1998:

1:
.

/
/ --

apapad.users.uth.gr
apapad.users.uth.gr

/
/ --

www.georgebouckovalas.com
www.georgebouckovalas.com

- 2009

1998:
:
-
-
-

(.. , , )

( )
,
(.. ,
)
, :
--, (.. =475 )
- , (.. =95 )

 &

&

,



.

() (
) ,

:

()

: San Francisco 1957

amax

() Sa(T)

amax = (0.05 0.1g)/0.1g = 0.5 1.0

Sa(..T=0.5s) = 0.17g/0.08g = 2.1 , Sa(..T=0.2s) = 0.15g/0.4g = 0.4

: San Francisco 1989

75

cm/sec2

170 cm/sec2

(Bay
mud)

amax = (170cm/s2) / (75cm/s2) = 2.3

;
;
1989
1957

0.4 1.25

TS =

4H
VS

1.0 3.2

: Mexico 1985

&

amax = 130/35 = 3.7,

Sa( =2s) = 0.7/0.1 = 7

: Kobe 1995

amax = 0.32g/0.82g = 0.4

: 1999
amax = 0.19g/0.06g = 3.2

B
N

1999

N
S

:
-
(%)
buildings
(%)of

100

75
50
25
0

0 360 7601300

DEPTH
(m)(m)

1999

1300

1300

1300

1300

Vs (m/sec)

20

DH5

40

Borehole
CHT2
CHT2

60

_
_
Vs,30 =545_
V
=496
Vs,30 =500 s,30

_
Vs,30 =613

_
Vs,30 =697 m/sec

80

2.5

Sag/Sab

1-

DH-5

1.5
1

CHT-2
0.5

DH-5

100
75

DMK
FYL
PAR

50
25
0
0

DEPTH (m)

0 360 7601300

1300

1300

1300

3
2

DH5

40

80

1300

Vs (m/sec)

20

60

Sa (g)

(%) of buildings

CHT-2

Borehole
CHT2

_
Vs,30 =697 m/sec

_
Vs,30 =613

_
_
Vs,30 =545_
V
=496
Vs,30 =500 s,30

1
0
0.01

0.1
PERIOD (sec)

1-

Northridge
&

Sag/Sab

2.5
2

DH-5

DH-5

1.5
1

CHT-2

0.5
1

Sa (g)

0.8
0.6

PKC-EW
PKC-NS
AIGIO

0.4
0.2
0
0.01

0.1
PERIOD (sec)

() :

.
.
. . amax
Sa;
.

&

amax = 0.4 3.7
( 0.6 2.0)
Sa

0.4 7.0!
( 3.5)

MY&& + CX& + KX = 0
Y = X +U
MX&& + CX& + KX = MU&&
:
U = U O e it U&& = 2U O e it
:

MX&& + CX& + KX = FO e it
FO = 2 MU O
: [eit = cost + i sin t]

Y Y& Y&&
AY = = =
U U& U&&

/ = . / T.

/<<<1.0, /=1 />>>1.

..
:
.
()
5, () 70.

 1998-1: &

-
,
- ,
,

- (5) (, , C, D, E):
(2) (S1 & S2):


- ( ),

() (-): agR
- , ,
, :
Se(T)
Sve(T)

1998-1: &
,
,
(.. -) :
) S 30m
N hi Vi
( 30m)
) NSPT Cu
amax,
S = 1 1.4 ( > 5.5)

S = 1 1.8 ( < 5.5)

, :
: (. ) 0.8
: 0.55
: q (. ) 1

 1998-1: &

- Se(T) :

:
ag = agR ,
S =
=
- :

C-8

,

5m

TB

TC

M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5
A

1.0

1.0

0.15

0.05

0.4

0.25

Vs,30 > 800m/s

1.2

1.35

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

NSPT (-)

1.15

1.5

0.20

0.10

0.6

0.25

Cu (-)

1.35

1.8

0.20

0.10

0.8

0.30

1.4

1.6

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

> 5.5
4

D
E

S e / ag

C
3

D
2

C
E

A
1

0
0

0.5

T (s)

1.5

 C-8

A
Vs,30=360-800m/s

TB

TC

M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5
A

1.0

1.0

0.15

0.05

0.4

0.25

1.2

1.35

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

1.15

1.5

0.20

0.10

0.6

0.25

1.35

1.8

0.20

0.10

0.8

0.30

1.4

1.6

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

NSPT > 50

> 5.5

Cu > 250kPa
4

S e / ag

,
,


,

,
,

D
2

C
E

A
1

E
0
0

0.5

1.5

T (s)

C-8

A
B

/


,

TB

TC

M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5
A

1.0

1.0

0.15

0.05

0.4

0.25

1.2

1.35

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

1.15

1.5

0.20

0.10

0.6

0.25

1.35

1.8

0.20

0.10

0.8

0.30

1.4

1.6

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

> 5.5

Vs,30=180-360m/s
4

NSPT=15-50
Cu=70-250kPa

S e / ag

D
2

C
E

A
1

0
0

0.5

T (s)

1.5

 C-8

A
B

TC

M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5
A

1.0

1.0

0.15

0.05

0.4

0.25

1.2

1.35

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

1.15

1.5

0.20

0.10

0.6

0.25

1.35

1.8

0.20

0.10

0.8

0.30

1.4

1.6

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

> 5.5


(

Vs,30 < 180m/s

S e / ag

TB

NSPT < 15

D
2

Cu < 70kPa

C
E

A
1

0.5

1.5

T (s)

C-8

A
B

TB

TC

M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5
A

1.0

1.0

0.15

0.05

0.4

0.25

1.2

1.35

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

1.15

1.5

0.20

0.10

0.6

0.25

1.35

1.8

0.20

0.10

0.8

0.30

1.4

1.6

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

> 5.5
4

Vs
C D

5 20m,

Vs >
800m/s

[ :
Vs < 360m/s
NSPT < 50
Cu < 250kPa ]

S e / ag

D
2

C
E

A
1

0
0

0.5

T (s)

1.5

 C-8

A
B

/


,

TB

1.0

1.0

0.15

0.05

0.4

0.25

1.2

1.35

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

1.15

1.5

0.20

0.10

0.6

0.25

1.35

1.8

0.20

0.10

0.8

0.30

1.4

1.6

0.15

0.05

0.5

0.25

< 5.5

Vs,30=180-360m/s
4

NSPT=15-50
Cu=70-250kPa

TC

M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5 M>5.
M>5.5 M<5.
M<5.5

D
S e / ag

E
2

C
B

A
0
0

0.5

1.5

T (s)

C-8
S1
10m
(PI > 40%)
(, Vs,30 < 100m/s Cu = 10 20kPa)
S2
, ,
S1

S2

 1998-1: &

- Sve(T) :
Sve/avg
3

:
avg = 0.9SagR , ( > 5.5)
=
= 0.05sec, TC = 0.15sec, TD = 1.0sec
- :

1998-1: &

4
:
(.. )
:

:
(.. , )
IV:
(.. ,
, )
- = 1.0,
( : 10%
50 , . 475 )
-

- : 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 1.4,

 1998-1: &
q
H -


- ,



q
O q
5%

(
: .. - )

1998-1: &

. Sd(T) :
Sd/ag
2.5S/q

2S/3

:
ag = agR ,
S =
=
q = ( 1)
=
( , =0.2)

 1998-1: &

.
Sd(T), :
avg = 0.9ag ag ( > 5.5)
S=1
, , Sd
q = (= 1 1.5),
. 2
Sd(T)
.
. ,

. ( > 1),
(
1998-5)

&

&

Fourier

( )
( )

1.3 - 3.2 NS
1.0 - 2.8 W
0.8 - 2.0
Z!!

SITE

Site classification
according to EC8

2D
SH

EC8 3D

2D
SV
2

Isolated
cliff

1.2

ALTINO

Isolated cliff

1.2

1.30
+8%

1.22 1 1.22
0
+2%
+2%

MT. TITANO

Ridge with crest

width significantly
less then the base

width and average

o
slope angle
> 30

i>30

1.4

1.58
+13%

1.18
-16%

1.32
-6%

1.2

1.25
+4%

1.09
-9%

1.28
+7%

1.40
+17%
r (T )

CIVITA

1.75
+46%

1.30
+8%

Altino
Castellaro
Civita
Mt. Titano

1.5

1
2
Period (s)

( )

S

Ridge with crest

CASTELLARO

width significantly
less then the base

width and average

slope angle < o

i<30 30

amax,3D = S amax,1D
Paolucci 2002

:
1999

RICOMEX

Hotel DEKELIA

a-a

35 m

16o

14o

Section a-a
Vs,30=380 m/sec
(NEHRP C)

< 300m

Sites 1,2

Athanasopoulos et al.
(2001)

Site 3
40 m 30o

b-b

Section b-b
Vs,30=370 490 m/sec
(NEHRP C)

Kallou etetal.
Gazetas
al.
(2002)
(2002)

(Sa)2-D/(Sa)1-D

Section
a-a
-

2.5
2

1.5

EC-8

1
0.5
3

(Sa)2-D/(Sa)1-D

b-b
Section
b-b

2.5

a-a: 0.6 1.75

b-b: 0.9 2.75

1.5
1

0.5
0.01

0.1

PERIOD (sec)

() :

.
.

.
;

0.6 - 2.75

-
(, )
-
-

amax (& Sa)

 :
- :
SV, SV P,
Rayleigh.
-




.
,


, !

Rayleigh
Rayleigh
wave

Prefl
SVrefl

H Rayleigh
Rayleigh
wave

2i-90o
i

- ,

.

incoming

SV
SV wave

incoming

SV
SV wave

incoming

SV
SV wave

incoming

SV
SV
wave

EC-8: ST
A.1 (i) O ST A.2

( > 1) Se(T)
(ii) 2- , - H > 30m
ST = 1.0 i < 15o & -

() & :
ST 1.2
() - << :
ST 1.2 , i < 30o
ST 1.4 , i > 30o
() (> 5m):
ST 20%

ST

() ST :

A.3 :

ST > 1.0
ST = 1.0

 &

&

1-

b
Sabb,, TTe
max,, S
aabmax
a
e

gr
Sagrgr,, TTe
max,, S
aagrmax
a
e

,
,

VSS

,
,

Vbb

HSS

1-

M < 5.5

M > 5.5

abmax (g)

0.10 0.20
(step 0.05)

0.20 0.50
(step 0.10)

Te (s)

0.10 0.25
(step 0.05)

0.20 0.40
(step 0.10)

36
(step 1)

48
(step 1)

Vb (m)

800 & 1200

800 & 1200

Vs,30 (m/s)

100 800
(step 10)

100 800
(step 10)

Hs (m)

1 80
(step 1)

1 80
(step 1)

106 ..
Reference: Bouckovalas, G.D. and Papadimitriou A.G. (2003) Multi-variable

relations for soil effects on seismic ground motion, Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics, 32(12), pp. 1867-1896

EC 8
VS,30
S,30
800

800

Vb=800m/s

Vb=1200m/s
Vb=1200
m/s

700

700

600

600

Vs,30 (m/sec)

VVs,30
(m/sec)
s,30 (m/s)

Vb=800 m/s

500

400

300

500

400

300

C
D

200

100
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

C
D

200

100
80

10

20

30

H (m)
H
(m)

40

50

60

70

H (m)

H (m)

1.8
1.6

EC8
Vb=800m/s

1.5

Vb=1200m/s

1.4

Average

1.7

1.3
1.2

(M > 5.5)

1.1
1
0.9

80

VS,30VS

VS,30Vb

Vb

VS

VS

30 m

VS

VS,30< VS

Vb

V
VS,30

S,30

Vb

VSS ;;




V

EC 8
VSS
800

800

Vb=800m/s
Vb=800
m/s
700

600

600

Vs,el (m/sec)

700

VS (m/s)

500

400

300

500

400

300

C
D

200

100
0

E
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

C
D

200

100
80

E
10

20

H (m)
H (m)

30

40

50

60

H (m)

H (m)

1.8
1.6

EC8
Vb=800m/s

1.5

Vb=1200m/s

1.4

Average

1.7

Vs,el (m/sec)

Vb=1200m/s
Vb=1200
m/s

1.3
1.2

(M > 5.5)

1.1
1
0.9

70

80


VSS
800

800

Vb=1200m/s
Vb=1200
m/s

700

700

600

600

Vs,el (m/sec)

Vs,el
S (m/sec)

V (m/s)

Vb=800m/s
Vb=800
m/s

500

400

A1

A2

500

300

A2

300

200

100

A1

400

A2
0

E
10

20

D
30

40

50

60

70

200

A2

100
80

10

20

D
30

40

50

60

70

80

HH (m)
(m)

HH (m)
(m)
1.8

EC8

1.7
1.6

Suggested

1.5

Vb=800m/s

1.4

Vb=1200m/s

1.3

Average

1.2

(M > 5.5)

1.1
1
0.9

A1

A2

& (S)
2

EC-8
G.B. et al

1.5
800

500

0.5

400

A2

A1

C
D

100
0

10

20

30

1.5

E
M<5.5

200

A2

EC-8
G.B. et al

300

A2

Vs (m/s)

A1

700
600

M>5.5

40

H (m)

50

60

70

80

0.5

A1

A2

 . . . . . .
EC-8 , :

= (ag)EC-8
, ,
40%
. . . .

1.00

1.20

1.15

1.35

1.40

AEC-8

AEAK

1.20AEAK 1.15AEAK 1.35AEAK 1.40AEAK

0.85AEAK 1.00AEAK 1.00AEAK 1.15AEAK 1.20AEAK

AEC-8

.... ..
EC-8
.. ,

VS, 30 . . . !

VS ( )

( A & B EC-8)
(S) ....

( )
1-
&
(.. Telastic > 1.0 1.5 s)

 :

ShT
SvT

0.2Dh

0.3Dv

A v = a v /a h ,ff

A h = a h /a h ,ff

A h,max
1.1

A v,m ax

0.5

Dh

0 .1
0
-0.5

0
0

-0.5

Dv

0.5

B
0

(-)

0.5

(-)

(+)

(+)

distance, x(km )

distance, x(km)

4 : i, /, ,
90 -
Bouckovalas & Papadimitriou (2005)

:
H
A
=1+F G (I ) H () J (N)
h, max
Ah Ah Ah Ah

H
A
G (I ) H ( ) J (N )
=F
v, max Av Av
Av
Av

H
D /H = F G (I ) H ( ) J (N )
Dh Dh
Dh
Dh
h

FAv

1.5

G( i )

F (H/ )

H
D /H = F G (I ) H ( ) J (N )
v
Dv Dv
Dv
Dv

FAh

1
0.5

GDh = GDv

3
2

GA h

FD h = FDv

0
0

0.5

1.5

30

60

i(o )

90

3
HDv

2
HDh

J( N)

H ( )

GA v

HAv

JDh

JDv

1
HAh

JAv

JAh

0
0

10

15

20

(%)

12

4 : i, /, ,
Bouckovalas & Papadimitriou (2005)

ASSMAKI ET AL (2005) (1999)

/5

H=40m
I = 30o

(. str<0.2 sec )

Tstr (sec)

:
60% PGA
30%
(TB T TC )
0% str 1sec
Tstr (sec)

(2006)

Tstr (sec)

:
40% PGA
20%
(TB T TC )
0% str 1sec

BOUCKOVALAS ET AL (1999) (1995)

Tstr

,
Tstr

(. str < 0.4sec

e )

 .... ..
EC-8
( ),

!
2 SvT
!

S
S
, ,
-!
S
S = 1 1.4 -!
,
, ,


P ( )
//
+
S ( )
__

SV ( .)
SH ( )

Rayleigh

P SV
Love
SH


VS(m/s) = [ Go(kPa) / (t/m3) ]0.5 (S)



-



(.. )

Vs(m/s)
< 100
150
100 200
200 300
250 350
400
550 800
> 1200

Go :


e

VP = VS [ 2(1-v) / (1-2v) ]0.5

(P)
v = Poisson (.. 0.33)
( v=0.5, VP VP = 1525m/s,
P )
VR 0.94VS

Rayleigh (R)

( )

( )
3-

( P)
(Kramer 1996)

( P)

( SH)

 Crosshole

,

:
+
- ,
- & SPT

( 2002)

Vs & Vp Cross-hole

tP = 10.1ms

tS = 35.5ms

Vp = x / tp = 6m/10.1ms = 594m/s
X = 6m

Vs = x / ts = 6m/35.5ms = 169m/s

 Downhole

Crosshole

:


( Snell)

:
Uphole:

( 2002)

(Seismo-cone)

Downhole 3

CPT

( 2002)

 - (Spectral Analysis Surface Waves)

S ()
2 x & 2x S,

- Fourier
- (f) f
-
, f, : t(f) = (f)/2f
- : VR(f) = x/t(f)
R(f) = VR(f)/f

VR

-
x
- - (trialand-error) VR-z

VR R

( 2002, Kramer 1996)

!
( )
M . ., . . (2005), "
. . ", ,
..., 25(1), 9 - 22, -
M . ., . . (2005), "
. . ", ,
..., 25(1), 23 - 36, -
. ., A. ., ., ., E.,
I. (2006), " ",
, 5 , ,