Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...:ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE KVALITETOM U PRIMJENI

na primjeru vanjske mehani~ke obrade (struganje)
~eli~nog cilindri~nog dijela na kotu F 104,70,04 mm

Dr. Edhem Seferovi}, profesor, Ma{inski fakultet, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Vilsonovo

{etali{te br.9, 71000 Sarajevo
Dipl.ing. Dervi{ ^engi}, saradnik, Ma{inski fakultet, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Vilsonovo {etali{te br.9, 71000 Sarajevo, "Pretis-N
NIS", d.o.o. Vogo{}a

STRU^NI RAD

REZIME

Alati za upravljanje kvalitetom posebno su va`no sredstvo za pra}enje i postizanje stabilnosti procesa te
osiguranja projektovanog kvaliteta proizvoda. To se u pravilu posti`e zapisom podataka o kvalitetu kao i
dokumentovanom sprije~avanju gre{aka i rje{avanjem problema.
U radu se govori o sedam alata za upravljanje kvalitetom kroz primjer mehani~ke obrade struganjem gdje
su ovi alati uspje{no primjenjeni.

Klju~ne rije~i: histogram, poreto dijagram, korelacijski dijagram, kontrolna karta.

QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS IN APPLICATION

through example of external mechanical turning of
steel cylinder to diameter 104,70,04 mm

Edhem Seferovi}, Ph.D., Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sarajevo,

71000 Sarajevo, Vilsonovo {etali{te 9, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Dervi{ ^engi}, BsC., Mech. Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 71000
Sarajevo, Vilsonovo {etali{te 9, "Pretis-N
NIS", d.o.o. Vogo{}a,

PROFESSIONAL PAPER

SUMMARY

Quality control tools have especially important role like devices for tracing and achieving stability of
process and assurance of designed quality of products. It is achieved with booking appropriate information about quality and also with documented errors prevention and solving the problem.
Seven tools for quality control through successful example of application for mechanical turning is
analysed in this paper.

Key words: histogram, poreto diagram, and correlation diagram, control map

1. UVOD

1. INTRODUCTION

Alati za upravljanje kvalitetom, o kojima je rije~ u ovom

radu, su veoma va`no sredstvo za postizanje, pra}enje
i unapre|ivanje kvaliteta proizvoda i procesa u smislu
otkrivanja gre{aka i otklanjanja njihovih uzroka.
ISO 9004-4 navodi 11 alata i tehnika za pobolj{anje
kvaliteta. U ovom slu~aju obradjuje se sedam alat
za djelotvorno prepoznavanje i analizu problema kao
temelj korekcijskih mjera.

Quality control tools, which are elaborated in this

paper, are essential to obtain, follow and improve
product and process quality in terms of error checking and removing causes of errors.
ISO 9004-4 gives 11 tools and techniques for quality improvement. In this particular case, seven tools
for efficient recognition and problem analysis as the
basis of correction measures are elaborated.

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Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...: ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

SEVEN QUALITY
CONTROL TOOLS

SEDAM ALATA ZA UPRAVLJANJE

KVALITETOM

1. Obrazac za prikupljanje podataka

1. Data acquisition form

2. Dijagram toka

2. Flow chart

3. Dijagram uzroka i posljedica

3. Causes-Consequencues chart
(Ishikawa chart)

(Ishikawa dijagram)

4. Kontrolna karta

4. Control charts

5. Histogram

5. Histogram

6. Pareto dijagram

6. Pareto chart
7. Correlation chart

7. Korelacijski dijagram

2. SEDAM ALATA ZA UPRAVLJANJE

KVALITETOM
u primjeni na mehani~koj obradi struganjem ~eli~nog cilindri~nog dijela na
mjeru F 104,70,04 mm

2. SEVEN QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS

applied to mechanical turning of steel
cylinder to diameter 104,70,04 mm

2.1. Obrazac za prikupljanje podataka

- "Strichlista"

Data acquisition form enables systematic data acquisition and alleviates recognition of laws, i.e. accumulation, to obtain clear image about reality. It represents basis for further graphical manipulation and
significantly alleviates analysis.
This simple method is used to establish error categories of a product and to register occurrence of
these errors in the form of "Strichlist" (bulleted list).
In our example, machining of a steel cylinder, 106
elements are separated, whose dimensions are
given in a dimension list at the same order as they
were machined (at the universal turning machine
"ADA"-Potisje).

Obrazac za prikupljanje podataka omogu}ava si-stemati~no prikupljanje podataka i olak{ava poznavanje zakonitosti, odnosno nagomilavanja, zbog dobijanja jasne slike stvarnosti. On ~ini osnovu za dalju
grafi~ku obradu i bitno olak{ava analizu.
Ovom jednostavnom metodom utvrdjuju se kategorije gre{aka nekog prozvoda i pojavljivanje tih gre{aka
zapisuje u obliku "Strichliste" (zapis pomo}u crtica).
U na{em primjeru, struganje ~eli~nog cilindri~nog
dijela, izdvojeno je 106 elemenata ~ije su mjere date
u spisku mjera istim redoslijedom kako su elementi obra|ivani (na univerzalnom strugu "ADA" - Potisje).
Grupisanjem dobijenih rezultata mjerenja mo`e se
formirati slijede}i obrazac za prikupljanje podataka "Strichlista" koji pru`a mnogo vi{e informacija u
odnosu na spisak mjera.
Iz obrazca za prikupljanje podataka mo`e se uo~iti
odre|ena stabilnost procesa (oblik Gausove krive),
te da je ve}ina elemenata ura|ena na mjeru od
104,68 - 104,72 mm {to je sredina tolerantnog polja.

2.1. Data acquisition form - "Strichlist"

Following data acquisition form - "Strichlist" can be

created by grouping obtained measuring results.
Such a form gives much more information than
dimension list.
Data acquisition form shows certain process stability (shape of Gaussian curve), and a fact that most
elements are machined to dimension between
104,68 and 104,72 mm, that is middle of tolerance
field.

- 194 -

Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

104,70
104,72
104,75
104,68
104,72
104,70
104,74
104,67
104,69
104,69
104,71
104,71
104,75
104,68
104,69
104,69
104,71

104,71
104,74
104,66
104,69
104,71
104,71
104,76
104,68
104,69
104,70
104,72
104,71
104,67
104,67
104,70
104,71
104,73

E.Seferovi},...:ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

104,70
104,73
104,65
104,70
104,72
104,72
104,67
104,68
104,70
104,70
104,70
104,72
104,65
104,68
104,68
104,70
104,71

104,71
104,72
104,67
104,71
104,70
104,73
104,66
104,69
104,69
104,71
104,70
104,73
104,66
104,69
104,69
104,72
104,73

104,72
104,73
104,69
104,70
104,70
104,72
104,64
104,69
104,70
104,71
104,73
104,73
104,67
104,69
104,68
104,70

104,69
104,74
104,69
104,71
104,71
104,73
104,66
104,68
104,71
104,72
104,72
104,74
104,68
104,70
104,68
104,71

Spisak mjera
Dimension list

Mjera
( 104,70,04)
104,64
104,65
104,66
104,67
104,68
104,69
104,70
104,71
104,72
104,73
104,74
104,75
104,76

Broj elementata
I
II
IIIII
IIIII III
IIIII IIIII I
IIIII IIIII IIIIII
IIIII IIIII IIIII III
IIIII IIIII IIIII II
IIIII IIIII II
IIIII IIII
IIII
II
I
Ukupno

1
2
5
8
11
16
18
17
12
9
4
2
1
106

Obrazac za prikupljanje podataka

Data acquisition form

2.2. Dijagram toka

2.2. Flow chart

Dijagram toka je alat ~ija je svrha da komplikovane

tokove sa razli~itim nadle`nostima i zadacima toka
prika`e, da njihova struktura i logika bude jasna i
transparentna. Iz dijagrama toka u~esnici lahko prepoznaju svoje razli~ite zadatke. Opisno formulisanje
cjelokupnog toka bilo bi mnogo te`e shvatiti i sagledati.

Flow chart is a tool whose purpose is to show complicated flows with different competencies in such
way that their structure and logic are clear and
transparent. Participants can easily recognise their
particular tasks from the flow chart. Descriptive formulation of complete flow would be much harder to
understand and to perceive.

Na slici br. 1. prikazan je dijagram toka za na{ primjer mehani~ke obrade elemenata.

Figure 1 shows flow chart for our example of

mechanical turning.

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Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...: ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

START

DOSTAVA
PRIPREMAKA

Kontrola
pripremaka

DA

OBRADA
STRUGANJEM

NE

NE

DORADA

Kontrola

[KART

DA
STOP

ZA[TITA I
PAKOVANJE

[KART

STOP

STOP

Slika 1. Dijagram toka

Figure 1. Flow chart

2.3. Dijagram uzroka i posljedica

(Ishikowa dijagram)

2.3. Causes-C
Consequences chart
(Ishikawa chart)

Dijagram uzroka i posljedica (koji se tako|e naziva

Ishikawa dijagram ili dijagram "riblja kost") je grani~ki
prikaz, koji prikazuje uzroke u zbijenom obliku
logi~no i stepenasto. Ova metoda se pripisuje Kaoru
Ishikawi, koji ju je po~etkom 50-tih godina uveo u
japansku industriju ~elika.
Prema njegovom iskustvu odre|eni u~inak rijetko
po~iva na jednom jedinom uzroku, pogotovo ne na
onome, koji se ~ini da le`i na dlanu. Naprotiv,
mogu}e uzroke naj~e{}e treba tra`iti u slijede}a
~etiri polja:
~ovjek,
stroj,
metoda,
materijal.

Causes-Consequences chart (also known as

Ishikawa chart or "Fish-bone" chart) is boundary
review, which shows causes in compressed way
logically and stepped. Kaoro Ishikawa, who introduced it in 1950's into the Japanese steel production, develops this method.
According to his experience, certain impact is
seldom caused by one single cause, especially
on the obvious one. Contrary, possible causes
should be searched for in the following four
fields:
man
machine
method
material

Pri prakti~noj primjeni metode slobodno se defini{u

vlastita polja, koja odgovaraju ispitivanom u~inku.
tako se ~esto kao druga polja mogu}ih uzro~nika
javljaju Mitwelt (okolina) i Management (upravljanje).

In practical use of this method, it is permitted to

define own fields that are appropriate for selected
performance. Mitwelt (environment) and Management
are often found as other fields of possible causes.

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Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...:ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

Slika 2. Dijagram uzroka i posljedica (Ishikowa dijagram)

Fig. 2. Causes-Consequences chart (Ishikawa chart)

Da bi se analizom odredili uzroci za odre|enu

posljedicu, korisno je ispitati sve mogu}e uzroke za
jedan identifikovani problem prema dijagramu uzroka i posljedica, ispitati njihovu prisutnost i u~inak,
te pomo}u principa islju~ivosti (te`inskom analizom)
izbaciti uzroke koji ne dolaze u obzir.
Pri formiranju dijagrama uzroka i posljedica prvo se
unese ispitivani u~inak (u na{em slu~aju "dorada i
{kart") desno na kraju vodoravne crte. Zatim se
granaju skupine glavnih uzroka (~ovjek, alat, ma{ina
i ostalo) u obliku riblje kosti. Pri tome se primjenjuju kreativne tehnike, kao npr. "branstorming", uz
u~e{}e {to vi{e stru~njaka kojim je nastali problem
blizak. Na taj na~in se defini{u mogu}i pojedina~ni
uzroci unutar glavnih uzroka (npr. motivacija,
stru~nost, bolest i umor unutar uzroka ~ovjek) i
upisuju se na horizontalnim strelicama (slika 2.).
Me|usobnim upore|ivanjem va`nosti uzroka, odnosno, te`inskom analizom (slika 3.) dolazimo do stepena prioritetnosti uzroka kako pojedina~nih tako i
glavnih.
Na dijagramu se prioriteti u odnosu na uklanjanje
gre{aka obilje`avaju odgovaraju}im oznakama kao na
slici 2.
Analiziraju}i dijagram uzroka i posljedica za na{
primjer mo`e se zaklju~iti:

To obtain causes for some consequence by analysis, it is useful to examine all possible causes for
some identified problem according to the cause-consequence chart, to examine their presence and
effect, and to eliminate inappropriate cause by the
exclusiveness principle (weight analysis).
During the creation of cause-consequence chart,
examined effect should be entered first (in our case
"upgrade and waste") to the right, at the end of horizontal line. Then, groups of main causes (man, tool,
machine et al.) are branched out in the shape of
a fish-bone. Creative techniques should be used
during that process, for example "brainstorming",
with participation of as much experts for that particular problem as possible. In such way, possible
single causes are defined and entered at the horizontal arrows (fig. 2.).
By comparison of the importance of causes, i.e.
weight analysis (Fig. 3.) priority level of causes is
obtained, single ones, as well as main ones.
Priorities, compared with removal of errors, are
marked with appropriate signs at the chart, as
shown in Fig. 2.
By analysing cause-consequence chart for our example, following can be concluded:

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Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...: ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

Da bi se eliminisali {kart i dorada u analiziranom

procesu potrebno je prioritetno rje{avati slijede}e
uzroke:
- rezni alat,
- motivacija radnika,
- stru~nost radnika.
Dijagram uzroka i posljedica je univerzalno primjenljiv naro~ito za:
Pobolj{anje procesa sa svrhom optimiziranja, produktivnosti, tro{kova itd.
Analizu gre{aka, reklamacija i drugih nedostataka.

To eliminate waste and upgrade in analysed

process, it is necessary to give priority to the solving of the following causes:
- cutting tool,
- worker motivation,
- worker skillness.
Cause-consequence chart can be universally used,
especially for:
- Improvement of process because of optimisation
productivity, expenses etc.
- Analysis of errors, complaints and other imperfections.

Grafi~kim prikazivanjem dokumentuje se kompleksnost istra`iva~kog problema. Pos-taju jasni uticajni

primarni uzroci. Na osnovu tog dijagrama mogu se
ispitati, potvrditi ili odbaciti razli~iti mogu}i uzroci, sa
svrhom koncentrisanja mjera na te`i{te uzroka.

Graphical representation documents complexity of

problem being researched. Primary influence causes
become clear. According to that chart, different possible causes can be examined, confirmed or rejected, with main goal: to concentrate measures to the
centre of cause.

^ovjek
Motivacija
Stru~nost
Bolest
Umor

Motivacija

Alat
Rezni alat
Stezni alat
Hla|enje
Podmazivanje

Rezni alat

Ma{ina

0
0
0

Broj
obrtaja

Stezni alat
2

Suport
1

Materijal

Materijal
Tehnologija
Uslovi rada
Temperatura

0
0
0

1
1

Tehnologija
2
0
0

^ovjek
1
0
0

Umor
2
2
1

6
4
1
1

Podmazivanje
2
1
1

6
2
2
2

Centri~nost

1
1
1

3
3
3
3

1
Hla|enje
2
1

1
1

1
1
1

Ostalo

Bolest
2
2

0
0

0
0
0

Br. obrtaja
Suport
El.motor
Centri~nost

^ovjek
Alat
Ma{ina
Ostalo

Stru~nost
2

Elektromotor
1
1
1

Uslovi
rada
2
2

Temperatura

2
2
1

6
4
1
1

Alat
1
0
0

Ma{ina
2
2
1

Slika 3. Te`inska analiza uzoraka

Figure 3. Weight analysis of causes

- 198 -

Ostalo
2
2
1

5
5
1
1

Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...:ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

2.4. Kontrolne karte

2.4. Control charts

Kontrolna karta, kao ~etvrti alat u ovom pregledu

alata za upravljanje kvalitetom, omogu}ava prikazivanje pada toka o kvalitetu u jednom dijagramu sa
definisanim grani~nim vrijednostima, sa svrhom
pravovremenog prepoznavanja i pode{avanja odstupanja od planiranog toka procesa.
Cilj svakog preduze}a je ekonomi~na proizvodnja
koja odgovara zahtjevima za kvalitet proizvoda. Iz tog
razloga proizvodni procesi moraju biti tako koncipirani, pra}eni i upravljani da prakti~no sve proizvedene jedinice ispunjavaju zahtjeve postavljene u
specifikacijama. Kontrolne karte su alat koji je veoma
efikasan za pra}enje i upravljanje procesima.
To je obrazac za grafi~ko prikazivanje vrijednosti, koje
se dobivaju ispitivanjem neprekidnog niza uzoraka i
koji se, nakon njihovog upisivanja, upore|uju sa kontrolnim granicama i ako je to potrebno, sa granicama upozorenja, sa svrhom upravljanja kvalitetom.
Poznato je vi{e modela kontrolni karata koje se
primjenjuju u zavisnosti od karaktera procesa koji se
prati.
U na{em primjeru mehani~ke obrade, obzirom da se
prati samo jedan parametar - vanjski pre~nik elemenata, najprikladnija je X - karta ili karta mjera kako se jo{ naziva.
Smatraju}i izuzetu koli~inu, od 106 elemenata, je-dnim uzorkom ura|ena je odgovaraju}a X - karta sa
tolerancijskim granicama i granicama upozorenja,
slika 4.

Control chart, as the fourth tool in this survey of

quality managing tools, enables demonstration of
quality flow decession in a chart with defined
boundary values, to recognise and to adjust retreat
of planned process flow at the right time.
Every company's aim is economical production,
which is in accordance with product quality
requests. Because of that, production processes
should be designed, followed and managed to practically all produced units fit into requests set in
specification. Control charts are tools, which is very
effective to follow and manage the process.
It is a form for graphical representation of values
obtained by examination of continuous set of specimens, which are, after entering the data, compared
with control boundaries and, if necessary, with warning boundaries, to perform quality control.
There are several models of control charts, which
are being used depending on followed process
character.
In our example of mechanical turning, since only
one parameter is being followed, external diameter
of the cylinder, the most appropriate chart is X-chart,
sometimes called "dimension-chart".
Excepted quantity of 106 elements is assumed as
one specimen, appropriate X-chart with tolerance
boundaries and warning boundaries is created, fig.
4.

Slika 4. X-karta (karta mjera)

Figure 4. X-chart (dimension chart)

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Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...: ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

Analiziraju}i ura|enu kontrolnu kartu mo`e se jasno

uo~iti da je potrebno nakon svakih 20 - 25 ura|enih
elemenata izvr{iti regulisanje procesa kako bi se
sprije~ila dorada elemenata. Regulisanje procesa u
ovom slu~aju se vr{i korekcijom reznog alata ili
parametara operacije struganja. Tako|e se mo`e
uo~iti nepravovremeno reagovanje na pribli`avanje
mjera elemenata granicama upozorenja {to je izazvalo {kart - 3 elementa i doradu - 3 elementa.

By analysing finished control chart, it is clear that

after every 20 to 25 produced elements, process
should be regulated to prevent upgrade of elements.
Process regulation in this case is being performed
by correction of cutting tool or machining operation
parameters. Also, it is noticeable that slow reaction
to element's dimensions approaching to warning
boundaries caused waste of 3 elements and
upgrade of 3 elements.

2.5. Histogram

2.5. Histogram

Histogram je klasi~ni grafi~ki prikaz relativnih u~estalosti

vrijednosti karakteristika (izmjerenih vrijednosti) nekog
procesa, sa svrhom razja{njenja {irine rasipanja i
te`i{ta raspodjele (polo`aj, oblik). Na taj na~in se lahko
mo`e uo~iti zakonitost i trend procesa.

Histogram is classical graphical exposition of relative frequencies of characteristic's values (measured

values) of some process, whose aim is to explain
the dissipation width and median (place, shape). In
that way, it is easy to notice existence of principles
and process trend.
The shape of histogram for the example, which is
subject of this paper, is shown on the figure 5.
At the first sight, one can conclude that histogram
has regular shape - Gaussian curve, and that shows
certain stability of process. It is symmetrically distributed around the middle of tolerance field, which
proves centreness of process. What is negative in
this case is width of dissipation, which causes
waste and necessity of upgrade, because some elements are out of allowed tolerance boundaries,
104,70,04 mm.

Izgled histograma za primjer koji je predmet ovog

rada prikazan je na slici 5.
Ve} na prvi pogled mo`e se zaklju~iti da histogram
ima pravilan oblik - Gausova kriva {to ukazuje na
odre|enu stabilnost procesa. Simetri~no je raspore|en oko sredine tolerantnog polja {to dokazuje centriranost procesa. Ono {to je negativno u
ovom slu~aju je {irina rasipanja, {to uzrokuje pojavu
dorade i {karta jer odre|en broj elemenata izlazi iz
propisanih tolerancijskih granica, F 104,70,04 mm.

Slika 5. Histogram
Figure 5. Histogram

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Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...:ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

2.6. Pareto dijagram (ABC analiza)

2.6. Pareto chart (ABC analysis)

Pareto analiza je slikovito prikazivanje informacija

zbog pronala`enja iz velikog broja uticajnih faktora,
koji su sa odredjenog stanovi{ta, na primjer sa
stanovi{ta tro{kova, od najve}e va`nosti. Ova analiza pokazuje, da vrlo ~esto mali broj uzroka proizvodi najve}i dio u~inka.
S tim u vezi poznato je pravilo 80/20, koje ka`e da
20% uzroka ~ini oko 80% sveukupnog u~inka /
posljedica. Ova se iskustva mogu upotrijebiti za
odre|ivanje prioriteta korekcionih i preventivnih
mjera.
Za izradu Pareto dijagrama prvo se prikupe svi
zapa`eni fenomeni (npr. vrste gre{aka) istra`ivanog
problema. Kao slijede}e mora se utvrditi, koji }e kriterij (u~nika) odlu~ivati s obzirom na istra`ivani problem o reagiranju pojedinih kategorija.

Pareto analysis is illustrative way to display information, so it is possible to find between large number of influence factors which one of them, for
example costs, is of most importance. This analysis
shows that very often, small number of causes have
influence in most of results.
In relation with it, the rule 80/20 is known. That rule
says that 20% of causes makes around 80% of total
results / consequences. These experiences can be
used to define priority of correction and preventive
measures.
To create Pareto chart, it is necessary to collect all
noticed phenomena (for example, kinds of errors) of
examined problem. Next step is to decide which criterion (of result) will be chosen for decision concerning researched problem about reaction of single categories.
As following steps:
- part of total result is defined for each category,
also percental;
- order of categories is defined according to their
results;
- results for every category are summarised;
- that sum of results is then graphically displayed
in order of categories.

Kao slijede}i koraci:

za svaku kategoriju se odre|uje udio u sveukupnom u~inku i izra~unava postotni udio;
utvr|uje se redoslijed kategorija prema pripadaju}im u~incima;
za svaku se kategoriju u skladu sa tim redoslijedom sabiraju u~inci;
taj zbir u~inaka se grafi~ki prikazuje redoslijedom
kategorija.
Za na{ primjer analizirano je koliki su u~inci pojedinih uzroka u doradi elemenata izra`eno u vremenskim jedinicama. Rezultati te analize dati su u
tabeli na slici 6.
Red.
br.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

In our example, it is analysed how big are results

of single causes in upgrade of element, expressed
in time units. Results of that analysis are given in
table at figure 6.

Uzrok dorade

Dorada (min)

Kumulativ

Rezni alat
^ovjek-motivacija
^ovjek-stru~nost
Pripremak
Tehnologija
Ma{ina
Radni uslovi
Hla|enje
Podmazivanje
Stezni alat

226
138
97
35
22
18
7
6
4
2

40,7
24,8
17,5
6,4
3,9
3,3
1,3
1,1
0,7
0,3

40,7
65,5
83
89,4
93,3
96,6
97,9
99,0
99,7
100,0

555

100%

Slika 6. Pareto analiza

Figure 6. Pareto analysis
Na osnovu ura|ene analize, do koje se do{lo
pra}enjem procesa, ura|en je Pareto dijagram slika 7.
Iz Pareto analize i dijagrama se jasno vidi da tri
uzroka (rezni alat, motivacija i stru~nost) "proizvode"
83% dorade elemenata. Zbog toga su na dijagramu

According to performed analysis, which has been

derived by following the process, Pareto chart is
created, as in fig. 7.
It is clear from Pareto analysis and chart that three
causes (cutting tool, motivation and skillness) "pro-

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Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...: ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

i izdvojena 3 podru~ja A, B i C (zbog ~ega se ova

analiza naziva i ABC analiza) ~iji su u~inci u doradi slijede}i:
- Podru~je A (1, 2, 3) = 83,0%
- Podru~je B (4, 5, 6) = 13,6%
- Podru~je C (7, 8, 9 i 10) = 3,4%
Ova analiza ukazuje na neophodnost rje{avanja
problema dorade otklanjanjem prvenstveno uzroka u
podru~ju A ~ime bi se eliminisalo 83% dorade.
Svaki drugi pristup zna~io bi utro{ak vremena i
energije uz veoma male efekte (jer recimo podru~je
C sa 4 uzro~nika uti~e na "samo" 3,4% dorade) {to
bi svakako demotivisalo stru~njake koji rade na
smanjenju dorade.

duce" 83% of element upgrade. Because of that,

there are 3 areas at the chart: A, B and C (because
of that this analysis is also called ABC analysis)
whose results in upgrade are as follows:
- Area A (1, 2, 3) = 83,0 %
- Area B (4, 5, 6) = 13,6 %
- Area C (7, 8, 9 and 10) = 3,4 %
This analysis shows that it is necessary to solve the
problem of upgrade by removing firstly causes in
the area A, which eliminates 83 % of upgrade. Any
other approach would be waste of time and energy with very small effects (because area C with 4
causes has influence to "only" 3,4 % of upgrade)
what would surely demotivate experts who work on
upgrade reduction.

Slika 7. Pareto dijagram

Figure 7. Pareto chart

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Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...:ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

2.7. Korelacijski dijagram

2.7. Correlation chart

Korelacijski dijagram ili dijagram rasipanja je grafi~ki

prikaz odnosa pripadaju}ih varijabli, zbog prepoznavanja veze izmedju njihovih vrijednosti. Iz njega se
vidi kako se sa promjenom nezavisne varijable X
mijenja zavisna varijabla Y.
Za primjer posmatrane mehani~ke obrade uspostavljena je korelacija izmedju vanjskog pre~nika i mase
obradjivanog elementa.
U tabeli na slici 8. dati su odnosi pre~nika elemenata i njihove mase.

Correlation chart or dissipation chart is graphical

display of relations between variables, because of
recognition of connection between their values. It
shows that change in independent variable X results
with change in dependent variable Y.
In examined example of mechanical turning, correlation between external diameter and mass of
machined element is established.
Table shown in figure 8 gives relations between
diameter and mass of element.

Masa (kg)
14,40

104,64
104,65
104,66
104,67
104,68
104,69
104,70
104,71
104,72
104,73
104,74
104,75
104,76

X
X

14,41

14,42

X
X

14,43

14,44

X
X

X
X
X

14,45

14,46

X
X
X

X
X
X

14,47

14,48

X
X

14,49

14,50

14,51

X
X

14,52

Slika 8. Tabela korelacije pre~nika / masa

Figure 8. Table of correlation between diameter and mass

Na osnovu te tabele ura|en je korelacijski dijagram

prikazan na slici 9.

According to that table, correlation chart shown in

figure 9 is created.

Iz dijagrama se vidi da je izmedju navedenih parametara (pre~nik i masa) uspostavljena jaka pozitivna
korelacija.
Korelacijski dijagram ima zna~ajnu prakti~nu primjenu u procesima u kojima je ote`ano pratiti neki
parametar direktno, ve} se mora to u~initi indirektno preko drugog lak{e mjerljivog parametra, pri
~emu se mora uspostaviti odgovaraju}a korelacija
izmedju istih.

From that chart it is obvious that there is strong

positive correlation between these parameters (diameter and mass).
Correlation chart has significant practical use in
processes where it is hard to follow some parameter directly, and it must be done indirectly
through some other parameter that is better for
measuring and there must be correlation between
them.

3. ZAKLJU^AK

3. CONCLUSION

Primjenom sedam alata za upravljanje kvalitetom na

primjenu mehani~ke obrade struganjem sa ciljem
smanjenja dorade i {karta uz pronala`enje uzroka i
otklanjanja istih mo`e se zaklju~iti:

With application of seven quality management tools

to example of mechanical turning with aim to reduce
upgrade and waste, with recognition and removal of
causes, following can be concluded:

- Proces obrade elemenata struganjem nije dovoljno

stabilan, te ga treba nakon ura|enih 20 - 25 ele-

- Process of machining is not stable enough, and

it has to be regulated after 20 - 25 produced ele-

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Ma{instvo 4(2), 193 - 204, (1998)

E.Seferovi},...: ALATI ZA UPRAVLJANJE...

menata regulisati. Regulisanje se odnosi prvenstveno

na korekciju reznog alata ili parametara mehani~ke
obrade.
- Glavni faktori koji uti~u na pojavu dorade i {karta
su: rezni alat i ~ovjek (motivacija i stru~nost). Eliminisanjem ova dva uzroka dorade i {kart bi bili
smanjeni za vi{e od 80%.

ments. Regulation is related mainly to correction of

cutting tool or parameters of machining.
- Main factors that have influence in need for
upgrade and increased waste are: cutting tool and
man (motivation and skillness). By eliminating of
these two causes, upgrade and waste would be
reduced for more than 80 %.

LITERATURA:
[1] OSKAR - Centar za razvoj i kvalitet d.o.o.,
Zagreb: "Sistemi upravljanja kvalitetom u primjeni"

masa (kg)

[2] JP UNIS - "PRETIS", Vogo{}a: "Kontrolni izvje{taji

i zapisi (o pra}enju procesa)"

14.53
14.52
14.51
14.50
14.49
14.48
14.47
14.46
14.45
14.44
14.43
14.42
14.41
14.40
14.39
104.62 104.64 104.66 104.68 104.70 104.72 104.74 104.76 104.78
pre~nik (mm)

Slika 9. Korelacijski dijagram

Figure 9. Correlation chart

- 204 -