EH$ H$_mZ H$moabobr Amho ,nm`mMo EH$ Q>mHo$ gwXm
Amho.ho gd nmhZ Am`m dmQ>oZo naVmdo.AmVm Xamdm`m`m COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> Yamdr.òWyZ WmoS>o da Jo`mda nm`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo WmoS>o
AOyZ da Jo`mda nS>`m B_maVtMo Adeof bmJVmV.òWo EH$ ~wO dOm B_maVhr Amho. WmoS>o Imbr Ca`mda nm`mMm EH$ Vbmd
gwXm Amho.`m_Yrb nmUr {n`mg A`mo` Amho.Vbmdm`m g_moaM {H$`mMo _moR>o nR>ma XoIrb Amho.{H$`m`m `m ^mJmMr VQ>~Xr
AOyZhr em~yV Amho.Vbmdm`m da`m ~mOyg EH$ dOV^ Amho.dOV^m`m nwT>o EH$ dmQ> JS>m`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mbm OmVo.dmQ>oV
nm`mMr AZoH$ Q>mH$s bmJmV. JS>m`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mbm EH$ ~wO Amho.gnyU JS>\o$arg EH$ Vmg nwaVmo.Agm hm hmVJS> Zm{eH$ nmgyZ
100 {H$._r da Amho .Zm{eH$d$Z EH$m {XdgmV ghO nmhZ hmoVmo.{H$`mMo _moR>o nR>ma XoIrb Amho.{H$`m`m `m ^mJmMr VQ>~Xr
AOyZhr em~yV Amho.Vbmdm`m da`m ~mOyg EH$ dOV^ Amho.dOV^m`m nwT>o EH$ dmQ> JS>m`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mbm OmVo.dmQ>oV
nm`mMr AZoH$ Q>mH$s bmJmV. JS>m`m Xwg-`m Q>moH$mbm EH$ ~wO Amho.gnyU JS>\o$arg EH$ Vmg nwaVmo.Agm hm hmVJS> Zm{eH$ nmgyZ
100 {H$._r da Amho .Zm{eH$d$Z EH$m {XdgmV ghO nmhZ hmoVmo.

1. hmVJS>dmS>r _mJ}
hmVJS>mbm Om`mgmR>r Zm{eH$ JmR>mdo.Zm{eH$ gmnwVmam _mJmda ~moaJmd ZmdmMm \$mQ>m Amho.òWyZ EH$ aVm gwaJ`mbm OmVmo
Va Xwgam gmnwVm-`mbm OmVmo.gmnwVm-`mbm OmUm-`m a`mda ~moaJmdnmgyZ 4 {H$._r AVamda hmVJS>dmS>r ZmdmMo Jmd Amho hoM
JS>m`m nm``mMo Jmd Amho.JmdmVZ EH$ S>m~ar gS>H$ H$idUbm OmVo `m gS>Ho$d$Z nwT>o Om`Mo ,hmVJS>dmS>r S>m`m hmVmbm
R>odm`Mr.nwT>o S>mdrH$S>o EH$ ~wObobr {dhra bmJVo.`m {dhrar ZVa 5 {_{ZQ>mZr S>m~ar gS>H$ gmoS>m`Mr Am{U S>mdrH$S>Mr S>m|JaYmaoda
MT>V OmUmar dmQ> Yam`Mr.`m dmQ>oZ 15 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU EH$m Am`m`m N>mS>mImbr nmohMVmo.H$mJXmda Oer AmnU {VaH$s aoK _maVmo
Ver `m PmS>mnmgyZ S>m|Jam`m _m`mn`V {VaKr aoK _mamdr hr {VaH$s aoK hUOo JS>mda OmUmar dmQ>.nm``mnmgyZ JS>_mWm
JmR>`mg nmD$U Vmg bmJVmo.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : hmVJS>dmS>r _mJ}nmD$U Vmg.
AOZoar
{H$`mMr CMr : 4200 \y$Q>.
S>m|JaamJ: `~Ho$a
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
AOZoar {H$m B{VhmgmV n[a{MV Amho Vmo hZw_mZ O_WmZm_wio. dm`wnw hZw_mZmMm O_ `mM S>m|Jamda Pmbm hUyZM `m
{H$`mbm AOZoar hUOoM AOZr nwmMo Zmd Xo`mV Ambo Amho. Zm{eH$ `~Ho$a amJoVrb AOZoar hm XoIrb EH$ _hdmMm {H$m
Amho. Zm{eH$ `~Ho$a a`mda Zm{eH$ nmgyZ 20 {H$. _r. AVamda AOZoar ZmdmMm \$mQ>m Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : AOZoar JmdmVyZ {H$`mda òVmZm dmQ>oVM nm``m`m {R>H$mUr JwhoV boUr AmT>iVmV. hr
boUr OZY_u` Ag`mMo {XgyZ òVo. nR>mamda nmohmoM`mda 10 {_{ZQ>mVM AOZr _mVoMo _{Xa bmJVo. _{Xa ~`mnH$s eV Amho.
_w$m_ H$a`mgmR>r `mo` Amho. òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda XmoZ dmQ>m bmJVmV. EH$ S>mdrH$S>o diVo Va Xwgar g_moa`m ~mbo{H$`mda
MT>Vo. S>mdrH$S>`m dmQ>oZo di`mda 10 {_{ZQ>mVM AmnU grVm Jwhonmer òD$Z nmohmoMVmo. Jwhm XmoZ Imo`mMr Amho. `mV 10 Vo 12
OUmZm amhVm òVo. Jwho`m q^Vtda AZoH$ {eno H$moabobr Amho.g_moa AgUm`m dmQ>oZo ~mbo{H$`mda Jo`mda 20 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU
Xwg`m AOZr_mVo`m _{XamV nmohmoMVmo. ho _{Xa gwm eV Amho. {H$`mMm Koam \$ma _moR>m Amho. {H$`m`m nR>mamda ~mH$s H$mhr
nmh`mgmaIo Zmhr.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : {H$`mda Om`mgmR>rMr _w` dmQ> AOZoar JmdmVyZ da OmVoZm{eH$ `~Ho$a a`mda Zm{eH$
nmgyZ 20 {H$. _r. AVamdarb AOZoar \$mQ>m`mda CVamdo. `m \$mQ>mnmgyZ 10 {_{ZQ>o AVamdarb AOZoar JmdmV nmohmoMmdo. JmdmVyZ
Zdam- ZdarMo XmoZ gwiHo$ ZOaog âVmV. JmdmVyZM EH$ eV dmQ> {H$`mda OmVo. nwT>o nm``m bmJVmV. nm``m`m gmmZo
AOZoar`m nR>mamda nmohmoMVm òVo. AOZoar JmdmnmgyZ òWn`V ò`mgmR>r XrS> Vmg nwaVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : 1. nR>mamdarb AOZr_mVo`m _{XamV 10 Vo 12 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
2. grVm Jw\o$V gwm 10 Vo 12 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : _{XamOdiM ~mam_mhr {n`m`m nm`mMm Vbmd Amho.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AOZoar JmdmVyZ 2 Vmg.
H$hoaJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 3582 \y$Q>.
S>m|JaamJ: AOR>m gmV_mi
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : _`_
AOR>m gmV_mi amJ hUOo Zm{eH$ Am{U JwOamW`m gr_odarb VQ>~XrM hmo`.`mM amJoV AmS>dmQ>oda EH$ {H$m Amho `mMo Zmd
H$hoaJS>.B{Vhmg {gX Agm hm H$hoaJS> AmO{_{Vg ~amM Xwb{jV Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>mda nmohM`mda IS>H$mV ImoXbobm ~wO {XgVmo.òWyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda EH$ ZoT>
{XgVo.ZoT>m`m g_mo$Z OmUmar dmQ> WoQ> JS>_m`mda KoD$Z OmVo.JS>_mWm ~amM eV Amho.gnyU JS>_mWm {\$a`mg 1 Vmg bmJVmo.
JS>_m`mda nm`mMr 6 Vo 7 Q>mH$s AmhoV _hmXodmMr qnS> Amho.YmoS>n {H$`m`m g_moa Vm|S> òBb Aer Jwhm EH$m H$S>mV ImoXbobr
Amho.JS>mda dmS>mMo H$mhr Adeof AmT>iVmV.JS>mMo Xwgao Q>moH$ ho YmoS>n`m _mMr gmaIoM Amho.JS>md$Z npM_obm glwJr,_mH$S>m
,ad`m Od`m , YmoS>n H$MZm ,hS>m Aer gnyU gmV_mi amJ {XgVo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : H$hoaJS>mda Om`mMo XmoZ _mJ AmhoV.ho XmoZhr _mJ H$hoaJS> Am{U g_moaMm S>m|Ja `m`m qIS>rV
EH$ òD$Z {VWyZM da OmVmV.
1. Zm{eH$ - ZmXwar _mJ}

Zm{eH$d$Z ZmXwar Jmd JmR>mdo.ZmXwarVyZ H$idUbm OmUm-`m a`mdaM ZmXwar Jmd Amho.ZmXwar nmgyZ 6 {H$._r AVamda
AmR>~m Jmd Amho.`m JmdmVyZ 2 {H$._r AVamda AgUm-`m "gmXS>{dhra' `m JmdmV `mdo. gmXS>{dhra JmdmVyZ {H$`mda Om`mg
R>iH$ dmQ> Amho.`m JmdmVyZ qIS> JmR>`mg AYm Vmg bmJVmo.
2. Zm{eH$ H$idU _mJ}
Zm{eH$ H$idU _mJ}AmoVya JmR>mdo.AmoVya _YyZ A`m Vmgm`m AVamda AgUmao H$hoadmS>r JmdmV `mdo.H$hoadmS>r JmdmVyZ
da gmJ{Vbobr qIS> JmR>`mg 1 Vmg bmJVmo.`m Xmohr dmQ>m da gm{JVbo`m qIS>rV òD$Z {_iVmV. JS>md$Z òUmar EH$ gm|S> gwXm
`mM qIS>rV CVaVo.Vr gm|S> nH$Sy>Z EH$ Vmgm`m IS>m MT>Ur ZVa AmnU JS>_m`mda nmohMVmo.dmQ> {ZgaS>r Amho `m_wio Oam
OnyZM MT>mdo bmJVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mgmR>r Jwhm Amho `mV 5 bmoH$mMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU H$amdr.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : gmXS>{dhra JmdmVyZ XrS> Vmg.H$hoadmS>rVyZ 2 Vmg
Om`mgmR>r Cm_ H$mbmdYr : gd F$Vw_ò
AbJ
{H$`mMr CMr : 4500 \y$Q>>.
S>m|JaamJ: H$igy~mB
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : A`V AdKS>
Zm{eH$ {OmVrb BJVnwar {d^mJmVrb gdmV H$R>rU Aem {H$`mMr hr ^Q>H$Vr. KmoQ>rd$Z ^S>maX-`mbm OmVmZm H$igy~mB
{eam`m amJoV AbJ,_XZ Am{U Hw$bJ Ago VrZ {H$o bj doYyZ KoVmV. KZXmQ> OJb Am{U {dai dVr `m_wio hm n[agamVrb
^Q>H$Vr Ver mgXm`H$M Amho. JS>mda Om`m`m AdKS> dmQ>m ,ânya nmD$g `m_wio ho XwJ{Hw$Q> Vgo Cno{jVM Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$`mMm _mWm hUOo EH$ eV nR>maM Amho. {H$`mda amh`mgmR>r XmoZ Jwhm AmhoV. nm`mMr
11 Q>mH$s AmhoV. {H$`mda B_maVrMo H$mhr Adeof AmhoV. EH$ N>moQ>ogo _{Xa Amho. {H$`md$Z AmOw~mOyMm Iyn _moR>m n[aga
{XgVmo. nyd}bm H$igy~mB, AmT>Mm {H$m,n>m ,{~VZJS>,Cmaobm h[aha ,`~H$JS>,AOZoar Va X{jUobm h[aMJS>,AmOmo~mMm JS>,
Iw>m gwiH$m ,aVZJS>,H$mm~mB Mm S>m|Ja hm n[aga {XgVmo. {H$`mMm _mWm {\$a`mg 4 Vmg nwaVmV.

Am~odmS>r _mJ : AbJ {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r BJVnwar qH$dm H$gmam JmR>mdo. BJVnwar/H$gmam - KmoQ>r -qnniZoa_moa `m _mJ}Am~odmS>r
JmR>mdr. KmoQ>r Vo Am~odmS>r Aer Eg Q>r godm XoIrb CnbY Amho. KmoQ>r Vo Am~odmS>r ho gmYmaU 32 {H$._r Mo AVa Amho. KmoQ>rdZ
nhmQ>o Am~odmS>r bm 6.00 dmOVmMr ~g Amho.
Am~odmS>rVyZ g_moaM AbJ,_XZ Am{U Hw$bJ ho VrZ {H$o {XgVmV. JmdmVyZM AbJ Am{U _XZ `m qIS>r n`V Om`mgmR>r dmQ>
Amho. dmQ> \$maM X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho. qIS> JmR>`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV. qIS>rV nmohM`mda S>mdrH$S>Mm AbJ {H$m Va COdrH$S>Mm
_XZ {H$m. òWyZ AbJda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV. A.) EH$ dmQ> qIS>rVyZ g_moa`m {XeoZo Imbr CVaVo. 1 VmgmV AmnU
Imb`m nR>mamda nmohMVmo. òWyZ AbJ Mm H$S>m S>mdr H$S>o R>odV 1 VmgmV AmnU {H$`md$Z òUm-`m Vrg-`m Kir nmer nmohMVmo.
`m KiVrM EH$ bmH$S>r ~oMH$m R>odbm Amho. `m ~oM`mVyZ da Jo`mda WmoS>o gmono VamamohU H$amdo bmJVo. nwT>o WmoS>rer gnmQ>r
bmJVo.òWyZ S>mdrH$S>o H$S>mbJV OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. 10 Vo 15 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU {H$`mdarb JwhoV nmohMVmo. Am~odmS>rVyZ òWn`V
nmohM`mg 8 Vo 9 Vmg CbQy>Z Jobobo AgVmV. ~.) qIS>rVyZ S>mdrH$S>`m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda gmono VamamohU Ho$`mda H$mhr
nm`-`m bmJVmV. `m nm`-`m MTy>Z Jo`mda EH$ 80 Vo 90 \y$Q>mMm gaigmoQ> VwQ>bobm H$S>m bmJVmo. `m H$S>mda VamamohUmMo
gm{h` dmn$Z {H$`mda doe H$aVm òVmo. VamamohUmMo V AdJV Ag`m {edm` `m dmQ>oZo Om`mMo YmS>g H$$ Zò. `mdmQ>oZo
{H$m JmR>`mg 6 Vmg bmJVmV.
KmQ>Ka _mJ}: {H$`mda Om`mgmR>rMr Xwgar dmQ> KmQ>Ka d$Z Amho.KmoQ>r - ^S>maXam _mJ}KmQ>Ka JmR>mdo. KmQ>KahZ AS>rM VmgmV
{H$`m`m Vrg-`m KirV R>odbo`m bmH$S>r ~oM`mnmer nmohMVmo.

CXS>dUo JmdmVyZ : {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r AmUIr EH$ dmQ> Amho. Vr ^S>maXam _mJ}CXS>dUo JmdmVyZ nR>mamda òVo. nwT>o H$ 2 `m
dmQ>obm òD$Z {_iVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mgmR>r 2 Jwhm AmhoV.`mV 30 Vo 40 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU dV:M H$amdr.

nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {n`m`m nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Am~odmS>rVyZ 7 Vo 8 Vmg bmJVmV.
gyMZm : {H$`mda Om`m`m dmQ>m AdKS> Ag`m_wio VamamoUmMo V AdJV AgUo Amd`H$ Amho.
_XZJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 4900 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: H$igy~mB
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : A`V H$R>rU
gmr _Yrb H$R>rU Aem JS>{H$`m_ò EH$ JS> hUOo _XZJS>. {H$m Vgm ~amM mMrZ Amho Am{U VodT>mM XwJ_ gwm. `m
n[agamVrb ^Q>H$Vr H$am`mMr Agob Va gdmV `mo` Agm H$mbmdYr hUOo {S>g|~a Am{U OmZodmar.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : JS>_mWm Vgm bhmZM Amho.JS>mda nm`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV _m `mV \$$ \o$~wdmar _{h`mn`VM
nmUr AgVo.JS>mda 20 Vo 30 OUmZm amhVm òBb EdT>r Jwhm gwm Amho.JS>md$Z g^modVmbMm n[aga \$maM N>mZ {XgVmo.
AbJ,Hw$bJ ,N>moQ>m Hw$bJ aVZJS>,AmOmo~m JS>,H$mm~mB ,S>m`m gwiH$m ,h[aha,{~H$JS> ho {H$ {XgVmV. JS>\o$arg AYmVmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ AmhoV. Xmohr _mJ AbJ Am{U _XZ`m qIS>rVyZM OmVmV.
Am~odmS>r _mJ}: _XZJS>mda Om`mgmR>r BJVnwar qH$dm H$gmam JmR>mdo. BJVnwar/H$gmam - KmoQ>r - qnniZoa_moa `m _mJ}Am~odmS>r
JmR>mdr.KmoQ>r Vo Am~odmS>r Aer Eg Q>r godm XoIrb CnbY Amho. KmoQ>r Vo Am~odmS>r ho gmYmaU 32 {H$._r Mo AVa Amho. KmoQ>rdZ
nhmQ>o Am~odmS>r bm 6.00 dmOVmMr ~g Amho. Am~odmS>rVyZ g_moaM AbJ,_XZ Am{U Hw$bJ ho VrZ {H$o {XgVmV. JmdmVyZM AbJ
Am{U _XZ `m {IS>r n`V Om`mgmR>r dmQ> Amho. dmQ> \$ma X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho. qIS> JmR>`mg 3 Vmg bmJVmV. qIS>rV
nmohM`mda S>mdrH$S>Mm AbJ {H$m Va COdrH$S>Mm _XZ {H$m. òWyZ _XZ da Om`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV. COdrH$S>o di`mda
WmoS>mM doimV nm`-`m bmJVmV. nm`-`m MTy>Z Jo`mda EH$ gaigmoQ> 50\y$Q> CMrMm H$S>m bmJVmo
KmoQ>r - ^S>maXam _mJ}KmQ>Ka : {H$`mda ò`mgmR>r Xwgar dmQ> KmQ>Ka d$Z Amho. KmoQ>r - ^S>maXam _mJ}KmQ>Ka JmR>mdo.KmQ>KahZ
Mma VmgmV AmnU AbJ Am{U _XZ `m`m qIS>rnmer nmohMVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda EH$ Jwhm Amho `mV gmYmaU 30 OU amh eH$VmV.

nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda \$$ \o$~wdmar n`V {n`mgmR>r nmUr CnbY AgVo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : Am~odmS>rVyZ 7 Vo 8 Vmg bmJVmV.
gyMZm : {H$`mda Om`mMr dmQ> A{VH$R>rU Ag`m_wio VamamoUmMo V AdJV AgUo Amd`H$ Amho.
AmT>
{H$`mMr CMr : 4400 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: H$igy~mB
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : A`V H$R>rU
gmrMr Cma X{jU amJ BJVnyar n[agamVyZ WiKmQ>m`m nyd}H$S>o OmVo `mM amJobm H$igy~mB amJ hUVmV. `m amJoMo XmoZ ^mJ
nS>VmV. EH$ hUOo AbJ,_XZ,Hw$bJ Am{U H$igy~mB Va nyd}H$S>rb AmT>, n>m, {~VZJS>, AmS>, hgmo~mMm S>m|Ja. djVmoS>r _wio hm
gd n[aga COmS> Pmbobm Amho. _m Eg.Q>r. Mr gmo` Am{U ânya nmD$g `m_wio Jm_rU OrdZ ~aoM gwIr Pmbobo Amho. {H$`mdaMm
^mJ hUOo EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. AmT>m {H$m Zm{eH$ {OmVrb {ga Vmbw`m`m ZF$òg Am{U Xodimbr`m X{jUog 10 _bmda
Amho.
B{Vhmg : B.g.1688 n`V hm {H$m _amR>m`m am`mV hmoVm. `mZVa Vmo _moJbmZr qOHy$Z KoVbm. òWo _moJbmMm gaXma `m_qgJ
`mMr {H$oXma hUyZ Zo_UyH$ Pmbr
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : AmT>Mm {H$m hUOo EH$ gwiH$mM Amho. `m_wio {H$`mMm _mWm Vgm bhmZM. `mMm
Cn`moJ Q>ohiUrgmR>r hmoV Ago. JS>mda nm`m`m Mma-nmM Q>m`m Amho. EH$m JwhoV nmUr Amho
ISH$mV ImoXbobm XadmOm Amho. g_moaM n>m {H$m, {~VZJS>, AbJ,_XZ Am{U Hw$bJ, H$igy~mB Agm gd n[aga {XgVmo. JS>
nmh`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : AmT>m {H$`mbm Om`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ AmhoV.
{ZZmdr _mJ}: _w~B _mJ}BJVnwar JmR>mdr. BJVnwar ~g WmZH$m d$Z gH$mir 7.00 dmOVm ^Jya H$S>o OmUmar Eg.Q>r nH$Sy>Z gmYmaUV
XrS> Vmgm`m AVamdarb H$S>dm H$mbZr Zm`mda CVamdo. `m H$mbZr nmgyZM Amnbr nm`nrQ> Mmby hmoVo. H$mbZrVyZ nwT>o Jo`mda
H$S>dm YaU bmJVo. YaUm`m q^Vrd$Z nwT>o Jo`mda gmYmaU Zm`m nmgyZ 45 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU {ZZmdr JmdmV nmohMVmo. {ZZmdr
JmdmVyZ AmT>m {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ AmhoV. n{hbr dmQ> JmdmVyZ g_moaM {XgUm-`m C`m H$S>m`m Kir _YyZ OmVo. hr
dmQ> _m _V X_N>mH$ H$aUmar Amho. Xwgar dmQ> {ZZmdr JmdmVrb Xwg-`m hZw_mZ _{XamOdiyZ OmVo. hr dmQ> H$_r X_N>mH$ H$aUmar nU
n{h`m dmQ>onojm OmV doi bmdUmar Amho. `mdmQ>oZo {H$`mMo n{hbo nR>ma JmR>`mg nmD$U Vmg bmJVmo. `m nR>mamdaM AmT>m{H$m
R>od`m gmaIm {XgVmo. òWyZ {H$`m`m nm`-`m n`V Om`mg AYm Vmg bmJVmo. g_moaM H$mVimV H$moabo`m nm`-`m bmJVmV.
nm`-`m MTy>Z Jo`mda H$S>m COd rH$S>o R>odyZ nwT>o Omdo. da WmoS>o VamamohU Ho$`mda JS>_mWm JmR>Vm òVmo.
n>m {H$m _mJ}: AZoH$ OU AmT>-n>m-{~VZJS> Agm Q>oH$ gwm H$aVmV. òWyZ n>m {H$`mbm Om`mgmR>r darb _mJmZo {H$`m`m
nm`-`m AgUm-`m nR>mamda naVmdo. nR>mamd$Z g_moaM EH$ ^JdmP|S>m \$S>H$VmZm {XgVmo. òWyZ nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> Wo Q> n>m {H$`mda
OmVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mMr gmo` Zmhr, AmT>mdmS>rV amhVm òVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {n`mMo nmUr CnbY Amho
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 2 Vmg {ZZmdr _mJ}Am{U 2 Vmg n>m {H$m _mJ}.
gyMZm : nmdgm`mV A{VH${R>U
n>mJS
{H$`mMr CMr : 4562 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: H$igy~mB
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
gmr`m Cma X{jU amJoMr gwdmV BJVnwar n[agamVyZ WiKmQ>m`m nyd}H$S>o OmVo `mM amJobm H$igy~mB amJ hUVmV. `mM
amJo`m npM_oH$S>o AbJ, _XZ, H$igy~mB Va nyd}H$S>o AmT>, n>m, {~VZJS>, AmS> ho {H$o AmhoV. AbJ, _XZ, Hw$bJ òWo AgUmao
KZXmQ> OJb, XwJ_dmQ>m `m_wio òWrb {H$`mMr ^Q>H$Vr \$maM AdKS> Amho Va AmT>, n>m, `m n[agamVrb ^_Vr \$maM gmonr Amho.
n m{H$`mMoM Xwgao Zmd {dlm_JS> Ago XoIrb Amho.
B{Vhmg : n>mJS> {edmOr _hmamOmZr B.g.1671 _ò {OHy$Z KoVbm. n>m {H$`mMm _mWm hUOo EH$ _moR>o nR>maM Amho. òWyZ
AbJ, _XZ, Hw$bJ, H$igy~mB, q~H$JS> hm gd n[aga ZOaoV âVmo. `m gd n[agamda ZOa R>od`mgmR>r `m {H$`mMm Cn`moJ hmoV
Ago. {edam`mZr hm {H$m qOH$bm Am{U `mMo Zm_H$aU '{dlm_JS>' Ago Ho$bo. OmbmZmnyaMr byQ> Ho$`mZVa {edmOr _hmamOmZr H$mhr
H$mi `m {H$`mda Kmbdbm. nwT>o B.g.1686 n`V hm gd n[aga _amR>m`m Vm`mV hmoVm. 1682 gmbr AmaJOo~mZo _hmam>mV
nXmnU Ho$bo Am{U _amR>r _wbyI Vm`mV Ko`mg gwadmV Ho$br. 1688 gmbr _mV~aImZmZo ~mJbmUmVrb AZoH$ JS> Ko`mg gwadmV
Ho$br hmoVr. n>mJS>m g~Yr _mV~aImZ AmaJOo~mH$S>o AO nmR>dVmo `mV Vmo hUVmo godH$mZo H$mhr {XdgmnmgyZ 1000 H$moir, {^,
d _mdio `mMo nWH$ g`mV KoVbo Amho. _amR>m`m Vm`mV Agbobo n>m d BVa {H$`mbJV`m O_rZXmamZm aH$_m nwad`mV
Am`m AmhoV. 11 OmZodmar 1688 bm ImZmZo H$mhr nWHo$ {H$m Ko`m`m _mJmda YmS>br. _àmr`m gw_mamg {H$`m`m VQ>mbm
Xmoa bmdyZ {H$m qOHy$Z KoVbm. ^JyaMm R>mUoXma JmoqdXqgJ `mMr {H$`mda Zo_UyH$ H$a`mV Ambr. _moJbmZr 1688 Vo 89 `m
H$mbmdYrV _amR>mMo AmT>m, q~H$JS>, H$dZr, qJbdmS>r, _XZJS>, _moaXV {H$o {\$VwarZo KoVbo _m n>mJS> `mZm qOHy$Z `mdm
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : n>m {H$`mMm _mWm hUOo EH$ eV nR>maM Amho. AmT>m {H$`mH$Sy>Z òUm-`m dmQ>oZo {H$mda
nmohmoM`mda (dmQ>2) g_moaM nm`mMo EH$ Q>mHo$ bmJVo. nm`m`m Q>m`mnmgyZ XmoZ dmQ>m {ZKVmV. EH$ S>mdrH$S>o Va Xwgar COdrH$S>o.
COdrH$S>`m dmQ>oZo nwT>o Jo`mda WmoS>mM AVamda nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. COdrH$S>`m _m`mda AmVm H$mhrM {eH$ Zmhr hUyZ AmVm
S>mdrH$S>`m _m`mda dimdo. nmD$U Vmg nwT>o Jo`mda XmoZ nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. g_moaM EH$ _moR>r B_maV Amho. B_maVr`m q^Vr
Am{U N>na AOyZhr {eH$ Amho. g_moaM {H$`mMr AmS>dr VQ>~Xr Amho. VQ>~Xr`m da`m ^mJmda XmoZ _moR>m Jwhm AmhoV. g_moaM
gmV nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV. Jwhm ahm`mgmR>r Cm_ AmhoV. VQ>~Xr`m Imb`m ~mOybm Jo`mda A>^wOm XodrMo _{Xa bmJVo. `m
_{XamMm AbrH$S>oM OrUm}ma Ho$bm Amho. _{Xam`m g_moaM Cma_wIr XadmOm {XgVmo. `mMr H$_mZ AmOhr em~yV Amho. XadmOm`m
CO`m ~mOybm ~w$O Amho. _{Xa Am{U ~wOm`m Imb`m ~mOyg CVab H$s XmoZ Jwhm bmJVmV. EH$m Jwho_ò gmYyMo dmV` Amho
Va Xwg-`m JwhoV AbrH$S>oM JmdmMm XdmImZm Amho. òWyZ Imbr OmUmar dmQ> n>mdmS>rV OmVo. gnyU JS>_mWm {\$a`mg 4 Vmg
nwaVmV.

BJVnwar - KmoQ>r _mJ}Q>mHo$X : BJVnwar - KmoQ>r _mJ}Q>mHo$X Jmd JmR>mdo. Q>mHo$X n`V nmohM`mg 1 Vmg bmJVmo. Q>mHo$X d$Z H$moH$UdmS>r
`m dmS>r n`V Orngodm CnbY Amho. Q>mHo$X Vo H$moH$UdmS>r ho AVa nmD$U VmgmMo Amho. H$moH$UdmS>rbm ò`mgmR>r Xwgar dmQ> EH$Xam
JmdmVyZ gwm OmVo. Q>mHo$X`m nwT>oM ho EH$Xam Jmd Amho. H$moH$UdmS>r Vo n>mdmS>r AVa A`m VmgmMo Amho. n>mdmS>r ho {H$`m`m
nm``mMo Jmd. n>mdmS>r ho Jmd _wimVM S>m|Jam`m nR>mamda ~gbobo Amho. JmdmVyZM {H$`mda Om`mg dmQ> Amho. JmdmVyZ {H$`mMm
_mWm JmR>`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.
BJVnwar-^Jya ~gZo H$S>dm H$mbZr : Xwgar dmQ> AmT> {H$`mH$Sy>Z òVo. BJVnwar-^Jya ~gZo H$S>dm H$mbZr JmR>mdr. H$S>dm H$mbZr
nmgyZ {ZZmdr JmdmV `mdo. {ZZmdr JmdmV AmT> {H$`mMr S>m|Jgm|S> Imbr CVabobr Amho. `md$Z da MTy>Z Jo`mda AmnU EH$m
nR>mamda nmohmoMVmo. nR>mamd$Z COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. `m dmQ>oZo WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda AmnU AmT>m`m nm``mer nmohmoMVmo. `m
{H$`m`m nm``mer dmQ> Xw^mJVo. COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> AmT> {H$`mda OmVo Va, gaidmQ> n>m {H$`mH$S>o OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo nwT>o
Jo`mda EH$ qIS> bmJVo. `m qIS>rVyZ nwT>o Jo`mda g_moaM nR>ma bmJVo. nR>mamda XodrMo EH$ _{Xa Amho. _{Xam`m _mJyZ OmUmar dmQ>
nwT>o Xw^mJVo.S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> n>mdmS>rV OmVo Va gai S>m|Jagm|S>oda MT>Umar dmQ> drg {_{ZQ>mV EH$m H$mViH$S>m n`V nmohMVo.
H$mViH$S>m`m S>mdrH$S>Mr dmQ> H$S>mbm {MH$Qy>ZM nwT>o OmVo. gw_mao 20 {_{ZQ>mV AmnU XmoZ S>m|Jam`m _ò OmVo. g_moaM nQQ>mMr
VQ>~Xr Amho. dmQ>oVM EH$ nm`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : 1) {H$`mda XmoZ _moR>m Jwhm AmhoV. Jwho_ò 50 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo. 2) n>mdmS>rV gwm amh`mMr
gmo` hmoVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU dV H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda ~mam_hr {n`m`m nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : n>mdmS>rVyZ AYm Vmg bmJVmo.
qJbdmS>r
{H$`mMr CMr : 3238 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: H$igy~mB
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : gmonr
BJVnwar n[agamVyZ gmrMr EH$ amJ npM_oH$S>o ngabr Amho. `mM amJoV qJbdmS>r ~idVJS> Am{U H$mdZB ho {H$o AmhoV. `m
_mJmV bmJUmar Jmd, S>m|Ja_m`mn`V Ambobo aVo, _mUgmMr dXi `m_wio òWrb ^Q>H$Vr hr H$_r H$>mMr Amho
B{Vhmg : {H$`m`m nm``mer AgUm-`m OZ bo`md$Z `m {H$`mMr {Z{_Vr gmYmaU 10`m eVH$mV Pmbr Agmdr. hm
{H$m _amR>mZr H$Yr KoVbm ho kmV Zmhr. _m 1688 `meodQ>r _wKbmZr {\$VwarZo hm {H$m _amR>mH$Sy>Z qOHy$Z KoVbm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : qJbdmS>r JmdmVyZ JS>mda OmVmZm nm``mer nmS>dboUr ZmdmMr Jwhm Amho. `m boUr 3
^mJmV AmhoV. Amogar, AmV {dhma Am{U {dhmamV H$moabobo H$moZmS>o. doemamda gwXa H$moard H$m_ AmT>iVo. {dhmam`m AmV Agbo`m
H$moZmS>mV JmV_~wmMr `mZW _yVu Amho. `m _yVu`m Imbr EH$ {ebmboI Amho. {dhmam`m 4 Im~mnH$s 3 Im~mMr nS>PS> Pmbr
Amho. òWyZ da {H$`mda OmV AgVmZm dmQ>oVM nm`-`m`m AJmoXa Jwhm bmJVo. nm`-`mZr JS>mda nmohM`mda g_moaM nS>`m
dmS>mMo Adeof bmJVmV. dmS>mMo Adeof nmhZ naV nm`-`mH$S>o dim`Mo. nm`-`mnmgyZ COdrH$S>o di`mda AZoH$ gwH$bobr
nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmT>iVmV. 5-10 {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Jo`mda S>mdrH$S>o AgUm-`m S>m|Jam`m nm``mer EH$ _moR>r Jwhm Amho. `m JwhoV 2025 OUmZm amhVm òVo. òWyZ nwT>o MmbV Jo`mda {n`m`m nm`mMo ^w`mar Q>mHo$ bmJVo.Q>m`m`m Im~mda gwXa ZjrH$m_ AmT>iVo.`m
Q>m`mnmgyZ nwT>o Jo`mda eH$amMo _{Xa bmJVo. `m _{Xamg_moa`m H$S>md$Z X{jUog VioJS>, BJVnwar nyd}bm H$igw~mB, Cmaobm
`~H$amJ, h[aha, ~gJS> Agm n[aga {XgVmo. Am`m _mJmZo naV nm`-`mnmer `mdo. nm`-`m`m g_moaM dmS>mMo Adeof Amho. Vo
_mJo Q>mHy$Z gai nwT>o dmQ>oZo Imbr CVamdo Am{U COdrH$S>o dimdo. hr dmQ> JS>m`m Jw XadmOmnmer KoD$Z OmVo. nm`-`mZr Imbr
CVa`mda AmnU AIS> H$mVimV H$moabo`m XadmOmnmer nmohMVmo. XadmOm`m COdrH$S>o 6-7 \y$Q> CM hZw_mZmMr _yVu H$moabr
Amho. g_moaM H$mVimV H$moabo`m nm`-`m {H$`m`m _Y`m nR>mamda KoD$ {\$a`mg gmYmaU 1 Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : JS>mda Om`mgmR>r 3 _mJ AmhoV.
qMMmobr _mJ}: `m _mJmZo JS>mda Om`mgmR>r H$gmam JmR>mdo. H$gm-`md$Z Ohma, _moImS>m qH$dm ImoS>mim `mnH$s OmUmar Hw$R>brhr ~g
nH$S>mdr Am{U "{dhrJmd' \$mQ>mda CVamdo.`m \$mQ>m`m g_moaM EH$ XoD$i Amho. `m Xodim`m _mJo hUOoM a`m`m COdrH$S>o
OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>mdr. nmD$U VmgmZVa qMMmobr ZmdmMo Jmd bmJVo. `m Jmdm`m_mJyZ OJbmVyZ OmUm-`m a`mZo {H$`m`m
_`^mJr AgUm-`m nR>mamda nmohMmdo.òWyZ H$. 2 _ò gm{JV`m_mUo 2 dmQ>m OJbmda OmVmV. H$moU`mhr dmQ>oZo XJS>mda nmohMmdo
hr dmQ> \$maM bm~Mr Ag`mZo `mZo JS> JmR>`mg 4 Vmg bmJVmV. dmQ> MwH$`mMm XoIrb g^d Amho.
qJbdmS>r _mJ}: JmS>rZo qH$dm aodoZo BJVnwar JmR>mdo. BJVnwar`m nyd}H$S>o hUOoM Eg.Q>r Q>S>`m ~mOybm ~mhoa nS>m`Mo. EgQ>r
WmZH$m`m AbrH$S>o Am~oS>H$a MmH$ bmJVmo. `m MmH$mVyZ EH$ dmQ> da OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo nwT>o nYam {_{ZQ>o MmbV Jo`mda COdrH$S>o
dimdo. A`m VmgmV AmnU dmKmobr Zmdm`m qIS>rV nmohMVmo. qIS>rVyZ Imbr CVa`mda AmnU qJbdmS>r Zm`mda nmohMVmo. òWyZ
S>mdrH$S>o (qJbdmS>r JmdmH$S>o ) dimdo.A`m VmgmV AmnU qJbdmS>r JmdmV nmohMVmo. qJbdmS>r Jmdmn`V BJVnwar-KmoQ>rqJbdmS>r Aer Orngodm XoIrb CnbY Amho.Jmdm`m _mJo qJbdmS>r YaU Amho. YaUm`m q^Vrda MTy>Z S>mdrH$S>o dimdo.q^V
gn`mZVa COdrH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr. `m dmQ>oZo A`m VmgmV AmnU {H$`m`m nm``mer nmohMVmo. nm``merM nmS>dboUr
ZmdmMr Jwhm Amho. `m Jwho`md$Z JS>m da Om`mg
{dn`Zm {dmnrR>m_mJ}: BJVnwar WmZH$md$Z Cma {Xeobm hUOoM "{dn`Zm {dmnrR>m'H$S>o CVamdo. {dm{nR>mMo doema
Am`mda VoWyZ g_moa AgUmar S>m|JamMr gm|S> MT>mdr. Vr dmQ> Amn`mbm MS> H$S>mImbr AmUyZ gmoS>Vo. Vmo MS>H$S>m COdrH$S>o
R>odV XmoZ VmgmV {H$`m`m nm``mer nmohMVmo. òWyZ da MT>`mg Amn`mbm AYm Vmg nwaVmo.hm _mJ nwT>o XmoZ _mJm_ò
{d^mJbobm Amho. nyd}H$Sy>Z da MT>Umam _mJ hm da gm{JVbo`m H$. 1 `m dmQ>obm OmD$Z {_iVmo, Va npM_oH$S>o OmUmar dmQ>
{H$`mbm COdrH$S>o R>odV EH$m Kirnmer nmohMVo. `m KirVyZ da MT>`mda nwT>o H$mVimV H$moabo`m nm`-`m bmJVmV. `m nm`-`mZr
da MT>`mda {H$`mMm XadmOm bmJVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda 15 OUmZm amhVm òBb EdT>r _moR>r Jwhm Amho.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~mam_mhr {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1 Vmg qJbdmS>r JmdmnmgyZ, 3 Vmg qMMmobr JmdmnmgyZ, 2 Vmg {dn`Zm _mJ}
gyMZm :qMMmobr JmdmVyZ OmUmar dmQ> - _`_,{ZgaS>r.
H$mdZB
{H$`mMr CMr : 2500 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: BJVnwar-npM_
{Ohm : Zm{eH
loUr : _`_
BJVnwar n[agamV AgUmar gmrMr amJ XmoZ {XemZm {d^mJbr OmVo EH$ nyd}H$S>o Va Xwgar npM_oH$S>o nyd}H$S>o AgUm-`m
gmr`m amJobm H$igy~mB amJ hUVmV.`mV H$igy~mB ,AbJ,Hw$bJ ,AdT> - n>m ho {H$o
òVmV Va npM_oH$S>o AgUm-`m amJoV qJbdmS>r,H$mdZB ,harha,~h{Jar,AOZoar ho {H$o òVmV.`m n[agamV ^_Vr H$am`Mr
Ag`mg BJVnwar qH$dm KmoQ>rbm `mdo.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$`mMm XadmOm AmOhr ~-`mnH$s em~yV Amho.Xadm`mVyZ AmV {ea`mda CO`m
hmVmbmM Jwhm Amho.JwhoV 4 Vo 5 OUmZm amhVm òBb EdT>r dmQ> Amho.òWyZM _m`mda Om`mg OmJm Amho.JS>_m`mda nmohM`mda
X{jU^mJmV EH$ Vbmd Amho AmOw~mOwbm nS>`m dmS>mMo AZoH$ Adeof AmhoV.JS>m`m npM_ ^mJmV EH$ ~wO Amho.~wOm`m
OdiM nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.JS>_mWm Vgm bhmZM `m_wio {\$a`mg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.{H$`md$Z H$igy~mB amJ,`~H$
amJ,qJbdmS>r Agm gd n[aga {XgVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : 1. H$mdZB _mJ}
H$mdZB bm Om`Mo Ag`mg BJVnwarbm qH$dm KmoQ>rbm `mdo.òWyZ H$mdZB JmdmH$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr.H$mdZB Jmd ho
{H$`m`m nm``mMo Jmd Amho.BJVnwarhZ Ana dVaUm bm OmUmar ~g nH$Sy>Z dmH$s \$mQ>mda CVamdo. dVaUm H$S>o OmUmam aVm
gmoSy>Z COdH$S>Mr dmQ> nH$S>mdr.`m \$mQ>`mnmgyZ 1 Vmgm`m Mmbr ZVa AmnU H$mdZB JmdmV nmohMVmo.JmdmV H${nbmYmamVrWMm
ZmdmMm Aml_ Amho.JmdmV {ea`mda CO`m hmVmbmM {H$m {XgVmo.{H$`mMr EH$ gm|S> JmdmV CVabobr Amho.`m gm|S>od$Z MT>V
Om`Mo A`m Vmgm`m MmbrZVa dmQ> COdrH$S>o diVo Am{U {M_Urnmer òD$Z Wm~Vo.nwT>Mm MT>mB {M_UrVyZM Amho.òWo gmono
VamamohU H$$Z AmnU {H$`m`m XadmOmnmer òD$Z nmohMVmo.JmdmnmgyZ BWn`V nmohM`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo.
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mgmR>r Jwhm Amho `mV 4 Vo 5 bmoH$mMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.`mV E{b n`V nmUr AgVo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : H$mdZB JmdmVyZ AYm Vmg.
aZm{Jar {Ohm
aZXwJ ( ^JdVrMm {H$m )
{H$`mMr CMr : 0
S>m|JaamJ: H$moH$U
{Ohm : aZm{Jar
loUr : A`V gmonr
aZm{Jar ehamnmgyZ Ad`m 2 - 3 {H$._r. da AgUmam aZXwJ hm n`Q>H$mgmR>r _w` AmH$fUmMm {df` R>abm Amho Vmo `mdarb
A`V gwXa ^JdVr _{Xam_wio, òWyZ {XgUm`m g_wm`m {dhJ_ `m_wio Am{U g_wmn`V OmUm`m {H$`mVrb ^w`mar _mJm_wio.
aZXwJ aZm{Jar eham`m A`V Odi AgyZ Aa~r g_wm`m H$mR>mdarb S>m|Jamda ~mY`mV Ambm Amho. {H$`mMm AmH$ma
KmoS>m`m ZmbmgmaIm AgyZ jo\$i 120 EH$a Amho. aZXwJ VrZhr ~mOyZr g_wmZo doT>bobm AgyZ `m`m Amo` {Xeobm O_rZ
Amho. {H$`m`m nm``merM {_aH$admS>m ho ~Xa Amho.
B{Vhmg : aZXwJmMr ~mYUr \$ma nydu ~h_Zr H$mimV Pmbr. 1670 gmbr {edmOr _hmamOmZr hm {H$m A{XbehmH$Sw>Z qOHy$Z
KoVbm. Ym|Sy> ^mH$a {V{ZYr `mZr 1790 gmbr {H$`mMr S>mJSw>Or H$$Z `mbm A{YH$ _O~wVr AmUbr.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$`m`m doemamVyZ AmV {ea`mda g_moaM gw~H$ ~mYUrMo lr ^JdVrMo
{edH$mbrZ _{Xa Amho. ^JdVr XodrMo XeZ KoD$Z nwT>o Jo`mda EH$m {R>H$mUr Mmahr ~mOyZr q^VtZr ga{jV Ho$bobr EH$ OmJm
Amn`mbm {XgVo. hmM Vmo VrZ Vm|S>mMm ^w`mar _mJ. AmO hm ^w`mar _mJ dmnamV Zgbm Var XrnJhmH$Sy>Z {H$`m`m doemamH$S>o
òVmZm bmJUm`m VQ>~Xrd$Z `m ^w`mamMm eodQ> Imbr g_w{H$Zm`mda `m{R>H$mUr hmoVmo VoWo Agbobr EH$ MS> Jwhm n> {XgVo.
`m q^VtZr ga{jV Ho$bo`m VrZ Vm|S>m`m ^w`mar _mJmnmgyZ WmoS>o nwT>o MmbV Jobo AgVm g_wmMo _Zmoa_ XeZ KS>dUmam EH$ ~w$O
bmJVmo. `m ~wOmMo Zmd aoS>o ~w$O AgyZ `mda EH$ V^hr C^mabm Amho. {H$`m`m EH$m ~mOybm XrnJh AgyZ `m XrnJhmdZ
gnyU aZm{Jar ehamMo VgoM g_wmMo A`V gwXa ` {XgVo. {H$`mV EH$ bhmZ Vio d EH$ Imob {dhra Amho. aZm{Jar ehamVyZ
{H$`mH$S>o Om`mgmR>r [ajm gmoBMr AgyZ aZm{Jar ehamMm ZOmam XrnJhmdZ ~K`mgmR>r g`mH$mir 5.00 `m gw_mamg
Jo`mg Ver nadmZJr {_iy eH$Vo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r dan`V S>m~ar aVm AgyZ {H$`m`m nm``merM eH$amMo lr ^mJoa
_{Xa Amho. `m _{Xam`m Im~mda newn`mMr gwXa gwXa {Mo Ho$abobr AgyZ _{Xam`m g^modVr Zmair, nmo\$ir d \w$bPmS>mZr
~habobr ~mJ Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : Zmhr.

nm`mMr gmo` : _{XamOdi {n`mMo nmUr {_iy eH$Vo.
_{hnVJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 3090 \y$Q>

{Ohm : aZm{Jar
loUr : _`_
IoS> Vmbw`m`m nyd}g 12 _bmda agmiJS>-gw_maJS> Am{U _{hnVJS> hr S>m|JaamJ C^r Amho. `m _ò CmaoH$S>Mm _{hnVJS> hm
gdmV CM Am{U {dVmamZo gwm MS> Amho. {H$`mMo jo\$i 120 EH$a Amho.ho VrZ {H$o EH$_oH$m`m OdiOdi Ag`m_wio
AZoH$ Q>oH$g _{hnVJS>-gw_maJS>-agmiJS> Agm Q>oH$ XoIrb H$aVmV.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _{hnVJS> hm Zmdm_mUoM _{hnV Amho. {H$m Vgm AmH$mamZo \$ma _moR>m Amho.
Mh~mOyMo H$S>o VwQ>bobo Ag`m_wio òH$ {R>H$mUr VQ>~XrMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr. H$mhr {R>H$mUr {OWo H$S>m MT>`mg gmonm Amho {VWo
VQ>~Xr C^mabr Amho. g`m _m hr VQ>~Xr nSy>Z Jobobr Amho. {H$`mbm EHy$U ghm XadmOo AmhoV. BemòH$S>o bmbXodS>r
XadmOm, nyd}g nwgmQ>r XadmOm, X{jUoH$S>o IoS> XadmOm, npM_og {edJJm XadmOm, CmaoH$S>o H$moVdmb XadmOm, Amoòg èdV
XadmOm. gpWVrbm ho XadmOo Zm__m Cabobo AmhoV. ho gd XadmOo hmoVo `m`m IwUm \$$ Cabo`m AmhoV. {edJJm XadmOm
Odi EH$ {edmMr qnS> Amho. nwgmQ>r XadmOm Odi EH$ {eS>r Amho. H$moVdmb XadmOm Odi _mVrMo EH$ N>moQ>ogo _{Xa Amho.
nmaoamMo EH$ _moR>o _{Xa {H$`mda Amho. `m _{XamV amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo. _{Xam`m g_moaM {n`m`m nm`mMr {dhra Amho. `m
`{V[a$ {H$`mMo nR>ma hUOo EH$ OJbM Amho. AZoH$ H$maMo Adeof `m PmS>rV bnbobo AmhoV. `m gdmMm A`mg hmoUo \$ma
Amd`H$ Amho. `m {H$`mda EH$ AmJimdoJim H$ma {XgVmo. Vmo hUOo Z dmnabo`m Mw`mMo Adeof òWo nS>bobo {XgVmV. JS>
{\$a`mg XmoZ Vo VrZ Vmg nwaVmV.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : IoS> d$Z nhmQ>oM X{hdbr Jmdmbm OmUmar ~g nH$S>mdr. IoS> Vo X{hdbr 1 VmgmMo AVa Amho.
X{hdbr JmdmVyZ {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r _ibobr dmQ> Amho. hr dmQ> bm~Mr Ag`mZo JS>_mWm JmR>`mg 4 Vmg bmJVmV. `m dmQ>oZo
OmVmZm Amn`mbm XmoZ qIS>r nma H$am`m bmJVmV.
2) : IoS>d$Z dmS>rOVmnyabm OmUmar JmS>r nH$S>mdr. dmS>rOVmnyamg CVa`mda _ibo`m dmQ>oZo dmS>r ~obXma JmdmV `mdo.
dmS>rOVmnya Vo dmS>r~obXma ho AV XmoZ Vo AS>rM VmgmMo Amho. dmS>r~obXmahZ JS>_mWm JmR>`mg 1 Vmg nwaVmo. dmQ> MmJbr
_ibobr Ag`mZo MwH$`mMm g^d Zmhr.
3) : agmiJS>d$Z gw_maJS> _mJ}gwm _{hnVJS> JmR>Vm òVmo. ho AVa gmYmaUV: 7 VmgmMo Amho. OJb XmQ> Ag`mZo dmQ>
MwH$`mMm \$ma g^d Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : nmaoa _{XamV 20 Vo 30 OUmMr amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1) X{hdbr JmdmVyZ - 4 Vmg
gw_maJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 2000 \y$Q>

{Ohm : aZm{Jar
loUr : H$R>rU
gw_maJS> hm Zmdm_mUoM gw_ma Amho. "CJdVr`m H$S>mda EH$m PmS>mbm Y$Z da `|Jmd bmJV" Agm JmoZrXmZr `m
{H$`m~b`m dUZmV hQ>bobo Amho. agmiJS> Am{U _{hnVJS> `m`m ~amo~a _ò hm {H$m òVmo. AmOw~mOybm AgUmao OJb
Am{U {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r AgUmar AdKS> dmQ> `m_wio {H$m \$maM Xwb{jV Pmbobm Amho
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : {H$`mda da nmohM`mda g_moaM nm`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s AmhoV. Q>m`m`m nmoQ>mVM EH$ Jwhm
Amho. `mV {edmMr qnS> Am{U XodrMr _yVu Amho. nm`m`m Q>m`m`m CO`m AJmg WmoS>o da Jo`mda EH$Im~r nm`mMo Q>mHo$ bmJVo.
EH$ dmQ> g_moa`m Q>oH$mS>mda OmVo Va EH$ Q>oH$mS>mbm digm KmbyZ nwhm Q>m`mnmer òVo. g_moa`m Q>oH$S>rbm digm _maVmZm EH$m
{R>H$mUr XJS>_mVrZo ~wObobr Jwhm {XgVo. `m JwhoV XmoZ Imo`m AmhoV. _m `mV ~`mM _moR>m _mUmda _mVr O_m Pmbobr Amho.
JS>_mWm \$maM bhmZ Ag`m_wio JS>\o$arg AYm Vmg nwaVmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : gw_maJS>mda Om`mgmR>r EH$M dmQ> Amho. hr dmQ> EH$m qIS>r_YyZM da OmVo. `m Xmohr dmQ>m EH$m
qIS>rVM òD$Z {_iVmV. _{hnV JS>md$Z dmS>r~obXma `m JmdmV Z CVaVm CbQ>m {XeoZo Imbr CVamdo. dmQ>oV YZJamMr XmoZ VrZ
Ka bmJVmV. òWyZ WmoS>o Imbr CVa`mda EH$ AmoT>m bmJVmo Vmo nma H$$Z g_moaMm S>m|Ja MT>mdm. nwT>o A`m VmgmVM AmnU EH$m
qIS>rnmer nmohMVmo. qIS>rVyZ S>mdrH$S>o da MT>Umar dmQ> WoQ> gw_maJS>mda KoD$Z OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo nwT>o Jo`mda WmoS>mM doimV AmnU
EH$m H$S>mnmer nmohMVmo. H$S>mbm bmJyZM dmQ> nwT>o OmVo. nwT>Mr dmQ> AdKS> Amho. Odi amon Ag`mg \$maM Cm_. qIS>rnmgyZ
{H$`mda Om`mg nmD$U Vmg nwaVmo. agmiJS>md$Z gw_maJS>mH$S>o `m`Mo Pm`mg dmQ>oV EH$ am`m YZJamMm Pmn bmJVmo. _m
agmiJS> Vo gw_maJS> ho AVa gmS>oMma Vmgm Mo Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : Zmhr

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : _{hnVJS>m_mJ}AS>rM Vmg
agmiJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 1770 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: IoS>
{Ohm : aZm{Jar
loUr : gmonr
gmrMr amJ CmaX{jU ngabobr Amho. _w` amJonmgyZ gwQ>mdbo`m AZoH$ amJm nmM nMdrg _b
bm~da ngabo`m AmhoV. nmobmXnya gmoSy>Z IoS>d$Z {MniyUH$S>o OmVmZm agmiJS>, gw_maJS>, _{hnVJS> ho
VrZ XwJ Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmV. ho gd {H$o Omdir`m Imo`mVM òVmV. VmnJS>, _Yw_H$aXJS>, agmiJS>,
gw_maJS> Am{U _{hnVJS> hm Q>oH$hr Iyn {g Amho.

agmiJS>mMm Koam bhmZM Ag`mZo gnyU JS>\o$arg EH$ Vo XrS> Vmg nwaVmo. agmidmS>rVyZ
{H$`mda {eaVmZmM dmQ>oV XmoZ XadmOo bmJVmV. n{hbo doemamVyZ AmV Jo`mda g_moaM VQ>mVrb _mVrMo
XeZ hmoVo. digm _m$Z AmnU {H$`m`m Xwg`m XadmOmV nmohMVmo. `m XadmOmVyZ {H$`mV doe
Ho$`mda g_moaM VQ>mda EH$ ^br _moR>r Vmo\$ {XgVo. Vmo\$m ho `m {H$`mMo _moR>o d{eQ>M Amho. {H$`mda
bhmZ_moR>m {_iyZ gw_mao 16 Vmo\$m AmhoV.gnyU {H$`mMm _mWm hUOo EH$ nR>maM hmo`. g_moaM PmobmB
XodrMo _{Xa Amho. _{XamMm OrUm}ma Ho$bobm Amho. H$moZmS>mV AZoH$ gmnS>bo`m _y`m R>od`m AmhoV.
_{Xam`m g_moa Xrn_mi Am{U Vwier dXmdZ Amho. g_moaM EH$ Vmo\$ gwm R>odbobr Amho. _{Xam`m ~mOybm
nm`mMm _moR>m Vbmd Amho. ho nmUr {n`mgmR>r `mo` Amho. _{Xam`m _mJ`m ~mOybm {edmMo N>moQ>ogo _{Xa Amho.
nm`m`m Q>m`m`m da`m ^mJmbm WmoS>mgm CMdQ>m Amho , `mbmM
~mbo{H$m hUVmV. `mV dmS>mMo _moR>m _mUmda Adeof AmhoV. ~w$Omd Vmo\$m AmT>iVmV. òWyZ g_moaM EH$
XJS>r ~mYH$m_ Agbobr Imobr AmT>iVo. ho Ym` H$moR>ma Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo. ~mbo{H$`m`m OdiM AmUIr
EH$ nm`mMm Vbmd Amho. `m Xmohr VbmdmV ~mam_hr nmUr AgVo. {H$`m`m ZF$` ^mJmV EH$ ZXr Amho.
_m òWo {edmMr qnS> AmT>iV Zmhr. {H$`mda nm`mMr Q>mH$s _moR>m _mUmda AmhoV. hUOo hm {H$m nydu
_moR>m _mUmda ZmXVm Agmdm.

1. IoS> d$Z dS>Jmd {~a_Ur H$S>o OmUmar ~g nH$S>m`Mr Am{U dmQ>oV AgUm`m h~ar \$mQ>mda
CVam`Mo. h~ar \$mQ>mnmgyZ WoQ> ~rS> JmdmV OmUmar dmQ> nH$S>m`Mr. gmYmaUV: ~rS> JmdmV nmohM`mg EH$
Vmg bmJVmo. dmS>r~rS> JmdmVyZ JS>mda Om`mg _ibobr dmQ> Amho. `m _mJmZo {H$`mda nmohM`mg XrS> Vmg
bmJVmo.
2. IoS> d$Z {Z_Zr JmdmV Om`mgmR>r ~gog gwQ>VmV. {Z_Zr JmdmV CV$Z EH$m VmgmV agmidmS>r
_mJ}{H$m JmR>Vm òVmo. dmQ> A`V gmonr Amho.
3. IoS> d$Z _mOo OVmnya JmdmV OmUmar Eg. Q>r. nH$S>mdr. _mOo OVmnyahZ - agmidmS>r _mJ}XmoZ
VmgmV agmiJS> JmR>mdm. dmQ> A`V gmonr Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` :
PmobmB XodrMo _{Xa (30 Vo 40 _mUgo amh eH$VmV.)
OodUmMr gmo` :
AmnU dV H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` :
~mam_hr CnbY Amho.

agmidmS>rVyZ (15 {_{ZQ>o)
R>mUo {Ohm
_mhbr
{H$`mMr CMr : \y$Q>.
S>m|JaamJ: ehmnya
{Ohm : R>mUo
loUr : gmonr
R>mUo {OmV ehmnya-AmgZJmdmOdi EH$ XwJ{Hw$Q> Amho. _mhbr-^S>maJS> Am{U nigJS> {_iyZ ho ~iH$Q>
R>mUo V`ma Pmbo Amho. _wm_ OmD$Z nhmdo Ago ho {R>H$mU H$moUmhr {ZgJo_r _mUgmbm Amn`m {ZgJgmX`mZo
doS> bmdVo. AZoH$ gwiHo$ Agbobm bm~bMH$ Agm hm S>m|Ja _mhbr ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo. _mhbrMo XmoZ
Imo{Jam_wio VrZ ^mJ nS>bo AmhoV. CmaoMm nigJS>, _Ybm _mhbrJS> Am{U X{jUoMm ^S>maJS>.
B{Vhmg : BVa AZoH$ {H$`m_mUo `mhr {H$`mMr _yi C^maUr H$moUr Ho$br, ho kmV Zmhr. nU 1485 `m gw_mamg ho {R>H$mU
ZJa`m {ZOm_ emhr`m gWmnH$ Agbo`m _{bH$ Ah_X `m`mH$S>o Ambo. nwT>o ehmOramOo {ZOm_emhrMo gMmbH$ ~Z`mda
{Xr`m _moJb \$mOm d Am{Xbemhr goZm g`w$nUo {ZOm_emhr ~wS>d`mgmR>r `Z H$$ bmJ`m. 1635-36 `m gw_mamg
ehmOtZr H$R>rU n[apWVrV ~iH$Q> Aml`WmZ hUyZ Owa - {edZoarhZ {OOm~mB d ~mi {edmOrgh _mhbrbm _w$m_ hbdbm.
ImZO_mZ hUOo _hm~VImZm`m _wbmZo _mhbrbm doT>m {Xbm. ehmOramOmZr nmoVwJrOmH$S>o _XV _m{JVbr. nU `mZr ZH$ma {Xbm
AgVm ehmOtZr eaUmJVr nH$abr. nwT>o 1658 _ò 8 OmZodmar amoOr {edam`mZr hm {H$m _moJbmH$Sy>Z naV {_idbm. nU 1661
_ò Vmo _moJbmZm naV mdm bmJbm. bJogM Vmo naV qOHy$Z KoVbm Jobm. 1665 `m nwaXa`m VhmV ho XwJ{Hw$Q> naV J_dmdo
bmJbo. `mZVa _moJbmMm _ZmohaXmg JmS> hm YmoaUr H$V~Xma gaXma _mhbrda H$ma^ma nmh bmJbm. `mZo JS>mda ~aoM ~mYH$m_ H$$Z
KoVbo. \o$~wdmar 1670 _ò Iw {edmOramOm`m ZoVdmImbr _mhbrda Ho$bobm hm Aèdr R>abm. XrS> hOma _amR>r _md`mnH$s
V~b hOma _mdio _moJbmZr H$mnyZ H$mT>bo. _amR>mMm XUXUrV nam^d Pmbm. `m èmZVahr _ZmohaXmg JmS>Zo {H$oXmar gmoS>br.
`m`m OmJr Abm{dXu ~oJ hm Zdm {H$oXma Oy Pmbm. ZVa 16 OyZ 1670 amoOr XmoZ _{h`m`m doT>m ZVa XmoZeo _moJb g{ZH$mMo
a$ gmS>bo. _moamonV qnJ`mZr _mhbr, nigJS> d ^S>maJS> ho {Hy$Q> dam`mV gm_rb H$$Z KoVbo.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : AmgZJmd_mJ}_mhbr JmdmVyZ {eS>r`m dmQ>oZo {H$`mda Am`mda g_moaM nm`mMr XmoZ
Q>mH$s AmhoV. nmM {_{ZQ>mda AmUIr EH$ nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. COdrH$S>o Jo`mda Imbr nhmaoH$`m`m XodS>m AmhoV. g_moaM
T>mgibo`m AdWoVbm _hmXadmOm Amho. BWyZ ^mVgm amer, AbJ, _XZ, Hw$bJ d H$igy~mB ndVamJ {XgVo. Va nyd}bm
h[aMJS>, AmOmo~m, X{jUnyd}bm _mWoamZ amJ, X{jUnpM_obm VmZgm Imoao, VwJmaoa amJ Agbobm MS> _wbyI {XgVmo.{eS>r`m
dmQ>oZo XmoZ {_{ZQ>o nwT>o Jo`mda S>mdrH$S>o OJbmV EH$ dmQ> OmVo. dmQ>oVM N>nadOm AgUmao _hmXodmMo _{Xa Amho. nwT>o dmS>mMo H$mhr
Adeof AmT>iVmV. g_moaM nm`mMm \$ma _moR>m Vbmd Amho. nwT>o Jo`mda OmîmMo amZ bmJVo. hr dmQ> qIS>rV OmD$Z nmohmoMVo. hr
qIS> hUOo _mhbr Am{U ^S>maJS> Xa`mZMr qIS> Amho. qIS>r`m WmoS>o da Jo`mda CO`m ~mOyg 500 Vo 600 \y$Q> Imbr
CVa`mda H$S>mbJVM H$`mU XadmOm Amho. `m Xadm`mVyZ JS>mda `m`Mo Pm`mg VamamohUmMr JaO nS>Vo. qIS>rVyZ dmQ>oZo da
MT>V Jo`mda PmS>r_ò ~ma_hr nm`mM ^w`mar Q>mHo$ Amho. òWyZ nwT>o OmUmar dmQ> JS>m`m X{jU Q>moH$mnmer hUOoM ^S>maJS>mda
KoD$Z OmVo. ^S>maJS>mdZ g_moaM Cô AgUmao ^Q>mo~m, Zdam d ZdarMo gwiHo$ {XgVmV. g_moaM COdrH$S>o AgUm`m S>m|JaamJoda
dOraMm gwiH$m {XgVmo. g^modVmb`m n[agamMo ` A{Ve` a_Ur` AgVo.

1)AmgZJmd_mJ : _w~B-Zm{eH$ bmoh_mJmdarb AmgZJmd JmR>mdo. BWyZ 5 {H$._r. AVamdarb JS>m`m
nm``mer AgUm`m _mhbr `m Jmdr nm`r AWdm [ajmZo OmVm òVo. JS>m`m nm``mer _hmXodmMo gwXa _{Xa
Amho. amr VoWo amh`mMr gmo` hmoVo. BWyZ COdrH$S>o EH$ AmoT>m nma H$$Z 3 {H$._r. Mm IS>m MT> MTy>Z Omdo.
dmQ>oV EH$ bmoIS>r {eS>r Amho. Vr nma H$$Z da Jo`mda g_moaM nm`mMr XmoZ Q>mH$s {XgVmV.`m dmQ>oZo JS>mda
Om`mg 2 Vmg nwaVmV.
2)dmqeX_mJ}: bmoH$bZo qH$dm Eg.Q>r. Zo dmqeXbm CVamdo. Cmaobm XhmJmd Am{U nwT>o Mm`mMm nmS>m JmR>mdm.
MXoarMm S>m|Ja COdrH$S>o R>odyZ _mhbr`m X{jU Q>moH$mnmgyZ {ZKmbo`m d npM_obm ngabo`m gm|S>oda MT>mdo.
gm|S>od$Z Zdam-Zdar gwiHo$ COdrH$S>o R>odV AdKS> loUrMm H$mViQ>nm MTy>Z H$`mU XadmOmZo ^S>maJS>mda
doe H$amdm. H$`mU XadmOmda EH$ {ebmboI AmT>iVmo. hr dmQ> Iyn AdKS> Ag`mZo VamamohUmMo gm{h`
Odi AgUo Amd`H$ Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` : ^S>maJS>mda ahm`mMr H$moUVrhr gmo` Zmhr. {H$o _mhbrda ahm`mgmR>r nhmaoH$`m`m XodS>m AmhoV, nU
e`Vmo hm Q>oH$ EH$ {XdgmMmM H$amdm.
OodUmMr gmo` : {H$`mda OodUmMr gmo` AmnUM H$amdr.
nm`mMr gmo` : {H$o _mhbrda nhmaoH$`m`mXodS>mg_moa nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. òWrb nmUr {n`mgmR>r Cn`w$ Amho.
^S>maJS>mda {n`m`m nm`mMr gmo` Zmhr. `m_wio VoWo AgVmZm nm`mMm gmR>m Odi R>odmdm.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AmgZJmd _mJ}XmoZ Vmg.H$`mU XadmOm _mJ}6 Vo 8 Vmg.
gyMZm : dmQ> - AmgZJmd _mJ}gmonr.H$`mU XadmOm _mJ}AdKS> .
_bJJS>
{H$`mMr CMr : 3200 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: _mWoamZ
{Ohm : R>mUo
loUr : _`_
_bJJS> H$`mUnmgyZ X{jUog 16 {H$._r. AVamda EH$m CM S>m|Jamda ~mYbobm Amho. ~Xbmnya`m ZF$òg d _w~B Am{U
gm>r`m nyd}g hm {H$m Amho. H$aOm d CaU ZF$òg Am{U ~moaKmQ>,^r_meH$a d _mieoO KmQ> nyd}g Agm hm ^mJ bT>mB`m
>rZo A{Ve` _hdmMm Amho.
B{Vhmg : Aq~S>Z m BJOr A{YH$m`mZo 1780 _ò _bJJS>mbm doT>m KmVbm. nmdgm`mV _amR>o `w Q>miVmV. ho bjmV
KoD$Z ~ogmdY _amR>mda â nmdgmVM hm H$a`mMo `mZo R>adbo. bT>mB gw$ hmoVmM ZF$` d CmaoH$S>`m dmQ>m ~X H$$Z
Q>mH$`m. `mZo W_ nra_mMr Ko`mMo R>adbo. VoWo nmSw>aJ Ho$VH$a `mg 300 _mUgm{Zer Zo_bobo hmVo. AMmZH$ hm Pm`m_wio
_amR>mZr {VH$ma Ho$bm Zmhr. 125 OU gmoZo _mMrH$S>o Ymdbo. Va ~mH$s JS>mda OmJm ZhVr hUyZ H$`mU`m _m_boXmamH$S>o
Ymdbo. Aq~S>ZZo JS>mda nmohM`mgmR>r JS>m`m nm``mnmgyZ nra _mMrn`V dmQ> emoYyZ H$mT>br. ZmZm \$S>U{dgmZo doT>m
CR>d`mMm `Z Ho$bm nU Vmo èdr Pmbm Zmhr. Aq~S>ZZo nra _mMr`m nR>mamda VrZ Vmo\$m MT>d`m d gmoZo _mMrda Jmoir~ma
Mmby Ho$bm. nU doema _moR>m Iw~rZo ~mYbo Ag`m_wio VoWda Jmoio nmohMoZmV. _amR>mZm OJbmV`m AZoH$ MmoadmQ>m _mhrV
Ag`m_wio `mMm ~mhoa`m OJmer gnH$ VwQ>`mMm g^d ZhVm. {H$oXmamZo AmZXamd Ywin d H$mernV `m`mH$S>o _XV
_m{JVbr nU `mZr `j Z òVm 700 {enmB nmR>dbo Oo VoWda nmohMy eH$bo ZmhrV. H$Q>Z Aq~S>ZZo {eS>m bmdyZ 250
_mUgo gmoZo _mMrda MT>dbr. nU _amR>mZr JS>md$Z XJS>Ym|S>mMm dfmd H$$Z `mZm naV nmR>dbo. A{~S>ZZo nra _mMrd$Z
Vmo\$m H$mTy>Z KoV`m. JJmYaamdmZZo gYr gmYyZ XmUmnmUr d Xm$Jmoim ^$Z YoVbm. ZmZm \$S>UrgmZr ~mimOr {dZmW nmR>H$ d
amYmo{dZmW JmoS>~mobo `mZm g` XoD$Z doT>m CR>d`mg nmR>dbo. `m`m \$mOm {eadi `m _bJ`m Cmaobm Agbo`m Jmdr
nmohM`m. _amR>mMr \$mO VrZ hOmamda hmoVr. `mZr eybm hgH$mdyZ bmd`mMo `Z Ho$bo. nU Vo Aèdr Pmbo. 16
gQ>|~abm JmamMr EH$ nbQ>U nra _mMrda Mmb H$$Z Jobr. `mZr Vmo\$mda ho Ho$`m_wio {~{Q>emZr KmBKmBZo Vmo\$m H$mTy>Z
KoV`m. _oOa doQ>\$mbZo Aq~S>Z`m _XVrgmR>r OmXm Hw$_H$ YmS>br. `m goZoZo agX KoD$Z òUm`m _amR>m`m VwH$S>rbm
CdV Ho$bo. `m_wio _bJJS>mda AYm`mMm VwQ>dS>m ^mgy bmJbm. H$mhr Ym` nmdgmZo Zmgbo, I{OZm gnV Ambm. _amR>mZr
BJOmMohr XiUdiU VmoSy>Z Q>mH$bo hmoVo. V|hm H$Zb hmQ>boZo ~obmnya,nZdob,VimoOo _mJ gwa{jV Ho$bm. {eadi`m _amR>m`m
Vimda hm H$$Z `mZm hgH$mdyZ bmdbo. AmVm {~{Q>emZr H$Q>Z H$man|Q>a`m hH$_VrV _bJJS>mda Xwgam hm MT>dbm.
Vmo\$mMm Jmoir~ma gw$ Ho$bm. VQ>mbm ^JXmS> nS>bo H$s AmV Kwgm`bm 350 g{ZH$ V`ma R>odbo hmoVo nU Ho$VH$amZr {H$m em`mZo
bT>dobm.BJOmMo ~aoM g{ZH$ H$m_r Ambo. V|hm BJOmZr ho Wm~dbo. nU doT>m _m CR>dbm Zmhr.nra _mMrd$Z Vmo\$m H$mTy>Z
KoV`m. _amR>mMr ZmHo$~Xr H$$Z `mMr Cnmg_ma Ho$br. `mZm eaU `m`bm bmdmdo Ago BJOmZr R>adbo. AmQ>mo~a ZVa
{H$`mda Cnmg_ma hmoD$ bmJbr. ~mho$Z JJmYa H$mb}H$a H$mhr _XV nmR>dy eH$bo ZmhrV. eodQ>r ZmZm \$S>U{dgmZo H$mhr
gaXmamZm hmVmer KoD$Z _moR>r \$mO O_m Ho$br Am{U _bJJS> d dgB da YmS>br. dV: ZmZm d harnV \$S>Ho$ Xhm hOma \$mOogh
ImS>m`mbm Ambo d `mZr amO_mMr KmQ> CV$Z H$`mUH$S>o Om`Mo R>adbo. `m_wio hmQ>bobm {Veh {Xbm OmUma hmoVm.
Vm~S>Vmo~ hmQ>boZo _bJJS>md$Z g` H$mTy>Z KoVbo d bJogM _amR>mZr _bJJS>mH$S>o OmXm Hw$_H$ d agX YmS>br AemH$mao
_amR>mZr AIoan`V _bJJS> eWuZo bT>dbm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : _mMrd$Z gai nwT>o OmV nbrH$S>Mo Q>moH$ JmR>m`M. VoWyZ EH$m Mmoa dmQ>oZo Imbr
CVabo H$s JS>m`m {Z`m CMrda EH$ Aml_ bmJVmo. {VWyZ JS>m`m X{jU d Cma Q>moH$m`m {XeoZo digm KoV OmUm-`m dmQ>m
{ZKVmV. n{hbr dmQ> Imbr dmdOo JmdmV OmVo. VoWyZ nZdobbm Om`bm Eg Q>r {_iVo. Cma {Xeo`m dmQ>oZo Jobo H$s XmoZ dmQ>m
\w$Q>VmV. gai OmUmar dmQ> JS>mbm digm KmbyZ nmbIrgma`m AmH$mam`m IS>H$mImbyZ {H$`mda OmVo. COdrH$S>o Imbr
CVaUmar dmQ> _bJJS> d JUoe H$m{VH$ gwi`mMm S>m|Ja `m`m_Yrb qIS>rV nmohMVo. _mMrd$Z ~mbo{H$`mH$S>o Om`mgmR>r
H$S>mbm COdrH$S>o R>odV digm KmbyZ Jobo H$s ImoXrd nm`-`m {XgVmV. nm`-`mnwT>o EH$ Jwhm d nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho. òWyZ nwT>o
OmUo H$R>rU Amho. nmg gmR> nm`-`m ZVa`m nm`-`m VwQ>bo`m AmhoV. Vmo ^mJ MT>`mgmR>r Xhm ~mam \y$Q>mMm EH$ nmBn AmS>dm
Q>mH$bobm Amho Am{U hmVm`m AmYmamgmR>r Xmoa bmdbm Amho. hm AdKS> Q>nm nma H$$Z Xhm {_{ZQ>mV JS> _m`mda nmohMVm òVo.
{eamo^mJ Vgm bhmZ Amho. N>na CS>mbobo nU q^Vr em~yV Agbobm EH$ dmS>m {XgVmo. `m`m _mJo ImoXbobr gmV Q>mH$s AmhoV.
~mbo{H$`m`m _`^mJr AmXw~amM PmS> Amho. Am{U H$mhr {R>H$mUr VQ>~Xrhr Amho. ~mbo{H$`m`m g_moaM XodUrMm gwiH$m Amho.
òWo òUmao ^m{dH$ `m g_moa`m XodUrda EH$ XJS> \o$Hy$Z _ma`mMm gmonH$ma H$aVmV. XJS> Oa XodUrda nmohmoMbm Va _ZmVbr
Jmo> gm` hmoVo Ago hUVmV. nyd}H$Sy>Z ZF$òH$S>o JmoaIJS>,amO_mMr,_mWoamZ,no~,Bemi,~i dJao hm n[aga {XgVmV.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : H$`mUhZ gH$mir A`m VmgmV ~gZo JS>m`m nm``mer nmohMVm òVo. JS>m`m {Z`m CMrda
VoWrb gw{gX hmOr_bJ XJm Amho. {VWn`V nm`-`m AmhoV.dmQ>oV XwH$mZo AmhoV. EH$ XodrM _moR>o _{Xa Am{U eH$amM bhmZ
XoD$i Amho. da`m `m X`mn`V ^{dH$mMr ânya dXi AgVo.X`m`m AbrH$S>o XwH$mZm`m amJoVyZ EH$ ~moi COdrH$S>o OmVmo.
VoWo Kao AmhoV Am{U {dhrahr Amho. dmQ> g_moa`m S>m|Jambm bmJyZ COdrH$Sy>Z da MT>m`bm bmJVo. nYam drg {_{ZQ>mV n{hbm MT>
nma H$$Z da`m C`m H$S>`mnmer nmohMVm òVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : Zmhr
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda AZoH$ {Q>H$mUr nm`mMr Q>mH$s AmhoV. `mVrb nmUr {n`mgmR>r dmnaVm òD$ eH$Vo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : nm``mnmgyZ 2 Vmg.
Vmhbr>
{H$`mMr CMr : 3487 \y$Q
S>m|JaamJ: _mWoamZ>
R>mUo
{Ohm :
loUr : _`_
H$`mU, H$OV d nZdob `m {d^mJmV hm {H$m Amho. Vmhbrbm {H$m qH$dm JS> hUUo Vgo A`mo`M. hm `m`m VrZ
gwi`m_wio {g Amho. CM ~obmJ H$S>o, Om`m`m AZJS> dmQ>m `m_wio Vmhbr d{eQ>nyU Amho Am{U H$Xm{MV `m_wioM
Xwb{jVhr Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo Vmhbr`m nR>mamda gV JmS>Jo~m~m _hmamOmMm _R> Amho. `m dmQ>oV AmUIr XmoZ Aml_
bmJVmV. nR>mam`m gdmV da`m ^mJmbm 'XmXr_m Vmhbr' hUVmV. òWo 5 nra AmhoV. g_moaM EH$ N>moQ>ogo Ka XoIrb Amho. `mM dmQ>oZo
WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda XmoZ VmgmV AmnU Vmhbr`m gwi`mnmer nmohmoMVmo. EH$m
gwi`mMo Zmd 'XmD$X' Va Xwg`mMo Zmd '~m_U' Amho.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : Vmhbrda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJ AmhoV.
1. A~aZmW d$Z
Xwgar dmQ> A~aZmW d$Z OmVo. A~aZmWdZ ~mhoa nSy>Z ~XbmnwaMm aVm AmobmS>mdm. WmoS>mM doimV H$mHw$br ZmdmMm
Vbmd bmJVmo. `m H$mHw$br VbmdmnmgyZ WmoS>mM AVamda EH$ S>m|JamMr gm|S> da Vmhbr`m VrZ gwi`mnmer nmohmoMVo. `m dmQ>oZo
Vmhbr nR>ma JmR>`mg 4 Vmg bmJVmV.
2. Hw$erdbr d$Z
H$`mU _bJJS> amoS>da Hw$erdbr Jmdm`m Q>mnda CVaUo. Jmdm`m ~mho$ZM WoQ> ~bJmS>r OmBb EdT>r _moR>r dmQ>
Vmhbrbm Jobr Amho. hr dmQ> XmoZ S>m|Jam`m ~oM`m_YyZ da MT>Vo. Hw$erdbr JmdmnmgyZ da nR>mamda Om`mg AS>rM Vmg bmJVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : Zmhr
OodUmMr gmo` : Zmhr

nm`mMr gmo` : Zmhr
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : AS>rM Vmg Hw$erdbr _mJ}, Mma Vmg H$mHw$br boH$ _mJ}
dgB
{H$`mMr CMr : 0 \y$Q>.
{H$`mMm H$ma : gmJa {H$Zm-`mdarb {H$oS>m|JaamJ: Cma H$moH$U
{Ohm : R>mUo
loUr : A`V gmonr
qgYwgmJa {H$Zm`mMo mXo{eH$ {d^mJUr Zwgma XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. Cma H$moH$U d H$moH$U. Cma H$moH$UmVrb
_wI ~oQ> _w~B, `m`m gajUmgmR>r AZoH$ {H$o ~mYbo. `mnH$s _wI hUOo dgBMm {H$m. dgB ~Xa hmVmV Agbo
hUOo _w~B ~oQ>, R>mUo, gm>r hm gd n[aga g_w{H$Zmam Vm`mV R>odVm òV Ago. ^mJmo{bH$ Q>m dgBMm {H$m \$ma
_hdmMm R>aVmo. nmoVw{JOmMr gmm Z> H$a`mgmR>r {M_mOr Amnm `m`m ZoVdmImbr _amR>r g`mZo 1737 Vo 1739 _ò
Ho$bo`m namH$_mMr AmR>dU hm n[aga {\$aVmZm AmOhr òVo. ho gmJar {H$o nmdgm`m {edm` BVa gd F$VwV {\$aVm òVmV.
B{Vhmg :
g.Z. 1414 _ò ^S>mar-^|Jmio Zmdm`m gaXmamZo hm C^mabm. 1530 _ò JwOamVm`m gwbVmZmZo `m`mH$Sy>Z
KoVbm. nwT>o 1534 _ò nmoVw{JOmZr `mMo _hd OmUyZ nwZ~mYUrgmR>r KoVbm. dgBMm {H$m Oohm nmoVw{JOmZr ~mYm`bm
gwdmV Ho$br, Vohm `m H$m_mbm Xhm df bmJbr. {H$m XeH$moZr Amho d òH$ H$mon`mda EH$ ~wO Amho. `mMr bm~r Xr
EH$ EH$ {H$._r. Amho. VQ>~Xr \$ma _O~yV AgyZ Vrg nVrg \y$Q> CM d nmM \y$Q> X Amho. `m ~wOmMr ~mhar ~wO, H$`mU
~wO, \$mo ~wO, H$bmg ~wO Am{U X`m ~wO Aer Zmdo AmhoV. VQ>~Xr`m _Ymo_Y ~mhar JT>r Amho. {H$`mbm EH$ g_wmH$Sy>Z
d EH$ ^y^mJmH$Sy>Z doema Amho. {edm` Mmoa XadmOohr AmhoV. {H$`mda nmUr _w~bH$ _mUmV Amho. hm {H$m ObXwJ d
^wXwJ `m Xmohr H$mamV _moS>Vmo. EH$m ~mOyg AWmJ gmJa d ~mH$s {Vhr ~mOw XbXbrZo `m AmhoV. gmona d JmoIamdm òWo
nyb AmhoV, Ago `m {H$`mMo dUZ Ho$bobo Amho.

_w~B Odirb gm>r hUOo ghmg>r ZmdmMm Xoe hmoVm. `mda bj R>od`mgmR>r dgBMm {H$m _hdmMm hmoVm. B.g.
1737 gmbr _amR>mZr dgBMm {H$m Ko`mMm `Z Ho$bm. _m Vo `W Jobo. `mZVa ~mOramdmZo dgBMr _mo{h_ {M_mOr
Amnm`m hmVmV gmondbr Am{U B.g. 1738 _ò {M_mOr AmnmZo _mo{h_ AmIbr. {M_mOr AmnmZo {H$`mda XbXbr`m
~mOwZo hm H$am`Mo R>adbo. _amR>mZr bTy>Z VQ>m`m Cma ^mJmbm qIS>ma nmS>bo d gmao g` 'ha ha _hmXodm`m' JOZm
H$aV AmV Kwgbo. XwX}dmZo gwJ C{eam CS>mbo. `m_wio ânya _Zw` hmZr Pmbr. Vw~i hmVKmBMr bT>mB Pmbr. 2 _o 1739
amoOr gw Pmbobr bT>mB XmoZ {Xdg Mmbbr. bT>mBV nmoVw{JOmMr 800 _mUgo _mabr Jobr. XmJmoim gnbm Am{U nmoVw{JO
eaU Ambo. _amR>mZr {H$m ga Ho$bm. {H$`mVrb ~m`H$m_wbmZm gwIn OmD$ {Xbo.
nwT>o 1780 _ò {~{Q>emZr {H$`mMm Vm~m {_id`mgmR>r ~oV AmI`mg gwdmV Ho$br. `mdoir {dgmOr H$U
bobo {H$`mMm {H$oXma hmoVm. gwaVoMm H$Zb JmoS>mS>bm dgB`m _mo{h_oMm goZm_wI hUyZ {Z`w$ H$a`mV Ambo. g_w_mJ
Am{U ^w_mJ `m Xmohr ~mOwZr {H$`mda hm H$am`Mo {gX Pmbo. H$Zb hmQ>bo H$`mUdZ hm H$aUma hmoVm Va JmoS>mS>
g_w_mJmZo hm H$aUma hmoVm. dgBbm doT>m Xo`mMo H$m_ JmoS>mS> H$aUma hmoVm. nw`mhZ ewbm Hw$_H$ nmohMy Zò `mMr H$miOr
gwXm Ko`mV Ambr hmoVr. ZmZm \$S>{UgmZr AmZXamd amVo `mg dgB`m 8 {H$._r. JmoIamdm `m Jmdr YmS>bo. 23 AmQ>mo~a
amoOr {M_mOr nmZgo, ^dmZr {edam_ `mMr \$mO Vmo\$ImZm KoD$Z VioJmd _mJ}dgBbm {ZKmbo. dgB`m {H$`mda AmVm
AYm`mMr Q>MmB ^mgy bmJbr. I{OZm nU [aVm Pmbm hmoVm. bmoH$ Jmdo gmoSy>Z Jobo hmoVo. JmoS>mS>Zo Vmo\$mMm _mam gm Ho$bm
hmoVm. 28 VmaIobm Vmo\$mMr Jmoir~mar gw Pmbr. _amR>mZr gwXm ~wOmdZ Jmoir~mar gw Ho$br. BJOmZr JmoIamdm d
gmonma nyb CS>dbo. 7 {S>g|~abm {H$`mV XmJmoim nS>bm Am{U ^`H$a \$moQ> Pmbm. `m_wio gJio OU Km~Z Jobo. 910 {S>g|~abm Vmo\$Im`mMm _mam Mmby R>odbm. 10 {S>g|~abm 200 _amR>m`m EH$m VwH$S>rZo JmoIamdm ImS>r nma H$a`mMm
`Z Ho$bm. _m Vmo \$gbm. 12 {S>g|~abm {H$m BJOm`m Vm`mV Jobm.
JmdmnmgyZ {H$`m`m VQ>mn`V nmohM`mg 15 {_ZrQ>o bmJVmV. COdrH$S>o doema Amho. `mVyZ AmV
{ea`mda g_moaM VQ>mda MT>`mgmR>r nm``m AmhoV. `mdZ gd {H$`mMr aMZm bjmV òVo. VQ>mMr CMr 30 Vo 35
\y$Q> Amho. {H$`mbm Xhm ~wO AmhoV. `mMr Zmdo Zmogm {ghmoam Xmoao_o{X`m, ag _mJmo, g|Q> Jm|gmobo MmWm _mX Xr`.
Mm`m ~wOm`m AbrH$S>o VQ>mV Mmoa dmQ>m AmhoV. nmMdm g|Q> OmZ, `m ~wOmZVa X`m XadmOm Amho. òWyZ ~Xamda OmUmam
aVm Amho. ghmdm E{b\$mV, gmVdm g|Q> now, AmR>dm g|Q> nmg, Zddm g|Q> go~pV`Z Am{U Xhmdm g|Q> go~pV`Z
H$md{bamo
~wO.òWyZ ZVa AmnU ~mbo{H$`mH$S>o OmVmo. ~mbo{H$`mH$S>o OmVmZm dmQ>oV VrZ MM bmJVmV. ~mbo{H$`m`m Odi
Jo`mda S>mdrH$S>o dimdo. g_moaM `m`mb`mMr B_maV {XgVo Am{U n{bH$S>o EH$ hmpnQ>b Amho. {VWyZ XmoZ H$_mZr Agbobm
Q>mD$Z hmb Amho. `m`m nwT>o H$mamJh Am{U dOoar _{Xa Amho. nwT>o {M_mOr AmnmMr {dO` {_id`m~bMo VrH$
C^mabobo Amho. ho gd nmhZ _mJo {\$am`Mo Am{U ~mbo{H$`mV doe H$am`Mm ~mbo{H$`mV Xm H$moR>ma, g{ZH$mMr
dg{VWmZo Am{U dmS>mMo Adeof AmhoV. EH$m XJS>mda H$moabobm {ebmboI gwXm Amho. ~mbo{H$`m`m ~mhoarb nQ>mJUmda
EH$ {d{ha Amho.doemam`m AbrH$S>o a`m`m H$S>obm _hmXodmMo d dOoarMo _{Xa Amho.XmoZ VmgmV gd JS> nmhZ hmoVmo.

{H$`mda Om`mgmR>r OwZo dgB JmR>mdo. Zdr dgB Vo OwZm dgB Aer Eg. Q>r. godm Amho qH$dm Zdr dgB Vo
{H$`mn`V OmUm`m ~gog hr CnbY AmhoV. dgB Q>oeZhZ {H$`mV Q>_Q>_ [ajm AWdm gm`m [ajoZohr OmVm
òVo.Q>oeZnmgwZ {H$m 6 {H$.{_.da Amho.
amh`mMr gmo` :
{H$`mV Zmhr.
OodUmMr gmo` :
dgB JmdmV AZoH$ MmJbr hmQ>og AmhoV.
nm`mMr gmo` :
H$mhr {dhrar {H$`mV AmhoV.

15 {_{ZQ>o JmdmnmgyZ.
AZmim
{H$`mMr CMr : 0 \y$Q>.
{H$`mMm H$ma : gmJa {H$Zm-`mdarb {H$o
S>m|JaamJ: Cma H$moH$U
{Ohm : R>mUo
loUr : OmV gmonr
AZmim Zmdm`m bhmZem ~oQ>m`m dm`` {Xeog hm ObXwJ {H$m ~mYbm Amho.Cma H$moH$UmVrb dVaUm ZXr `m
{H$`mOdi g_wmbm {_iV Ag`m_wio ImS>r`m g dM Xoemda `m nmUH$moQ>md$Z ZOa R>odVm òV Ago.
B{Vhmg : Mmahr ~mOyZr nm`mZo doT>bobm AZmim hm ObXwJ 1516 _ò JwOamVMm gwbVmZ _h_yX ~oJS>m
`mZo ~mYbm. nmoVwJrOmZr 1530 gmbr hm {H$m qOH$bm d ZVa `mda AZoH$ ZdrZ ~mYH$m_o Ho$br. gw_mao 200
dfm`m nmoVwJrO gmoZVa hm {H$m 1737 _ò _amR>m`m Vm`mV Ambm. nmoVwJrOm_mUoM n{h`m
~mOramdmZohr `m {H$`mMr nwZ~mYUr Ho$br. eodQ>r 1817 _ò BVa {H$`m_mUoM hm {H$m XoIrb BJOm`m
Vm`mV Jobm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : AZmim {H$m MmH$moZr AgyZ Xhm _rQ>a CMrMr AIS> d _O~yV
VQ>~Xr `mMo gajU H$aVo. VQ>~Xr_ò Agbobo ~wO AmOhr VmR>nUo Cô AmhoV. {H$`mbm EHy$U VrZ XadmOo
Agbo Var _w` doema CmaoH$S>o Amho. `m doemam`m Xmohr ~mOybm XmoZ ~wbX ~wO Cô AmhoV. `m
XadmOm`m H$_mZrda A`V gwXa ZjrH$m_ AgyZ Xmohr ~mOybm hmr d dmKmMr {V_m H$moabobr Amho.
XadmOmdaM EH$ {ebmboI H$moabobm Amho. `m {ebmboIm_Yrb ~mOramd A_m` _w` gw_Vr Amkm{nbo eH$a!
nmMm`m{g dYy{Z qgYw CXar ~mYm dao O{Oam!! `m AmoitdZ `m {H$`mMr nwZ~mYUr ~mOramd noe`mZo Ho$br
ho bjmV òVo.{H$`m`m AmV `~Ho$amMo d ^dmZr _mVoMo _{Xa Amho. `~Ho$a _hmXodm`m _{Xamg_moaM gw~H$
~mYUrMo EH$ A>H$moZr Vi Amho. `m {edm` {H$`mV JmoS>mnm`m`m {d{harhr AmhoV. {H$`m`m g^modma
bmoH$mMr dVr AgyZ `mMr eoVrhr Amho. {H$`m`m _w` XadmOmH$S>o OmVmZm ~mhoa`m ~mOybm H$m{bH$m_mVoMo
_{Xa Amho. g_w{H$Zm`mdZ {H$`mH$S>o nm{hbo AgVm S>m`m ~mOybm AgUmam {H$`mnmgyZ gnyU gwQ>m Agm
EH$ Jmob ~wO Amnbo bj doYyZ KoVmo. `m`m AmV Om`mg EH$ bhmZgm XadmOm Amho. gnyU {H$m ~K`mg
AYm Vo nmD$U Vmg bmJVmo. {H$`m`m _O~yV VQ>~XrdZ {H$`mMo g_modma XeZ KoV Jmob \o$ar _maVm òVo.
_w` doemam`m da AgUm`m CMdQ>mda ~gbo AgVm nyU {H$`mMm AmdmH$m ZOaog nS>Vmo.
JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : npM_ aododa`m {dama nmgyZ AZmim AXmOo 10 {H$._r. da AgyZ VoWo
Om`bm Eg. Q>r. ~g d [ajm `mMr gw{dYm Amho. AZmim JmdmVyZ g_w{H$Zm`mn`V Jo`mda ~moQ>rZoM {H$`mda
OmVm òVo. hr ~moQ> gH$mir 6.00 Vo Xwnmar 12.30 d g`mH$mir 4.00 Vo 7.00 `m doioVM Amn`mbm
{H$`mda KoD$Z OmVo. g_w{H$Zm`mdZ g_moaM {XgUm`m AZmim {H$`mda ~moQ>r Om`bm 5-10 {_ZrQ>o
bmJVmV.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mda amh`mMr gmo` Zgbr Var gnyU JS> AYm-nmD$U VmgmV ~KyZ ~moQ>rZo {H$Zm`mda
naVVm òV Ag`mZo amh`mMr JaO Zmhr.
OodUmMr gmo` : JS>mda OodUmMr gmo` Zmhr.
nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda JmoS>mnm`m`m {d{har AmhoV.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 1 Vmg {dama nmgyZ.
{eaJmdMm {H$m
{H$`mMr CMr : 0
{H$`mMm H$ma : gmJa {H$Zm-`mdarb {H$o

S>m|JaamJ: H$moH$U
{Ohm : R>mUo
loUr : A`V gmonr
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nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~ma_mhr nm`mMr Q>mHo$ AmhoV.
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nm`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr nm`mMr gmo` Amho.
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nm`mMr gmo` : ~ma_mhr nm`mMr gmo` Amho.
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AmOmo~mJS>
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{Ohm : R>mUo
loUr : _`_
~mbmKmQ>m`m amJoV aVZJS> Am{U h[aMJS> `m`m _Ymo_Y AJXr H$S>obm Agbobm "AOmndV' C\$ "AmOmo~mMm S>m|Ja' EImm
nwamU nwfm_mUo ^mgVmo. KZXmQ> PmS>mPwSw>nmZr ZQ>bobm hm AmOmo~mMm JS> {J`mamohH$mgmR>r EH$ AmJio doJio b`M R>abm Amho.
`m JS>mMr 3000 \y$Q>mMr C^r q^V hr VamamohH$mgmR>r EH$ _moR>o AmhmZM Amho.
B{Vhmg : JS>mMo Zmd AmOmo~m H$go nS>bo `mda EH$ nwamUH$Wm {g Amho. `mM JS>mda ~gyZ dmp_H$s F$ftZr "am_mÙ' hm
Y_JW {b{hbm. `mM JS>mda grVm_mBZo bd Am{U Hw$e `mZm O_ {Xbm. bd Am{U Hw$e dmp_H$s F$ftZm "AmOmo~m' hUV AgV.
hUyZM `m JS>mMo Zmd AmOmo~mMm JS> Ago nS>bo Aer H$Wm gm{JVbr OmVo. òWo JS>mda dmp_H$s F$ftMm Aml_ d `mMr
g_mYrgwm Amho.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : n{hbr dmQ> nH$Sy>Z dmp_H$s F$ft`m Aml_mnmer gmYmaUV: A`m VmgmV
nmohMmdo. dmp_H$s F$ft`m Aml_mOdiyZ JS>m`m _m`mda Om`mgmR>r dmQ> Zg`mZo Amn`mbm _w$m_ Aml_mVM H$amdm
bmJVmo. òWo JS>mda ahm`mgmR>r EH$ Hw$Q>r Amho.OdiM nm`mMm Pam Amho. Oa _w$m_mMm H$m`H$_ Agob Va OodUmMr gmo`
Amn`mbm K$ZM H$$Z AmUmdr bmJVo. Aml_mOdiyZ nwT>o Y~Y`m`m dmQ>oZo MT>V Jo`mg gw_mao EH$ Vo XrS> VmgmZVa da EH$
Jwhm bmJVo. òWo bdHw$em`m nmXwH$m IS>H$mV H$moabo`m AmhoV. òWo S>mdrH$S>o EH$ nm`mMo Q>mHo$ gwm Amho. `m Jwhon`V
Om`mgmR>r bmoIS>r {eS>m XoIrb bmd`m AmhoV. `mM _mJmZo Aml_mV naVmdo. Aem H$mao _w~BhZ òUm-`mgmR>r AmOmo~mMm
JS> EH$ {ZgJa` Aer XwJ`mmM R>aVo. JS>m`m _m`mda XmoZ Vo VrZ nm`mMr Q>mH$s gmoS>`mg nhm`mOmoJo {deof Ago H$mhrM
Zmhr. AZoH$ XwJdra aVZJS> - AmOmo~mMm JS> - h[aMJS> Agm 4 Vo 5 {XdgmMm Q>oH$ H$aVmV.

_w~BhZ AmgZJmd aodo WmZH$mda : JS>mda Om`mMm gai Am{U gmonm _mJ hUOo _w~BhZ AmgZJmd aodo WmZH$mda `mdo.
òWyZ ehmnya `m Jmdr [ajoZo AWdm Eg.Q>r. Zo `mdo.òWyZ nhmQ>oM Eg.Q>r Zo AWdm OrnZo S>moiIm~-gmHw$bu _mJ}"S>oUo' `m Jmdr
`mdo. "S>oUo' JmdmVyZ OmVmZm _ò EH$ nR>ma bmJVo. nR>mamda VrZ dmQ>m EH$ òVmV. `mVrb EH$ ~bJmS>rMr dmQ> gai dmp_H$s
F$ft`m Aml_mnmer KoD$Z OmVo. Xwgar dmQ> H$mm~mB`m S>m|JamV OmVo Am{U nwT>o "Hw$_eoV' `m Jmdmg OmD$Z {_iVo. {Vgar dmQ>
_m OJbmV OmVo. `m dmQ>oZo Z OmUoM lo`H$a.
H$`mU - _wa~mS> - _mieoO - S>moiIm~ `m _mJmZo : H$`mU - _wa~mS> - _mieoO - S>moiIm~ `m _mJmZo gwm S>oUo Jmdr
nmohMVm òVo.
H$gmam - KmoQ>r - amOya - Hw$_eoV _mJ : JS>mdaMm _mWm nhm`mgmR>r H$gmam - KmoQ>r - amOya - Hw$_eoV _mJ}OmVm òVo.
amh`mMr gmo` : JS>mdaVr ahm`mgmR>r Aml_ Amho. `mV 20 OUmZm ahmVm òVo.
OodUmMr gmo` : òWo OodUmMr gmo` Zg`mZo OodUmMo gm{h` AmnU dV:M KoD$Z `mdo.
nm`mMr gmo` : òWo ~mam_mhr nm`mMm Pam gVV dmhV AgVmo.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : EH$ Vmg
gyMZm : JS>mda gmnmMo \$ma dmV` Ag`mZo `mo` Vr H$miOr KoUo Amd`H$ Amho.
H$mohmnya {Ohm
nhmiJS>.
{H$`mMr CMr : 4040 \y$Q>
S>m|JaamJ: H$mohmnya
{Ohm : H$mohmnya
loUr : gmonr
_hmam>m`m B{VhmgmV {edam`mZm AZ`m gmYmaU _hd Amho.`m`m H$ma{H$XuVrb Iao gmo~Vr hUOo AqO` Am{U
~obmJ {H$o.{edam`m`m OrdmVrb ZmQ>nyU KQ>ZmMm gmjrXma hUOo {H$o nhmiJS>.
B{Vhmg : hm {H$m W_ {ebmhma ^moO amOm Zqgh `m`m H$ma{H$XuV ~mY`mV Ambm.hm {H$m nydu ZmJ O_mVrVrb
bmoH$mH$S>o hmoVm.`mMo n{hbo Zmd "nmb`' .A\$ObdYmZa 18 {XdgmVM {edam`mZr hm {H$m 28-11-1659 bm
KoVbm.{H$m {dOmnwaam`m Vm`mV nS>bm nU amOmZr Vmo nwhm KoVbm.2 _mM 1660 _ò {H$`mg {gXr OmhaMm doT>m nS>bm.
1673 _ò H$m|S>mOr \$OX `m ~amo~a g` nmR>dyZ ôX{Z{VMm Cn`moJ H$$Z {H$m Vm`mV KoVbm.nwT>o 1710 _ò nhmim
H$mohmnyaMr amOYmZr Pmbr ZVa 1844 ò {H$m BJOm`m Vm`mV Jobm.
JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo : 1. amOdmS>m
hm Vmam~mBMm dmS>m hmo`.dmS>m ojUr` AgyZ `mVrb XodKa ~K`mgmaIo Amho.AmO `mV ZJanm{bH$m H$m`mb`
,nhmim hm`Hy$b d {_bQ>ar ~mBO hmoQ>ob Amho.
2. gmmH$moR>r
amOdmS>md$Z nwT>o Jo`mda hr H$moR>rdOm B_maV {XgVo.`mM B_maVrg g^mOr amOmZm {edam`mZr `m mVmMm H$ma^ma
nmhm`mg R>odbo hmoVo.{edam`mMr Jw Ib~Vo òWoM MmbV.
3. amOqXS>r
hr XwJ_ dmQ> JS>mImbr CVaVo.`mM dmQ>oMm Cn`moJ H$$Z {edam` {gXr OmhaMm doT>mVyZ {ZgQ>bo.hrM {demiJS>mda
OmUmar EH$_od dmQ> Amho.`mM XadmOmVyZ 45 _bmMo AVa H$mnyZ _hmamO {demiJS>mda nmohMbo.
4. A~maImZm
A~maImZm hm nyduMm ~mbo{H$m.`m`m g^modVr IXH$ Amho òWoM JJm ,`_wZm Am{U gadVr Aer VrZ Ym`H$moR>mao
AmhoV.`mV dar,ZmJbr AmU ^mV Ago gw_mao 25 hOma IS>r Ym` _mdV Ago.`m{edm` gaH$mar H$Mo-`m ,XmJmoim A{U Q>mH$gi
dJao hmoVr.
5. Mma XadmOm
hm nyd}H$S>rb A`V _mo`mMm d _hdmMm XadmOm hmo`.B.g 1844 _ò hm BJmZr nmSy>Z Q>mH$bm.WmoS>o ^mdeof AmO
{eH$ AmhoV.òWoM "{edm H$merX' `mMm nwVim Amho.
6. gmo_mio Vbmd
JS>m`m noR>obJV ho EH$ _moR>o Vio Amho.V`m`m H$mR>mda gmo_oa _{Xa Amho.m _{Xambm _hmamOmZr d `m`m
gh _md`mZr b` Mm`mMr \w$bo dm{hbr hmoVr.
7. am_MnV A_m` `mMr g_mYr
gmo_oa VbmdmnmgyZ WmoS>o nwT>o Jo`mda XmoZ g_m`m {XgVmV.`mVrb COdrH$S>Mr am_MnV A_m` d ~mOyMr
`m`m nZrMr.
8. aoS>o _hmb
`m`mM ~mOybm EH$ AmS>dr B_maV {XgVo `mg aoS>o _hmb hUVmV.dVwV: hr nmJm Amho _m `mV ZVa OZmdao
~mYV hUyZ `mbm aoS>o _hmb hUV.
9. g^mOr _{Xa
`m`mnwT>o hr EH$ N>moQ>r JT>r d XadmOm Amho ho g^mOr _{Xa Amho.
10. Y_H$moR>r
g^mOr _{XamnwT>o Jo`mda hr EH$ PmoH$Xma B_maV {XgVo Vr Y_H$moR>r .gaH$mamVyZ Ym` AmUyZ òWo `Wm`mo` XmZY_
H$aV.
11. AXa~md
VrZ Xadm`m`m da`m ~mOybm _mimda EH$ VrZ H$_mZrMr ,H$m`m XJS>mMr dmVy {XgVo.hr dmVy VrZ _Obr
Amho.gdmV Vimbm Imob nm`mMr {dhra Amho ,Va _Ybm _Obm am nog Amho `mVyZ VQ>m~mhoa Om`mgmR>r {IS>H$sdOm Mmoa
XadmOm {XgVmo.
12. _hmb_r _{Xa
amOdmS>mVyZ ~mhoa nS>`mda Zoh$ CmZm`m Imb`m ~mOyg _hmb_r _{Xa Amho.ho JS>mdarb gdmV mMrZ _{Xa
Amho.m`m ~mYUrd$Z Vo gmYmaU 1000 dfmnyduMo Agmdo .amOm JS>m[a` ^moO `mMo ho Hw$bXdV hmo`.
13. VrZ XadmOm
hm npM_oH$S>rb gdmV _hdmMm XadmOm .Xadm`m darb ZjrH$m_ ojUr` Amho.B.g 1676 _ò H$m|S>mOr \$OXZo
òWyZM Ad`m 60 _md`m{Zer {H$m qOH$bm.
14. ~mOr^wMm nwVim
Eg Q>r Wm`md$Z WmoS>o Imbr Am`mda EH$m Eogng MmH$mV draaZ ~mOr^w XoenmS>o mMm AmdoenyU nwVim Amho.

1. Mma XadmOm _mJ}
H$mohmnya ehamVyZ "Eg Q>r' ~gZo qH$dm ImOJr dmhZmZo WoQ> {H$`mda OmVm òVo.hr dmQ> Mma XadmOm _mJ}JS>mV doe
H$aVo.
2. VrZ XadmOm _mJ}
JS>mda Om`mgmR>rMm Xwgam _mJ VrZ XadmOmVyZ OmVmo.hm XadmOm VrZ _Obr AgyZ `mMo ~mYH$m_ {ego AmoVyZ
Ho$bobo Amho
amh`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda amh`mgmR>r {ZdgWmZo ,hmQ>og AmhoV.
OodUmMr gmo` : {ZdmgWmZm_ò hmoVo.

nm`mMr gmo` : {H$`mda ~mam_hr {n`m`m nm`mMr gmo` Amho.
Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : H$mohmnya _mJ}JmS>r a`mZo 1 Vmg.
Om`mgmR>r Cm_ H$mbmdYr : gd F$VwV.

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nwUo {Ohm

{H$`mMm H$ma : {JarXwJ

B{Vhmg : amOJS>m g~YrMo CoI

_mMrg 100 n`o Aer `dWm bmdyZ {Xbr.

JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo :

gwdoim_mMr`m gdmV eodQ>`m Q>`mV Imb`m ^mJmV dmKOmBMo {en Amho.

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam do i : 3 Vmg.

{H$`mMm H$ma : {JarXwJ

S>m| J aam J : nwUo

nw`m`m ZF $`obm gmYmaU 25 {H$._r AVamda

: hm {H$m nydu Am{XbemhrV hmoVm. XmXmoOr H$m|S>Xod ho {dOmnyaH$amH$Sy>Z hUOoM

JS>m da Om`m`m dmQ>m :

amh`mMr gmo ` : Zmhr

{H$`mMm H$ma : {JarXwJ

JS>m darb nhm`mg maIr {R>H$mUo :

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m : nwaXa {H$`mda Om`mgmR>r XmoZ dmQ>m AmhoV.

nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {n`mMo nmUr CnbY Amho.

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU dVM H$amdr.

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU dVM H$amdr.

OodUmMr gmo` : {H$`mda OodUmMr gmo` Zg`mZo Vr AmnU dVM H$amdr.

JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo :

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi :

Om`mgmR>r Cm_ H$mbmdYr

OodUmMr gmo` : OodUmMr gmo` AmnU dVM H$amdr.

CO`m hmVmg AgUmam {eamoQ>mMm Z`Za` Vbmd hm gd n[aga {XgVmo.

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

nm`mMr gmo` : amO_mMr JmdmV nm`mMr gmo` hmoVo.

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU dV: H$amdr.

nm`mMr gmo` : _{Xam OdiM JmdmV nmUr CnbY Amho.

{H$`mMm H$ma : {JarXwJ

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

nm`mMr gmo` : {dnwb _mUmV CnbY Amho.

OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU dV: H$amdr.

JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo :

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

nm`mMr gmo` : ~mam_hr {n`mMo nmUr CnbY Amho

gyMZm : VamamohU Amd`H$.

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi :

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

OodUmMr gmo` : JmdmV OodUmMr gmo` hmoVo.

{H$o ~iJS> (_waOZ)

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

OodUmMr gmo` : AmnUM H$amdr

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~mam_hr {n`m`m nm`mMo Q>mHo$ Amho.

JS>mda Om`m`m dmQ>m :

OodUmMr gmo` : AmnU dV: H$amdr.

OodUmMr gmo` : dV:M H$amdr.

OodUmMr gmo` : OodU AmnU dV KodyZ Omdo.

nm`mMr gmo` : JS>mda ~ma_hr {n`m`m nm`mMo Vio Amho.

~gbobo AmhoV.`mnH$s ViJS> hm EH$ {H$m.

OodUmMr gmo` : VimJmdmV hmQ>og Am{U ^moOZmb`o AmhoV.

Vbmd, nyd}bm Chmg ZXrMo Imoao Amho

JS>mdarb nhm`mgmaIr {R>H$mUo :

Om`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi : 4 Vmg gmS>er _mJ}.

nm`mMr gmo` : nm`mgmR>r Q>mHo$ Amho.

{H$`mMm H$ma : {JarXwJ