1.

So

Cp si quang c dng trong h thng mng c chia lm 2 loi: Singlemode v Multimode. Bi vit ny s gip
bn phn bit c cc loi cp si quang hin nay c s dng trong h thng mng.
nhn bit c 2 loi ny, trc ht chng ta cn tm hiu mt vi khi nim c bn sau.

1. Mode
Thut ng Mode c dng trong cp si quang xut pht t ting Latin c ngha l tia sng (path). Khi lan truyn
trong si quang, nh sng s i theo rt nhiu ng, mi ng c th c xem nh mt tia sng (Mode).
Cc tia sng lan truyn trong si quang c chia lm 3 loi:

Axial Mode: tia sng lan truyn dc theo trc trung tm ca si quang. Thi gian tia sng lan truyn trong
si quang t A n B l nhanh nht.

High Order Mode: nhng tia sng lan truyn trong si quang c s ln phn x ln. Thi gian tia sng lan
truyn trong si quang t A n B lu hn so vi cc tia sng Low Order Mode.

Low Order Mode: nhng tia sng lan truyn trong si quang c s ln phn x t. Thi gian tia sng lan
truyn trong si quang t A n B nhanh hn cc tia sng High Order Mode.

2. Hin tng tn sc (Dispersion)

Cc tia sng Axial, High Order v Lower lan truyn trong si quang theo cc ng c chiu di khc nhau. Do d,
cc tia sng c truyn ti mt thi im vi cng vn tc lan truyn n cui si quang nhng thi im
khc nhau. S chnh lch v thi gian gia cc tia sng ny c gi l Dt. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng tn
sc.
Hin tng tn sc lm hn ch bng thng ca cp si quang v nh hng n vic truyn d liu (Dt cng ln
th gy nh hng n vic truyn d liu cng nhiu).
+ i vi tn hiu tng t th lm mo dng tn hiu
+ i vi tn hiu s th gy ra s chng lp gia cc bit.

3. Phn bit si quang Singlemode v Multimode

Si quang Multimode: c im ca si quang Multimode l lan truyn ng thi c 3 loi tia sng (Axial
Mode, High Order Mode v Low Order Mode).

C 2 loi si quang Multimode gm:

-Si quang Multimode chit sut bc (Step Index Multimode) l si quang c li (core) ng nht c chit sut l
n1 v lp phn x nh sng (cladding) xung quanh li c chit sut n2 (n2 < n1)

Cc tia sng trong si quang Step Index Multimode

Si quang Multimode chit sut bc b nh hng nhiu bi hin tng tn sc, do bng thng khng cao v
khng c s dng trong cc h thng mng. hn ch s nh hng ca hin tng tn sc, cc nh sn xut
cho ra i loi cp si quang Multimode chit sut bin i (Graded Index Multimode).
-Si quang Multimode chit sut bin i (Graded Index Multimode): li si quang c kt hp t nhiu lp
thy tinh c chit sut n1, n2, n3 khc nhau thay v ch c mt chit sut nh trong li ca si quang Step Index
Multimode. Lp thy tinh bn trong c chit sut cao hn v lp bn ngoi c chit sut thp hn. Cc tia sng s
lan truyn chm hn khi gp chit sut cao v nhanh hn khi gp chit sut thp. Chnh v vy, si quang Graded

Index Multimode lm gim chnh lch thi gian Dt, hn ch hin tng tn sc, gip tng bng thng s dng v
tr nn ph bin trong h thng mng hin nay.

Cc tia sng trong si quang Graded Index Multimode

Si quang Singlemode: l si quang m trong ch c mt tia sng Axial c lan truyn. Do , hin
tng tn sc nh sng khng xut hin si quang Singlemode. iu ny lm cho si quang Singlemode
c bng thng ln hn v truyn d liu xa hn so vi si quang Multimode.

2.

Tn sc l g? Si n mode c b nh hng kg

3. S11 l g? Nu n = - 10 dB th c nh hng j kg?

Cc bn i sang S11 nh sau:
VSWR=(1+S11)/(1-S11)
S11 la return loss, tc l b1/a1, sng phn xa chia cho song ti.
S11 cng b tc l tn hiu i vo mch cng nhiu
VSWR=1.7:1, vi t l ny bn c th tnh ra S11=0.26. Tc l b1/a1=0.26. Tn hiu phn
x bng 0.26 ln tn hiu i vo mch.
Nu tnh ra power th power b phn xa li bng 0.0676(0.26^2) cng sut i vo.
T l trn vit LNA, tc l yu cu u vo hoc u ra c t l cng sut phn x ra so
vi i vo l 0.0676. iu ny c thc hin bng vic phi hp tr khng vi cng vo
hoc ra ca LNA. Phi hp tr khng cng tt th cng sut i vo cng ln, cng sut b
phn x la cng nh. thng thng t l VSWR l 2:1, cc bn tnh ra l S11= 0.33 tc l
cng sut phn x li bng 1/10 cng sut i vo( hoc cng sut i vo-c ch- bng 0.9
cng sut t vo mch). Nh th l tm chp nhn c.

Cu 4 : Cho anten dipole lamda/2 t trn trc Z. Tnh h s bc x ca n khi cho

gc l 30o.
Cu 5 : Mt ng truyn quang gm bao nhiu si (12 and 24)? ok

Thuc t: i vi cp quang loi 24 si th c 4 ng ln lt : Dng ( si 1->6) , Cam (7>12), Lc (13->18), Nu (19->24) . Trong mi ng c 6 si ln lt c lut mu nh sau :
Dng, Cam, Lc , Nu, Xm , Trng. Da trn lut mu ta c th bit c thi , VD :
si th 15 l mu lc , hoc si mu cam ng 4 l si s 20.
Cn cp 12 th ch c 2 ng l Dng v Cam .

Cu 6: Truyn dn song cng: C 2 k thut truyn dn song cng c dng trong

thng tin di ng l truyn dn song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD v truyn
dn song cng phn chia theo tn s FDD. Trong cc h thng 2G th ch c FDD
c s dng cn trong cc h thng 3G c FDD v TDD u c dng. Khi so snh
vi FDD th TDD em li nhng u im c bn nh sau:
TDD ch hot ng mt di tn s so vi FDD cn 2 di tn ring bit nhau, do
TDD c th c dng ngay c khi khng cn ti nguyn tn s dng FDD.
Vic s dng TDD cho php tn dng nhng di tn mi hoc nhng di tn nm
xen k trong khong bo v song cng ca FDD. iu ny c bit c ngha khi
m ti nguyn tn s ngy cng t i.
TDD phn b ti nguyn cho hng ln v xung theo cc khe thi gian do rt
linh hot trong phn b li ti nguyn gia hng ln v hng xung trong iu
kin ti hng ln v hng xung khng cn bng nhau v thay i lin tc. Trong
FDD ti nguyn v tuyn phn b cho hai hng ln v xung c c nh theo
2 di tn s khc nhau do khng th phn b li c. Vi c im ny FDD
thng hiu qu hn trong trng hp ti lu lng cn bng gia hng ln vi
hng xung (dch v thoi ), cn trong cc mng thng tin di ng 3G v sau 3G
cc dch v c c im khng i xng v lu lng gia ng ln v ng
xung l nhng dch v chim t trng ln v d: Internet di ng, Mobi TV th TDD
cho php s dng ti nguyn v tuyn hiu qu hn nhiu so vi FDD.
Trong TDD cc b thu pht hot ng cng tn s nn n gin gim thiu chi
ph sn xut, trong khi FDD di tn thu pht khc nhau dn n cn c b ghp
song cng v c ch chng nhiu ln nhau gia b thu vi b pht do thit b
u cui phc tp t tin hn.
Vi nhng c im nh trn, trong cc h thng thng tin di ng 3G ngoi FDD th
TDD cng l k thut c s dng ph bin, ta c th thy trong cc h thng 3G
c ITU cng nhn th c ti 3 h thng s dng TDD.

Cu 7: Nu c nhiu can thip th iu ch no tt nht: 16QAM, BPSK, QPSK.

Cu 8: Nhiu Gauss l g, ti sao trong m phng phi a nhiu Gauss vo?
Nhiu Gauss( White Gaussian ) l qu trnh xc xut c mt ph cng xut
phng( khng i) trn ton b di tn v c quy lut phn b xc xut tun theo
hm phn b Gauss. L do sinh ra l nhng m thanh nh ting gi, ting nc; cc

vn ngu nhin nh thi tit, con ngi hay chuyn ng nhit ca cc in t

trong linh kin bn dn m con ngi khng th d on trc loi b c.,
Chnh v th ta cn phi thm nhiu ny kq gn vi thc t nht.