Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng s 3+4/2013

NGHIN CU C TRNG NHIT CA BTNG S DNG

HM LNG TRO BAY LN
TS. Trn Vn Min
Khoa K Thut Xy Dng, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa i Hc Quc Gia TP.HCM
ThS. Nguyn L Thi
Phng nghip v 6 Trung tm K thut Tiu chun o lng Cht lng 3 (QUATEST 3)
Tm tt: Hin tng nt do ng sut nhit trong b tng khi ln xy ra kh ph bin, v vy trong cng tc
thit k hn hp b tng cng nh thi cng cho b tng khi ln th cc bin php nhm gim thiu ti a nhit
do qu trnh hydrat ha ca xi mng trong b tng lun c quan tm. Bi bo ny trnh by kt qu nghin
cu c trng nhit thng qua vic nh gi nhit ln nht Tmax trong b tng v chnh lch nhit gia b
tng vi mi trng xung quanh. B tng nghin cu s dng nhng hm lng tro bay khc nhau thay th xi
mng. Hm lng tro bay s dng thay i t 20% n 50% nhm thay th xi mng PC50 trong cp phi b
tng c cng nn t 60 MPa tui 28 ngy trong iu kin bo dng tiu chun. Kt qu nghin cu
cho thy, hm lng tro bay s dng thay th xi mng PC cng tng th kh nng gim nhit trong tm ca
khi b tng v gim chnh lch nhit gia tm khi b tng v nhit mi trng xung quanh cng nhiu,
ng thi thi gian pht trin nhit trong b tng c ko di ra, iu ny c tc dng hn ch ng sut
nhit v t lm gim nt trong b tng khi ln.
Abstract: The phenomenon of cracks due to thermal stress often occurs in mass concrete. Therefore, the
hydration heat of cement is concerned seriously in concrete mix design. This paper presents results of
investigation on thermal characteristic of the concrete in term of maximum temperature, Tmax, and the
temperature difference between concrete and environment. The concrete under investigation had different fly
ash content replacing cement. The fly ash content replacing cement PC50, which was used for concrete mix
design with grade of 60MPa at 28 days, varied from 20% to 50%. The results showed that the maximum
temperature of concrete and the temperature difference between concrete and the environment decreased, also
the time of temperature increase was prolonged, as the fly ash content replacing PC50 cement increased. This
implied that thermal stress and cracks of the mass concrete is limited as the high volume of fly ash is used in
the mass concrete.
T kha: tro bay, xi mng PC, btng khi ln, nhit
1. Gii thiu
Ngnh cng nghip xy dng Vit Nam ngy nay ang tng bc to nn mt hnh nh mt t nc Vit
Nam hin i vi nhng cao c tm c v c s h tng c ci thin tt hn.Vi nhng cng trnh c quy
m ln nh vy trong thit k u c bin php thi cng b tng khi ln nh: cc khi mng ln cho cc cng
trnh, cc p thy in v thy li, cc d n trong cu v ng. Tuy nhin, hin tng nt do ng sut nhit
trong b tng khi ln thng xy ra ph bin v vy m trong cng tc thit k hn hp b tng cng nh thi
cng cho b tng khi ln cc bin php nhm gim thiu ti a nhit do qu trnh hydrat ha ca xi mng
trong b tng lun c quan tm.
Theo TCXDVN 305:2004 kt cu b tng hoc b tng ct thp c coi l khi ln khi c kch thc
gy ng sut ko, pht sinh do hiu ng nhit thu ha ca xi mng, vt qu gii hn ko ca b tng lm
nt b tng v do cn phi c bin php phng nga vt nt. Trong iu kin nng m Vit Nam, kt cu
c cnh nh nht (a) v chiu cao (h) ln hn 2m c th c xem l khi ln.
Thng thng, nhit trong b tng khi ln thng c gii hn trnh hin tng nt v m bo
s bn vng cho b tng. chnh lch nhit T gia cc im hoc cc vng trong khi b tng nn
khng vt qu 200C v mun chnh lch nhit mi trng gia cc im trong khi b tng 500C/m.
Ngc li, khi hai yu cu trn khng c m bo do khng c bin php hiu qu kim sot nhit
trong b tng khi ln th hin tng nt do ng sut nhit trong b tng c th xut hin. B tng khi ln b
nt do hiu ng nhit thu ha xi mng khi c 2 yu t [6]: chnh lch nhit T gia phn nng nht
ca b tng v b mt, Mun chnh lch nhit mi trng gia hai im trong khi b tng cch nhau 1m.

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng s 3+4/2013

Gii php ra hn ch nt trong b tng khi ln l: hn ch nhit ln nht trong khi b tng
thng qua s dng xi mng t ta nhit gim nhit hydrat ha ca xi mng; lm mt ct liu v s dng nc
lnh trn b tng, hoc hn ch s chnh lch nhit trong khi b tng thng qua phng php dng h
bo n cho khi b tng [1, 2, 3, 4].
Bi bo ny trnh by kt qu nghin cu c trng nhit trong b tng khi s dng nhng hm lng tro
bay khc nhau thay th xi mng. Hm lng tro bay s dng thay i t 20% n 50% nhm thay th xi mng
PC50 trong cp phi b tng c cng nn t 60 MPa tui 28 ngy trong iu kin bo dng tiu
chun.
2. Nguyn vt liu s dng cho nghin cu
Nguyn vt liu s dng trong nghin cu gm: ct liu 1x2 c kch thc c ht ln nht Dmax =
20mm, xi mng PC50, ct sng ht ln v sch c Ml = 2,51 v tro bay loi F. Ct liu ln v nh s dng
trong nghin cu c thnh phn c ht ph hp vi tiu chun. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca xi
mng PC50 v tro bay th hin ln lt Bng 1 v Bng 2.
Cp phi b tng mc M60 (600 daN/cm2) s dng trong nghin cu c thit k tham kho theo phng
php Bolomey- Skramtaev, v c trnh by Bng 3.
Bng 1. Thnh phn khong v ha ca xi mng PC50
Thnh phn ha
v khong

n v

Kt qu

SiO2

21,66

Al2O3

5,58

Fe2O3

2,79

CaO

63,92

MgO

2,10

SO3

2,60

TiO2

0,27

MnO

0,13

Na2O

0,12

10

K2O

0,58

11

P2O5

0,25

12

C3S

58,30

13

C2S

22,60

14

C3A

6,40

C4AF

10,10

STT

15

Bng 2. Thnh phn ha ca tro bay

Thnh phn ha

n v

Kt qu

SiO2

59,62

Al2O3

15,76

Fe2O3

10,00

CaO

0,70

MgO

3,33

SO3

0,10

Na2O

0,09

K2O

2,40

TiO2

1,17

10

MnO

0,06

STT

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng s 3+4/2013

Hnh 1. Hnh dng ht tro bay (FA) [4, 5]

Bng 3. Cp phi btng s dng trong nghin cu

STT

K hiu
mu

FA/
(FA+XM)
%

XM
(kg)

FA
(kg)

Ct
(kg)

(kg)

Nc

PGSD

(L)

(L)

1-M60

471

711

1166

140

2,83

2-M60

20

377

94

715

1174

139

2,83

3-M60

30

330

141

714

1163

133

2,83

4-M60

40

283

188

717

1172

132

2,83

5-M60

50

235,5

235,5

716

1168

127

2,83

FA: tro bay ; XM: xi mng PC50; PGSD: ph gia siu do.

Qu trnh hydrat ha trong b tng thc cht chnh l phn ng hydrat ha ca xi mng trong qu trnh
ng rn. Phn ng hydrat ha ca xi mng ta nhiu nhit, khi nhit ta ra cng ln th s gy ra ng sut
nhit lm bin dng kt cu, nt n trong b tng t nh hng n cht lng cng nh tui th ca cng
trnh.
S ta nhit ca x imng c nh hng n tnh cht ca b tng rn chc. Khi xi mng ta nhit ln,
nhit hn hp s cao, do qu trnh hydrat ha ca cc khong xi mng xy ra cng nhanh hn, v vy
qu trnh ninh kt v rn chc ca h tng ln nhanh. Tuy nhin khi nhit ta ra cng ln, ng sut nhit ca h
cng ln, iu ny nh hng xu n cu trc ca h. V vy cn ch n nhit trong qu trnh hydrat
ha ca xi mng s dng hp l trong cc cng trnh xy dng.
Mc tiu ca th nghim l o nhit trong b tng t xc nh c nhit ln nht ta ra trong sut
qu trnh ng rn ca b tng. y l phng php o nhit c lp trong khi b tng. Theo phng php
ny th nhit c ghi trc tip trong mu b tng thng qua b ghi d liu v cc u cm bin nhit
sensor.
Mu th nghim c kch thc hnh khi lp phng (1500x1500x1500) mm. Khun c mu c
cu to nh Hnh 2. Lp cc sensor o nhit ti cc v tr dc theo trung tm ca mu th bao gm: cch
y khun 25mm, tm v cch mt trn 25mm.
Nhit trong khi b tng ti im 1, 2, 3 v nhit mi trng c o bng sensor nhit v ghi nhn li
theo thi gian 7 ngy lin tc vi chu k ghi s liu l 2 gi, thit b ghi nhn s liu th hin Hnh 3.

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng s 3+4/2013

Hnh 2. V tr lp t cc sensor nhit

1: im trn; 2: im gia; 3: im di

Hnh 3. Hin th ca b iu khin nhit Autonics-T4WM

3. nh hng ca hm lng tro bay n nhit trong b tng
Trong cc cu kin b tng khi ln, nhit thy ha ca xi mng ti tm khi s tng t bin. Trong qu
trnh ng rn, nhit ny c th ln n 850C i vi cc khi c chiu dy ln v s dng xi mng thng
thng. S chnh lch nhit trong lng khi b tng vi nhng v tr gn mt thong mi trng v vi nhit
mi trng, to ra ng sut ni trong cu kin b tng, t hnh thnh cc vt nt trong khi b tng. Cc
vt nt do nhit xut hin do s chnh lch nhit ln gia nhng v tr khc nhau trong khi b tng. S
chnh lch nhit ny c th pht sinh do b tng l vt liu c tnh dn nhit tng i thp. iu ny
thng xy ra i vi nhng khi ln, nhit tng trong sut qu tnh thy ha ca xi mng.
Trong nghin cu ny nhm kho st nhit trong qu trnh hydrat ha ca cc mu b tng vi cc t
l phn trm tro bay thay th cho lng dng xi mng ln lt l: 0, 20, 30, 40, 50 %. V tr cn o nhit l
t dc theo trung tm ca mu th gm 3 v tr: v tr 1 trn cch b mt trn 25mm, v tr 2 gia v v tr s
3 di cch b mt di 25mm. Song song vi o nhit trong khi ta cng tin hnh o nhit mi
trng xung quanh khi .
Kt qu kho st nh hng ca hm lng tro bay n c trng nhit trong btng khi ln th hin
hnh 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 v 9.

Hnh 4. c trng nhit trong khi b tng s dng 100% xi mng PC50 theo thi gian

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng s 3+4/2013

Hnh 5. c trng nhit trong khi b tng s dng 80% xi mng PC50 + 20%FA theo thi gian

Hnh 6. c trng nhit trong khi b tng s dng 70% xi mng PC50 + 30%FA theo thi gian

Hnh 7. c trng nhit trong khi b tng s dng 60% xi mng PC50 + 40%FA theo thi gian

Hnh 8. c trng nhit trong khi b tng s dng 50% xi mng PC50 + 50%FA theo thi gian

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng s 3+4/2013

Hnh 9. c trng nhit ti tm khi b tng s dng cc hm lng tro bay khc nhau theo thi gian
Mu i chng 1-M60 s dng 100% xi mng PC50 c nhit cao nht c th l: nhit ti v tr gia
0
c nhit cao nht Tmax = 81 C sau 15 gi. Mu 2-M60 s dng 20% tro bay thay th lng dng xi mng
PC50 c nhit cao nht ti v tr gia l Tmax = 730C sau 24 gi (hnh 9). Mu 3-M60 s dng 30% tro bay
thay th hm lng xi mng PC50 t nhit cao nht ti v tr gia l Tmax = 710C sau 26 gi. Mu 4-M60
0
s dng 40% tro bay thay th lng dng xi mng t gi tr nhit ln nht ti v tr gia l Tmax = 61 C
sau 29 gi.
Mu 5- M60 s dng t l tro bay thay th 50% t gi tr nhit cao nht v tr gia khi b tng l
Tmax = 590C sau 31 gi. Kt qu th hin Hnh 4 n Hnh 9 cho thy rng nhit ln nht trong khi b
tng gim xung ng k t 810C khi s dng 100% xi mng PC50 xung cn 590C khi thay th 50% khi
lng xi mng PC50 bng tro bay. Cc kt qu nghin cu trn cng cho thy rng, nhit ln nht trong
khi b tng cng tng chm li khi hm lng xi mng PC50 c thay th bng tro bay tng ln, c th l khi
s dng 100% xi mng PC50 th Tmax trong tm ca khi b tng t c sau 15 gi, trong khi Tmax trong
tm ca khi b tng t c sau 31 gi khi s dng 50% tro bay thay th khi lng xi mng PC50. Ngoi
ra, do nhit ln nht trong khi b tng gim xung, s chnh lch nhit gia tm khi b tng v nhit
mi trng xung quanh cng gim xung khi hm lng tro bay s dng thay th xi mng PC tng ln.
Chnh lch nhit ti v tr c nhit cao nht (nhit ti tm khi ) so vi nhit mi trng ca cc
mu th nghim cc t l tro bay thay th cho xi mng: 0, 20, 30, 40 v 50% ln lt l: 530C, 390C, 400C,
310C v 300C. Trong xu hng hin nay, trong b tng khi ln (BTKL), ngoi vic quan tm n chnh lch
nhit gia cc v tr trong khi th mt i lng khc chng ta cng cn phi quan tm l chnh
lch nhit T (l s chnh lch nhit ln nht trong b tng so vi nhit ca mi trng), c c
gi tr T ta c th xc nh c kh nng xut hin vt nt sau khi tnh ton c ch s nt. Thc t gi
tr T gim ng k khi tng lng dng tro bay thay th, v khi gi tr T cng ln th kh nng xut hin
vt nt cng cao.
C c kt qu nh trn l do gim c lng dng xi mng nn nhit ta ra trong qu trnh hydrat ha
ca xi mng gim, khi s dng tro bay thay th mt phn khi lng xi mng, phn ng puzzolanic xy ra rt
chm, nhit trong b tng tng t t trong mt thi gian di. iu ny c gii thch nh sau [2, 4]:
S c mt ca tro bay lm cho trnh hydrat ha ca C3S chm li trong giai on u do tr hon s hnh
2+
thnh mm Ca(OH)2 m nguyn nhn l s hp th ha hc cc ion Ca ln b mt ht tro bay, lm gim nng
2+
Ca trong dung dch. Ngoi ra NaOH m tro bay to ra s lm tng hm lng kim c trong va, lng
kim ny c cho l nguyn nhn lm ha tan cc thnh phn silicat v aluminat trong tro bay. Cc thnh
phn ny gy nh hng lm chm n s hnh thnh Ca(OH)2 v C-S-H.
i vi qu trnh hydrat ha ca C2S: s hin din ca tro bay hu nh khng c nh hng n s hydrat
ha ca C2S trong khong 14 ngy u, sau tro bay mi gy nh hng t n s thy ha ca C2S.
i vi qu trnh hydrat ha ca C3A v C4AF: s c mt ca tro bay lm chm s hydrat ha ca C3A v
C4AF. C kin cho rng s hydrat ha ca C3A b chm li khi c mt tro bay theo c ch tng t nh s
dng thch cao lm chm qu trnh ninh kt ca xi mng.
Kt qu nghin cu khng nh xu hng rng, hm lng tro bay s dng thay th xi mng PC cng tng
th tc dng gim nhit trong tm ca khi b tng v gim chnh lch nhit gia tm khi b tng v

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng s 3+4/2013

nhit mi trng xung quanh cng nhiu, v thi gian pht trin nhit trong b tng c ko di ra, ba
xu th ny c tc dng hn ch ng sut nhit trong khi b tng, v t lm gim nt trong b tng khi ln.
4. nh hng ca hm lng tro bay n cng chu nn ca b tng
Kt qu kho st nh hng ca hm lng tro bay n cng chu nn v s pht trin cng ca
b tng khi ln th hin hnh 10 v 11.
Kt qu cho thy cng chu nn 7 ngy ca mu i chng s dng 100% xi mng PC50 tng ng
k c th l 64,6 MPa trong khi cc mu s dng tro bay th cng chu nn 7 ngy tui pht trin rt
chm. C th l t l tro bay thay th l 20% th cng chu nn l 53,8 MPa, 52,5 MPa t l tro bay thay
th l 30%,v 48,2 MPa t l tro bay thay th 50%. Nguyn nhn l v giai on u ca qu trnh hydrat
ha, phn ng puzzolanic ca tro bay l chm hn so vi phn ng hydrat ha ca xi mng. Mu b tng s
dng 100% xi mng PC c cng chu nn pht trin sm, cng 7 ngy tng ng k, cao hn
nhiu so vi cc mu s dng tro bay thay th xi mng PC. Tuy nhin, n tui 28 v 35 ngy th h s dc
gia cc mu khng chnh lch ln, c xu hng xch li gn nhau hn. iu ny c ngha l, giai on sau
7 ngy, c bit l 35 ngy, cng chu nn ca b tng s dng 100% xi mng PC v 50%PC + 50%FA c
s chnh lch thp, tro bay lm cho b tng pht trin cng chm giai on u 7 ngy v t t pht
trin giai on sau.

Cng chu nn, MPa

cc tui 7, 28, 35 ngy khi tng t l thay th tro bay trong cht kt dnh cng, chu nn gim tng
ng so vi mu i chng, nguyn nhn l do khi tro bay thay th cng nhiu th lng xi mng cng t, ng
ngha vi lng khong to cng C-S-H , C-A-H t qu trnh thu ho xi mng s t lm cng b tng
thp thi gian u.

Hm lng tro bay thay th xi mng PC

Cng chu nn, MPa

Hnh 10. nh hng ca tro bay n cng chu nn ca b tng

Thi gian, ngy

Hnh 11. nh hng ca tro bay n s pht trin cng ca btng

5. Kt lun
T cc kt qu nghin cu, c th rt ra cc kt lun nh sau:

a)

S gia tng nhit trong b tng c th c kim sot bng cch hn ch lng dng xi mng trong hn
hp b tng. Khi thay th xi mng PC bng tro bay lm gim s gia tng nhit ti a v ko di thi gian
t nhit ti a trong b tng. Kt qu cho thy nhit cc i trong cc mu b tng gim tng ng khi
tng t l s dng tro bay thay th v thi gian t nhit cc i cng tng theo vi cc t l tro bay
c thay th. Mu i chng Mu 1-M60 s dng 100% xi mng c nhit cao nht c th l: nhit ti v
tr gia c nhit cao nht Tmax = 810C sau 15 gi, mu 2-M60 s dng 20% tro bay thay th lng dng xi

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng s 3+4/2013

mng c nhit cao nht ti v tr gia l Tmax = 730C sau 24 gi, mu 4-M60 s dng 40% tro bay thay th
0
lng dng xi mng t gi tr nhit ln nht ti v tr gia l Tmax = 61 C sau 29 gi, mu 5-M60 s dng
t l tro bay thay th 50% t gi tr nhit cao nht v tr gia l Tmax = 590C sau 31 gi.

b)

Khi c mt tro bay trong b tng dn n s pht nhit thy ha chm v thp hn nhiu so vi mu b
tng khng s dng tro bay ng thi lm gim chnh lch nhit ln nht gia tm khi b tng v nhit
mi trng xung quanh. iu ny ph hp vi cng tc thi cng BTKL v s hn ch c cc vt nt do ng
sut nhit v c th tnh ton b tr khi ln hn, to iu kin tng tin thi cng. Nhit ti tm ca
khi b tng c t l nghch vi hm lng tro bay trong khi . Vi t l thay th l 50% xi mng PC50 bng
0
tro bay gim c 22 C ti tm khi btng.

c)

S dng tro bay hm lng ln c th nh hng n s pht trin cng ca b tng. C th xem xt
s dng hm lng tro bay thay th cho xi mng t 20 40% gim nhit trong khi b tng, gim s
chnh lch nhit gia khi b tng v mi trng xung quanh ng thi vn t c cng thit k ph
hp vi tui yu cu.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Gajda John and VanGeem Martha, Controlling temperatures in Mass Concrete, Concrete International,
January 2002.
[2]. Cengiz Duran Atis, Heat Evolution of High -Volume Fly Ash Concrete, Cement and Concrete Research,
32, pp. 751 -756, 2002.
[3]. Escalante-Garcia, J. I., and J. H. Sharp, The effect of temperature on the early hydration of Portland
cement and blended cements, Advances in Cement Research,12 (3), pp. 121-130, 2000.
[4]. Bamforth, P.B, In Situ Measurement of the Effect of Partial Portand Cement Replacement Using Either Fly
Ash or Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on the Performance of Mass Concrete, Proc. Inst. Civil
Engrs. Part 2, pp. 777 800, 1980.
[5]. Takemoto, K., Uchikawa, H, Hydration of pozzolanic cement, 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of
Cement, Paris, I IV-2/1-2/29, 1980.
[6]. Mehta, P.K.: Concrete: structure, properties and materials. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1986.
[7]. Soo Geun Kim- Iowa State University, Effect of heat generation from cement hydration on mass concrete
placement, 2010.
[8]. Siddique, R, Effect of fine aggregate replacement with class F fly ash on the mechanical properties of
concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 33(4), pp. 539547, 2003.